TY - CONF AN - 00760123 AU - VINCENT, J AU - Abrahamsen, T AU - O'SULLIVAN, M AU - Lim, Khim Yan AU - Dameron, R AU - Donikian, R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR THE INELASTIC RESPONSE OF A MAJOR STEEL BRIDGE PY - 1997 SP - p. 541-555 AB - The Richmond-San Rafael I-580 Bridge is one of California's longest steel truss bridges and is one of six toll bridges scheduled for seismic retrofit in the San Francisco Bay area. The bridge is made up of three distinct sections, the concrete trestles at the west end of the bridge, the east and west plate girder approach structures, and the double-deck steel truss spans. The steel truss spans are the subject of this paper. A nonlinear, ductility-based analysis and design approach was used for the seismic retrofit of the main truss spans. This approach required several types of analyses to be performed to adequately capture the inelastic response of the bridge. Included were separate global, bridge segment, tower system, and component analyses. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Ductility KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Inelastic behavior KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Retrofitting KW - Richmond-San Rafael Bridge KW - San Francisco Bay Area KW - Steel KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498465 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760104 AU - Sanchez, A V AU - Seible, F AU - Priestley, MJN AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC DESIGN AND RETROFIT SOLUTIONS FOR FLARED BRIDGE COLUMNS PY - 1997 SP - p. 283-297 AB - Many highway bridges are supported by flared columns. In numerous designs it is assumed that the flares have no significant influence on the seismic performance of the columns. A joint analytical and experimental research program is conducted to investigate the influence that flares have on the structural behavior, to verify the potential seismic performance issues associated with flared columns, and to develop solutions to properly analyze, design and retrofit these columns. Ten forty-percent scale model columns are constructed and tested, upside down as simple cantilevers, in the Charles Lee Powell Structural Research Laboratories at the University of California, San Diego. Special computer codes for non-prismatic members are developed and used to predict the response of the columns before they are tested. The results of the tests are in turn used to calibrate the analytical model. The first four test units are models of columns of the Mission and Gothic Undercrossing of I-118 in Los Angeles, which collapsed during the January 17, 1994 Northridge earthquake. These columns are of early 1970's design that employ large and heavily reinforced flares. The second phase of testing consists of a current Caltrans column design with smaller, more lightly reinforced flares. For each phase a prismatic reference column, as-built/as-designed column, and retrofit/improved flare designs are tested. In the final two test units increased transverse flare reinforcement is incorporated into the flares to keep the damage down to acceptable levels even at large ductilities. Based on this analytical and experimental research practical solutions to design and retrofit flared columns are proposed. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge damages KW - Columns KW - Ductility KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flared columns KW - Highway bridges KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Northridge Earthquake, January 17, 1994 KW - Retrofitting KW - Scale models KW - Transverse reinforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498446 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760106 AU - Dowell, R K AU - Seible, F AU - Priestley, MJN AU - California Department of Transportation TI - LONGITUDINAL SEISMIC RESPONSE OF RC BRIDGE FRAMES PY - 1997 SP - p. 315-330 AB - In the present research, the longitudinal response of prestressed concrete bridge structures of 2, 3, 4, and 5 spans is investigated under severe seismic motion using linear-elastic and nonlinear time-history analyses. The effects of column plastic hinging and crushing of soil behind abutments are determined from nonlinear analyses and compared with the approximate inclusion of these effects using linear-elastic time-history analysis. Realistic initial gaps between the abutment backwall and the bridge superstructure are included in the nonlinear analyses. It should be noted that although the present study investigates the response of single-column bent bridge frames, the results are equally applicable to multi-column bent bridge frames because the superstructure mass and stiffness, abutment soil stiffness and capacity, and summation of the column stiffness and capacity at a bent increases in proportion to the width of the structure. In this way the single-column bent analyses may be thought of as a unit width approach to be applied to as wide a structure as desired. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bents KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Columns KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Frames KW - Linear elastic analysis KW - Longitudinal response KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Reinforced concrete bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498448 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760100 AU - Hipley, P AU - Huang, M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - CALTRANS/CSMIP BRIDGE STRONG MOTION INSTRUMENTATION PY - 1997 SP - p. 227-235 AB - Accurately monitoring bridge movements during a large earthquake is necessary to advance our knowledge of how these large structures are affected by seismic shaking. Different structure types react differently to the same seismic wave patterns. Dynamic soil-structure interaction can be studied and theories proven or disproven from the actual readings. Geotechnical downhole arrays are also needed to analyze the soil column movements from a deep source to better predict the surface motions from various events. The ground motion will vary from site to site and a large data base is needed before we can correlate our soil and structural models. In July 1994, Caltrans began an aggressive program to instrument many bridges across California for strong motion. This program is a cooperative effort between Caltrans and the California Division of Mines and Geology's Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP). Anthony Shakal and James Davis head the program from the Division of Mines and Geology side, and James Gates and James Roberts formulated the project from Caltrans end. The program is funded by Caltrans through an interagency agreement with the Department of Conservation. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridges KW - Earthquakes KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Instrumentation KW - Monitoring KW - Seismicity KW - Soil structure interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498442 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760102 AU - Naito, Clay J AU - Lowes, L AU - Moehle, J AU - Govindjee, S AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DESIGN OF INNOVATIVE REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 253-266 AB - Until recently research into the behavior and design of bridge beam column joints was limited. Interest in this area heightened as a result of the Loma Prieta earthquake when a number of reinforced concrete bridges in the San Francisco Bay Area sustained significant damage in the vicinity of beam-column connections. Following the Loma Prieta earthquake, new design of reinforced concrete bridge joints in California was based on theories developed through investigation of building joints. Due in part to the difference between the desired response of bridge and building systems to earthquake loading and to the limited research into the behavior of bridge beam column joints, these new designs tended to be extremely conservative, resulting in extensive quantities of joint transverse reinforcement that was difficult to construct. In the ensuing years, additional research has led to an improved understanding of joint behavior and more efficient joint designs. However, this additional research has not led to a consensus within the design and research communities as to a general mechanism to describe joint behavior, nor has it led to a general procedure for bridge joint design. The goals of this project are to develop a rational model to describe bridge joint response to earthquake loading, to develop a general design procedure, and to incorporate the use of headed reinforcement into the design procedure to improve bridge joint constructability. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Beams KW - Bridge damages KW - Columns KW - Constructability KW - Design methods KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Headed reinforcement KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989 KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Structural models KW - Transverse reinforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498444 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760097 AU - Hipley, P AU - California Department of Transportation TI - BRIDGE RETROFIT CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES PY - 1997 SP - p. 193-199 AB - The retrofitting of bridge structures is primarily to prevent loss of life due to collapse of bridges in large seismic events. As a by-product of collapse prevention, a great economic benefit can be realized because a retrofit bridge will experience limited damage. It is much less expensive to replace columns and repair hinges than it is to replace the entire structure. The most destructive earthquake failure mode for bridges is the unseating of in-span hinges. Since in-span hinges are not designed to cantilever, that entire length of span will drop possibly causing a domino effect that will destroy much of the structure and gravely endanger the traveling public. The second most seismically vulnerable aspect of a bridge are the columns. These members hold the structure up and if they shear or are weak in flexure, the structure may also experience a catastrophic failure. Other retrofits such as in-fill walls, catcher blocks, foundation work, etc., are also discussed in this paper. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge damages KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Construction management KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Economics KW - Hinges KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498439 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760098 AU - Kowalsky, M J AU - Priestley, MJN AU - Seible, F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DYNAMIC SHAKE TABLE TESTING OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 201-210 AB - Lightweight concrete has been used frequently in the past for building structures, however, its limited use in bridges as well as questionable past earthquake performance have pointed towards the need to investigate the dynamic behavior. The research presented here represents the third phase of the lightweight concrete testing program at the University of California, San Diego, where the dynamic behavior of the material is considered. The results of the first two phases of testing indicated that lightweight concrete performs well with little decrease in shear and flexural strength under cyclic loading. The testing described here encompasses two test units subjected to earthquake time histories on the Shake Table. The objective of testing is to further verify the results of the first two phases of cyclic testing where shear and flexural response were considered, as well as to investigate the overall dynamic behavior. Results are presented in the form of a qualitative assessment of dynamic response as well as further verification of the recommendations presented during the first two stages of testing. Additionally, a steel jacket repair of the prestressed unit allowed investigation of the dynamic behavior of lightweight concrete after a damaging event and subsequent repair. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge damages KW - Bridges KW - Cyclic tests KW - Dynamic tests KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flexural strength KW - Jacketing (Strengthening) KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Repairs KW - Shaking table tests KW - Shear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498440 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760112 AU - Reno, M L AU - Pohll, M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT OF THE SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE, WEST CROSSING PY - 1997 SP - p. 395-410 AB - From the toll plaza on the Oakland shores through the approach structures in San Francisco, the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (SFOBB), built at a cost of $78,000,000, is an engineering marvel that carries approximately a quarter-million vehicles a day. Because of the different segments of the bridge and their inherent vulnerabilities, retrofit design of this bridge was assigned to several groups within the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). It is the purpose of this paper to discuss only the ongoing effort to retrofit the West Crossing. This is a continuation of previous work published as this is ongoing work. Included in this discussion is a summary of the analytical and engineering procedures used to model the seismic behavior and the performance of this complex, important structure. In addition, there is discussion regarding the retrofit procedures implemented and designed. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Analytical models KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Mathematical models KW - Retrofitting KW - San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge KW - Seismic vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498454 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760101 AU - Bruneau, M AU - Sarraf, M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DUCTILE SEISMIC RETROFIT SOLUTION FOR DECK-TRUSSES PY - 1997 SP - p. 237-252 AB - Most deck-truss bridges have been designed and constructed without consideration for seismic resistance; as a result, their members are not sized to provide the needed ductile response (often slender members with weak connections), and they are frequently supported by non-ductile substructure. Strengthening strategies for these bridges can be very costly. A new ductile seismic retrofit solution proposed here consists of converting the deck slab into a composite slab, and replacing the end sway-bracing panels and the lower-lateral braced panels adjacent to the piers by special ductile diaphragms. The ductile fuses protect the remaining superstructure and substructure, even during a much larger than anticipated earthquake. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Composite construction KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Ductility KW - Panels KW - Protection KW - Retrofitting KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498443 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760108 AU - Stein, R S AU - Hudnut, K W AU - Satalich, J AU - Hodgkinson, K M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - MONITORING SEISMIC DAMAGE TO BRIDGES AND HIGHWAYS WITH GPS: INSIGHTS FROM THE 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE PY - 1997 SP - p. 347-360 AB - The 1994 Northridge earthquake permanently deformed the ground surface in the Los Angeles urban region, increasing the elevation of the ground by as much as 20 in. (50 cm), and changing horizontal positions by up to 8 in. (20 cm). The network of geodetic monuments used by engineers and surveyors was thus distorted and rendered inaccurate. The monuments are used for construction and monitoring of the urban infrastructure, including dams, levees, aqueducts, and storm drains; bridges, buildings, and heavy machinery; road and rail transportation routes, communication conduits and pipelines; and property boundaries. We resurveyed the height of 979 leveling bench marks (BMs) and the positions and heights of 66 Global Positioning System (GPS) monuments; emplaced 252 new BMs where the previous monuments were lost or unrecoverable; and added 128 new GPS monuments spaced 5 km apart along critical highways for rapid damage assessment to the main traffic arteries after future earthquakes. In total, 496 monuments were added to the national network. In addition to permanent deformation, the Northridge earthquake strongly shook the ground, with peak shaking exceeding the acceleration of gravity and with peak ground velocities of 65 in./sec (165 cm/sec). Such sustained shaking and high ground velocities damaged structures and caused surface cracking, liquefaction, ground slumping, settlement, and landslides, which also contributed to damage. Because half of the existing BMs and GPS stations are located on engineered structures, their displacement records not only the permanent change in height caused by the earthquake, but also any disturbance of the structures caused by shaking. We developed a geophysical model of the permanent earthquake deformation that is consistent with the movement of the geodetic monuments. All BMs with displacements that differ from this model by more than 1.2 in. (3 cm) are identified as anomalous. Of the 40 such anomalous or disturbed BMs, those in engineered structures include railroad and highway bridge abutments and spans, tower and building foundations, catch basins, retaining walls, and culverts; the remainder are typically in engineered fill. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Benchmarks KW - Bridge damages KW - Bridges KW - Deformation KW - Earthquakes KW - Geodetic surveying KW - Geophysical models KW - Global Positioning System KW - Highway damage KW - Highways KW - Monitoring KW - Northridge Earthquake, January 17, 1994 KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498450 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760109 AU - Wilson, J G AU - Panian, L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR THE SEISMIC RETROFIT OF BIXBY CREEK CONCRETE ARCH BRIDGE PY - 1997 SP - p. 361-368 AB - Several innovative applications of common bridge construction techniques were utilized in the design of an unusual Caltrans seismic bridge retrofit project. To maintain the structural integrity of the bridge during intense ground motion, the designers used large diameter CIDH piles, prestressed rock anchors, external unbonded post-tensioning, and ductility enhancing composite fiber wrap to provide a reliable ductile lateral load path and prevent the collapse of the bridge. The retrofit design addresses important aesthetic and environmental concerns by concealing the majority of construction from view and by circumventing construction within the ecologically sensitive and inaccessible canyon. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Aesthetics KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Arch bridges KW - Composite wraps KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Environmental protection KW - Fiber composites KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Posttensioning KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismicity KW - Structural integrity KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498451 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760111 AU - Schamber, R A AU - Li, F AU - Fuller, R T AU - Liu, W D AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF STEEL BASCULE BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 381-394 AB - This paper presents the seismic vulnerabilities and retrofit strategies of the Third Street Bascule Bridge and reflects on experience obtained from the Badger Avenue Bascule Bridge. The bascule bridge is a very vulnerable bridge type in the event of an earthquake because of the location of its counterweight. The high overturning force due to the massive counterweight or the movable leaf response can cause bridge collapse at the weakest link along its load path (i.e., trunnions, bearings, etc.). The possible failure modes include tower frame yielding or buckling, bearing shear and uplift failure, pier flexural and shear failure, and pile foundation failure. The capacities of structural components were evaluated to identify the weakest link. Proposed retrofit strategies for Third Street Bridge included: strengthening members and connections to carry seismic loads, the relocation of the counterweight to an underground pit, and tower base fusing and isolation. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bascule bridges KW - Bearing capacity KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Failure modes KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Structural members UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498453 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760105 AU - Liu, W D AU - Chang, K AU - Imbsen, R A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - NONLINEAR SEISMIC EVALUATION FOR RETROFIT DESIGN OF MAJOR BRIDGES INCLUDING SFSI EFFECTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 299-313 AB - An integrated analytical methodology for conducting global seismic response analysis of major bridges including the soil-foundation-structure-interaction (SFSI) effect has been used in the seismic retrofit design of several major bridges across the country. For the Benicia-Martinez Bridge, the soil-structure-interaction effects are treated using both the general substructure method for the global bridge model as well as the complete models of several piers including superstructure, foundation piles, soil, and rock. One of the objectives of these analyses was to establish a benchmark for the simplification introduced in the global model. It was concluded that: (1) Effect of nonlinear substructure response can be adequately accounted for using the substructure global analysis; (2) Nonlinear substructure behavior can be further quantified efficiently by conducting inelastic dynamic analysis of local stand-alone pier models; and (3) These local analyses are particularly suited for design sensitivity studies to identify potential design optimization. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Optimization KW - Retrofitting KW - Soil structure interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498447 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760107 AU - Zechlin, E T AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT OF THE SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE PIERS E-17 TO E-22 PY - 1997 SP - p. 331-346 AB - This paper presents a brief history of the seismic considerations for the East Spans of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (SFOBB). From the original design, through the San Fernando earthquake, to post Loma Prieta and today's retrofit strategies, the evolution of seismic regard has changed over the years. The paper then discusses the aspects of determining current retrofit strategies for the timber piled foundations from E-17 to E-22 while giving a brief overview of the entire East Span analysis procedure and retrofit solutions. The paper concludes by presenting the final retrofit strategy and design selected for these piers. Much has been learned and applied to the retrofit process since the beginning of this task and a summary of some of what has been learned is presented here. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge piers KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Pile foundations KW - Retrofitting KW - San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge KW - Timber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498449 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760099 AU - Moyle, R M AU - Halling, M W AU - Womack, K C AU - California Department of Transportation TI - RETROFIT OF EXISTING CONCRETE BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS USING ADVANCED CARBON-FIBER COMPOSITES PY - 1997 SP - p. 211-225 AB - For the past several years, seismic design of structures has continuously been upgraded to meet higher seismic resistance standards. According to today's standards, bridges built before 1971 are considered seismically deficient. This problem is compounded in the state of Utah where freeze/thaw cycles are frequent and cause the outer protective layer of concrete on bridge structures to spall and expose the reinforcing bars. The problem is then complicated by the use of road salt spread on all major roadways to eliminate snow and ice. The poor condition of the bridges along the Wasatch Fault which runs directly through the major population centers of the state make Utah highly vulnerable to significant structural damage of bridges during an even moderate seismic event. The cost of retrofitting or replacing these deteriorated structures is astronomical. And although seismic upgrading is possible through traditional methods of repair, the rapid decay of new materials by the freeze/thaw cycle and road salts has forced the Utah Department of Transportation to look at alternative methods and materials for repairing corroded and deficient structures. One of these alternative methods is the placement of advanced carbon-fiber composite wraps around the areas of spalled concrete and corroded rebar. This composite wrap will not only aid in the prevention of natural and chemical deterioration, but will also add to the seismic capacity of structures. Research at the University of California at San Diego has shown that the performance of non-ductile concrete columns retrofitted with various composite wraps is comparable to that of steel jacketing. However, there remains a need to investigate the performance of the application of advanced carbon-fiber composites to typical reinforced concrete column/bent-cap joints. This study addresses the issue of retrofitting reinforced concrete column/cap joints with advanced carbon-fiber composites using full-scale laboratory specimens. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bents KW - Bridges KW - Carbon fibers KW - Columns KW - Composite wraps KW - Corrosion KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Retrofitting KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498441 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760103 AU - Rollins, K M AU - Weaver, T J AU - Peterson, K T AU - California Department of Transportation TI - STATNAMIC LATERAL LOAD TESTING OF A FULL-SCALE FIXED-HEAD PILE GROUP PY - 1997 SP - p. 267-282 AB - The lateral load capacity of pile foundations is critically important in designing bridge structures to resist seismic forces. Although fairly reliable methods have been developed for predicting the lateral capacity of single piles under static loads, there is very little information to guide engineers in the design of closely spaced pile groups (i.e., spacings less than 6 pile diameters) under dynamic loads. In addition, the dynamic resistance provided by backfill behind the pile cap and interface friction at the base of the pile cap is poorly understood. Although numerical and centrifuge models can provide some guidance regarding these questions, a reasonable number of full-scale load tests are necessary to verify these models and provide ground truth information. To improve our understanding of pile group behavior under dynamic lateral loads, a series of lateral load tests was recently performed on a full-scale pile group at the Salt Lake International Airport. The dynamic loading was applied to the pile cap by means of a horizontally oriented Statnamic loading device. This device was capable of producing loads of several thousand kN with durations of 100 to 250 msec. Tests were performed with and without backfill behind the pile cap so that the resistance provided by the backfill could be evaluated. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Backfill soils KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridges KW - Dynamic loads KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Lateral loads KW - Load tests KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile groups KW - Resistance (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498445 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760110 AU - Ohtaki, T AU - Benzoni, G AU - Priestley, MJN AU - Seible, F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF A FULL SCALE BRIDGE COLUMN - AS BUILT AND AS REPAIRED PY - 1997 SP - p. 369-379 AB - Although various empirical and theoretical shear design equations have been proposed for concrete columns, there still exists a substantial disagreement in the shear strength calculated with different design codes and still it is difficult to provide a uniform margin of safety for shear failure. One of the reasons of uncertainty in predicting shear strength of large scale members is size effect. The first purpose of this project was to investigate the seismic performance of an "as built" full size bridge column, in order to evaluate the conventional shear design equations with specific attention dedicated to the size effect. The second goal was to investigate the effectiveness of fiberglass jacketing, as a repair technique, applied to a full scale column. This project was completed by a series of tests of 1/3-scale units, currently in the data analysis phase. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Composite wraps KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Equations KW - Fiberglass KW - Performance tests KW - Retrofitting KW - Shear strength KW - Size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498452 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760113 AU - Youd, T L AU - Gilstrap, S D AU - Willey, P S AU - California Department of Transportation TI - PRELIMINARY LIQUEFACTION HAZARD EVALUATION FOR BRIDGE SITES, I-15 CORRIDOR, SALT LAKE COUNTY, UTAH PY - 1997 SP - p. 411-424 AB - The purpose of this study was to reanalyze liquefaction hazard at bridge sites along the I-15 corridor in Salt Lake County, Utah, using data from recent subsurface investigations. Cone penetration tests (CPT) were conducted at most bridge sites. Standard penetration tests (SPT), with field calibrated energy ratios, were performed at every bridge site. Elevations, coordinates, and water table depths were measured at all CPT and SPT locations. Laboratory data included grain-size distributions, Atterberg limits, and natural moisture contents. These data were made available to this investigation by the various contractors. The results of the study indicated that liquefiable sediments lie beneath most bridge sites. Compared to the previous analysis, much less liquefiable material was identified at most bridge sites. At a few sites, however, some important layers were determined to be possibly liquefiable that were missed in the previous study. Most bridge sites along the corridor lacked sufficient data to thoroughly analyze for ground deformation. However, the 600 South off-ramp site had adequate data to permit further analysis. To illustrate the procedure, this site was analyzed for embankment stability, embankment deformation, lateral spread, and bearing capacity. The analyses predicted minor ground deformations which could be effectively mitigated through structural measures. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Atterberg limits KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridges KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Deformation KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Hazard evaluation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral spread KW - Liquefaction KW - Moisture content KW - Salt Lake County (Utah) KW - Soil penetration test KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Subsurface investigations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498455 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760095 AU - Soydemir, C AU - Zoli, T AU - LaPlante, K AU - Kraemer, S AU - DAVIDSON, W AU - McCabe, R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF THE CENTRAL ARTERY BRIDGES ACROSS CHARLES RIVER IN BOSTON: GEOTECHNICAL/SUBSTRUCTURE ASPECTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 161-175 AB - The studies reported herein represent the joint effort of geotechnical and structural engineers in seismic design of substructures (i.e., foundation support elements) of the proposed Charles River Bridges within the Central Artery/Third Harbor Tunnel (CA/T) Project in Boston, Massachusetts. Because of the potential for liquefaction-induced ground instability, lateral spreading along the banks of the Charles River was investigated and identified as an important design consideration. Accordingly, the design of the foundation support elements (large diameter drilled shafts) accommodated the estimated "drag" loads initiated by lateral spreading. The geotechnical and structural engineering issues addressed in the seismic design of the project substructures are discussed in the paper. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge substructures KW - Drilled shafts KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Foundation engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Lateral spreading (Soil foundations) KW - Liquefaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498437 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760096 AU - Gohl, B AU - Sorensen, E AU - Wu, G AU - Pennells, E AU - California Department of Transportation TI - NONLINEAR SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSES OF A 2-SPAN BRIDGE ON SOFT SILT FOUNDATIONS PY - 1997 SP - p. 177-191 AB - The twin, two-span, composite steel box girder viaducts of the Colwood Overpass carry the four lanes of the TransCanada Highway northwest of Victoria, B.C. on Vancouver Island. Provision was made for future high occupancy vehicle lanes between the twin bridges. The structure was designed for the British Columbia Financing Authority as part of the Vancouver Island Highway Project. The southern half-bridge replaced the existing Thetis Lake Overpass, constructed in the mid-1950s. The new bridge design posed some unique geotechnical problems to the design team. The bridge is located in one of the highest seismic zones in Canada. The bridge also partially spans a rock basin infilled with compressible sensitive marine silts overlain by a desiccated clayey silt crust. Bedrock protrudes above the surface at the west abutment. The east abutment is located near the centre of the basin on up to 40 ft (12 m) of fill over some 100 ft (30.5 m) of marine silt, overlying bedrock. Due to the significant thicknesses of the sensitive marine silt, the east approach of the existing Thetis Lake Overpass has undergone up to 3.5 ft (1.1 m) of settlement, and continues to slowly settle. Some lateral deformation of the fill also has occurred, resulting in a tilting of the east abutment wall relative to the bridge deck. The relative movements between the bridge structure and east abutment have been accommodated by placing additional asphalt and extending the ends of the steel girders. Under design seismic loading conditions, concerns were expressed regarding the seismic stability and deformation potential of the east abutment fills. Deformation was exacerbated by the presence of a "free face" near the toe of the embankment due to the presence of a fish-bearing creek located adjacent to the northeast abutment. The overpass structures are supported on shallow footings within the fills at the east and west abutments. The central pier bridge support is founded on piles extending to rock. This paper discusses: general structural considerations; seismic ground motions; general soil conditions at the site; post-seismic east abutment fill stability analyses; two dimensional analysis of seismic deformations of the east abutment fill; comparison of one and two dimensional dynamic ground response; and dynamic modelling of bridge response with soil-structure interaction. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bedrock KW - Bridge abutments KW - British Columbia KW - Deformation KW - Dynamic models KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Fills KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Seismology KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Silts KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498438 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760085 AU - Pratt, R A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT PRIORITIZATION OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES IN ALASKA PY - 1997 SP - p. 31-37 AB - Alaska is one of the most seismically active regions in the world. This knowledge of seismic vulnerability and hazard to bridges on the Alaska road system has led the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DOT/PF) to initiate a seismic retrofit program. By DOT/PF policy, all bridges located within the limits of roadway rehabilitation and widening projects are evaluated in terms of seismic vulnerability. Those structures found to be deficient are retrofitted in accordance with the "Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges" (FHWA-RD-94-052). DOT/PF policy places a heavy emphasis on connection, bearing and seatwidth vulnerabilities, and limits retrofit expenditures to ten percent of the estimated value of the structure. Retrofit estimates exceeding this limitation must be funded under another funding source. Substructure vulnerabilities are also considered, but are rarely retrofit due to the ten percent of value limitation. Although DOT/PF has retrofit several bridges based on this policy, it has become apparent that a more aggressive program is needed to protect the highway system. In early 1990 the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) made Highway Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation (HBRRP) funds available for the seismic retrofit of bridges. However, prior to utilizing these funds, FHWA policy required a prioritized list of bridges. To meet this FHWA requirement, the DOT/PF Bridge Section has developed a prioritized list of bridges on the State road system in need of seismic retrofit. The objective in creating this prioritized list was to come up with a logical means to represent the relative retrofit needs of the highway bridges in Alaska. Desirable characteristics of the prioritization procedure included ease of use, ease of adjustment, and easy understanding of significance of evaluation factors. Approximately $1,000,000 per year has been budgeted for bridge retrofit projects utilizing HBRRP funds. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Alaska KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Economics KW - Highway bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498427 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760092 AU - Holombo, J AU - Priestley, N AU - Seible, F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - LONGITUDINAL SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SPLICED BATHTUB-GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 123-133 AB - The second of two large scale precast spliced-girder bridges was tested recently at the University of California, San Diego to verify the adequacy of newly developed integral column-superstructure details under fully reversed, simulated longitudinal seismic loads. The bridge tested was a 40% full scale model which incorporated continuously post-tensioned precast bathtub girders. The testing program is part of an ongoing California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) research project in conjunction with the Precast Manufacturers of California (PCMAC) and the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) to develop integral column-superstructure details for precast bridges. A structural displacement ductility of 6 was reached with no significant strength loss due to joint degradation or superstructure nonlinearity. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Columns KW - Displacements (Structural) KW - Girder bridges KW - Integral structures KW - Precast concrete KW - Scale models KW - Seismic loads KW - Splicing KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498434 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760088 AU - Basoz, N AU - KIREMIDJIAN, A S AU - California Department of Transportation TI - RISK ASSESSMENT OF BRIDGES AND HIGHWAY SYSTEMS FROM THE NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE PY - 1997 SP - p. 65-79 AB - A risk assessment methodology for highway transportation systems based on vulnerability and importance criteria is developed. As part of the vulnerability assessment new bridge classes and new damage states for components of concrete bridges are developed. Bridge damage observed in the Northridge earthquake is analyzed to identify structural characteristics that correlate well with the observed damage. Empirical fragility curves are developed for bridges grouped by these structural characteristics. The observed damage data are also compared to the available ground motion-damage relationships. The importance criterion is discussed for emergency response planning and management applications. Performance of highway systems before and after the Northridge earthquake is studied. The methodology is implemented within a geographic information system (GIS). U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge damages KW - Bridges KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency response KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Management KW - Northridge Earthquake, January 17, 1994 KW - Planning KW - Risk assessment KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498430 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760090 AU - Sikorsky, C AU - Stubbs, N AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATING BRIDGE SEISMIC SAFETY USING QUALITY MANAGEMENT PY - 1997 SP - p. 97-109 AB - This paper develops a methodology to use modal based nondestructive damage evaluation techniques to determine the randomness associated with bridge structural elements and then evaluate seismic safety. First, the transformation of manufacturing quality management to design and construction is summarized. Next, a theory of approach is formulated using nondestructive damage evaluation methods to evaluate seismic safety. Finally, the paper concludes with a simple demonstration of the approach. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge damages KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Quality control KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498432 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760084 AU - Dicleli, M AU - Bruneau, M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH FOR RAPID SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 15-29 AB - While methodologies exist which allow to rapidly identify the seismically deficient bridges and rank them in terms of their respective vulnerability, it remains that the bridge vulnerability aspect of these methodologies is crude and generally limited to simple recognition of undesirable structural features known to have performed inadequately in past earthquakes. Thus, bridges sharing such features would also share the same rating, independently of variations in geometry and other structural properties. As one step to improve on this situation, a methodology is proposed to perform rapid, yet quantitative, seismic vulnerability assessments. It was developed and applied for a special class of bridges, namely single-span and multi-span slab-on-girder highway steel bridges. In the latter case, only steel columns were considered, as these have received little attention in past research. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Highway bridges KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498426 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760086 AU - Werner, S D AU - Taylor, C E AU - Moore, J E AU - Jernigan, J B AU - Hwang, HHM AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: A STATUS REPORT PY - 1997 SP - p. 39-51 AB - This paper describes the status of a multi-year task directed toward the development and application of a new methodology for seismic risk analysis (SRA) of highway systems. It focuses on recent developments for improving the methodology and its application to highway systems in regions of moderate-to-high seismicity throughout the United States. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Earthquakes KW - Highways KW - Methodology KW - Risk analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498428 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760083 AU - California Department of Transportation TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL SEISMIC CONFERENCE ON BRIDGES AND HIGHWAYS, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, JULY 8-11, 1997 PY - 1997 SP - 766p AB - The objective of this conference was to provide a forum for the exchange of information on current practice and research for seismic design and retrofit of new and existing bridges. The conference focused on national problems and solutions which should be of interest to bridge, geotechnical and highway engineers in all seismic hazard zones. Although the conference had a national focus, there was an International Forum of invited speakers from countries which have implemented advanced earthquake mitigation technologies. The conference covered the following areas: bridge vulnerability assessment and prioritization; lessons learned from past earthquakes; seismic design response and retrofit of substructures and foundations; retrofit of long-span bridges; design and retrofit details that work; protective systems (seismic isolation and energy dissipators); seismic vulnerability of roadways and approaches; seismic risk assessment of highway networks; geotechnical consideration (site response, liquefaction); use of innovative technologies and materials; and performance criteria and economic considerations. These proceedings contain papers prepared for the conference. The proceedings were printed prior to the conference and distributed to conference registrants. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Earthquake engineering KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Economics KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Hazards KW - Liquefaction KW - Long span bridges KW - Mitigation KW - Retrofitting KW - Risk assessment KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Seismology KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498425 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760094 AU - GOEL, R K AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EARTHQUAKE BEHAVIOR OF BRIDGES WITH INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 149-159 AB - Earthquake analysis of bridges requires that the period and damping ratio be determined for each significant mode of vibration. Data on these vibration properties, identified from motions of bridges recorded during actual earthquake events, provide the most direct means of verifying and improving the current guidelines. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to measure the vibration properties of a two-span concrete bridge from its motions recorded during actual earthquake events. These data were then used to investigate how abutment participation affected the vibration properties of bridges with integral abutments. It is shown that the vibration period elongated and the damping ratio increased by a factor of over two as the intensity of ground shaking increased. Subsequently, the damping data were used to develop empirical formulas for estimating upper and lower bound values of damping in transverse vibration modes of bridges with integral abutments. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridges KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Field data KW - Formulas KW - Integral structures KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498436 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760091 AU - Chang, K-C AU - Chang, J-C AU - Tan, R AU - Mo, Y L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - STATIC AND DYNAMIC STUDIES OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE PY - 1997 SP - p. 111-121 AB - Bi-Tan Bridge of the Northern-Second Freeway (Taiwan) adopts new methodologies and ideas in design and construction. Due to the importance and many special features of this bridge, parameters such as the efficiency and distribution of the prestress, the effect of creep and shrinkage on the long-term bridge behavior, and the dynamic effects due to traffic and earthquake loading, etc., become very important. This paper describes the methodology and instrumentations on the development of a monitoring system for this bridge, and summarizes a few selected results of this research. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Construction KW - Creep KW - Design KW - Dynamic response KW - Highway bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Methodology KW - Monitoring KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Seismic loads KW - Shrinkage KW - Taiwan KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498433 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760093 AU - Chang, C-Y AU - Mok, C M AU - Legaspi, D AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF LATERAL LOAD CAPACITIES OF CISS PILES PY - 1997 SP - p. 135-147 AB - Large-diameter cast-in-steel shell (CISS) piles are being used in the seismic retrofit of pier foundations for toll bridges in California. The primary objective of using CISS piles is to increase lateral load capacities of the existing pier foundations and to decrease potential foundation drift so that the existing pile foundation will not be damaged during a design earthquake. Thus, determining the lateral capacities and lateral load-deflection characteristics of the CISS piles is an important element in the design of retrofits. Current practice in evaluating lateral load capacities of a CISS pile is based on analyzing laterally loaded piles using nonlinear springs (i.e., p-y formulation) to represent soil-pile interaction. There are a number of uncertainties inherent in the capacities estimated for large-diameter CISS piles based on the p-y formulation. These uncertainties include the facts that: (1) empirically based p-y curves derived from model test results for small-diameter piles are extrapolated to those for large-diameter CISS piles; (2) the effects of shear resistance on pile rotation are not incorporated; and (3) there is no allowance for coupling or shear transfer between adjacent p-y springs. Lam and Martin (1986) indicate that for free-head conditions, the lateral load capacity of a large-diameter pile may be higher than that based on the p-y curves extrapolated from empirical correlations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lateral load capacity of the 10-ft (3-m) diameter CISS pile proposed for the foundation retrofit of the San Mateo-Hayward Bridge in the San Francisco Bay Area. Nonlinear, three-dimensional finite element push-over analyses were used to derive capacities and to compare them with results based on the p-y formulation. Several models of the finite element idealization of the soil-pile system were analyzed using the computer programs ANAGEN/ABAQUS. Soil-pile interface was modeled by interface elements with or without friction or by solid elements having perfect bonding between soil and pile. The nonlinear soil stress-strain characteristics were approximated by the deformation plasticity model in which the Mises equivalent stress under uniaxial loading conditions was equal to two times undrained shear strength developed at an axial strain of 30%. The results indicate that the lateral load capacity of a CISS pile at a pile head deflection of 6 in. (15 cm) is about 11% higher than that estimated from the p-y formulation. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge piers KW - California KW - Deformation curve KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Finite element method KW - Lateral loads KW - P-Y curves KW - Retrofitting KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Steel piling KW - Toll bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498435 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760087 AU - Small, E P AU - California Department of Transportation TI - ALTERNATIVES FOR THE INTEGRATION OF SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT WITHIN THE PONTIS BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1997 SP - p. 53-64 AB - Bridge management system (BMS) developments incorporate systems analysis and predictive algorithms for the optimization of preservation and improvement needs over a long term planning horizon. Retrofitting measures for the mitigation of seismic vulnerability are not considered. Research is being performed at the Federal Highway Administration to develop a methodology permitting seismic vulnerability assessment within the PONTIS Bridge Management System. Techniques for the development of the methodology are examined. It has been proposed that existing prioritization procedures could be integrated within the PONTIS optimization models utilizing measure value theory. To examine the feasibility of this approach, the optimization procedures employed by PONTIS are summarized. Predominant prioritization techniques are then assessed and examined for integration feasibility. It is shown that the prioritization procedures require modification to permit consideration of costs associated with potential mitigative actions. The applicability and effectiveness of measure value theory for conversion of these procedures is examined and discussed. An alternative technique for development employing level of service optimization is examined. Multi-objective LOS optimization or, alternatively, integer/mixed integer programming formulations with compound constraints, are outlined. Issues and considerations involved with these approaches are presented and discussed. A discussion of future research concludes the presentation. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Costs KW - Earthquakes KW - Future research KW - Level of service KW - Measure value theory KW - Mitigation KW - Optimization KW - Risk assessment KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498429 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760089 AU - Silva, P F AU - Seible, F AU - Priestley, MJN AU - California Department of Transportation TI - RESPONSE OF THE CORONADO BAY BRIDGE PILES TO PILE CAP CONNECTIONS UNDER SIMULATED SEISMIC LOADS PY - 1997 SP - p. 81-95 AB - In reviewing reports concerning performance and assessment of damage to bridge foundation systems there is a lack of information to validate the actual capacity of piles and their connections to the pile cap under seismic loads. As a result, design engineers from Caltrans, McDaniel Engineering Company, Inc. and J. Muller International in close collaboration with researchers from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) developed a research program to study the seismic response of the San Diego - Coronado Bay Bridge piles and their connections to the pile cap. The design constraints that were initially recommended by ANATECH stipulated that at a displacement ductility of three failure is expected and that the design criteria for the piles should not exceed a displacement ductility of two. In addition, at a concrete compressive strength of 0.005 the Safety Evaluation Earthquake design limit state is achieved at the top of the piles at a displacement ductility level of one and two. Preliminary test results for the three units suggest that these design parameters are conservative and higher levels of displacement ductility capacity may be achieved while limiting damage of the piles. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge damages KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Displacements (Structural) KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Pile bearing capacity KW - Pile caps KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Seismic loads KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Structural connection KW - Structural response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00749963 AU - Caldwell, H AU - Steinmann, R AU - Comeau, C AU - Crichton, R AU - Nguyen, L AU - McGarry, J AU - Welbes, M AU - Fiocco, M J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - 1997 STATUS OF THE NATION'S SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: CONDITION AND PERFORMANCE. REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1997 SP - 108 p. AB - This is the 1997 edition of a series of reports required by Congress on America's surface transportation system. The report provides information on the physical and operating characteristics of the highway, bridge, and transit portions of our Nation's intermodal transportation system. It also discusses the current financing of those transportation modes and the future investment that will be required to achieve benchmarks of system performance. The investment analysis employs subjective assumptions about travel growth, land use, vehicle use patterns, and other factors that can be expected to influence future funding requirements. The analysis in this report is based on data submitted by State and local transportation agencies. The report has four sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Highlights - a bulleted summary covering conditions and performance, finance, and investment requirements for highways, bridges, and transit; (3) Questions and Answers - a series of significant and relevant questions and answers about these topics, plus information on the National Highway System, the backbone of the intermodal surface transportation system; and (4) U.S. Freight: Economy in Motion - an overview of the current status of freight transportation via the different transportation modes (highway, rail, air, water, and pipeline) and an outline of the forces of change expected to transform freight transportation in the future. KW - Air cargo KW - Bridges KW - Finance KW - Financial requirements KW - Financing KW - Freight transportation KW - Ground transportation KW - Highways KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Investment planning KW - Investments KW - National Highway System KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Physical properties KW - Pipeline transportation KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - United States KW - Water transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20800/20878/PB98156060.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7700/7706/cov-xii.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00749965 AU - Sachs, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CURRENT APPLICATION AND SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL AGENCY PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1997 SP - 60 p. AB - This report highlights the important activities that local agencies, Technology Transfer Centers (T2 Centers), and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) are engaged in to implement pavement management systems (PMSs) at the local agency level, and the issues that arise from implementing such systems around the United States. It also focuses on how communities around the country are benefitting from implementing local agency pavement management programs. In addition, the report provides recommendations from the local agencies and MPOs on what efforts the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) could initiate to assist them in implementing, enhancing, and advancing pavement management systems at the local level. The report is divided into sections addressing the following: Success stories of how local agencies are working with State DOTs, MPOs, or T2 Centers to implement pavement management systems; Technical assistance to T2 Centers, as well as the Centers' efforts to assist local agencies in implementing pavement management systems; Technical assistance and issues related to defining the role of MPOs in pavement management implementation; and Recommendations on how the FHWA could help local agencies, T2 Centers, and MPOs advance pavement management technology. KW - Applications KW - Assistance programs KW - Benefits KW - Grant aid KW - Implementation KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Pavement management systems KW - Recommendations KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technical assistance KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer centers KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484219 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748746 JO - Publication of: Public Works Research Institute, Japan PB - Public Works Research Institute, Japan AU - Public Works Research Institute, Japan TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD U.S.-JAPAN WORKSHOP ON SEISMIC RETROFIT OF BRIDGES, OSAKA, JAPAN, DECEMBER 10-11, 1996 PY - 1997 SP - 459 p. AB - The aims of the workshop were: (1) to bring together experts from the United States and Japan to exchange technical information on current research and practical efforts being made in the area of seismic retrofit of bridges; and (2) to identify future needs and opportunities between the two countries for cooperative research. A broad range of technical topics were presented at the workshop, including: damage to bridges in the Hyogo-ken-Nanbu Earthquake; assessment and prioritization of vulnerable bridges; inspection and strengthening methods for reinforced concrete bridge piers; research on seismic retrofit and strengthening of reinforced concrete bridge piers; research on seismic retrofit of steel piers, restrainers, bearings, and foundations; and effects of loading history. The workshop was attended by 20 U.S. and 66 Japanese participants. In total 26 papers were presented, 15 from Japan and 11 from the United States. The material in the proceedings includes (1) all technical papers in the order in which they were presented during the workshop, (2) resolutions that were unanimously approved by the participants during the closing session of the workshop, and (3) the workshop program and the list of participants. U1 - Third U.S.-Japan Workshop on Seismic Retrofit of BridgesPublic Works Research Institute, Japan; National Science Foundation; and Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.Osaka, Japan StartDate:19961210 EndDate:19961211 Sponsors:Public Works Research Institute, Japan; National Science Foundation; and Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake (Japan) KW - Inspection KW - Japan KW - Loading history KW - Loads KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete piers KW - Retrofitting KW - Steel KW - Steel piers KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - United States KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00748743 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 1997 AWARENESS SEMINAR. PARTICIPANT'S GUIDE PY - 1997 SP - 58 p. AB - This is the Participant's Guide for the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Awareness Seminar. The Guide is divided into four modules. The learning objectives of the seminar are: Definition of ITS; ITS successes; Critical role of Department of Transportation (DOT) staff in bringing stakeholders together; ITS components and integrated systems; Uniqueness of ITS; Existing forums for regional cooperation; and Participation in planning for funding. KW - Components KW - Cooperation KW - Definitions KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Integrated systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Leadership KW - Planning KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/483754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00748652 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SMART PARTNERSHIPS: A SHARED COMMITMENT TO IMPROVE TECHNOLOGY PY - 1997 SP - 57 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), in striving to meet the Nation's need for the safe, efficient, and environmentally sound transport of people and goods, is continuing to work toward the creation and nurturing of leveraging partnerships. The FHWA's National Priority Technologies Program, which encourages regional private-sector partnerships to improve responsiveness to problems and leverage Federal resources, is an example of this. The FHWA participates in many partnering alliances, which flourish because of the benefits all partners enjoy. The most obvious benefit of the FHWA's leveraging partnerships is better allocation of all members' resources. In many cases, partnerships that involve interests from all areas of the transportation industry have also effected improved responsiveness to transportation needs and concerns. Further, the early involvement of a project's stakeholders facilitates acceptance and implementation of new technology and methods. There are intrinsic benefits as well. Closer collaboration between Federal, State, and local entities improves communication and cohesion between the organizations. The formation of the partnerships also creates powerful potential for the broad public-private interest alliances to establish agendas that further benefit the highway community. However, the ultimate benefit of the FHWA's partnering ventures is advancement toward better, safer roads at the lowest cost possible. This booklet contains descriptions of partnerships that exemplify these benefits. They are organized in the following sections: Leveraging for Innovative Solutions - Partnerships and shared resources combine to advance state-of-the-art technology; Safety in Numbers - Dedicated partners in community outreach improve highway safety; Environmental Vigilance - A safer environment is within reach when complementary strengths and goals meet; and Building Professional Capacity - Collaborations that provide widespread training and information sharing. A final section, Greater than the Sum of Its Parts - With a strong alliance of dedicated partners, anything is possible, provides a partial listing of contributing partners who are participating in FHWA "Smart Partnerships". KW - Benefits KW - Environmental protection KW - Highway safety KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Personnel development KW - Public private partnerships KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6242/smart.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/483665 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00746603 JO - Road Savers PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANTI-ICING TECHNIQUES KEY TO SAFER ROADS PY - 1997 SP - 2 p. AB - Missouri is using anti-icing methods to keep roads clearer when winter storms hit. Anti-icing techniques involve the application of chemicals, commonly called deicing chemicals, to the pavement to lower the freezing point of water. This prevents a strong bond from forming between the pavement surface and the frost or snow. As a result, the road stays wet or slushy, rather than icy. This makes driving safer and plowing operations easier. For an anti-icing strategy to work, the chemicals must be applied at the right time. By using advanced weather information technologies, highway departments can pinpoint exactly when and where to begin their anti-icing operations. KW - Anti-icing KW - Deicing KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental impacts KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winter weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476587 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00746602 JO - Road Savers PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEM SAVES MONEY AND IMPROVES SERVICE PY - 1997 SP - 2 p. AB - Accurate weather and pavement condition reports are helping to determine the best strategy for keeping roads safe and clear during winter storms in the Kansas City area. The road weather information system (RWIS) applies technology to decision making. Specialized equipment and computer programs to monitor air and pavement temperatures and predict whether precipitation will freeze on pavements. By using portable computers linked by modem to the central computer, maintenance managers can monitor conditions and advise motorists and dispatch crews as required. The benefits of RWIS include safer winter driving conditions, savings on labor and equipment for winter maintenance operations and substantial reductions in chemical usage thereby saving money and wear on bridge decks and equipment. KW - Analysis KW - Computer aided analysis KW - Computer aided monitoring KW - Computers KW - Deicing KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Highway maintenance KW - Information processing KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Monitoring KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal KW - Weather forecasting KW - Weather reporting KW - Weather stations KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476586 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00746604 JO - Road Savers PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY IMPROVES DURABILITY OF MISSOURI HIGHWAYS PY - 1997 SP - 2 p. AB - Using a new asphalt specification, the Missouri Department of Transportation can select the right asphalt for each job. Asphalt binders, the glue that holds an asphalt mix together, must be stiff enough to withstand rutting in warmer weather and elastic enough to "give" during winter, when the pavement contracts. The new Superpave binder specification is a performance based specification. Superpave binders are designated with a "PG" (Performance Grade) rating such as PG58-28. The numbers represent the high and low grade temperatures variances. A Superpave binder is then selected based on the climate in which the pavement will be used and the amount of traffic it will bear. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Asphalt technology KW - Bending beam test KW - Bituminous binders KW - Direct tension tests KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Performance grade KW - Shear tests KW - Temperature gradients KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746710 AU - Gross, B AU - Ewing, R AU - Florida International University, Miami AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CLEANING HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL SURVEY DATA: FINAL REPORT PY - 1997 SP - 177 p. AB - The quality of transportation survey data is crucial to realistic calibration of transportation models. However, whether errors are made by survey participants or by key punch operators, by the time planners are ready to generate trip rates from the raw data, the quality of that data can be seriously compromised. Problems with Dade, Palm Beach, and Treasure Coast data bases are described in "Editing Travel Survey Data -- Common Problems and Corrective Actions" by M. DeAnna and R. Ewing. They documented the extent of the problem and provided some guidelines of what types of errors were prevalent. Our task here was to implement their recommendations. We refined their methodology and wrote a series of thirty computer programs to detect and correct errors in a transportation survey database. After running the entire battery of programs on the survey responses from Broward County, we validated the correctness of our changes. Resorting to the original questionnaire response forms and to telephone calls to respondents when necessary, we determined that our methodology and programs were quite accurate in cleaning initially inconsistent survey data. Both portions of the work cast light on the sources of different types of errors. The first half of this paper is a description of our data cleaning programs. The second half covers the subsequent validation exercise. KW - Computer programs KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Data cleaning KW - Data files KW - Data quality KW - Errors KW - Households KW - Mathematical models KW - Reliability KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel surveys KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746668 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CASE STUDIES OF HIGHWAY SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. PARTICIPANT WORKBOOK PY - 1997 SP - 273 p. AB - This is the Participant Workbook for a course on highway safety management systems (SMS). The purpose of this course is to promote enhanced SMS implementation through a technology transfer process consisting of presentations, discussions, and demonstrations. The topics addressed include effective SMS organizational approaches and processes, multidisciplinary practices, and technological applications. The multidisciplinary practices discussed demonstrate the importance of good communications within and among the various multidisciplinary agencies in a state and how these communications can be developed and improved. The benefits of the various organizational approaches, multidisciplinary practices, and technological applications are addressed. In addition, keys to successful implementation are discussed in terms of how the various organizations, practices, and applications came about and the approaches used. Finally, potential next steps relative to SMS implementation are discussed, together with the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches and any potential barriers to implementation. KW - Administration KW - Case studies KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Multidisciplinary practices KW - Safety management KW - System safety KW - Technological applications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746670 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSING THE RESULTS OF THE STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1997 SP - 24 p. AB - In 1995, shortly after the 5-year Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) concluded and during the early stages of the national program to encourage the implementation of SHRP products, the Transportation Research Board (TRB) SHRP Committee suggested that a benefit-cost study of SHRP be undertaken. The committee members felt that an objective assessment of the project and the products was needed, to determine if the investment had been a wise one. This report summarizes the results of that study, which was conducted during 1996 and 1997. The overarching conclusion of the study was that the economic and safety benefits of SHRP clearly outweigh the research and implementation costs. As a result, SHRP products have been dubbed "RoadSavers" -- they save money, time, and lives on the Nation's highways. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economic benefits KW - Safety KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/winter/roadsvr/sumrept.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31300/31322/FHWA-SA-98-008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746667 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBILITY IN HIGHWAY DESIGN PY - 1997 SP - 205 p. AB - This Guide is about designing highways that incorporate community values and are safe, efficient, effective mechanisms for the movement of people and goods. It is written for highway engineers and project managers who want to learn more about the flexibility available to them when designing roads and illustrates successful approaches used in various highway projects. It can also be used by citizens who want to gain a better understanding of the highway design process. The challenge to the highway design community is to find design solutions, as well as operational options, that result in full consideration of sometimes conflicting objectives. This Guide helps meet that challenge by provoking innovative thinking for fully considering the scenic, historic, aesthetic, and other cultural values, along with the safety and mobility needs, of our highway transportation system. This Guide is presented in three parts: Part I - The Design Process; Part II - Design Guidelines; and Part III - Case Studies. KW - Aesthetics KW - Case studies KW - Community values KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Historic preservation KW - Mobility KW - Scenic highways KW - Social values UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/index.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/12000/12200/12274/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473180 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745796 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kuemmel, D A AU - Bari, Q AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BENEFIT-COST COMPARISON OF SALT-ONLY VERSUS SALT-ABRASIVE MIXTURES USED IN WINTER HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE IN THE UNITED STATES SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 141-151 AB - A study at Marquette University examined accident rates and benefit-cost estimates of winter maintenance operations by state agencies that use primarily salt-abrasive mixtures as deicers. The study methodology was patterned after a prior study at Marquette with state agencies that used primarily salt alone as a deicer. The recent study included 788.8 km of two-lane highway and 92.8 km of freeway in five maintenance districts in four states. The study was conducted during the winters of 1992-1993 and 1993-1994. Field data, which were collected by the state departments of transportation, included event and weather information and the amount of salt and abrasives used for more than 781 events. Traffic volumes were adjusted for seasonal, daily, hourly, and snow-reduction variations. Before and after accident rates were calculated, and benefit-cost estimations were made for both two-lane highways and freeways. Accident rate reductions were calculated and benefits were measured. Standard benefit analysis was performed for increased fuel savings and reduced travel time. Accident reductions for two-lane highways on which salt-abrasive mixtures were used were less than those of the prior study of salt-only use. Accident reductions for freeways were much less and took much longer to occur when salt-abrasive mixtures were used, compared with the reductions with salt only. Benefit-cost calculations showed that the application of salt-abrasive mixtures did not recover winter maintenance costs on two-lane highways during the 12-hr analysis period. This finding is affected by the low number of accidents. Benefit-cost calculations showed that freeway operations recovered costs in 6 hr, substantially longer than with salt only. Comparisons are made between the results of accident and benefit-cost data between the two studies (salt-only and salt-abrasive mixtures). U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Abrasives KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Mixtures KW - Two lane highways KW - United States KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475918 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745798 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kajiya, Y AU - Fukuzawa, Y AU - Ishimoto, K AU - Ishimaru, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD TEST RESULTS OF INTELLIGENT DELINEATOR SYSTEM: INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR WINTER TRAFFIC SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 156-161 AB - The intelligent delineator system is a light-emitting delineator incorporating a pole-type visibility meter and a car halt surveillance radar. When visibility is reduced it emits light to warn drivers, and it detects stopped cars to warn followers. The development of this system was begun in 1993. Initially a pole-type visibility meter was developed for this system, and its performance was examined in field tests in winter 1993-1994. The light-emitting delineator with this pole-type visibility meter was installed at a median strip on a national highway near Sapporo, Japan, in winter 1994-1995 for the on-site test. It was found that the pole-type visibility meter has sufficient accuracy and stability in operation. A car halt surveillance radar, which uses milliwave technology to detect stopped cars in blowing snow conditions, also was developed. Its performance was examined in field tests and on the same highway in winter 1995-1996. The car halt surveillance radar and the total system have shown enough possibility for further practical development. The Hokkaido Development Bureau is now developing a special research plan focusing on intelligent transportation systems (ITS) technology research and development for winter traffic, called the ITS/Win Research Program. The development and the field test results of the intelligent delineator system are reported, and research-and-development challenges for the ITS technology for winter traffic in Hokkaido are addressed. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Blizzards KW - Detection systems KW - Detectors KW - Development KW - Driving KW - Field tests KW - Hokkaido (Japan) KW - Intelligent delineator system KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Light-emitting delineators KW - Radar KW - Reduced visibility KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Visibility KW - Warning devices KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475920 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745794 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Matsuzawa, M AU - Kajiya, Y AU - Ishimoto, K AU - Takeuchi, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD TEST OF ROAD WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND IMPROVEMENT OF WINTER ROAD MAINTENANCE IN HOKKAIDO SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 125-130 AB - After the studded tire regulation law came into effect, extremely slippery frozen road surfaces occurred in the Sapporo area. The Hokkaido Development Bureau (HDB) has been conducting Hokkaido-wide surveys of road surface conditions with other road administrators since February 1993. The purpose of the surveys is to determine frozen road surface occurrence and regional road surface conditions in Hokkaido. In addition, in the winter of 1993-1994, HDB introduced the Finnish ice prediction systems to downtown Sapporo. HDB examined the accuracy of the system and clarified its limits of application. It was confirmed that the system has some limits because of errors in detection, which frequently occurred in cases of much snow, compacted snow, and frozen road surfaces. In the winter of 1994-1995, a new road surface classification method, which can identify extremely slippery frozen road surfaces and is easily used in winter maintenance operation, was developed. The Hokkaido-wide winter road surface condition survey was conducted with the use of the new classification method. In addition, an investigation was begun to develop ice prediction methods by using road weather information system (RWIS) for the greater Sapporo area in the winter of 1995-1996. In this investigation, use of the radar snowfall forecasting system was also considered, as was the use of forecast information for efficient winter road maintenance. Furthermore, the ideal RWIS of the next generation and the way to exchange and share the information with other organizations are now under discussion. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Accuracy KW - Condition surveys KW - Detection systems KW - Detectors KW - Field tests KW - Hokkaido (Japan) KW - Ice KW - Ice detection KW - Ice forecasting KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Information systems KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Weather KW - Weather forecasting KW - Weather radar KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475916 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745795 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shao, J AU - Lister, P J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REAL-TIME ROAD ICE PREDICTION AND ITS IMPROVEMENT IN ACCURACY THROUGH A SELF-LEARNING PROCESS SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 131-137 AB - In winter road maintenance, it is important for highway engineers and authorities to know where and when road surface temperature is to fall below freezing and whether road surfaces will remain dry or icy. To provide this information, several numerical models have been developed in the last decade. However, the accuracy of model prediction in real-time application largely depends on the accuracy of forecast inputs (such as air temperature, dew point, wind speed, cloud type, and cloud amount), which are typically supplied by meteorologists. The experience and skills of the meteorologists are critical in some circumstances for the models to provide useful and reliable output. There is little doubt that such experience and skills vary individually within a group of meteorologists. To remedy model prediction errors resulting from input errors, a self-learning process is developed. The magnitude of error in real-time model input is investigated by comparing forecast input to actual measurements and observations, and the effect of input error on model prediction is demonstrated. A variety of methods, including self-adjustment and self-quality-control mechanisms, are introduced in this paper to show improvements of a numerical model in 24-hr forecasts and 3-to-6-hr nowcasts of road surface temperature. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Accuracy KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Errors KW - Forecasting KW - Ice KW - Ice forecasting KW - Input KW - Mathematical models KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Self-learning process KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475917 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745797 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Oberg, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SOCIOECONOMIC CALCULATIONS FOR WINTER TIRES SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 152-155 AB - The socioeconomic consequences that may be expected from a ban on studded tires and the effects of a requirement on winter tires in certain periods during the winter or during slippery conditions were calculated and are presented. The requirement for winter tires (mud and snow tires) means that summer tires are not allowed, but both studded and unstudded winter tires may be used. The calculations were made for the winters of 1993-1994 and 1999-2000. The conditions for winter 1993-1994, a fairly normal winter, form the basis for the calculations. The conditions for 1999-2000 are the same except for the assumptions that all studded tires will have been replaced by tires with lightweight studs and that wear-resistant pavements will be more common. All other factors for 1999-2000, such as winter maintenance, are the same as for 1993-1994. A large part of the project was to calculate the changes in vehicle mileage with different tires in various winter road conditions. The socioeconomic calculations include the following effects: (a) the traffic safety effects of ice and snow conditions and pavement wear; (b) road wear on pavement and road markings and subsequent sign cleaning; (c) car costs, including costs for tires and rims, changes in fuel consumption, and car-washing changes caused by the use of studs; and (d) environmental effects, which include only use of stronger agents for car washing when studs are used (other environmental costs are not included). U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Pavements KW - Road markings KW - Snow tires KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Socioeconomics KW - Studded tires KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475919 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745780 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fujisawa, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MODEL EXPERIMENT AND FIELD OBSERVATION OF A SNOW AVALANCHE DEFLECTOR SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 19-26 AB - A study of the jumping-up phenomenon that occurs when a snow avalanche strikes an inclined plane was carried out. The study is important to the design of avalanche deflectors and arrestors. The behavior of an avalanche colliding with a deflector was recorded at 4-sec intervals in the field, and jumping height and length were analyzed. The results of the analysis suggest that jumping-up velocity (V sub a) is less than striking velocity (V sub b) against a deflector. The velocity reduction coefficient (k) is defined as V sub a/V sub b, and physical significance is also considered. A model experiment, in which a snow avalanche struck an inclined plane, was examined to clarify the relationship between the velocity reduction coefficient (k) and the angle of incidence (phi). Jumping-up height and length of the full-scale avalanche that struck the deflector were explained by using the velocity reduction coefficient (k). U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Angle of incidence KW - Avalanches KW - Deflectors KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Inclined plane KW - Japan KW - Model tests KW - Velocity measurement KW - Velocity reduction coefficient UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475902 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745782 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Noort, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WINTER MAINTENANCE ON POROUS ASPHALT SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 33-40 AB - In 1986, porous asphalt (drain asphalt or open-graded asphalt) was introduced in the Netherlands. By 1997, approximately 40% of all highways in the Netherlands had been paved with this open asphalt. The main reason for the use of porous asphalt is its ability to reduce traffic noise and improve traffic safety. The increase in the use of open porous asphalt in the last couple of years has shown that its winter behavior deviates from that of normal dense asphalt. The main causes of the different behavior of porous asphalt, compared with dense asphalt, are its responses to temperature, humidity, and salt on the road surface. Discussed here is the maintenance required by the three principal forms of slipperiness: that caused by freezing of wet road sections, that caused by a small amount of moisture (condensation, sublimation, and freezing fog), and that caused by precipitation such as snow and freezing rain. Under "normal" Dutch winter conditions (in which slipperiness is caused mainly by the freezing of the wet road surface), winter maintenance of porous asphalt roads will not cause significant problems for the highway authority, requiring only a high consumption of salt to keep the road safe. However, in the case of freezing rain, the difference in friction between porous asphalt and dense asphalt is considerable. In highly intense freezing rain, a layer of ice will swiftly form on porous asphalt and cause a subsequent loss of friction. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Freezing KW - Friction KW - Moisture content KW - Netherlands KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement friction KW - Pavements KW - Porous materials KW - Porous pavements KW - Rain KW - Snow KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475904 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745778 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Noort, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WINTER MAINTENANCE IN THE NETHERLANDS SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 3-11 AB - Traffic and transport are of vital importance to the Netherlands. The country has an average winter temperature of just above 0 deg C, and winter maintenance is important to keep roads open and safe. The organization and strategy of winter maintenance are discussed. Special attention is given to the National Ice Warning System, which has been installed on highways and secondary roads in the Netherlands. This system, along with regional weather reports, weather radar, and road-surface forecasts provided by experienced meteorologists, gives authorities up-to-date road and weather conditions. The combination of winter maintenance, knowledge of road management, and meteorology appears to be a success in the Netherlands. In 3 years, Meteo Consult, a private weather service, has significantly enlarged its share in the market. Experience in the Netherlands has shown that free competition in meteorological assistance (which is not common in Europe) can improve quality in road management without reducing traffic safety or increasing cost. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Administration KW - Ice KW - Meteorology KW - Netherlands KW - Strategic planning KW - Warning systems KW - Weather forecasting KW - Weather radar KW - Weather reporting KW - Weather stations KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475900 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745787 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tapkan, B I AU - Yoakum-Stover, S AU - Kubichek, R F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACTIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF ROAD SURFACE CONDITIONS SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 73-80 AB - An active microwave sensing system is investigated to provide real-time information about road surface conditions. Microwave radiation is very sensitive to the presence of water in the medium through which it passes. Thus, the amplitude and phase of a wave reflected from a road contains information about water, snow, and ice accumulation. Computer simulations of surface reflectivity based on the dielectric constant of various media were completed as a preliminary feasibility study. An experimental detection system was then constructed along with a liquid nitrogen-cooled asphalt test bed to simulate the road surface. Preliminary tests were conducted in the frequency range of 26.5 to 40 GHz. Microwave signals were directed to the asphalt surface by using a horn antenna, and the reflected signal was received by a microwave antenna feeding a diode detector. The resulting signal was then analyzed to extract the road surface information. Tests indicated that wet snow and ice can easily be distinguished, although it is difficult to discriminate among dry snow, dry ice, and dry pavement conditions. This problem is addressed by sensing the road with two separate transmitter frequencies. A simple maximum likelihood classifier algorithm was applied to the measured data to automatically identify the surface conditions. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Condition monitoring KW - Dielectric properties KW - Ice KW - Microwave communication systems KW - Microwave systems KW - Monitoring KW - Prototype tests KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Remote sensing KW - Simulation KW - Snow KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745788 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - BOGREN, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR USE OF A ROAD WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEM SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 81-84 AB - Background factors must be considered in the adaptation of a road weather information system for a maintenance area. These factors may be climatological, meteorological, or related to the structure of the road infrastructure. The methodology used in Sweden involves analyses of thermal mapping along the actual road stretches, climatological statistics such as precipitation patterns and average temperature, and so forth. Other important components are the variation in topography and vegetation. These factors are integrated into a decision procedure for which the output is a proper location based on climatology of the field stations within the system. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Climatology KW - Decision making KW - Heat KW - Information systems KW - Location KW - Meteorology KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Sweden KW - Terrain evaluation KW - Thermal mapping KW - Topography KW - Vegetation KW - Weather KW - Weather stations KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475910 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745777 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SNOW REMOVAL AND ICE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY. SELECTED PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, RENO, NEVADA, AUGUST 11-16, 1996 SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - 170 p. AB - The objective of the symposium was to provide a forum for the exchange of information about state-of-the-art research and technology applications to improve snow removal and ice control operations in transportation systems. Sixty-one papers were presented in the areas of policy and management, infrastructure and snow control, materials and applications, equipment, travel surface, environment and health, road weather information systems and forecasting, and safety and visibility. Papers were authored by maintenance engineers and researchers from Austria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Twenty-one of these papers are included in this publication. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Environmental impacts KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Infrastructure KW - Management KW - Materials KW - Policy KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal KW - State of the art studies KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Visibility KW - Weather KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475899 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745784 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ketcham, S A AU - Minsk, L D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANTI-ICING FIELD EVALUATION SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 44-52 AB - Anti-icing is the snow and ice control practice of preventing the formation or development of bonded snow and ice by timely applications of a chemical freezing-point depressant. This definition derives from U.S. snow and ice control practice observed in anti-icing field evaluations for the Strategic Highway Research Program and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The FHWA project and the implications of its results for implementation of an anti-icing program are described. This definition and the diversity of operations that can lead to anti-icing success are the focus of this paper. A framework for communication and technology transfer among practitioners is provided to complement guidance contained in the project's manual of practice. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Anti-icing KW - Deicing KW - Field tests KW - Snow and ice control KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475906 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745791 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - TAKAGI, H AU - Onuma, H AU - Shimojo, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECTS OF STUDDED TIRE REGULATION ON ROAD ENVIRONMENTS AND TRAFFIC CONDITIONS IN HOKKAIDO SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 103-110 AB - To prevent dust pollution generated by studded tires in Japan, the use of such tires was first regulated in the winter of fiscal year 1991 in accordance with the law on the prevention of road dust caused by studded tires, which took effect in June 1990. For the last several years, the rate of vehicles equipped with studded tires has decreased from 0.9 to almost zero in Hokkaido. The ban on the use of studded tires helped considerably to decrease the environmental pollution caused by airborne particles. On the other hand, several new road traffic problems have arisen, including an increase in traffic accidents and congestion caused by changing conditions on roads covered with snow and ice. The past problem of studded tires causing wear of paved surfaces was replaced with a new problem of studless tires polishing surfaces covered with snow and ice. In recognition of this, road environmental effects, snow- and ice-covered road surfaces in the age of studless tires, road maintenance using antifreezing or antislipping agents, and traffic accidents are examined, and present and future problems are discussed. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Air pollution KW - Anti-icing KW - Deicing KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hokkaido (Japan) KW - Icy roads KW - Japan KW - Particulates KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Snow KW - Studded tire ban KW - Studded tires KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475913 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745783 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Ketcham, S A AU - Minsk, L D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GUIDANCE FOR SUCCESSFUL ANTI-ICING OPERATIONS BASED ON U.S. EXPERIENCE SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 43 AB - Highway anti-icing is the snow and ice control practice of preventing the formation or development of bonded snow and ice by timely applications of a chemical freezing-point depressant. The application of a chemical freezing-point depressant onto a highway pavement when a winter storm starts or before precipitation begins inhibits the development of a bond between snow and ice and the pavement surface. Moderate, periodic reapplication of the chemical during the storm can continue this effect. Such preventative operations are the core of an anti-icing program. Guidance for successful anti-icing operations has been developed. This guidance is based on an analysis of data obtained during the winters of 1993-1994 and 1994-1995 in the 15 states participating in Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Test and Evaluation Project 28 and also on relevant experiences and the review of anti-icing practices in Strategic Highway Research Project H-208. Specific and concise guidance for anti-icing operations for six winter weather events has been formulated. The maintenance action for each event is defined for several pavement temperature ranges and associated temperature trends, and for initial and follow-up operations. The actions include application of chemicals, either alone or in combination with plowing, application of abrasives, plowing only, or doing nothing. Solid, liquid, and prewetted solid chemical application rates are suggested as appropriate. This guidance is found in the FHWA "Manual of Practice for an Effective Anti-Icing Program: A Guide for Highway Winter Maintenance Personnel" (FHWA-RD-95-202). U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Anti-icing KW - Deicing KW - Guidelines KW - Snow and ice control KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475905 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745785 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - IHS, A AU - GUSTAFSON, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE-SODIUM CHLORIDE MIXTURES IN SWEDEN SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 53-59 AB - Together with plowing and sanding, chemical deicing and deicing agents are important tools for highway snow and ice control. The most commonly used deicing agent is sodium chloride (NaCl), which is effective, easy to handle, and inexpensive. Many negative and often costly side effects, have, however, been recognized over the years. Extensive research has therefore been conducted to find alternatives. Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is an alternative deicing agent that has given very promising results in laboratory and field tests. The most significant impediment to its use is its high price, which is more than 20 times that of NaCl. To reduce the cost but maintain the benefits of CMA, tests have been conducted with CMA-NaCl mixtures. In 1993 the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute initiated a research project to test and evaluate a mixture of 20% CMA and 80% NaCl. The field evaluation was conducted on Highway E4 and included both friction measurements and corrosion tests. The laboratory testing, mainly done at the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, included corrosion tests and freeze-thaw testing on cement concrete. The laboratory tests showed that the addition of CMA to NaCl does reduce the corrosion of steel and the scaling of concrete. The field tests also indicated reduced corrosion of steel, but not to the same extent as the laboratory tests. Furthermore, the same deicing could be obtained with the CMA-NaCl mixture as with NaCl. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Benefits KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Corrosion tests KW - Costs KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Field tests KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Friction KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mixtures KW - Pavement friction KW - Pavements KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sweden KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475907 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745792 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Backman, L AU - FOLKESON, L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INFLUENCE OF DEICING SALT ON VEGETATION, GROUNDWATER, AND SOIL ALONG TWO HIGHWAYS IN SWEDEN SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 111-117 AB - During spring 1994, vegetation damage to a remarkable and previously unknown extent was observed along many heavily used roads in southern Sweden. An investigation was conducted to determine the cause of vegetation damage along Highways E20 and 48 by performing a damage survey and measurement of sodium and chloride concentrations in pine and spruce needles, groundwater, and soil. At the same time, changes in salt concentration in groundwater and soil in two previously studied areas close to E20 were documented. The extensive damage to vegetation probably can be attributed to three interacting factors: the large amount of deicing salt applied during the winter of 1993-1994, the lateness of the last salting, and the hot, dry weather during the budding season. This conclusion is supported by the damage observations and the very high sodium and chloride concentrations in pine and spruce needles along the roads. In extreme cases, the sodium concentration was >1,000 ppm (dry weight) in current-year needles and >5,000 ppm in needles from the previous year. The concentrations decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the road and, similarly, the needles in branches turned toward the road had higher salt concentrations than needles in branches turned in other directions. The groundwater and soil from an area along E20 showed greatly increased sodium and chloride concentrations, especially next to the road, compared with previous measurements. The increased concentration can be explained only by the increase in road salting. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Chloride content KW - Damage severity KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Groundwater KW - Loss and damage KW - Roadside KW - Sodium KW - Soils KW - Sweden KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475914 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745779 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pilli-Sihvola, Y AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WEATHER-RELATED TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN THE E18 FINNISH TEST AREA SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 12-15 AB - The test area prepared for the demonstration of weather-related traffic management telematics solution is the E18 corridor running from Turku along the southern coast regions of Finland via Helsinki and Kotka to Vaalimaa on the Russian border. The corridor also includes maritime links from Turku to Stockholm, Sweden; from Helsinki to Stockholm, Travemunde (Germany), and Tallinn (Estonia); and from Kotka to various ports in Germany, as well as road and rail links from Vaalimaa to St. Petersburg, Russia. An overview reflecting the initial phase of the test project is presented. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Finland KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information systems KW - Weather communications KW - Weather stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475901 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745781 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Morohashi, K AU - Umemura, T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SNOW-REMOVING CHANNELS IN AN URBAN AREA WITH HEAVY SNOWFALL SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 27-32 AB - In an urban area with heavy snowfall, such as the northwest coast of Japan bordering the Japan Sea, snow often becomes a serious obstacle. Therefore, advanced means of snow removal, such as a snow-removing channel, are required. The snow-removing channel, an open channel constructed on the shoulder of a road to provide water flow, can remove a large amount of snow quickly, however, because of the high construction costs, a benefit-cost analysis of the snow-removing channel is conducted to help determine whether a channel should be constructed. A method for estimating benefits of the snow-removing channel is proposed. The benefits are considered to consist of reduction of snow damage and snow removal costs. The reduction of snow damage costs is calculated from land value of and expenses incurred for the closed area that would be opened through the introduction of the channel. The reduction of snow removal costs is calculated from the costs of snow removal equipment. The present method is applied to the snow-removing channel system in the central area of Tokamachi City, Japan, which is about 1.9 sq km and has a population of 15,000. The average annual maximum snow depth is 2.5 m. The total length of the channel is 43.2 km and water at the rate of 2.1 cu m/sec is pumped up from rivers to remove the snow. The calculated benefits of the snow-removing channel system vary, equaling 84, 294, 394, and 516 million yen a year according to the annual maximum snow depth of 1.45 m (1991), 2.26 m (1994), 3.28 m (1985), and 3.67 m (1983), respectively. In addition, the benefit-cost ratios are given as 0.31, 1.10, 1.46, and 1.89, respectively. It is concluded that this system is economically effective when the annual amount of snowfall is more than the average. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Ditches KW - Japan KW - Loss and damage KW - Snow KW - Snow damage costs KW - Snow removal KW - Tokamachi (Japan) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475903 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745789 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fujiwara, T AU - Nakatsuji, T AU - Onodera, Y AU - HAGIWARA, T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREDICTING SLIPPERINESS OF ROAD SURFACE IN WINTER WITH A NEURAL-KALMAN FILTER SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 85-91 AB - An artificial intelligence method was developed to predict the slipperiness of a road surface in winter by emulating the prediction process of experienced drivers. To realize this method, a neural network model was integrated into the Kalman filter. First, the state equation that defines how the slipperiness varies with time and the observation equation that relates the slipperiness to the road surface temperature were described by using a multilayered neural model. Then, a prediction procedure similar to the conventional Kalman filter was developed. The introduction of the neural network model made it possible to formulate complicated phenomena mathematically, and the Kalman filter made it possible to predict slipperiness indirectly through the road surface temperature. Precision of the new method was examined through a comparison with actual measurement data. The kind of weather data needed to predict road surface slipperiness was also investigated. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Kalman filtering KW - Neural networks KW - Precision KW - Slipperiness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface temperature KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475911 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745790 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fleege, E J AU - Wambold, J C AU - Rado, Z AU - Transportation Research Board TI - VARIABLE SLIP FRICTION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR SNOW AND ICE OPERATIONS SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 92-100 AB - Maintenance agencies seek a relatively inexpensive device that can measure roadway friction under winter conditions and tell the operator in real time whether friction is present. This method would assist the operator in determining when and where abrasives or chemicals should be applied during snow and ice control operations under all conditions. Past studies have used braking action friction measurements as an indicator, but this method cannot be used under high-traffic-volume conditions. Field studies have been conducted in Minnesota and Norway using Norsemeter's road analyzer and recorder to determine the applicability of the equipment to snow and ice operations and its reliability and durability. The measuring device, mounted on a smaller trailer, uses an industry-standard pavement friction measuring tire. The measurement is made by employing wheel braking on the road surface and measuring the braking friction force that the road surface exerts against the braking wheel. Each measurement uses a variable slip speed measurement and records peak friction, slip at peak friction, and the friction versus slip shape factor. Data were collected for precipitation, pavement condition, pavement temperature, air temperature, speed of the measuring device, and friction values. The equipment, measurement procedures, and findings are described in detail. This preliminary research study shows that the contaminant conditions can be separated and the friction level can be evaluated to determine whether to salt and whether to salt lightly or heavily. Also, with this method a supervisor can evaluate the effectiveness of applied abrasives and chemicals. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Durability KW - Field studies KW - Friction KW - Measuring instruments KW - Minnesota KW - Norway KW - Pavement friction KW - Pavements KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Reliability KW - Snow and ice control KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475912 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745786 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Yang, S-T AU - Jin, Z AU - Chollar, B H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRODUCTION OF LOW-COST ACETATE DEICERS FROM BIOMASS AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 60-69 AB - Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), a mixture of calcium acetate and magnesium acetate, is used as an environmentally benign roadway deicer. The present commercial CMA deicer made from glacial acetic acid and dolomitic lime or limestone is more expensive than salt and other deicers. Also, a liquid potassium acetate deicer is used to replace urea and glycol in airport runway deicing. Two alternative low-cost methods to produce these acetate deicers from cheap feedstocks, such as biomass and industrial wastes, were studied. CMA deicers produced from cheese whey by fermentation and extraction were tested for their acetate content and deicing property. The CMA solid sample obtained from extraction of the acetic acid present in a dilute aqueous solution and then back-extracted with dolomitic lime to form CMA had about the same acetate content (70% acetic acid or 90% CMA) as the commercial CMA deicer. The sample from dried whey fermentation broth contained 50% acetic acid or 63% CMA, with the remaining solids being other organics and salts present in whey. Deicing tests showed that CMA samples from fermentation and extraction had an ice penetration rate equal to or slightly better than the commercial CMA. Cost analysis showed that CMA can be produced at a product cost of $204 to $328/ton, less than 30% of the current market price for the commercial CMA, for a plant size of 8,400 tons CMA per year. The lower CMA cost should dramatically increase CMA use in the deicing market. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Analysis KW - Biomass KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Ice penetration KW - Industrial wastes KW - Low cost KW - Performance tests KW - Production methods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475908 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745793 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - GUSTAVSSON, T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF A ROAD WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEM SN - 0309062160 PY - 1997 IS - 16 SP - p. 121-124 AB - Data from road weather information systems (RWISs) are used to plan winter maintenance activities. RWISs provide measurements of air and road surface temperature, air humidity, and precipitation. Models are available and in practical use in Sweden for both obtaining temperature information over stretches of road and forecasting road surface temperatures. The temperature information is calculated by using a local climatological model, which is run on a topoclimatological basis. Through a division of the road stretches into segments according to variation in topography, vegetation, construction material, and weather, different temperature patterns are calculated. The input for the model is temperature data from the field stations. The forecast model is based on a combination of statistics and energy balance calculations. The prognosis is calculated individually for each station so that local effects may be considered. The input to the model is given from the RWIS and a cloud forecast is also needed. A presentation of a winter index model, which can be used to calculate the need for maintenance activity in an area, is included. U1 - Snow Removal and Ice Control TechnologyTransportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration.Reno, Nevada StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960816 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Nevada Department of Transportation; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; World Road Association--PIARC; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Climatology KW - Forecasting KW - Information systems KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Needs assessment KW - Snow and ice control KW - Surface temperature KW - Sweden KW - Topography KW - Weather KW - Weather stations KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475915 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745768 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cowan, R AU - Yarema, G AU - Farris, R E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: PRESENTATIONS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 125-128 AB - These three presentations on innovative transportation finance discuss public-private partnerships. The first provides a history of public-private initiatives in Washington State and some insights on mistakes made. The second discusses new applications in the public-private partnership arena, including toll road partnerships, use of public rights-of-way for fiber optics and PCS agreements, contracting out operation/maintenance and asset management, and design/build and design/build/maintain contracts. The third examines South Carolina's experience with public-private partnerships for financing highway projects. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Assets KW - Conferences KW - Contracting out KW - Design build KW - Finance KW - Highways KW - Innovation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Management KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Public private partnerships KW - Right of way (Land) KW - South Carolina KW - Toll roads KW - Transportation KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475890 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745775 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Leonard, J AU - Abramowitz, B AU - Wood, S A AU - Colon, C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: TURNKEY AND DESIGN-BUILD SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 180-184 AB - Presented here are the following case studies of turnkey and design-build projects: I-15, Utah; JFK Airport International Arrivals Terminal; Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (New Jersey Transit); and San Juan Tren Urbano (Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority). U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Design build KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - John F. Kennedy International Airport KW - Light rail transit KW - New Jersey Transit KW - Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority KW - Rapid transit KW - Transportation KW - Turnkey systems KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475897 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745771 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - DeLuca, J M AU - Dittmar, H AU - Joseph, G F AU - Marino, R J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BUSINESS PLANNING FOR STATE INFRASTRUCTURE BANKS--DISCUSSION SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 151-161 AB - This is a panel discussion on State Infrastructure Banks (SIBs). The first panelist reviews some issues that SIBs raise from a project and planning perspective. The second panelist, on behalf of the Surface Transportation Policy Project, focuses on the concern that innovative financing techniques and SIBs ought to contribute to the broader goals of the transportation system and to the broader public interest. The third panelist discusses the demand for projects funded by the Ohio SIB and how the SIB fit into the needs of the state, reviews the process of effectively establishing and administering the Ohio SIB program, and comments on what future legislation at the federal level is needed for Ohio's SIB program. The fourth panelist points out that not every state should have a SIB (a SIB does not work everywhere), and expresses concern at attempts to change the SIB requirements. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Ohio KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - State infrastructure banks KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475893 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745772 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Joseph, G F AU - Horton, M AU - Soberon-Ferrer, H AU - Sale, S H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: STATE INFRASTRUCTURE BANKS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 165-170 AB - Presented here are the following case studies: Ohio State Infrastructure Bank; Oregon State Infrastructure Bank; Florida State Infrastructure Bank; and Arizona State Infrastructure Bank. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - State infrastructure banks KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475894 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745766 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McCaleb, N AU - Haley, R AU - Seltzer, D AU - Vobach, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BOND FINANCING: ISSUES AND STRATEGIES: PRESENTATIONS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 99-106 AB - These four presentations on innovative transportation finance discuss bond financing. The first gives a brief overview of what is happening in Oklahoma in the area of debt financing for highway construction. The second covers three issues: the necessity for a highway program in Kansas, why sales taxes and bonds are used in Kansas, and the method used to sell bonds in Kansas. The third outlines several federal policy incentives in the area of tax policy and credit policy that can be used in connection with tax-exempt financing. The fourth covers the following areas: (1) Development of tax-exempt bond financing for highway and toll road projects; (2) Structuring of alternatives available to surface transportation entities; (3) Credit considerations and structuring enhancements that are key to developing programs and providing the lowest overall interest cost; (4) Marketing bonds to investors; and (5) Creation of a framework for future projects. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Bond financing KW - Bonds KW - Conferences KW - Credit KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Incentives KW - Innovation KW - Kansas KW - Marketing KW - Oklahoma KW - Policy KW - Road construction KW - Toll roads KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475888 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745770 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nichol, C AU - McCalley, M AU - Ismart, D AU - Grote, B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EMERGING FINANCIAL INNOVATIONS: PRESENTATIONS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 140-147 AB - These four presentations on innovative transportation finance discuss emerging financial innovations. The first addresses the funding of airport projects, such as the extension of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system to the airport. The second discusses lease/leaseback transactions, with a walk through of a generic $100 million transaction. The third describes the Federal Highway Administration's findings from workshops conducted on innovative financing among the states. The fourth discusses federal assistance through bond reimbursement, grant anticipation revenue vehicles (GARVEEs), and three new programs in the National Economic Crossroads Transportation Efficiency Act (NEXTEA): a border gateway pilot program, the credit enhancement program, and a deployment incentive program to implement innovative technologies. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Airport operations KW - Bond reimbursement KW - Conferences KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicles (GARVEEs) KW - Innovation KW - Leasing KW - National economic crossroads transp efficiency act KW - San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District KW - Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475892 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745773 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - ERICKSON, R C AU - Pfeffer, G S AU - Duve, J L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: ROAD PRICING PANEL SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 171-176 AB - Presented here are the following case studies: Congestion Pricing Pilot Program (Federal Highway Administration); SR-91, Los Angeles Express Lane Project; and I-15, San Diego Congestion Pricing Project. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Congestion pricing KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Road pricing KW - San Diego (California) KW - Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475895 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745767 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lockwood, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESOURCE PAPER: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ARE THE ANSWER; WHAT IS THE QUESTION? SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 109-124 AB - Despite their apparent potential, public-private partnerships are still in the experimental stage with few completed implementations. But there are several projects with precedent-setting features in the late stages of development. Furthermore, valuable lessons have been learned through policies developed, models created, and deals negotiated (and derailed). Mainstreaming these promising new approaches requires integrating new policies and procedures into the transportation infrastructure development activities of both public agencies and industry. This resource paper aims at setting a context for discussion of the issues surrounding these developments. The question is, therefore, "What promising new resources, procedures, roles, and relationships for improved highway delivery are suggested by the current constraints, opportunities, and the lessons to date?" U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Innovation KW - Policy KW - Procedures KW - Public private partnerships KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475889 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745769 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Marx, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESOURCE PAPER: FINANCING INNOVATIONS IN TRANSIT: METHODS AND ISSUES SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 131-139 AB - This resource paper provides an overview of recent financing innovations that the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) has either reviewed or heard about and presents some issues with regard to each innovation. These innovative financing methods present new risks and new opportunities for transit systems and private-sector firms wishing to forge new partnerships for infrastructure investment. The most successful of these new partnerships will be based on a solid understanding of where the market and its financing methods are going. Covered in the discussion are transit finance corporations, lease/leaseback transactions, joint development, State Infrastructure Banks, and super turnkey arrangements. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Joint development KW - Leasing KW - Public transit KW - State infrastructure banks KW - Transportation KW - Turnkey systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475891 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745774 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Preusch, J AU - Seltzer, D AU - Henkin, T AU - Atwell, J W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: FEDERAL CREDIT ASSISTANCE SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 177-179 AB - Presented here are the following case studies: Alameda Corridor Project; Federal Credit Program (Federal Highway Administration); Accessing States' Unobligated Balances (Apogee Research, Inc.); and Virginia programs (Virginia Department of Transportation). U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Alameda Corridor KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Credit KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal credit assistance KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Transportation KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475896 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745776 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Roskin, M AU - Griffin, J W AU - McPherson, T AU - Petko, T S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: TE 045 PROJECTS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 185-190 AB - Presented here is an overview of Test and Evaluation 045 Projects, followed by these case studies: George Bush Turnpike (Texas); Butler County, Ohio project; and Michigan Blue Water Bridge project. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Butler County (Ohio) KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Michigan KW - Test and evaluation 045 projects KW - Texas KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475898 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745765 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Franklin, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESOURCE PAPER: BOND FINANCING: ISSUES AND STRATEGIES SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 91-98 AB - The purpose of this resource paper is to explore bond financing as an option for increasing or "leveraging" funds to finance transportation projects. The paper reviews terminology related to bond financing, describes how such financing is incorporated into surface transportation capital programs, discusses the advantages of and questions related to bond programs, identifies the key issues involved in structuring a bond issue, and summarizes how and to whom bonds are sold. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Bond financing KW - Bonds KW - Conferences KW - Definitions KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Innovation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475887 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745763 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Forkenbrock, D J AU - Schweitzer, L A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESOURCE PAPER: INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND HIGHWAY FINANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 73-82 AB - In this resource paper the authors explore how intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and related technologies can be applied to collect user charges from operators of motor vehicles. First, the nature of transportation user charges is discussed. Next, several underlying principles that should be taken into account when structuring user charges are explained and common problems that exist with contemporary methods for charging users of transportation systems are discussed. Then current ITS capabilities are explored as they relate to roadway pricing and the collection of user charges. Finally, the authors contemplate a series of public policy issues that need to be addressed for ITS technologies to play a central role in financing highways through progressive methods of collecting user charges. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Collection KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Public policy KW - Road pricing KW - Transportation KW - Transportation users KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475885 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745756 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION FINANCE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, DALLAS, TEXAS, APRIL 23-25, 1997 SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - 209 p. AB - The conference was organized as a national forum to provide information on new approaches to financing all modes of transportation, to share success stories, and to stimulate discussion on the merits and drawbacks of new techniques, which are known collectively as innovative finance. Innovative finance in transportation is a diversified set of public- and private-sector actions that move beyond the traditional federal-aid and state-aid funding processes. Nearly 500 federal, state, and local government officials and private-sector representatives attended the conference. Conference participants grappled with the growing inadequacy of traditional funding sources and how to find new means to finance the continued maintenance and improvement of the nation's transportation infrastructure. The broad-based conference turnout makes it clear that these concerns are shared industrywide and that transportation providers across the nation are actively seeking new ways to raise revenues to finance the necessary improvements. By the close of the conference, participants were better informed about the new revenue sources and more creative means of financing transportation infrastructure that may be necessary to meet the challenges of the future, and they were more familiar with the complex issues associated with changing the current means of transportation finance. Tangible outcomes of the conference are a description of the benefits and possible risks associated with innovative financing techniques, identification of the types of legislative and administrative changes needed to facilitate the implementation of innovative finance, and the suggested development of a research and information transfer program that would disseminate best practices to state and local transportation agencies. The proceedings are organized as follows: Summary; Conference Findings; Major Themes - presentations and discussions from conference plenary sessions on the following major innovative finance themes: current state of the art, future developments, national legislative considerations, and how to bring about implementation; Key Topics - presentations, discussions, and resource papers on five topics that are key to innovative finance: (a) the roles of the public and private sectors, (b) linking technology and finance, (c) bond financing, (d) public-private partnerships, and (e) business planning for State Infrastructure Banks; Case Studies; and List of conference participants. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Benefits KW - Bond financing KW - Bonds KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Financing KW - Governments KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Innovation KW - Private enterprise KW - Public private partnerships KW - Risk assessment KW - State infrastructure banks KW - Transportation UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475878 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745759 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mineta, N Y AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE PERSPECTIVE SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 41-45 AB - This conference presentation discusses likely congressional action and inaction on transportation funding. It is argued that, since the aim of the Congress and the President is to reduce the budget deficit to zero, the prospects for increased federal-aid highway funding are poor, even though the balance of the Highway Trust Fund will grow. A decrease in the level of federal funding is likely, and state and local governments will not be able to make up the difference, given the current political climate. A broader array of financing options and more private funding or blends of public and private funding must be found. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Political factors KW - Private enterprise KW - Public private partnerships KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475881 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745757 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kane, A R AU - Lammie, J L AU - Griebel, T A AU - Morris, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WHAT IS INNOVATIVE FINANCE AND HOW HAS IT BEEN USED? SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 15-26 AB - Four presentations are made on the current state of the art of innovative finance. The presentations cover federal initiatives, private sector initiatives, examples of state initiatives in Texas, and examples of innovative finance in the metropolitan area of Dallas. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Private enterprise KW - State government KW - State of the art studies KW - Texas KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475879 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745761 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Giglio, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESOURCE PAPER: PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC BENEFITS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 57-64 AB - This resource paper examines the roles of the public and private sectors in transportation finance. The following areas are discussed: who owns what; the local highway mess; the privatization controversy; who pays and how; better management; greater operating efficiency; absence of conflicting goals; easier access to low-cost capital; cost of capital; and whether or not private operation can really work on a large scale. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Capital KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Governments KW - Innovation KW - Ownership KW - Private enterprise KW - Privatization KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475883 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745762 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Giglio, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LUNCHEON ADDRESS: WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS? SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 65-69 AB - This luncheon address examines the roles of the public and private sectors in transportation finance. The conclusion is that, "Innovative finance and reprivatization will not weaken government. They have the potential to restore vitality to get government to focus on what it ought to do, which is to govern. And transportation finance, under the umbrella of innovative finance, may be just a fulcrum on which to rest a policy lever to expand our transportation resources." U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Governments KW - Innovation KW - Private enterprise KW - Privatization KW - Transportation KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475884 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745764 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Johnson, C AU - Foote, J AU - Gehring, S AU - Twomey, W V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LINKING TECHNOLOGY AND FINANCE: PRESENTATIONS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 83-88 AB - These four presentations on innovative transportation finance discuss the linking of technology and finance. The discussions cover Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), the National Economic Crossroads Transportation Efficiency Act, the role of ITS America and its Program Development Task Force, and information systems deployment through public-private partnerships. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Deployment KW - Finance KW - Information systems KW - Innovation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - ITS America KW - National economic crossroads transp efficiency act KW - Public private partnerships KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475886 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745758 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Francois, F B AU - Spencer, J AU - Kane, A R AU - Skinner, R E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND STRATEGIES: REAUTHORIZATION AND BEYOND SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 27-40 AB - These four presentations examine future developments and strategies in transportation finance. The presentations cover the highway perspective, Federal Highway Administration initiatives, Federal Transit Administration initiatives, and a long-range view of transportation finance and how it may change (the strategic perspective). U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Highways KW - Innovation KW - Long range planning KW - Long term KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475880 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745760 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - ERICKSON, R C AU - Sale, S H AU - Forkenbrock, D J AU - Giglio, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WHAT IS NEEDED TO MAKE INNOVATIVE FINANCE IMPLEMENTABLE SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 46-49 AB - Four presentations are made on how to bring about implementation of innovative finance. The perspectives are those of the Federal Highway Administration, a state department of transportation, a person interested in the economic aspects of transportation policy, and an expert in public-private transportation finance. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Economic policy KW - Finance KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Public private partnerships KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744652 AU - Gianni, B AU - Moore, A AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A CASE FOR INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS) TELECOMMUNICATIONS ANALYSIS. MARYLAND STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION'S ITS TELECOMMUNICATIONS STUDY PY - 1997 SP - 19 p. AB - This report describes Maryland's experience in performing an ITS telecommunications analysis including the reasons for performing the analysis, the approach used, the findings of the analysis, lessons learned, the merits and drawbacks of performing such an analysis and some considerations other DOTs may want to use in making a similar decision. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Systems analysis KW - Telecommunications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17800/17840/PB2001104710.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472203 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00744795 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McDowell, B D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EPILOGUE--VISION FOR THE YEAR 2027: WHAT WE HAVE ACCOMPLISHED SN - 0309062063 PY - 1997 IS - 14 SP - p. 64-65 AB - These comments are offered from the future to describe the 30 years of achievement in information systems that could result from the findings of this conference on the information needs to support state and local transportation planning and decision making. For example, "The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), state departments of transportation, and metropolitan planning organizations are all linked by a common performance-based geographic information system (GIS)." U1 - Information Needs to Support State and Local Transportation Decision Making into the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations.Irvine, California StartDate:19970302 EndDate:19970305 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations. KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Future developments KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Information systems KW - Local government KW - Needs assessment KW - State government KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475211 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00744791 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lakshmanan, T R AU - Skinner, R E AU - Francois, F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INFORMATION NEEDS TO SUPPORT STATE AND LOCAL TRANSPORTATION DECISION MAKING INTO THE 21ST CENTURY. KEYNOTE PANEL: ROLE OF INFORMATION IN TRANSPORTATION DATA CONTENT, ANALYSIS, AND INSTITUTIONS SN - 0309062063 PY - 1997 IS - 14 SP - p. 42-52 AB - The focus of this conference is the importance of data to support state and local transportation decision making from identification all the way through to interpretation. Substantial changes are under way, including accountability, performance measurement, a broadening of the current mission within individual agencies and organizations, creation of new programs and new projects, and addition of new talents and skills. The panelists were asked to help set the scene for discussion of opportunities and challenges within this framework. The first panelist, T.R. Lakshmanan, Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, discusses three aspects of socioeconomic change that are influencing transportation and the data needed to support transportation decision making; presents views on the value of information; discusses three types of decision perspectives--strategic, management, and operational; points out the basic changes in the U.S. economy and the implication for transportation; comments on information technology; and concludes with a look at measuring the performance of systems and agencies. The second panelist, Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Executive Director, Transportation Research Board, presents a list of eight points about transportation information and data needs. Briefly stated, these are: (1) transportation data and information matter; (2) data collection programs, just like research programs, are a tough sell; (3) data collection programs appear fragmented and disorganized, and actually, in many cases, they are fragmented and disorganized, sometimes for very understandable reasons; (4) data collection programs must address tomorrow's needs, not yesterday's or even today's; (5) there are some questions that data, even excellent data, cannot answer or meaningfully address; (6) as with so many other things in life, balance is important in data collection programs; (7) as with other activities that some people perceive to be of marginal importance, data collection and information gathering programs need champions; and (8) the devil is in the details. The third panelist, Francis Francois, Executive Director, AASHTO, presents a perspective on the conference topic from the standpoint of AASHTO and its member departments. He points out a key issue: the difference between what the federal government needs and what the state and local governments need, which is more important, and how to sort out the roles between states and metropolitan planning organizations and between local governments and the federal government. He asks many of the questions the conference should address, and points out that whatever data systems are put together, there must be recognition of the uniqueness of each state. U1 - Information Needs to Support State and Local Transportation Decision Making into the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations.Irvine, California StartDate:19970302 EndDate:19970305 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations. KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Decision making KW - Federal government KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Local government KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Needs assessment KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475207 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00744792 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Heanue, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HISTORY OF DATA COLLECTION SN - 0309062063 PY - 1997 IS - 14 SP - p. 53-57 AB - This conference paper presents a brief history of data collection in the field of transportation. The history is presented in terms of time, the evolution of transportation technology, and some of the applications of data, mostly in the highway program. The last half of the paper focuses on transportation planning, especially urban transportation planning, and the movement from data-based studies to simulations using small sample surveys. The paper concludes with comments on reauthorization of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, a more effective dialogue with Congress, a planning process that is not geared to intelligent transportation systems, the "disconnect" between environmental analysis and project development, reaching for international answers, and a Transportation Research Board report on sustainability. U1 - Information Needs to Support State and Local Transportation Decision Making into the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations.Irvine, California StartDate:19970302 EndDate:19970305 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations. KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Decision making KW - Government funding KW - History KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Local government KW - Needs assessment KW - Reauthorization KW - State government KW - Sustainable development KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475208 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00744789 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INFORMATION NEEDS TO SUPPORT STATE AND LOCAL TRANSPORTATION DECISION MAKING INTO THE 21ST CENTURY. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, IRVINE, CALIFORNIA, MARCH 2-5, 1997 SN - 0309062063 PY - 1997 IS - 14 SP - 76 p. AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) established new requirements for data development and dissemination that have had an impact on federal, state, and local transportation planning processes across the United States. As transportation professionals look ahead to the 21st century and the reauthorization of ISTEA, broadscale and rapid changes will surely challenge transportation decision making and affect future needs for data to support sound transportation planning. The conference provided an opportunity for participants to (a) identify the types of data that are critical for planning and policy analysis; (b) identify data-collection requirements; (c) discuss the appropriate roles of and relationships among federal, state, and local agencies in the context of data collection and dissemination; and (d) review the impact of technological advances on data collection and dissemination. The invitation-only conference included participants from state departments of transportation (DOTs), metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), and federal agencies providing broad representation of the transportation planning and policy communities. Significant effort was made to include a full spectrum of policy, management, and front-line analysts who have extensive experience in answering policy questions, supporting the planning process, and responding to federal reporting requirements. U1 - Information Needs to Support State and Local Transportation Decision Making into the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations.Irvine, California StartDate:19970302 EndDate:19970305 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations. KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Decision making KW - Government funding KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Information technology KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Local government KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Needs assessment KW - Reauthorization KW - State departments of transportation KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy KW - U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration KW - United States UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475205 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00744790 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pisarski, A E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INFORMATION NEEDS TO SUPPORT STATE AND LOCAL TRANSPORTATION DECISION MAKING INTO THE 21ST CENTURY. CONFERENCE OVERVIEW AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SN - 0309062063 PY - 1997 IS - 14 SP - p. 1-12 AB - An immensely talented and disciplined group of transportation professionals was assembled for the Conference on Information Needs to Support State and Local Decision Making into the 21st Century to address the conundrum of how to obtain the right data for state and local decision making without adding to the data-collection burden on states and metropolitan planning organizations. The challenge was to maintain focus on a topic that is almost unlimited in its scale and scope. The observations and proposed directions that have resulted will provide broad guidance for priority setting at future conferences and for demarcating the boundaries of research efforts to come, establishing the agenda for state and metropolitan transportation data collection far into the next century. The findings reported in the proceedings represent a selection of the large number of observations that were aired and discussed. This selection represents the conference steering committee's view of concerns and findings that were widely held and characterized by many participants as critical. The findings are not, however, "consensus" findings or recommendations of all the participants and should not be construed as such. The findings appear in three categories based on the conference process: content, methods, and institutions. Although overlap was inevitable, the three categories indicate a greater degree of emphasis on, respectively, the what, the how, and the who of a specific data need. Proposed approaches to methods and institutional arrangements often converged. This conference overview and summary of the major findings is followed by the detailed Findings section, which contains observations from among those aired during the working sessions. Several presentations from the conference conclude these proceedings. U1 - Information Needs to Support State and Local Transportation Decision Making into the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations.Irvine, California StartDate:19970302 EndDate:19970305 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations. KW - Conferences KW - Content KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Decision making KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Institutions KW - Local government KW - Methodology KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Needs assessment KW - Organizations KW - State departments of transportation KW - State government KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475206 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00744793 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schmitt, R R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OUTREACH EFFORTS SN - 0309062063 PY - 1997 IS - 14 SP - p. 58-61 AB - This conference paper addresses outreach efforts with regard to data needs for state and local transportation planning and decision making. Outreach efforts discussed include forums, committee meetings, and the Internet. It is pointed out that successful efforts to democratize data access have created a whole new customer base and that, along with the ability to distribute data to a wider user community, comes the job of explaining how to use the sophisticated data sets. Also discussed are the data needs to support shorter planning horizons, data needs for new or reemerging topics, the internal nature of data flows, data sharing, and changing technology for data collection. U1 - Information Needs to Support State and Local Transportation Decision Making into the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations.Irvine, California StartDate:19970302 EndDate:19970305 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations. KW - Access KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Data flows KW - Data needs KW - Data sharing KW - Decision making KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Local government KW - Modems KW - Needs assessment KW - Physical distribution KW - Sets KW - State government KW - Technology KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475209 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00744794 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lockwood, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FUTURE TRENDS SN - 0309062063 PY - 1997 IS - 14 SP - p. 62-63 AB - This conference paper addresses future trends in data needs for state and local transportation planning and decision making. The discussion covers the move toward data sets related to service attributes that reflect performance, the change in attitude toward this information, the data flood that will come from intelligent transportation systems (ITS), the need to get involved in ITS architecture development, and the gap between the planners (who want data) and the operators (who have data) and the need to bridge that gap. U1 - Information Needs to Support State and Local Transportation Decision Making into the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations.Irvine, California StartDate:19970302 EndDate:19970305 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Bureau of Transportation Statistics; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations. KW - Attitudes KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Data sources KW - Decision making KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Level of service KW - Local government KW - Modems KW - Needs assessment KW - Performance KW - Service KW - Sets KW - State government KW - System architecture KW - System design KW - Transportation planning KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740748 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT ROADWAY REHABILITATION ALTERNATIVES: A TRAINING COURSE. PARTICIPANT'S HANDBOOK PY - 1997 SP - 194 p. AB - The information presented in this course has been designed to provide useful information about asphalt pavement repair to persons who may not be experienced in this area but who are still responsible for the upkeep of asphalt pavements in their particular agency. This course has been prepared to address asphalt road problems for local agencies in both rural and urban areas. The target audience for this information is city managers, mayors, county commissioners, and others who must oversee asphalt roads for their agency. The training course discusses the different types of asphalt roads, presents various methods of building and maintaining asphalt roads, and describes the types of surface distress that are common in asphalt roads. Guidance is given to help decide what action should be taken to fix an old asphalt road, how to build a new asphalt road, and how traffic may affect which actions will be most effective. This Participant's Handbook is organized into seven different modules as follows: Introduction; Evaluation of Existing Asphalt Pavements; Full-Depth Asphalt Roadways; Thick-Lift Asphalt Roadways; Thin-Lift Hot-Mix Asphalt Roadways; Thin-Lift Cold-Mix Asphalt Roadways; and Surface-Treated Roadways. The final section of the manual is a glossary of terms used throughout the manual. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Decision making KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Glossaries KW - Handbooks KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Rural areas KW - Surface treating KW - Surface treatments KW - Thick lift construction KW - Thin lift construction KW - Training courses KW - Training programs KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573560 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739750 AU - Perrin, J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A NEW APPROACH TO NETWORK WIDE TURNING MOVEMENT SURVEYS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 611-617 AB - Improved traffic detection and increasing computer processing capabilities present a unique opportunity for traffic engineers and researchers to develop real-time predictive models. These models demand new data collection techniques which provide the level of accuracy required for validation and calibration. Automated collection of turning movements at an intersection is difficult and expensive. Accurate observation of the turning movements of a complex intersection is a relatively straightforward process providing a reliable surveyor is equipped with a proprietary data logging device. Simultaneous observation of sets of turning movements throughout a network, however, is not so easy. Many observers collecting data complicate the data entry and collation process. The use of video surveillance and subsequent collection and verification of turning movements collected at a later time has been used to reduce the number of surveyors required and provide a verifying record of the turning movements. This technology has problems of its own including determining a suitable location for video surveillance such that all movements are collected accurately and without being obscured by other vehicles and difficulties in night conditions. This paper is a description of how a network wide turning movement survey technique was tested, improved and eventually implemented both for a manual survey and a video survey. The paper describes how a series of pilot surveys served to define the structure and organization of the final survey, or "Survey Proper". An explanation of how innovative booking sheets evolved for the manual survey is followed by an account of how subsequent surveys modified the technique. The paper concludes with some critical comments that suggest how future surveys may be designed and discusses the benefits and disadvantages of video versus manual turning movement surveys. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Innovation KW - Intersections KW - Manual (By hand) KW - Manual control KW - Traffic surveys KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576082 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739746 AU - Koscielny, A J AU - Tomich, D J AU - Clark, J E AU - Lundgren, T J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRAFVU: A GRAPHICS PROCESSOR FOR TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODELS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 584-590 AB - Computer traffic simulation models are valuable tools for the evaluation of strategies for relieving traffic congestion. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) microscopic traffic simulation models, NETSIM, FRESIM and CORSIM, are regarded as highly comprehensive but somewhat difficult to use. TRAFVU is a recently developed graphics processor for visualizing and analyzing the output of these microscopic models. TRAFVU includes many features such as an animation playback control, direct manipulation interface and the ability to open multiple alternatives for side-by-side comparison. The results of a study evaluating proposed modifications to an interchange using CORSIM and TRAFVU are presented in this paper. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Computer graphics processors KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Mitigation KW - Modifications KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576078 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739747 AU - Hoque, M M AU - Ahsan, H M AU - McDonald, M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND SAFETY: SOME CONTEMPORARY ISSUES AND OPTIONS IN BANGLADESH SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 591-597 AB - The rapid urbanization process and increase in vehicle ownership in Bangladesh have resulted in substantial road traffic congestion and accident problems. This paper highlights the key issues, characteristics and factors concerning these growing and serious problems with particular reference to metropolitan Dhaka. Various improvement opportunities, approaches and specific measures of particular relevance are briefly discussed to improve the situation both now and in the future. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Dhaka (Bangladesh) KW - Improvements KW - Mitigation KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576079 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739749 AU - Moon, Y J AU - Coleman, F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A MODEL OF A DYNAMIC DILEMMA ZONE AT HIGHWAY-RAIL INTERSECTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 604-610 AB - The implementation of four quadrant gates, while eliminating gate arm violations by motorists, does present the potential for trapping a vehicle. A critical issue is determining gate operation time parameters to minimize the likelihood of trapping a vehicle between the entry and exit gates. This study introduces the concept of a dynamic dilemma zone road segment whose length is a function of vehicle speed profiles and driver behavior at highway-rail intersections. Car-following theory is used to model driver-vehicle parameters in the dynamic dilemma zone to enhance deterministic methodologies previously employed to determine four quadrant gate operation times. Early results from a field test site indicate this theoretical approach yields design parameters consistent with previously demonstrated techniques. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Behavior KW - Car following theory KW - Dilemma zone KW - Drivers KW - Entrapment KW - Field tests KW - Four quadrant gates KW - Gate operation timing KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576081 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739745 AU - Franzese, O AU - Rathi, A K AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ITRAF: A GUI FOR THE TRAF FAMILY OF MODELS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 577-583 AB - ITRAF, an object-oriented graphical user interface (GUI) for the Personal Computer (PC) Windows environment was designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to simplify the TRAF models input data process. Based on a link-node concept, ITRAF allows the user to graphically construct the network and input most of the required data by clicking buttons or dragging icons. Because of its object-oriented basis, ITRAF creates the data structures as the network is being developed, assigning TRAF default values to parameters and making guesses based on the topology of the network (such as the destination of the turning movements, for example). This reduces the effort in developing the data base in two ways. First, the user no longer needs to deal with the cumbersome data structure of the TRAF models (i.e., 80-column data cards utilizing numerical codes and adhering to strict formats), which is now created "behind the scenes" as he/she provides the geometric and traffic operational data graphically. And secondly, because ITRAF will anticipate in many instances the user's actions, thus reducing the number of steps to enter the data. ITRAF also provides extensive error checking which contributes further in alleviating the data input effort. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Databases KW - Development KW - Errors KW - Fault location KW - Graphical user interfaces KW - Input data process KW - Traffic simulation KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576077 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739751 AU - Yulong, P AU - Junyi, L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - IMPROVED METHODS FOR CAPACITY RESTRAINT TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 618-625 AB - In this paper, an improved method for capacity restraint equilibrium model of traffic assignment is presented by analyzing a traffic situation in China. Firstly, the effects of vehicular load, bicycle load and road geometrical condition are taken into account in an improved road obstruction function. Secondly, the intersection delays are considered to calculate the road-weight (trip time). Thirdly, a method for calculating the shortest-path-weight matrix is presented. The capacity restraint model of traffic assignment that has been improved is particularly suited for urban traffic planning and regional highway network planning China. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Capacity restraint KW - China KW - Equilibrium models KW - Regional transportation KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576083 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739752 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - El-Zohairy, Y M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A NEW UNIFORM DELAY MODEL FOR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 626-632 AB - This study developed arrival-type-based delay models to determine the uniform component of stopped delay at signalized intersections. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) delay model applies progression adjustment factors in the range of 0 to 256% to account for signal progression effects. The proposed models eliminate the need for using such coarse progression adjustment factors. The models consider the arrival time of the front of platoon as well as platoon volume and flow rate, and are sensitive to the traffic volume inside the platoon. For arrival type 3 only, the proposed model is identical to the HCM delay model. However, for other arrival types the proposed models are more accurate than the HCM delay model in representing the signal coordination effects. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accuracy KW - Adjustment factors KW - Arrival time KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Impacts KW - Schedules KW - Signalized intersections KW - Stopped time delays KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576084 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739748 AU - Resende, PTV AU - Melo, FLV AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - FATAL ACCIDENTS AND LABOR EFFECTIVENESS: THE BRAZILIAN CASE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 598-603 AB - The highway system in Brazil has been subjected to a long term lack of maintenance program with significantly negative consequences on traffic safety. Due to the physical and operational conditions of the roads, the highway network has shown the highest number of fatal accidents in the entire world. Besides the losses of human lives, by every means not weighable, these accidents lead to critical damages on the production chain, with serious results on the economic balance itself. The main objective of this study is to quantify the labor costs of accidents, based on the educational level of each driver. In this analysis, only drivers are considered, therefore the losses are expected to be higher than what is here shown, because there also exist the costs related to passengers. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accident costs KW - Brazil KW - Costs KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Economic factors KW - Economic impacts KW - Economic losses KW - Fatalities KW - Labor costs KW - Level of education KW - Losses KW - Road conditions KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576080 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739743 AU - Daigle, G AU - Krueger, G D AU - Clark, J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TSIS: ADVANCED TRAFFIC SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR THE USER SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 563-569 AB - In an effort to develop a standard platform, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has commissioned the continued development of the Traffic Software Integrated System (TSIS). The major goals of the TSIS initiative are to provide both a user interface that is intuitive and a platform for integrating transportation models. This will make FHWA's TRAF tools available to many more traffic engineers by reducing the time required to: (1) create traffic networks by reducing the labor-intensive, error-prone means presently available, and (2) learn how to operate the models and interpret their cryptic results. TSIS integrates a number of widely utilized traffic engineering packages including (1) FHWA's new microscopic traffic simulator, (2) a graphical input processor, (3) the traffic visualization package, and (4) signal optimization software. TSIS also improves the operability of CORSIM. This gives traffic engineers new opportunities to test scenarios to relieve traffic congestion, determine the effects of integrating freeway and corridor traffic by coordinating ramp meters and signal control strategies, and test and demonstrate the utility of adaptive signal control. Until recently, demonstrating the integration of these systems to reduce congestion was limited to either research performed in field tests or through traffic flow theory. For the first time, these models are becoming user-friendly and powerful enough to demonstrate these advancements in a laboratory-like, controlled environment. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adaptive control KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coordination KW - Forecasting KW - Integrated systems KW - Mitigation KW - Performance testing KW - Performance tests KW - Ramp metering KW - Software KW - Testing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576075 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739744 AU - Halati, A AU - Lieu, H AU - WALKER, S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CORSIM - CORRIDOR TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 570-576 AB - CORridor SIMulation (CORSIM), an integrator of the NETSIM and the FRESIM models, is a very sophisticated and powerful microscopic traffic simulation model designed for simulating traffic flow on integrated networks consisting of freeways and surface streets. Proper application of the CORSIM model requires a reasonable understanding of its capabilities and limitations as well as the underlying traffic flow theory and modeling assumptions. In this paper the authors discuss the theoretical foundations of the vehicle movement on freeways and surface streets in the CORSIM model. For freeways, they present a detailed discussion of the logic for (1) vehicle movement; (2) lane add and lane drop; (3) ramp merge; and (4) lane changing (mandatory, discretionary, and anticipatory). For surface streets, they focus on the logic for (1) vehicle movement and (2) lane changing. Guidelines for proper selection of input values are presented and their impact on model performance is discussed. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Data files KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic KW - Input data KW - Lane add KW - Lane changing KW - Lane drops KW - Local traffic KW - Local transportation KW - Merging traffic KW - Ramps KW - Theory KW - Traffic KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576076 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739729 AU - Davis, G A AU - Corkle, P T AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PROBABILISTIC RATING OF SAFETY ON LOCAL STREETS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 465-471 AB - Identifying those local streets having a high risk for pedestrian-vehicle collisions is often difficult because the rarity of such collisions compromises the accuracy of accident rate estimates. As an alternative, this paper describes how to compute nonparametric predictions of the frequency and collision speed of a hypothetical vehicle-pedestrian accident, using samples of vehicle and pedestrian speeds. This method can be used to rank streets as to priority for traffic control measures, and if the effect of control measures on vehicle volumes and speeds can be predicted, the method can be used to rank different proposed control measures with respect to predicted safety benefits. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Benefits KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Forecasting KW - Local street KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian flow KW - Pedestrian speed KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Ratings KW - Speed KW - Strategic planning KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576061 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739731 AU - Yu, L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - AIR QUALITY BASED APPROACH FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 479-485 AB - Existing traffic modeling approaches that are used for evaluating and analyzing the traffic operation and management strategies in a dynamic traffic network have been predominantly travel time based. These approaches are not appropriate for use in traffic networks where air quality concerns prevail, because the travel time variables and the air quality variables are affected differently by different traffic scenarios and control plans. This paper presents an alternative approach that attempts to incorporate the air quality objective directly into a dynamic traffic assignment/simulation model. The dynamic traffic assignment/simulation method, instead of the static traffic assignment method, is selected in the proposed approach in order to correctly identify the time series of a vehicle's modal events, and therefore to more accurately estimate the impacts of alternative traffic control scenarios on various travel time and air quality factors. The proposed approach can be used to effectively evaluate the air quality implications of various traffic operation and management strategies. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Air quality KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Dynamic models KW - Estimating KW - Highway traffic control KW - Impacts KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576063 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739733 AU - McKhann, S AU - Sutaria, T C AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - USING PERMIT PARKING TO REDUCE ON-STREET PARKING AND CRIME SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 493-499 AB - In the 1980s the City of Santa Ana, California experienced a population growth of approximately 50%, from 200,000 residents to nearly 300,000 residents. The 1990 census shows the population has an ethnic breakdown of 65.2% Hispanic; 23.1% Caucasian; 9.1% Asian; 2.9% African American; and 0.3% other. (Statistics are as they appear in the paper, yielding a total of 100.6%.) This local growth has resulted in overparking on many residential streets due to commercial developments, inadequate on-site parking, and overcrowding in numerous dwelling units. By implementing permit parking restrictions on streets, the number of parked cars and crime rates have been reduced dramatically. Also, pedestrian and vehicular safety have been enhanced along with aesthetics. The program is unique in its approach, goals, and implementation. It is used to combat crime and overcrowding. It is not for revenue generation. The permit parking program is very popular and well-received by both the public and the City Council. This paper describes the program, and discusses what has been learned by using permit parking to enhance livability in Santa Ana. It also considers whether to use distinct districts or a citywide approach. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Acceptance KW - Aesthetics KW - Communities KW - Crimes KW - Ethnic groups KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Livable communities KW - Parking regulations KW - Parking restrictions KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Population growth KW - Prevention KW - Quality of life KW - Residential areas KW - Santa Ana (California) KW - Security KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576065 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739740 AU - Quiroga, C A AU - Bullock, D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRAVEL TIME STUDIES ON SIGNALIZED HIGHWAYS USING GPS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 542-548 AB - This paper describes results of an updated methodology for conducting travel time studies on signalized highways. The methodology is based on the use of global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technology. GPS receivers log the position and velocity of a probe vehicle every one second. The data reduction procedures filter and aggregate GPS data to compute travel times and speed values on all highway segments along the paths studied. For analysis purposes, segment lengths ranging from 0.1 mi to 5 mi (0.16 km to 8 km) are used. The corresponding aggregated travel time and speed values are then compared to those of the original GPS data. The data reporting procedure uses a GIS-based management information system to define queries, tabular reports, and color coded maps documenting travel time data along the corridor segments. Examples of the data that can be derived include travel times, average speeds, minimum speeds, and delays. Alternative reporting procedures using World Wide Web (WWW) resources are also described. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Average travel speed KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Highway traffic control KW - Management information systems KW - Maps KW - Minimum speed KW - Probe vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Signalization KW - Signalized highways KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576072 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739742 AU - Sisiopiku, V P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CONGESTION ANALYSIS OF SOUTHFIELD FREEWAY - A CASE STUDY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 556-562 AB - In the recent years, traffic congestion in suburban areas has grown to a severe problem resulting in reduced economic productivity, deterioration of air quality and driver frustration. While the results from congestion in various systems are similar, the actual causes of congestion vary considerably from one system to another. Therefore, localized studies are necessary to determine the roots of the congestion problem at specific locations and propose appropriate solutions for its cure. This paper summarizes results from a congestion analysis study of Southfield Freeway, in Michigan. Southfield is located in the Metropolitan Detroit region, an area that has undergone dramatic demographic changes in the recent years. Significant population and employment growth in the neighborhood of the facility as well as commercial and retail development along the freeway contributed to a failure of the facility to serve the existing demand during peak hours. The study was organized as follows: (a) survey of field conditions; (b) survey of users perceptions about congestion; (c) analysis of historical traffic and incident data; and (d) identification of problems and proper solutions. Observation of current traffic conditions through a series of field trips provided insight into traffic flow conditions during peak hours, and information on physical properties of Southfield Freeway. Analysis of a questionnaire survey completed by Southfield commuters revealed valuable information on their travel patterns, and the perceived cause, location, and duration of congestion and assisted in the determination of specific locations that required immediate attention. Finally, historical traffic and incident records were analyzed and high risk locations along the study section were identified. Based on the results from the analysis discussed above, specific congestion-relief measures were proposed. This paper describes the steps of the data collection and reduction effort, presents results from the data analysis and conclusions, and lists proposed congestion-relief actions. Implementation of such actions is expected to improve the level of service of the facility, reduce delays and travel time, facilitate smoother flow of vehicles during the peak periods, and improve the level of satisfaction of the average user. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Case studies KW - Consumer behavior KW - Data collection KW - Detroit (Michigan) KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - History KW - Improvements KW - Level of service KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Mitigation KW - Peak periods KW - Problem identification KW - Problem solving KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Surveys KW - Time series KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Travel time KW - Travelers KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576074 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739732 AU - Koepke, F J AU - Levinson, H S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - REDUCING DELAY AND ACCIDENTS WITH RETROFIT ACTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 486-492 AB - With the nationwide emphasis on the reduction of vehicle delay and the companion improvement of through vehicle movement, the governmental agencies responsible for traffic operations are searching for ways to improve overall traffic operation. This led several states, cities, and counties to establish comprehensive access management programs that are implemented as part of retrofit projects. However, the implementation of access control programs along existing roadways frequently becomes hard to achieve. It is sometimes difficult to obtain the necessary political acceptance and project approval. This paper presents three case studies of implemented retrofit projects that emphasize the application of access management techniques. The case studies describe the project and the results of implementation. Transportation elements include changes, both positive and negative, in traffic operation, safety, capacity and in some cases, the effect on the adjacent properties. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Case studies KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Impacts KW - Implementation KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Safety KW - Traffic KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576064 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739739 AU - Proper, A T AU - Wunderlich, K AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - UNGUIDED VEHICLE SURVEILLANCE TO SUPPORT ROUTE GUIDANCE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 535-541 AB - This paper discusses the results of study on network surveillance performed by Mitretek Systems. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of traffic information provided by various levels of network surveillance by measuring travel time performance of a route guided vehicle population. The approach of this study is to employ the INTEGRATION traffic simulation model and an inter-urban network with both freeways and arterials. The network used in this study is based on the Cherry Hill, New Jersey area. For near-term deployment, it is unlikely that devices such as video cameras or inductive loops will be installed in all areas of a transportation network. For inter-urban freeway networks, state and regional highway agencies may have little or no real-time information about traffic conditions. Therefore it may be significantly more cost-effective to obtain network conditions from a relatively limited unguided probe population than by installing a system of fixed surveillance devices. This report examines the problems and effects of using unguided vehicles as probes in the network. A fixed population of guided vehicles do not function as probes. Results indicate that a partial surveillance system using 20% to 25% unguided probe vehicles can provide enough information to the Traffic Management Center for guided vehicles to experience almost all of the benefit associated with a network under full surveillance. More than half of this potential benefit may be realized with as low as a 1% probe vehicle population. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Cherry Hill (New Jersey) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Freeways KW - Guided vehicles KW - Highway traffic control KW - Inter urban networks KW - Route guidance KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Unguided probe vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576071 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739735 AU - Yu, L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PLATOON DISPERSION AND CALIBRATION UNDER ADVANCED TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 507-513 AB - This paper presents a new technique for calibrating the TRANSYT platoon dispersion parameters. This technique is based on a statistical analysis of the link travel time data. Specifically, the new technique directly relates the platoon dispersion parameters to the on-road average link travel time and the corresponding standard deviation. This new technique is considered to be ideally suited for the real-time traffic signal control strategies and the advanced traffic management applications where the required link travel times can be directly obtained from the vehicle probes. The research in this paper also uses the link travel time data collected from the selected coordinated traffic signals in the city of Houston to demonstrate the difference between the new technique and the traditional method for determining the platoon dispersion parameter values. If the proposed technique can be incorporated into a traffic responsive signal control system where the platoon dispersion parameters are calibrated from the real-time link travel time statistics, the predictions of the platoon dispersions can then be made site specific and more accurate, the traffic signal timings can be better optimized, and the total delays, stops, fuel consumption and emissions can be further reduced. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Calibration KW - Highway traffic control KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Optimization KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Standard deviation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576067 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739736 AU - Sunkari, S R AU - Krueger, G D AU - Curtis, D M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - AN EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE SIGNAL CONTROL STRATEGIES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 514-520 AB - The Federal Highway Administration is developing a Real-Time Traffic Adaptive Control System or RT-TRACS to improve traffic control by performing signal optimizations in real-time rather than basing signal timing on historical data. RT-TRACS is designed to select the strategy, from a number of alternatives, that best responds to the current traffic conditions and geometric configuration. When conditions dictate, RT-TRACS can automatically switch to another appropriate strategy. This paper presents background information on RT-TRACS, evaluation methodology, and preliminary evaluation results based on prototypes of alternative real-time traffic signal control strategies. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adaptive control KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Optimization KW - Prototypes KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576068 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739728 AU - Levinson, H S AU - Gluck, J S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SAFETY BENEFITS OF ACCESS SPACING SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 458-464 AB - The spacing of driveways and streets is an important element in roadway planning, design, and operation. Access points are the main source of accidents and congestion. Their location and spacing affects the safety and functional integrity of streets and highways. Too many closely-spaced street and driveway intersections increase accident potential and delays, while too few inhibit access and over-concentrate traffic. More than 40 years of research has indicated that accident rates increase with the number of intersecting roadways or driveways per mile. As early as 1953, research results showed that accident rates generally increased with both the frequency of access and the average daily traffic; however, the greatest increases resulted from increasing the number of access points per mile. More recent studies in Oregon, Florida, Colorado, and elsewhere found similar relationships. The consistent pattern of the research results from the above and numerous other studies is clear; the greater the frequency of driveways and streets, the greater the rate of traffic accidents. Increasing the spacing and providing a greater separation of conflict points reduce the number and variety of events to which drivers must respond. This translates into fewer accidents, travel time savings, and preservation of capacity. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driveways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Location KW - Risk assessment KW - Spacing KW - Streets KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576060 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739730 AU - Sadeghhosseini, S AU - Benekohal, R F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SPACE HEADWAY AND SAFETY OF PLATOONING HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 472-478 AB - This study examined spacing characteristics and safety of platooning vehicles on highways. Even at low volume conditions platooning occurred. When time headway was 4 seconds or less the vehicle was considered in platoon. The percentages of platooning vehicles were 61% and 76% when hourly volumes were 269 and 502, respectively. As the volume increased the percentage of platooning and platoon size increased too. At 269 vph, 60% of platoons were two-vehicle, but it decreased to 47% when the traffic volume was 502 vph. The percentage of larger platoons increased with volume increase. The field space gaps were calculated and compared with car following distances. Over half of the vehicles kept space gaps that can be traveled in 1.5 seconds or less. Such short distances may not be enough for safe driving, when the lead vehicle makes sudden deceleration. Platooning characteristics are important in selecting automatic cruise control and longitudinal control in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The findings from this study indicated that the platooning vehicles on highways did not have the minimum stopping sight distance recommended by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Automatic headway control KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Longitudinal control KW - Spacing KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576062 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739734 AU - Williams, K M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - LAND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING HIGHWAY ACCESS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 500-506 AB - Contemporary access management is a process for managing the location, design and operation of driveways, median openings, and street connections to a roadway. It involves balancing the access needs of land development, with the need to preserve the safety and efficiency of travel on the surrounding roadway system. Because this requires coordination of transportation and land development decisions, access management strategies must be integrated into local plans and ordinances. This paper addresses coordination issues in improving access management practices and strategies for integrating access management into the local land development process. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Coordination KW - Crossovers KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Development KW - Driveways KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Local government KW - Location KW - Median openings KW - Medians KW - Ordinances KW - Real estate development KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576066 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739741 AU - Lomax, T J AU - Levinson, H S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - OVERVIEW OF CONGESTION MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 549-555 AB - The key to measuring congestion is using travel time and speed measures. They satisfy the widest range of requirements for congestion information. The determination of unacceptable congestion levels is a function of both technical factors and public input. Acceptable travel time and travel rate measures are important concepts that translate the expectations that citizens have for the transportation system into factors that can be used to prioritize transportation system improvements. Other measures such as delay rate, relative delay rate and total delay are useful as measures of the performance of system elements. Combining travel time and person movement will provide a basis for evaluating individual modes and multimodal transportation systems. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Improvements KW - Measurement KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Multimodal transportation systems KW - Performance KW - Ratings KW - Speed KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Travel by mode KW - Travel modes KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576073 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739737 AU - Abu-Lebdeh, G AU - Benekohal, R F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DYNAMIC SIGNAL COORDINATION ALONG OVERSATURATED ARTERIALS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 521-527 AB - This paper presents a new procedure for signal coordination along oversaturated arterials. It is based on queue management and efficient green time utilization concepts. The main idea is to dynamically manage queue formation and dissipation on system links such that traffic flow is maximized and reasonable through bands are attained. This is achieved by efficiently using green time, preventing intersection blockage, accounting for the non-steady state conditions and providing dynamic, time-dependent control. The problem is formulated as a throughput maximization subject to state and control variables. A solution using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is then presented. Results show that offsets and green times were dynamically changed as a function of demand and queue lengths. With long queues present, the algorithm utilized appropriate (negative) offsets to reduce or eliminate these queues, and then gradually moved to positive offsets to provide forward green bands, hence normal traffic progression. The algorithm has good potential for on-line real time implementation in an Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) environment. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Genetic algorithms KW - Green interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Maximization KW - Offsets (Traffic signal timing) KW - Queuing KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576069 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739738 AU - Milazzo, J S AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Allen, D P AU - Hummer, J E AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PROPOSED REVISIONS TO "HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL" CHAPTER 9 PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE ANALYSIS PROCEDURES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 528-534 AB - Chapter 9 of the 1994 update to the 1985 "Highway Capacity Manual" presents the operational and planning analysis of signalized intersections. The methodology for saturation flow rate estimation does not consider all elements of the interaction between turning vehicles and pedestrians and/or bicycles. This paper describes this interaction using a conflict zone occupancy approach. A conflict zone is a portion of an intersection, typically in the crosswalk, where pedestrians and vehicles compete for space. Conflict zone occupancy, defined as the fraction of the effective green period during which pedestrians or bicycles occupy a conflict zone, provides the basis for a rational adjustment to saturation flow. This paper describes the relationship between the number of net lanes (the number of departure lanes divided by the number of turn lanes) and the effect of occupancy on saturation flow. Armed with pedestrian and bicycle volumes, traffic engineers can use the procedure contained herein to compute the effect of pedestrians and bicycles on the saturation flow of vehicles turning from either one-way or two-way streets. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Adjustments KW - Bicycles KW - Conflict zones KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Interactions KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Occupancy KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Revisions KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic flow KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576070 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739719 AU - Gharaibeh, N G AU - Hicks, J E AU - Hall, J P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC, AND PAVEMENT DATA SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 396-402 AB - As part of the Geographic Information System (GIS) for infrastructure management being developed for Champaign County, Illinois, statistical and spatial analyses for three key roadway characteristics (safety, congestion level, pavement condition) were conducted. A regression model for predicting accident rate from average daily traffic was also developed. The statistical and spatial analyses showed that high congestion level and/or traffic volume in urban areas are likely to lead to a low degree of safety, but they did not show any significant relationship between the Condition Rating Survey (CRS) and accident rate. However, it is believed that mechanistic models may be more appropriate to study the effect of pavement surface condition on road accidents. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Condition surveys KW - Crash rates KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Spatial analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576051 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739720 AU - Resende, PTV AU - Benekohal, R F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - EFFECTS OF ROADWAY SECTION LENGTH ON ACCIDENT MODELING SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 403-409 AB - In highway safety studies, the accident rates are derived from the number of accidents divided by the section length that varies from a fraction of a mile to several miles. The section length affects the rates and the rates influence the accident prediction models. The rates from short sections may give "misleading" statistics and correlation to roadway and traffic conditions. This study analyzes the influence of section lengths on accident rates and how that influences the geometric variables used in accident prediction. The analyses are for rural interstate highways and rural two-lane highways. To get reliable accident prediction models the rates should be computed based from sections 0.5 mi (0.8 km) or longer. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash rates KW - Forecasting KW - Interstate highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Reliability KW - Roadway section lengths KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576052 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739723 AU - McKnight, C E AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE IMPACT OF CONGESTION ON NEW YORK CITY BUS SERVICE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 424-430 AB - In dense urban areas, traffic congestion hinders fast and reliable bus service. Slower bus speeds increase passengers' travel times, divert passengers to less space-efficient modes, and increase the cost of providing bus service. This paper presents a method based on regression analysis for determining the increase in bus running time due to traffic congestion and the resulting increase in operating costs. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Bus services KW - Bus transit KW - Economics KW - New York (New York) KW - Operating costs KW - Public transit KW - Running time KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576055 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739726 AU - Warkentin, G AU - Folkers, R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CITY OF PALM DESERT GOLF CART TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 444-450 AB - The City of Palm Desert has developed an innovative way to travel within their City. Golf carts traditionally used on fairways are able to travel on City streets with special modifications for safety. The City of Palm Desert, located in Southern California, is proud to be the first City in the nation to develop a golf cart transportation program. Their efforts are so successful that now, any City in the State of California is able to establish a similar program. California Assembly Bill 110 authorizes cities to initiate and administer golf cart programs. The program is monitored regularly and City staff coordinates with California Highway Patrol to provide periodic reports to the legislature. Future modifications to the program may be made to protect the user, to expand the use of golf carts, and to protect the City. Permitted users are allowed to travel to schools, colleges, parks, shopping, businesses, and governmental offices by means of their golf carts. The long term goal of the program is to provide full golf cart access throughout the City. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access KW - Golf carts KW - Innovation KW - Monitoring KW - Palm Desert (California) KW - State laws KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576058 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739722 AU - Daniel, J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - BUS SIGNAL PRIORITY ALONG CONGESTED CORRIDORS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 417-423 AB - Bus signal priority has proven to be an effective tool for reducing delays to transit vehicles while improving the overall operation of the arterial for all vehicles. This technique has not been as successful, however, when high volumes exist along the arterial and/or the cross street. Under these conditions the additional green time required by the transit vehicle can not only cause significant increases in delay to the cross-street vehicles as well as to other movements along the arterial not served by the transit vehicle, but the needed green time may far exceed available green time making this technique infeasible. This paper identifies an approach to evaluate the feasibility of successfully implementing signal priority as well as provides guidelines that should be followed when implementing signal priority along a congested corridor. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bus priority KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Streets KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576054 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739724 AU - Nowlin, L AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PERFORMANCE OF QUEUE JUMPER LANES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 431-437 AB - A queue jumper lane can provide significant travel time savings to buses because the bus can by-pass traffic queued at congested intersections. Field data showed that buses saved an average 6.5 seconds at a high-volume intersection. Computer simulation demonstrated that the queue jumper lane provided notable travel time savings and speed advantages when traffic volumes exceeded 250 vehicles per hour per lane (vphpl). The advantages in average bus speed when a queue jumper lane was present ranged from approximately 5 km/h to 15 km/h (for traffic volumes below 1000 vphpl). U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Average travel speed KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Queue jumper lanes KW - Savings KW - Simulation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transit buses KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576056 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739718 AU - Yulong, P AU - Jianmei, D AU - Xianghai, M AU - Junyi, L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - AN INITIAL RESEARCH INTO THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE COLD REGION SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 389-395 AB - The cases studied in this paper include 39,741 traffic accidents which happened in the cold region - Heilongjiang Province and Liaoning Province, China - from 1992 to 1995. On the basis of data collection, data processing and site investigation, the causes of the traffic accidents, the monthly distribution of the traffic accidents, the categories of the road and the accidents in the cold region, etc., are analyzed and studied. As a result, the statistical regularity of the traffic accidents that happened in the cold region and the relevant analytical conclusion have been obtained. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - China KW - Classification KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Frigid regions KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576050 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739721 AU - Case, R B AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE SAFETY OF CONCURRENT-LANE HOV PROJECTS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 410-416 AB - In order to determine the safety effects, if any, of concurrent-lane High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) implementations, a search of the results of existing research was conducted. Research results were reviewed for the following HOV designs: 3-8 ft (0.9-2.4 m) buffer; 8 ft (2.4 m) buffer [raised 6 in. (15 cm)]; 13 ft (4.6 m) buffer; and 0-2 ft (0-0.6 m) buffer. Although the research on the first three designs is too limited to be conclusive, the ten separate research efforts on the 0-2 ft (0-0.6 m) buffers indicate that building such lanes resulted in accident rates being significantly higher than they would have been had general purpose lanes been added. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Buffer types KW - Crash rates KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576053 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739725 AU - Riffkin, M AU - Nepstad, J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - POST WAR TRAVEL TRENDS IN THE SALT LAKE URBAN AREA SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 438-443 AB - This paper focuses on examining the travel and, to a lesser extent, socio-economic characteristics in the Salt Lake Area as revealed in a Home Interview 1993 survey as well as through a comparison of various trends from the 1960s through the present. Short of drawing extensive conclusions regarding which trends are the cause or end product of other trends, this paper simply reports the observed conditions. In its simplest form, this paper reports strong growth in the Salt Lake Area, suburban land use patterns, predominant single occupant automobile travel, levels of traffic congestion which have been increasing, and a projected outlook for more of the same over the next twenty years. General topics discussed include personal travel characteristics and trends, regional travel characteristics and trends, land use trends, an outlook for the future, and finally a brief conclusion on the general implications which can be drawn. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Forecasting KW - Land use KW - Salt Lake City (Utah) KW - Single occupant vehicles KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576057 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739727 AU - Hochmuth, J AU - Bowcott, S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE "ADVANCE" TRANSITION TO GCM TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION CENTER SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 451-457 AB - The ADVANCE (Advanced Driver and Vehicle Advisory Navigation Concept) project is an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) demonstration project located in the northwest suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. A central facility, called the Traffic Information Center (TIC), was developed to receive and distribute traffic related information. The project is a joint effort of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), the Illinois Universities Transportation Research Consortium (composed of the University of Illinois at Chicago and Northwestern University), Motorola and the American Automobile Association. De Leuw, Cather & Company is responsible for system engineering, system integration, and assisting in project management. The major emphasis of ADVANCE has been the development of the TIC and developing an in vehicle navigation system in which vehicles would also be used as probes. The completion of the in vehicle navigation phase presented an opportunity to take the lessons learned in developing the TIC and apply them to creation of a Corridor Transportation Information Center (C-TIC) for the Gary-Chicago-Milwaukee (GCM) Priority Corridor. This paper documents that effort. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver information systems KW - Information centers KW - Information services KW - Route guidance KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576059 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739710 AU - Nsour, S A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - IVHS AND THE ELDERLY DRIVING SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 333-339 AB - This study was conducted on two groups, 385 elderly people and 126 young people with the age of 65 as the dividing line. The purpose is to examine the driving tasks that elderly see as difficult and then explore the possibilities of using Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) to solve some of the driving problems faced by the elderly. The study showed that the tasks of driving at night, driving on two-lane highways at night, driving in rainy weather at night, and reading changeable message signs are the top most difficult tasks for elderly as compared with young drivers. About 25% of the elderly surveyed view reading changeable message signs as either difficult or very difficult. The most frequent suggestions by the elderly on improvements to the highway were those related to making signs more visible/readable, increasing sign-exit distance, and increasing sign illumination and reflection. About 52% of suggestions by the elderly on vehicle instrumentation centered on making the instrumentation more visible. The percentage of elderly in favor of electronic navigation maps is roughly 62% compared to 85% of the young. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobile driving KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving tasks KW - Illuminated traffic signs KW - Instrumentation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legibility KW - Location KW - Night KW - Night driving KW - Problem identification KW - Problem solving KW - Rain KW - Reflective signs KW - Route guidance KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic signs KW - Two lane highways KW - Variable message signs KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576042 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739712 AU - Granda, T M AU - Moyer, M J AU - Hanowski, R J AU - Kantowitz, B H AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - OLDER DRIVERS AND ATIS GUIDELINES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 347-353 AB - Older drivers have special requirements for Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) devices for several reasons: they are more likely to resist new technology yet they may have greater need for new technology due to diminished driving capabilities relative to younger drivers. Results from four experiments that compare preference and performance of older drivers using ATISs are presented. These results document important differences in the way older drivers use in-vehicle systems. Implications of these results for the design of such systems are discussed. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Aged drivers KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Guidelines KW - Human subject testing KW - Personnel performance KW - Route guidance KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576044 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739714 AU - Ardekani, S A AU - Kazmi, A M AU - Ahmadi, M S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A PC-BASED DECISION TOOL FOR ROADWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 361-367 AB - A quick response personal computer (PC) tool has been developed for determining near optimal traffic diversion strategies around major roadway blockages. Known as TEMPO (Transportation Emergency Management of Post-Incident Operations), the tool utilizes heuristic approaches for estimating the origin-destination (O-D) of traffic on the closed links and re-assigning the estimated O-D matrix to the remainder of the network. This paper describes the calibration of this heuristic procedure against the results observed in the field. Fifteen incident scenarios in a highway network of the city of Richardson, Texas, are simulated by TEMPO. The diversion routes identified by TEMPO are compared with the routes identified by the city engineers as having been the main diversion routes. It is shown that in the majority of cases the TEMPO-generated diversion routes are not significantly different from the routes identified by the city as the main post-incident detours. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calibration KW - Comparative analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Decision making KW - Decisions KW - Estimating KW - Heuristic methods KW - Incident management KW - Origin and destination KW - Personal computers KW - Richardson (Texas) KW - Simulation KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic engineers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576046 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739715 AU - Selman, W A AU - Gilmore, M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A GUIDELINE FOR INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 368-374 AB - This guideline provides a comprehensive and concise framework for the establishment and implementation of incident management programs. It outlines a proven approach for the establishment of a cooperative process that will produce effective programs. The approach takes into consideration technical, interagency, legislative and public awareness issues. It is also sensitive to the roles and responsibilities of various public and private agencies. The guideline includes a mechanism for the creation of an incident management task force and the establishment of program goals and objectives. It includes guidance for the publication of an incident management handbook and a recommended debriefing process for major incidents. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Committees KW - Evaluation KW - Governments KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Implementation KW - Incident debriefing KW - Incident management KW - Private enterprise KW - Program effectiveness KW - Responsibilities KW - Strategic planning KW - Task force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576047 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739717 AU - Petty, K F AU - Skabardonis, A AU - Varaiya, P P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF FSP TOW TRUCKS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 382-388 AB - Freeway service patrols (FSPs) are a popular means of incident management and control. The authors address the question of the correct placement of FSP tow trucks as a scarce resource allocation problem. They present a methodology for determining where to place FSP tow trucks so as to maximize the expected reduction in congestion. They illustrate this approach using the I-880 database. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Deployment KW - Freeway service patrols KW - Freeways KW - Incident management KW - Mathematical models KW - Maximization KW - Optimization KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Tow trucks KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576049 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739711 AU - Turner, S M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - USING ITS DATA FOR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 340-346 AB - This paper presents a generic framework for utilizing different types of intelligent transportation system (ITS) data for congestion monitoring and performance measurement. The generic framework is based upon standard performance monitoring/feedback cycles. Various types of ITS data are applicable, including data items typically available through loop detectors, surveillance and incident detection systems, probe vehicle systems, and arterial street signal control systems. A case study example is provided in Houston, Texas. The framework developed in this paper will assist urban areas that are implementing ITS components in measuring congestion and transportation system performance, and in quantifying the impacts that various ITS components have on congestion and system performance. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Case studies KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Impacts KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic data KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576043 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739713 AU - Sutaria, T C AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SANTA ANA INTEGRATED TRAVELER INFORMATION SHARING SYSTEM SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 354-360 AB - The newly built Traffic Management Center (TMC) in the City of Santa Ana gathers information regarding freeway and arterial traffic congestion on a real-time basis. The Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) at the TMC makes this possible through three components: closed circuit television (CCTV), system detection, and incident detection. Three avenues currently available to the City to inform travelers of the congestion status are: changeable message sign (CMS), TrailBlazer Sign (TBS), and Highway Advisory Radio (HAR). However, these are only useful once the travelers have begun their journey. The Proposed Santa Ana Integrated Traveler Information Sharing (ITIS) System, to be completed by the end of 1996, will expand the City's ability to inform the public of traffic congestion or incidents while in their cars or at their homes or offices. By keeping travelers informed of roadway and traffic conditions, they can plan alternate routes or mode of travel before beginning their travel or decide not to travel at all. This paper describes how the five ITIS components -- Public Information Data Base (PIDB), information kiosks, Highway Advisory Telephone (HAT), Voice Response System (VRS) for digitized HAT/HAR, and Community Access Television (CATV) -- can accomplish the goals above and how they interface with California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) District 12 and ATMS. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Closed circuit television KW - Community access television KW - Data sharing KW - Highway advisory radio KW - Highway advisory telephone KW - Incident detection KW - Interfaces KW - Kiosks KW - Public information data bases KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Santa Ana (California) KW - Speech recognition KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic control centers KW - Trailblazer sign KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576045 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739716 AU - Flak, M A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - REDUCING ACCIDENT IMPACTS UNDER CONGESTION SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 375-381 AB - Highway accidents represent approximately 10-15% of the incidents occurring along urban freeways. Millions of dollars and resources are wasted each year due to delay and congestion associated with highway accidents. For transportation agencies, alternative approaches are being used which reduce the delay impacts associated with handling highway accidents. These means include the incorporation of key policies or regulations related to the handling of vehicles under accident conditions such as: "quick clearance", "hold harmless", abandoned vehicle limitations, restrictions on usage of flashing lights on emergency vehicles, requirements for drivers staying with incapacitated vehicles, and "death certification" regulations. Technology improvements are also providing significant savings in hastening the accident investigation process. These improvements include: "total station surveying" and more versatile computerized equipment to record and report traffic accident data. In addition, the implementation of accident investigation sites off the road and near or next to the freeway has aided in speeding up field investigation time and minimizing delays associated with highway accidents. The effect of these policies, procedures, and improvements is to open up the highway to pre-incident conditions as soon as possible, thereby significantly decreasing delays to the traffic stream and saving motorists millions of dollars each year. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Cost control KW - Cost savings KW - Costs KW - Crash investigation KW - Freeways KW - Policy KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Regulations KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576048 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739709 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Shim, E AU - Resende, PTV AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - IDENTIFICATION OF SAFETY PROBLEM AREAS FOR TRUCKS IN WORK ZONES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 326-332 AB - The findings of this study will help to identify the high risk location for truck drivers in work zones. A study was conducted to determine the truck drivers' concerns and the location of accidents and safety problem areas in work zones. A statewide survey of 930 semi-truck drivers was conducted. Two-thirds of the drivers had experienced the bad driving situations (BDS) at least at one location, and one-third at more than one location in work zones. The transition area had the highest percentage of BDS, followed by the advance warning area, work space, termination area, and buffer space. The correlations between having BDS experiences and travel characteristics were examined for the work zone as a whole, as well as for the five sections within the work zone. BDS and accident experiences are highly correlated, so the frequency of BDS can be used as an indicator of safety problem areas in work zones. Analyzing BDS experiences for each section separately revealed correlations between BDS and travel characteristics that were not detected by the overall analysis. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Bad driving situations KW - Construction sites KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - High risk locations KW - Surveys KW - Travel behavior KW - Truck drivers KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576041 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739707 AU - Budhu, G AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A 5-STEP APPROACH TO THE INCORPORATION OF FIXED OBJECT ACCIDENTS IN THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND PRIORITIZATION OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS...CASE STUDY OF LOUISIANA SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 312-318 AB - The state of Louisiana in 1990 experienced 136,022 accidents resulting in a social cost of approximately $4.16 billion of which an estimated $476 million were attributed to fixed object accidents. Furthermore, the overall accident statistics for 1991, 1992, etc., are showing a decreasing tendency whereas fixed object accident statistics are on the increase. What is needed in all future highway improvements is to incorporate the economic analysis of highway safety, especially through the study of fixed object accidents, since hazardous fixed objects along a corridor are often much easier to correct than human behavior or vehicle characteristics in the short term. This compromising of safety inputs in current road improvements works may be due to: (i) the relative ease in determining the benefit/cost analysis of resurfacing and speed change by roadway designers; (ii) the lack of historical accident data and supporting information (i.e., network, accidents, demographics, etc.) in a single personal computer environment that can be analyzed by design engineers to detect safety needs; and (iii) the inadequate information of safety "pay-off" because most design engineers have not received sufficient training in safety engineering economic analysis. The overall objective of the paper (supported by research funding of Louisiana Transportation Research Center) is to develop a step-by-step procedure to incorporate the economic analysis of highway improvements, especially through the consideration of accidents involving fixed objects for state-identified highway improvement projects in Louisiana. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic analysis KW - Fixed objects KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Louisiana KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576039 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739706 AU - Yulong, P AU - Xianghai, M AU - Jianmei, D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - RESEARCH OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ON SHEN-DA MOTORWAY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 305-311 AB - The subject of study of this article is the Shen-Da motorway in the People's Republic of China. First, statistics are presented and an analysis is made of the causes of the 452 traffic accidents during 1994-1995. Also included are discussions and analysis related to the effects of road conditions on traffic accidents. Second, the rate of motorway accidents on the Shen-Da motorway is compared with that in Japan and the United States. Last, research is presented on the causes of traffic accidents in Hou Yan toll-station, an accident black spot on the south end of Shen-Da motorway, and appropriate countermeasures are suggested. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - China KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - High risk locations KW - Japan KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576038 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739708 AU - Menta, V K AU - Strate, H E AU - Saracena, A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - NEW JERSEY ROUTE 495 EXCLUSIVE BUS LANE SAFETY STUDY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 319-325 AB - The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's (PANYNJ's) main objective in undertaking the New Jersey Route 495 Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) Safety Study was to assess the safety impact on traffic operations by permitting 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses to operate in the XBL. The XBL is a 2.5 mi (4 km) contraflow bus lane connecting the New Jersey Turnpike and the Lincoln Tunnel. It operates only during the A.M. peak period in the eastbound direction from 6:30 A.M. until approximately 10:00 A.M. The XBL is reserved for vehicles with a capacity of 16 or more (essentially public and private sector commuter buses). During a typical A.M. peak hour, the XBL carries approximately 750 buses in the eastbound direction (1,850 buses during A.M. peak period), each saving 10-25 minutes in travel time. The current operations in the XBL approaching the Lincoln Tunnel in New York were restricted to 96 in. (244 cm) wide buses. To conform to the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the convenience offered by the new 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses, transit operators expressed a desire to use the 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses in the XBL. At the outset, it does not appear to be a problem to introduce buses that are only 6 in. (15 cm) wider. However, the reduction in clearance between the vehicles in the XBL and the adjacent normal traffic flow lane due to the wider buses in an extremely tight geometric environment on Route 495 was of significant concern to the PANYNJ. The mirror to mirror width of the 102 in. (259 cm) wide bus is approximately 120 in. (305 cm) leaving only 4 in. (10 cm) of unoccupied lane space at some locations along the XBL. The problem is compounded by a sizeable population of commercial vehicles, oncoming in the adjacent lanes, accounting for a "shy" factor causing vehicles to veer from each other. To evaluate the safety issues associated with permitting 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses, a two phase approach that extended over a year of data collection, analysis and review of the results by an expert panel was adopted. The final recommendations permitted the 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses to operate in the XBL subject to the condition that the mix of 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses be closely monitored and an increase in the mix of 102 in. (259 cm) buses to 30% of the bus population be immediately followed by further analysis. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Americans with Disabilities Act KW - Bus design KW - Bus lanes KW - Buses KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Highway operations KW - Monitoring KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Transit buses KW - Vehicle design KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576040 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739697 AU - Hicks, J E AU - Ham, H AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - MODELING AUTO AND PEDESTRIAN ROUTE INTERACTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 243-249 AB - A multiclass trip assignment model is formulated and solved where route choice behavior of both auto drivers and pedestrians is user-optimal, and a variational inequality problem solution is equivalent to the conditions of simultaneous user-optimality for each class. A solution procedure is discussed and results of an implementation on a real transportation network are presented. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Case studies KW - Drivers KW - Implementation KW - Pedestrians KW - Route choice KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576029 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739699 AU - Selim, M AU - Lee, S W AU - Shaw, T AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PHILIPS HIGHWAY TSM STUDY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 257-263 AB - This study utilized integrated, stochastic traffic operational analysis software to evaluate the use of transportation system management (TSM) strategies during the construction work zone operating conditions along 27 miles (43.4 km) of Interstate 95 (I-95) in Jacksonville, Florida. During this construction period, I-95 will be widened from four to six lanes. Traffic will be diverted to Philips Highway (US 1) which is contiguous with I-95. During the two-year construction period, capacity will be constrained along I-95. Philips Highway is targeted to accept the traffic that must be diverted from I-95 during incidents and occasional closings and is currently operating at congested levels. As a result, a series of TSM alternatives was explored to improve travel time, increase transit usage and reduce automobile emissions within the corridor. This paper presents a summary of the software evaluation techniques, alternatives considered and benefits derived from the project. The recommended improvements resulted in 23-minute travel time savings in the morning peak and 19.6-minute travel time savings in the afternoon peak, resulting in a $32,000,000 savings in vehicle stop and travel delays and a $2,150,000 savings per year in fuel consumption over the two-year construction period. The total estimated costs for the project were $1,466,300, resulting in a benefit cost ratio of 23.3:1 for the two-year construction period alone. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Benefits KW - Fuel consumption KW - Pavement widening KW - Road construction KW - Savings KW - Software KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic diversion KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576031 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739693 AU - Resende, PTV AU - Benekohal, R F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DEVELOPMENT OF VOLUME-TO-CAPACITY BASED ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODELS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 215-221 AB - This study focused on developing relationships between accident rates and the capacity of the roads, particularly the rural interstate highways. Accident prediction models were developed that used the V/C (volume/capacity) as a predictor variable. A concept of modified capacity is introduced, where the design capacity is adjusted to incorporate other geometric factors. This modified capacity includes variables that represent surface rates, surface types, inside shoulder width, and others that may have significant impacts on the accident occurrence, which are not directly weighed when capacity is calculated. A model presented here is for rural interstate highways. Data are based on an averaged data set of six years. This model is part of a more comprehensive study where several models were created, not only for rural interstate highways but also for urban interstate highways, rural and urban two-lane highways, and urban and rural multilane highways. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Adjustments KW - Crash rates KW - Design capacity KW - Forecasting KW - Highway capacity KW - Interstate highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Rural highways KW - Volume/capacity ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576025 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739695 AU - Picha, D L AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Rhodes, L R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DRIVER UNDERSTANDING OF ALTERNATIVE TRAFFIC SIGNS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 229-235 AB - Traffic control devices are intended to promote safe and uniform operation of motorized and non-motorized traffic using the roadway. Motorists rely on these devices to provide information about traffic laws and regulations, to identify potential roadway hazards, and to provide information to help find their desired destinations. Traffic control devices, however, serve little purpose if they are not understood by a significant percentage of the driving population. With an increase in the older driver and non-English speaking driver populations, particularly in Texas, there exists a need for identifying those devices that are likely to be misunderstood and improving upon their comprehension. This paper presents the recommendations from a five-year research project conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute to assess and improve motorist understanding of traffic control devices. The results of all evaluations were analyzed to distinguish significant comprehension difficulties among various demographic groups. Recommendations for each device were based on these results, and include retaining the current standard design due to adequate comprehension levels, modifying the design or use of the device in order to increase comprehension levels, and/or conducting further research to better understand driver comprehension difficulties. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Aged drivers KW - Comprehension KW - Drivers KW - Ethnic groups KW - Modifications KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Texas KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576027 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739689 AU - Lu, J J AU - Mierzejewski, E A AU - Huang, Wei AU - Cleland, F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DRIVER POPULATION FACTORS FOR FREEWAY CAPACITY ESTIMATION SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 187-193 AB - This paper summarizes preliminary results obtained from a study performed to develop driver population adjustment factors. The study efforts summarized in this paper were to assess the impacts of non-local driver population on freeway capacity and develop a procedure to quantify the driver population adjustment factors. Results presented in this paper are based on data collected from Orlando, Florida. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Case studies KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Non-local driver population KW - Orlando (Florida) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576021 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739700 AU - Davidian, V AU - Mogharabi, A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR A UNIQUE HIGHWAY PROJECT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 264-270 AB - This paper discusses the development of a Transportation Management Plan (TMP) for a freeway interchange reconstruction project on the I-40/I-15 interchange near Barstow, California. This TMP project is unique because its peak hour of traffic occurs on Friday and Sunday evenings when weekend travelers, many with recreational vehicles, travel between the Los Angeles area and recreation areas in the State of Nevada. The situation is further complicated by the heavy percentage of truck traffic on I-40, which is one of the causes of congestion problems necessitating the interchange improvement project. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - California KW - Freeways KW - Interchanges KW - Mitigation KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576032 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739703 AU - Shaw, T AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - HURRICANE RESPONSE CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT STUDY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 284-290 AB - This study was prepared to identify the most effective means of increasing highway system capacity during the hurricane warning response period to maximize the number of persons that can be evacuated from the south Florida area. The study considered roadway corridors that are part of the Florida Intrastate Highway System (FIHS) and other segments of the state highway system that were identified as potential evacuation corridors for south Florida. This study considered both the travel demand and network capacity available under evacuation conditions based on work performed in previous studies and travel behavior. Sixteen operational improvements were considered in the evaluation of the benefits and constraints that included the impacts on system capacity, safety, costs, and operations. These alternatives included: planning and communication, transportation system management (TSM), transportation demand management (TDM), and capital improvements. However, the emphasis of this paper is on an evaluation of a one-way reversible lane system on Florida's Turnpike from West Palm Beach to Orlando, a length of 233 miles (375 km) involving 22 interchanges. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Capital investments KW - Communications KW - Evacuation KW - Florida KW - Highway capacity KW - Hurricanes KW - Improvements KW - Increase KW - Network capacity KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576035 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739704 AU - Chen, S-R AU - Ivan, J N AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - INTEGRATED TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR INCIDENTS IN FREEWAY-ARTERIAL CORRIDORS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 291-297 AB - This paper investigates the impact of diverted freeway traffic on a typical surface street network under different signal timing plans to learn how to select optimal timing plans. New timing plans are developed for the network using PASSER II to optimize signals on the alternate route to explicitly serve traffic diverting around a freeway incident. Operations in the network are then simulated with these timing plans and various incident scenarios to investigate how these plans affect corridor performance during different types of incidents. The integrated network simulation program INTEGRATION (copyright) is used for this analysis. Measures of effectiveness including average network travel speed for each timing plan and incident scenario are compared with respect to operation of the entire corridor (the freeway system and the surrounding street network). U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Freeways KW - Incident management KW - Local street KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Optimization KW - Simulation KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576036 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739691 AU - Davis, G A AU - Adams, D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - IDENTIFYING HIGH-HAZARD SITES FOR OLDER DRIVERS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 201-207 AB - Induced exposure methods were combined with a nonparametric empirical Bayes procedure to produce a method for identifying high accident risk locations for older drivers. The method was applied to accident data from 102 signalized intersections and it was found that those intersections identified as high-hazard locations for older drivers did in the aggregate show over-representation of older drivers. For the intersections located in an urbanized area, the most frequent accident types at sites identified as high-hazard locations for older drivers were left-turn and right-angle accidents, while rear-end accidents were most frequent at the other urban intersections. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Aged drivers KW - Bayes' theorem KW - Crash types KW - Empirical methods KW - High risk locations KW - Left turns KW - Rear end crashes KW - Right angle crashes KW - Signalized intersections KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576023 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739698 AU - Flak, M A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - INCIDENT MANAGEMENT NEEDS ALONG WORK ZONES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 250-256 AB - Every day, highway incidents impede mobility on urban, suburban, and rural highways. As a result, it costs substantially more for the traveling public to use these roads under incident conditions. Millions of dollars are lost every year by commuters and other travelers caught in traffic jams associated with highway incidents. To date, little emphasis has been placed on planning for incident management under work or maintenance zone activities. For most construction/maintenance zone activities, incident management planning can be instrumental in maintaining acceptable traffic operations along currently congested highways. In these cases, planning steps can be conducted to assure a program of incident management is addressed for the project's needs. These steps may involve the review of highway conditions under the work activity, the identification of anticipated traffic operations, and the selection of feasible and cost-effective solutions aimed at reducing the traffic impacts to the public. The end result will be more favorable traffic operations under highway construction/maintenance activities. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Construction sites KW - Incident management KW - Mitigation KW - Planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576030 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739705 AU - Tarko, A P AU - Kanipakapatnam, S R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A MACROSCOPIC MODEL OF FREEWAY WORK ZONES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 298-304 AB - The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies have created a need for fast and elaborated freeway models that can be applicable on-line for incident management, as well as for other applications such as work zone traffic control. This paper describes extensions to the higher order continuum model of freeway traffic to incorporate lane drops. The model can handle a lane change maneuver in the vicinity of lane drops. A preliminary study indicates a potential for improvement of the freeway performance on the approaches to work zones by controlling the lane change pattern using DO NOT PASS signs. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Freeways KW - Lane changing KW - Lane drops KW - Macroscopic models KW - Variable message signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576037 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739688 AU - Maini, P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - STUDY OF LOST TIME AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 180-186 AB - As congested traffic conditions become a daily occurrence, it becomes increasingly important to accurately analyze signalized intersection operations. The capacity of individual movements at signalized intersections is dependent on various factors, chief among which are the effective green time (depends on lost time and green time) and the saturation flow rate. There has been very limited research on the components of effective green time, namely start-up lost time and clearance lost time (alternatively, extension of green). Based on findings of this study, it is suggested that the clearance lost time be calculated as the sum of the all-red clearance interval and a portion (50% to 75%) of the yellow change interval. This will result in significantly higher total lost times for movements than the three seconds default value recommended in the Highway Capacity Manual (Transportation Research Board, 1994), and will thus impact capacity and subsequent calculations. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Calculation KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Green interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Highway capacity KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576020 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739701 AU - McGuinness, R A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - URBAN WORKZONE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 271-276 AB - Road construction and maintenance operations create an impediment to traffic flow in any area. In urban areas, the effect upon the motorist can often be severe and far reaching. Workzones create an unexpected obstacle on the highway, requiring the motorist to take some type of action that is not normally necessary. They create unexpected bottlenecks, causing delay and frustration. The construction activity itself provides enough entertainment to distract the driver from the immediate task at hand, namely, safely negotiating a path through the work area. The City of Columbus utilizes a number of workzone management techniques to address these problems. Temporary traffic control is designed to maintain as much of the roadway capacity as possible. Excess demand is siphoned off by closing freeway entrance ramps and approach roads to the work area and by providing alternate routes around the project. A strong traveler information program is utilized to keep the public informed of unusual roadway conditions in the metropolitan area. Public perception of the planning and implementation of road construction has grown from a 34% positive acceptance rate in 1990 to a 69% positive acceptance rate in 1994. Other measures of public acceptance have also increased during that period. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Bottlenecks KW - Distraction KW - Highway traffic control KW - Passenger information systems KW - Public relations KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Urban areas KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576033 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739702 AU - Raub, R A AU - Schofer, J L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TACTICS FOR ENHANCED ARTERIAL INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 277-283 AB - Limiting the impact on traffic of non-recurring events such as crashes, traffic stops, or disabled vehicles through effective incident management should be the goal for responders. The arterial incident management study conducted by the Traffic Institute examined what is known about how incidents affect traffic and their potential costs, and shows how they can be handled to minimize their effects. Important issues addressed included: failure to respond in a timely manner and with adequate resources; failure to remove vehicles and debris in a timely fashion; inadequate traffic control at and around the incident; lack of communication to motorists affected by the incident; and limited planning for incident management. This paper concentrates on strategies which address the first issue, inadequate response. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Driver information systems KW - Incident management KW - Planning KW - Removal KW - Responses KW - Strategic planning KW - Streets KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576034 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739694 AU - Garvey, P M AU - Gates, M T AU - Pietrucha, M T AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ENGINEERING IMPROVEMENTS TO AID OLDER DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 222-228 AB - Senior citizens now constitute the fastest growing segment of the United States population, and an increasing number of older adults will continue to travel, both as drivers and as pedestrians, as they age. As a result, transportation engineers will be faced with additional challenges to meet the mobility needs of older road users. In response to this demographic shift, this report addresses the need to integrate the existing wealth of older traveler research into a set of guidelines for application to transportation systems. This research effort had as its objective the cataloging of those research results that could be applied directly to elements of state and federal transportation systems. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Data compilation KW - Design KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Information organization KW - Intersections KW - Mobility KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Research KW - Road markings KW - Structural design KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Transportation KW - Transportation engineering KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576026 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739696 AU - Menta, V K AU - Strate, H E AU - Boss, D A AU - Saracena, A J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION AND SAFETY AT THE HOLLAND TUNNEL SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 236-242 AB - The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey proposed implementation of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) at the Holland Tunnel in New Jersey. The study objective was to determine if hazard or risk associated with crossing maneuvers on the Twelfth Street approach and on the adjacent Marin Boulevard approach would change with the introduction of ETC-dedicated toll lanes. A quantitative assessment of the conflicts was made by developing a probability based conflict analysis. Vehicle conflicts or the desire by two vehicles to occupy the same space at the same time was selected as a surrogate measure to evaluate vehicular operation at the toll plaza due to the introduction of ETC lanes. The probability based conflict model compared alternative ETC strategies with the base condition and then statistically tested whether or not the increase was significant. The factors that determined the point where the conflict may occur were identified as toll lane type, vehicle deceleration rates, final velocity, the number of toll lanes and volume of cross traffic between the lanes. The model results indicated that as the ETC lane usage increased, the conflict potential would decrease or remain the same indicating a higher likelihood of "more organized" traffic flow through the toll plaza. It was concluded that the various Holland Tunnel toll plaza ETC deployment alternatives would not adversely affect the level of current operations. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Automated toll collection KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Holland Tunnel KW - Impact studies KW - Operations KW - Probability KW - Simulation KW - Toll plazas KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576028 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739690 AU - Al-Omari, B H AU - Benekohal, R F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DELAY AT CONGESTED UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 194-200 AB - A new procedure for delay estimation at congested two-way stop controlled intersections was developed. Total delay was divided into two parts: service delay and queue delay. A linear empirical model was developed to estimate the average service delay as a function of conflicting traffic volumes. A set of empirical models was developed to estimate the average queue delay as a function of the subject approach traffic intensity. It was found that the queue delay increases exponentially as traffic intensity increases. The field data were used for comparing the proposed total delay model with the 1994 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) model. It was found that the proposed model is significantly closer to the field data. It was also noticed that the 1994 HCM model underestimates the total delay. The proposed delay model is very practical and uses only two input variables: arrival rate and conflicting traffic volume. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Empirical equations KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Estimation theory KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Mathematical models KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic delays KW - Two-way stop control KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576022 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739692 AU - Tarko, A P AU - Weiss, J V AU - Sinha, K C AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - POTENTIAL CRASH REDUCTION FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 208-214 AB - Selecting individual highway facilities for an in-depth safety analysis and potential safety improvements is one of the key functions of any safety management program. As shown in this paper, the current methods may not ensure the maximum crash reduction - the objective of the safety program. This paper proposes a new method that overcomes the weakness of the current methods. In the proposed method, potential crash reduction is used as a criterion to rank locations. The paper describes estimation of the overall and minimum crash rates. The proposed method promotes selection of sites where the potential for safety improvement is high. The paper presents an example application of the method. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Crash rates KW - Estimating KW - Estimation theory KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Ratings KW - Safety KW - Safety management KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576024 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739681 AU - Hughes, R G AU - Harkey, D L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CYCLISTS' PERCEPTION OF RISK IN A VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT: EFFECTS OF LANE CONDITIONS, TRAFFIC SPEED, AND TRAFFIC VOLUME SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 132-138 AB - Casual and experienced bicyclists were immersed in a "virtual" or computer-generated simulation of a two-lane roadway environment in order to elicit from each ratings of the perceived risk associated with various lane conditions as well as different vehicle speeds and volumes. Ratings were made under cyclist, driver, and roadside viewing conditions. Levels of perceived risk varied inversely with lane width as well as the presence/absence of lane markings delineating vehicle from non-vehicle areas. Effects were most pronounced for older subjects (over 20) and under conditions where ratings were made from driver's eye point. With respect to the influence of vehicle speeds and volumes, speed exerted the most pronounced effect. Results are in basic agreement with parallel Federal Highway Administration study conducted under "real" conditions. Results suggest that virtual/simulated conditions may, where appropriate, represent a cost effective alternative to traditional field research methods. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cyclists KW - Hazards KW - Lane width KW - Motor vehicles KW - Perception KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Road markings KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Studies KW - Study methods KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Virtual reality KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576013 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739683 AU - Yoo, K AU - Bae, S AU - Kim, Sanling AU - Choi, Kunhee AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FTMS: A KOREAN CASE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 146-152 AB - In Korea, the implementation of a Freeway Traffic Management System (FTMS) was first initiated in 1992, and it has been in the process of an operational test since February 1995 on its 318-km sections of Kyoung-Bu and Chung-Bu express highways that connect Seoul and Daejon. This paper presents a set of evaluation results of the FTMS, based on both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. For quantitative analysis, delay time reduction due to an incident has been calculated, whereas for qualitative analysis, the results of a survey on satisfaction and other issues are presented. From the quantitative viewpoint, the monetary benefit accrued from the delay reduction with the installation of the FTMS, both for incident and non-incident cases, would amount to 65 and 9,320 million US dollars, respectively, up to the year 2004. Qualitatively, evaluation shows that 65% of highway users acknowledged the effectiveness of FTMS, 95% of users were satisfied with the accuracy of variable message sign (VMS) information, 68% of users wanted alternative routing information as additional information sources, and 96% of the driving population were quite positive on the expansion of the current FTMS. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highway traffic control systems KW - Incidents KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - South Korea KW - Surveys KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic incidents KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576015 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739677 AU - Noyce, D A AU - Fambro, D B AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SAFETY COMPARISON OF EXCLUSIVE-PERMISSIVE LEFT-TURN SIGNAL DISPLAYS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 104-110 AB - This paper presents the results of a safety comparison which evaluated the five-section horizontal and cluster exclusive/permissive left-turn signal displays. Three years of crash data were evaluated at 12 sites (six of each display type), containing an exclusive left-turn lane and separate left-turn signal display, in Bryan/College Station, Texas. The results of this analysis show that the crash rates between the cluster and horizontal left-turn display are not significantly different; however, there does appear to be some evidence to suggest that the cluster display provides a slightly lower crash frequency. These results are similar to those found in the literature. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cluster displays KW - Comparative analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Exclusive permissive phasing KW - Horizontal displays KW - Left turns KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576009 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739679 AU - McGinnis, R G AU - Swindler, Kathleen M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ROADSIDE SAFETY IN THE 21ST CENTURY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 118-124 AB - Roadside accidents, single vehicles running off the roadway and crashing, account for an estimated $80 billion per year in societal losses. Roadside safety can be improved by reducing the number of roadside encroachments, providing forgiving roadsides, and having safer vehicles. Changes occurring in the motor vehicle fleet, vehicle technology, roadway and roadside hardware design, traffic characteristics, and driver populations will affect the future of roadside safety. Roadside safety in 2020 should improve relative to today if the highway safety community can work together to implement important elements of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) roadside safety strategic plan. However, if roadside safety funding does not grow adequately or forecasts of seat belt usage and vehicle miles of travel are incorrect, future roadside accidents and fatalities could increase significantly. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Safety design KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576011 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739687 AU - Turner, S M AU - Levinson, H S AU - Lomax, T J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SPEED ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR PLANNING APPLICATIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 173-179 AB - This paper presents speed/travel time estimation techniques developed through the NCHRP 7-13 study "Quantifying Congestion" using empirical field data. The estimation procedures use readily available roadway inventory and traffic volume data. A methodology developed for freeways uses average daily traffic (ADT) volumes per lane and access point frequency as a simple predictor of speeds. The queueing effects of bottlenecks can also be incorporated into the predictive model to account for sections upstream of geometric bottlenecks or congestion points. An estimation procedure for arterial streets relies on ADT per lane and signal density to estimate speeds. The paper also describes how congestion estimates can be combined with data collection to quantify congestion for future conditions. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Bottlenecks KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Estimation theory KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Mathematical models KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Queuing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576019 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739680 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Knuiman, M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ASSESSING THE BICYCLE COMPATIBILITY OF ROADWAYS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 125-131 AB - Presently, there is no methodology widely accepted by engineers, planners, or bicycle coordinators in the U.S. that will allow them to determine how compatible a roadway is for allowing efficient operation of both bicycles and motor vehicles. Presented in this paper are preliminary results from a Federal Highway Administration research effort to develop a tool to rate the bicycle compatibility of roadways and improve the quality of service for bicyclists. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Bicycles KW - Compatibility KW - Cyclists KW - Highways KW - Quality of service KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576012 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739684 AU - Jackson, R I AU - Jayanthi, S V AU - Sloboden, J R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ADDING AN INTERCHANGE TO RELIEVE INTERSTATE CONGESTION SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 153-159 AB - Under appropriate circumstances, the addition of an interchange on a congested section of interstate freeway can be a solution. The point is illustrated using a congested section of Interstate 64/US 40 in St. Louis, Missouri. Alternative treatments of the on-ramp for the new interchange are analyzed by microsimulation. The analysis showed that connecting the new on-ramp to the existing off-ramp by an auxiliary lane created a weaving section with problems for exiting traffic. A simple on-ramp merge followed by the existing off-ramp diverge would provide better operating conditions. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Freeway operations KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Microsimulation KW - Mitigation KW - Off ramps KW - On ramps KW - Simulation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576016 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739685 AU - Adams, G B AU - Jackson, R I AU - Sloboden, J R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - IMPROVING GROUND ACCESS TO LAX SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 160-166 AB - Comprehensive master planning is well underway for major improvements to the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). The implemented master plan is expected to accommodate a significant increase in annual air passengers as well as the associated increase in ground access travel demand. With realization of the master plan improvements at least a decade in the future, it was recognized that measures must be taken in the short-term to address existing vehicular traffic congestion and accommodate increased travel demands into the 21st Century. Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc., was retained by the Los Angeles Department of Airports (LADOA) to help in identifying ground access problems and the formulation of solutions. This paper describes one of several congestion problems studied and the solutions being implemented, including consideration of an on-airport traffic management center that may be installed in the old control tower. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Ground access KW - Los Angeles International Airport KW - Mitigation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576017 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739686 AU - Plotas, P V AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE BYPASS IMPACT ON COMMUNITIES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 167-172 AB - Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) originally constructed the state highway system to connect cities of the state with two-lane highways. Cities have been developing immediately around the state highways since they were constructed. This development pattern has transformed major routes into local arterials, which is one reason why MoDOT recently adopted a goal to connect Missouri cities with four-lane divided highways. By constructing limited-access highways around the existing cities, the new highways will primarily serve through traffic. Much can be learned about the impact these freeway bypasses will have by examining research conducted for the 63-mile-long Route 50 corridor in central Missouri, between Sedalia and Jefferson City. The results of this specific project study show that the impacts upon the local community depend on several variables such as the size and geographic location of the city with respect to the proposed bypass. The vehicle origins and destinations of the traffic currently on the existing highway also strongly affect the benefit the local community receives from the new highway. The decision of whether to build the bypass within an urban area as opposed to building away from growth has tremendous impacts on eventual use by local traffic and the costs of the new bypass. Local traffic usage is also affected by the locations of new interchanges. Finally, consideration must be given to local citizens, who during the course of the study, may feel trapped by the process. Cities may be hesitant to invest in new development, because the location of the bypass will greatly impact desirability of land use. The Route 50 corridor study contained three different-sized cities that would be impacted differently based on their individual characteristics. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Case studies KW - Cities KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Freeway usage KW - Freeways KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Local traffic KW - Local transportation KW - Location KW - Missouri KW - Real estate development KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576018 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739682 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Stewart, J R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - BICYCLE AND MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATIONS ON WIDE CURB LANES, BICYCLE LANES, AND PAVED SHOULDERS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 139-145 AB - The issue surrounding wide curb lanes versus bicycle lanes with respect to bicycle safety has been debated for years. The results presented in this paper were developed as part of a research study sponsored by the Florida Department of Transportation and provide insight into the operations of bicycles and motor vehicles on roadways with wide curb lanes, bicycle lanes, and paved shoulders. Primary conclusions drawn from the analysis were that bicycle lanes and paved shoulders are essentially identical in terms of operations by either mode, and that either of these facility types offer distinct advantages for bicyclists and motorists over wide curb lanes. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Comparative analysis KW - Curbs KW - Paved shoulders KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Wide curb lanes KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576014 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739678 AU - Lipinski, Martin E AU - Wilson, E M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ROAD SAFETY AUDITS - A SUMMARY OF CURRENT PRACTICE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 111-117 AB - In October, 1996, the Federal Highway Administration conducted a scanning tour of road safety audit practices in Australia and New Zealand. The findings of this mission and the application of road safety audits at various stages of project development are discussed in this paper. The specific details of how the audits are performed by different agencies are outlined. Other topics addressed include: the role of road safety audits as part of an overall road safety strategy, liability issues, and benefits and costs. Factors contributing to the successful application of road safety audits are identified. Significant issues related to the transferability of safety audit techniques to the United States are listed. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Auditing KW - Australia KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Liability KW - New Zealand KW - Project management KW - Strategic planning KW - Transferability KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00739862 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING UNDER ISTEA: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME PY - 1997 SP - 12 p. AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) developed a framework for more productive and safer transportation systems, friendly to both the environment and communities. This booklet offers a glimpse into the experience of the past five years and describes the progress that has been achieved since ISTEA was adopted. It is a review of transportation planning progress to date based on information collected from state and metropolitan agencies across the country. Examples of these advances range from widespread incorporation of improved financial planning in long-range plans and short-range investment programs, to strategic initiatives for engaging citizens in the planning process, and to fuller integration of air quality improvement as a goal of transportation planning. This review identifies and discusses four major categories of results: improved investment decisions; working to improve environmental quality; indispensable partnerships; and service to communities. The results reflect the early positive efforts of state and metropolitan agencies to respond to the concepts advanced in ISTEA. It conveys the message of building on current achievements when considering the shape of things to come. KW - City planning KW - Environmental quality KW - Finance KW - Financial requirements KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Investment planning KW - Investments KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573232 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739665 AU - Catalano, V AU - Schoen, J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - NEIGHBORHOOD TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN TUCSON, ARIZONA SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 21-27 AB - The increase of traffic speeding and congestion is on the rise throughout the world. Many municipalities are desperately trying to guarantee a good quality of life in their neighborhoods. The City of Tucson is one city that has initiated a Neighborhood Traffic Management Program. This program has been extremely successful. This paper explains the process, policies, procedures, and results of the City of Tucson's Neighborhood Traffic Management Program. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway traffic control KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Neighborhoods KW - Quality of life KW - Tucson (Arizona) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575997 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739667 AU - Cline, Edward L AU - Mohaddes, A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - NEIGHBORHOOD TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - CITY OF LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 34-40 AB - In December of 1991, the Long Beach City Council adopted a revised Transportation Element of the City's General Plan which focused, among other issues, on intrusion by commuter traffic onto neighborhood streets. In an effort to implement some of the provisions of this Transportation Element, the City, through its Engineering Public Works and Planning Departments, identified 23 separate and definable neighborhoods for the preparation of Neighborhood Traffic Management Plans. The Engineering Public Works Department, responding to the need to conduct studies and prepare plans in 23 separate areas of the City, elected to use a consultant to complete this massive assignment. Going through the Request for Proposal process, the City selected Willdan Associates, teamed with Austin-Foust Associates, Meyer-Mohaddes Associates, Wil-tec, Inc., and Traffic Data Services, Inc., to conduct the studies and prepare these plans. The challenge was to complete studies, develop consensus within each neighborhood, and secure City Council approval of the plans within 1 year. A team of 10 highly-qualified traffic engineers was assembled from the consulting firms. Each member was assigned between one and three areas to conduct the individual studies. It was clear to all concerned that the study areas would have to be done concurrently in order to meet the 1-year deadline. This paper addresses the following: Brief history of the Transportation Element; City's dilemma, conducting a project of this size with City staff; City staff versus consultants; The reasoning behind doing 23 neighborhoods concurrently; Putting the consultant team together; Organizing the "kick-off" meetings (a total of 65,000 households were contacted); Conduct the "kick-off" meetings; Creation of steering committees from the neighborhoods; Conduct of the study with assistance of steering committees; Monthly progress meetings with consultant and City staff; Development of recommendations; Committee member actually involved in data collection; Consensus building; Presentation to City Council; Implementation (beyond 1 year and ongoing); and Lessons learned. The project represented one of the most comprehensive and largest neighborhood traffic management efforts known to any of the involved parties. The information should be interesting and valuable to anyone involved in City Traffic Engineering issues. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Consultants KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Implementation KW - Long Beach (California) KW - Neighborhoods KW - Public participation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575999 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739672 AU - Prevedouros, P D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION CAPACITY ANALYSIS SOFTWARE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 69-75 AB - The objective of this paper is to assess attributes such as accuracy, duration for a single intersection application, format, measures of effectiveness, cost, complexity, flexibility, and disk storage of signalized intersection capacity analysis software. All software tested have strengths and weaknesses, several of which were revealed during a series of FHWA/LTAP seminars. Spreadsheet applications are the most flexible, bound only by the user's traffic and spreadsheet expertise. TRANSYT-7F (T7F) outputs the most accurate delay estimates, but its user interface and output are antiquated. HCS's input and output are not much better than T7F's, but the inputs are closely in line with the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) requirements for capacity analysis and thus intuitive to the user. HCM/Cinema has the friendliest user interface, produces appealing output, and offers NETSIM-based on-screen animation. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accuracy KW - Animation KW - Computer animation KW - Costs KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Signalized intersections KW - Software KW - User interface KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576004 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739674 AU - Daniel, J AU - Hallmark, S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR SELECTING COMPUTER PROGRAMS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 83-89 AB - Computer programs developed for analyzing signalized intersections continue to grow in their popularity and use by many transportation professionals. These programs differ not only in the features or options available, but the programs also differ in certain underlying assumptions of the models used in estimating various measures of effectiveness. These differences make some programs more appropriate than others when the features and underlying assumptions are evaluated for their compatibility to the type of analysis being performed and the type of intersection being analyzed. The selection of the most appropriate program for performing intersection analysis has direct implications on the success of congestion management strategies which rely on results from these programs. This paper describes an expert system that can be used to select the most appropriate intersection analysis model. The system was developed using knowledge or experience obtained from experts in traffic engineering who have a great deal of familiarity with signalized intersection analysis programs and understand their abilities and limitations. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Computer programs KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Expert systems KW - Selecting KW - Signalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576006 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739663 AU - Levinson, H S AU - Lomax, T J AU - Turner, S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRAFFIC CONGESTION - PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 1-13 AB - Traffic congestion has become a major concern in contemporary urban America. As population, motorization and travel increase, it has become increasingly common. But it is not a new problem. Congestion existed in ancient Rome, eighteenth century London, and nineteenth century New York. Today, it is found in most cities - not only in the city center but throughout the urban area. This paper defines congestion and identifies its underlying causes. It then describes the nature of congestion - past, present, and future. It shows how congestion has shifted from city center to suburb, and from city street to expressway. Finally, it suggests ways of addressing the problem. suggested approaches include better traffic management, completing missing links in the transport system, and selectively managing demand. As development moves outward into exurbia, congestion can be reduced by better roadway spacing, coordination of transport service with land development, and transit-sensitive street and community design. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - City planning KW - Coordination KW - Crash causes KW - Development KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Public transit KW - Real estate development KW - Street design KW - Streets KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transit services KW - Travel demand management KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575995 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739676 AU - Farran, J I AU - Korve, H W AU - Levinson, H S AU - Mansel, D M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT SAFETY EXPERIENCE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 97-103 AB - Because of the increased interaction between light rail vehicles (LRVs), motor vehicles, and pedestrians, LRT systems across the United States and Canada have placed top priority on strategies to minimize collisions and conflicts between LRVs, motor vehicles, and pedestrians. This paper presents an updated summary of LRT/motor vehicle and LRT/pedestrian accident characteristics at ten LRT systems in North America, evaluated during 1994 and 1995 as part of the Transportation Research Board, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Project A-5, "Integration of Light Rail Transit into City Streets." The paper also summarizes the types of collisions and their potential causes, and identifies operating and design concepts to improve LRT safety. The final report containing the findings of the TCRP Project A-5 has been approved by the review panel, and recently been published by the Transportation Research Board (TCRP Report 17, 1996). U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accident studies KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Crash causes KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Improvements KW - Light rail transit KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576008 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739664 AU - Leonard, J D AU - Davis, W J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES - CONFORMANCE WITH AASHTO AND MUTCD GUIDELINES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 14-20 AB - A review of traffic calming measures is conducted to evaluate implementation and construction considerations within the U.S. urban roadway and street system. Criteria for roadway design and traffic operations in the U.S. are primarily established through two pivotal resource documents, "A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets" published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" (MUTCD) published by the Federal Highway Administration. Traditionally, both of these publications have focused more significantly on motor vehicle facilities and traffic safety. Prior to the implementation of wide scale use of traffic calming measures in the U.S., specific treatments must be critically evaluated against established national criteria and design guidelines. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Traffic calming KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575996 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739675 AU - Massoumi, R AU - Wyznyckyj, L C AU - Menaker, P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - WATSIM MICRO-SIMULATION: I-780/I-80 CORRIDOR SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 90-96 AB - The Greater San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California has experienced significant growth over the last two decades. This growth is anticipated to continue through year 2010, especially in Contra Costa and Solano Counties. Initial studies have identified the I-780, I-680, and I-80 freeway corridors as critical links for the emerging growth areas in Contra Costa and Solano Counties, and identified the need for an integrated transportation system. These studies have identified the need for additional capacity on I-680, I-780, I-80, and the Benicia-Martinez Bridge, additional toll plaza capacity, and ramp metering as potential actions for detailed study. This paper describes the application of the WATSim software as a tool in the evaluation and selection of a set of improvements for the freeway corridor, as well as in the evaluation of alternative toll plaza operations such as full-service versus exact-change booths and electronic toll collection technology. The paper describes the methodology and issues related to WATSim's use in analyzing conditions in saturated networks, and evaluation of the improvements as a system, rather than simply isolated freeway segments and arterial networks. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Microsimulation KW - Ramp metering KW - San Francisco Bay Area KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Systems analysis KW - Toll plazas KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576007 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739668 AU - Lundberg, B D AU - Gorman, M N AU - Haden, R AU - Masters, S AU - Singh, V AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A NEW APPROACH FOR PROGRAMMING CONGESTION IMPROVEMENTS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 41-47 AB - The City of Lincoln, Nebraska, with a current population of 207,100 is growing at about 13% each year. Increasing traffic volumes are a growing concern to public officials and citizens alike. The streets serving the older sections of the city are of particular concern because of the divisions of opinion regarding the need for and extent of widening these streets. The Mayor appointed a citizens task force to study the need for traffic improvements on five key segments of these streets and recommend a program for improvement. Many of the task force members questioned the viability of the transportation modeling used by the city. The task force sought a congestion measure which could be applied (as a matter of public policy) to determine when, and to what extent, improvements would be made to these streets; i.e., the label "trigger mechanism" was used. The measure of congestion agreed upon by the task force was "average travel speed" along these streets. This measure was used to determine the level of congestion and to establish threshold values which would "trigger" successive levels of improvement; e.g., parking removal, turn restrictions, traffic signal timing, intersection widening, and lane additions. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Average travel speed KW - Highway traffic control KW - Lincoln (Nebraska) KW - Mitigation KW - Public participation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576000 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739671 AU - Al-Akhras, A AU - Gill, N AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CONGESTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: CENTRAL OHIO EXPERIENCE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 62-68 AB - Although the requirements to develop the six Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) management systems are relaxed, for transportation management areas the planning regulations still mandate development and implementation of a congestion management system (CMS). In this paper, the development of a CMS for the Columbus, Ohio area is reviewed. Components of the CMS and its relationship with the planning process are discussed. An evaluation and analysis process is introduced. Finally, an illustrative example of the output of the CMS is presented. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Columbus (Ohio) KW - Congestion management systems KW - Mitigation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576003 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739666 AU - SMITH, R AU - Sutaria, T C AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL NEIGHBORHOOD TRAFFIC PLANS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 28-33 AB - Since the early 1980s, the city of Santa Ana has experienced increasing problems with cut-through traffic in neighborhoods as traffic growth has kept pace with explosive population growth. In response, the City began installing neighborhood traffic plans, consisting of traffic diverters and other less restrictive measures. Experience with the early traffic plans indicated the need for a standard procedure for handling traffic plan requests. The first procedure was developed in 1989 and was revised several times to reflect the experience gained with each additional plan. The current version is a comprehensive process which incorporates what have been found to be the elements of a successful traffic plan procedure. The neighborhood traffic plan program has been successful in reducing cut-through traffic and is well-received by both the public and the City Council. This paper describes the procedure, the keys to the procedure's success, and the benefits of following the procedure. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Benefits KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway planning KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Neighborhoods KW - Santa Ana (California) KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575998 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739673 AU - Khatib, Z AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ARTERIAL SIGNAL TIMING OPTIMIZATION SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 76-82 AB - Arterial signal synchronization is one of the most cost effective methods for reducing vehicle operating costs and improving traffic flow performance along urban arterials. Arterial signal optimization codes, such as PASSER-II and TRANSYT-7F, have been developed to assist traffic engineers in coordinating traffic signal settings along urban arterials and around networks. The main objective of these programs can be to (1) maximize progression bandwidth, (2) minimize disutility function, or (3) combine these two approaches. This paper concentrates on a comparison study of these options for optimizing signal timings. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Comparative analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Optimization KW - Streets KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576005 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739669 AU - Murno, M J AU - Pavlovich, J S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CONGESTION IN SUBURBIA - A CONTINUING CHALLENGE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 48-54 AB - The unprecedented growth in our cities and suburbs over the last 25 years has outpaced the expansion of the supporting infrastructure. The ability to expand the transportation infrastructure to meet the ever increasing travel demands of the public has been and continues to be a major challenge of the latter part of the 20th century. Compounding the problem are increasing capital costs, decreasing public funds, and community opposition to the expansion of highways through developed corridors. This paper presents a case study of Route 347 in Suffolk County, New York, one of eastern Long Island's major transportation corridors connecting the suburban north shore with commercial and industrial centers to the west. It will examine travel behavioral characteristics and transportation habits of the suburban community, development trends over the past 25 years, the transportation philosophies of the municipalities through which it traverses, and the planning process. Additionally, it will discuss such innovative solutions to traffic congestion as: Travel Demand Management (TDM); downzoning; transfer of development rights; telecommuting/teleshopping; highway access management; and legislative solutions as they apply to future development and corridor traffic demand. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Downzoning KW - Future growth KW - Legislation KW - Real estate development KW - Suburbs KW - Suffolk County (New York) KW - Telecommuting KW - Teleshopping KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand management KW - Travel habits KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576001 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739670 AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING STRATEGIC ARTERIALS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 55-61 AB - Attention has been recently directed towards the urban arterial street system to provide greater mobility, specifically in the form of a network of high-mobility arterial streets. These streets named strategic arterials would operate with greater capacity and operating speeds than current principal arterials; however, they would not fulfill the strict requirements of a freeway in terms of access control or right-of-way needs. Planning analyses demonstrated that street capacity was the primary factor causing diversion from a freeway system to a strategic arterial system. Design features associated with a strategic arterial should be different from ordinary arterial streets and identifiable by the motorist as being different. A case study of an existing arterial revealed that at-grade only improvements only increased speeds slightly, due to high traffic congestion. Grade-separated improvements were needed to generate speeds similar to freeway speeds. Implementation of strategic arterials will require strong local jurisdictional support, which will play a major role in their success. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Grade separations KW - Highway capacity KW - Mitigation KW - Mobility KW - Operating speed KW - Public relations KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576002 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739662 AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND TRAFFIC SAFETY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: CHALLENGES, INNOVATIONS, AND OPPORTUNITIES. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, JUNE 8-11, 1997 SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - 659p AB - The objective of the conference was to bring together those interested in traffic congestion and traffic safety to set the agenda for the 21st century, discuss the challenges, and share innovations and opportunities for improving traffic safety and managing traffic congestion. This publication presents 90 papers prepared for the conference and addressing the subject of traffic congestion and traffic safety issues. The papers are organized according to the following headings: General; Traffic Calming; Congestion in Suburbia/Urban; Traffic Analysis Software; Safety Trends and Issues; Bicycle Facility Design and Operation; Innovations in Traffic Management - Case Studies; Highway Capacity Analysis Tools; Crash Prediction Methods; Communicating with Road Users; Work Zone Congestion Management; Incident Management - Technology; Safety Case Studies; ATIS in Traffic Management; Incident Management Models; Roadway Safety Concerns; Transit Operations in Traffic Congestion; Planning Methods and Evaluation; Street and Highway Safety; Access Management; Traffic Signal Systems; Congestion Monitoring; Traffic Simulation Software, Part I - Introduction; International Perspectives on Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety; and New Developments in Traffic Modeling. A Subject Index and an Author Index are provided. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Analysis KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Driver information systems KW - Forecasting KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident management KW - Innovation KW - International KW - Public transit KW - Software KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic simulation KW - Transit vehicle operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00739020 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION CONFORMITY: A BASIC GUIDE FOR STATE AND LOCAL OFFICIALS PY - 1997 SP - 32 p. AB - The planning provisions of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the transportation provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) define the framework for the effective integration of transportation and air quality planning. The goal of transportation conformity, which is a key element in the planning process, is to ensure that air quality considerations are an integral part of transportation decisions. This guide discusses the basic provisions of the conformity process, including the following: a description of actions subject to conformity; frequency of conformity determinations; key components of a conformity determination; consequences of a failure to make a conformity determination; and roles and responsibilities of public agency staff, management, policy officials, and decision makers in the conformity process. KW - Air quality KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Clean air act amendments 1990 KW - Conformity KW - Decision making KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/3000/3800/3861/fhwaconf.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738722 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WESTRACK: PERFORMANCE TESTING FOR QUALITY ROADS PY - 1997 SP - 11 p. AB - Driverless trucks, their triple trailers in tow, drone through the sweltering days and frigid nights of western Nevada's high desert. They will travel steadily along their 2.9 km oval track at a constant 65 mph for up to 21 hours a day, 7 days a week for a full two years. WesTrack is a state-of-the-art pavement performance project being carried out at the Nevada Automotive Test Center. The specially built track contains 26 test sections that will provide valuable information on hot-mix asphalt (HMA) construction. The specific purpose of WesTrack's multiple test sections is to duplicate the range of materials and construction quality that may be found on the nation's roadways and demonstrate how well or poorly they perform relative to each other. Performance is being monitored by watching the development of rutting and fatigue cracking in each section. KW - Axle loads KW - Cracking KW - Highways KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement tests KW - Pavements KW - Performance testing KW - Performance tests KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Roads KW - Rutting KW - Structural tests KW - Test tracks KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738703 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHRP PRODUCTS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1997 SP - 30 p. AB - The Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) was established in 1987 as a five-year, $150 million research program to improve the performance and durability of the nations's highways and to make them safer for both users and road workers. SHRP concluded in 1993 and delivered a total of 131 products. The major objectives of the contract, SHRP Products for Local Government, were: 1. to identify suitable SHRP products for local government needs; 2. to develop a marketing plan to promote and implement SHRP products, and 3. to promote and implement the marketing plan through Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) centers. KW - Durability KW - Highway performance KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Marketing KW - Needs assessment KW - Products KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572775 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738867 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Coogan, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OPPORTUNITIES FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 91-93 AB - This paper briefly discusses some possible spin-off implications from the logistics revolution for two subjects--passenger intermodalism and public management. The discussion centers on a project called the I-95 Corridor Coalition which is looking at the idea of an advanced passenger information, an intermodal passenger information system. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Logistics KW - Passenger information systems KW - Passenger intermodalism KW - Public management KW - Research KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575465 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738864 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Phillips, J F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLEMENTATION AND POLICY CHALLENGES FOR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 83-84 AB - Transportation is critical to reducing overhead costs in Department of Defense (DOD) logistics. In its reengineering effort DOD is expanding the role of privatization and increasing its activities in intermodalism. DOD has conducted several exercises that have proven the worth of intermodalism and intends to support it in policy as well as in practice. DOD considers industry a critical partner in its reengineering effort. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Policy KW - Privatization KW - Research KW - U.S. Department of Defense UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575462 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738862 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Meyer, M D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EDUCATING AND TRAINING TOMORROW'S TRANSPORTATION PROFESSIONALS SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 76-78 AB - This paper discusses intermodalism from the perspective of transportation education and training. It points out that intermodal transportation is an area in which many trends and changing societal characteristics will greatly affect the efficiency and effectiveness of the intermodal movement of people and goods, and that these trends and characteristics also affect education and training in that one of the major responsibilities of the educational system is to make sure that the education today will prepare transportation professionals for the world they will face tomorrow. Four basic categories of knowledge should be provided in an intermodal transportation education: (1) a clear understanding of the function of transportation systems; (2) a sensitivity to the relationships and linkages between transportation and its surroundings, whether they be the natural environment or communities; (3) analytical approaches to solving problems, which includes an understanding of what types of solution strategies are feasible, how they can be analyzed, and the analytical requirements of effective problem solving; and (4) how to implement the recommended strategy. Also, every research project that emanates from programs such as the National Cooperative Highway Research Program or Department of Transportation programs should be required to have an educational module that allows those involved in education and training to incorporate the material into courses. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Curricula KW - Education KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Research KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575460 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738866 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Castain, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FORECASTING INTERMODAL MARKETS FROM A MANUFACTURER'S PERSPECTIVE SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 88-90 AB - The problems encountered in developing an intermodal system are discussed from the perspective of a manufacturer trying to supply products that will be needed to make the intermodal movement of freight actually work. Major problems discussed include the lack of standards, product liability, and the lack of an adequate intermodal system definition. The development of the intermodal system is not primarily a technological problem. It is the lack of an adequate system definition that is constraining the growth of the system. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Forecasting KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Liability KW - Markets KW - Problem identification KW - Research KW - Standards KW - System definition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575464 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738863 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Weber, F R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - U.S. TRANSPORTATION COMMAND: PERSPECTIVES ON THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 79-82 AB - This paper focuses on intermodalism and the intermodal research framework from the standpoint of the U.S. Transportation Command (TRANSCOM). TRANSCOM is a unified command designated as the Department of Defense's (DOD's) single manager for the Defense Transportation System. On a daily basis, TRANSCOM is engaged in a wide range of activities anywhere in the world. TRANSCOM relies heavily on the commercial sector, which provides 90% of its passenger airlift capacity and 35% of its cargo airlift capacity. Over 50% of its total strategic sealift capacity and nearly 90% of its surface capacity in CONUS, rail, seaports, and motor assets comes from the private sector. A professional partnership between a strong commercial transportation industry and the military is absolutely crucial to national defense. While there are many differences between civilian and military transportation, there are some remarkable similarities, which in many cases outweigh the differences. Industry is concerned with just-in-time delivery of goods; the military is concerned with just-in-time force delivery and sustainment. Industry has learned that to survive it had to enter into partnerships with its shippers and, to some degree, its competitors; DOD is coming to the same conclusion. Both industry and DOD need strategic agility to be successful, and intermodalism is key. From a DOD perspective, there appear to be three major areas of focus within the intermodal framework: infrastructure enhancement of the interface between modes; information technology improvement; and exploitation of the potential of joint planning. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Information technology KW - Infrastructure KW - Interfaces KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Joint planning KW - Military KW - Military organizations KW - National defense KW - Partnerships KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575461 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738865 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Huerta, M P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLEMENTATION AND POLICY CHALLENGES FOR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 85-87 AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) recognizes the importance of systemic research to improving the efficiency and the connectivity of the transportation system. However, the problem is that there are factors that make the implementation of this intermodal research vision extremely difficult. It is important to address diverse perspectives and to figure out a strategy for identifying intermodal research that generates useful products for a variety of users. There is a need to search for a way to build "enlightened self-interest", which is convincing your opponents that what you want is what they want. While DOT does have the capacity to lead, those to be led have a choice as to whether they will follow. It is in this area that there is a need to join forces to overcome the narrower interests that provide not just a hindrance but actually a barrier to realizing the intermodal vision. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Implementation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Problem identification KW - Problem solving KW - Research KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575463 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738859 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Borrone, L C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - 1996 ISTEA REPORT CARD: BUILDING ON THE FOUNDATION SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 64-68 AB - This paper comments on the following research and development (R&D) aspects of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA): the scope of the R&D that ISTEA authorized; an assessment of the actual work that has been done so far; and a framework for evaluating future R&D efforts that was developed last year by a joint National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) and Transportation Research Board (TRB) Forum on Future Directions in Transportation R&D. Concluding comments concern where we need to go in the future as transportation professionals in both logistics and defense, as well as in service provision. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575457 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738861 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nober, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - U.S. CONGRESSIONAL STAFF PERSPECTIVES ON THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 73-75 AB - The National Transportation and Research Program was authorized as part of the overall transportation law back in 1991 in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). That law expires on June 20, 1997. The primary work of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee in the second session of the 104th Congress and in the next session will be reauthorizing all of the nation's transportation programs. This paper looks at the federal commitment to research under ISTEA and the growth in the size of the Department of Transportation (DOT) research program over the last 5 years. It points out that, from the perspective of members of Congress, the primary question is, "What have been the benefits from the program?" Conference participants are urged to keep their eyes on the forest as opposed to the trees, and to look at and make the case for the overall size of the program, make the national case for transportation, make the national case for research, make the national case for funding defense programs, and make the case for the national defense interest in transportation infrastructure. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Government funding KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - National defense KW - Reauthorization KW - Research KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575459 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738855 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Downey, M L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS FOR THE FUTURE SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 23-27 AB - Integrating our transportation systems with their physical and technological differences, geographic dispersions, different owners, different customers, and different patterns of labor organization will take an ongoing effort that stretches over many years. But that effort, no matter how complex, no matter how demanding, is essential and we need to continue it. We continue to face growing travel demand, inadequate capacity, bottlenecks, poor connections between modes and an aging and deteriorating infrastructure. We cannot take any of that lightly. Intermodalism will help us enable the system users, the military, private shippers, and government transportation agencies to use the best mode or combination of modes to meet their needs in moving people and goods and reduce the burden on system segments, especially when such a strategy is cheaper than major new construction. Doing that means ensuring good compatible connections between modes and providing genuine consumer choice. Government's role in promoting intermodalism has to take different forms. We should continue our efforts at deregulation to end economic distortion. As the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) has mandated, government at all levels must improve their transportation planning process to ensure that the best projects are chosen for investment of federal funds. The federal government can provide leadership in this effort. The creation of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Office of Intermodalism and of a DOT-wide Directorate of Technology Deployment are steps in this direction. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics is intermodal in its orientation and available to provide data that are useful for all modes and all sectors. DOT is also devoting increasingly greater proportions of its research to intermodal topics and to programs that transcend the modes. DOT believes it is critical to shift some of our research resources into the soft side, that is, into policy and institutional research. Through the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) barriers to local-level intermodal planning and operations are being identified. DOT is acting to improve data availability on all aspects of system performance and for the systems that collect and distribute these data. This is essential for effective intermodal planning and decision making in both government and business. DOT is providing educational and training assistance. Both the National Transit Institute and the National Highway Institute support intermodal programs that offer training and employee development in areas across the traditional lines. The Rural Transit Assistance and the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program also provide extensive intermodal training and technical assistance. DOT is undertaking extensive outreach on research issues through the Volpe Center in Cambridge and through the Turner Fairbanks Center in the Washington area. All of these efforts contribute to an intermodal research agenda that is technological, institutional, informational, and educational. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Data availability KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Education KW - Institutional issues KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Policy analysis KW - Policy studies KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Training KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575453 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738852 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPING A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK FOR INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE ON SETTING AN INTERMODAL RESEARCH FRAMEWORK, WASHINGTON, D.C., MARCH 4-5, 1996 SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - 103 p. AB - The conference on Setting an Intermodal Research Framework brought together a distinguished assembly of public officials, academicians, commercial leaders, and military specialists. During the conference, each of these groups of professionals found noteworthy synergies in their intermodal interests. Papers contained in these proceedings reflect those synergies. The conference was another step toward a strengthened intermodal partnership. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575450 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738860 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jackson, M P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PERSPECTIVES ON THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK: FREIGHT STAKEHOLDERS NATIONAL NETWORK SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 69-72 AB - This paper addresses three topics. The first involves the market forces that impel us to make improvements in our ability to move intermodal freight. The second involves the freight industry's need for partnerships of two types: innovative partnerships in the private sector and effective, targeted partnerships between the private sector and the public sector. This topic is addressed from the perspective of the Freight Stakeholders National Network, which is a coalition of freight carriers and shippers formed to improve freight transportation in our cities. Finally, some observations are offered about elements of the research framework draft, with a view to illustrating the types of partnerships that will enhance intermodalism. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Market development KW - Partnerships KW - Private enterprise KW - Public private partnerships KW - Research KW - Urban goods movement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575458 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738856 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Crowe, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LANDSTAR: AN INDUSTRY AND MARKETPLACE PERSPECTIVE ON INTERMODAL RESEARCH SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 28-30 AB - Landstar Systems, Inc., in the last several years, has made a major move into the intermodal market both through internal development of a drayage company as well as through an acquisition. Therefore, the perspective presented in this paper is not only that of a trucker, but also that of one who believes that the solutions of tomorrow will be found in moving all of the freight by the most efficient provider from point of origin to point of delivery. The following questions are addressed: Are we going to be able to increase an intermodal offering beyond its now present users? Are we going to be able to build a system that becomes truly market driven and time sensitive? U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Freight transportation KW - Industries KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Market development KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575454 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738858 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gansler, J S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REALIZING AN INTERMODAL FUTURE THROUGH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 54-63 AB - In recent years the field of transportation has changed rapidly. A large variety of significant causes can be listed: widespread deregulation, globalization of industry (and the associated internationalization of competition), the explosion of information-age technology, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the rapid growth in commercial and public transportation demands. These are but a few of the more dramatic drivers. It is the compounding effect of these events that is causing the need for rapid changes in America's overall transportation system and in the required actions by its principal participants. Following a discussion of these events and their impacts, this paper addresses the following: Advanced Technology for Twenty-First Century Leadership; Stepping Up to the Public Need; National Security and Twenty-First Century Transportation; Intermodalism as the Key Element; and Intermodal Research and Development (R&D). The paper concludes with four steps that should be taken immediately if the United States is to achieve the desired transportation leadership position at the beginning of the twenty-first century: (1) increased government intermodal R&D funding to industry; (2) centralized oversight and control of R&D for the Department of Transportation; (3) enhanced institutional capability for R&D contracting and systems engineering; and (4) a senior R&D advisory board for the Secretary of Transportation. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Advisory groups KW - Conferences KW - Contracting KW - Development KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Leadership KW - National security KW - Needs assessment KW - Oversight KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Systems engineering KW - Technological innovations KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575456 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738857 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Alt, R AU - Forster, P W AU - King, J L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE GREAT REVERSAL: INFORMATION AND TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE INTERMODAL VISION SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 31-53 AB - The intermodal vision sees the value-added future of transport in terms of the ability to leverage the huge existing investment in modal transport infrastructure in the service of more efficient and effective logistics management in passenger, freight, and military domains. Intermodalism is not a substitute for modal transport and does not displace the longstanding focus on modal research, development, and infrastructure deployment. It is a complement to modal transport, providing vital leverage to obtain greater use from existing assets and provide useful transport services not previously available. Economic and security forces make greater intermodalism inevitable; the question facing transportation leaders is when and how intermodalism should be developed. Much of the needed research in the intermodal domain extends prior work in the modal domain, but it is especially important that research focus on the changes emerging and necessary in the broader technological and institutional areas of transport. In particular, research is required to apprehend and exploit the potential of sophisticated information infrastructure that is bringing about a "great reversal", in which the ancient dependence of communication and information on the transport infrastructure is being reversed, leading to a time in the near future when most transport will be dependent on the information infrastructure. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Information technology KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575455 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738853 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Strauss-Wieder, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPING A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK FOR INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 1-12 AB - In March 1996 the Transportation Research Board (TRB) convened 140 prominent professionals from industry, academia, government, and the military to discuss the possibility of developing a framework for intermodal transportation research--one that would respond to a nexus of intermodal interests among three sectors of intermodal activity: the private/commercial sector, the public sector, and the U.S. military. The conference and town hall meeting were designed to review current practices as well as the future vision of these three communities. The event brought together innovators from each of the three sectors to discuss the internal and external forces that are shaping their intermodal logistical activities. The objectives were to: present a preliminary framework for intermodal research issues; suggest that the intermodal future will be most efficiently addressed by a robust partnership involving the world-class U.S. commercial intermodal community, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and local, state, and international counterparts; obtain a professional critique and input on the framework as a dynamic project rather than a static document; and discuss intermodal strategies aimed at removal of institutional barriers, strategic partnering, technology investment approaches, management of a transport "system", development of intermodal management tools, improving system capacities, and determining responsibilities for funding and carrying out research agenda. The conference was designed to examine and test four basic hypotheses that suggest a rationale for a research framework to study the integrated use of multiple modes of transportation. The four hypotheses were: (1) Integration of Transportation Modes Is Crucial: Intermodalism Adds Value; (2) A Nexus of Interests Has Formed: An Enterprise-Level Response Addresses All Sectors; (3) Complex and Multiple Imperatives Drive the Need: Now Is the Time to Respond; and (4) Coordinated and Collaborative Research Highlight Complementarity: Benefits Are Multiplied. The conference included the presentation of commissioned papers, panel presentations, and open forum discussions. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Governments KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Military KW - Military organizations KW - Private enterprise KW - Research KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575451 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738854 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lynn, L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DARPA'S ADVANCED LOGISTICS PROGRAM SN - 0309059682 PY - 1997 IS - 12 SP - p. 13-22 AB - This paper presents a view of the future of U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) logistics from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) perspective--not what the DOD logistics will look like in the next few years, but a view of where it ought to be a decade or two decades from now. DARPA is a DOD agency that is and always has been strongly focused on military capabilities. DARPA's mission is to develop imaginative, innovative, and other high-risk technology and systems for the military that offer a significant military impact and go well beyond the normal evolutionary developmental approaches. DARPA is beginning a new program this year that focuses on logistics and the complex problems of projecting and sustaining combat power. U1 - National Conference on Developing a Research Framework for Intermodal TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDepartment of DefenseWashington, D.C. StartDate:19960304 EndDate:19960305 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Logistics KW - Research KW - U.S. Department of Defense UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575452 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738843 AU - MacQuarrie, C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NEW BRUNSWICK DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PY - 1997 SP - 8p AB - This paper outlines the New Brunswick Department of Transportation's approach to environmental protection. It provides a description of the two major documents outlining the Department's commitment to and methodology for achieving environmental protection. The paper also outlines specific initiatives within the construction and maintenance operations designed to ensure environmental protection. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Environmental protection KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - New Brunswick UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738589 AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION PEER-TO-PEER PROGRAM SOLUTIONS TO TRANSPORTATION CHALLENGES - BROCHURE PY - 1997 AB - This brochure presents the Intelligent Transportation Peer-to-Peer Program which offers a storehouse of technical information resources to assist transit agencies in finding solutions to transportation challenges. It is sponsored by FHWA and FTA, and managed by COMSIS Corporation. The Peer-to-Peer program supports deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) for the public sector through a free technical assistance program for the transportation community, including state and local professionals, policymakers, planners and other interested groups. It provides information and short term assistance to initiate ITS efforts, identify and resolve challenges in existing ones and foster state of the art in ITS. The program is comprised of professionals from both the public and private sectors who are on-call to provide assistance to requestors. KW - Information retrieval KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Peer groups KW - Technical assistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574165 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738839 AU - Arudi, R AU - Minkarah, I AU - Morse, Audra N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATING ROAD USER COSTS DURING CONSTRUCTION ON PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT DECISIONS PY - 1997 SP - 23p AB - As and when pavements experience a loss of serviceability engineers attempt to restore them by carrying out appropriate Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R) alternatives. For a given set of pavement distress and traffic conditions, it is possible to formulate several M&R alternatives. The costs of these alternatives and the benefits that accrue from them may vary. In order to achieve the best value possible for the public funds expended, a good pavement management system commands consistent and cost-effective decisions with regard to selection of pavement M&R alternatives. For a project to be cost-effective, total costs (agency costs and user costs) should be minimum. The total costs of an M&R alternative is made up of two principal elements: (i) The capital cost of undertaking the work; and (ii) The cost imposed on road users while the road work is still in progress. Due to limited data on traffic characteristics in a work zone, many agencies including the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) have not been able to compute the road user costs in a work zone. Currently, the ODOT performs life cycle cost analysis for each M&R alternative. However, road user costs due to traffic delays during construction are not considered. This research was initiated to recommend simple models to evaluate the additional road user costs in work zones which are to be used to compute the life cycle costs of various pavement M&R alternatives. Example problems are presented to show how the pavement management decisions can be affected by incorporating road user costs during construction. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Capital costs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mathematical models KW - Ohio KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rehabilitation KW - Road user costs KW - Travel budgets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575444 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738840 AU - File, D H AU - Hunter, R W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SPRAY INJECTION POTHOLE PATCHING TEST PY - 1997 SP - 11p AB - Last year, the Illinois Department of Transportation's Bureau of Operations spent $8.6 million in direct costs on pothole patching. Most of the pothole patching was performed using the same methods used by highway maintainers for many years. Recent focus on enhancing highway maintenance technology for pothole patching has resulted in the continued development and refinement of equipment which fills potholes using the spray injection process. Research by the Strategic Highway Research Program and Illinois' field forces indicates the spray injection process produces patches with superior life when compared to the common "throw and go" pothole repair using cold mix asphalt. Complexity of the equipment required, including newly developed remote controlled machines valued in excess of $100,000 makes the initial equipment purchase cost a critical consideration in implementing a patching program involving the spray injection process. This report describes the Illinois Department of Transportation's approach to justify purchase of truck mounted spray injection machines and of their plan to test, evaluate, and verify in the field the cost effectiveness of the new technology. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Equipment cost KW - Field tests KW - Fuel injection KW - Illinois KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Patching KW - Performance evaluations KW - Potholes KW - Spray injection process KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575445 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738842 AU - File, D H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AT MAINTENANCE FIELD SITES PY - 1997 SP - 14p AB - Hazardous materials, hazardous wastes, and special wastes as defined in federal and state statutes are subject to controls affecting their use, generation, temporary storage, transportation and disposal. The Illinois Department of Transportation has taken several steps to implement and accomplish a program to manage the management of hazardous materials, hazardous wastes, and special wastes at department facilities. Foremost among these facilities are those involving maintenance and traffic field operational facilities. The information presented describes the program of hazardous materials management as it applies to the department's field facilities and operations. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Illinois KW - Maintenance facilities KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575447 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738836 AU - Geoffroy, D N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PAVEMENT PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE: TREATMENTS AND STRATEGIES PY - 1997 SP - 23p AB - The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 20-5, Synthesis of Highway Practice, recently completed two studies pertaining to pavement preventive maintenance. Pavement preventive maintenance is the implementation of planned maintenance activities done to prevent or delay future pavement deterioration. These activities are normally cyclical in nature and may correct minor defects as a secondary benefit. The first was Topic 24-10, Asphalt Surface Treatment and Thin Overlays, and the second was Topic 25-10, Cost-Effective Preventive Pavement Maintenance. The purpose of this report is to highlight and summarize the major findings of these two projects. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Surface treating KW - Surface treatments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575441 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738838 AU - Cumberledge, G AU - Harris, R L AU - Arellano, J AU - Anderson, V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PENNDOT'S EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AUTOMATED PAVEMENT CONDITION SURVEYS PY - 1997 SP - 24p AB - This report focuses on the steps the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) followed to replace their manual, surface distress, pavement management rating procedure with automated distress equipment available from an independent service provider. The project team, a combination of PennDOT main office engineers and Texas Research and Development Foundation (TRDF) staff, first concentrated on development of a new distress rating procedure for collecting pavement distress data. The new distress data collection procedure considered both PennDOT's pavement management needs and the current capabilities of distress data collection equipment. Next, an experimental design was developed to determine the appropriate testing procedure to ensure that service provider supplied data could be successfully compared to PennDOT manual distress data using a manual procedure based on the new automated distress rating procedure. Finally, data collected by the raters and service provider were compared to each other to determine how well each vendor and manual rater compared to the group. Information from the service provider data analysis was used to award a pavement management data collection contract. The procedure used to award the contract was not a simple function of a service provider's ability to collect distress data and report pavement distress. Rather PennDOT used a weighting scheme that included: distress collection and performance, data take-off/analysis method, proposed work plan, and price to estimate who would provide the "best-value" for pavement management surface distress and roughness data collection. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Condition surveys KW - Defects KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575443 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738844 AU - Pierce, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SOLVING WSDOT'S OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS PY - 1997 SP - 13p AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) shares the problem of management of street wastes (vactor & sweepings) with local government. Until the past two years, the Department and local government have been decanting in the field and disposing the solids in pitsites. With the implementation of the Municipal National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and keener interest in the wastes by state and local regulators, generators of this material have been evaluating options, and costs, for more environmentally safe waste management practices. Through a biennial funding package, beginning in 1993, WSDOT has begun to fund multi user street waste management facilities. Funding is contingent on local government ownership of the facility, use by WSDOT and all other local generators, and retention by WSDOT of its decanted volume. Five decant/dewatering facilities were committed to the last biennium and four or five more are being funded this biennium. Until recently, the options for handling the dewatered material were limited. Several developments occurred, including: 1) recognition that the accepted analytical method was registering false positives, 2) acceptance by the regulatory agencies for reuse of the material without treatment in maintenance projects, and 3) acceptance by WSDOT regional landscape staff to use the material as a soil amendment. WSDOT is beginning to use dewatered vactor wastes and screened sweepings in roadside soil improvement projects and anticipates that its annual volume of 10,000 cubic meters of vactor solids and approximately 30,000 cubic meters of sweepings will be reused for beneficial purposes rather than disposed at considerable costs in landfills. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Recycling KW - Street maintenance KW - Streets KW - Sweepings KW - Vactor wastes KW - Washington (State) KW - Waste disposal KW - Waste disposal facilities KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575449 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738834 AU - Hyman, W A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROLE OF NOVEL PROCUREMENT PROCEDURES AND INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1997 SP - 10p AB - This paper describes a variety of methods that may be appropriate for procuring the development of the next generation of maintenance management systems. Future maintenance management systems may be very different from the present systems. A main reason is that future maintenance management systems will be used for real time operations management and thus will require capabilities similar to certain types of Intelligent Transportation Systems. Thus procurement procedures suitable for advanced technological systems involving electronics and telecommunications are more appropriate than traditional low bid contracting that has long applied to highway construction. Among the procurement approaches addressed in this paper are performance contracting, turnkey projects, open solicitation procedures, outsourcing, public/private competition, requests for partnership proposals, franchising, pooled funded projects, and procurements involving innovative finance. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Competition KW - Contracting out KW - Financing KW - Franchises KW - Innovation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Maintenance management KW - Open solicitation KW - Partnerships KW - Performance based specifications KW - Pooled funds KW - Procurement KW - Real time control KW - Real time operations KW - Turnkey systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575439 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738841 AU - Hyman, W A AU - Vary, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRELIMINARY SURVEY RESULTS FROM NCHRP SYNTHESIS PROJECT ON BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO HIGHWAY AND STREET MAINTENANCE PY - 1997 SP - 21p AB - The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) is conducting a Synthesis Project on Best Management Practices (BMPs) for environmental issues related to road and street maintenance. This paper presents preliminary results of the survey conducted as part of this synthesis project. The paper summarizes the survey responses according to the different categories in which best practices were reported: 1) category of maintenance activity; 2) environmental category; and 3) type of management practice. Respondents also indicated the factors that contribute to an environmentally sensitive maintenance program and what adjustments they make to comply with environmental laws and regulations. Also presented in this paper is a list of BMPs the respondents identified. Finally, some preliminary conclusions are drawn. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Best practices KW - Compliance KW - Data collection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Environmental quality KW - Laws KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Regulations KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575446 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738835 AU - Selmer, J R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGING THE PRESERVATION OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1997 SP - 11p AB - Preservation of state highway systems is coming more to the attention of top administrators and the public as the days of highway expansion are beginning to wane. The past pressure to provide new pavements with their associated construction costs in many cases overshadowed future preservation needs, and the consequences are now becoming evident. Many states are finding that current structures and methods along with funding are not sufficient in meeting highway preservation needs. Additionally, those within the organization responsible for funding and programming of future projects may not have the necessary experience and knowledge. In some cases, processes used in an agency lead to competing interests that can undermine the preservation effectiveness that one is trying to achieve. The Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT) had, and still has in some cases, many of these challenges. IDOT undertook a major reorganization effort along with a divisional reorganization in which significant changes were made with the hope to better align itself with future demands. This paper discusses the effects of these changes on Iowa's highway preservation process and what Iowa's vision is for the future. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Fund allocations KW - Highways KW - Iowa KW - Maintenance administration KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Preservation KW - Reorganization KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575440 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738837 AU - Hans, Z N AU - Smadi, Omar G AU - Maze, T H AU - Souleyrette, R R AU - Resler, J L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT OF IOWA'S PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM DATABASE PY - 1997 SP - 15p AB - The state of Iowa has embarked on an effort to develop a statewide pavement management system (PMS). The project, the Iowa Pavement Management Program (IPMP), will cover 38,000 km (23,500 mi) of roads operated under three levels of government (state, county, and city). The mission of the project is to develop a geographic information system (GIS) pavement management database to support local governmental agencies and the Iowa Department of Transportation pavement management efforts. This paper discusses the technical aspects of the development of the database, including the database design, dynamic segmentation capabilities, implementation, and maintenance. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Databases KW - Development KW - Geographic information systems KW - Iowa KW - Pavement management systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575442 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738831 AU - Foster, T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PERFORMANCE BASED INCENTIVE FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE WORKERS PY - 1997 SP - 34p AB - The performance based incentive method was developed in Arizona for state highway maintenance workers to improve their work processes through teams and receive compensation when there are measured improvements when compared to historical baseline data. This process was brought on board by the employees following a Senate bill championed by State Senator John Huppenthal. In Senator Huppenthal's bill, the basic written purpose was "To establish a performance based incentives pilot program to promote efficiency and effectiveness within state government." This bill was somewhat patterned after private sector incentive programs that have been very successful in improving employee performance through teamwork and incentive payments. The key to this program is to get employees to look at their work processes and communicate with each other about these processes. Then the synergy starts and a multitude of great improvement ideas occur, resulting in monetary rewards. The incentive payments have helped Arizona move toward an empowered work force that knows its work requirements as a team. This paper discusses how the incentive process works, gives a detailed description of the performance based program, provides some additional general information, and outlines the awards payout range, measurement frequency, and bonus payout frequency. Sample scoring sheets are provided. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Arizona KW - Awards KW - Highway maintenance KW - Incentives KW - Maintenance management KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575436 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738833 AU - Graff, J S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MAINTENANCE BUDGET ALLOCATION PY - 1997 SP - 30p AB - Many Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) District Engineers had expressed a concern to the Senior Management team about not having enough maintenance funds. On March 11, 1996, the Executive Director developed a "Continuous Improvement" team and charged them with extensively evaluating the Routine Maintenance Budget issue and developing a formula driven process, by category of work, to equitably distribute the routine maintenance budget. The team was to develop an allocation method that would reduce reliance on the use of historical expenditures in the allocation process. The team developed "needs-based" formulas for most individual maintenance activities. Individual formulas were then developed for each of the functions. By combining these individual formulas, an overall allocation formula was developed. The budget allocation was made by using FY 95 data in the formulas. The data needed for the formula is to be updated annually. The budget formulas developed are based upon inventory and condition, making the process dynamic. As inventories increase or pavement scores change, the funding levels change. The districts with the problems get more money. The budget formulas were developed at a "Tolerable" level of funding. The system can be utilized to develop a "Tolerable" estimate of needs. Slight modifications can produce an "Acceptable" or "Desirable" needs estimate. The quantities of work identified in the budget process compare favorably with the existing quantities of work by district. This process results in an equitable level of funding for all districts. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Budgeting KW - Evaluation KW - Formulas KW - Fund allocations KW - Inventory KW - Maintenance management KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575438 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738830 AU - Markow, M J AU - Alfelor, R M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ESTIMATING THE BENEFITS OF HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE PY - 1997 SP - 17p AB - First-generation maintenance management systems (MMSs) that were developed in the 1960s-1970s were oriented toward establishing a rational, objective basis for planning and tracking maintenance accomplishments and costs, and delivering maintenance services more efficiently. The level of maintenance itself was assumed to be uniform throughout a State and unchanging over time, and, with only a few notable exceptions, little attention was given to identifying the benefits of maintenance performed. Several trends are now redirecting attention toward maintenance levels of service and the benefits thereof, which accrue to the agency or to its customers. Among these trends are the following: (1) the composition of the highway program continues to shift from new construction to preservation, focusing increased attention at the executive and legislative levels on understanding better what the maintenance budget buys; (2) the success of new analytic tools in pavement, bridge, and capital program management has gained wider acceptance for these methods, and encouraged their spread to other domains such as highway maintenance; and (3) the movement toward a customer-oriented or outcome-oriented maintenance management approach has brought with it a need to estimate measures of customer satisfaction. Maintenance activities are numerous and diverse, and some more amenable to quantification than others. It is likely that some blend of quantitative and qualitative benefit measures will likely be a first step in "setting up" the problem in future MMSs. The California Department of Transportation recognized this idea fairly early in the history of MMS development (1971), with the use of an "impact tableau" that captured the estimated impacts of potential changes in maintenance budget levels. More recently, the NCHRP has sponsored the development of procedures based upon decision analysis theory. Another approach that is gaining currency in the U.S. and overseas is to involve road users in assessments of maintenance levels of service and the benefits derived from that service, e.g., through customer surveys and focus groups. This paper complements these developments by outlining efforts that will be needed to quantify benefits of maintenance for use in benefit-cost analyses and customer-satisfaction indicators where possible. Activities related to pavement and bridge maintenance have benefited from the considerable research and management system development that has occurred in those fields. Benefits models have also been investigated for other groups of maintenance activities, e.g., traffic services, guardrail repair, snow and ice control, and sign washing. Models have been estimated successfully for some of these activity groups; in other cases, however, the available data are sketchy or contradictory, typifying the problems involved and suggesting further research needs. Where models have been successfully developed, they have been incorporated in recommendations for customer-oriented performance measures for the next-generation maintenance management approaches in State DOTs. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Benefits KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Customers KW - Estimating KW - Highway maintenance KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance management KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575435 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738832 AU - Gerke, R J AU - Churko, A AU - King, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTEGRATION OF MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMS PY - 1997 SP - 9p AB - This paper discusses the integration of road maintenance and rehabilitation programs into one overall roadway preservation program for the primary highway network in Saskatchewan, Canada. This was a two year re-engineering project that was successfully completed in 1995. The paper starts with some issues confronted by many major highway agencies in the '90s. There is a need to determine a better way of managing the highway level of service offered to the community and the traveling public. Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation identified the need to be able to deliver a more cost effective strategy and more precise and relevant performance measures and therefore commenced the Asset Management Project in late 1993. The project implemented network and project level Pavement Management Systems that enabled the Department to integrate road rehabilitation and maintenance programs into one optimized preservation program. The paper discusses the major issues identified and resolved to achieve the project objectives. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway maintenance KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement management systems KW - Preservation KW - Rehabilitation KW - Saskatchewan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575437 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738829 AU - Dye, D L AU - Rus, L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MAINTENANCE ACCOUNTABILITY PROCESS - MAP - A QUALITY APPROACH TO MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT PY - 1997 SP - 30p AB - In 1995 the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) hired a consulting team to evaluate its maintenance program in the areas of performance measurement, program efficiency, program management, and communications. The need for this study was born out of frustration that developed during the 1995 Legislative session when legislators struggled to understand management and operation of the maintenance program, and WSDOT staff struggled to provide effective responses to requests concerning the impacts on the statewide program of numerous budget scenarios. The consultant study was completed in June of 1996 and recommended that WSDOT implement a Maintenance Accountability Process (MAP). The MAP is a comprehensive planning, managing, measuring and communication process for management of the state highway maintenance program. The MAP, through its component pieces, is intended to provide a clear link between maintenance objectives, maintenance activities, maintenance levels of service, the budget, and actual performance. During this same time WSDOT was initiating a department wide Quality program. Elements of the MAP paralleled and are consistent with this Quality initiative. Quality elements of customer focus, performance measurement, and continuous improvement are an integral part of the MAP so WSDOT was able to meld the two to insure that implementation of the MAP was accomplished utilizing Quality processes, and was within the context of the department wide Quality program. WSDOT has begun development of several of the tools needed to implement the MAP. One of the most important is a Level of Service Model with maintenance activities that are easily understood, and clearly linked to outcome performance measures. Five levels of service are established for each maintenance activity, including costs for delivering each of these five levels of service to facilitate budget tradeoff decisions. Elements of the infrastructure are monitored for maintenance activity and can be measured and evaluated through statistically valid field sampling techniques to determine the effectiveness of the program. Over time, the condition of the infrastructure can be plotted and trends identified. WSDOT believes that implementation of the MAP will provide the tools to clearly communicate to its key customers, the Legislature, the Governor, the Transportation Commission, and ultimately the tax paying public, the impact of policy and budget decisions on program levels of service. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Accountability KW - Budgeting KW - Highway maintenance KW - Implementation KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance management KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575434 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738828 AU - Wikelius, M AU - Smithson, Leland D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AURORA - A POOLED-FUND STUDY OF RWIS INITIATIVES PY - 1997 SP - 40p AB - This paper discusses AURORA. AURORA is a program of collaborative research, development and deployment ventures in the field of road weather, reflecting the interests of governmental entities and industrial groups. AURORA is established by a group of U.S. states through the mechanism of a U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) State Planning and Research (SP&R) pooled fund. The program is an initiative of the Minnesota Department of Transportation, in cooperation with other state, federal and international agencies who share a common vision of future road/weather information systems (R/WISs). The inaugural AURORA meeting was held on February 22-23, 1996, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The discussion of AURORA in this paper is organized as follows: (1) Introduction; (2) Program Organization; (3) Project Identification and Management; (4) Outreach Activities; (5) Approved Projects; (6) Provisional Projects; (7) AURORA Program Budget; and (8) Non-Member Participation Opportunities. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - AURORA (Program) KW - Cooperation KW - Deployment KW - Development KW - Highway transportation KW - Information dissemination KW - Information systems KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Weather KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575433 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738825 AU - Rockvam, J AU - Wikelius, M AU - Fleege, E AU - Bamford, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLEMENTING AN INTEGRATED ROAD AND WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEM IN MINNESOTA PY - 1997 SP - 40p AB - The Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) has investigated the benefits arising from the use of Road/Weather Information Systems (R/WIS) and found them to be quite substantial. These systems are specialized computer networks which collect, process and disseminate information about weather conditions relating to highway transportation. R/WIS information is used by highway maintenance managers to help insure that snowplowing and deicing operations are timely and cost-effective. R/WIS data will also provide warnings to travelers and fleet operators through traveler information systems. Presently, Mn/DOT has 16 R/WIS stations deployed throughout the state. The information from these stations is site specific and is not available at a central location for coordinated forecasting and monitoring activities. Thus, it is extremely difficult to utilize the information obtained from the stations in wide scale operations such as snow and ice control and maintenance activities. In an effort to address these limitations, Mn/DOT is working to establish a coordinated R/WIS that will integrate the existing systems as well as add several new sites throughout the state. This paper describes the methodology utilized by the Mn/DOT for the development of a statewide R/WIS in Minnesota. It briefly discusses the findings of more than ten years of investigation of R/WIS technology and the decision to go ahead and implement an R/WIS throughout the state. A detailed analysis of the public/public as well as public/private partnerships that are essential to a fully integrated R/WIS is provided. Additionally, the numerous technological requirements of such a detailed system are addressed. The document goes on to identify the next steps for the installation of the system and concludes with a summary of observations and recommendations by members of the team assigned the task of implementing the statewide system. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Highway transportation KW - Implementation KW - Information systems KW - Integrated systems KW - Maintenance management KW - Minnesota KW - Public private partnerships KW - Systems integration KW - Technology KW - Weather KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575430 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738819 AU - Nixon, W A AU - Gawronski, T AU - Whelan, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR THE ICE SCRAPING PROCESS PY - 1997 SP - 9p AB - A laboratory study has been conducted with two aims in mind. The first goal was to develop a description of how a cutting edge scrapes ice from the road surface. The second goal was to investigate the extent, if any, to which serrated blades were better than non-serrated or "classical" blades at ice removal. The tests were conducted at the Ice Research Laboratory at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research of the University of Iowa. A specialized testing machine, with a hydraulic ram capable of attaining scraping velocities of up to 30 mph (48 kph) was used in the testing. In order to determine the ice scraping process, the effects of scraping velocity, ice thickness, and blade geometry on the ice scraping forces were determined. Higher ice thickness lead to greater ice chipping (as opposed to ice pulverization at lower thicknesses) and thus lower loads. Similar behavior was observed at higher velocities. The study of blade geometry included the effects of rake angle, clearance angle, and flat width. The latter two were found to be particularly important in developing a clear picture of the scraping process. As clearance angle decreases and flat width increases, the scraping loads show a marked increase, due to the need to re-compress pulverized ice fragments. The effect of serrations was to decrease the scraping forces. However, for the coarsest blades (with the widest teeth and gaps) the quantity of ice removed was significantly less than for a classical blade. Finer serrations appear able to match the ice removal of classical blades, but with lower loads. Thus, one of the recommendations of the study is to examine the use of serrated blades in the field. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Blade geometry KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Deicing KW - Ice KW - Ice thickness KW - Laboratory tests KW - Scraping velocity KW - Serrated blades KW - Snow and ice control KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575424 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738821 AU - White, D AU - Montani, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THIN-BONDED POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAYS FOR EXPOSED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE PY - 1997 SP - 7p AB - Various polymer concretes have been used as overlay materials for bridge deck rehabilitation since the 1950s. The intent of these thin-bonded polymer concrete overlays is to provide a smooth-riding, durable, wear resistant surface as well as a protective covering against water and deicing salts. Project requirements, as well as product limitations, have changed considerably over the last forty years as improvements have continually been made to the process. Carefully prepared material specifications are necessary to assure an overlay that lasts. Overlays of this type have documented performance in the USA of up to 20 years in harsh environments. Recommendations are made to improve project specifications in the following areas: tensile elongation, abrasion resistance, water absorption, chloride ion permeability, and quality standards. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Absorption KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete overlays KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Maintenance KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Permeability KW - Polymer concrete KW - Quality control KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Specifications KW - Tensile elongation KW - Water absorption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575426 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738817 AU - File, D H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MONITORING THE ADOPT-A-HIGHWAY PROGRAM PY - 1997 SP - 17p AB - On January 1, 1996, Illinois joined many other states with provisions by state law for the Adopt-A-Highway Program. The department continues to collect and dispose of litter picked up not only by the Adopt-A-Highway groups, but also by prisoners, volunteer groups in various locations in a single effort (an event) basis, and by their own Bureau of Operations field forces. In an effort to monitor the amount and cost of litter pickup by all groups along state-maintained highways, the Illinois Department of Transportation has developed and implemented a litter pickup module for their Maintenance Management Information System to provide reports with information about litter pickup. This report describes the reports used, their source of information and the procedures followed. The information presented is provided as a guide to help others who may also desire or need to track the work effort and state cost of litter pickup along state highways. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Adopt-a-highway programs KW - Collection KW - Costs KW - Disposal KW - Guidelines KW - Illinois KW - Litter KW - Maintenance management KW - Management information systems KW - Monitoring KW - Reports KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575422 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738827 AU - Hart, R D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - A DATA COOP FOR SHARING ROAD WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEM (RWIS) INFORMATION PY - 1997 SP - 14p AB - A data cooperative is an open, industry standard, economical method to share or exchange Road Weather Information System (RWIS) data. RWIS has provided system owners with pavement and weather information related specifically to their areas of responsibility. As the number of RWISs increases, RWIS owners can access information from larger areas providing RWIS owners with better insight regarding weather's impact on pavement conditions. Currently, RWIS information sharing is accomplished by long distance telephone communications. Utilizing today's state-of-the-art, networking technology, it is possible to provide a more cost effective means of sharing RWIS information. The RWIS Coop is designed around a central data processing hub with the computer and communications equipment, Coop database, data management, and system administration maintained centrally. An agency becomes a Coop member by establishing and maintaining a communications link to the hub. Member agencies contribute their RWIS data to the Coop in exchange for data from all other members' systems. The Coop hub receives data from all member systems and routes information from other systems of interest to each member. This permits local users to view remote systems from their own RWIS without multiple phone calls. The central hub also has the capability to deliver data via the Internet using a standard Internet browser. The RWIS Coop provides system owners with timely, reliable RWIS information from a broad area permitting them to make better decisions and increase their level of service to the motoring public. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data communications KW - Highway transportation KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Information systems KW - Weather KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575432 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738823 AU - Montani, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONCRETE REPAIR AND PROTECTION WITH CORROSION INHIBITOR PY - 1997 SP - 13p AB - Corrosion is estimated to cost the United States $250 billion annually. Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete structures represents a significant portion of that cost. Given the current age and general status of our nation's concrete infrastructure, it is important that cost effective means of controlling this complex problem and extending the service life of these structures be identified and implemented. Many different approaches to concrete repair and protection exist. Each structure must be evaluated to determine which approach is most feasible for meeting the requirements of the owner. For 50-year protection of a structure that cannot be replaced, perhaps cathodic protection is the only alternative (costly though it may be). To protect a structure for five years until it can be demolished and replaced, a less expensive option is more appropriate. Within this spectrum of options, corrosion inhibitors can now be evaluated in terms of a cost vs. performance basis. And for concrete repair and protection against corrosion, they offer some new options that may prove valuable in many situations. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Concrete structures KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575428 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738822 AU - Schivley, J D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AERIAL INFRARED REMOTE SENSING OF BRIDGE DECKS UNDER TRAFFIC PY - 1997 SP - 5p AB - The purpose of an aerial infrared investigation is to provide an advanced rapid inspection technique to determine the approximate location, nature and size of anomalous areas indicative of, but not limited to, subsurface voids and delaminations of the concrete bridge structure without interrupting traffic flow. This paper describes a procedure developed and patented by Infrared Service Corporation to provide an advanced, optimized aerial infrared remote sensing of bridge decks under traffic. Initial field results of an aerial infrared remote sensing of 34 bridge decks, conducted for the Florida Department of Transportation from June 26 to September 26, 1996, are presented. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aerial surveys KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Delamination KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Infrared detectors KW - Maintenance KW - Remote sensing KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575427 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738824 AU - Collins, T J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF SIGN STRUCTURES PY - 1997 SP - 12p AB - Many states are investigating their sign structures and establishing maintenance management programs for them. Because these structures have technical characteristics and potential problems which departments of transportation have not dealt with in the past, they present new management challenges. Some states have chosen to initiate specialized training programs for those personnel involved in sign structure inspection. Some states have also developed inspection procedures specifically for these structures. Many of these signs are orphans. Some have been in place for years with no maintenance performed on them. The ownership of many signs, i.e., state ownership versus local ownership, is in doubt. Even where the governmental agency jurisdiction and ownership is not in doubt, the responsibility of a particular department within the agency for sign structure inspection may be in question. Bridge engineering and maintenance departments are often fully occupied with "normal" bridge structures, while traffic departments who maintain the signs on those structures do not have the necessary expertise to conduct structural inspections. As a result, many agencies have had to examine the question of responsibility for the inspection, evaluation and maintenance of sign structures. A sign structure management program should include training of inspectors and program managers; identification of sign structures; development of an inventory of structures; development of inspection procedures with standardized inspection reporting and rating systems; selection of inspection frequency; and development of a maintenance program. Since, for most organizations, currently available collected information for their structures is minimal, there is an opportunity to specifically design an inspection and reporting system to employ the latest in inspection techniques as well as the latest computerization. With recent improvements in field data gathering methods and data bases, there is also an opportunity to establish a comprehensive data base system that includes inventory, inspection and maintenance data in a readily available and useful format. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Inspectors KW - Inventory KW - Maintenance management KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575429 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738826 AU - File, D H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS AND COMMUNICATION OF WEATHER INFORMATION AND ROADWAY WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEMS DATA PY - 1997 SP - 8p AB - Many states, cities, counties and others have installed a Road and Weather Information System (RWIS) over the past few years. These systems usually involve remote weather stations which collect and record pavement, runway and atmospheric data. In many cases, the information is then transmitted to one or more central sites where it is stored and typically made available for access by managers of snow and ice control operations. In addition, Strategic Highway Research Program Report H-333 pointed out such data could also be used for improving weather forecasts. Today, as snowfighter professionals, weather forecasters and others have become interested in accessing road and weather information from RWISs both near and far, the emphasis has shifted from collecting the data to communicating, exchanging and/or sharing the information. This report describes some of the ways and means the Illinois Department of Transportation is using or considering in order to communicate and transmit RWIS information. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Data communications KW - Illinois KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Information systems KW - Weather KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575431 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738818 AU - Larsen, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FEASIBILITY OF ADVANCED VEHICLE CONTROL SYSTEMS (AVCS) FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE VEHICLES PY - 1997 SP - 13p AB - Advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS) encompass a wide range of technologies that aid a driver in the driving task by automatically performing control actions (braking, accelerating, or steering) or prompting the driver to perform such actions. Over the last fifteen years, relatively simple systems such as anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and traction control systems have reached production on road vehicles. More recently, advanced systems that provide full-time automatic steering throttle, and/or brake control have been successfully demonstrated by various research groups and automobile manufacturers. The essential benefits offered by these systems relative to manually controlled vehicles are improved operating efficiency and vehicle safety. While the technical feasibility of such systems has been demonstrated, issues of cost and liability risk pose major barriers for near-term deployment on production vehicles. Highway maintenance vehicles, however, offer an excellent testbed for new AVCS technologies, as maintenance departments are often receptive to experimental systems that promise to provide improved safety and productivity for their operations. This study considers the technical and economic feasibility of vehicle control systems for two specific highway maintenance operations, snow removal and work zone following, and concludes that there are significant benefits associated with AVCS for these applications. This conclusion is based on findings from highway maintenance research, interviews conducted with state maintenance officials, and an assessment of the state-of-the-art in vehicle control technology. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automatic steering control KW - Brake controls KW - Brake pedals KW - Construction sites KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Interviewing KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Productivity KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Snow removal KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575423 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738820 AU - Smithson, Leland D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUTURE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE VEHICLE PY - 1997 SP - 11p AB - A key factor in providing effective and efficient snow and ice control during a major winter storm is using the right equipment. To obtain a better understanding of the needs of the internal and external customers who interface with snow and ice control equipment, a research consortium was formed. In the fall of 1995, the three snow belt state departments of transportation of Iowa, Michigan and Minnesota formed a research consortium to design and develop the maintenance truck of the future with an emphasis on snow and ice control operations. The Center for Transportation Research and Education, an Iowa State University Center, provided staff support for the project. A three phase research plan was adopted for the project: (I) Description of Functions and Development of Private/Public Partnerships; (II) Manufacture and Evaluate Prototype Vehicle; and (III) Comprehensive Vehicle Evaluation. At the writing of this paper, manufacturers, system integrators and the research team have developed and assembled one prototype concept maintenance vehicle for each of the three consortium states. This paper summarizes Phase I results and describes the prototype vehicles developed during Phase II. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Prototypes KW - Public private partnerships KW - Snow and ice control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575425 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738816 AU - Thierrin, R D AU - Catlett, S AU - Norton, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OUTDOOR ADVERTISING SIGN DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT PY - 1997 SP - 8p AB - Asset inventory and management is often a tremendously burdensome activity for most government entities and many private sector concerns. Traditionally, this task tended to be highly dependent on manual labor, both through the data collection and management activities. By replacing manual procedures with digital field data collection and management techniques, this work becomes more cost-effective and generally results in higher quality data. These techniques and methodologies were developed and implemented for the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) Outdoor Advertising Sign Inventory Project. The methodologies developed on this project were used for inventorying outdoor advertising signs and verification of existing information to ensure conformance with applicable regulations. However, the procedures used on this project are applicable to a variety of data collection activities. The NJDOT had a tremendous wealth of data on outdoor advertising signs stored in paper file format. At the onset of this project, existing records for each sign were digitized using a custom scanning application that converted paper records into digital image files. This information became the basis for the database for the overall program. The scanning application enabled different types of records, such as permit applications and inspection reports, to be uniquely numbered in the database. The information related to individual signs now in the database needed to be reviewed and updated. A comprehensive field data collection system was implemented that allowed field personnel to quickly verify and update the database. The field system was designed around a ruggedized pen-based computer running a forms-based Windows application, which enabled field personnel to populate and update database fields using text fields, pulldowns and pick boxes. Field personnel were also able to capture positional information with integrated GPS equipment, digital images with color digital cameras and sign size/distance data with laser rangefinder equipment. In order to expedite some of the data collection activities, information from the NJDOT's mainframe system was downloaded to an ASCII file format, parsed into data fields and loaded into a DBF file format, which would be compatible with the data collection system. The collection of GPS data and digital images presented unique problems in that these data collection peripherals needed to be incorporated into the data collection platform through a "one button" or icon interface. The tremendous amount of new data needed to be managed. An office management system was developed to allow for easy retrieval of the scanned record information, new sign data collected in the field and color digital images. Routines were developed to select records using standard SQL database queries and allowed for the color printing of sign reports, color sign images and historical information. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Data collection KW - Data management KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Information processing KW - Inventory KW - Maintenance management KW - New Jersey KW - Roadside advertising UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575421 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738813 AU - Walton, M A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GUIDING THE TRANSFORMATION TO A QUALITY CULTURE PY - 1997 SP - 10p AB - In 1991, the Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT) initiated a departmental reorganization to optimize services and address the needs of customers. One result of this reorganization was the development of a Maintenance Division, rather than an Office of Maintenance under the Highway Division. With the inception of the Maintenance Division, a significant change in the management style was incorporated. A senior management team was developed to guide the administration of the maintenance operations. This management team recognized the need for a long range plan to determine the division's direction over the next decade. A planning team was formed and a mission, goals, action plans and underlying principles were developed to guide the organization. Development of this long range plan served as the starting point to create a work environment which is founded on continuous improvement. To create this environment, a Continuous Quality Improvement Implementation Plan was developed to determine the division's future state and to set the climate for change. Implementation of this culture began in 1993 with the development of a strategic plan. This plan identified a need to evaluate different alternative organizational structures for field maintenance to enhance operational efficiency and effectiveness. Several organizational structures were reviewed and a change was implemented. This was followed with the implementation of several teams to obtain the division's goals. The teams consisted of a cross section of maintenance employees who addressed the division's action plans, identified barriers and made recommendations to remove barriers and to optimize operations. Simultaneously with team development, an ambitious training effort was undertaken to promote awareness of the division's direction and to foster an environment of continuous improvement. Efforts are now underway to finalize the plan, commit to day-to-day operational continuous improvement and champion its success. To maintain the new culture, it is necessary to continually evaluate progress and to sustain an environment that addresses the needs of customers. The Maintenance Division intends to further enhance the transformation efforts to assure success in the future. The steps incorporated to guide the transformation are discussed in more detail in this paper. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Administration KW - Customer service KW - Improvements KW - Iowa KW - Long range planning KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Planning KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Strategic planning KW - Teams KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575418 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738815 AU - Caffarena, F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONTRACTING OUT OF ROAD MAINTENANCE AND SERVICE QUALITY IN SPAIN PY - 1997 SP - 18p AB - The structure of the General Roads Department, the organization responsible for the construction, management and maintenance of roads in the state network in Spain, reflects the administrative division of the country itself, with a central service, regional departments and provincial units. The traditional system of road maintenance consisted of assigning a budget to each province to maintain the road network under its responsibility. The maintenance was executed by civil servants with the consequent conditions of rigid timetables and geographical location. Although the personnel in charge of maintenance were highly qualified, the lack of flexibility made this type of maintenance management inappropriate for the requirements of the modern road network and the resultant heavier traffic. It was necessary to create a system permitting an optimum allocation of resources, so as to meet the greater quality demands required by the Spanish population. In 1988 the system of maintenance of the national road network was changed to a complete contracting out of maintenance format. This format was first applied to the motorway network and access roads to Madrid which are especially conflictive. At present there are 88 total maintenance agreements contracted out which cover the whole motorway network and which also apply to a percentage of the highway network. These contracts cover a network of approximately 4,150 km of dual carriageway and 7,647 km of single carriageway. The annual budget for these contracts is over 11,800 million pts ($84 million), the average cost per km per year is about 1.25 million pts ($9,000), and there are 2,500 people working on the contracts. This comprehensive maintenance system has been developed in the last eight years and has been gradually improved, reaching the system described in this paper, as a consequence of the experience and dedication of the whole maintenance team of the General Roads Department. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Contracting out KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Quality of service KW - Spain UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575420 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738814 AU - Gerke, R J AU - Sawchuk, P J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRIVATIZATION OF A COMPLETE PRIMARY HIGHWAY NETWORK, "THE ALBERTA EXPERIENCE" PY - 1997 SP - 13p AB - This paper discusses privatization of maintenance operations on the primary highway network in the province of Alberta, Canada. The privatization is one of the largest that has been implemented throughout the world. The privatization planning and implementation process was successfully completed within a very short time frame. The paper starts with a decision based on a literature review of maintenance privatization throughout the world. The paper then covers specific aspects of the highway network and operating environment within Alberta, Canada. The need to move from a part privatization model to a full privatization model to ensure effective utilization of financial and physical resources is described in detail. The options considered by Alberta Transportation and Utilities which led to the development of the privatization strategy is also discussed. The actual strategy implemented is the main focus of the paper. The strategy encompassed: industry consultation; employee consultation; specification development; a code of conduct; fostering of innovation; implementation of partnering; and a detailed discussion of the selection process of the successful contractor. As a result of the work discussed in this paper road maintenance work to a value of 100 million Canadian dollars per annum has now been fully privatized covering a network more than 15,000 centerline kilometers. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Alberta KW - Highway maintenance KW - Implementation KW - Privatization KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575419 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737964 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wade, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WISCONSIN'S TRANSLINKS 21 MULTIMODAL PLAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR CENSUS DATA NEEDS SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 167-178 AB - This case study provides the intercity elements of Wisconsin's Translinks 21 Multimodal Plan. The intercity passenger and freight forecasting techniques utilized are described in some detail. The case study is used to highlight data needs met by the decennial census and other Census Bureau data-gathering efforts. The discussion concludes by stressing the importance of the timely provision of census data to support ongoing state-level modal and multimodal planning activities. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data needs KW - Data uses KW - Forecasting KW - Freight traffic KW - Information organization KW - Intercity transportation KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Passenger transportation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Wisconsin UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-017.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737966 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Erlbaum, N S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF CENSUS DATA TO TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AT NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 185-198 AB - The use of census and transportation data products by the Planning Data Analysis Group (PDAG) at the New York State Department of Transportation is examined. PDAG's experience as both data provider and data user, the types of outreach efforts employed, typical data requests, and products developed and how they helped end users are described. The importance of census data to planning activities is highlighted through specific application examples that address travel access to a primary urban core, the use of census data for regional comprehensive planning, and the use of census data and geographic information systems for transit planning. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Access KW - Applications KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Geographic information systems KW - Metropolitan areas KW - New York (State) KW - Planning KW - Products KW - Public transit KW - Regional transportation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574911 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737960 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Blanton, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SMALL-AREA APPLICATIONS USING 1990 CENSUS TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PACKAGE: GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 132-137 AB - The 1990 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) was a valuable resource for the Gainesville Urbanized Area during the recently completed development and adoption of the 2020 Transportation Plan. The CTPP provided detailed information about socioeconomic and travel characteristics that was unavailable from other sources. These data were of value during several stages of development of the plan, which was adopted by the Gainesville Urbanized Area metropolitan planning organization on December 14, 1995. A case study of how the CTPP was used for the Gainesville Urbanized Area in its long-range transportation planning efforts is presented. The focus is on how the CTPP was used to validate the travel demand model in preparation for the development and evaluation of multimodal alternatives for the Gainesville Urbanized Area 2020 Transportation Plan. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Census Transportation Planning Package KW - Conferences KW - Demand KW - Gainesville (Florida) KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Validation UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574905 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737962 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Poorman, J P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CENSUS DATA IN DEVELOPING NEW TOOLS FOR CAPITAL DISTRICT TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE NEW VISIONS PROCESS SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 143-154 AB - The Capital District Transportation Committee (CDTC) is the designated metropolitan planning organization (MPO) for the four counties that include the Albany-Schenectady-Troy (New York) Urbanized Area. In its three-year effort, New Visions, to produce its next regional transportation plan, CDTC has relied upon guidance from the nine task forces of subject-specific stakeholders. Subjects such as land use impacts of transportation policy have taken center stage in the New Visions discussions and have required development or refinement of existing analytic procedures, each with its own data demands. In this work, census information has served a valuable role alongside other data sources in supporting new analytical capabilities. Among a wide range of census data applications, three analytical developments that employ census material warrant particular attention. First, to explore major transit investment possibilities, the CDTC staff developed and calibrated a sophisticated mode choice model in a short amount of time by combining available census demographic and journey-to-work information with Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey data, local household travel survey data, and transit on-board survey information. Second, to support examinations of alternative land use and transportation policies, the CDTC staff used time-series census data along with other information to develop and calibrate a land use pivot model. Third, to allow statistical comparison of community indicators among groups of communities (central cities, villages and small cities, inner suburbs, outer suburbs, rural areas), the CDTC staff packaged readily available census information with other information into a documentation of Community Quality of Life. These applications are representative of the value of census information in supporting the demands of innovative planning exercises. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Capital District Transportation Committee KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Land use models KW - Mathematical models KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Mode choice KW - Quality of life KW - Regional transportation KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574907 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737965 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Young, S E AU - Miller, R W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USES OF CENSUS DATA IN KANSAS SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 179-184 AB - The recent uses of decennial census data within the Bureau of Transportation Planning of the Kansas Department of Transportation are overviewed, and one project pertaining to travel times in the Wichita metropolitan area is presented in detail as a case study. The presentation of the projects, which includes the identification of the census products and software tools used, serves as the foundation to discuss problems and possible solutions encountered in processing census data. The paper is divided into three parts. First is a quick overview of projects for which census data have served as the main source. Second is the presentation of the Wichita travel-time case study, which is an excellent example of both the use of the census data in transportation planning and the difficulties involved in processing census data. Last is a general discussion of tools needed to access and present census data, which census products are found pertinent to transportation planning, and what products the planning staff at Kansas Department of Transportation would like to see in the future, including content and format of the 2000 census as well as accessibility to past census data on CD-ROM. The paper concludes with a list of recommendations. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 2000 Census KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data accessibility KW - Data uses KW - Information processing KW - Kansas KW - Problem identification KW - Problem solving KW - Products KW - Recommendations KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Wichita (Kansas) UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-018.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574910 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737961 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Polley, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CENSUS DATA IN JOBS-HOUSING BALANCE STUDIES: SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 138-142 AB - The San Luis Obispo County Jobs-Housing Balance Study was developed to analyze the relationship among jobs, housing, and work-related transportation for the small urbanized area encompassing San Luis Obispo County. The complexities of defining and quantifying the relationship between jobs and housing required extensive research and analysis of several issues. In this case study the important role that census data played in defining and quantifying this relationship is discussed. In addition, some of the limitations, problems, and problem solutions in working with census data are identified, and the important role of census data in planning for small urbanized areas is examined. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Housings KW - Jobs KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Regional transportation KW - San Luis Obispo County (California) KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574906 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737963 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Christopher, E J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CENSUS DATA USE IN ILLINOIS BY SMALL METROPOLITAN PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 155-163 AB - This paper is one of a series in these proceedings documenting the uses of census data by the transportation community in Illinois. The focus in this paper is on uses of census data, specifically the Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP), by the smaller metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), those serving areas other than Chicago and St. Louis. The other papers in this series discuss census data uses by the Chicago Area Transportation Study (a large MPO), by transit planners, and by the research and academic community. The use of the CTPP has not been extensive in the state's smaller MPOs. The data are used most often for the development of trip generation models and to provide descriptive statistics on various demographic and travel trends. One major reason for this lack of use was the timing and delivery of the package, which has yet to be delivered in personal computer form. The smaller MPOs cannot process the data tape packages. For example, in 1980, other than the two largest MPOs, Chicago and St. Louis, only one smaller MPO, Peoria, even purchased the package. In all fairness it needs to be pointed out that the smaller MPOs, which for the most part are part of larger comprehensive planning organizations, are indeed heavy users of census data as they relate to their other planning functions. There is also a strong expectation that once the Urban Element has been distributed on CD-ROM, the MPOs will begin to explore its uses and begin applying the data. All the MPOs in the state noted that the CTPP was an important component to their transportation model development, which is ongoing at this time. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Applications KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Census Transportation Planning Package KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Illinois KW - Mathematical models KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574908 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737959 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pierce, D L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CENSUS DATA IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING, RUTLAND COUNTY, VERMONT SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 123-131 AB - Recent experiences are described of a predominantly rural regional planning organization that is using data from the U.S. census for transportation planning purposes. These experiences include analyzing the statewide Census Transportation Planning Package to reveal journey-to-work trip patterns and to improve the calibration of the region's newly developed traffic forecasting model. In light of the planning organization's limited budget and staff, census transportation data proved essential to the timely completion of these tasks. The data also significantly increased policy makers' understanding of transportation issues and, when used in a "fratar" technique, vastly improved the usefulness of the traffic model. In general, any limitations of the census transportation data were easily overcome or were small relative to their advantages. Experience suggests that the Census Bureau should consider release of Urban Element data for very small metropolitan areas in the future. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Calibration KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Census Transportation Planning Package KW - Conferences KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Regional transportation KW - Rutland County (Vermont) KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic models KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574904 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737948 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Zakaria, T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONVERSION AND USE OF 1990 CENSUS TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PACKAGE IN THE DELAWARE VALLEY REGION SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 3-11 AB - An analysis of the 1990 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) for the Delaware Valley Region is given, with special emphasis on journey-to-work trips, employment, mode of transportation to work, travel time, vehicle ownership, employed persons, and other socioeconomic data essential to transportation planning and travel forecasting. A review of the CTPP computer tapes and data showed some problems with programming, sampling, and bias, which were resolved before the data were used as a base for trend analysis, travel simulation, highway and transit project studies, strategic planning, and economic development. The CTPP information should be adjusted before it is used for transportation planning. The errors in the 1990 CTPP data are generally small, but the package shows no improvement over the presentation of the 1980 data. Most of the 1990 CTPP problems can be avoided in the future if the recommendations made in this paper are considered in Census 2000. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - 2000 Census KW - Adjustment factors KW - Adjustments KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Census Transportation Planning Package KW - Conferences KW - Delaware Valley KW - Employment KW - Errors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Recommendations KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel by mode KW - Travel modes KW - Travel time KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574893 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737950 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Christopher, E J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CENSUS DATA USE IN ILLINOIS BY A LARGE METROPOLITAN PLANNING ORGANIZATION SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 21-32 AB - This paper is the second in a series of four that document the uses of census data by the transportation community in Illinois. It focuses on the use by the largest metropolitan planning organization (MPO) in the state--the Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS)--of the Census Transportation Planning Package. The other papers in this series discuss the uses of the census data by smaller MPOs, transit planners, and the research and academic community. CATS has had a rich history working with the census data, specifically the journey-to-work data. However, unlike smaller MPOs, CATS has used the census data as an adjunct to supplement its own travel surveys. In general terms, these uses have included factoring and adjusting other surveys, producing descriptive reports, conducting special studies and analyses, and developing models. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Adjustment factors KW - Adjustments KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Census Transportation Planning Package KW - Chicago Area Transportation Study KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Illinois KW - Mathematical models KW - Reports KW - Studies KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel surveys KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574895 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737957 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Loudon, W R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USES OF CENSUS TRANSPORTATION DATA BY COMSIS CORPORATION SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 112-115 AB - Over the years COMSIS has developed a number of products related to the census as well as other census-related applications. Working with information from 1970, 1980, and 1990, COMSIS has developed many products that are of direct use to both transportation practitioners and policy makers, including technical reports, training materials, trend and factoring information, and topological geographic information. Through technical committee representation and conference presentations, COMSIS has provided extensive insight into the use of the census data. More specifically, COMSIS has provided guidance in the use of census data as related to transportation planning and travel forecasting. This information is integral to the development of travel models and the understanding of work trip making in a specific region. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Private enterprise KW - Products KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574902 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737951 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Limoges, E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVEMENT OF DECENNIAL CENSUS SMALL-AREA EMPLOYMENT DATA: NEW METHODS TO ALLOCATE UNGEOCODABLE WORKERS SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 33-46 AB - The Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG), like any other agency involved in general and transportation planning, makes extensive, continuous use of decennial census data products. Standard products meet most of SEMCOG's data needs. When they do not, special tabulations have been purchased from the Census Bureau. In connection with SEMCOG's latest forecast, special tabulations of 1980 and 1990 census data were obtained, each including a tabulation of housing units and households by traffic analysis zone (TAZ) of residence and a tabulation of workers by TAZ of work. The worker data included a cross-tabulation by industrial class and occupational class. In response to puzzling industrial class mixes at the TAZ level found earlier in the Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP), the special tabulations separated geocoded workers from allocated workers. (The Census Bureau uses worker allocation to assign tract and block numbers to workers whose workplace addresses cannot be geocoded to tract and block.) Subsequent mapping of geocoded workers by TAZ evidenced high quality, but allocated workers showed questionable distributions. SEMCOG decided to develop its own reallocation method that accepted Census Bureau county assignment, geocoded or allocated, and place geocoding. The method was applied to workers needing allocation, using as a base the workers geocoded to tract and block by detailed industrial class and occupational class. A comparison of TAZ employment by detailed industrial class demonstrates that workers reallocated by SEMCOG replicate the Census Bureau geocoded pattern much better than do workers allocated by the Census Bureau. A new, comprehensive allocation method is proposed for the 2000 census. The new method would combine features of the current Census Bureau allocation and SEMCOG reallocation methods, and add the demarcation of commuting origin and destination areas. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Allocation methods KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Coding systems KW - Conferences KW - Employees KW - Geographic information systems KW - Origin and destination KW - Southeast Michigan Council of Governments KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574896 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737958 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sinclair, C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SERVICES FOR USE OF CENSUS TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PACKAGE SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 116-119 AB - Working extensively with the Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP), JHK & Associates, under contract to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), developed and taught the Census Applications Workshops in 1991. The goals of the workshops were to inform transportation professionals about the availability and applications of the CTPP data and to provide hands-on experience with the data. The workshops were conducted in over 30 cities throughout the country with an average of 30 participants in each (about 900 transportation professionals attended). The workshops are no longer being conducted; however, a CTPP Handbook is available from FHWA that documents the topics covered and includes the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet templates that participants used. A brochure and a video oriented toward managers and nontechnical staff that provide an overview of the CTPP and its uses are also available from FHWA. Because interest in the workshops continues to be strong, FHWA and the Bureau of Transportation Statistics have contracted with JHK to offer CTPP Urban Element technical assistance. Also detailed are other uses by the firm of census data, including the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) File. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Census Transportation Planning Package KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Private enterprise KW - Technical assistance KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574903 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737954 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stuart, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSIT PLANNING APPLICATIONS: CHICAGO REGION SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 71-83 AB - Eleven different applications are described in which 1990 census data are being used in ongoing Chicago-area transit planning. The relevance of census data for each application and whether the application could have been successfully carried out without such data are also discussed. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Applications KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574899 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737955 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Myers, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CHANGES OVER TIME IN TRANSPORTATION MODE FOR JOURNEY TO WORK: EFFECTS OF AGING AND IMMIGRATION SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 84-99 AB - The changing commuting behavior of immigrants in Southern California is studied. Using 1980 and 1990 census data, trends in transportation mode are analyzed for cohorts of immigrants defined by age and recency of arrival in the United States. Cohorts are further identified by sex and race-ethnicity. The study finds that recent immigrants are far more reliant on public transit, but after they gain an additional 10 years of residence in the United States, their transit use falls markedly. The change is especially sharp in the case of women, who increase their rate of solo car driving noticeably. The implication is that sustained high immigration bolsters the ridership base of public transit and reduces traffic congestion. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1980 Census KW - 1990 Census KW - Age groups KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Commuters KW - Conferences KW - Ethnic groups KW - Gender KW - Immigrants KW - Public transit KW - Race KW - Ridership KW - Southern California KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574900 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737947 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DECENNIAL CENSUS DATA FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: CASE STUDIES AND STRATEGIES FOR 2000. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, IRVINE, CALIFORNIA, APRIL 28 - MAY 1, 1996. VOLUME 2: CASE STUDIES SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - 204 p. AB - These proceedings document the second Conference on Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning to be held since the 1990 census. It is the fifth in a series of related conferences (1970, 1973, 1984, and 1994). This volume, Volume 2, contains most of the case studies, organized into the following areas: Large Metropolitan Areas; Transit; Private Sector; Small Metropolitan Areas; and State Departments of Transportation. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Private enterprise KW - Public transit KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574892 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737949 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Soot, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CENSUS DATA USE IN ILLINOIS BY RESEARCH AND ACADEMIC COMMUNITY SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 12-20 AB - This paper is one in a series of four that document the uses of the Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) data by the transportation community in Illinois. The focus in this paper is on the work performed by those conducting basic research or acting as a consultant to a client. Other papers in this series address the work conducted by small and large metropolitan planning organizations and by the transit community. The CTPP has been used extensively by the research and academic community over the last two decades. The 1970 Urban Transportation Planning Package was used in numerous studies, but the focus of this paper is on the use of the 1990 CTPP. At least one major study is ongoing that examines the changes inherent from the 1970 to the 1990 planning packages, and several studies are discussed that examined the changes from 1980 to 1990. Nine different applications of the CTPP at five different institutions are documented. The applications are quite varied and include studies of Chicago as well as of smaller metropolitan areas throughout Illinois. Most are transportation studies, but there are also numerous uses of the package because of its readily available information on employment by small area. The researchers uniformly indicated that their work could not have been performed in its present form, and in most cases could not have been performed at all, without the CTPP. The CTPP is indeed a very useful source of data for a variety of studies using small-area zones. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Applications KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Census Transportation Planning Package KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Illinois KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574894 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737956 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hodges, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF CENSUS COMMUTING DATA IN SPECIFICATION OF LIFE-STYLE CLUSTERS BY PLACE OF WORK SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 103-111 AB - Life-style cluster segmentation systems are among the more popular products provided by commercial data suppliers. However, because these systems are based on the demographic composition of an area's residential population, they often suggest little about the population employed in the area. This paper describes how a special tabulation of 1990 census journey-to-work data was used to adapt a residence-based cluster segmentation product for use with the workplace population. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Life styles KW - Transportation planning KW - Work trips KW - Workplaces UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574901 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737952 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Limoges, E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVEMENT OF DECENNIAL CENSUS SMALL-AREA EMPLOYMENT DATA: METHOD TO ASSIGN LAND USE CLASSES TO WORKERS SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 47-57 AB - The 1990 census collected data on a wide variety of demographic characteristics, including employment. The census recognized three dimensions of kind of work or job activity: industrial class, the overall purpose of the employing organization; occupational class, the kind of work done in the individual job; and class of worker, the relationship between the organization's ownership and the employed person. However, there is a fourth dimension of job activity, land use, which is not recognized by the decennial census. Nonresidential land use classes describe the nature of economic activities and facilities occurring as individual establishments. Major land use classes include office, commercial, institutional, industrial, as well as others. The Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) has obtained a special cross-tabulation of 1990 census data on workers by zone of work. A method has been developed at SEMCOG that uses industrial class and occupational class in conjunction to assign land use class to workers. This method allows the linking of census demographic characteristics to the land use class of the workplace, and thereby to noncensus data on land use characteristics; to the spatial distribution of nonresidential land uses that these data describe; and to the locational determinants that underlie these patterns. SEMCOG has used the method to assign land use classes to 1990 census employment data. Testing and improvement of the method are continuing. The indispensability of decennial census data on employment for analytical and planning purposes is emphasized, and a proposal is made to incorporate the land use assignment method into the procedures for Census 2000. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Assignments KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Employment KW - Land use classes KW - Methodology KW - Southeast Michigan Council of Governments KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574897 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00737953 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Purvis, C L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USES OF CENSUS DATA IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA CASE STUDY SN - 0309059704 PY - 1997 VL - 2 IS - 13 SP - p. 58-67 AB - This case study is an update of a resource paper prepared for the 1994 Conference on Decennial Census Data and Transportation Planning. It focuses on the uses of census data in transportation planning activities in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area. Attention is paid to the use of decennial census data in various planning analysis activities, including general descriptive analyses, estimation of disaggregate and aggregate travel demand models, market segmentation in travel demand model forecasting systems, and the validation of demographic and travel model simulations. The discussion covers where the census data are critical for the application and where the census data are desirable but perhaps not required for the application. The various census products that are used in the Bay Area--the standard Summary Tape Files, the Public Use Microdata Sample, the Census Transportation Planning Package, and special tabulations--are discussed within the context of the various planning analysis activities occurring in the Bay Area. Recommendations and expectations for Census 2000 are provided. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 2000 Census KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Demand KW - Estimating KW - Estimation theory KW - Market segmented groups KW - Recommendations KW - San Francisco Bay Area KW - Simulation KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Validation UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v2-006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737918 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1996 RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS PY - 1997 SP - 44 p. AB - This report highlights the activities and accomplishments of the Research and Technology (R&T) Program of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) during the fiscal year (FY) 1996 - October 1, 1995 through September 30, 1996. The first "R&T Highlights" report was published for FY 1993; this report for FY 1996 is the fourth such report. The information for this report was gathered through interviews with key FHWA officials and staff. The report describes the major R&T projects and programs and the progress made in FY 1996 in the following categories: intelligent transportation systems; pavements; structures; materials; highway policy, planning, and operations; environment; safety; and freight and motor carriers. Within each category, the projects are listed under "closing the gap", "pushing the envelope", and "making it last". "Closing the gap" includes projects that close the gap between the state of the art and the state of the practice -- between what we know in the laboratories and what is actually being implemented. Means of closing the gap include showcases, conferences, demonstrations, training, technology transfer activities, Internet and publications, and technical assistance. "Pushing the envelope" includes projects that represent new products, technologies, techniques, innovations, etc. Whether FHWA is closing the gap or pushing the envelope, the agency's goal is still to create quality, durable products, so the "making it last" sections of each category feature projects that are related to maintenance and extending service life. The report also briefly describes the management structure of the R&T Program. KW - Annual reports KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Freight transportation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Operations KW - Pavements KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Program management KW - Research and technology program, fhwa KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Structures KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572372 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00736699 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW INVENTIONS AND PATENTS PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - p. 10-11 AB - This article highlights the accomplishments of three researchers at the Federal Highway Administration's Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. Dr. Richard Livingston, Michael Adams, and Dr. Brian Chollar have made significant discoveries in the past year. Livingston devised a nondestructive method for measuring the curing of concrete by analyzing the energy spectrum and scattering of neutrons. Adams invented and patented an innovative approach to building bridge piers. Chollar developed three asphalt modifiers to enhance pavement performance: furfural modified asphalt, reactive compatibilizers for crumb rubber modified asphalt, and asphalt modified with fine mesh material. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bridge piers KW - Geosynthetics KW - Inventions KW - Modifiers KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Patents KW - Research UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97spring/newresearch.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482899 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00736696 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chollar, B AU - Memon, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CMCRA: WHERE THE TIRE MEETS THE ROAD PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - p. 2-3 AB - Chemically modified crumb rubber asphalt (CMCRA) is one of the newest products to be developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). CMCRA is superior to crumb rubber modified asphalt, which has a propensity to separate and settle during heated storage. The research was conducted in response to Congressional mandates that States begin incorporating crumb rubber into their asphalt mixes for pavement construction and repair. The mandates aim to alleviate the environmental and ecological impact of scrap tires. This article describes the FHWA research and the resulting product. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Chemical composition KW - Environmental impacts KW - Modifications KW - Research KW - Rheological properties KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Scrap KW - Tires KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97spring/crum.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00736704 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Duff, K AU - Hyzak, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL MONITORING WITH GPS PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - p. 39-44 AB - Recent technological advances in the global positioning system (GPS) have made it a cost-effective tool for monitoring the safety and performance of bridges. Advances in GPS receiver technology and data-processing software make GPS a valuable tool that can be integrated into an automated continuously operating system. A prototype GPS-based bridge monitoring system has been developed for the Federal Highway Administration's nondestructive testing and evaluation program. The system has been tested successfully on two major highway bridges, and its design is being customized. This article describes the two system architectures for structural monitoring with GPS--fixed network sensors and mobile sensors. Two implementations of these systems are discussed. The authors predict that structural monitoring will continue to increase in importance, and with new tools, will decrease in cost. A sidebar explains the differences in navigation and surveying applications using GPS. KW - Architecture KW - Bridge structures KW - Bridges KW - Fixed KW - Global Positioning System KW - Mobile (Alabama) KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Performance KW - Portable equipment KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Sensors KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Structures KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97spring/gps.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482904 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00736700 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mentz, K M AU - Worrell, E AU - Zanetell, F D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PARK PROJECT IS A PARAGON OF PARTNERSHIP PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - p. 12-18 AB - A landslide on April 12, 1995, in Zion National Park in Utah completely dammed the North Fork of the Virgin River. Spring swelling touched off the massive landslide that washed away 180 m of roadway along with buried power, telephone, and sewer lines and 450 m of Springdale's water system. This article provides a chronology of the response to this disaster and of the successful reconstruction of Valley Floor Highway. The Central Federal Lands Highway Division of the Federal Highway Administration determined that the work should be divided into two phases. Phase 1 involved mapping, site investigations, and preliminary long-term design concepts, as well as the construction of a temporary roadway that would open by Memorial Day 1995. Phase 2 involved the design and construction of a high-quality, properly engineered, long-term solution. The long-term solution chosen was to excavate the toe of the slide mass and construct a stabilizing buttress on the west side of the channel and a retaining wall on the east to support the roadway section. The remainder of the article focuses on the team approach to the design of the buttress, wall, and shoring. KW - Construction KW - Contractors KW - Design KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Landslides KW - National parks KW - Parks KW - Partnerships KW - Reconstruction KW - Rivers KW - Road closings KW - Tourism KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97spring/zion.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482900 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00736702 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wright, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BUILDING THE BRIDGE TO THE 21ST CENTURY WITH...ALUMINUM? PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - p. 30-33 AB - The Reynolds Metal Company has developed an aluminum bridge deck system that it hopes to push into the mainstream for bridge construction and rehabilitation. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) is intrigued so much by the material's potential for long-term savings that it is employing Reynolds' aluminum deck system in two separate bridges. The Route 58 bridge in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, will be upgraded and widened with an aluminum decking system. The second bridge to be tested has not been identified. This article describes the testing to be conducted on the two bridges and the lightweight, anti-corrosive properties of aluminum that provide advantages over concrete and steel counterparts. In addition, aluminum may be one of the materials used in the "Smart Road" project, which is concerned with cutting-edge technologies. KW - Aluminum KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Lightweight materials KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technological innovations KW - Testing KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97spring/alum.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482902 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00736697 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Teets, M K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - p. 4-6 AB - "Highway Statistics" is an annual publication produced by the Office of Highway Information Management, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). It is a compilation of statistics of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, state highway finance, highway mileage, federal aid for highways, and prior year highway finance data. This brief article highlights the history of data collection and underscores the purpose of the FHWA statistical program. A discussion of the comparability of data is included. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data compilation KW - Highway statistics KW - Highways KW - History KW - Information organization KW - Purpose KW - State highway departments KW - Statistics KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97spring/stats.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00736698 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Sobhi, N AU - Kelly, M J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ATMS HUMAN FACTORS EXPERIMENTS PRODUCE DESIGN GUIDELINES PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - p. 7-9 AB - Designers of advanced traffic management systems (ATMS) should consider the characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of human operators in the development of such systems. This article reports on experiments being conducted by the Federal Highway Administration to produce human factors design guidelines for future traffic management centers (TMCs). The first experiment focused on interfaces for selecting and controlling remote cameras. The second experiment investigated the potential advantage of using an automated incident detection system in place of, or in addition to, a color-coded traffic flow map to detect and verify roadway incidents. The third experiment tested several kinds of automation for systems that employ variable message signs to report congestion and incidents at specific sites. A preliminary edition of human factors design guidelines for TMC design was distributed; a second edition will be published shortly. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Automation KW - Experiments KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human performance KW - Incident detection KW - Interfaces KW - Personnel performance KW - System design KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic control centers KW - Variable message signs UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97spring/atms.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482898 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00736701 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hargrave, M W AU - Munley, E AU - Pasko, T J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA'S APPLIED HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH PROGRAM ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - p. 23 AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has initiated an applied research program for using composite materials in highway structures. A lack of practical analysis, design, and failure-prediction capabilities has led FHWA to study, evaluate, and develop the knowledge base of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-composite materials for bridge and auxiliary roadside structures. The impetus for such a program is related to the large number of aging bridge structures nationwide that are deteriorating due to severe outdoor corrosive elements. This article examines the twofold research program on composite bridge structures and roadside structures. Regarding composite bridge structures, the authors report on program scope, material characterization and design methodology development, and construction applications. Under composite roadside structures, the authors highlight program scope, performance requirements, roadside rail system development, developmental testing and analysis, and manufactured part fabrication and compliance testing. The "yardsticks" against which this applied research program will be measured are field implementation and private sector involvement. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge structures KW - Bridges KW - Composite materials KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Materials characterization KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Research programs KW - Research projects KW - Roadside structures KW - Testing KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97spring/compos.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482901 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00736703 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wright, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH-PERFORMANCE STEEL: RESEARCH TO PRACTICE PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - p. 34-38 AB - A new grade of high-performance structural steel, HPS-485W, is now available for highway bridge construction. The product possesses superior weldability and toughness compared to conventional steels of this strength range. Conventional 485W steel required precise control of welding and fabrication practices, leading few bridge owners to risk potential problems in fabrication. This new grade of high performance steel is an optimized balance of strength, weldability, toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, and formability. This article provides an overview of the research program that developed the HPS-485W grade. Demonstration bridge projects in Tennessee and Nebraska are under way to smooth the way for the introduction of this new product. Details on these projects are included. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Demonstration projects KW - Fabrication KW - High performance KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Structural steel KW - Toughness KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Weldability KW - Welding UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97spring/steel.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736028 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MORE THAN ASPHALT, CONCRETE, AND STEEL PY - 1997 SP - 52 p. AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) encourages the mainstreaming of environmental, cultural, and social considerations in every aspect of transportation planning and development. ISTEA has paved the way for non-traditional projects by creating "flexible funding". This unprecedented tool enables state and local decision makers to look beyond traditional highway and transit agendas. It empowers them to spend highway dollars on "the most appropriate" transportation solutions for their needs. They have chosen transportation activities ranging from renovating an historic bridge to realigning a main street to redesigning an entire transportation system. This booklet presents some of their exemplary environmental projects and processes. The contents are organized under the following headings: More than Asphalt, Concrete, and Steel: Our Highway Dollars at Work; Bicycle Lanes, Paths, and Racks: Getting There Under Your Own Power; Congestion Pricing: Reducing Traffic through Economics; Greener Roadsides: Caring for the Wild Side; Historic Preservation: Seeing It Again for the First Time; Noise Barriers: Quieting the Sound; Public Transit: Leaving the Driving to Someone Else; Uplands and Wetlands: Preserving the Essence of Things; and Wildlife Crossings: Ending Roadkill. KW - Beautification KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bicycle parking KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Busways KW - Congestion pricing KW - Coordination KW - Environmental policy KW - Flexible funding KW - Highway beautification KW - Highways KW - Historic preservation KW - Integrated transportation systems KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Local government KW - Native plants KW - Noise barriers KW - Parking facilities KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public transit KW - States KW - Transportation planning KW - Vegetation KW - Wetland conservation KW - Wildflowers KW - Wildlife crossings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735969 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - ASSET MANAGEMENT: ADVANCING THE STATE OF THE ART INTO THE 21ST CENTURY THROUGH PUBLIC-PRIVATE DIALOGUE PY - 1997 SP - 16 p. AB - In September 1996, the Federal Highway Administration and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials jointly sponsored an Executive Seminar on Asset Management. A total of 65 participants from 23 States attended. These participants were drawn from private industry, utilities, State departments of transportation, the Federal Highway Administration, quasi-government organizations, and the research and supplier communities. This seminar was a first step toward encouraging and fostering the interaction needed for the public, private, and quasi-governmental sectors to help each other advance the state of the art of asset management. This paper reflects the information shared at this seminar. It addresses the following five questions: What is asset management? Why is it useful? Who's using it? How is it being done? What does the future hold? KW - Assets KW - Governments KW - Infrastructure KW - Management KW - Private enterprise KW - State of the art KW - Transportation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478561 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734685 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Loudon, W R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SUMMARY OF CASE STUDIES ON USES OF 1990 CENSUS DATA: THE PRIVATE SECTOR SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 42-45 AB - This review of the private sector role in the use of census data answers the following questions: Do those in the private sector support and facilitate the use of census data? Do they provide supplemental data? Do they supply data that might be a substitute if the journey-to-work data or other census data were not available? Do the private-sector companies rely on the journey-to-work data for their business practice? The case studies come from the following private sector organizations: Caliper Corporation; Claritas, Inc.; Dun and Bradstreet; Environmental System Research Institute; JHK & Associates; and COMSIS Corporation. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Private enterprise KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481499 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734687 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Covil, J L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SUMMARY OF CASE STUDIES ON USES OF 1990 CENSUS DATA: STATE DEPARTMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 59-65 AB - Case studies from four states were reviewed with regard to the uses of census data by the state transportation departments. The four states are Kentucky, Wisconsin, Kansas, and New York. The following lessons were learned: (1) there are far more applications involving census data than it was possible to review; (2) because census data are available, transportation planners know a lot more about those factors that influence trip-making characteristics and choices than they would know otherwise; (3) because census data are available, a better job of transportation planning is accomplished; (4) consistent, universal coverage is one of the most valuable characteristics of the census data; (5) if the census data were not available, it would require extraordinary efforts to obtain information on a case-by-case basis; and (6) although it is clear that some changes are appropriate to improve transportation planning capabilities even more, if census data were not available or there were a decline in the quality and comprehensiveness of census transportation data, transportation planners most likely would not do much of the transportation planning that is undertaken today. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481501 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734689 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Salopek, P A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - U.S. CENSUS 2000 TEST SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 76-78 AB - The U.S. Census 2000 Test, also known as the 1996 National Content Survey (NCS), is part of the Content Determination Process for the Census 2000. Census Day for the test was Saturday, March 2, 1996. Thirteen different questionnaires, seven short forms (100% items), and six long (sample) forms were tested. The long forms were targeted to collect responses from a national sample of about 4,200 housing units each. Four of the six sample questionnaires contained journey-to-work data. This paper briefly describes each of the forms containing journey-to-work items (DS-2A; DS-2D; DS-2E; and DS-2F). U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1996 National content survey KW - 2000 Census KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Questionnaires KW - Transportation planning KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481503 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734691 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sosslau, A B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP REPORT: USES OF 1990 CENSUS DATA SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 85-88 AB - This is a report of the findings of the conference workshop on the use of 1990 census data. The four issues discussed were as follows: What has been the experience in using the 1990 census data for transportation planning? What problems have limited your agency's use of census data? Which agencies have relied on the data, and to what extent? Which products are most useful and which were not useful? U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Transportation planning KW - Workshops UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481505 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734683 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sosslau, A B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SUMMARY OF CASE STUDIES ON USES OF 1990 CENSUS DATA: LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 31-36 AB - This paper summarizes the uses of 1990 census data along with user experiences and recommendations for the year 2000 as reported in the case studies for large metropolitan areas presented at this conference. These case studies, which may be found in Volume 2 of the proceedings, tend to be different in terms of emphasis, which makes them all the more interesting. The case studies are from the following large metropolitan area agencies: Baltimore Metropolitan Council; Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission; Chicago Area Transportation Study, University of Illinois, and Chicago Transit Authority; Southeast Michigan Council of Governments; and Metropolitan Transportation Commission (San Francisco Bay Area). U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481497 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734690 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fulton, P N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESULTS OF THE BUREAU OF TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS STUDY OF CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 79-81 AB - The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) study of continuous measurement was begun in mid-1994 and concluded in early 1995. The findings from that study are reported in "Implications of Continuous Measurement for the Uses of Census Data in Transportation Planning" (April 1996). This paper briefly describes the purpose of the study, the continuous measurement system, the design and method of study, and general findings of the study. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Continuous measurement KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481504 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734679 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pisarski, A E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DECENNIAL CENSUS DATA FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: CASE STUDIES AND STRATEGIES FOR 2000. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, IRVINE, CALIFORNIA, APRIL 28 - MAY 1, 1996. VOLUME 1. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 3-10 AB - The structure of the 1996 conference on the 2000 census took a different tack than in past conferences. Because it had the benefit of the 1994 conference's conclusions, the 1996 conference was able to spend less time on fact finding and focus more on key areas: updating experience with the 1990 census, refining quality improvements needed, and then focusing strongly on alternatives facing the transportation profession for the year 2000. This "Summary and Recommendations" begins with a brief synopsis of the 1994 conference and the following two years, and from this synopsis elicits a number of conclusions about the context of the present conference. This is followed by listings of general findings, specific findings, and recommendations. The recommendations are directed to the following organizations: the Bureau of the Census; the U.S. Department of Transportation; States; metropolitan planning organizations; the Transportation Research Board data committees; the private sector; and Congress. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 2000 Census KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Recommendations KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481493 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734680 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Murakami, E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SUMMARY OF 1990 CENSUS DATA USES AND NATIONAL EXPERIENCE SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 13-18 AB - There were two important outcomes from the 1994 conference. The first is the "Census Mapbook for Transportation Planning" (FHWA, Dec. 1994). The second is the Bureau of Transportation Statistics' "Implications of Continuous Measurement for the Uses of Census Data in Transportation Planning" (April 1996). Journey-to-work travel still represents the largest segment of daily long-distance trips, excluding vacation trips. In 1990, the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) estimated that the average work trip was 9.5 miles and accounted for 36% of the vehicle miles of travel in urbanized areas. Thus, understanding the journey to work is still very important in transportation planning, even if the census questionnaire does not include all daily travel. In terms of uses of census data at the national level, three come to mind: national consistency, household travel surveys, and transit markets. The remainder of this paper examines the use of census data in each of these three areas. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Households KW - National consistency KW - Transit markets KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel surveys KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481494 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734682 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Loudon, W R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CENSUS JOURNEY-TO-WORK LONG-FORM SURVEY: DOES IT SUPPORT STATE AND METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING? SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 25-28 AB - This paper, to help in structuring the collective thinking of the conference participants, provides a perspective on how census data currently support the transportation planning process, and looks at how data needs are changing and how the journey-to-work data might address these emerging data needs. In summary, it appears that the census journey-to-work survey provides data that are valuable to the planning and programming process for transportation projects in states and metropolitan areas. The data are becoming more valuable to a broader range of agencies as a result of the subtle and not-so-subtle influences of the Clean Air Act and the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). The journey-to-work survey is not perfect, but supplemental data factors can be applied to correct the flaws. Emerging data needs appear to also further underscore the need for a transportation survey connected with the Census of Population. Finally, replacement of the data on a consistent national basis with equal coverage of household characteristics would be enormously more expensive if done independent of the census. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Census KW - Clean Air Act KW - Conferences KW - Data needs KW - Information organization KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Transportation planning KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481496 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734684 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Friedman, T W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SUMMARY OF CASE STUDIES ON USES OF 1990 CENSUS DATA: TRANSIT SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 37-41 AB - Case studies on transit uses of census data involving several geographic study areas are summarized here. This summary covers study objectives, how the data were used, and what data were used. The methodology, some of the tasks that were covered and some of the problems, and recommendations of the authors are noted. The case studies are from the following locations: New Orleans; Los Angeles; New Jersey; Cleveland; Southern California; and Chicago. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481498 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734686 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dueker, K J AU - Wuest, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SUMMARY OF CASE STUDIES ON USES OF 1990 CENSUS DATA: SMALL METROPOLITAN AREAS SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 46-58 AB - This summary reviews the case studies submitted to this conference on the use of census data in transportation planning for small Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), especially the 1990 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) Statewide Element; identifies some of the common issues in terms of usefulness of the CTPP; outlines some of the major obstacles in the use of the CTPP; provides examples of the type of analysis that can be done with the currently available data; covers the strengths and weaknesses of the current format and availability of census data; and reviews suggestions for improving both the quality and use of the data. The case studies are from the following MPOs: Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments; San Luis Obispo Council of Governments; Santa Barbara County Association of Governments; Rutland Regional Planning Commission; Metropolitan Transportation Planning Organization for Gainesville Urbanized Area; Capital District Transportation Committee; and nine small MPOs from around the state of Illinois. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 1990 Census KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Small cities KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481500 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734688 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wickstrom, G AU - Murakami, E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ALTERNATIVE DATA COLLECTION OPTIONS SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 69-75 AB - The current recommendation from the Census Bureau to Congress is for Census 2000 to include in the traditional long-form survey those data items used in transportation planning, such as income, vehicle availability, and journey to work information, and to begin full implementation of the continuous measurement process in 1999. In the review of alternatives to the census during this conference, two primary directions were discussed: (1) Replacing the long-form survey with the continuous measurement process - the Census Bureau has developed an ongoing survey program that has the potential to replace the long-form data with 3- or 5-year accumulations of data for small geographic units and with annual data for large geographic units; and (2) Losing the long-form data altogether - Congress is in a budget-cutting mood, and it is still unclear whether the long-form data will be included in Census 2000 or whether continuous measurement will be implemented beginning in 1999. The implications of these possible directions are discussed in this paper, along with the following alternatives to the long-form survey: replace the long-form survey with continuous measurement as used in the American Community Survey; expand the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey; conduct regional household surveys; conduct workplace surveys; conduct on-board transit surveys; and use secondary data sources, such as motor vehicle registrations and employment security files. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 2000 Census KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Options KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481502 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734677 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DECENNIAL CENSUS DATA FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: CASE STUDIES AND STRATEGIES FOR 2000. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, IRVINE, CALIFORNIA, APRIL 28 - MAY 1, 1996. VOLUME 1 SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - 112 p. AB - These proceedings document the second Conference on Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning to be held since the 1990 census. It is the fifth in a series of related conferences (1970, 1973, 1984, and 1994). This volume, Volume 1, contains the following: Introductory Remarks, C.L. Purvis; Summary and Recommendations, A.E. Pisarski; Opening Session presentations (3); Summary of Case Studies on Uses of 1990 Census Data (5); Plenary Sessions (3); Workshop Reports (2); an Appendix containing Facsimiles of the Journey-to-Work Questions; and a list of conference participants. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Recommendations KW - Transportation planning KW - Workshops UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481491 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734678 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Purvis, C L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DECENNIAL CENSUS DATA FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: CASE STUDIES AND STRATEGIES FOR 2000. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, IRVINE, CALIFORNIA, APRIL 28 - MAY 1, 1996. VOLUME 1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 1-2 AB - These introductory remarks list the conference objectives and provide an overview of the contents of Volumes 1 and 2 of the conference proceedings. References are given for the proceedings of the previous conferences in this series. It is pointed out that conference participants were generally concerned yet intrigued with the notion of continuous measurement as a parallel process to the traditional, yet improved, census long form. It is also noted that there was a general endorsement of the recommendations and findings from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics study on continuous measurement and transportation planning (April 1996), and that participants were supportive of the Census Bureau goals for a Census 2000 that is "faster, less costly, and more accurate" and were mindful of the fiscal considerations for planning Census 2000 and the implications for transportation data collection budgets, given the number of different alternatives suggested for the coming census. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 2000 Census KW - Accuracy KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Cost control KW - Planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481492 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734681 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Riche, M F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CENSUS FUTURE PROGRAM SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 19-24 AB - This paper begins with the reasons why a census is taken--there are 4 reasons and to produce journey-to-work data is not one of them--then comments briefly on what the first Director of the census (Thomas Jefferson) had to say about the 1790 census. The paper then describes in detail how the Bureau of the Census intends to conduct the 2000 census. The strategy involves four elements: partnership, simplicity, technology, and statistical methods. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 2000 Census KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481495 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734692 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Salopek, P A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP REPORT: QUALITY OF DATA, NEEDS, AND IMPROVEMENT OF 2000 CENSUS PRODUCTS SN - 0309059658 PY - 1997 VL - 1 IS - 13 SP - p. 89-94 AB - This is a report of the findings of the conference workshop on the quality of decennial census data, data needs by the transportation planning community, and the improvements that should be made to products from the 2000 census. The issues discussed were as follows: What data are needed to address current and emerging transportation issues and to what extent can the year 2000 decennial census support those needs? What improvements or changes to census data are needed? How should users be provided data? What is necessary to ensure maximum use of data? An additional question, determined to be not an issue for discussion but a question to be addressed to the Census Bureau, was: If Data items and tabulations are reduced, can more timely delivery of (or access to) the information be achieved? U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation Planning: Case Studies and Strategies for 2000Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics.Irvine, California StartDate:19960428 EndDate:19960501 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. KW - 2000 Census KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data files KW - Data needs KW - Data quality KW - Improvements KW - Information organization KW - Reliability KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1997/cp13/cp13v1-015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481506 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735049 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Slater, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARCHITECTS OF CHANGE: CREATING AMERICA'S 21ST CENTURY INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 10-11 AB - In this brief article, federal highway administrator Rodney Slater describes how the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) has changed the face of transportation. ISTEA, the landmark legislation that was passed 6 years ago, is breaking down the walls that had separated the transportation modes in legislation, in philosophy, and in practice. This year, 1997, is one in which state and local officials and a diverse group of transportation organizations are supporting reauthorization of ISTEA. Creating America's 21st century intermodal transportation system will require these architects of change. KW - Government funding KW - Interconnected KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Laws and legislation KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Reauthorization KW - Transportation KW - Transportation modes KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation systems KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97winter/p97wi10.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481788 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735053 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Duwadi, S R AU - Ritter, M A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIMBER BRIDGES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 32-40 AB - Timber bridges represent about 7 percent of the bridges listed in the National Bridge Inventory. In the early years of this nation, timber was the material of choice for bridges. However, wood was gradually replaced by iron, steel, and concrete in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Wood is a desirable bridge construction material because it is a renewable resource that is resistant to the effects of deicing agents and can sustain substantially higher loads over a short period of time. Wood is also lightweight and easier to fabricate and construct, and it can be constructed regardless of the weather and without detriment to the material. This article presents a historical perspective on the use of timber bridges, briefly describes the various types of timber bridges, and summarizes the national timber bridge demonstration and research programs. KW - Building materials KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Demonstration projects KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Lightweight materials KW - Resistance (Mater) KW - Resistance (Mechanics) KW - Strength of materials KW - Timber construction KW - Wood structures KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97winter/p97wi32.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481792 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735056 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Smith, D C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CLOSING THE TECHNOLOGY GAP PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 52-56 AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) realizes that a huge gap exists between state of the art in transportation technology and state of the practice in the transportation community. With reauthorization of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) on the minds of FHWA officials, the subject of technology and closing the gap is a focus of the reauthorization proposal. Technology deployment is essential to determine the effectiveness and demonstrate the benefits of new technology. A National Technology Deployment Initiatives program could be a step in the right direction. Such a program would focus on accelerating the implementation of technologies that address specific technology goals that are consumer-driven. This article provides some possible goals for a technology deployment program that are based on FHWA's outreach activities. KW - Consumer preferences KW - Deployment KW - Gap KW - Government funding KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Reauthorization KW - State of the art KW - State of the practice KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97winter/p97wi52.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481795 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735048 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Paniati, J F AU - Council, F M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE HIGHWAY SAFETY INFORMATION SYSTEM: TRANSFORMING DATA INTO KNOWLEDGE PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 4-9 AB - This comprehensive article describes the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Highway Safety Information System (HSIS). The HSIS exists as a source of knowledge on the safety performance of the highway system and the effects that changes in highway design and operations have on safety. The HSIS is a multistate database that contains crash data; roadway inventory information; traffic volume data; and special inventory data-related items, such as intersections, interchanges, and roadside hardware. To maximize the cost-effectiveness of the system, HSIS is designed to complement, not duplicate, state databases, other Department of Transportation databases, and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) databases. The HSIS has evolved since its inception in the late 1980s, and in the mid-1990s, HSIS was overhauled completely. It moved from a high-end stand-alone personal computer system to a distributed system over a client-server network. Data files were restructured from flat files to a relational structure. The remainder of this article outlines what's available via the HSIS and how data contained within the HSIS is transformed into knowledge about the safety performance of the highway system. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Information System KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - State departments of transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97winter/p97wi4.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481787 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735050 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hoffman, C AU - Paulson, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ROAD TO REAUTHORIZATION: BUILDING ON THE SUCCESS OF ISTEA PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 12-16 AB - The Federal Highway Administration is working diligently to develop a proposal that will lead to the reauthorization of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). ISTEA, even with its flaws, has been deemed a huge success in terms of creating a new intermodal transportation paradigm. With reauthorization in mind, this article characterizes the road tours initiated by federal highway administrator Rodney Slater to meet transportation users and builders; reports on finding the right focus for the reauthorization proposal; and addresses national challenges related to an intermodal transportation system. The Department of Transportation has identified eight building blocks for the creation of post-ISTEA legislation: 1) promote intermodalism; 2) improve planning and public participation; 3) empower state and local officials; 4) strengthen partnerships; 5) encourage performance management; 6) promote innovative financing; 7) encourage new technologies; and 8) encourage better infrastructure investment and management. KW - Financing KW - Government funding KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Laws and legislation KW - Needs assessment KW - Proposals KW - Public participation KW - Public private partnerships KW - Reauthorization KW - Technological innovations KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97winter/p97wi12.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481789 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735052 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washer, G AU - Nelson, G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A BRIDGE STEEL DATABASE PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 27-29 AB - The Historic Bridge Steel Database was established to house an array of data on the performance and properties of old bridge steel. This data has not been previously available in one location. This type of data is crucial for maintaining the high performance, reliability, and efficiency of aging bridges, and for ensuring that safety is maintained as bridges age and traffic loads increase. The database is a powerful tool for evaluating the safety of older structures and for deciding whether to rehabilitate or replace those structures. This article describes the development of the Historic Bridge Steel Database. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Construction KW - Databases KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Historic bridges KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Reliability KW - Steel KW - Steel construction UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97winter/p97wi27.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481791 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735057 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lindley, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOVING FORWARD SMARTLY: THE ROLE FOR ITS IN THE NEXTEA PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 57-60 AB - The use of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) with existing infrastructure could potentially increase capacity to satisfy the continually rising travel demand and system use. The reauthorization proposal of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) must address the use of ITS in improving the operation and management of the existing transportation system. Without ITS technologies, no practical and affordable alternatives exist to handle the expected increases in travel by private and commercial vehicles. This article describes how far ITS has come under the original ISTEA legislation and what is possible via ISTEA reauthorization or NEXTEA. Economic, safety, efficiency, and commercial benefits of ITS are highlighted. KW - Economic benefits KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Government funding KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Proposals KW - Reauthorization KW - Safety KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97winter/p97wi57.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481796 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735054 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Stirba, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERNET WATCH PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 41-42 AB - This article introduces a new feature in "Public Roads" called Internet Watch, which will track new and interesting developments in transportation resources on the Internet. This debut piece highlights some important transportation-related World Wide Web sites established by federal agencies, state agencies, public service agencies, educational and research institutes, commercial sites, special interest sites, and Federal Highway Administration sites. KW - Federal government agencies KW - Governments KW - Information processing KW - Internet KW - Natural resources KW - Private enterprise KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research organizations KW - Transportation KW - Transportation sector KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98janfeb/welfare.cfm UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/prindex.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481793 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735055 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rekenthaler, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCED SOIL PIERS: A BRIDGE FROM THE PAST TO THE PRESENT PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 43-46 AB - Geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) piers offer a low-cost, quick-construction alternative to the elaborate, high-priced reinforced concrete bridge piers that suppport most of the world's bridges. Consisting of alternating layers of compacted soil separated by geosynthetic sheets, the GRS piers offer ease of construction, durability, and strength. This article describes a GRS pier at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, Virginia, that was loaded to 9800 kilonewtons and 930 kilopascals (2.2 million pounds force and 135 pounds force per square inch, respectively), which is well beyond any intended service load. The technology itself is thousands of years old; however, engineers of today are dismissive of such overtly simple technologies. KW - Bridge piers KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Geosynthetics KW - Layered soils KW - Load tests KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Research KW - Strength of materials UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97winter/p97wi43.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481794 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735051 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hoffman, C AU - Paulson, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KEEP THE GOOD TIMES ROLLING: ISTEA SUCCESS STORIES PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 17 AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) emphasizes intermodalism--the seamless linking of highway, rail, air, and marine transportation--and flexibility in forming new partnerships with states, localities, and the private sector. This article highlights more than 20 ISTEA project successes, allowing readers to glimpse at the varied and important work conducted under this legislation. With ISTEA due to expire in 1997, the Federal Highway Administration is working to develop new legislation, revisiting current ISTEA efforts to learn more about exceptionally good projects and programs. KW - Evaluation KW - Flexibility KW - Government funding KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Laws and legislation KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public private partnerships KW - Reauthorization KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97winter/p97wi17.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481790 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00735047 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - DiCenzo, M AU - Day, T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - "QUALITY JOURNEY" UPDATE: RESULTS THAT MAKE A DIFFERENCE PY - 1997 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - p. 2-3 AB - The National Quality Initiative (NQI) and "Quality Journey" efforts have taken the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) into the total quality management realm. This article describes FHWA's involvement in these quality management programs and the impact they are having on the FHWA and its associates in the transportation community. Two offices within the FHWA--the Federal Lands Highway Office and the Office of Motor Carriers--are highlighted for their efforts in quality management. FHWA's goals are to achieve more efficient use of resources, better results, and customer satisfaction. KW - Conservation KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Customers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Employee empowerment KW - Management KW - Product quality KW - Productivity KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Resource management KW - Total quality management KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/97winter/p97wi2.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734744 AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INFORMATION SERVICES (TRIS) DATABASE. INFORMATION PACKET PY - 1997 SP - v.p. AB - This packet contains information about the Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) database, a computerized information file maintained and operated by the Transportation Research Board. TRIS is available online through DIALOG service as File 63. TRIS contains information on transportation modes and practices, including planning, design, finance, construction, maintenance, equipment, traffic, operations, management, and marketing. TRIS contains more than 400,000 abstracts of completed research and summaries of research in progress. UMTRIS (Urban Mass Transportation Research Information Services) is FTA's computerized online database on worldwide transit research embodied in the larger TRIS database. It covers all phases of conventional, new and automated public transit. Literature searches are available to all customers. One free literature search from the database is offered each month to transit agencies. The packet also provides information about TRANSPORT -- a CD-ROM based product combining the complete information resources of the world's three leading transportation research databases. TRANSPORT provides a single, easy-to-search source for TRIS, OECD's International Road Research Documentation (IRRD) database, and the European Conference of Ministers of Transportation's TRANSDOC database. TRANSPORT records are easy to access using the SilverPlatter Information Search and Retrieval System software. KW - Development KW - Guides to the literature KW - Information services KW - Literature reviews KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481061 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00734536 AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - 1996 PENNSYLVANIA TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AND SAFETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PY - 1997 SP - 72p AB - This document contains the conference presentations from the 1996 Traffic Engineering and Safety Conference, State College, Pennsylvania. They are organized according to conference session as follows: Session 2a - Intelligent Transportation Systems; Session 2b - ITS Activities in Pennsylvania; Session 3 - Roadside Safety Design / New End Treatments; Session 4 - Traffic Signal Software Workshop; Session 5 - Traffic Engineering; Session 6 - Access Management and Impact Fees; Session 7 - Engineering Education Program Workshop; Session 8 - Urban Intersections / Interchanges; Session 9 - Safety Management; (no Session 10 included); Session 11 - Intermodalism; and Session 12a - Consultant / Owner Issues Panel Discussion. There are 36 conference presentations. U1 - 1996 Pennsylvania Traffic Engineering and Safety ConferencePennsylvania Department of Transportation; Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center; Federal Highway Administration; Pennsylvania's Local Technical Assistance Program; and ITS Pennsylvania.State College, Pennsylvania StartDate:19961209 EndDate:19961211 Sponsors:Pennsylvania Department of Transportation; Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center; Federal Highway Administration; Pennsylvania's Local Technical Assistance Program; and ITS Pennsylvania. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Conferences KW - Consultants KW - Education KW - End treatments KW - Engineering KW - Engineering education KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact fees KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Interchanges KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Intersections KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Pennsylvania KW - Roadside KW - Roadside safety KW - Rumble strips KW - Safety management KW - Software KW - Strategic planning KW - Structural design KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Urban areas KW - Urban intersections KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737919 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1997 TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER RESEARCHER'S DIRECTORY PY - 1996/12/31 SP - 12 p. AB - This directory is a guide developed by staff at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia, to facilitate direct contact between the highway community and TFHRC research projects and staff. The directory is organized into six primary highway research categories (human factors, intelligent transportation systems, pavements, safety, structures, and support services), then lists individual areas of expertise with a contact name and phone number. This booklet has been published annually since January 1992. KW - Directories KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Pavements KW - Professional personnel KW - Safety KW - Structures KW - Support services KW - Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01055905 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - ITS America TI - FHWA Region 7 Rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Workshops July 29 - August 1, 1996 PY - 1996/12/30/Final Report SP - v.p. AB - Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) workshops were held in Topeka, Kansas; Lincoln, Nebraska; Ames, Iowa; and Columbia, Missouri from July 29 to August 1, 1996. These workshops addressed the needs of rural areas. The goals of the workshops were to discuss ITS technologies appropriate for implementation in rural areas; ascertain which of the technologies presented have the most potential for early application; and establish a means to address the ITS needs in each of the four states participating in the workshops. The workshop goals were broken down into specific objectives, and each workshop resulted in recommendations for ITS use in rural areas. Transportation modes discussed include highways and public transit. KW - Ames (Iowa) KW - Columbia (Missouri) KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - ITS program applications KW - ITS program technologies KW - Lincoln (Nebraska) KW - Needs assessment KW - Public transit KW - Recommendations KW - Rural areas KW - Strategic planning KW - Topeka (Kansas) KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00741930 AU - Hayes, B D AU - Marhaba, T F AU - Agnoli, N W AU - Lackey, D M AU - Rutgers University, Piscataway AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES PY - 1996/12/23 SP - 146 p. AB - Information on existing and innovative pollution control technologies for highway runoff has been used to evaluate the potential of each technology in the four physiographic regions characterizing New Jersey. Technologies were evaluated for applicability under the following criteria: performance, cost, maintenance, failure rates, site requirements, contributing watershed drainage area, and regional space availability. In the Coastal Plain, wetlands, dry detention basins, wet detention ponds, grass swales, and grass filter strips have demonstrated the potential to act as effective water quality control devices. Research is necessary on sediment removal by forebays in systems that detain water for treatment. Sediment removal greatly reduces costly maintenance. In the Piedmont region, wetlands, dry detention basins, wet detention ponds, grass swales, and grass filter strips are well suited to treat highway runoff. Compost Stormwater Filters (Trademark) and sand filters may also be suitable in this region. Efficiency, cost, maintenance, and long term effectiveness in regions that experience changing seasons require study before the implementation of the sand and compost-media filters. In the Highlands region, Compost Stormwater Filters (Trademark) and sand filters may be applicable. Grass swales and wetlands may also accomplish water quality goals. Research is again necessary on wetland forebays and both filter systems. In the Valley and Ridge Region, Compost Stormwater Filters (Trademark) and sand filters meet the necessary requirements for success. Wetlands, grass swales, and grass filter strips may also be utilized in the Valley and Ridge region. Research requirements in this region are similar to that necessary in the Highlands. Porous pavement, oil grit separators, and infiltration systems have low potential for use in any of the four physiographic regions due to difficulties associated with performance, maintenance, and cost. Not all the information acquired from available literature is directly applicable to this study. Many studies were performed in regions with significantly different soil characteristics and field conditions which suggests the importance of local demonstration projects. KW - Catch basins KW - Costs KW - Detention basins KW - Emission control devices KW - Failure KW - Failure rates KW - Filters KW - Grass filter strips KW - Maintenance KW - New Jersey KW - Performance KW - Runoff KW - Sand KW - Sand filters KW - Storms KW - Stormwater filters KW - Swales KW - Water quality KW - Water quality management KW - Watersheds KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734646 AU - Bernal, A AU - Lovell, C W AU - Salgado, R AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY STUDY ON THE USE OF TIRE SHREDS AND RUBBER-SAND IN BACKFILLS AND REINFORCED SOIL APPLICATIONS PY - 1996/12/20 SP - 173 p. AB - Millions of scrap tires are discarded annually in the United States, the bulk of which are currently landfilled or stockpiled. This consumes valuable landfill space, or, if improperly disposed, creates a fire hazard and provides a prolific breeding ground for rodents and mosquitoes. The use of tire shreds as lightweight fill material can sharply reduce the tire disposal problem. The present study, based on laboratory testing and numerical modeling, examines the feasibility of incorporating tire shreds and rubber-sand mixtures as lightweight geomaterial in embankments and backfills. The growing interest in utilizing waste materials in civil engineering applications has opened the possibility of using reinforced soil structures with non-conventional backfills. The laboratory testing program of the present study includes the determination of volumetric behavior of rubber-sand mixtures during triaxial testing, lateral pressure coefficients for rubber-sand backfills, and interaction properties of tire shreds and rubber-sand mixtures with geogrids and geotextiles through pull-out and direct shear tests. The test results have been used to perform numerical modeling of tire shred and rubber-sand backfills in walls. It has been found that the use of tire shreds and rubber-sand (with a tire shred to mix ratio of about 40%) in highway construction offers technical, economic, and environmental benefits. The salient benefits of using tire shreds and rubber-sand include reduced weight of fill, adequate stability, low settlements, good drainage (avoiding the development of pore water pressure during loading), separation of underlying weak or problem soils from subbase or base materials, conservation of energy and natural resources, and usage of large quantities of local waste tires, which would have a positive impact on the environment. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Coefficients KW - Direct shear tests KW - Economic benefits KW - Embankments KW - Environmental impacts KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral pressure KW - Mathematical models KW - Pull out test KW - Rubber sand mixtures KW - Scrap tires KW - Solid wastes KW - Test results KW - Tires KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Waste disposal UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1607&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478010 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459670 TI - Non-Personal Support Services for the Operation & Maintenance of Several Labs & Testing Facilities at the TFHRC AB - This contract will provide for continued support services for the pavements/materials labs at the TFHRC. Qualified engineers, chemists, and technicians will be provided as necessary. KW - Engineers KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maintenance KW - Operations KW - Research projects KW - Technical reports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00750042 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT FOR IMPROVEMENT OF U.S. 151, JONES COUNTY, IOWA, SEGMENT 3 - ANAMOSA TO MONTICELLO, PROJECT NO. NHS-151-3(84)--19-57 PY - 1996/12/11 SP - v.p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has determined that the project for improvement of Segment 3 of U.S. 151 in Jones County, Iowa, will not have any significant impact on the human environment. This finding is based on the attached Environmental Assessment which has been independently evaluated by the FHWA and determined to adequately and accurately discuss the need, environmental issues, impacts of the proposed project and appropriate mitigation measures. It provides sufficient evidence and analysis for determining that an Environmental Impact Statement is not required. KW - Environmental assessments KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Jones County (Iowa) KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398246 AU - Klein, L A AU - Kelley, M R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D TI - Detection technology for IVHS volume 1: final report PY - 1996/12 IS - FHWA-RD-95-100 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Detection KW - Digital video KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Image processing KW - Image processing KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Loop detector KW - Loop detectors KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Video UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01102906 AU - Raytheon E-Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) for Maintenance Vehicle Applications PY - 1996/12 SP - 22p AB - It is widely believed that barriers to an automated highway system (AHS) deployment are due more to institutional, economic, and legal issues than technology limitations. In order to sustain and accelerate the AHS deployment process, it is desirable to demonstrate the benefits of advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS) as soon as possible. An ideal candidate application for early deployment should include the following features: a controlled/structured vehicle operating environment, a user group willing to experiment with developmental systems, and substantial user benefits from automation. Several particularly suitable application areas which meet some or all of those criteria involve the operations of on and off-highway maintenance vehicles. The high cost of maintenance operations, as reflected in labor costs, incident-related injury and damage, and negative traffic impacts could be significantly mitigated through the use of vehicle control systems. This need for improvement, coupled with the willingness of many highway departments to test prototype hardware, provides an excellent opportunity for field testing AVCS. In terms of off-highway applications, an area of opportunity also exists for applying AVCS to airport ground vehicle operations. Within the context of highway maintenance operations, this study explores opportunities for AVCS-based snow removal and work zone following vehicles. A description of these operations, and their particular suitability for the application of AVCS is presented. For airport operations, the feasibility of AVCS-assisted snow removal and baggage movement is considered. Previous and on-going work related to vehicle automation for these operations is introduced, along with recommendations for the future, based on an assessment of technical feasibility of AVCS and the attitudes of the highway and airport maintenance communities towards this technology. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Highway maintenance KW - Labor KW - Labor costs KW - Maintenance practices KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Technology assessment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16400/16453/PB2000103993.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/850148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00938432 AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A REGIONAL TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM PY - 1996/12 SP - 53 p. AB - The objectives of this report were to document the activities and evaluate the effectiveness of a regional traffic safety improvement program in the Green River Area Development District (GRADD). This is a seven county region in western Kentucky. The goals of the program were to reduce the numbers of motor vehicle fatalities and injuries, to increase safety belt usage, and to increase public awareness of the effects of alcohol-related and high speed driving in rural areas. A full-time employee was hired by GRADD to manage the program. A Citizen Advisory Board (CAB) was established in each county. Each CAB formulated a mission statement, identified problems they desired to address, established goals and objectives, and developed strategies and activities. Activities in the program included: radio and television public service announcements, development of a logo, development and distribution of several pamphlets, placing traffic safety billboards, presenting programs to various groups on different traffic safety topics, distributing numerous promotional items, participating in community events such as parades and festivals, use of safety characters, providing training such as TIPS, and providing a visual display radar. The accident analysis showed that the number of accidents and injuries in the GRADD decreased after the start of the safety program at a level which was statistically significant compared to statewide statistics. While the number of fatalities increased, due to the small numbers, the change was not statistically significant compared to statewide statistics. Safety belt usage in the GRADD increased at a higher rate than the statewide increase. Before the program, the usage rate in the GRADD was substantially below the statewide average but the usage rate increased to a level only slightly below the statewide average. The evaluation revealed that the program was successful in hiring and training a coordinator, creating a CAB in each county, developing highway safety literature specific to the GRADD, and presenting highway safety information to the general public through such methods as public service announcements, newspaper articles, pamphlets, billboards, participation in community events, and distribution of highway safety materials. The success of this program in achieving its goals and objectives shows that the concept of a regional safety program is a valid method of reducing traffic accidents and informing the public of traffic safety issues. KW - Advisory groups KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Kentucky KW - Promotion KW - Public participation KW - Publicity KW - Radio and television KW - Regional planning KW - Roadside advertising KW - Safety programs KW - Seat belts KW - Special events KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00938431 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - Stamatiadis, N AU - Culton, E AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INCIDENT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES (LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY) PY - 1996/12 SP - 62 p. AB - The objective of this project was to evaluate and document the various incident management techniques used by the Lexington Fayette Urban County Government to alleviate the impact of incidents on highways in Fayette County. Components included in the evaluation were: 1) establishment and use of traffic diversion routes; 2) use of variable message signs; 3) use of detour signing; 4) use of arrow board signs; 5) improvement of existing incident detection and verification through enhanced computerized mapping; 6) use of linked motion detection equipment; and 7) development of a public information program. The methods used to incorporate each of these components into an incident management program were described. The analysis of traffic diversion plans showed that congestion would be an extreme problem with many of the diversion routes, especially during peak hours. It was recommended that existing diversion routes be used only during off peak hours and alternate routes be developed for peak traffic flow periods. KW - Arrow board signs KW - Computerized mapping KW - County government KW - Detours KW - Fayette County (Kentucky) KW - Incident detection KW - Incident management KW - Motion detection KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Public information programs KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic diversion KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00933855 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY - TRANSITION TO TEXAS T101 BRIDGE RAIL CRASH TESTED PY - 1996/12 SP - 1 p. AB - A transition from a W-beam on strong post guardrail to the Texas Type T101 bridge rail was recently crash tested with a 2,000-kg pickup truck. The purpose of the test was to determine whether this transition meets the strength requirements for Test Level Three of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report No. 350. The pickup truck impacted the transition at 100 km/h and an impact angle of 25 degrees. It was smoothly redirected and remained upright. Damage to the transition was relatively minor. KW - Guardrail transition sections KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Pickup trucks KW - Strength of materials KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/724915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00932054 AU - Whitford, R K AU - Moffett, D P AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF OVERWEIGHT TRUCK PERMIT PROCESS FOR MICHIGAN TRAINS PY - 1996/12 SP - 38 p. AB - Technical guidance was provided by Purdue University to the Indiana Department of Transportation regarding specific issues around the automation of permit issuance for overweight and oversized vehicles on a specific piece of highway in Northwest Indiana. Supporting this guidance were four commentaries which were: (1) Functional Specification for Automation of Michigan Trains; (2) Draft Commentary on Touch Tone (Trademark)/Voice Response System Security for Michigan Trains; (3) Draft Commentary on Touch Tone (Trademark)/Voice Response System Vendor for Michigan Trains; (4) Draft Commentary on Touch Tone (Trademark)/Voice Response System Auditability for Michigan Trains. These are included as appendices to this report. KW - Auditing KW - Automation KW - Indiana KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversize vehicles KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Security KW - Specifications KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/724304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806063 AU - Horner, Ron AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODIFIED CHIP SEAL SURFACE TREATMENTS VS. CONVENTIONAL CHIP SEAL SURFACE TREATMENTS PY - 1996/12 SP - n.p. AB - Construction went well with some minor difficulty. All of the test sections were constructed according to plan. KW - Chip seals KW - Performance evaluations KW - Seal coating KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673774 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753468 AU - Taber, J T AU - Grenney, W J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATING DRIVEWAY ACCESS AND INTERSECTION DESIGN WITH MULTIPLE MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 445-456 AB - This paper presents a working model to improve roadway access intersection design during any stage of adjacent land development. A comprehensive model is proposed, consisting of several components: (1) an expert system to guide design in accordance with published criteria; (2) simulation models to test alternative designs; and (3) a graphical multi-criteria evaluation system which quantifies marginal impacts of changing design parameters across multiple objective functions including vehicular delay, traffic conflicts as a surrogate of safety, and capital cost. The integrated model was developed at the Utah Transportation Center, Utah State University as part of continuing research into applying computer technology to improve transportation design and operation. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Development KW - Driveways KW - Effectiveness KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Real estate development KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Utah UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636057 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753470 AU - Mcshane, W R AU - Choi, D S AU - Eichin, K AU - Sokolow, G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INSIGHTS INTO ACCESS MANAGEMENT DETAILS USING TRAF-NETSIM PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 471-483 AB - Due to the variability of field situations, it is difficult to observe the relative effects of driveway parameters (number, placement, volumes), arterial volumes, the presence (or not) of driveway deceleration lanes and other factors. Recognizing that simulation results cannot be used without caution and care, it was still decided that simulation using a well-established model (namely, TRAF-NETSIM) could provide some useful insights. The simulation also made it possible to focus on the average travel speed of the through vehicles only as the measure of performance, by adapting the TRAF-NETSIM statistics. A series of situations were defined, generally with driveways only on the south side of an east-west arterial. Range of arterial volumes and driveway parameters/features were considered, generally with one hour simuation times and five replications. The results highlight the effects of the driveways on even the westbound traffic (the "other" side), as well as the significant impact on the eastbound traffic. Adverse impacts in the range of 5 to 10 mph are common. Deceleration lanes are important mitigators, while left turns create major problems. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Deceleration lanes KW - Driveways KW - Left turns KW - Traffic simulation UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636059 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753457 AU - Kors, L D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT PROJECT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 299-315 AB - The Ministry of Transportation and Highways of British Columbia established the BC Access Management Project as an effective response to congestion, loss of arterial capacity and access related accidents being experienced on the provincial highway system. Initial reviews of existing programs within the province and in North America indicated that the Ministry's mandate and program for access management is neither well-known nor widely understood. An outcome of the initial stages of the BC Access Management Project was the recognition that a number of external stakeholders should be consulted in order to ascertain what issues, concerns and expectations these groups may have with respect to any modification in the Ministry's authority, policies, procedures or standards regarding a comprehensive access management program. This led to a systematic gathering of feedback with key stakeholders and permit applicants. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - British Columbia KW - Canada UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636046 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753464 AU - Kleinburd, R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CORRIDOR PRESERVATION IN DELAWARE PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 409-414 AB - In 1990, the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT), in conjunction with the Federal Highway Administration, began implementation of a project to protect and improve capacity on a 64 kilometer length of State Road 1 (SR-1), between Dover and Rehoboth Beach, Delaware. This roadway passes through mostly rural countryside, however, there are several pockets of residential and commercial development. SR-1 is the main access to the Delaware beaches from the North, and a new controlled access roadway is in various stages of completion between Wilmington and Dover. This paper relates the actions that DelDOT and the two County governments have taken to control existing and proposed expanded access adjacent to Sr-1 over the past several years. The paper also describes a concurrent effort to purchase property rights that will reduce development pressures. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Beaches KW - Corridors KW - Delaware KW - Development KW - Freeways KW - Preservation KW - Property acquisition KW - Rural development UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636053 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753460 AU - Poe, C M AU - Tarris, J P AU - Mason, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INFLUENCE OF ACCESS AND LAND USE ON VEHICLE OPERATING SPEEDS ALONG LOW-SPEED URBAN STREETS PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 339-351 AB - This paper presents the results of a Federal Highway Administration sponsored study on the relationship between geometric design of urban streets and vehicle operating speeds. Operating speeds were analyzed along urban collector streets with varying geometric alignment, access density, and land use. A speed estimation model was developed to assist designers and planners in determining the expected operating speeds along urban streets. This model provides feedback on how access density influences operating speeds. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Collector distributor roads KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Land use KW - Low speed KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Street design KW - Streets KW - Traffic speed UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636049 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753461 AU - Micsky, R J AU - Mason, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SIGHT DISTANCE FOR VEHICLES TURNING LEFT OFF MAJOR ROADWAYS PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 353-382 AB - At-grade intersection designs (driveways, crossroads, median openings) address various sight distance considerations. AASHTO geometric design policy cites several cases for drivers to cross or turn at intersections. This paper presents the results of field observations for vehicles turning left off major roadways. The situation is defined as Case V intersection sight distance (ISD). Provision of adequate Case V ISD affects the selection of individual intersection design elements and the operational and safety aspects of the access points along a major roadway corridor. The theoretical arguments and data collection plans for evaluating Case V ISD are summarized. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Driveways KW - Geometric design KW - Intersections KW - Left turn lanes KW - Medians KW - Sight distance KW - Turning traffic UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636050 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753467 AU - Vargas, F AU - Reddy, G V AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DOES ACCESS MANAGEMENT IMPOVE TRAFFIC FLOW? CAN NETSIM BE USED TO EVALUATE? PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 433-443 AB - The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impacts of access management on traffic flow and to determine whether TRAF-NETSIM, a microsimulation model, is an appropriate tool to model access management improvements. Access management is the control of the location, design and operation of the signalized and unsignalized intersections with stop and yield sign controls and driveways. Three different arterials (State Roads 5, 817 and 838) located in the City of Fort Lauderdale, Florida with varying length, traffic characteristics, land use and development densities were selected for the simulation of traffic flow using TRAF-NETSIM. All of these arterials are typical urban six-lane divided highways and consist of signalized intersections, unsignalized intersections (full or directional median openings), and a number of driveways. Two of these arterials have been identified as high crash locations and safety improvement projects are scheduled for construction in FY 1997/98. Access management related improvements were also included as part of these projects to upgrade these segments of state roads to current access management standards. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Florida KW - High risk locations KW - Improvements KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban highways UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636056 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753469 AU - Kaub, A R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERACTIVE INTERSECTION SAFETY DESIGN AND THE TRAF-SAFE ANNUAL ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODEL PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 457-469 AB - The results of validation of the Probable Conflict Opportunity Models and TRAF-SAFE (tm) software to 65 two-way stop controlled (TWSC) intersections in the Florida Department of Transportation, District 7 (Greater Tampa Bay) are presented along with a summary of the PCO Models. All data were collected by FDOT staff and included a random selection of intersections representing traffic volumes from 3000 to 71,000 entering vehicles per day, with geometries which ranged from 2 to 6 lane cross-sections, including protected turning bays. All sites were intersections of State Highways with minor three-leg and four-leg approaches with variable approach geometries. Results indicated that the PCO Models and TRAF-SAFE(tm) software predict annual accidents to an accuracy equivalent to that provided by a statistical exposure-based annual accident model with approximately 99 percent of the annual accident predictions less than 3 standard deviations from the "on-site" mean, 91 percent less than 2 standard deviation from the mean, 72 percent less than 1 standard deviation, and 54 percent less than 0.50 standard deviation from the actual "on-site" mean annual accident record. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Crash data KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Intersections KW - Safety KW - Safety design KW - Software KW - Traffic models UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636058 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753458 AU - Michel, R M AU - Levinson, H S AU - Falcocchio, J C AU - Chew, J AU - Court, T AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN CONNECTICUT PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 317-323 AB - Connecticut was one of the first states to recognize the value of access controls and to pioneer the concept of a limited access highway. After a period of disinterest, Connecticut's communities have, in recent years, shown increased interest in access management. This paper describes and assesses ongoing activities within the broader context of the state's history, geography, and political structure and past access management actions. It presents access management proposals for Route 7 -- a major roadway in the western part of the state. Finally it identifies the emergent access management implications for the role of local governments, regional planning agencies and the state. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Connecticut KW - Expressways KW - Local government KW - Political factors KW - Regional planning UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636047 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753463 AU - Hart, J A AU - Paulson, D AU - Weaver, J AU - Neelan, N AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - U.S. 93, SOMERS TO WHITEFISH, MONTANA ACCESS MANAGEMENT ISSUES PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 397-408 AB - This paper draws on the analysis and findings of the 1994 Environmental Impact Statement for expansion of 46.2 kilometers (28.7 miles) of US 93 from Somers to Whitefish, Montana, highlighting planning and design considerations for divided four-lane versus five-lane alternatives. The corridor serves the increasing tourist traffic to Glacier National Park, Big Mountain Ski Resort, Flathead Lake and the City of Kalispell, as well as the logging industry, local commerce, agriculture and commuters. The existing two-lane highway is characterized by a frequency of access points in developed sections and long rural segments (prime for development) with access to agricultural lands, small businesses and widely-spaced residences. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Divided highways KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Four lane highways KW - Logging KW - Montana KW - Rural highways KW - Tourists UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636052 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753465 AU - Reish, R D AU - Normandin, M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - A CASE STUDY OF ACCESS CONTROL - THE HISTORY AND FINDINGS OF SHERIDAN BOULEVARD ACCESS PLANNING PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 415-422 AB - In 1980 the City of Westminster, Colorado staff recommended that an access control plan be developed and adopted for the Sheridan Boulevard corridor. Staff came to believe that, considering the expected corridor development, an access control plan was the best way to protect the city investment in the corridor so that traffic flow and safety requirements would be best served. In 1982 and after extensive planning studies, the city adopted an access control plan for 3.5 miles of Sheridan. The plan addressed the amount and location of access, turn restrictions, and potential future signalization. Since 1982, both the development community and city staff have had to conform to the plan. This paper addresses five aspects of the history of the plan and its implementation: (1) What are th apparent positives of the plan and would the corridor be different had there been no plan? (2) What aspects of the plan have been useful to the city and what has not been useful? (3) From the development community standpoint, what has been good and what has been difficult to deal with? (4) If the plan were done today, what would the access control planning team do differently? (5) Has this been a good model and could it be used in other locations? U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Case studies KW - City planning KW - Colorado KW - Communities KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Turning traffic KW - Urban development UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636054 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753459 AU - Parsonson, P S AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREFABRICATED MEDIANS TO REDUCE CRASHES AT DRIVEWAYS CLOSE TO INTERSECTIONS PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 331-338 AB - Left turns into and out of driveways within about 30 meters (100 feet) of an intersection are a leading cause of crashes. Interviews with state DOT traffic engineers in the southeast U.S. suggest that easy-to-implement countermeasures are seen as either hazardous in themselves or else ineffective. One countermeasure could be a narrow raised device, or series of small devices, installed along the divider line as a median. This paper reviews alternative median treatments and recommends development of a prefabricated raised median of 90 mm (3.5 inches) height and 305 mm (1 foot) width. It could be retrofitted to arterials with two-way left-turn lanes, at intersection approaches, without widening the road or narrowing the lanes. Its cross-section complies with AASHTO standards for mountable curbs, but is lower than AASHTO's 100 mm height, which might drage the undersides of some vehicles. Prototype designs should be field tested under controlled conditions for effectiveness and safety. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Curbs KW - Divided highways KW - Driveways KW - Highway design KW - Intersection collisions KW - Intersections KW - Left turn lanes KW - Median barriers KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Raised separators KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636048 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753462 AU - Hawley, P E AU - Stover, V G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GUIDELINES FOR LEFT-TURN BAYS AT UNSIGNALIZED ACCESS LOCATIONS PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 383-391 AB - Transportation professionals have long recognized that effective access management along arterial streets can alleviate traffic congestion. A major element of access management is to limit the speed differential between turning and through vehicles. Providing left-turn bays along major roadways can reduce this speed differential. The left-turn lane guidelines and warrants in existence today were developed by focusing on how the turn maneuver impacts the turning vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to study how the left-turn maneuver impacts the through vehicles at unsignalized intersections and to determine under what volume conditions do left-turn lanes show a significant benefit to the mainline flow of traffic. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Guidelines KW - Left turn lanes KW - Speed KW - Speed differential KW - Turning traffic KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636051 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753466 AU - Stuecheli, M J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS OF ENFORCING A LOCALLY ESTABLISHED, CORRIDOR-WIDE, RESTRICTIVE ACCESS PLAN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE K-150 STUDY PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 423-432 AB - This paper presents the experience that the City of Overland Park, Kansas has had in enforcing an access management plan approved in 1986 along a major corridor slated for intensive commercial, office and industrial development. The street in question, K-150, is a major east-west arterial that runs through three cities in the southern portion of Johnson County, Kansas. Johnson County is the highest-growth area in the Kansas City metropolitan area and its growth is expected to continue at its current pace well into the future. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Business districts KW - Commercial districts KW - Kansas KW - Local government KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Restrictions UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636055 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753455 AU - Gattis, J L AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COMPARISON OF DELAY AND ACCIDENTS ON THREE ROADWAY ACCESS DESIGNS IN A SMALL CITY PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 269-281 AB - The quality of service on three arterial segments in a city with a population of 40,000 (not a part of a larger metropolitan area) was compared. Each segment's quality of service was measured by travel time runs and the accident frequency over a three year period. Each segment was four-lane with a non-traversable median. Terrain was similar on all three, except that Segment C included one overcrossing of a railroad. Commercial developments bordered all three segments. Segment A was bordered by an older style of development, with a plethora of individual tracts abutting the roadway, and had many driveway and street intersections. Segment B had some individual tracts and a few large ones, and for the most part included at-grade frontage roads on both sides. Segment C was bordered by large tracts with shared/combined access points. Although Segment C exhibited greater speeds and lower travel times, it had a much lower accident rate than Segment A. Segment B had the lowest travel times, but an accident rate similar to that of Segment A. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Access roads KW - Crash rates KW - Delays KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway design KW - Small cities KW - Traffic delays UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636044 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753456 AU - Eisdorfer, A AU - Siley, R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - VARIANCES -- AN IMPORTANT PART OF ACCESS MANAGEMENT DECISIONS PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 289-297 AB - New Jersey's experience has been an evolutionary process with regard to variances. When the regulations required by the State Highway Access Management Act were being developed, there was an expectation that variances would be routinely granted. It quickly became evident that each granted variance diminished the strength of the regulation, which in turn reduced the levels of highway safety and capacity that the regulations were intended to provide. New Jersey currently uses a more judicious approach to variances. Consideration should also be given to the long term consequences of variances. Variances help set the future direction of an Access Code. Variances that are routinely granted should eventually be authorized as accepted practice. This paper suggests a hierarchy for variances and some reasons to consider before deciding to grant a variance. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway safety KW - New Jersey KW - Regulations KW - State highway departments KW - Variance UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636045 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753454 AU - Lall, B K AU - Huntington, D AU - Eghtedari, A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 249-268 AB - This paper reports and discusses results of a study of accidents within 29 miles (MP 100.00 to 129.00) of the Oregon Coast Highway 9 (US 101). This is part of a research project to assist the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) to develop and maintain state's Access Management Program. The area under study is located on the Oregon coast in and around Lincoln City. Using several years of data provided by the Oregon Department of Transportation - Accident Data Unit, a database was created with 756 records. Another database was also created, using two video logs provided by ODOT to compare the situation of access points during 1987 and 1994. The paper analyzes the entire 29 mile stretch for accident frequency and access density. This study shows a direct relationship between access density and number of accidents and their severity. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Oregon KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636043 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753453 AU - Vargas, F AU - OVERTON, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT BY CONSENSUS ... A SUCCESS STORY PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 217-227 AB - From the early 1980s the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) District IV has been managing access similar to the state's current access management standards. As the district developed rapidly, safety and congestion problems started to emerge. The district engineers anticipated a need to manage access as a counter measure for such problems. In response, the Florida Access Management Act was passed in 1988 and in 1990 the Administrative Rule 14-96 was developed and approved as mandated. This article chronicles the FDOT experience with collecting data pertaining to access management procedures. FDOT has shown that with strong public involvement, consistent application, flexibility to the rule, common sense, and practical procedures, a government agency can employ access management with integrity. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Consensus KW - Florida KW - State departments of transportation KW - State government KW - Traffic congestion UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636042 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753451 AU - Vobejda, M J AU - Sweeney, W AU - White, A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF AN ACCESS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR A LOCAL GOVERNMENT PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 191-205 AB - The Town of Parker, Colorado, is a rapidly growing residential community south of the Denver Metropolitan Area. A combination of a rural atmosphere and a 10-minute commute to the Denver Technological Center have made Parker a desirable place to live. In order to manage its rapid growth with a vision, the Town's Planning and Public Works staff have developed several documents which form a comprehensive access management program. A process has been developed to administer the access management program through review of all development proposals and negotiation of variance requests. The guiding elements of the program include: The Transportation Element of the Master Plan; The Mainstreet Access Plan; Functional classifications for streets; Access standards for each functional classification; Traffic Study Guidelines; Subdivision Agreement standards which define access and financial commitments for each development. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - City planning KW - Colorado KW - Denver (Colorado) KW - Local government KW - Master plans KW - Traffic studies KW - Traffic surveys KW - Variance UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636040 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753447 AU - BRINDLE, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AN AUSTRALIAN REVIEW OF ACCESS MANAGEMENT AND THE LAND PLANNING CONNECTION PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 141-155 AB - This paper reflects on some issues which have arisen from a review of arterial road access management in Australia. These issues include: questioning of the traffic basis of access management; "defensible space" and crime; amenity of sites adjacent to arterial boundaries; adapting practices to accommodate the needs of "new urbanism"; and the safety and efficiency trade-offs (e.g., resulting from more frequent local street connections in traditional neighborhoods). The outcome was that two different policy directions were offered: to continue with (improved) practices based on separation of arterial traffic from local activities, or to move towards greater integration of traffic into urban activities, in response to urban design and "traffic calming" trends. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Australia KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Traffic calming KW - Urban areas KW - Urban development UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636036 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753449 AU - Levinson, H S AU - Lomax, T AU - Turner, S AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SIGNAL SPACING - A KEY TO ACCESS MANAGEMENT PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 173-184 AB - The spacing of traffic signals in terms of frequency and uniformity governs the performance of urban and suburban highways. This paper shows how traffic signal spacing impacts speeds and sets forth the salient access management implications. It illustrates how speeds decrease as signal density (signals per mile) increases for various levels of traffic flow. It analyzes time-space relationships that further underscore the need for uniform and widely spaced signals. Finally, it emphasizes the need to incorporate signal spacing (or bandwidth) requirements into access management programs and procedures. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Bandwidth KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Spacing KW - Standardization KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban highways UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636038 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753446 AU - Geiger, D AU - Gluck, J AU - Wyckoff, M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT IN MICHIGAN "THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY" PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 127-139 AB - This paper presents the findings of an access management study that is being performed to review the driveway permit process of the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) and identify areas of potential improvement. This study objective is to evaluate MDOT's existing access control policies as they pertain to state trunklines. This evaluation is being done to assist in the development of a systematic, overall approach to access management that provides a sound legal basis for access control decisions. The approach must be tailored to Michigan's particular needs -- its broad range of road types, development patterns, geography, and political jurisdictions. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Geography KW - Governments KW - Jurisdiction KW - Michigan KW - Primary highways KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636035 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753450 AU - Thakker, J AU - Vargas, F AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT WARRANT IN TRAFFIC SIGNAL JUSTIFICATION PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 185 AB - The purpose of this paper is to advance consideration of access management issues right at the time of conducting signal warrant analysis to determine the need for a traffic signal. Specifically, this paper attempts to propose a signal warrant that would require fulfillment of certain access management guidelines for establishing the need for installation (or not) of a traffic signal at an intersection on a given (access management) class of roadway. Various real-world situations are examined and discussed along with case studies to illustrate the need for considering access management issues as part of the signal warrant analysis. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Intersections KW - Justification KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636039 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753452 AU - Ferranti, S R AU - Benway, G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE CHALLENGES AND (EARLY SUCCESSES) OF A TOWN-INITIATED ACCESS MANAGEMENT "RETROFIT" PROGRAM ON TWO STATE HIGHWAYS PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 207-215 AB - The Town of Penfield, a suburban town adjacent to Rochester, New York, is experiencing a substantial growth in development and resulting traffic pressures along Routes 441 & 250, two arterial State highways that traverse the town. Prompted by these pressures, and coupled with an upcoming 1997 New York State DOT improvement project for these roadways, the Town, in cooperation with NYSDOT, developed and adopted an Access Management Overlay district that incorporates a Land Use and Access Management Plan (LUAMP) for Routes 441 and 250. The primary purpose of the LUAMP is to provide a comprehensive and coordinated management plan for access control to improve the capacity and safety along these roadways. The LUAMP equips the Town Planning Board with the basic framework or planning tool for accommodating future growth along these two corridors. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Future growth KW - Land use planning KW - New York (State) KW - State highways UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636041 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753448 AU - Rompre, Y AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROAD CORRIDOR MANAGEMENT AND ACCESS CONTROL PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 157-172 AB - Faced with increasing difficulties in maintaining a safe, efficient highway system, the Ministere des Transports du Quebec (MTQ) identified measures targeting improved access management and a better balance between local and through traffic. The MTQ's strategy is based on having the regional bodies join in implementing access management systems. In 1994, working groups of urban planning and transportation specialists were set up in 16 of Quebec's administrative regions. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Canada KW - City planning KW - Corridors KW - Local traffic KW - Local transportation KW - Quebec (Province) KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636037 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753444 JO - Better Roads PB - James Informational Media, Incorporated AU - Eisdorfer, A AU - Lasus, L AU - Siley, R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT AND HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 99-111 AB - New Jersey's State Highway Access Management Act and Code have brought many changes to access management in the state, both in the permitting context and in how the Department of Transportation addresses access changes on highway improvement projects. The paper presents the goals and some features of New Jersey's access management program. It explains the different types of impacts to property that result from highway improvement projects, project impacts, access impacts and right-of-way impacts. Lastly, it provides three examples of why access regulation and property acquisition on these projects must be coordinated. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - New Jersey KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636033 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753445 AU - Huntington, D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE ACCESS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT IN OREGON PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 121-126 AB - For the past several years, Oregon Department of Transportation has been developing a state-of-the-art Administrative Rule on Access Management. It includes the best from the experience of Colorado, New Jersey and Florida. Oregon's pioneering, statewide land-use laws also provided increased opportunity to assist a successful program. One year ago, the Management Team decided to have policies and standards developed that support Access Management. This was to be accomplished in a collaborative process with local agencies and stakeholders. The process is under way, but will not be completed for at least another year. This paper describes the successes and pitfalls that occur in the process. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Colorado KW - Florida KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - New Jersey KW - Oregon KW - Policy KW - Standards UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636034 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753393 AU - Eisdorfer, A AU - Lasus, L AU - Siley, R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT AND HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 99-111 AB - New Jersey's State Highway Access Management Act and Code have brought many changes to access management in the state, both in the permitting context and in how the Department of Transportation addresses access changes on highway improvement projects. This paper presents the goals and some features of New Jersey's access management program. It explains the different types of impacts to property that result from highway improvement projects, access projects and right-of-way projects. Lastly, it provides three examples of why access regulation and property acquisition on these projects must be coordinated. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - New Jersey KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/635987 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753392 AU - Forester, J R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE INTERFACE OF ACCESS AND LAND USE - DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAW PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 77-98 AB - The author presents summaries of 24 state court of appeals cases involving access and land use issues. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Appeals KW - Court decisions KW - Land use KW - Laws and legislation KW - States UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/635986 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753389 AU - Williams, K M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND THE POLITICS OF ACCESS MANAGEMENT PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 49-58 AB - Access management poses both technical and political challenges. Efforts to control access, such as restrictive medians or driveway controls, tend to be highly controversial. They are often perceived as a threat to the viability of corridor businesses. Property rights, the potential for cut through traffic, the circuity of access, and adequate access for trucks are among the other issues that frequently arise in relation to access controls. The Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) under the direction of the Florida Department of Transportation has recently completed a study on public involvement in transportation, principles of public involvement, and research findings on how to effectively involve the public in access management decisions. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Florida KW - Politics KW - Public participation KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Urban transportation UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/635983 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753390 AU - Huntington, D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MARKETING OF ACCESS MANAGEMENT PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 59-65 AB - Access management can be a difficult topic to present, since it includes issues such as traffic engineering, philosophy, safety, economic concerns and private property owners rights, either real or perceived. Adding to the complexity is that many motorists, developers, politicians and property owners believe that they are experts in this field. A purpose of this paper is to illustrate some of the difficulties in introducing access management to a varied audience. The paper also identifies some of the communication needs, briefly discusses methods that increase learning and explains one presentation technique that involves the participants. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Communities KW - Marketing KW - Private property KW - Public relations KW - Traffic engineering UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/635984 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753391 AU - Parisi, D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PROCESS TO OBTAIN PUBLIC BUY-IN FOR A RETROFIT ACCESS MANAGEMENT PROJECT PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 67-71 AB - The access management plan for a two-mile segment of Highway 99W running through Newberg, Oregon, was developed using an integrated public involvement approach emphasizing education and consensus building. This approach proved vital in addressing Highway 99W's problems. The integrated public involvement approach entailed educating and receiving input from several different interest groups. The project depended on input from five different forums, each with its own roles and objectives: (1) A Citizens Advisory Committee, consisting of respected citizens; (2) A Technical Advisory Committee, consisting of agency representatives; (3) A Project Development Team, consisting of ODOT and consultant staff; (4) Open houses, which were heavily attended and received media attention; and (5) Focus groups, consisting of residential, business, tourist, and freight interests. This paper describes the objectives of each forum, the effective tools used to gain public consensus, how each group interacted, the methodology used to develop detailed alternatives, and challenges encountered during the project. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Oregon KW - Public opinion KW - Public participation KW - Retrofitting UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/635985 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753387 AU - Geiger, D AU - Levinson, H AU - Gluck, J AU - Michel, R AU - Demosthenes, P AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AN OVERVIEW OF ACCESS MANAGEMENT AT SELECTED STATE DOTS PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 29-41 AB - As part of a review of Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) access management practices, an in-depth telephone survey was conducted of a selected group of eleven other state departments of transportation. The information assembled on the access management policies, standards, practices, and problems of the various states was used in reviewing MDOT procedures and in identifying potential improvement options. This paper presents the findings of the surveys and their implications for states planning to strengthen their access management activities. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Data collection KW - Management KW - Michigan KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/635981 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00753388 AU - Williams, K M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT AT THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL LEVEL PY - 1996/12 SP - p. 39-41 AB - Metropolitan planning organizations, regional planning agencies, and local governments are advancing access management in a variety of ways. Metropolitan planning organizations are incorporating access management into their corridor plans, congestion management programs, and safety management systems. Corridor management and improvement plans have provided a forum through which MPOs have facilitated collaboration among the state and local agencies with jurisdiction over a corridor. Some MPOs are also providing technical assistance to local governments on development of access management plans and regulatory strategies. This presentation reviews a few examples of the diversity of local and regional approaches to access management. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Local government KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Regional transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/635982 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00749967 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SECOND NATIONAL ACCESS MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE, VAIL, COLORADO, AUGUST 11-14, 1996, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PY - 1996/12 SP - 542p AB - This compendium of conference proceedings contains abstracts and papers from the Second National Conference on Access Management. For each session, there is a brief introductory summary followed by copies of the papers presented in that session. In those few cases where speakers did not submit a formal, written paper, key points from those presentations were excerpted from recordings of the sessions. All sessions were recorded to capture comments and questions from the audience as well as responses from the speakers. Many of these are included in this compendium. The compendium is organized in the following ten sections: (I) Introduction - information regarding the content and structure of the compendium as well as insights on the activities of the Transportation Research Board Committee on Access Management; (II) Conference Staff - the individuals responsible for setting up and conducting the conference; (III) Conference Summary - brief summaries of each of the sessions held during the conference; (IV) Conference Schedule - the conference program complete with the titles, authors and presenters for each paper; (V) Abstracts/Papers - all the abstracts and papers that were presented at the conference; (VI) Seminar/Workshop - information on the special seminar and workshop held on Sunday afternoon; (VII) Luncheon Speaker - a summary of the presentation on the status of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) by Mr. Francis B. Francois, Executive Director of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; (VIII) Closing Remarks - the conference closing remarks by the Conference Chairman, Philip Demosthenes and the Transportation Research Board Access Management Committee Chairman, Mr. Ron Giguere; (IX) Conference Attendees - the name, affiliation, mailing address, telephone number and e-mail address (where available) for each conference attendee; and (X) The Third National Conference - information and contacts for the Third National Conference on Access Management scheduled for Fort Lauderdale, Florida in October of 1998. The conference sessions are as follows: (1) What's Happening in Access Management; (2) Public Involvement and the Selling of Access Management; (3) Legal Issues; (4A) The Management of Access Management; (4T) Signal Spacing; (5A) Access Planning and Development; (5T) Access Spacing; (6A) More on the Management of Access Management; (6T) Geometric Design, Roadway Operation and Access; (7A) Corridor Case Studies; and (7T) Models and Modelling for Access. U1 - Second National Access Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of TransportationVail, Colorado StartDate:19960811 EndDate:19960814 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration and Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Access spacing KW - Administrative procedures KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Geometric design KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Legal factors KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Signal spacing KW - Signals KW - Spacing KW - Traffic simulation UR - http://www.teachamerica.com/accessmanagement.info/pdf/am96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00748792 AU - Glauz, D L AU - Roberts, D AU - Jain, V AU - Moussavi, H AU - Llewellen, R AU - Lenz, B AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATE THE USE OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE TO MITIGATE ALKALI-SILICA REACTIVITY PY - 1996/12 SP - 90 p. AB - The increased use of mineral admixtures in portland cement concrete demands a better understanding of their properties and effects on hardened concrete. One of several beneficial advantages of mineral admixtures like flyash and silica fume is their potential for controlling deleterious expansion due to the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete. The objective of this investigation was to investigate the effects of portland cement, aggregates, and mineral admixtures on the alkali-silica reaction in concrete with and without air entrainment. The experimental program utilized aggregates from two sources, portland cement with different alkali contents, flyashes, silica fume and natural pozzolanic materials. The mitigation of the alkali-silica reaction by addition of mineral admixtures was evaluated using ASTM C 227, "Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar - Bar Method)." The test results show that the effect of mineral admixtures on ASR expansion is highly variable and depends on the chemical makeup of the mineral admixture, alkali content of the cement, and replacement rates of cement by mineral admixture. Creep characteristics of pozzolan based concrete were also studied. Four mineral admixtures were used as a partial replacement of portland cement. Air entraining admixture was used in some of the mixes. The results show that the creep characteristics of concrete are not adversely affected by the use of mineral admixtures. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Air entrainment KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Creep KW - Fly ash KW - Mitigation KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Pozzolan KW - Pozzolanic materials KW - Silica fume KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Traffic mitigation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20940/PB98159510.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/483816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746730 AU - Wayson, R L AU - Reddy, S V AU - EDWARDS, A AU - MARTIN, M AU - Brenner, M AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF VEHICLE FLEET AGE AND CHARACTERISTICS IN FLORIDA PY - 1996/12 SP - 188 p. AB - Development of more accurate MOBILE5a inputs was the driving force behind this research. Based on state registration records, more exact input values were derived. The impact on emissions predicted using the newly developed input parameters were then compared to predictions using current default input values. A significant decrease in predicted emissions occurred. The overall goal to develop the proper inputs to allow changes in emission factor estimation, based on the differences between the Florida fleet and the national averages was accomplished. These derived values should now be used in place of the MOBILE5a default inputs for vehicle categories to provide more accurate emission factors. KW - Accuracy KW - Computer models KW - Data files KW - Emission factors KW - Florida KW - Forecasting KW - Input data KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pollutants KW - Service life KW - Vehicle age KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746672 AU - Ping, W V AU - Yang, Z AU - Florida State University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RESILIENT RESPONSE OF FLORIDA SUBGRADE SOILS PY - 1996/12 SP - 427 p. AB - The measurement of resilient modulus is becoming increasingly accepted for characterizing the engineering properties of pavement materials. The recent advancement of measuring the resilient modulus with the triaxial cyclic load test in the laboratory provides impetus to re-evaluate the resilient modulus measurements as obtained from the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) test-pit program. Correlations of resilient modulus resulting from test-pit rigid plate and laboratory triaxial resilient modulus tests would be very useful for selecting the resilient modulus to be used in pavement design and for converting previous test-pit test results into resilient modulus required in the AASHTO (1986, 1993) design guide. This study presents the results of an experimental program utilizing the test-pit facility and laboratory triaxial equipment to conduct the resilient modulus measurement of pavement subgrade materials in Florida. Correlation relationships between the test-pit and laboratory resilient modulus test results are investigated in this study. The resilient modulus resulting from the triaxial test may be used to predict the resilient deformation of the roadbed material. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Florida KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Plate bearing test KW - Subgrade materials KW - Test results KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745717 AU - Wolverton, J J AU - Mounce, J M AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF ACCIDENTS AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS - PHASE I FINAL REPORT PY - 1996/12 SP - 148 p. AB - The objective of this project is to examine accident data at signalized intersections for accident patterns and trends that are susceptible to correction in Montana. The Scope of Work consisted of conducting a literature review, assimilating accident trend statistics, establishing variables of influence and determining significant causal patterns. Accident trend statistics were assimilated for the 3 year period from 1992 to 1994. The following variables were evaluated: type of accident, severity, alcohol involvement, roadway surface conditions, age of drivers, and contributing factors. Montana percentages for these variables were compared to other studies and were found to be similar. Accident trends between Montana's six largest cities (Billings, Great Falls, Missoula, Butte, Helena and Bozeman) were also investigated. Accident type percentages were similar for these cities. Accident rates were calculated along the State Primary Routes in Montana to establish variables of influence and significant causal patterns. Twenty-five intersections were selected for further study, in which accident report files were obtained and collision diagrams were constructed. From these collision diagrams, relationships were investigated to determine trends for Montana's signalized intersections. Variables that were determined to affect accidents in Montana were traffic volume and population of the city in which the accidents occurred. Angle and rear-end type accidents accounted for the largest percentages of accident types. When compared to other states and studies, Montana's accident characteristics are similar. KW - Age KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash data KW - Crash diagrams KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Montana KW - Patterns KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Population KW - Primary highways KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistics KW - Traffic volume KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20200/20259/PB98119209.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745703 AU - Williams, G G AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OMNI-FLEX PIPE JOINT SEALS PY - 1996/12 SP - 26 p. AB - In June, 1991, the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) had 16 Omni-Flex pipe joint seals installed in the joints of a reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) section on ODOT Project ACIR-44-2(326)233 in Tulsa. Individual sections of RCP had diameters of 1.5 m (60 in.) and lengths of 2.4 m (8 ft) in the area where the seals were installed. The remainder of the joints between RCP sections on this project were sealed with mastic. Mastic is approved for use on ODOT projects, and is widely used in Oklahoma. The 16 joints sealed with Omni-Flex seals, and an adjacent 16 joints of the same size RCP, sealed with mastic, have been monitored since project completion. Monitoring consisted of inspecting the joints from inside the pipe. Neither section has shown any unusual amounts of leakage or other deterioration which could be considered to be related to performance of the joint seals. Omni-Flex seals have been used on numerous other ODOT projects, where ODOT contractors have been allowed to use them by change order. Results have been satisfactory in all but one case, where unusually large numbers of leaking joints were observed soon after RCP was laid. Pipe where the leakage occurred had diameters of 2.7 m (108 in.) and 2.4 m (96 in.). It was not clear whether or not performance of the Omni-Flex seals was a factor in causing the leaks. Based on the overall performance of the Omni-Flex devices, ODOT's Research, Development and Technology Transfer Section recommended their approval as a contractor option, with possible exceptions for large RCP sizes. The Omni-Flex Project Panel approved their use on RCP with diameters of 1.5 m (60 in.) and smaller. A specification providing for their use has been included in the "ODOT 1996 Standard Specifications for Highway Construction" published in October, 1996. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Field performance KW - Inspection KW - Joint sealers KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Leakage KW - Mastic asphalt KW - Mastics KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pipe KW - Pipe joints KW - Preformed sealers KW - Preforming KW - Reinforced concrete pipe KW - Sealing compounds KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00741932 AU - Van Hattum, D AU - Zimmerman, M AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BUYING TIME: FINAL REPORT. POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES OF CONGESTION PRICING. VOLUME II PY - 1996/12 SP - 154 p. AB - This report examines the political and institutional issues involved with congestion pricing. Research techniques included literature reviews, focus groups with key transportation stakeholders, a Citizens Jury (registered trademark), phone interviews, and regional conferences. The report is presented in six sections. Section 1, Case Studies, presents case studies undertaken in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Houston, Portland, Philadelphia, Phoenix, and Chicago. In each of these cities, focus groups were conducted with transportation professionals, business leaders, community interest groups, and elected officials. Due to the political context and timing, all four focus groups were not conducted in some of the cities. Section 2, Lessons Learned from Other Key Cities Considering Congestion Pricing, presents the results of phone interviews and literature reviews that were used to collect timely information on five cities and three toll authorities that are considering congestion pricing. The cities are San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, Seattle, and Boulder, and the toll authorities are Maine, New York, and Lee County, Florida. Section 3, Lessons Learned from Other Industries That Have Implemented Variable Pricing, presents the results of literature reviews and Internet research that sought to uncover information on other industries using or considering peak-period pricing to manage demand for their goods or services. Section 4, Institutional Issues, examines some of the important intergovernmental, legal, and technological issues related to congestion pricing. Section 5, The Citizens Jury (registered trademark) on Traffic Congestion Pricing, discusses the Citizens Jury (registered trademark) project, a five-day process involving 24 randomly selected citizens from the Twin Cities metropolitan area. The jury heard testimony from over 30 expert witnesses for and against congestion pricing and deliberated over the pros and cons of four different congestion pricing applications. Section 6, Regional Conferences, discusses three regional conferences: a workshop in Chicago, Illinois, which addressed the experiences of cities participating in the Federal Highway Administration Congestion Pricing Pilot Program; a symposium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which examined the key land use and equity impacts of congestion pricing; and a workshop in Claremont, California, which examined the key strategies for building public support for congestion pricing. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Congestion pricing KW - Focus groups KW - Guides to the literature KW - Institutional issues KW - Interviewing KW - Literature reviews KW - Mitigation KW - Political factors KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740736 AU - Martello, M T AU - Weissmann, J AU - Euritt, M A AU - Qin, J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN URBAN TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENT MODEL: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1996/12 SP - 16 p. AB - In this study, the project staff pursued three main objectives. The first objective, the subject of Report 1356-1, was to define the concept of full-cost analysis in the context of a multimodal transportation evaluation framework, including the identification of all cost components of transportation systems and a summary of estimations made in previous research of the unit costs of these components. The second objective, the subject of Report 1356-2, was to develop a multimodal full-cost analysis computer model (termed MODECOST) that would incorporate the findings from Report 1356-1 and that would facilitate the application of multimodal full-cost analyses. The final objective was to apply the concept of multimodal full-cost analysis via case studies of transportation corridors for several metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) in Texas. The results are documented in a series of reports, Report 1356-3 through Report 1356-7. According to the findings, the evaluation of transportation systems from a multimodal full-cost perspective can result in recommendations for transportation improvements that differ significantly from recommendations made based on consideration of initial capital investment costs. Additional results are summarized in this report. The understanding and application of the full-cost concept in a multimodal framework provides valuable input to the transportation planning process. Consequently, charging the full cost of transportation directly to the users will theoretically result in the most efficient use of public funds for transportation systems. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Case studies KW - Computer models KW - Full-cost analysis KW - Investment planning KW - Investments KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Planning KW - Texas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740733 AU - Strong, C K AU - Harrison, R AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING THE FREIGHT BORDER TRANSPORTATION IMPACT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT PY - 1996/12 SP - 137 p. AB - The demand for infrastructure investment in the Texas-Mexico border region -- a demand heightened by the growth in trade resulting from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) -- has created the need for a comprehensive freight forecasting model. Accordingly, this report presents a methodology useful in forecasting the effects of NAFTA on the demand for freight transportation at the Texas-Mexico border. In developing long-term estimates of future freight-related traffic crossing the border, the methodology employs three steps: (1) an economic analysis of the region, (2) calibration of modal choice models, and (3) an assessment of inventory practices. This methodology is designed to improve upon previous efforts by considering how NAFTA would alter the economic environment in which firms operate, as well as the decisions these firms make regarding modal choice and shipment size. By optimizing the efficient allocation of staff and resources, this methodology could be used to upgrade the operations and infrastructure of the Texas-Mexico border region. KW - Allocations KW - Cost allocation KW - Economic analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Freight traffic KW - Infrastructure KW - International borders KW - Inventory KW - Investments KW - Mode choice KW - Natural resources KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Optimization KW - Personnel KW - Shipment size KW - Shipments KW - Texas-Mexico Border region KW - Traffic forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738723 AU - Hicks, G J AU - Davis, J W AU - LaValley, J AU - Ring, L T AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF OPPOSITE DIRECTION CRASHES ON NEW MEXICO HIGHWAYS: 1987-1995 PY - 1996/12 SP - 37 p. AB - An analysis of opposite direction crashes (ODC) on New Mexico's roads and highways between the years of 1987 to 1995 was undertaken to: 1. identify and discuss data problems/inadequacies; 2. identify and describe the general characteristics of both ODC and the operators involved, and 3. determine the frequency of these crashes by highway type and location in an effort to identify specific problem areas. KW - Classification KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash locations KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Data needs KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Information organization KW - Opposite direction crashes KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738721 AU - Coulson, R K AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE NOISE SOURCE HEIGHTS AND SUB-SOURCE SPECTRA PY - 1996/12 SP - 111 p. AB - This report describes a turn-key system that was developed and implemented to collect the vehicle source height database for incorporation into the new Traffic Noise Model (TNM). A total of 2500 individual vehicle pass-bys were measured with this system at 16 different sites around Florida and these data are presented in the form of averaged curves for each vehicle type. The dependence of source height on speed, pavement type, road grade and acceleration state is also shown for 10 different types of vehicles. The effect of these roadway conditions on the vehicle source heights is small compared to the typical variation in the whole data set. A recommendation is therefore made that the overall average of the data for each vehicle type be used in the TNM model and that variations with speed, pavement, grade and acceleration can be neglected. KW - Data collection KW - Height KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Source height KW - Traffic noise KW - Turnkey systems KW - Vehicle noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738715 AU - Aylward, A D AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION PY - 1996/12 SP - 62 p. AB - This paper describes the various advance technologies already in use in the intermodal freight transportation industry and addresses the opportunity for improved communication between the public and private sector regarding technology applications to the freight transportation system that could enhance the capacity of the system as a whole. The current public interest in freight transportation policy creates an opportunity to develop a shared vision of the future needs of international intermodal freight transportation in the U.S. The federal government can impact this vision by taking action in the following areas: provide infrastructure funding to support efficiency and global competitiveness; support regional and corridor efforts; understand the freight sector and develop a shared vision of technology benefits; lead transportation technology efforts of federal agencies, and maintain commitment to open ITS architecture. KW - Freight transportation KW - Governments KW - Infrastructure KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intermodal transportation KW - International KW - Private enterprise KW - Technology sharing KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738704 AU - 3-G International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SMART CARDS IN COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS PY - 1996/12 SP - 127 p. AB - This project studied the feasibility of Smart Cards in Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO). In particular Smart Cards were assessed for their viability for use in commercial driver's license and for recording hours of service. The final report concludes that commercial driver's license, smart vehicle cards and electronic toll collection are feasible uses of Smart Cards, while hours of service recording and international border Smart Cards are not currently feasible uses. The final report provides migration plans for Smart Cards into current Intelligent Transportation Systems initiatives, cost/benefit analysis of several Smart Card applications and several pilot implementation plans to aid the migration of Smart Cards into existing CVO processes. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver licenses KW - Hours of labor KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Service time KW - Smart cards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738705 AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Balke, K N AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Urbanik, T AU - Middleton, D AU - Ullman, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAINING COURSE ON FREEWAY TRAFFIC OPERATIONS: PARTICIPANT HANDBOOK PY - 1996/12 SP - 369 p. AB - This document is the notebook for a course on freeway traffic operations. It serves as a companion document to the Instructor Guide and Visual Aids. The individual modules of the notebook include: Introduction (I), System Engineering (II), Traffic Flow Concepts (III), Impacts of Design on Operations (IV), Data Collection and Management (V), Data Analysis and Assessment (VI), Control Strategies (VII), Incident Management (VIII), Scheduled Activities Management (IX), Information Systems (X), Data Communications (XI), and Control Centers (XII). KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway operations KW - Incident management KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Systems engineering KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738706 AU - Guzman, J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF DAY AND NIGHT VEHICULAR SPEEDS ON HORIZONTAL CURVES ON RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS PY - 1996/12 SP - 52 p. AB - This thesis documents the research comparing the day and night vehicular speeds on horizontal curves on rural, two lane highways. For each selected curve, daytime and nighttime operating speeds were measured using piezoelectric sensors. Speed data was collected in each direction at the midpoint of the approach tangent and at the midpoint of the curve. A vehicle's speed reduction was then calculated as the difference between the speed at the midpoint of the tangent and the speed at the midpoint of the curve. The results of this research indicate that there are some differences between daytime and nighttime speeds on rural, two-lane highways. However, because the magnitude of the difference between day and night speeds is small for all degrees of curvature, a variable accounting for light condition is not needed for operating-speed-based profile modeling for horizontal alignment design consistency evaluation. KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Day vs night performance KW - Days KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Motor vehicles KW - Night KW - Personnel performance KW - Piezometers KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738587 AU - Shapiro, P S AU - Katzman, M G AU - Hughes, W E AU - Bellomo-McGee, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INTERMODAL GROUND ACCESS TO AIRPORTS: A PLANNING GUIDE PY - 1996/12 SP - 227 p. AB - This guide is designed for use by airport, state, local, and metropolitan planners to manage and plan for intermodal ground access for all types of airports. It identifies key components of an airport access work program and contains detailed sections on airport groundside access planning methods, including data collection methods and analysis, survey strategies, identification of current travel patterns and emerging trends, forecasting techniques, estimating modal split, evaluation of alternatives, and implementation. The guide focuses on providing passengers access to commercial airports from primary origins or destinations. It deals with: off-airport roads, transit and HOV facilities up to airport boundary; and on-airport roads, parking circulation elements, transit and curb facilities up to the terminal entrance. Guidance for conducting passenger origin-destination surveys is included. Sample questionnaires for various types of surveys are included in the appendices. This guide compiles information from other sources and presents this information so that it can be used to systematically analyze airport access problems and alternative solutions. KW - Airport access KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Ground transportation KW - Intermodal services KW - Origin and destination UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738804 AU - Trowbridge, A AU - Nam, D AU - MANNERING, F L AU - Carson, J AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE POTENTIAL FOR FREIGHT PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTS ALONG URBAN CORRIDORS PY - 1996/12 SP - 212 p. AB - The impacts that would result from providing "reserved capacity" for trucks rather than restricting trucks are considered in this study. In the extreme case, trucks would be allowed to travel in a dedicated or exclusive lane. A more moderate approach would be to provide a "cooperative" dedicated lane in which vehicles such as trucks and buses could share a common lane and yet be separated from general traffic. The study determined the following. Reserved-capacity strategies for trucks would offer (1) nearly $10 million in annual travel time savings for the trucking industry, (2) a savings of about 2.5 minutes per average truck trip (less than 8% savings in trip travel time), and (3) almost $30 million in annual travel time savings for single-occupancy vehicles in the Seattle region. The difference in travel times between the reserved-capacity strategy that would add trucks to the existing high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes and the one that would add an exclusive truck lane would be insignificant, providing little justification for the construction of an exclusive truck lane. In all likelihood, the impact of reserved-capacity strategies on safety would be small, depending on the particular reserved capacity strategy. Reserved capacity strategies for trucks would accelerate pavement deterioration in the reserved lanes, but the reduction in the pavement deterioration rates of the general purpose lanes might help to balance future reconstruction costs. Surveys of the general public and subsequent statistical analysis showed considerable resistance to reserved-capacity strategies for trucks. However, this resistance is not unlike that encountered when HOV lanes were first considered. It is the recommendation of this study that the idea of reserved-capacity strategies for trucks continue to be presented to the trucking industry, to the public, and to other impacted agencies for discussion and consideration. The study showed that the adverse impacts of such strategies are easily manageable and there is at least potential for freight-productivity improvements. KW - Freight transportation KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Improvements KW - Productivity KW - Public opinion KW - Reserved lanes KW - Savings KW - Single occupant vehicles KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic lanes KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel time KW - Truck lanes KW - Trucking KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/415.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738810 AU - Allaire, C AU - Ahner, D AU - Abarca, M AU - Adgar, P AU - Long, S AU - Saint Martin's College AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIDE SLOPE CONDITIONS AND COLLISION RECORDS IN WASHINGTON STATE PY - 1996/12 SP - 72 p. AB - Design guidelines for roadside slopes in Washington State follow generalized methods and require cost-benefit analysis. Prior to this research project, the effects of current methodology had not previously been evaluated. This report outlines the results of research on the effectiveness of slope flattening in reducing the number and severity of collisions on Washington State highways in rural areas. A before and after study was performed by analyzing 3R and 2R projects in Washington State which included side slope flattening that were accomplished from 1986 through 1991. The study shows that side slope flattening reduces both the number and severity of collisions when compared to highway sections without side slope flattening. Even when including the effects of various nonstructural initiatives which have helped reduce collisions, slope flattened sections exhibited lower collision rates. The research lends credence to current design practice which utilizes benefit-cost analysis when prioritizing roadside safety improvement projects. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Flattening KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ratings KW - Roadside KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Side slopes KW - Slopes KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738026 AU - Williams, R C AU - Duncan, G R AU - White, T D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOURCES, MEASUREMENT, AND EFFECTS OF SEGREGATED HOT MIX ASPHALT PAVEMENT PY - 1996/12 SP - 316 p. AB - There are several factors that lead to segregation. Segregation can occur during stockpiling and handling of aggregate and during mixing, storage, transport, and laydown of the asphalt mixture. Sometimes segregation may result from a single source or from a combination of sources. Nondestructive test methods have been examined to determine their effectiveness in detecting segregation. These methods include thermal imaging, air permeability, nuclear moisture (asphalt) and density, and permitivity. Based on the effectiveness of these technologies in a laboratory environment, the standard moisture/density nuclear gauge technology was field tested with a high degree of success. Use of four minute gauge readings is recommended. Field testing with the nuclear moisture/density gauge was conducted on four projects. Random locations and areas visually identified as segregated were tested with a nuclear moisture/density gauge. Subsequently, cores from the same locations as the nuclear gauge moisture (asphalt) content and density readings were taken for laboratory evaluation. A draft specification for detecting segregation is recommended using a nuclear moisture/density gauge. Asphalt mixture segregation results in distresses such as raveling, stripping, rutting, and cracking developing prematurely. Relative performance of mixtures with varying levels of segregation was determined through repeated flexural fatigue and accelerated wheel track testing. The most significant reduction in pavement performance through flexural fatigue and accelerated wheel track testing comes from coarse segregation. A training video was prepared for the Indiana Department of Transportation as one of the research tasks. Recommendations for future research from this study are also outlined. KW - Accelerated wheel track testing KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field tests KW - Flexural fatigue KW - Flexural strength KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Nuclear gages KW - Nuclear tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Research KW - Segregation (Aggregates) KW - Training video UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1664&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737920 AU - Poe, C M AU - Tarris, J P AU - Mason, J M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIONSHIP OF OPERATING SPEEDS TO ROADWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN SPEEDS PY - 1996/12 SP - 268 p. AB - This report presents research on the relationship between vehicle operating speeds and roadway geometric design speeds for low-speed [below 64 km/h (40 mi/h)] urban streets. The project goals were to establish a research methodology, collect substantial operating speed and geometric data, and present an alternate approach to the geometric design of urban streets. The report is organized into four broad sections with distinct chapters that document the chronological phases of the research study. This research provided an in-depth empirical study focusing geometric design in the low-speed environment. The results indicated incorporating an operating speed model into the design process that can provide designers with guidance on the selection of geometric elements. This design approach should result in actual vehicle operating speeds closer to the intended speed of the facility. KW - Design speed KW - Geometric design KW - Low speed KW - Operating speed KW - Streets KW - Traffic speed KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736904 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONGESTION MITIGATION AND AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM REVIEW PY - 1996/12 SP - 41 p. AB - In 1994, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a 10-State review of the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ) Program. The CMAQ Program was created in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and this mid-term review assessed the first 3 years of program activities. This mandated review was intended to determine whether current projects and policies support the goals of the program. The program review began in May 1994, with an announcement in the Federal Register of a public meeting to solicit input on issues that should be considered in the review and to request comments to a docket on CMAQ policies and procedures. The public meeting was held on July 2, 1994, and provided an opportunity for the Federal agencies to hear public input and formulate the direction of the State reviews. Between July and September, 1994, the Federal agencies conducted reviews in 10 States and 15 cities for a total of approximately 70 separate meetings with government representatives and stakeholders. In the reviews, the Federal agencies met with Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), State and local government representatives, State departments of transportation, air quality agencies, public and private interest groups, and Federal, regional, and divisional staff. This document presents the results of the CMAQ Program Review and is organized into the following six chapters: General Findings; CMAQ Decision-Making Process; Responses to Policy Questions; Effectiveness of CMAQ Projects; The CMAQ Program and the Climate Change Action Plan; and Conclusion. KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Alternate fuels KW - Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program KW - Decision making KW - Effectiveness KW - Fuel conservation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Policy KW - Program management KW - Program review KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736858 AU - Gauthier, G P AU - Jewell, J R AU - Rowhani, P AU - Stoughton, R L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A VARIABLE YAW ANGLE SIDE IMPACT SYSTEM AND TESTING ON A DOUBLE THRIE BEAM MEDIAN BARRIER PY - 1996/12 SP - 81 p. AB - A side impact system for projecting crash test vehicles in side skids was developed and tested. The system incorporates a side impact carriage (SIC) that can be modified to position the test vehicle at different yaw angles, a guidance rail, an impact attenuator, a skid deck and tow cable propulsion. The SIC is a modified lightweight test bogie designed to carry test vehicles weighing up to 1170 kg. The SIC is loaded with the vehicle and towed up to the skid deck with a one-ton pickup truck pulling the cable through a pulley. The SIC impacts the skid deck at the wheel supports for the test vehicle, causing them to collapse. The vehicle drops onto the lubricated skid deck, and skids in channels positioned to maintain the correct yaw angle. The SIC travels underneath the deck and slows to a stop after colliding with the impact attenuator. The vehicle skids off of the deck and onto the ground surface in front of the test article. After several trial tests the system was used to project a Honda Civic in a side skid at a counterclockwise yaw angle of 31 deg, trajectory angle of 22 deg and impact speed of 66.5 km/h into a double thrie beam median barrier. The side impact system needs modifications and more testing. The double thrie beam median barrier meets the occupant risk and structural adequacy (but not the vehicle trajectory) evaluation criteria for Test 2-10 of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 guidelines. The test indicated the need to conduct more side skid testing of the double thrie beam median barrier. KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Positioning KW - Side crashes KW - Skids KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles KW - Thrie beams KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle trajectories KW - Yaw KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736823 AU - Courage, K G AU - Wise, J AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN GUIDE AND EVALUATION PLAN FOR MODERN ROUNDABOUTS IN FLORIDA PY - 1996/12 SP - 8 p. AB - This report summarizes the products and accomplishments of the project which produced the Florida Roundabout Guide (FRG). The primary purpose of the FRG is to assist district offices and local agencies in identifying appropriate roundabout sites and determining their preferred configuration and operational features. The contents reflect recommended practices from countries where roundabouts are popular, combined with the results of research on intersection performance modeling and the consensus of the Technical Advisory Committee on the optimal deployment of roundabouts in Florida. The FRG has been approved by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) and was printed in March, 1996. To facilitate the justification process, a standard report summarizing the results of a roundabout justification study was developed. This material is included in Appendix B of the FRG. It has also been incorporated into the Florida Manual of Uniform Traffic Studies (MUTS) as Chapter 15. To promote understanding and use of the FRG in Florida, a full-day workshop has been developed. The schedule includes a total of ten sessions involving lecture and case study material. A complete set of visual aids has been prepared in the form of PowerPoint (trademark) presentations and delivered to FDOT on a CD-ROM. It is anticipated that four or five presentations will be offered in 1997 by the Florida Technology Transfer Center. KW - Florida KW - Geometric design KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Roundabouts KW - Traffic control KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735985 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAFFIC NOISE BARRIER CONSTRUCTION TRENDS PY - 1996/12 SP - 13 p. AB - Through the end of 1995, forty-one State highway agencies (SHAs) and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico have constructed over 2,120 linear kilometers of noise barriers at a cost of over $1.2 billion ($1.4 billion in 1995 dollars). Nine States and the District of Columbia have not constructed noise barriers to date. A detailed listing of noise barrier data may be found in "Summary of Noise Barriers Constructed by December 31, 1995." This paper presents a brief analysis of the data contained in the detailed barrier listing. KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Noise barriers KW - State departments of transportation KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735984 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF NOISE BARRIERS CONSTRUCTED BY DECEMBER 31, 1995 PY - 1996/12 SP - 54 p. AB - Through the end of 1995, forty-one State highway agencies (SHAs) and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico have constructed over 2,120 linear kilometers of barriers at a cost of over $1.2 billion ($1.4 billion in 1995 dollars). Nine States and the District of Columbia have not constructed noise barriers. Ten SHAs account for approximately 70% of total barrier length and cost. This paper contains a listing of data supplied by SHAs. The data represent best estimates of SHAs for barrier construction. KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Noise barriers KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735957 AU - Bischoff, D L AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RANDOM SKEWED JOINTS WITH AND WITHOUT DOWELS PY - 1996/12 SP - 10 p. AB - The objective of this study was to compare the performance of a nonreinforced concrete pavement with random spaced, skewed contraction joints using dowel bars versus one without dowel bars. A control section and a test section, each 1.6 km (1 mi) in length, were incorporated into a highway improvement project located just west of Menomonie, Wisconsin, in Dunn County. Construction took place in 1984. The doweled test section has performed well, while the non-doweled control section has experienced progressive deterioration, primarily in the form of faulting. Due to the poor performance, in 1994, after ten years of service, the entire project length of non-doweled pavement, including the control section, was diamond ground. A recent field survey showed the twelve-year-old doweled pavement to be in good condition while the ground non-doweled pavement is beginning to show signs of reoccurring faulting. It has been estimated that the non-doweled pavement will require to be ground twice to attain a service life equivalent to that of the doweled pavement. The conclusions from this project are as follows: (1) the doweled pavement continues to perform better than the non-doweled pavement; (2) the life of the doweled pavement is estimated to last approximately 2.5 times longer than the non-doweled pavement prior to any maintenance or rehabilitation; (3) the epoxy coated dowel bars in the test section remained intact (i.e., no corrosion); (4) the use of dowel bars increases initial concrete pavement cost by approximately 7.8%; (5) over a 25-year service life, a non-doweled pavement would cost approximately 13.1% more than a doweled pavement; (6) the use of dowel bars in concrete pavements currently saves the Wisconsin Department of Transportation approximately $6,000,000 per year; and (7) the employment of dowel bars is a cost effective method of extending the service lives of concrete pavements while enhancing the pavement performance and reducing user inconvenience. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Contraction joints KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Dowel bars KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Performance evaluations KW - Service life KW - Skewed contraction joints KW - Skewed structures KW - Test sections UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/wifep-07-96skewedjoints.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735960 AU - Matthias, J S AU - De Nicholas, M E AU - Thomas, G B AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEFT TURN ACCIDENTS AND DRIVER AGE IN ARIZONA PY - 1996/12 SP - 29 p. AB - The findings of this research investigation supports the hypothesis that the elderly driver group is disproportionally represented in left turn accidents. Drivers over 70 averaged more left turn accidents per mile than drivers between the ages of 20 to 69. In addition, left turn accidents represent a much larger proportion of total accidents for drivers over 65 than for any other group. A reduction of permissive left turns could aid older drivers. The permissive type of left turn requires the driver to monitor the traffic light and on-coming opposing traffic for a suitable gap. The resulting lengthened information gathering and decision process of older drivers can lead to the increase in left turn accidents. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Left turns KW - Permissive phasing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735958 AU - Zeidan, G AU - Bonneson, J A AU - McCoy, P T AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES AT INTERCHANGES PY - 1996/12 SP - 117 p. AB - Interchanges are designed to improve the efficiency of vehicular traffic operations on roadways. Pedestrian facilities at such locations have not been of primary consideration. The objective of this research was to develop design guidelines for pedestrian facilities at interchanges. The development of the guidelines was based on review of the literature and a survey of state departments of transportation to determine the state-of-the-art in current practice. Both the literature review and the survey of the state departments of transportation were synthesized. Based on the synthesis, a framework for design guidelines was developed. A number of field studies of pedestrian behavior at interchanges were also conducted to support the development of the design guidelines. The guidelines address the design and use of sidewalks, crossings, traffic control devices, and illumination for pedestrian facilities at interchanges. KW - Behavior KW - Crosswalks KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Guides to the literature KW - Interchanges KW - Lighting KW - Literature reviews KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrians KW - Sidewalks KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Surveys KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735910 AU - Bennett, J E AU - Schue, T J AU - ELTECH Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE MEMBERS USING SACRIFICIAL ANODES ATTACHED BY CONDUCTIVE ADHESIVES PY - 1996/12 SP - 46 p. AB - This is the interim report in a study to investigate the feasibility of using galvanic cathodic protection (CP) of reinforced concrete bridge members using sacrificial anodes attached by conductive adhesives. Galvanic CP systems have recognized advantages of simplicity and the potential to operate with little or no maintenance for the life of the system. But galvanic systems have been used relatively little. Applications have so far been limited to the seawater splash and tidal zone where concrete is moist and most conductive, and where the anode surface is periodically wetted. In this study, a new galvanic CP system is being investigated in which sacrificial anodes are attached to the concrete surface with ionically conductive adhesives called hydrogels. Laboratory studies first demonstrated that aluminum alloys were unsuitable as anodes in contact with hydrogel adhesives. Aluminum and its alloys exhibited either unstable passive behavior or low anode working potential. Zinc was then selected as the sacrificial anode for installation on field validation trials. Commercially available hydrogel adhesives also proved to be unsatisfactory for CP systems, but further study resulted in the development of a hydrogel with adequate performance and life expectancies. About 1000 sq ft (100 sq m) of zinc/hydrogel composite was installed on the pilings, pile caps, and double-tee beams of a fishing pier in Ft. Pierce, Florida. The system was relatively easy to install, and performance over the first 4 months of operation has been good. Additional field trials on the Long Key Bridge in Florida and other structures are planned. Field trials will be monitored for 2 1/2 years, and the performance of the systems will be evaluated. KW - Cathodic protection KW - Conductive adhesives KW - Corrosion protection KW - Field tests KW - Galvanic corrosion KW - Hydrogels KW - Laboratory studies KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Sacrificial anodes KW - Zinc anodes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735898 AU - Clarke, D L AU - McCauley, M E AU - Sharkey, T J AU - Dingus, T A AU - Lee, J D AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS (ATIS) AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS (CVO): COMPARABLE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS PY - 1996/12 SP - 216 p. AB - A comparable systems analysis was performed on seven systems selected for their relevance to the features and functions of the Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) components of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) program. The seven systems were selected for their relevance to ATIS/CVO concepts, user time-sharing characteristics, technology level, dynamics of information flow, level of implementation, and accessibility. Five of the systems were highway transportation or CVO in-vehicle information systems, two were comparable systems featuring advanced navigation and decision aiding in Army aviation. Analyses of the seven systems resulted in human factors lessons learned. The lessons learned were compiled into preliminary human factors design guidelines for ATIS/CVO. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - In-vehicle advisory KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Route guidance KW - Systems analysis UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/95197/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735905 AU - Miaou, S-P AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURING THE GOODNESS-OF-FIT OF ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODELS PY - 1996/12 SP - 130 p. AB - In developing accidents-flow-roadway design models, the R-squared goodness-of-fit measure has been used by traffic safety engineers and researchers for many years to (1) determine the quality and usability of a model; (2) select covariates (or explanatory variables) for inclusion in the model; (3) make a decision as to whether it would be worthwhile to collect additional covariates; and (4) compare the relative quality of models from different studies. Through computer simulations, this study demonstrated the pitfalls of using R-squared to make these decisions and comparisons. Other goodness-of-fit criteria such as the Akaike Information Criterion, scaled deviance, and Pearson's X-squared statistics were also introduced and evaluated. Based on limited simulation results, one of the alternative criteria called R-squared-alpha was recommended for evaluating and comparing the quality of accident prediction models when sample size is large. Finally, the interrelated and complementary nature of two approaches that have traditionally been used to develop the relationship between run-off-the-road accident frequency and roadside hazards (i.e., accident-based approach and encroachment-based approach) were studied and demonstrated using data from a Federal Highway Administration and Transportation Research Board roadway cross-section design data base. It was suggested that exploring the complementary nature of these two approaches could be a viable avenue to reduce data collection cost. KW - Crashes KW - Encroachments KW - Forecasting KW - Goodness of fit KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734655 AU - Klein, L A AU - Kelley, M R AU - Hughes Aircraft Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTION TECHNOLOGY FOR IVHS. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1996/12 SP - 578 p. AB - This project identified traffic parameters and their required accuracies for characterizing traffic flow in conventional and newer intelligent transportation systems (ITS), obtained state-of-the-art detectors and installed and evaluated them in three states having diverse climates, and studied the need and feasibility of establishing a national detector evaluation facility. Task A was devoted to identifying traffic parameters and accuracies. Task B dealt with locating surface street and freeway test and evaluation sites in Minnesota, Florida, and Arizona. Task C developed the test plans used to evaluate the detectors at Hughes and in Los Angeles before they were evaluated in the other states. Task D explained how the detectors to be evaluated were selected and then compiled specifications about detectors currently on the market. In Task E, detector setup and operation were studied as tests were performed according to the plans of Task C. Task F developed the plans and specifications for evaluating the detectors at the surface-street and freeway sites in each of the three states. Detector mounting, power availability, data recording, ground truthing, and security were addressed. Task G consisted of setting up the test sites and collecting detector performance data. The collected data were reduced as part of Task H. In Task I, the performance of the detectors was compared to the specifications developed in Task A. Task J discussed the need and feasibility of establishing permanent detector test facilities. A consensus appears to be developing for such a facility, with several universities and agencies vying for its operation. The preparation of the final report was contained in Tasks K and L. The addendum to this final report (FHWA-RD-96-109) contains additional field test results. KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Data collection KW - Detectors KW - Field tests KW - Image processing KW - Infrared detectors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Loop detectors KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Microwave detectors KW - Passive acoustic detector arrays KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sensors KW - Specifications KW - Test facilities KW - Test results KW - Traffic flow KW - Ultrasonic detectors KW - Ultrasonics KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Video image processors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734649 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AASHTO LAYER COEFFICIENTS FOR BITUMINOUS MATERIALS PY - 1996/12 SP - 116 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study to derive structural layer coefficients of several Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. The materials include surface, binder and base mixtures, and high type surface, binder and base mixtures. Two Special Provision asphalt treated permeable materials (ATPMs)--Special Provision Mix 907-306-1 and 907-306-2--are also investigated. Pavement performance is the criterion employed in deriving the structural layer coefficient. A prediction model is developed to assess the performance and, thereby, fatigue life, treating traffic, material characteristics, and environmental effects as stochastic variables. Material characteristics that govern pavement performance include resilient modulus and fatigue sensitivity. Resilient moduli of the materials are determined in the laboratory while a fatigue model is adopted from the literature. Although the inputs are probabilistic, the resulting model equation is deterministic and amenable to direct solution for analysis/design of flexible pavements. Making use of this model, with the stipulation that fatigue cracking be less than 45%, equivalent pavement cross sections are established. Layer equivalency of various materials is derived by comparing the equivalent cross sections. The resulting layer coefficients of surface, binder and base mixture are, for the most part, in agreement with those proposed by AASHTO Committee on Design. Though relatively stiffer than the standard mixtures, the high type mixtures, because of the reduced bituminous content, give rise to nearly equal coefficients to those of the standard mixtures. The two ATPM mixtures (907-306-1 and 907-306-2) resulted in layer coefficients of 0.15 and 0.18, respectively, which agree somewhat with the average value of 0.2 reported by 15 state/provincial agencies in North America. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt treated permeable materials KW - Cracking KW - Environmental impacts KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Layer coefficients KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Permeability KW - Properties of materials KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734656 AU - Klein, L A AU - Kelley, M R AU - Hughes Aircraft Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTION TECHNOLOGY FOR IVHS. VOLUME II: FINAL REPORT ADDENDUM PY - 1996/12 SP - 100 p. AB - This addendum contains the results of analyses for an additional 39 runs. These runs were selected to be representative of the widest possible range of traffic and weather conditions that were encountered. The number of runs for each site analyzed in this addendum was chosen giving consideration to the amount of data collected at each particular site. The goal of the additional analysis was to study more results and thus, have a larger base by which to judge the performance of the technologies represented in the detector field tests. Understanding the operation of the detectors under test and the various layouts and configurations employed are an integral part of interpreting the results contained in this addendum. The necessary background information is contained in the Task L final report in Chapters 9 and 10 and is not reproduced in this addendum. Indeed, this volume is not intended to be a stand-alone document, but a complement to the work already published. The Detection Technology for IVHS project identified traffic parameters and their required accuracies for characterizing traffic flow in conventional and newer intelligent transportation systems (ITS), obtained state-of-the-art detectors, installed and evaluated them in three states having diverse climates, and studied the need and feasibility of establishing a national detector evaluation facility. The other report in this series is FHWA-RD-95-100, Volume I: Final Report. KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Data collection KW - Detectors KW - Field tests KW - Image processing KW - Infrared detectors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Loop detectors KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Microwave detectors KW - Passive acoustic detector arrays KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sensors KW - Specifications KW - Test facilities KW - Test results KW - Traffic flow KW - Ultrasonic detectors KW - Ultrasonics KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Video image processors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734645 AU - Alleman, J E AU - Fox, P J AU - De Battista, D J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTED USING COAL ASH PY - 1996/12 SP - 85 p. AB - The objective of this project was to assess the environmental and geotechnical performance of two highway embankments constructed using coal combustion fly ash. The environmental work focused on monitoring well water samples from the site before, during, and after construction. In addition, a number of in-situ lysimeter water samples were also tested during and after construction. In each case, water samples were evaluated in terms of their constitutive organic and metal concentrations, as well as their relative bioassay response using a Microtox (trademark) protocol. The geotechnical work included monitoring of ash water content and unit weight during placement, settlement analysis, and in-situ testing of the completed ash fills using the Standard Penetration Test. Analysis of the groundwater and lysimeter water samples indicated that the coal ash had not adversely affected the environmental quality of the 56th Street overpass site. The embankments also performed well from a geotechnical perspective both during and after construction. The only difficulty was the measurement of coal ash water content and unit weight using the nuclear density gauge. The benefits of reusing coal combustion fly ash for highway construction are: 1) low-cost source material for the Indiana Department of Transportation, ii) reduced disposal costs for Indiana utilities, and iii) savings of Indiana landfill capacity. KW - Benefits KW - Bioassay KW - Embankments KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Groundwater KW - Low cost KW - Metals KW - Moisture content KW - Organic compounds KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil penetration test KW - Unit weight KW - Waste disposal KW - Weight UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/163/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734648 AU - HASSAN, H F AU - White, T D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCATING THE DRAINAGE LAYER FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1996/12 SP - 284 p. AB - Pavement subsurface drainage and its effect on pavement performance has been a subject of interest since the 18th and 19th centuries. With no doubt the detrimental effects of heavy wheel loads on pavements with saturated base material is a significant factor. The consequence of subsurface water on pavement performance includes premature rutting, cracking, faulting, and increased roughness, all of which lead to a decrease in serviceability. This research study involves the evaluation of the drainage performance of three section configurations. The sections were built with a difference in the filter as well as the drainage layer. Indiana #5D and #53 impermeable layers were used as a filter. Indiana #2 and #5C base were used as drainage layer. The study was carried out by field instrumentation, laboratory testing, field data collection, and numerical modeling. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the subdrainage performance of three pavement sections adopted by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). Instruments were installed to monitor the air and pavement temperature, frost penetration, and pavement moisture conditions, and time and duration of rainfall and pavement outflow volumes. Subgrade and asphalt core samples were obtained from the field. Tests were performed on these samples to determine their hydraulic conductivity characteristics. It was found that the permeability of the #5C drainage base layer material was higher than the #2 base by approximately 10 times. Since most of the water source in the pavement was the surface infiltration, the filter layer plays a key role in controlling the moisture migration from the pavement into the subgrade. The section with the #5D HMA impermeable layer showed the lowest moisture migration into the subgrade. The #5C base had the tendency to retain less water than the #2 base, making the stripping potential less of a problem. Contamination of the trench material from the #53 aggregate fines appears to have occurred. In addition, the outlet pipe inlet capacity was found to be low. Frost penetration was found to be about 1.0 m. This result compared well with empirical methods. From the field temperature measurements, the SHRP coldest surface pavement temperature was evaluated and found in good agreement. A large amount of data was obtained about pavement and subgrade material hydraulic characteristics. The finite element analysis showed good simulation of the actual pavement surface conditions. A simulation of cracked surface pavement showed a full saturation condition of the pavement layers. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Evaluation KW - Field data KW - Field performance KW - Field studies KW - Filter materials KW - Filters KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Finite element method KW - Flexible pavements KW - Frost KW - Frost penetration KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Permeability coefficient KW - Simulation KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage systems UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1612&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734638 AU - Price, D A AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RUMBLE TREATMENTS ON ASPHALT SHOULDERS PY - 1996/12 SP - 31 p. AB - The chip seal used for shoulder rumble effect produced an effective audible response with a noise difference from the driving lane to the shoulder of 3.8 db. The chip seal also produced a highly visible delineation between the shoulder and the driving lane. This type of treatment has three benefits. Two of the benefits are directly safety related, rumble effect to notify the errant driver that they have entered the shoulder and the visual effect given by the well delineated shoulder. The third benefit is a temporary fix to a badly deteriorating shoulder without the cost of major reconstruction until a later date. Rumble strips rolled into the shoulder during repaving were very noticeable when leaving the driving lane and appear to be an effective safety item on rural roadways where run-off-road accidents are common. Rumble strips can be placed with little problem during construction if asphalt temperatures are monitored during project startup. KW - Audible warnings KW - Benefits KW - Chip seals KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734554 AU - Garber, N J AU - Smith, M J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF THE OPERATIONAL AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SINGLE POINT URBAN AND DIAMOND INTERCHANGES PY - 1996/12 SP - 111 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the safety and operational characteristics of the single point urban interchange (SPUI) and the diamond interchange (DI) and develop guidelines that identify traffic and/or geometric conditions that favor one type of interchange over the other. State traffic engineers across the country were surveyed as to their experiences and opinions of the two types of interchanges in terms of operational performance and safety. Accident and operational data were also obtained for nine SPUIs and eight DIs. The interchange operations were studied using both field data and the computer simulation program TRAF-NETSIM. In addition, for each DI simulated, an SPUI counterpart was designed with the same geometric and traffic conditions for further comparison. No significant differences were found in the off-ramp, cross road, and overall interchange average delay. Ten volume scenarios were then developed and simulated for both interchanges at low- and high-volume conditions to analyze the effect of various traffic patterns on the relative operational performance of each interchange type. The accident data for the SPUIs and DIs were compared according to severity, collision type, and location on the interchange. No significant differences were found between the severity distribution and rates of the two interchange types. However, the proportion of on-ramp and off-ramp accidents was greater at the SPUI, and the proportion of accidents occurring in the center of the signalized intersection was greater at the DI. The proportion of angle accidents was greater at DIs than at SPUIs, whereas the proportions of rear-end on-ramp, sideswipe, and fixed object accidents were greater at SPUIs. Vehicle conflicts at four interchanges in Virginia were also investigated and used along with the accident analysis results. The operational results, safety analyses, literature review, and survey of state engineers were used to develop guidelines to aid traffic engineers in the selection and design of the appropriate interchange type. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash locations KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Data collection KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Operational data KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Single point urban interchanges KW - Surveys KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban highways UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36993/97-R6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471409 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731182 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORTATION PROGRAMMING METHODS AND ISSUES PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - 48 p. AB - At the request of the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration, the Transportation Research Board conducted a national conference bringing together known experts to review the emerging issues affecting transportation program decision-making, review current and new approaches to programming, including institutional, process, and technical aspects, and review steps required to address the emerging issues, including a research agenda that practitioners would find useful. This circular contains the conference proceedings, which provide a summary of the discussions in the workshop sessions and identify the key issues affecting programming in the future. The proceedings include a summary of the issues, approaches and problems encountered by the workshop participants and others. The knowledge gaps and research needs are also identified. The conference conclusions and recommendations are covered in sections on the changes that the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) has made in the programming environment, the issues that will affect programming in the future, and the information, technical assistance and research needs that exist. Summaries of the case studies and presentations made at the conference are also included in the resource papers so that practitioners can continue the discussion and move toward resolution of these issues. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470075 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731187 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lewis, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RISK ANALYSIS AS A TOOL FOR MAKING BENEFIT/COST WORK IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF CONFLICT PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 23-25 AB - This paper discusses risk analysis in transportation planning. Risk analysis quantifies risk and uncertainty in evaluating and comparing alternative strategies, involves stakeholders and experts in finding consensus, and facilitates the quantification of issues that traditionally have only been addressed qualitatively. Risk analysis is a four step process that can (1) identify the structure and logic of the forecasting problem, (2) quantify forecasting assumptions, (3) facilitate scrutiny and consensus, and (4) make decisions. Conventional forecasting methods fail because they fuel mistrust by appealing to counterintuitive or mechanical notions of uncertainty. Risk analysis succeeds by (1) organizing the planning process for flexibility and consensus, (2) blending the subjective beliefs of stakeholders with the scientific knowledge of experts, and (3) accounting for simultaneously occurring risks. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Conferences KW - Consensus KW - Decision making KW - Forecasting KW - Risk analysis KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470080 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731189 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Glock, J W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PIMA ASSOCIATION OF GOVERNMENTS TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM: PROPOSED ROADWAY PROJECT ASSESSMENT AND PRIORITIZATION PROCEDURE PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 29-30 AB - This paper provides a summary description of the proposed roadway project scoring procedure developed for the Pima Association of Governments Transportation Improvement Program (PAG TIP) project prioritization process. The overall scoring procedure is a three-step process, consisting of 1) evaluation of projects by local jurisdictions against seven initial screening criteria and scoring of projects using criteria contained within 14 separate criteria categories; 2) review of project evaluations by PAG Transportation Planning Division staff and the TIP Subcommittee and evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the project; and 3) assessment of the overall jurisdictional, geographic, project type, and modal program balance represented by the prioritized projects. This project involved the development of the overall framework for the procedure and the detailed elements of the first two process steps. The third step of the prioritization procedure is under development and is presented in an initial draft form in this paper. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Pima County (Arizona) KW - Program balance KW - Project management KW - Project screening KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470082 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731191 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Murray, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - 1995 MULTIMODAL PROJECT APPLICATION FOR SURFACE TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM FUNDS PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 33-35 AB - This paper discusses the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, California, 1995 multimodal project application for Surface Transportation Program (STP) funds. The discussion covers eligibility, evaluation criteria for project screening and priority rating, programming rules and criteria, the process, regional projects, and the planning multiplier (used in calculating the total project score). A copy of the application form is included. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Application form KW - Conferences KW - Metropolitan Transportation Commission (California) KW - Project management KW - Project screening KW - Ratings KW - Regional projects KW - Scoring KW - Scoring (Concrete) KW - Strategic planning KW - Surface transportation program funds KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470084 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731193 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Platt, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND DELIVERY PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 38-40 AB - Because of the increasing need for funds for rehabilitating and expanding its transportation infrastructure system, coupled with an unprecedented competition from non-transportation uses, Ohio developed a two-pronged approach that included (1) the development of new and innovative ways to finance infrastructure improvements including defining all of the stakeholders of transportation and having them contribute to its financing, and (2) the initiation of ways of getting the message out to the public about transportation and the need to find new sources of funds to help preserve and maintain the system. This paper focuses on the second approach which included (a) ACCESS OHIO public listening sessions - the genesis for using public participation to develop the long range multimodal transportation plan, (b) furthering public participation through focus groups, and (c) public participation in the project selection process and in the development of a scoring system which drives the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP). U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Conferences KW - Financing KW - Infrastructure KW - Ohio KW - Public participation KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470086 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731190 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Miller, D L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION PROGRAMMING PROCESS IN KANSAS PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 31-32 AB - This paper presents an outline of the transportation programming process in Kansas. Major headings are as follows: Background on Kansas; Division of responsibilities with partners; Description of city/county process; Description of MPO process; State highway system construction program categories; Construction program determination; Public involvement; Programming in Kansas pro side; and Programming in Kansas con side. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Conferences KW - Kansas KW - Public participation KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470083 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731183 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ziegler, B J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN WASHINGTON STATE PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 14-16 AB - Transportation planning that relied on rational, technical methodologies to develop transportation objectives, analyze deficiencies, recommend potential solutions, and monitor transportation system performance has served Washington State well in the past. However, in an era of declining transportation revenues, competing social needs, and heightened public scrutiny of government, transportation planners must rationally assess available revenues to provide fiscal reality to their proposals. Also decision makers are now demanding implementation plans and regular progress reporting on the performance of their transportation plans and programs. This paper describes the process Washington State used for setting long term transportation priorities in Washington's Transportation Plan and the measures the Washington State Department of Transportation is considering for monitoring transportation system performance. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming KW - Transportation systems KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470076 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731186 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Covil, J L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STATEWIDE PLANNING AS A FRAMEWORK FOR PROGRAMMING DECISIONS PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 21-22 AB - This presentation reports results of several surveys of statewide planning activities which provide a framework for programming decisions. Two of the surveys were undertaken by Wilbur Smith Associates on behalf of the U.S. DOT Office of the Secretary and relate to the National Transportation System. Two other surveys were undertaken for the Federal Highway Administration in connection with a Synthesis of Statewide Planning Practices and the development of a training course on statewide planning. The presentation contains only selected portions of the four projects. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Regional planning KW - State planning KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470079 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731188 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stout, M L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NEGOTIATED CAPITAL PROGRAMMING IN NEW JERSEY PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 26-28 AB - New Jersey's capital programming process has been in a state of constant evaluation since the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). This paper describes the process as it occurred in one capital programming round, the development of the Fiscal 1996-Fiscal 2000 regional Transportation Improvement Programs and Statewide Transportation Improvement Program. This account refers mainly to the process of negotiating a Transportation Improvement Program with the state's largest Metropolitan Planning Organization, the North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority. The process is discussed under three basic phases: screening, prioritization, and negotiation. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Capital programming KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Labor negotiations KW - New Jersey KW - North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority KW - Project management KW - Project screening KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470081 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731184 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stuart, D G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: DIFFERENT APPROACHES FOR DEFINING PROGRAM GOALS PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 17-18 AB - This paper, through the examination of several examples from highway planning, transit planning, and multimodal planning, explores the role of more systematic treatment of goals and objectives in improving transportation programming processes. Comparison of these examples quickly shows that there are many different approaches to the topic. Connecting to the broader planning/management structure of the agency or agencies involved, and meeting the informational needs of the political decision-making processes which ultimately implement plans and programs, are the major determining factors regarding the "fit" of systematic goals identification. A major theme in comparing the case studies is the extent to which they employ "process-oriented" goals versus "product-oriented" goals. The former mainly address the administrative side of implementing transportation projects, while the latter attempt to bring in the socioeconomic/environmental functions, services, and impacts involved. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Highway planning KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Public transit KW - Strategic planning KW - Systematic approaches KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470077 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731185 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Petko, T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROLE OF ISTEA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN PRIORITY SETTING AND PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 19-20 AB - This paper briefly outlines the role of ISTEA management systems in priority setting and program development in the Michigan Department of Transportation. Three figures are presented showing, respectively, the decision support context, system performance monitoring systems and inventories, and the project programming vision. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Conferences KW - Decision support systems KW - Inventory KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Michigan KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470078 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731192 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mickelson, L R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IDAHO USER FRIENDLY STIP PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 36-37 AB - Idaho, like other states, has faced the challenge of meeting the requirements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) in development of a Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) that meets both federal requirements and State needs. This paper discusses how Idaho met this challenge through the development of a USER FRIENDLY STIP. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Conferences KW - Idaho KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470085 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00731194 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ismart, D AU - Verchinski, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STATE TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM: PRE-CONFERENCE TUTORIAL PY - 1996/12 IS - 465 SP - p. 41-42 AB - This pre-conference tutorial on the statewide transportation planning process lists requirements for: (1) statewide transportation plans; (2) the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP); (3) statewide project selection; and (4) metropolitan planning and programming. U1 - Conference on Transportation Programming Methods and Issues: Charting a Course to the FutureFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Irvine, California StartDate:19951203 EndDate:19951206 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - City planning KW - Conferences KW - Project selection KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/470087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104319 AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety and Fitness Electronic Records (SAFER) System. Master Test Plan PY - 1996/11/30 SP - 259p AB - The purpose of this plan is to establish a formal set of guidelines and activities to be adhered to and performed by Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory and the developer to ensure that the SAFER System has been tested successfully and is fully compliant with the SAFER System requirements. The initial release of this document, submitted in draft form, provides a general framework for establishing the testing environment and provides general guidelines for performing unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing of the SAFER System. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Fleet management KW - Highway safety KW - Quality control KW - Systems integration KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck driving KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16604/PB2000104409.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738027 AU - Lee, K-H AU - Lovell, C W AU - Salgado, R AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF PYROLYZED CARBON BLACK AS AN ADDITIVE (PART III: AIR-COOLED FURNACE SLAG) PY - 1996/11/20 SP - 224 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to characterize the fundamental properties and to evaluate the performance of asphalt mixtures modified by pyrolyzed carbon black as an additive and air-cooled furnace slag as a coarse aggregate. Laboratory tests were conducted at the Indiana Department of Transportation and Koch Materials. The optimum binder content and the relationship of density and voids were determined from Marshall mix design. The range of the optimum binder content was 6.3% to 7.8%. The Marshall stability as a strength value and flow increased within the accepted ranges due to the inclusion of pyrolyzed carbon black. The gyratory tests were conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 8A/6B/4C model. The resilient modulus test and indirect tensile test were conducted to determine the stiffness of the mixture at low temperatures which is related to the cracking potential of pavements. The inclusion of commercial carbon black and pyrolyzed carbon black produced an increase in resilient modulus and tensile strength. Dynamic confined creep tests were carried out to check the rutting potential of pavement at high temperature, which is one of the important problems for pavements. The mixtures modified by pyrolyzed carbon black showed lower creep strain than the unmodified mixtures. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binder content KW - Carbon black KW - Creep tests KW - Density KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Gyratory tests KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low temperature KW - Marshall mix design KW - Marshall stability & flow KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pyrolyzed carbon black KW - Slag coarse aggregates KW - Stiffness KW - Tension tests KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00940857 AU - Hoffman, R AU - Lemmon, J AU - Ketchum, R AU - Institute for Telecommunication Sciences AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS OF DGPS AND FAA BEACONS IN THE 285 TO 325 KHZ BAND PY - 1996/11/01 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of these measurements is to determine absolute Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS) signal strengths at various distances from eight different Coast Guard beacons transmitting DGPS signals and to measure signal strength at various distances from a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) beacon located in the same frequency band. Four of the measured DGPS beacons are located along the Gulf Coast and four are on the West Coast. The measured FAA beacon is located in Bennett, Colorado east of Denver. Each of the transmitters are described in Table 1. Results of the measurements are used to provide model inputs and to compare results to actual model predictions. KW - Beacons KW - Differential Global Positioning System KW - Field tests KW - Global Positioning System KW - Measurement KW - Signal strength KW - Signals UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/fsm/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/731815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01614956 AU - Bass, Patricia L AU - Crawford, Jason A AU - Hall, Kevin M AU - Farnsworth, Stephen F AU - Pugh, David L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Corridor Preservation: A Review of Strategies for Texas PY - 1996/11//Final Report SP - 92p AB - Preserving new and existing corridors for future transportation improvements has long been a concern for state transportation agencies. States must compete with developers, other government agencies, and private owners to acquire property necessary to improve existing transportation facilities or to reserve property for future transportation facilities. Under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, states are now required to consider corridors for preservation in transportation plans and to outline strategies for corridor preservation. There remain, however, several issues that hinder these efforts: (1) The existing environmental and project development regulatory framework delays the advance acquisition of right-of-way; (2) Recent court rulings have found several state programs to be unconstitutional on the basis of taking without compensation; and (3) Inadequate funding for the advance acquisition of right-of-way when land use control and negotiation techniques fail results in the continued loss of key parcels of property. In order to address corridor preservation, many states have implemented policies and adopted supporting legislation that provide the state transportation agency with tools necessary to assist in the long-term preservation of corridors. Procedures and legislation that provide for informal or formal agreements between states and local governments for the use of local police powers in regulating land use in specific corridors, maps of reservation delineating the future right-of-way, and dedicated funding have been used successfully by states to preserve future right-of-way. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Corridor preservation KW - Dedicated funding sources KW - Highway corridors KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Land use controls KW - Legislation KW - Policy KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Strategic planning KW - Taking (Property) KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/1495-1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1427243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580529 AU - Grove, Jim AU - Cable, James K AU - Heyer, Melinda AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Iowa Ultra Thin Whitetopping at Two Years of Age PY - 1996/11//Interim Report SP - 36p AB - An 11.6 km research project was constructed in 1994 on a portion of Iowa Highway 21 in Iowa County, from U.S. 6 to Iowa Highway 212. This research is intended to evaluate the effect of four primary variables on long term performance of the portland cement concrete (PCC) overlay, commonly called whitetopping. The variables are thickness (50 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm, and 200 mm), joint spacing, fiber use (concrete with and without polypropylene fibers) and surface preparation (patch only, scarifying the surface, and cold-in-place recycling). After two years, only two sections exhibit a small amount of debonding and distress cracking. Both sections are 50 mm thick. Within each of these two sections, only 2% of the area is affected. Two other 50 mm thick sections have a small number of cracks but no debonding has been found. No adverse effects of these cracks are evident. Three asphalt overlay sections were also constructed. In each asphalt section, transverse cracks have recently been found. At two years of age, the research sections are performing very well. An insignificant number of cracks and no distressed areas have been found in any research sections thicker than 50 mm. KW - Debonding KW - Iowa County (Iowa) KW - Joint spacing KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymer fibers KW - Surface preparation KW - Thickness KW - Whitetopping UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17096 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398410 AU - Brown, S A AU - Stein, S M AU - Warner, J C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Technology Applications TI - Urban drainage design manual PY - 1996/11 IS - 22 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydraulics KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pollution KW - Pollution KW - Rain KW - Rain KW - Run off KW - Runoff KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01393984 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - TY Lin International AU - The Edge City Group AU - COMSIS Corporation AU - Fehr and Peers Associates AU - Calthorpe Associates TI - Design for efficient suburban activity centers PY - 1996/11 IS - FHWA/FTA-94-C-00146 SP - 172p KW - Bicycle planning KW - City planning KW - Design KW - Design KW - Design of specific facilities KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Layout KW - Modal split KW - Modal split KW - Pedestrian flow KW - Pedestrian flow KW - Planning by facility or land use KW - Public transit KW - Public transport KW - Suburbs KW - Suburbs KW - Town planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban development KW - Urban development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1161751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103181 AU - DKS Associates AU - Nevada Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Intelligent Transportation System Strategic Plan for Las Vegas Valley PY - 1996/11//Final Report SP - 209p AB - Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is a collective term for measures targeting the efficient operations and management of transportation facilities and services, usually involving the use of electronic equipment for collecting, processing, reacting to, or disseminating dynamic information. The ITS Strategic Plan for the Las Vegas Valley is a document that serves as a roadmap for implementation of ITS programs in the region. The ITS Plan focuses on both institutional issues and technological opportunities. It blends user needs, advanced technologies, and the desires of the region to implement appropriate strategies. Building an institutional coalition is very critical towards the success of ITS deployment. KW - Facilities KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Las Vegas (Nevada) KW - Management KW - Public transit KW - Regional planning KW - Strategic planning KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16000/16005/PB2000101999.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00921516 AU - Hochstein, A AU - Prokopowicz, A AU - Jayawardana, W AU - McLaughlin, R AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF NAFTA-INDUCED OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOUISIANA'S PORTS AND WATERWAYS PY - 1996/11 SP - 187 p. AB - The implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on January 1, 1994, created a trading region extending from the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico to the Yukon region of Alaska with trade between the United States, Canada, and Mexico totaling $341 billion by the end of the first year of the agreement. Louisiana's exports to Mexico from 1993 to 1994 grew by over 50% to $753 million to rank 10th among all U.S. states in exports by value to Mexico by the end of 1994. The primary objective of this research has been to identify NAFTA-induced market opportunities for Louisiana's maritime sector and to help define the strategies, maritime services, and port infrastructure requirements necessary to exploit these opportunities. Identification of current deficiencies also needed to be referenced. Research methodology applied five types of maritime services currently operating or being considered for U.S. Gulf-Mexican Gulf trade (conventional deep sea, coastal short sea, feeder, river/ocean, and specialized services such as refrigerated or trailer ferry operations) to existing regional and Louisiana based commodity movements to Mexico. Louisiana port facilities that could potentially satisfy maritime service requirements were segregated by port type (i.e., deep draft - over 25 ft of water alongside berth, medium draft - between 15 ft and 25 ft, and shallow draft - less than 15 ft of water alongside berth) and port range (coastal, lower Mississippi River, inland river). This research effort has identified specific maritime services, infrastructure requirements, and strategies required for the state's ports to play a role in capturing the impending growth of water transportation induced by NAFTA trade. KW - Commodity flow KW - Gulf of Mexico KW - Infrastructure KW - International trade KW - Louisiana KW - Maritime industry KW - Market assessment KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Ports KW - Strategic planning KW - Waterways UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21200/21264/PB99107864.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/706749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771229 AU - Byrne, R J AU - Cotton, D AU - Porterfield, J AU - Wolschlag, C AU - Ueblacker, G AU - Golder Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION MONITORING OF SOIL NAIL WALLS PY - 1996/11 SP - 468 p. AB - The long-term performance of soil nail walls has been proven after 20 years of use in Europe and the United States. The purpose of this manual is to facilitate the implementation of soil nailing into American transportation design and construction practice and to provide guidance for selecting, designing, and specifying soil nailing for those applications to which it is technically suited and economically attractive. A comprehensive review of current design and construction methods has been made and the results compiled into a guideline procedure. The intent of presenting the guideline procedure is to ensure that agencies adopting soil nail wall design and construction follow a safe, rational procedure from site investigation through construction. This manual is practitioner oriented and includes: description of soil nailing concept and applications; summary of experimental programs and monitoring of in-service walls; recommended methods of site investigation and testing; recommended design procedures for both Service Load Design (SLD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD); worked design examples; simplified design charts for the preliminary design of cut slope walls; wall performance monitoring recommendations; discussion on the practice and quality control of shotcrete application in soil nailing; discussion of contracting procedures and guidance on the preparation of plans and specifications; guide construction specifications and example plan details; quality control checklist for soil nail design and construction; presentation of procedures for determining the structural capacity of nail head connectors and wall facings, including demonstration calculations. This manual is intended to be used by civil engineers who are knowledgeable about soil mechanics and structural engineering fundamentals and have an understanding of the principles of soil-reinforcement technology and earthwork construction. Throughout the manual any areas of incomplete understanding of the behavior of soil nail systems are noted. KW - Construction KW - Contracting KW - Design KW - Design charts KW - Embankments and retaining walls KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Manuals KW - Monitoring KW - Quality control KW - Service load design (Sld) KW - Shotcrete KW - Site investigation KW - Soil nailing KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746716 AU - Mossa, J AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOMORPHIC APPROACHES FOR EVALUATING BRIDGE SCOUR: CASE STUDIES FROM NORTH FLORIDA PY - 1996/11 SP - 229 p. AB - Geomorphologists and engineers have different perspectives and approaches for examining river channels and the changes that occur during floods. The field oriented approach typically adopted by geomorphologists has little predictive ability and design usefulness. In contrast, the empirical approach adopted by engineers is based on predictive equations or models that often differ greatly from reality. This is because such equations have not been based on comprehensive field data and often fail to consider a number of site conditions, especially geology and geomorphology. In order for geomorphic techniques to be useful to the design and planning of engineering structures such as bridges, it is important that there be sufficient observations to characterize long-term and short-term changes in bottom topography and scour potential. Secondary data sources may be of possible benefit to engineers interested in integrating field data into empirical and theoretical equations. Historical data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey was the primary source of data for this study. Several gaging stations at bridge crossings were examined on a number of rivers in north Florida, where bed materials included both clastic sediments and carbonate rocks. First, the geology of cross sections where data were available was examined. Then, temporal variability in thalweg elevation was assessed, separating data by bridge and transect location. Specific approaches included constructing time series, examining relationships of thalweg elevation with discharge, and preparing box plots showing the variability of thalweg elevation. Also, the geomorphic response to floods at bridge cross sections was also examined from an event-based perspective. Changes ere compared before, during, and after a flood of particularly large magnitude, based in part on the assumption that large events produce the most geomorphic change. Results show that river cross sections with carbonate bottom materials show less than 1 m variability in thalweg elevation. Cross sections comprised of carbonate sediments with a sandy veneer show somewhat more variability, generally less than 2 m. Cross sections in clastic sediments show the most change, with some locations showing more than 6 m variability over the period of record. Abrupt downward and upward steps occur when measurements are taken from a new bridge or different transect. These approaches provide information on site conditions not fully considered in engineering equations, such as response of bottom materials. Because thalweg elevation reflects the bottom stability of a particular cross section, results can be applied to design the length and depth placement of pilings. These results also provide scientific knowledge regarding the behavior of multiple channel systems, overbank flow, and river bottoms in karst terrain. Results have potential benefits to public safety and cost effectiveness. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Carbonate rocks KW - Case studies KW - Clastic sediments KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cross sections KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Floods KW - Florida KW - Geology KW - Geomorphology KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - River beds KW - Safety KW - Scour KW - Streambeds KW - Structural design KW - Thalweg elevation KW - Topography KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746707 AU - Arockiasamy, M AU - Zhuang, M AU - Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF DOUBLE-TEE BEAM CONCRETE BRIDGE MODEL PRESTRESSED WITH CARBON FIBER COMPOSITE (CFC) CABLES PY - 1996/11 SP - 229 p. AB - One of the major problems the construction industry faces today is corrosion of reinforcing and prestressing steel, which significantly affects the durability of concrete structures. Theoretically fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) can successfully be used in concrete structures, in lieu of steel, as reinforcing and/or prestressing elements, owing to high tensile strength, immunity towards corrosion, low Young's modulus, light weight and high fatigue resistance. Very little experimental results and performance data are available regarding the properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites and their application in concrete structures. This investigation was conducted to establish the feasibility of using Carbon Fiber Composite (CFC) cables as reinforcing/prestressing elements in concrete bridge structures. Flexure, shear and fatigue load tests were performed on single Double-Tee beams, together with service load behavior, fatigue strength and ultimate load capacity tests on a half scale model Double-Tee beam bridge system prestressed with CFC cables. Based on the fatigue and flexural strength tests on Double-Tee beams, the bond between CFRP tendons and concrete is satisfactory. The Double-Tee bridge system exhibited good fatigue resistance and adequate ductility under ultimate load conditions. The ultimate load capacity of the bridge is approximately three times the service load corresponding to two HS20-44 trucks and equals 2.4 times the first crack load. Finite element analyses were carried out to predict elastic deformations and collapse load of the Double-Tee bridge prestressed with CFC cables. Feasibility of application of CFC cables in bridge structures is assessed based on the experimental and analytical parameters such as deflections, strains, crack distributions and crack widths. KW - Beams KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Double tee beams KW - Ductility KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue loading KW - Fatigue strength KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fiber composites KW - Finite element method KW - Flexure KW - Highway capacity KW - Loads KW - Model tests KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Scale models KW - Service loading KW - Shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745829 AU - Dingus, T AU - HULSE, M AU - Jahns, S AU - Alves-Foss, J AU - Confer, S AU - Rice, A AU - Roberts, I AU - HANOWSKI, R AU - Sorenson, D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS: LITERATURE REVIEW SUPPLEMENT PY - 1996/11 SP - 462 p. AB - This report is a supplement to the literature review, FHWA-RD-95-153. The purpose of the review was twofold: first, to conduct a literature review of human factors-applicable articles associated with Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and ATIS-related commercial vehicle operations (CVO) systems and to extract existing human factors guidelines for the development of future ATIS devices, and second, to identify areas in which further research was needed in order to establish guidelines. An extensive search was conducted of the ITS human factors research available in the open literature. Included in the review are: relevant technical ATIS reports; literature from automobile and CVO manufacturers, after-market system development companies, ITS university researchers, and government agencies; and documents from Europe and Japan. The main body of this supplement report contains a brief summary of over 250 articles found for the literature review. The articles appear alphabetically. Applicability to guideline development and usefulness to future project tasks is indicated for each article. There are two appendices. The first contains each citation, the associated keywords and the page number from the main report. The second is a keyword index. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Europe KW - Guidelines KW - Guides to the literature KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Japan KW - Literature reviews KW - Research KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744891 AU - Secmen, S AU - Schwarz, J AU - Anderson, S AU - Zollinger, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS AT URBAN INTERSECTIONS PY - 1996/11 SP - 204 p. AB - Accelerated intersection reconstruction requires that all phases of the construction process be well-planned and included in the list of activities that must be completed prerequisite to reopening the intersection to the traveling public. Consequently, accelerated intersection reconstruction includes an integrated effort to forge a team consisting of design, construction, and construction management expertise that can uniquely coordinate all construction-related activities in a timely and efficient manner. Concrete mixtures can be "qualified" relative to their capability to meet curing requirements stipulated by the construction schedule for the anticipated weather conditions at the time of construction. Proper planning and execution in the design stages will help minimize change orders during construction due to changes in the traffic phasing scheme and the impact of the construction upon the traveling public. Guidelines are provided to facilitate the overall planning and execution process. KW - Accelerating (Process) KW - Accelerating agents KW - Concrete curing KW - Construction management KW - Construction operations KW - Construction scheduling KW - Coordination KW - Fast track KW - Guidelines KW - Intersections KW - Reconstruction KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744893 AU - Brunk, J C AU - Middleton, M D AU - Knapp, K K AU - Walters, C H AU - Lomax, T J AU - Oey, H S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLANNING FOR OPTIMAL ROADWAY OPERATIONS IN THE DESIGN YEAR PY - 1996/11 SP - 82 p. AB - This study reexamines the traditional use of the 30th highest hourly volume as the optimum design hour volume given the current era of limited funding, constrained right-of-way, environmental concerns, and increasing congestion. The report documents the Dallas/Ft. Worth region's use of an alternative design hour volume (4th highest hour of the day) based on funding constraints. The use of an alternative design hour volume requires that the planned system be optimized to manage peak person trip flows by identifying the best mix of general purpose, high occupancy and express lanes, and an aggressive program of transportation system management and demand management strategies. A methodology is outlined to use a peak hour traffic model to forecast traffic volumes for different hours of the day. This approach has the potential to avoid some of the shortcomings of using average values for peak hour factors, directional split, and trucks to obtain hourly design volumes from daily forecasts. If congestion is accepted during the peak hours of the day, then the design process for a facility must expressly consider congested conditions. Nine design elements that pose operational/safety concerns were examined under congested conditions to identify basic guidelines that should be considered when designing for congestion. KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Design hourly volume KW - Fort Worth (Texas) KW - Freeway design KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Peak periods KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic models KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744889 AU - Picha, D L AU - Schuckel, C E AU - Parham, J A AU - Mai, C T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AT TWO-WAY STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1996/11 SP - 136 p. AB - This report describes a one-year project conducted for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to identify, evaluate, and recommend traffic control device treatments at two-way stop-controlled intersections. Researchers conducted several research tasks, including surveys of traffic engineers and a diverse sample of the driving population, and field studies to investigate traffic control devices, including supplemental signs, at these types of intersections. Supplemental sign issues that were addressed include placement, shape, color, and legend content. The project developed guidelines to improve driver comprehension and minimize driver confusion of the right of way conditions at two-way stop-controlled intersections. Adoption of the guidelines by TxDOT will provide a consistent treatment across the state and minimize the crash potential and liability exposure that exists at two-way stop-controlled intersections. KW - Color KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Location KW - Regulatory signs KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Sign colors KW - Sign design KW - Sign legend KW - Sign location KW - Signs KW - Stop signs KW - Supplemental signs KW - Surveys KW - Symbols KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic engineers KW - Two-way stop control KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744878 AU - Walker, R S AU - Chen, F AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REMOTE SOURCE LIGHTING WITH FIBER OPTICS PY - 1996/11 SP - 51 p. AB - This report provides the results from a study to determine possible uses of fiber optical light guides for remote source lighting for the Texas Department of Transportation. Fiber light guides are currently used within the Department for changeable message signs and signal heads. The investigation primarily considered its use for street, tunnel, and navigation lighting. The information in the report could help the designer for specific lighting configurations. The study, as is discussed in the report, has basically concluded that fiber optics for remote source lighting has many possibilities for transportation related needs and in fact are currently being implemented for changeable message signs and signal heads. However, the technology still requires additional improvements or breakthroughs for efficient usage before the full extent of the technology can be realized for the specific application areas investigated. KW - Fiber optics KW - Lighting KW - Lighting systems KW - Navigation KW - Navigation lighting KW - Street lighting KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472311 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743816 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY: FHWA AND AMS ADVANCE THE STATE OF THE ART IN ACCIDENT DATA COLLECTION PY - 1996/11 SP - p. 1 AB - FHWA is conducting research on developing an expert system for crash data collection. The American Management Systems (AMS) has entered into an agreement with FHWA to link the expert system modules being developed into AMS' existing accident data collection software. AMS' software is currently being used in several State and local police jurisdictions to capture data at the scene of traffic accidents. KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Expert systems KW - Police reports KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740739 AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Picha, D L AU - Mann, B L AU - McIlroy, C R AU - Womack, K N AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF MEXICAN DRIVER UNDERSTANDING OF EXISTING TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES USED IN TEXAS PY - 1996/11 SP - 72 p. AB - The Texas-Mexico border area possesses many unique characteristics that could potentially reduce the effectiveness of traffic control devices used in these areas. This report describes the results from the first year of a three-year research project on the use of traffic control devices in Texas border areas. The first year was devoted to information gathering and an assessment of traffic control device understanding among drivers entering Texas from Mexico. Key first-year tasks included gathering information from pertinent literature and telephone interviews and conducting surveys of driver comprehension of existing traffic control devices. The surveys used a flashcard format and were administered to drivers on international bridges going from Mexico to Texas. In general, the results indicate that Mexican drivers understand most of the traffic control devices included in the survey. Devices that were found to exhibit a potential for improvement include: the Yield sign, the use of yellow in pavement markings to distinguish two-way traffic, hazardous cargo signing, some aspects of truck weight signs, the difference between yellow and orange signs, understanding of specific signs, and the proper driving response to school buses. KW - Bilingualism KW - Comprehension KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Guides to the literature KW - Hazardous cargo signing KW - International borders KW - Interviewing KW - Literature reviews KW - Mexicans KW - Mexico KW - Road markings KW - School buses KW - Surveys KW - Texas-Mexico Border region KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740694 AU - Brown, S A AU - Stein, S M AU - Warner, J C AU - TVGA Engineering, Surveying, P.C. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN DRAINAGE DESIGN MANUAL: HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 22 PY - 1996/11 SP - 478 p. AB - This circular provides a comprehensive and practical guide for the design of storm drainage systems associated with transportation facilities. Design guidance is provided for the design of storm drainage systems which collect, convey, and discharge stormwater flowing within and along the highway right-of-way. Methods and procedures are given for the hydraulic design of storm drainage systems. Design methods are presented for evaluating rainfall and runoff magnitude, pavement drainage, gutter flow, inlet design, median and roadside ditch flow, structure design, and storm drain piping. Procedures for the design of retention facilities and stormwater pump stations are also presented, along with a review of urban water quality practices. A summary of related public domain computer programs is also provided. KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Gutters KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlet flow KW - Manuals KW - Pipe KW - Rainfall KW - Retention facilities KW - Runoff KW - Storm sewers KW - Storms KW - Stormwater pumping stations KW - Structural design KW - Surface drainage KW - Urban areas KW - Water pumps KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00739018 AU - Freeman, T J AU - Smith, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DATA INTEGRATION FOR PAVEMENT RESEARCH PY - 1996/11 SP - 34 p. AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has conducted numerous formal pavement research projects. In addition, many districts have conducted less formal, but often very important, evaluations of new materials, new treatments, and new techniques. In some of these activities, special sections of pavement were constructed. After the project was finished or the person responsible changed positions, information for the test section was lost. When a research project is initiated, those in charge of conducting the research almost always begin by reviewing related research. In the past, information on previous research sections may not have been available in a medium that could be retrieved, or the information may not have been available at all. This study was designed to develop a plan for identifying in-service pavement sections that are being used for research and to store the information in a medium that will be accessible to those interested in reviewing previous research related to their work. KW - Data storage KW - Databases KW - Information storage and retrieval systems KW - Pavements KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738717 AU - McGhee, K K AU - Gomez, J P AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF THE ART OF ADVANCED MATERIALS IN TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES PY - 1996/11 SP - 21 p. AB - Ever so slowly, advanced composite materials are entering the field of traditional civil engineering. This report surveys the current practice and ongoing research into their use in transportation structures. There is a broad spectrum of proposed and applied uses for reinforced plastics, ranging from complete structural systems to the replacement of conventional steel reinforcing or the strengthening and retrofitting of existing superstructures. Future work at the Virginia Transportation Research Council will include an investigation of the replacement of top reinforcing bridge decks with reinforced plastics, the use of composites to replace conventional steel stay-in-place forms and the use of composites in end diaphragms and cross-bracing for bridge framing. KW - Bracing KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Composite materials KW - Cross bracing KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Retrofitting KW - State of the art studies KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Structures UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36990/97-R8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738680 AU - National Highway Institute TI - IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC MEETINGS AND HEARINGS. PARTICIPANT WORKBOOK (REVISED) PY - 1996/11 SP - 183 p. AB - During the past few years, in keeping with the spirit of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, effective interaction between transportation agencies and the public has become a significant factor in determining the parameters within which any transportation project can be designed and implemented. This guidebook (and the workshops to which it is a companion) focuses specifically on the development and implementation of creative, realistic approaches to the preparation, conduct and follow-up of meetings and hearings. Designed as a state-of-the-art report and introduction to a variety of techniques and processes, the guidebook is based on the practical community involvement experience of the authors, combined with a review of public meetings and hearing materials developed by a cross-section of State highway and transportation departments. KW - Communities KW - Guides to information KW - Handbooks KW - Meetings KW - Public hearings KW - Public interest KW - Public participation KW - Public policy KW - Public relations KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738848 AU - Martello, M T AU - Qin, J AU - Weissmann, J AU - Euritt, M A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-COST EVALUATION OF THE NORTHEAST TRANSIT TERMINAL IN EL PASO, TEXAS PY - 1996/11 SP - 39 p. AB - This report presents the results of an evaluation of the cost effectiveness of the Northeast Transit Terminal, an existing Sun Metro bus transit terminal located 23 km north of downtown El Paso, Texas. The evaluation of the transit terminal's cost effectiveness was conducted from a full-cost perspective and consisted of hypothesizing the amount of existing bus ridership that is attributable to the presence of the transit terminal. We first estimated the differences in the full life-cycle cost of transportation activity in the corridor between two hypothetical scenarios of reduced bus ridership and a scenario of existing conditions. These differences were then compared with the full life-cycle cost of the transit terminal. Our findings suggest that, from a full-cost perspective, reducing the number of single occupant vehicles (SOVs) using the corridor by even a small percentage would be sufficient to justify the construction of the Northeast Transit Terminal. KW - Bus terminals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - El Paso (Texas) KW - Full costs KW - Life cycle costing KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Single occupant vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738802 AU - Kramer, S L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PEATS PY - 1996/11 SP - 65 p. AB - The objectives of this project were to investigate the dynamic behavior of peat and to evaluate the influence of that behavior on the dynamic response of peat deposits. During the course of the research, the objectives were expanded to explore the effects of strong earthquake shaking on pile foundations embedded in peat deposits. An experimental investigation was undertaken using samples of a peat deposit typical of many large peat deposits in western Washington. This deposit, known locally as Mercer Slough in Bellevue, Washington, is crossed by a series of bridges that form Interstate 90 and its collector-distributor ramps. Test specimens were obtained by careful, undisturbed sampling of the Mercer Slough peat. The specimens were tested in a specially modified resonant column device. The resonant column tests showed that the peat was very soft and that its stiffness increased with effective confining pressure in a manner similar to that displayed by cohesionless soils. The peat exhibited nonlinear stress-strain behavior, and the degree of nonlinearity was observed to decrease with increasing effective confining pressure. Damping was observed to increase with increasing shear strain, but at a rate that decreased with increasing effective confining pressure. Special tests designed to investigate frequency dependence of peat stiffness and damping showed that the degree of frequency dependence was relatively small. A series of ground response analyses was performed to investigate the seismic response of peat deposits. Three vertical profiles through Mercer Slough were analyzed using both equivalent linear and nonlinear ground response analyses. The analyses showed that the soft nature of the Mercer Slough peat would produce amplification of the long-period components of an earthquake ground motion. Substantial long-period motions can produce large dynamic displacements that are potentially damaging to bridges and bridge foundations. Comparison of the equivalent linear and nonlinear ground response analyses showed that the equivalent linear model tended to oversoften the peat at low effective confining pressures, leading to underprediction of ground motion amplitudes at low periods. KW - Confining pressure KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Deformation curve KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Earthquakes KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Peat KW - Pile foundations KW - Resonant column tests KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Shear strain KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Undisturbed samples UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/412.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738032 AU - Button, J W AU - Hastings, C P AU - Little, D N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF ASPHALT ADDITIVES ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE PY - 1996/11 SP - 130 p. AB - The overall objective of this study was to evaluate a variety of asphalt additives in the laboratory and in the field to determine their merit in reducing cracking and rutting. In the late 1980s, test pavements were constructed in Texarkana, Sherman, San Benito, and Ft. Worth, Texas. In 1995, cores were obtained from Texarkana and Sherman and evaluated in the laboratory. Asphalt binders, retained during construction and sealed in cans, were tested using the Superpave binder tests and certain chemical tests. Retained binders and aggregates were combined in accordance with the original mixture designs, compacted in the laboratory, and tested using the NCHRP asphalt aggregate mixture analysis system (AAMAS) test protocols to assess relative resistance to fatigue cracking. The specific objective of the work reported herein was to test the binders and mixtures to determine what properties correlate with the field cracking. A secondary objective was to evaluate the ability of the laboratory tests to identify binders and mixtures susceptible to cracking. Asphalt additives included latex, ethylene vinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene styrene-block (SBS) copolymer, SBS vulcanized with asphalt, manganese organic complex, polyethylene, and carbon black. Certain polymers when blended with the proper grade of asphalt will significantly reduce fatigue cracking. Field tests indicate that the addition of a polymer will reduce rutting when Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is overasphalted or will allow the use of higher binder contents. Susceptibility to fatigue cracking was related to low loss tangent values from dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) testing, high levels of oxidation as measured by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), high amounts of large molecular size (LMS) material from gel permeation chromatography (GPC) testing, and high asphaltene contents. Binders which failed the Superpave high temperature grading did not produce rut-susceptible mixtures, but did produce crack-resistant mixtures. AAMAS test results showed no correlation with the observed fatigue cracking. KW - Acetates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Carbon black KW - Copolymers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Cracking KW - Ethylene resins KW - Ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Ethylenes KW - Field performance KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex KW - Manganese organic complex KW - Performance KW - Polyethylene KW - Rutting KW - Styrene butadiene copolymers KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737970 AU - Daniels, G AU - Starr, T AU - Stockton, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR FUNDING OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE OF ITS/ATMS PY - 1996/11 SP - 96 p. AB - This report provides a policy-level review of the costs and funding issues associated with Intelligent Transportation Systems/Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ITS/ATMS) operations and maintenance (O&M). Through this research project, a practical methodology has been developed for estimating annual O&M expenses and allocating operating funds. The report includes estimated O&M costs for over 60 ITS elements. Also reviewed in this report are a number of issues related to departmental policies, procedures, and practices that affect the ability to adequately and consistently fund ITS/ATMS O&M. These include the source and availability of funds, the budgeting process, the impact of legislative mandates, the increased use of outsourcing, the development of public and private partnerships, and the implications of system design and replacement on O&M costs. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Budgeting KW - Contracting out KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Financing KW - Guidelines KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legislative mandates KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Public private partnerships KW - Replacement costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737969 AU - Seymour, E J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTI-VENDOR ENVIRONMENT FOR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS PY - 1996/11 SP - 116 p. AB - The overall goal of the study was to determine to what extent different vendors' traffic controllers can be effectively used in closed-loop signal systems in a manner acceptable to Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) engineers and maintenance personnel. Specific objectives to meet the goal included: (1) Identify current practices and needs of TxDOT engineers and maintenance personnel; (2) Define alternatives for providing closed-loop type traffic signal systems; and (3) Evaluate the feasibility and cost of implementing alternative system architectures for closed-loop traffic controller type systems. The findings of the work included a recommendation for TxDOT to proactively be involved in the National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP) and begin deployment of NTCIP compatible systems as soon as practical. The communications study also included a recommendation that TxDOT should actively be involved in the development of Advanced Transportation Controller standards, including controllers, cabinets, and software. KW - Advanced systems KW - Feedback control KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Standards KW - System architecture KW - System design KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737932 AU - Sargand, S AU - Hazen, G A AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION OF A RIGID PAVEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1996/11 SP - 156 p. AB - This research focused on development of a comprehensive field instrumentation program to measure the in-situ responses of a concrete pavement system subjected to Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) loading and various environmental conditions. Responses measured were slab stresses, vertical slab deflection, temperature gradient through the slab thickness, base and subgrade soil moisture content, and load transfer pressures at the slab-base interface. Moisture content was found to increase up to 50% once an expansion crack develops. The temperature gradient through the slab was not linear. Deflections were greatest at the joints for environmental and FWD testing. Significant stresses and deflections developed in all lengths of slabs tested. Lowest stresses were recorded in the 21 ft (6.4 m) slabs. Strain measuring sensors were able to detect stress relief due to cracking. Load transfer pressures at the slab-base interface and the moisture level of the base and subgrade did not appear to be significant. Three-dimensional finite element modeling was shown to be effective for calculating deflections and stresses that develop due to changes in environmental factors and nondestructive testing. KW - Deflection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Instrumentation KW - Load transfer KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Soil water KW - Stress relieving KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Temperature gradients KW - Three dimensional UR - http://www.dot.state.oh.us/research/1999%20and%20Older/Pavements/14515-FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736831 AU - Wylie, C D AU - Shultz, T AU - Miller, J C AU - Mitler, M M AU - MACKIE, R R AU - Essex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVER FATIGUE AND ALERTNESS STUDY: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1996/11 SP - 15 p. AB - This Executive Summary is an overview of the Driver Fatigue and Alertness Study (DFAS), the largest and most comprehensive over-the-road study ever conducted on commercial motor vehicle driver fatigue and alertness in North America. The study provides extensive information on the alertness, driving performance, and physiological and subjective states of commercial motor vehicle drivers as they perform real-life, revenue-generating trips. This Executive Summary overviews the objectives, methods, principal findings, and safety implications of this landmark 7-year study. KW - Alertness KW - Commercial drivers KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - North America KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Physiological factors KW - Research KW - Studies KW - Study methods KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/2124.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736830 AU - Wylie, C D AU - Shultz, T AU - Mitler, M M AU - MACKIE, R R AU - Essex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVER FATIGUE AND ALERTNESS STUDY: TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1996/11 SP - 69 p. AB - The Driver Fatigue and Alertness Study (DFAS) was the largest and most comprehensive over-the-road study ever conducted on commercial motor vehicle driver fatigue and alertness in North America. The data collection for this study involved eighty drivers in the United States and Canada who were monitored over a period of sixteen weeks. A number of work-related factors thought to influence the development of fatigue, loss of alertness, and degraded driving performance in commercial motor vehicle drivers was studied within an operational setting of real-life, revenue-generating trips. These included: the amount of time spent driving during a work period; the number of consecutive days of driving; the time of day when driving took place; and schedule regularity. In Section 1 of the Technical Summary, the reader is provided with some extracts from the technical literature on the involvement of fatigue in crashes, a historical summary of the U.S. Department of Transportation's focus on commercial motor vehicle driver fatigue and the background to this study. The study's overall objectives and the approach used in their attainment are also provided. Section 2 presents the conclusions drawn from the literature review conducted in preparation for this study and considered in the formulation of the study's own conclusions and recommendations. Section 3 presents the study's methodology and data collection methods, while Section 4 presents the study's results, conclusions, and recommendations. For the amount of sleep and the four to five days of driving observed for each driver in the study, it was found that the strongest and most consistent factor influencing driver fatigue and alertness was time of day; drowsiness, as observed in video recordings of the driver's face, was markedly greater during night driving than during daytime driving. The number of hours of driving (time-on-task) and cumulative number of days were not strong or consistent predictors of observed fatigue. Numerous other findings are provided relating to scientific methodologies and fatigue countermeasure concepts. KW - Alertness KW - Automobile driving KW - Commercial drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Night KW - Night driving KW - North America KW - Periods of the day KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Studies KW - Study methods KW - Truck drivers KW - Vigilance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/1623.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736022 AU - Howard, C P AU - Burati, J L AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF THE NCAT IGNITION OVEN FOR CONTROL OF ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1996/11 SP - 94 p. AB - This research, which studied the feasibility of the National Center for Asphalt Technologies (NCAT) ignition oven as an alternative to extraction with chlorinated solvents for AC content determination, included the following: (a) interviews with state highway agencies and contractors currently using the oven, (b) a literature review, and (c) laboratory testing using the oven. The following recommendations are made: (1) The oven can be used for measuring AC content of mixes typically used on South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) projects. (2) The known AC content calibration procedure must be used for any mixes that contain lime. Aggregate-only calibration could be considered for mixes that do not contain lime. However, for consistency, it is recommended that the known AC content calibration procedure be used for all mixes. (3) Although the results from dry and washed gradation analyses are generally similar, the washed analyses produced results that were closer to the actual mix gradations. It is therefore recommended that washed sieve analyses by used to determine aggregate gradation of specimens that have been tested in the oven. (4) Microwave drying produced gradation results that were consistent with those obtained by drying in a conventional oven. It is therefore recommended that the microwave drying procedure be considered as the drying method for washed sieve analyses. (5) The limited data that were available, along with NCAT round robin testing data, indicate that the variability of the oven is probably less than that of solvent extraction procedures. The only way to determine and to validate proper specification limits for AC content using the ignition oven is by collecting and analyzing data from actual projects. Since indications are that the oven may be less variable than solvent extraction, it is recommended that current specification limits be maintained and that data from about 10 projects using the oven be used to determine if these limits need to be adjusted. (6) It may be appropriate to use a single calibration factor determined at the optimum AC content of the mix. However, due to the limited testing that could be conducted, additional testing is necessary to verify whether or not AC contents other than optimum affect the results of the oven. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Calibration KW - Drying KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Guides to the literature KW - Ignition oven KW - Interviewing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Microwave drying KW - Microwaves KW - Recommendations KW - Solvent extraction KW - Solvents KW - Specifications KW - Variables KW - Washed sieve analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735988 AU - Zeedyk, W D AU - US Forest Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGING ROADS FOR WET MEADOW ECOSYSTEM RECOVERY PY - 1996/11 SP - 80 p. AB - Riparian and watershed restoration and enhancement has gained the spotlight in recent years. Effective restoration techniques are not often well understood. The Forest Service began a program of watershed restoration about 10 years ago. The focus of this effort was to "keep the water on the mountain" and as a result improve riparian habitat. The objective of this project is to publish a riparian restoration guide which will be used as a reference document for use in understanding wet meadow functions, identifying treatment opportunities, planning and implementing new or remedial treatments, and monitoring results. KW - Culverts KW - Ecosystems KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway location KW - Highway management KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Low water crossings KW - Maintenance KW - Monitoring KW - Public administration KW - Recovery KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Remedies KW - Restoration KW - Runoff KW - Treatments KW - Watersheds KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735974 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1995 PY - 1996/11 SP - 42 p. AB - This report provides the most-used statistics from the annual publication, "Highway Statistics". It contains the most-used statistical tables and charts of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licenses, Federal excise taxes, highway finance, roadway, and vehicle-mileage. KW - Charts KW - Driver licenses KW - Excise tax KW - Finance KW - Highway statistics KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735959 AU - Price, D A AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SLOPE STABILIZATION METHODS (US-40 BERTHOUD PASS) PY - 1996/11 SP - 41 p. AB - SH-40 west of Berthoud Pass as seen in 1995 was built in the early 1960s. Standard practices for erosion control (in effect during the 1960s) were applied to the cut and fill slopes. The slopes consist of highly erodible and unstable sandy soils mixed with a large quantity of rocks, which vary in size to over two meters in diameter. The snowmelt runoff combined with the severe rain storms of spring and summer wash away the top layer of soil and thereby prevent vegetation establishing itself. Enhancement funds became available for the 1995 construction season to rehabilitate some of the eroded slopes. The purpose of this project is to test various cost effective erosion control materials and installation techniques to provide data for the application on future projects in this and similar areas. Sixteen materials from erosion mats and mulches to different tackifiers are being used within three work zones. The three zones will be evaluated for constructability and overall performance on the better 1 to 1 slopes that are normal for Berthoud Pass. KW - Constructability KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Erosion mats KW - Mulches KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rocks KW - Sandy soils KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Tackifiers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735945 AU - Dingus, T AU - HULSE, M AU - Jahns, S AU - Alves-Foss, J AU - Confer, S AU - Rice, A AU - Roberts, I AU - HANOWSKI, R AU - Sorenson, D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - National Institute for Advanced Transportation Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS: LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1996/11 SP - 146 p. AB - The purpose of Task A was to conduct a literature review of human factors-applicable articles associated with Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and ATIS-related commercial vehicle operations (CVO) systems. Specifically, Task A was to assess existing human factors guidelines to determine their applicability to ATIS systems and identify research gaps that would be filled to establish complete and comprehensive ATIS guidelines. As with any literature review, the conduct of Task A was treated as a foundation for subsequent tasks. The duration of Task A (3 months) was such that some of the literature of interest could not be obtained prior to publication of this document. Thus, the literature review does not, in effect, end with this report. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Guidelines KW - Guides to the literature KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Literature reviews KW - Research UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/95153/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735913 AU - Dorman, M E AU - Hartigan, J P AU - Steg, R F AU - Quasebarth, T F AU - Versar Incorporated AU - Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETENTION, DETENTION, AND OVERLAND FLOW FOR POLLUTANT REMOVAL FROM HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF. VOLUME I: RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1996/11 SP - 179 p. AB - This volume is the first in a two-volume report which developed design guidelines and specifications for measures to reduce or eliminate the impacts of highway runoff on surface waters. This volume documents the research performed under this project. It presents the findings of literature reviews, laboratory bench-scale testing, and actual field monitoring of pollution control measures (grassed channels and wet detention basins). KW - Catch basins KW - Design KW - Detention basins KW - Ditches KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Guides to the literature KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Management KW - Mitigation KW - Overland flow KW - Pollutants KW - Removal KW - Runoff KW - Specifications KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Vegetation KW - Water pollution KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735914 AU - Dorman, M E AU - George, T S AU - Hartigan, J P AU - Quasebarth, T F AU - Versar Incorporated AU - Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETENTION, DETENTION, AND OVERLAND FLOW FOR POLLUTANT REMOVAL FROM HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF. VOLUME II: DESIGN GUIDELINES PY - 1996/11 SP - 231 p. AB - This volume is the second in a two-volume report which developed design guidelines and specifications for measures to reduce or eliminate the impacts of highway runoff on surface waters. This report provides design guidelines and specifications for three types of management measures for the removal of pollutants from highway stormwater runoff. The three general types of management measures, determined through previous FHWA studies to be effective in treating highway runoff, are: retention systems (basins, trenches, and wells), detention basins (wet detention basins, dry extended detention basins, and wetlands), and overland flow (grassed channels and filter strips). These guidelines have been developed based on the experience of the project team, review of available literature, and bench-scale and field testing. KW - Catch basins KW - Design KW - Detention basins KW - Ditches KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Guides to the literature KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Management KW - Mitigation KW - Overland flow KW - Pollutants KW - Removal KW - Runoff KW - Specifications KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Vegetation KW - Water pollution KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735909 AU - Bloomfield, J R AU - Carroll, S A AU - Papelis, Y E AU - Bartelme, M J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DRIVER'S RESPONSE TO AN AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM WITH REDUCED CAPABILITY PY - 1996/11 SP - 107 p. AB - This experiment, one in a series exploring human factors issues related to the Automated Highway System (AHS), investigated the ability of the driver to deal with reduced capability in an automated highway. Most of the reduced AHS capability segment was on a 735-m (2410-ft) radius curve that veered left. The experiment was conducted in the Iowa Driving Simulator. It used a generic AHS configuration in which the left lane was reserved for automated vehicles, while unautomated vehicles traveled in the center and right lanes. The center lane was not a dedicated transition lane. There were no barriers between the automated and unautomated lanes. Sixty drivers participated in the experiment--half were male, half were female; half were between 25 and 34 years of age, half were age 65 or older. A comparison was made of driving performance when steering was controlled by the AHS (and velocity by the driver), when steering was controlled by the driver (and velocity by the AHS), and when both steering and velocity were controlled by the driver. RESULTS: (1) Lane-Keeping Performance and Reduced AHS Capability - In the reduced-capability segment, when the driver controlled the steering--whether controlling steering alone or both steering and velocity--the drift across the lane was four times greater, and in a different direction, than when the steering was controlled by the AHS. As the vehicle traveled around the curve, it drifted only 0.16 m (0.51 ft) to the left when controlled by the AHS. In contrast, it drifted laterally 0.66 m (2.17 ft) to the right when the driver controlled the steering alone, and 0.77 m (2.52 ft) when the driver controlled both the velocity and the steering. When it reached the end of the curve, the vehicle had overshot the center of the lane by 0.56 m (1.83 ft) and 0.86 m (2.81 ft), respectively, under these two conditions. Also, there was more steering instability when the steering was controlled by the driver. (2) Lane-Keeping Performance and Designated AHS Velocity - Whether the AHS or driver was controlling the steering, the vehicle was harder to steer when the designated AHS velocity was 153.0 km/h (95 mi/h) than when it was 128.8 km/h (80 mi/h)--both the steering drift and the steering instability increased substantially with velocity. (3) Velocity Control and Reduced AHS Capability - The time delay was zero when the AHS controlled velocity (and the driver was steering). When the driver controlled the velocity, the vehicle traveled slower: (a) when he/she controlled both velocity and steering rather than velocity alone; (b) with the older driver rather than the younger driver; (c) when the designated AHS velocity was 128.8 km/h (80 mi/h) rather than 153.0 km/h (95 mi/h); and (d) when the intra-string gap was 0.25 s rather than 0.0625 s. RECOMMENDATIONS: If the situation explored in this experiment was allowed in an operating AHS, with adequate warning, the driver could take over the steering and/or velocity if there was a reduction in the AHS capability. However, to avoid encroachment the driver should reduce speed and be warned of a possible overshoot. KW - Automated highway systems KW - Automated travel KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automatic steering control KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Encroachments KW - Highway curves KW - Human factors KW - Human subject testing KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Personnel performance KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735916 AU - Bauer, K M AU - Harwood, D W AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL MODELS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION ACCIDENTS PY - 1996/11 SP - 157 p. AB - The objective of this research was to develop statistical models of the relationship between traffic accidents and highway geometric elements for at-grade intersections. These models also incorporated the effect of traffic control features and traffic volumes on intersection accidents. The data base used to develop the models was obtained from the California Department of Transportation. Field data were also collected for a sample of urban, four-leg, signalized intersections to provide data on additional geometric design variables and turning-movement counts that were not available from existing highway agency files. The statistical modeling approaches used in the research included Poisson, lognormal, negative binomial, and logistic regression, as well as discriminant and cluster analysis. Regression models of the relationships between accidents and intersection geometric design, traffic control, and traffic volume variables were found to explain between 16 and 38% of the variability in the accident data. However, most of that variability was explained by the traffic volume variables considered; geometric design variables accounted for only a very small additional portion of the variability. An evaluation of hard-copy police accident reports by three independent reviewers for a sample of eight urban, four-leg, signalized intersections found that only 5 to 14% of the accidents had causes that appeared to be related to geometric design features of the intersections. KW - Cluster analysis KW - Crash reports KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Geometric design KW - Intersections KW - Logistic regression analysis KW - Logistics KW - Lognormal regression KW - Mathematical models KW - Negative binomial regression KW - Poisson distributions KW - Regression analysis KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735918 AU - Pendleton, O J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INDIRECT METHODS TO ACCOUNT FOR EXPOSURE IN HIGHWAY SAFETY STUDIES PY - 1996/11 SP - 71 p. AB - One of the more complex issues in highway safety evaluation is how to incorporate some measure of exposure, some numerical measure of the opportunity for an accident to occur in the analysis. On a roadway section, for example, exposure might be vehicle-miles traveled (VMT). At fixed points, such as intersections, exposure might be some function of the annual average daily traffic (AADT) of the intersecting roads. However, the appropriate measure of exposure may not be at all clear, such as in driver- or vehicle-based analyses. In assessing the involvement of older drivers in left-turn accidents, for example, how does one measure the exposure of drivers by age at a specific site? Because of the difficulty of obtaining numerical exposure estimates, indirect methods have evolved for treating the exposure issue in a surrogate manner. This report is intended to be an instructional text on these methods for use by the highway safety research community. The indirect methodologies presented here include before/after evaluation designs, case-control studies, and the induced-exposure methodologies. The numerical computations for each methodology are presented in simple, step-by-step formulas, followed by a numerical example. A discussion of both the advantages and disadvantages and appropriate and inappropriate applications are also presented. It is hoped that this report will serve as a comprehensive guide for the highway safety researcher, both in designing and in evaluating highway safety studies. KW - Before and after studies KW - Case studies KW - Crash exposure KW - Estimates KW - Exposure KW - Highway safety KW - Indirect methods KW - Induced exposure methodologies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735897 AU - Wheeler, W AU - Lee, Jong Jae AU - RABY, M AU - Kinghorn, R AU - BITTNER, A AU - McCallum, M AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS: TASK ANALYSIS OF ATIS/CVO FUNCTIONS PY - 1996/11 SP - 434 p. AB - This working paper documents Task E of the present project, Task Analyses for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) systems. The goal of Task E is to conduct detailed analyses of the influence of using ATIS on driving tasks for both private and commercial vehicle operators. The task analyses specifying the tasks to be performed by the users as well as the information displayed in the ATIS (including IRANS, IMSIS, ISIS, and IVSAWS) are based on scenarios developed from previous project tasks. Information for the task analysis was obtained from a review of the literature, observations, and interviews of drivers and dispatchers using prototype and first-generation operational systems. The report organizes the tasks people and systems do while driving into three usable formats: (1) a graphical representation of the interactions that take place between driving and ATIS/CVO functions; (2) a diagram [i.e., an Operational Sequence Diagram (OSD)] of the sequence of task actions, the types of tasks involved, and the relationship between various human and non-human parts of the system; and (3) a description of each task in terms of its purpose, initiating conditions, task type, and performance considerations. General characteristics and performance considerations are examined for four types of tasks: setup, bridging, decision-making, and integrated. A summary of research issues and additional research needs are identified. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Research KW - Task analysis UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/95176/index.cfm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/739.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735902 AU - Hartt, W AU - Joubert, E AU - Kliszowski, S AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION ON PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE COMPONENTS PY - 1996/11 SP - 120 p. AB - While cathodic protection effectively reduces or stops ongoing corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete, applicability of this technology to prestressing steel has been limited because of concerns of possible bond loss and hydrogen embrittlement. Within this context the present research was intended as a comprehensive, multifaceted undertaking to elevate the understanding of prestressed concrete cathodic protection to the same level as for reinforced concrete. The experimental part of the program involved three approaches: 1) constant extension rate tests (CERT) upon straight tendon wire, 2) monitoring of cathodically polarized prestressed beams for both bond loss and hydrogen embrittlement, and 3) concrete block pullout tests involving both tendon and wire. Findings to date include the following: 1) High chromium bearing microalloyed prestressing steel is more susceptible to embrittlement than ordinary steel, and the previously proposed -0.90 v (SCE) lower potential limit is not conservative in this case; 2) Prestressed concrete structures can be qualified for cathodic protection based upon the amount of uniform and localized corrosion wire cross section loss; 3) Loss of bond within the anticipated remaining service life of most prestressed concrete structures should not be a concern provided current density is within the normal range and is not locally concentrated. These and related findings are evaluated within the context of standards for prestressing steel and criteria for cathodic protection. KW - Bond loss KW - Cathodic protection KW - Constant extension rate tests KW - Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Pull out test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735904 AU - Pendleton, O J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ACCIDENT ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY PY - 1996/11 SP - 102 p. AB - This study compared both traditional and empirical Bayes methodologies for ranking high hazard locations and evaluating highway safety treatments for five case studies. The case studies were either based on data collected for previous studies or data retrieved from the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS). These included two high hazard location ranking studies for New York and Illinois and three treatment evaluation studies: Michigan raised pavement markers, Michigan change in posted speeds, and Minnesota traffic signal installation. In addition, an extended empirical Bayes methodology was developed that allows for the use of explanatory variables (covariates) in a regression model along with a computer program for its implementation. The explanatory variables used in these case studies were roadway characteristics such as curvature, pavement width, shoulders, divided highway, and initial posted speed. The regression methodology also allowed for the examination of a nonlinear relationship between vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) and accidents. There was strong evidence that such a nonlinear relationship exists, casting doubt on the validity of accident rate-based methods. Although there was no significant difference among the methodologies, there was a significant increase in accidents for roads with initial posted speeds of <30 mi/h (48.3 km/h) in Michigan (23 to 27%) where speed limits were raised and a significant reduction in accidents (25 to 30%) in Minnesota after the installation of new traffic signals. Guidelines are presented for determining when the various methodologies are warranted and appropriate. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Case studies KW - Crash analysis KW - Crashes KW - High risk locations KW - Highway characteristics KW - Highways KW - Methodology KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Regression analysis KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic signals KW - Treatments KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734650 AU - Floyd, J W AU - Montana State University, Billings AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERCEPTIONS OF HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE IN MONTANA: THE RESULTS OF A TELEPHONE SURVEY PY - 1996/11 SP - 63 p. AB - Trained interviewers at the Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing Laboratory at Montana State University, Billings completed 1,005 interviews with randomly selected adult residents of Montana between September 7 and September 15, 1996 for the purpose of obtaining the perceptions the respondents held about the maintenance of interstate and state highways in Montana. For the purposes of the survey, highway maintenance was divided into eight categories: winter maintenance, maintaining a smooth highway surface, maintenance of roadsides, maintenance of signs, debris removal, rest stop maintenance, striping maintenance, and winter road conditions reports. When respondents were asked to rate the current state of each of these activities on a 1 to 4 scale where 1=poor, 2=fair, 3=good, and 4=excellent, signage was rated highest with a mean of 3.04, winter roadway information was rated second at 2.89, debris removal, winter maintenance, rest stop maintenance, striping maintenance, and roadside maintenance received ratings from 2.78 to 2.73 and surface smoothness was rated last with a mean of 2.40. When respondents were asked how important each of these activities were to them on a scale of 1 to 4 where 1=not important, 2=somewhat important, 3=important, and 4=very important, winter maintenance was rated most important with a mean importance rating of 3.72, followed by winter roadway information (3.53), striping maintenance (3.50), debris removal (3.44), surface smoothness (3.35), signage (3.29), rest stop maintenance (3.22), and roadside maintenance (2.90). When respondents were asked to think about the allocation of Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) resources and assign a resource priority of low (1), medium (2), moderately high (3), or very high (4) to each activity, winter maintenance received the highest resource priority rating (3.56) followed by winter roadway information (3.32), striping (3.22), debris removal (3.06), surface smoothness (3.05), rest stop maintenance (2.97), signage (2.90), and roadside maintenance (2.52). Finally, these ratings were combined into a composite variable for each of the maintenance activities. The composite variable provides an indication of the level of attention and resources the respondents believed each maintenance activity should receive from MDT. According to the respondents, MDT should now pay attention and provide resources to maintenance activities on interstates and state highways in Montana in the following order: winter maintenance, surface smoothness and highway striping, debris removal, winter roadway information and highway signage, rest stop maintenance, and roadside maintenance. KW - Data collection KW - Debris removal KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Highway maintenance KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Montana KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Perception KW - Ratings KW - Road weather information systems KW - Roadside KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Smoothness KW - State highways KW - Striping KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - Telephone surveys KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs KW - Winter KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winter roadway information UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/final_report_telephone_appendix.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734657 AU - O'Neill, M W AU - Townsend, F C AU - Hassan, K M AU - Buller, A AU - Chan, P S AU - PSC Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD TRANSFER FOR DRILLED SHAFTS IN INTERMEDIATE GEOMATERIALS PY - 1996/11 SP - 194 p. AB - This study investigated the resistance and load-settlement behavior of axially loaded drilled shafts in geomaterials at the boundary between soil and rock, termed "intermediate geomaterials". The primary objective of the study was to develop or adapt simple design-level models to predict resistance and load-settlement behavior. Two models are proposed. The first is based on finite element modeling of drilled shafts with smooth and rough interfaces in cohesive geomaterials, while the second is based on approximate elasticity solution and correlations of geomaterial properties with standard penetration test results in cohesionless geomaterials. Loading tests on seven full-scale drilled shafts were considered as a means to verify the accuracy of the design models and to develop recommendations concerning the inputs to the models. The models are recommended for use pending local calibration. KW - Accuracy KW - Axial loading KW - Axial loads KW - Cohesionless materials KW - Cohesive materials KW - Drilled shafts KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Intermediate geomaterials KW - Load settlement KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Mudstones KW - Residual soils KW - Resistance KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soft rock KW - Soil penetration test KW - Till KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734653 AU - Hag-Elsafi, O AU - Elwell, D J AU - Glath, G A AU - Hiris, M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS FOR NOISE BARRIERS USING RECYCLED PLASTIC LUMBER PY - 1996/11 SP - 46 p. AB - Increasing public demand for reduced traffic noise levels is generating a growing need for more and better highway noise barriers. Nearly 1500 km (932 mi) were built in the U.S. through 1992, and almost 300 more projects--many of lengths not yet determined--have been forecast by the end of the decade. Barriers using conventional materials (such as wood and concrete) are depleting natural resources, and occasionally meet public criticism with respect to aesthetics. Disposing of accumulating plastic waste is another environmental challenge--about 13.6 million metric tons (30 billion pounds) of domestic plastic waste are produced every year. Barriers using recycled plastic thus may be both functionally and environmentally sensible. This report describes development of standards for noise barrier systems using recycled plastic lumber for wall sheathing, structurally supported by wood or steel frames, with cast-in-place piers proposed for foundations. Aesthetics are addressed by providing options for sheathing color, frame type, and frame arrangement. The standards developed include design tables for selection of standardized member sizes, column spacings, and foundation dimensions. Also included are tables for estimating materials requirements and costs of selected designs, along with notes on system specifications and construction. The proposed systems are cost-competitive with current systems, and may have long-term economic benefits as a result of greater durability, minimal maintenance, and low life-cycle cost. KW - Aesthetics KW - Cost estimating KW - Design standards KW - Durability KW - Economic benefits KW - Estimates KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance KW - Noise barriers KW - Plastics KW - Recycled materials KW - Specifications KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734651 AU - Floyd, J W AU - Montana State University, Billings AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERCEPTIONS OF HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE IN MONTANA: THE RESULTS OF A TELEPHONE SURVEY. APPENDICES THREE AND FOUR PY - 1996/11 SP - 85 p. AB - Trained interviewers at the Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing Laboratory at Montana State University, Billings completed 1,005 interviews with randomly selected adult residents of Montana between September 7 and September 15, 1996 for the purpose of obtaining the perceptions the respondents held about the maintenance of interstate and state highways in Montana. For the purposes of the survey, highway maintenance was divided into eight categories: winter maintenance, maintaining a smooth highway surface, maintenance of roadsides, maintenance of signs, debris removal, rest stop maintenance, striping maintenance, and winter road conditions reports. The final report is presented in two documents. The first contains the final report, Appendix One, and Appendix Two. This document is the second and contains Appendix Three: Tabulated Open Ended Responses and Appendix Four: Complete Listing of Open Ended Responses. KW - Data collection KW - Debris removal KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Highway maintenance KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Montana KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Perception KW - Ratings KW - Road weather information systems KW - Roadside KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Smoothness KW - State highways KW - Striping KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - Telephone surveys KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs KW - Winter KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winter roadway information UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/final_report_telephone_appendix.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734647 AU - Wukasch, R F AU - Siddiqui, A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REMEDIATION OF HAZARDOUS EFFLUENT EMITTED FROM BENEATH NEWLY CONSTRUCTED ROAD SYSTEMS AND CLOGGING OF UNDERDRAIN SYSTEMS PY - 1996/11 SP - 93 p. AB - The Indiana Department of Transportation uses recycled concrete pavement as aggregate for the construction of highways. The effluent from these pavements has a high pH. The high pH effluent can cause clogging of drains and vegetative kill around the outlet. This project looks into the source of the effluent water, its chemical composition and the approximate duration the problem can be expected to persist. The project also investigates possible methods for reduction of the problem in future installation. The approximate additional cost of these solutions and the problems associated with them are discussed as well. KW - Chemical composition KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Effluents KW - Environmental impacts KW - Leaching KW - Mitigation KW - Pavements KW - pH value KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Traffic mitigation UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1653&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734551 AU - Gomez, J P AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ECONOMICS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF MODERN TIMBER BRIDGES IN VIRGINIA PY - 1996/11 SP - 11 p. AB - In 1990, the Virginia Assembly established a commission to propose recommendations to enhance the economic development of the southside region of the Commonwealth. The commission's 1991 report, House Document 42, included a recommendation for a timber bridge initiative to replace Virginia's structurally deficient bridges. The commission noted that timber bridges could save highway construction funds and stimulate the forest products industry in southside Virginia. This report addresses some of the economic issues. The long-term performance, and thus the life cycle cost competitiveness, of timber bridges cannot be determined at this time. However, timber bridges are not economically competitive from a cost standpoint. The economic viability of timber bridges is adversely affected by the lack of an industry presence in Virginia. This lack also casts doubt on the ability of the Virginia timber bridge initiative to enhance the economic development in the southside region of the Commonwealth. KW - Economic analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Virginia KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36989/97-IR2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734553 AU - Faulkner, B C AU - Barton, F W AU - Baber, T T AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF BRIDGE RESPONSE USING ACCELERATION DATA PY - 1996/11 SP - 35 p. AB - Knowledge of the actual displacement response of a bridge subjected to random traffic loading is useful in evaluating bridge performance and serviceability. However, mounting displacement transducers is difficult, and the feasibility of and cost associated with such instrumentation are often problems. This research evaluated various methods to calculate the displacement response of a bridge using measured acceleration data. Methods included the use of integration schemes and the correction algorithms necessary for accurately determining displacements. Corrections are needed since any recorded signal contains error and the initial conditions of a structural system are not always known. Different numerical integration schemes and correction algorithms were applied to acceleration signals developed analytically, and these methods were then evaluated using acceleration signals recorded from laboratory tests. Finally, the methods were applied to acceleration data recorded from a field test of a highway bridge. In each case, the calculated displacement response was compared to the measured or exact displacement response to provide a basis for comparison. From the insight gained in this investigation, recommendations were made concerning the accurate determination of the displacement response of a bridge using accelerometer data. KW - Accelerometers KW - Algorithms KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Field tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Laboratory tests KW - Numerical integration KW - Recommendations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36991/97-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734552 AU - Wolek, A L AU - Barton, F W AU - Baber, T T AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC FIELD TESTING OF THE ROUTE 58 MEHERRIN RIVER BRIDGE PY - 1996/11 SP - 43 p. AB - Dynamic response has long been recognized as one of the significant factors affecting the service life and safety of bridge structures, and considerable research, both analytical and experimental, has been devoted to this area of behavior. In the design of most contemporary bridges, dynamic effects are included in the form of equivalent static loads. However, design considerations rarely include an evaluation of the structural and geometric parameters of the superstructure that influence dynamic response. Further research is needed to clarify the dynamic behavior of bridge structures and the corresponding physical characteristics that affect the response. The primary objective of this investigation was to determine and evaluate the dynamic response of a typical simple span bridge that had unexpectedly large oscillations under normal traffic loading. This was accomplished through a series of field tests in which the response was measured using accelerometers and strain gages. To supplement these data, analytical models (finite element models) representative of the bridge structure were developed to predict the dynamic response. The field data were used to validate the models. The refined models were then used for parameter studies in evaluating the effect of various factors on bridge response. The results of this investigation provided insight into the dynamic response of a typical simple span bridge constructed in accordance with AASHTO specifications. KW - Accelerometers KW - Analytical models KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Single span bridges KW - Strain gages KW - Structural design KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36992/97-R4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732519 AU - Teets, M K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1995 SN - 0160489261 PY - 1996/11 SP - 325 p. AB - This is an annual report containing analyzed statistical data on motor fuel; motor vehicles; driver licensing; highway-user taxation; State highway finance; highway mileage; Federal aid for highways; highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government; and international data. This report has been published since 1945. KW - Annual reports KW - Data collection KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway statistics KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - International KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - State highways KW - Statistics UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/1995/ UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5600/5636/high95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00728402 AU - Russell, E R AU - Kansas State University, Manhattan AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR SPILLS OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1996/11 SP - 143 p. AB - This investigation addressed the identification of potential risks from highway transportation of hazardous materials that would result in severe permanent, irreparable or catastrophic consequences, and the identification of practical and implementable physical protective systems to reduce accident incidents and/or mitigate consequences. The primary concern was to reduce or prevent contamination of surface or ground water resources from flows or other movements of materials from accidental spills of hazardous materials. The hazardous spill substances are likely to be directly toxic or indirectly result in reduced quality of receiving waters. This report developed a methodology using a State's panel to identify 11 generalized ranked extreme risk scenarios and identified protective systems for each. The report concludes that few physical protective systems are available to reduce risks associated with highway transportation of hazardous materials. The companion report, FHWA-RD-96-098 (Volume II: Guidelines), presents information on a number of protective systems that could be considered for a particular extreme-risk situation. That report does not attempt to make the decision to use or not to use these protective systems. It is not a design manual. The decision and design details remain at the discretion of the user. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Crashes KW - Forecasting KW - Groundwater KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway transportation KW - Incidents KW - Mitigation KW - Prevention KW - Protective services KW - Protective systems KW - Risk analysis KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Surface waters KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Water areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/465306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00728403 AU - Russell, E R AU - Kansas State University, Manhattan AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR SPILLS OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. VOLUME II: GUIDELINES PY - 1996/11 SP - 162 p. AB - This investigation addressed the identification of potential risks from highway transportation of hazardous materials that would result in severe permanent, irreparable or catastrophic consequences, and the identification of practical and implementable physical protective systems to reduce accident incidents and/or mitigate consequences. The primary concern was to reduce or prevent contamination of surface or ground water resources from flows or other movements of materials from accidental spills of hazardous materials. The hazardous spill substances are likely to be directly toxic or indirectly result in reduced quality of receiving waters. This report presents information on a number of protective systems that could be considered for a particular extreme-risk situation. It does not attempt to make the decision to use or not to use these protective systems. It is not a design manual. The decision and design details remain at the discretion of the user. The companion report, FHWA-RD-96-097 (Volume I: Final Report), developed a methodology using a State's panel to identify 11 generalized, ranked extreme risk scenarios and identified protective systems for each. The report concludes that few physical protective systems are available to reduce risk associated with highway transportation of hazardous materials. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Crashes KW - Forecasting KW - Groundwater KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway transportation KW - Incidents KW - Mitigation KW - Prevention KW - Protective services KW - Protective systems KW - Risk analysis KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Surface waters KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Water areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/465307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104328 AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety and Fitness Electronic Records System (SAFER): User and System Requirements Document. Updated October 1996 PY - 1996/10/28 SP - 38p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is currently testing and evaluating Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies to enhance the safety and efficiency of interstate and intrastate commercial vehicle operations. The current focus is on creating transparent borders for interstate commercial vehicles and improving the safety of commercial vehicle operations (CVO).In support of this effort, there exists a requirement for a national CVO system that can perform numerous user services, including Automated Roadside Safety Inspections, Roadside Clearance, Onboard Safety Monitoring, Incident Management, and the Credential and Tax Administrative Process. The Safety and Fitness Electronic Records (SAFER) System is planned as a component of ITS. One of its primary functions is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the inspection process at the roadside. The SAFER System will provide carrier safety historical information to fixed and mobile roadside inspection stations. This will allow roadside inspectors and other potential government and private users to focus their efforts on high-risk areas, i.e. selecting vehicles and/or drivers for inspection based on the number of prior carrier inspections and its safety history. As a result, inspection resources would be directed at drivers and vehicles associated with carriers with few prior inspections or poor safety records, while minimizing time spent inspecting carriers with many prior inspections and good safety histories. This will improve the overall cost effectiveness of the inspection process as well as provide an incentive to safe carriers. KW - Communication and control KW - Data collection KW - Electronics KW - Information dissemination KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Recordkeeping KW - Records management KW - Telematics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16300/16301/PB2000103377.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864178 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459159 TI - Safety Evaluation of Intersection Design Improvements for Safety Management AB - The objective of this project is to determine the safety effectiveness of selected intersection design improvements or combination of improvements. The project will also assess the performance of the procedures applied in this study that are being developed under a separate FHWA effort titled "Development of Micro Evaluation Methodology for the Safety Management System." KW - Design KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Safety management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227371 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458654 TI - HERMES II AB - The High Speed Electromagnetic Roadway Measurement and Evaluation System (HERMES) is a prototype system that has been designed, developed and delivered to the Federal Hihgway Administration(FHWA). KW - Evaluation KW - Measurement KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Prototypes KW - Research projects KW - Roadway UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103130 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS/CVO Strategic Communications and Outreach Plan PY - 1996/10/01 SP - 85p AB - Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) utilize information, communication, sensor and control technologies to improve mobility, safety and productivity. The Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) program, one of several components of the U.S. Department of Transportations Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) initiative, is designed to accelerate the use of advanced transportation technologies to improve highway safety and increase productivity for the motor carrier industry. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Communication systems KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mobility KW - Motor carriers KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16000/16022/PB2000102162.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734636 AU - Gress, D AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF FREEZE-THAW AND FROST HEAVING ON FLOWABLE FILL PY - 1996/10/01 SP - 106 p. AB - Flowable Fill mixes were evaluated in the laboratory and field. Consideration was given to strength, flowability and time of set. Emphasis was placed on evaluating the freeze-thaw durability of typical Flowable Fill mixes. Flowable Fill mix criteria were established. Flowable Fill mix design and evaluation consisted of testing various combinations of concrete sand, wash wastes, crusher waste fines, an ASTM C 618 fly ash, a high carbon fly ash, air entraining admixtures, and Type II portland cement. Freeze thaw testing was done on selected mixes. Laboratory testing showed that high quality Flowable Fills could be made from almost any material. However, it was found that Flowable Fills made with 100% high carbon fly ash as the aggregate should be limited to an ash with an LOI less than 25% due to increased cement demand. Freeze thaw durability of Flowable Fill could not be effectively evaluated in the laboratory due to the high rate of freezing criteria of ASTM C 666. Recommended trial Flowable Fill mix designs are included in the report. Field testing of Flowable Fill consisted of evaluating the settlement, freeze thaw durability and frost heaving properties of selected mixes. Flowable Fill was found to have better settlement performance than granular fill when used to backfill a simulated bridge abutment on a very heavy loaded haul road in an aggregate plant. With the exception of the top two inches the freeze thaw durability was found to be very good even when the material was allowed to freeze prior to setting. KW - Air entraining cement KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bridge abutments KW - Field tests KW - Fills KW - Flowable fill KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Permeability KW - Portland cement KW - Sand KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01139448 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement Notebook for FHWA Engineers PY - 1996/10//2nd Revision SP - 348p AB - This notebook serves as a compilation of Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) policy and guidance on pavement issues. This 2nd revision includes revisions to the following chapters: (1) Pavement Policy; (2) Pavement Issues; (3) Rigid Pavement; (4) Flexible Pavement; (5) Pavement Drainage; (7) Pavement Rehabilitation; (8) Surface and Other Considerations; (9) Pavement Management; and (10) Strategic Highway Research Program Product. This notebook is intended to be a working tool that provides a readily available compilation of current FHWA policy and guidance on pavements. Users are encouraged to add material as they see fit. The notebook is composed of: (1) Reference to appropriate Federal-aid Highway Program Manual directives; (2) Other issuances, such as Technical Advisories and Notices which present short-term instructions or interim policy; (3) FHWA memorandums clarifying policy or providing technical guidance; (4) Discussions reflecting current state-of-the-art or philosophy; and (5) Material on developmental and research areas related to pavements. KW - Drainage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Pavement management systems KW - Policy KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30800/30880/PavementNotebook.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/899708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103182 AU - Harris (Frederic R), Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Transportation TI - ITS Early Deployment Study: Richmond/Tri-Cities Area Strategic Deployment Plan PY - 1996/10 SP - 155p AB - Planning for the early deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in the Richmond/Tri-Cities area has followed the evolving guidelines of the Federal Highway Administration. The eight-step process, from problem definition through strategic deployment, has served as a guide to this important effort. The products of this study are a series of specific projects and a long-term direction for integrating ITS operations with the existing transportation systems, and for combining new and existing intelligent transportation features into a cohesive, region-wide system. This report represents the culmination of a twelve-month planning process that commenced in October, 1995. Within the context of the ITS planning guidelines, this report represents the conclusion of the planning process. This report recommends specific ITS projects, needs, and directions. It identifies the most important requirements for the Richmond/Tri-Cities area, and also other considerations that should be taken into account over the next twenty years. What these projects are and who should plan, build, operate, and maintain them are described in this report. Funding and institutional issues are also discussed in this document. This report also presents the system architecture and technology guidelines that will need to be considered with respect to both the projects specifically referenced and those inferred for the future. KW - Communication and control KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Planning and design KW - Richmond (Virginia) KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16629/PB2000104434.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862901 ER - TY - SER AN - 00731031 JO - HSIS Summary Report PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF HIGHWAY WORK ZONE CRASHES PY - 1996/10 SP - 4 p. AB - Work zone safety continues to be a high priority issue for traffic engineering professionals and highway agencies. Based on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), work zone fatalities climbed to an all time high in 1994. The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act specifically required the Secretary of Transportation to develop and implement a work zone safety program that will improve work zone safety at construction sites and to develop uniform accident reporting for fatalities, injuries and certain specified accident types which include work zone accidents. This study developed specific recommendations toward that goal: 1) uniform definitions of "work zone type" and "work zone crash" should be developed and implemented; 2) methods for determining exposure in work zones should be developed; 3) "smart" data collecting and reporting software should be considered in developing new accident reporting technologies and 4) a more detailed understanding of the relationships between work zone designs and crashes is required. KW - Analysis KW - Construction sites KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Work zones UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/96100/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/469950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762446 AU - Tornow, C AU - Ritchey, B AU - Clayton, A AU - Blow, P AU - White, K AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Battelle Company TI - ANALYSIS OF THE TRUCK INVENTORY AND USE SURVEY (TIUS) FROM THE TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT PERSPECTIVE FOR TRUCKS WITH FOUR-AXLES OR LESS. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION COMPREHENSIVE TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT STUDY REPORT NO. 6, ACTIVITY I: TASK B IDENTIFY MARKET SEGMENTS - COMPETITIVE AND NONCOMPETITIVE TIUS DATA COMPONENT PY - 1996/10 SP - v.p. AB - This report, as part of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Comprehensive Truck Size and Weight (TS&W) Study, provides factual information and analysis of the U.S. freight hauling truck fleet, and is based on the Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS) data bases from 1992 and 1987. The U.S. Bureau of the Census collects truck data every five years with 1992 being the latest data available. The TIUS can be used to help understand the U.S. truck fleet makeup, size, uses, location, and type of commodities hauled at the national, regional, and local levels. This information will be used to present a picture of the U.S. truck fleet and its uses as well as to evaluate the potential national/regional TS&W policy options. The TIUS provides data on the physical and operational characteristics of the U.S. truck fleet. The survey sample is drawn from each state's registration records. The sample contains privately- and commercially-owned trucks, as well as trucks used for personal transportation and freight hauling. This report on the 4-axles or less truck fleet compliments an earlier U.S. DOT TS&W Study (Report #2) of the 5-axles or more commercial freight hauling fleet. Specific 4-axles or less truck types analyzed include: single unit straight truck, single unit truck with trailer, and tractor with semitrailer. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Commodities KW - Databases KW - Fleets KW - Freight transportation KW - Inventory KW - Location KW - Market segmented groups KW - Private enterprise KW - Registrations KW - Size KW - Surveys KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by number of axles KW - Weight UR - http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/tswstudy/rpt6_mai.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11100/11175/rpt6_mai.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745818 AU - Ticatch, J L AU - Kraishan, M AU - Virostek, G AU - Montella, L AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT RATES FOR LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLES PY - 1996/10 SP - 83 p. AB - The objectives of this study were two-fold: (1) to determine the relative accident rates, in accidents per million vehicle miles of travel, of longer combination vehicles (LCVs) and Non-LCVs; and (2) to determine, to the extent possible, the relative accident rates for LCV and Non-LCV subgroups, including Tractor-Semitrailers, STAA Doubles, Rocky Mountain Doubles, Turnpike Doubles, and Triples. The study methodology consisted of site visits to commercial motor carriers which operate LCVs. Mileage and accident data, covering periods of up to five years, were collected from participating carriers and used to calculate and compare accident rates for LCV and Non-LCV configurations. When practical, comparisons in accident rates among LCV subgroups were also calculated. The differential impacts, if any, which key external factors--area, route, terrain, time-of-day, and driver experience--had on LCV and Non-LCV accident outcomes were also assessed. The severity of LCV versus Non-LCV accidents was examined as well. This final report documents the results of these investigations. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Double trailers KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversized vehicles KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745820 AU - Mast, R AU - Marsh, L AU - Spry, C AU - Johnson, S AU - Griebenow, R AU - Guarre, J AU - Wilson, W AU - BergerABAM Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC BRIDGE DESIGN APPLICATIONS - PART ONE: NHI COURSE NO. 13063 PY - 1996/10 SP - 276 p. AB - Seismic Bridge Design Applications, Parts One and Two, contains the material used in two one-day national satellite seminars broadcast from the University of Maryland to provide seismic design application instruction. Mr. Robert Mast and Dr. Lee Marsh of BERGER/ABAM Engineers, Inc., were the instructors and developed the course materials. Part One includes seven sessions covering basic seismic principles, one complete seismic analysis and design example, modeling guidelines, multimodal analysis, and column design features. Part Two includes "homework problems" assigned after the first seminar as well as specific topics requested by participants of the first seminar. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Manuals KW - Structural design KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745821 AU - Mast, R AU - Marsh, L AU - Spry, C AU - Johnson, S AU - Griebenow, R AU - Guarre, J AU - Wilson, W AU - BergerABAM Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC BRIDGE DESIGN APPLICATIONS - PART TWO: NHI COURSE NO. 13063 PY - 1996/10 SP - 320 p. AB - Seismic Bridge Design Applications, Parts One and Two, contains the material used in two one-day national satellite seminars broadcast from the University of Maryland to provide seismic design application instruction. Mr. Robert Mast and Dr. Lee Marsh of BERGER/ABAM Engineers, Inc., were the instructors and developed the course materials. Part One includes seven sessions covering basic seismic principles, one complete seismic analysis and design example, modeling guidelines, multimodal analysis, and column design features. Part Two includes "homework problems" assigned after the first seminar as well as specific topics requested by participants of the first seminar. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Manuals KW - Structural design KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744723 AU - Wylie, C D AU - Shultz, T AU - Miller, J C AU - Mitler, M M AU - MACKIE, R R AU - Essex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVER FATIGUE AND ALERTNESS STUDY: PROJECT REPORT PY - 1996/10 SP - 562 p. AB - This is the full final report on the largest and most comprehensive over-the-road study of commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver fatigue ever conducted in North America. The data collection involved eighty drivers in the U.S. and Canada who were monitored over a period of sixteen weeks. A number of work-related factors thought to influence the development of fatigue, loss of alertness and degraded performance in CMV drivers were studied within an operational setting of real-life, revenue-generating trips. These included: the amount of time spent driving during a work period; the number of consecutive days of driving; the time of day when driving took place; and schedule regularity. In Chapter 1, the reader is provided with the background to the study as well as the study's overall objectives and the approach used in their attainment. Chapter 2 presents a detailed literature review on driver fatigue and its measurement, as well as the involvement of fatigue in crashes, that was conducted in preparation for the study and considered in the formulation of the study's own conclusions and recommendations. Chapter 3 presents the study methodology and data collection methods. Chapter 4 presents the detailed results. Chapter 5 provides an overview of the results and the study's conclusions and recommendations. For the amount of sleep and the four to five days of driving observed for each driver in this study, it was found that the strongest and most consistent factor influencing driver fatigue and alertness was time-of-day; drowsiness, as observed in video recordings of the driver's face, was markedly greater during night driving than during daytime driving. The number of hours of driving (time-on-task) and cumulative number of days were not strong or consistent predictors of observed fatigue. Numerous other findings are provided relating to scientific methodologies and fatigue countermeasure concepts. KW - Alertness KW - Automobile driving KW - Canada KW - Commercial drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Night KW - Night driving KW - Periods of the day KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Studies KW - Study methods KW - Truck drivers KW - United States KW - Vigilance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00741931 AU - Van Hattum, D AU - Zimmerman, M AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BUYING TIME: GUIDEBOOK. A GUIDEBOOK FOR THOSE CONSIDERING CONGESTION RELIEF TOLLS IN THEIR COMMUNITIES. VOLUME I PY - 1996/10 SP - 28 p. AB - This guidebook addresses the political and institutional issues involved with congestion relief tolling. It is targeted to policymakers, elected officials, and community leaders. Seven recommendations are provided for overcoming barriers, illustrated with examples from specific cities. A glossary of terms is provided for those less familiar with transportation terminology. The guidebook is based on written materials and interviews with participants from the Federal Highway Administration's Congestion Pricing Pilot Program, and on focus groups and a Citizens Jury (registered trademark) project conducted by the State and Local Policy Program at the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota. KW - Congestion pricing KW - Guidelines KW - Institutional issues KW - Mitigation KW - Political factors KW - Recommendations KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - http://www.hhh.umn.edu/centers/slp/transportation/pdf/BuyingTimeVolumeI-Guidebook.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740741 AU - Roschke, P N AU - Harrison, B F AU - Benson, F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLED CONTENT SIGN BLANKS PY - 1996/10 SP - 190 p. AB - This report documents a study of the feasibility of using sign blanks constructed of reclaimed materials instead of conventional high-grade plywood and aluminum. Traditional sign substrates constructed of wood and aluminum currently are not designed according to engineering formulas. Lack of design and analysis procedures integrated with a set of performance specifications has made it difficult to apply results to field tests conducted by various highway departments. This study presents the engineering techniques necessary for judicious use of recycled materials in roadside sign applications. Various types of recycled materials were solicited from commercial manufacturers and subjected to an array of laboratory tests and numerical simulations. Materials that were received were manufactured from a variety of materials including high-density polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, and calcium carbonate. This study discusses analysis, performance, and properties of tested materials. A total of seven recycled materials are tested in flexure, uniaxial tension, creep, free vibration, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Corollaries of this study are development of performance-based specifications and a new design procedure for sign blanks. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Creep KW - Design methods KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Finite element method KW - Flexure KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials KW - Materials performance KW - Performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Plastics KW - Properties of materials KW - Recycled materials KW - Specifications KW - Tension KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs KW - Ultraviolet radiation KW - Uniaxial tension KW - Vibration KW - Wind KW - Wind load UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740663 AU - Mast, R AU - Marsh, L AU - Spry, C AU - Johnson, S AU - Griebenow, R AU - Guarre, J AU - Wilson, W AU - BergerABAM Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES - DESIGN EXAMPLE NO. 2: THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS STEEL GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1996/10 SP - 186 p. AB - This document describes one of seven seismic design examples that illustrate "how" to apply the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO's) seismic analysis and design requirements on actual different bridge types across the United States. Each provides a complete set of "designer's notes" covering the seismic analysis, design, and details for that particular bridge, including flow charts, references to applicable AASHTO requirements, and thorough commentary that explains each step. In addition, each example highlights separate issues (skew effects, wall piers, elastomeric bearings, pile foundations, etc.). This document describes the second example, a 400 ft (122 m) three-span skewed steel plate girder bridge over a river in New England with spread footing foundations, SPC-B & A = 0.15g. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flow charts KW - Girder bridges KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismology KW - Skew bridges KW - Specifications KW - Spread footings KW - Steel plates KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740665 AU - Mast, R AU - Marsh, L AU - Spry, C AU - Johnson, S AU - Griebenow, R AU - Guarre, J AU - Wilson, W AU - BergerABAM Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES - DESIGN EXAMPLE NO. 4: THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS CIP CONCRETE BRIDGE PY - 1996/10 SP - 190 p. AB - This document describes one of seven seismic design examples that illustrate "how" to apply the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO's) seismic analysis and design requirements on actual different bridge types across the United States. Each provides a complete set of "designer's notes" covering the seismic analysis, design, and details for that particular bridge, including flow charts, references to applicable AASHTO requirements, and thorough commentary that explains each step. In addition, each example highlights separate issues (skew effects, wall piers, elastomeric bearings, pile foundations, etc.). This document describes the fourth example, a 320 ft (98 m) reinforced concrete box girder three-span skewed bridge in the western United States with spread footing foundations, SPC-C & A = 0.30g. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Box girder bridges KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flow charts KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismology KW - Skew bridges KW - Specifications KW - Spread footings KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740666 AU - Mast, R AU - Marsh, L AU - Spry, C AU - Johnson, S AU - Griebenow, R AU - Guarre, J AU - Wilson, W AU - BergerABAM Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES - DESIGN EXAMPLE NO. 5: NINE-SPAN VIADUCT STEEL GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1996/10 SP - 198 p. AB - This document describes one of seven seismic design examples that illustrate "how" to apply the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO's) seismic analysis and design requirements on actual different bridge types across the United States. Each provides a complete set of "designer's notes" covering the seismic analysis, design, and details for that particular bridge, including flow charts, references to applicable AASHTO requirements, and thorough commentary that explains each step. In addition, each example highlights separate issues (skew effects, wall piers, elastomeric bearings, pile foundations, etc.). This document describes the fifth example, a 1488 ft (454 m) steel plate girder bridge in the inland Pacific Northwest with pile foundations, SPC-B & A = 0.15g. It has nine spans and consists of two units: a four-span tangent (Unit 1) and a five-span with a 1300-ft (396-m) radius curve (Unit 2). KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flow charts KW - Girder bridges KW - Pile foundations KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismology KW - Specifications KW - Steel plates KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740662 AU - Mast, R AU - Marsh, L AU - Spry, C AU - Johnson, S AU - Griebenow, R AU - Guarre, J AU - Wilson, W AU - BergerABAM Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES - DESIGN EXAMPLE NO. 1: TWO-SPAN CONTINUOUS CIP CONCRETE BOX BRIDGE PY - 1996/10 SP - 270 p. AB - This document describes one of seven seismic design examples that illustrate "how" to apply the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO's) seismic analysis and design requirements on actual different bridge types across the United States. Each provides a complete set of "designer's notes" covering the seismic analysis, design, and details for that particular bridge, including flow charts, references to applicable AASHTO requirements, and thorough commentary that explains each step. In addition, each example highlights separate issues (skew effects, wall piers, elastomeric bearings, pile foundations, etc.). This document describes the first example, a 242 ft (74 m) reinforced concrete box girder two-span overcrossing with spread footing foundations, SPC-C & A = 0.28g. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Box girder bridges KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flow charts KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismology KW - Specifications KW - Spread footings KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740667 AU - Mast, R AU - Marsh, L AU - Spry, C AU - Johnson, S AU - Griebenow, R AU - Guarre, J AU - Wilson, W AU - BergerABAM Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES - DESIGN EXAMPLE NO. 6: THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS CIP CONCRETE BOX BRIDGE PY - 1996/10 SP - 248 p. AB - This document describes one of seven seismic design examples that illustrate "how" to apply the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO's) seismic analysis and design requirements on actual different bridge types across the United States. Each provides a complete set of "designer's notes" covering the seismic analysis, design, and details for that particular bridge, including flow charts, references to applicable AASHTO requirements, and thorough commentary that explains each step. In addition, each example highlights separate issues (skew effects, wall piers, elastomeric bearings, pile foundations, etc.). This document describes the sixth example, a 290 ft (88 m) sharply curved (104 deg) three-span concrete box girder bridge in the Northwestern United States with pile abutment foundations and drilled shaft pier foundations, SPC-C & A = 0.20g. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Box girder bridges KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Drilled shafts KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flow charts KW - Pier foundation KW - Pile foundations KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismology KW - Specifications KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740668 AU - Mast, R AU - Marsh, L AU - Spry, C AU - Johnson, S AU - Griebenow, R AU - Guarre, J AU - Wilson, W AU - BergerABAM Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES - DESIGN EXAMPLE NO. 7: TWELVE-SPAN VIADUCT AASHTO PRECAST CONCRETE BRIDGE PY - 1996/10 SP - 156 p. AB - This document describes one of seven seismic design examples that illustrate "how" to apply the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO's) seismic analysis and design requirements on actual different bridge types across the United States. Each provides a complete set of "designer's notes" covering the seismic analysis, design, and details for that particular bridge, including flow charts, references to applicable AASHTO requirements, and thorough commentary that explains each step. In addition, each example highlights separate issues (skew effects, wall piers, elastomeric bearings, pile foundations, etc.). This document describes the seventh example, a 717 ft (219 m) ten-span prestressed girder bridge with open pile bents, SPC-B & A = 0.10g. The superstructure consists of three continuous span units arranged in a 3-4-3 span series. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bents KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flow charts KW - Girder bridges KW - Pile bents KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismology KW - Specifications KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740664 AU - Mast, R AU - Marsh, L AU - Spry, C AU - Johnson, S AU - Griebenow, R AU - Guarre, J AU - Wilson, W AU - BergerABAM Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES - DESIGN EXAMPLE NO. 3: SINGLE SPAN AASHTO PRECAST GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1996/10 SP - 122 p. AB - This document describes one of seven seismic design examples that illustrate "how" to apply the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO's) seismic analysis and design requirements on actual different bridge types across the United States. Each provides a complete set of "designer's notes" covering the seismic analysis, design, and details for that particular bridge, including flow charts, references to applicable AASHTO requirements, and thorough commentary that explains each step. In addition, each example highlights separate issues (skew effects, wall piers, elastomeric bearings, pile foundations, etc.). This document describes the third example, a skewed 70 ft (21 m) single span prestressed concrete girder bridge with tall-closed seat-type abutments on spread footings, SPC-C & A = 0.36g. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flow charts KW - Girder bridges KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismology KW - Skew bridges KW - Specifications KW - Spread footings KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738996 AU - Sanchez-Ruiz, L A AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS AT THE LAREDO AND EL PASO PORTS OF ENTRY PY - 1996/10 SP - 102 p. AB - Truck traffic moving through Laredo and El Paso, Texas, includes a large portion of the total number of heavy vehicles entering Texas from Mexico. These trucks have considerable impact on the transportation infrastructure in Texas and other states, and the additional traffic that will be affected by the pending implementation of provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is of special concern. To obtain quantitative data about the number of such trucks and their axle loads, weigh-in-motion (WIM) devices were installed near the north end of the international bridges that cross the Rio Grande at Laredo (1993) and at El Paso (1994). Data obtained from these WIM systems through the summer of 1996 are presented in summary form in this report. Analysis of the data has been undertaken to characterize the observed truck traffic volume and composition, axle loads, and equivalent single axle loads (ESALs) for northbound trucks entering the U.S. from Mexico at Laredo and at El Paso. A unique configuration of the two-direction WIM system at El Paso, where southbound trucks sometimes form queues over the WIM-system sensors, made it possible to also sample the characteristics of trucks with American trip origin before they crossed the Zaragosa International Bridge into Mexico. This report describes the performance characteristics of this WIM system, its installation, the calibration procedure, and its subsequent operation. KW - Axle loads KW - Building KW - Calibration KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Facilities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Installation KW - International borders KW - Mathematical analysis KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Performance KW - Performance characteristics KW - Texas-Mexico Border region KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Traffic volume KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle mix KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738702 AU - Pardillo-Mayora, J M AU - Hatzi, P J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LASERLUX MOBILE RETROREFLECTOMETER: OPERATIONAL TESTING RESULTS PY - 1996/10 SP - 62 p. AB - The report presents the results of a series of static and dynamic measuring tests carried out by MNDOT, Potters Industrials and FHWA in the vicinity of Minneapolis, MN in September, 1996 with the objective of assessing the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements, the influence of the roadway segment length on the precision of the measurements and the relationship between retroreflective readings taken with Laserlux and CEN geometries. The analysis of these results indicates that good levels of repeatability can be achieved with the mobile retroreflectometer if detailed operational procedures are set and strictly applied. KW - Field tests KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Measurement KW - Repeatability KW - Reproducibility KW - Retroreflection KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Retroreflectometers KW - Road markings KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738884 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Michigan Department of State Police TI - TRUCK AND BUS ACCIDENT FACTBOOK 1994 PY - 1996/10 SP - 118 p. AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on trucks and buses involved in traffic accidents in 1994. These statistics are derived from four sources: accident statistics reported through the SafetyNet data system operated by the Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carriers; the General Estimates System file maintained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA); the Fatal Accident Reporting System, also maintained by NHTSA; and the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents file compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. All accidents reported on herein meet the SafetyNet severity threshold of either a fatality, an injured person transported from the scene for medical attention, or at least one vehicle towed from the scene as a result of disabling damage sustained in the accident. An estimated 151,000 trucks and 16,000 buses were involved in traffic accidents in 1994. There were 5,501 fatalities and 110,000 nonfatal injuries in accidents involving trucks. 289 persons were killed in bus accidents and 24,000 were injured. 584 truck drivers received fatal injuries as a result of traffic accidents. KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738033 AU - Henk, R H AU - Morris, D E AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANES IN TEXAS, 1995 PY - 1996/10 SP - 278 p. AB - This report evaluates the operation of freeway high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes in Texas through calendar year 1995. As of the end of 1995, HOV lanes were in operation on the five following Houston freeways: 1) Katy Freeway (I-10W); 2) North Freeway (I-45N); 3) Northwest Freeway (U.S. 290); 4) Gulf Freeway (I-45S); and 5) Southwest Freeway (U.S. 59S). The only HOV facility in operation in Dallas as of the end of 1995 was on the East R.L. Thornton Freeway (I-30E). This research report provides an analysis of data related to the 1) operation of the HOV lanes; 2) operation of the freeway mainlanes; 3) combined HOV lane and freeway data; and 4) data relating to transit usage and operations. Both a "before" and "after" trendline analysis (where applicable) and a comparison to control freeways are used as a means of assessing the impacts of the HOV facilities. As of December 1995, 102.4 km (63.6 mi) of barrier-separated HOV facilities were in operation in Houston, while 8.4 km (5.2 mi) were in operation in Dallas. Approximately 77,027 daily person trips are served on the Houston HOV lane system. Sixty-five percent of total person trips on the Houston HOV lanes are being served by carpools and vanpools, with the remaining 35% being served by buses. The East R.L. Thornton HOV lane in Dallas serves 13,572 daily person trips. Sixty-six percent of these trips are being served by carpools and vanpools, with the remaining 34% being served by buses. KW - Air quality KW - Before and after studies KW - Bus transit KW - Carpools KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737974 AU - Saeed, A AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION AND THE USE OF WASTE AND RECLAIMED MATERIALS IN ROADBASE CONSTRUCTION PY - 1996/10 SP - 203 p. AB - This report summarizes the following: (1) Material location and availability survey of commercial sources; (2) the Waste and Reclaimed Materials (WRMs) evaluation system; and (3) the results of the laboratory testing undertaken to develop specifications. A close examination of the data presented in Report 1348-1 indicated the need for a survey of commercial sources of waste materials in Texas. The survey of commercial sources was considered important, inasmuch as the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has ownership of only two of the reported materials, namely, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and reclaimed portland cement pavement (RPCP); moreover, TxDOT district personnel could not provide firm estimates of materials available in commercial stockpiles and, hence, recommended a survey of relevant sources. As to the technology, WRMs cannot match natural aggregate material in technical properties. Technical studies that have been used in the past to evaluate WRMs also fail to take into account the socioeconomic and environmental benefits of using these materials, which in our opinion is an oversight. To overcome this problem, a WRM evaluation method was developed that considers the socioeconomic and environmental benefits, in addition to the technical and economic aspects. An initial screening method was also incorporated to screen out materials having low or no utilization potential. All the available WRMs were subjected to this evaluation method and, based on objective data, a rational decision was made to select RAP, RPCP, and electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) for detailed laboratory testing (only materials showing high potential were subjected to such extensive technical studies). The detailed laboratory studies are summarized and the resulting specifications are presented in this report. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Availability KW - Concrete pavements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Laboratory tests KW - Location KW - Material sources KW - Materials KW - Materials by source KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Materials specifications KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Slag KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Socioeconomics KW - Specifications KW - Supply KW - Texas KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737933 AU - Sargand, S AU - Hazen, G A AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT ON INSTRUMENTATION OF A FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PY - 1996/10 SP - 98 p. AB - An instrumentation plan and installation techniques were developed for a full-scale asphalt concrete test pavement. Six asphalt pavement test sections were constructed over an asphalt-treated base, cement-treated base, New Jersey base, Iowa base, 8 in. (20.3 cm) 304 base and 6 in. (15.2 cm) 304 base. Upon completion of test sections, moisture, temperature, vertical deflections, pressures, and strains were measured as the pavement was subjected to nondestructive testing. Data were compared to predictions of a finite element model. Field data indicate that the deflection of asphalt with asphalt-treated base varies significantly with change in temperature. Deflection of the pavement over cement-treated base was the lowest. Among the non-treated bases, the bases with the larger aggregate experienced less deflection. The OU-PAVE finite element program predicted with reasonable accuracy maximum deflection and the deflection profile. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Asphalt treated bases KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Deflection KW - Field data KW - Field measurements KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Instrumentation KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Non-treated bases KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurements KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Temperature KW - Test sections UR - http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/TransSysDev/Research/reportsandplans/Reports/1999%20and%20Older/Pavements/14516-FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737934 AU - Khosla, N P AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STONE MASTIC ASPHALT MIXTURE STUDY FOR BITUMINOUS CONCRETE COURSES - A DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PY - 1996/10 SP - 256 p. AB - The primary objectives of this study were: (1) To evaluate the performance of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixes by performing fatigue tests, resilient modulus tests and creep tests; and (2) To input the resilient modulus, creep and fatigue data into the VESYS III-A pavement performance prediction model to determine the performance of the SMA mixes compared to the performance of the conventional, dense-graded asphalt mixes. Three surface course mixes were designed using the following mastic types: (1) Cellulose fibers; (2) Mineral fibers; and (3) Polymerized asphalt (Novophalt). All the SMA mixtures tested were found to have higher resilient moduli, higher fatigue life, and higher resistance to creep loading than the conventional mixtures. The VESYS performance prediction model found that when a SMA surface course was used over a conventional paving system, the pavement had lower rut depths than a system containing a conventional surface layer. A conventional pavement system containing SMA binder course was also found to have lower fatigue cracking than systems with a conventional binder layer. Pavement systems with SMA mixtures used in the surface and binder courses, over a conventional asphalt base course, were found to give superior performance and a longer pavement life than any of the pavement systems analyzed. KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Cellulose KW - Computer models KW - Cracking KW - Creep tests KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fibers KW - Forecasting KW - Mastic asphalt KW - Mineral fibers KW - Minerals KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Performance prediction KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Service life KW - Stone KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736913 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETROREFLECTIVE SHEETING HANDBOOK PY - 1996/10 SP - 31 p. AB - The purpose of this handbook is to provide field inspectors with a reference source for retroreflective sheeting materials. ASTM Classifications for Types I through VI retroreflective sheeting are listed at the beginning of the handbook. Each page contains a sample of the retroflective sheeting material described. The description includes ASTM Classification (if there is one); common name; manufacturer; available colors; and typical uses. Identifying symbols if present are indicated. KW - Handbooks KW - Retroreflective sheeting KW - Retroreflectors KW - Samples KW - Sheathing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736883 AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Carlson, P J AU - McCaleb, J B AU - McIlroy, C R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF MINIMUM RETROREFLECTIVITY VALUES ON SIGN REPLACEMENT PRACTICES PY - 1996/10 SP - 188 p. AB - In 1993, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) proposed minimum levels of retroreflectivity for traffic signs. The minimum values are organized into four tables according to the color of the sign. Each table defines the minimum values as a function of different variables, such as type of sheeting, size of sign, and/or speed of road. This research study was conducted to evaluate various methods that the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) could use to implement the minimum retroreflectivity values. The three basic methods evaluated in the research are: total replacement of all signs, sign inspection and replacement, and sign replacement based on a sign management system. The actual replacement of signs for each method could be done with state or contract forces. Research tasks included surveys of state traffic engineers, TxDOT districts, and TxDOT sign crews; investigations and measurements of sign retroreflectivity and service life; information gathering on sign management systems; an economic analysis of the relative cost-effectiveness of the methods; and an assessment of non-economic factors. The analysis found that the sign inspection and sign management methods have essentially the same costs, but that the sign management method can be implemented with fewer personnel. The sign management method also offers many other benefits that reach beyond those immediately concerned with sign replacement. The research recommends that TxDOT adopt a sign management system in order to implement the minimum retroreflectivity values. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Equipment replacement KW - Implementation KW - Inspection KW - Management KW - Methodology KW - Minimum values KW - Recommendations KW - Replacements KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Sign management systems KW - Signs KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736860 AU - Cooper, S D AU - Kratz, K W AU - Forrester, G AU - WISEMAN, S AU - University of California, Santa Barbara AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACT OF RUNOFF FROM ASPHALTIC PRODUCTS ON STREAM COMMUNITIES IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1996/10 SP - 113 p. AB - The effects of runoff from asphalt concrete pavement on stream water chemistry, and macroinvertebrate and fish communities were assessed. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and selected heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd) were determined in water samples collected from water draining road surfaces and waters upstream and downstream from the point where water discharged from road surfaces into stream sites. Fish and invertebrate tissues were analyzed for PAHs and heavy metals to determine if bioaccumulation was occurring. The response of fish and macroinvertebrate communities to discharge waters was determined by comparing community indices from sites above and below the point where road runoff entered each stream. Concentrations of all PAH analytes in all stream and road runoff samples were below the detection limit of 0.5 microgram/L (ppb). Although detectable levels of heavy metals were present in stream and runoff waters there were no significant upstream vs. downstream differences in the concentrations of any heavy metal across all streams. Concentrations of metals were, however, elevated in runoff waters from the road surfaces relative to upstream samples. Concentrations of all PAH analytes in fish tissues and invertebrate tissues were below the detection limit of 0.2 mg/kg (ppm). Concentrations of Pb and Cd in fish tissues were below detection limits (0.5 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively). Concentrations of Zn in fish tissue were higher above sites where road runoff entered the streams. Concentrations of Zn and Cd in invertebrate tissues were higher than in fish tissue. Levels of Zn, but not Cd, in invertebrate tissue were higher above sites where road runoff entered the streams. Fish and invertebrate communities did not differ significantly above and below the site where road runoff entered the stream. However, the abundances of three invertebrate taxa (Prosimulium sp. mites, and Chloroperlidae) were significantly lower at downstream relative to upstream locations, and the abundance of an additional taxon, the stonefly Hesperoperla sp. was marginally lower across all streams. KW - Aromatic hydrocarbons KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cadmium KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fishes KW - Heavy metals KW - Invertebrates KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons KW - Runoff KW - Streams KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736856 AU - Chaudhary, N A AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSER IV-96, VERSION 2.1, USER/REFERENCE MANUAL PY - 1996/10 SP - 110 p. AB - PASSER IV is a program for timing traffic signals in networks based on progression bandwidth optimization. This manual describes how to use PASSER IV-96, Version 2.1, to obtain optimal signal timings. PASSER IV is capable of optimizing signal timings for arterials as well as multi-arterial closed-loop networks. The program explicitly handles one-way and two-way arterials in a network and thus is able to deal with conventional and three-level diamond interchanges in isolation or as sub-networks within a larger network of arterials. The program is composed of two modules: the user interface and the optimization module. The user interface is extremely easy to use and provides the following features: file management functions, data entry/edit modes, graphic display of network, running the optimization routine, and running the TRANSYT-7F program. Further, it provides full mouse support. The optimization module performs bandwidth maximization. In addition to its own output report, the optimization routine is capable of generating input data files for use with the TRANSYT-7F program to perform bandwidth-constrained delay minimization. Thus, PASSER IV provides a network signal-timing optimization capability that was previously available only for arterial problems through the combined use of the two programs PASSER II and AAP. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bandwidth KW - Computer program documentation KW - Computer programs KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Progression bandwidth KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736965 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERAGENCY CONSULTATION: THE KEY TOWARD COLLABORATIVE STATE AND LOCAL DECISION MAKING IN THE CONFORMITY PROCESS PY - 1996/10 SP - 39 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Office of Environment and Planning conducted a review of interagency consultation processes, through nine regional office of FHWA, for the purpose of determining how well State and local agencies are implementing effective consultation procedures as part of the transportation planning and conformity process. This nationwide review was completed to fulfill an important environmental milestone as part of the FHWA's FY 1996 National Strategic Plan. Successful federal, State, and local interagency consultation processes have been shown to provide: 1) accurate and timely information to decision makers; 2) an ongoing forum for effective State and local decision making; 3) early incorporation of environmental objectives in the transportation planning process; 4) a better understanding of the implications and potential ramifications of interagency decisions; 5) improved streamlining of decision making by building upon the "3-C" metropolitan planning process; 6) early identification of key issues; and 7) opportunities for continual improvements to the existing interagency consultation process. KW - City planning KW - Decision making KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental policy KW - Environmental quality KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Interagency relations KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736035 AU - Traub, D W AU - Fowler, D W AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF REQUIRED MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR CONCRETE REPAIRS PY - 1996/10 SP - 98 p. AB - This study investigated the material properties necessary to ensure a successful concrete repair. The information and data contained in this report will assist in the preparation of a repair material selection guideline, one that could aid engineers in the selection of the most appropriate repair material based upon the environmental conditions. The study consisted of both a laboratory evaluation program and a field evaluation program. The laboratory evaluation program identified and tested the most important repair material properties. The field evaluation program consisted of both a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of existing repairs throughout Texas. One of the primary objectives of the field visits was to investigate a wide range of typical repairs that can be expected in Texas. The two evaluation programs can be synthesized into a single set of material selection guidelines. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete structures KW - Environment KW - Environmental conditions KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Magnesium phosphate concrete KW - Materials selection KW - Methyl methacrylate KW - Methyl methacrylate concrete KW - Phosphates KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Properties of materials KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478627 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735675 AU - Kainz, J A AU - Hill, C A AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MCCURDY ROAD STRESS-LAMINATED TIMBER BRIDGE: A VIABLE OPTION FOR SHORT-SPAN DESIGN PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 418-426 AB - The McCurdy Road bridge is a 4.9 m (16 ft) long and 7.9 m (26 ft) wide single-span, stress laminated deck superstructure, pressure treated with ammonical copper quat preservative. The bridge was constructed in June 1995 as the most economical structure when compared with several alternative short-span designs. Results of this case study indicate that a stress laminated timber bridge is a structurally and economically viable option for 3.1 to 6.1 m (10 to 20 ft) crossings. Future stress laminated timber bridges in Richland County will be improved by utilizing lessons learned from the design, construction, and performance monitoring of the McCurdy Road bridge. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Laminated wood KW - Wood preservatives KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/kainz96b.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482252 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735677 AU - Zwerneman, F J AU - Huhnke, R L AU - Anderson, S AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GLUED-LAMINATED TIMBER PANELS FOR BRIDGE DECK REPLACEMENT PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 437-444 AB - Research was conducted to evaluate the viability of using Oklahoma timber species in glued-laminated panel designs for bridge deck replacement. Panels were fabricated from southern pine, red oak, and cottonwood. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of panels fabricated from the three different species and allowable spans were computed based on test results. Advantages of timber panels relative to other decking materials include reduction in out-of-service time, easy installation, reduced dead loads, increased resistance to road chemicals, and a wider tolerance to weather conditions during installation. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Equipment replacement KW - Fabrication KW - Laminated wood KW - Replacements KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/zwern96a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482254 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735662 AU - KRISCIUNAS, R AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ONTARIO'S EXPERIENCE WITH COMPOSITE WOOD/STEEL BRIDGES PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 313-320 AB - Longitudinally laminated prestressed decks for bridges gained prominence in the late 1970s and have evolved into an effective structural system. It was similarly recognized that combining such a deck with steel girders could offer further advantages for longer span bridges. The concept of a composite wood and steel bridge was first reported upon by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation in 1986. Using shear bulkheads a longitudinally laminated deck was made composite with steel girders. Ontario has now constructed three full scale bridges using this technique. A number of unique details and improvements to the original concepts have been developed. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite construction KW - Laminated wood KW - Longitudinal stability KW - Structural design KW - Structural steel KW - Timber construction UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/krisci96a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482239 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735664 AU - Dagher, H J AU - Hetherly, P AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE MODERN TIMBER BRIDGE PROGRAM IN THE STATE OF MAINE: A FIVE-YEAR REPORT PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 328-332 AB - According to the most recent US Forest Service survey, Maine is the most heavily forested state in the US. However, less than 3% of Maine's bridges are made out of timber. In 1989, the University of Maine led a state effort to develop a plan that would increase the use of Maine timber in bridge construction. The plan, called the Maine Timber Bridge and Infrastructure Initiative (MTBI) called for research at the University of Maine, construction of 16 demonstration bridges over 10 years, and technology transfer. This paper describes the goals of the MTBI, the accomplishments of the program in the first five years, and outlines some obstacles and opportunities. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Demonstration projects KW - Durability KW - Structural design KW - Technology transfer KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/daghe96c.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482241 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735671 AU - De Groot, R D AU - CRAWFORD, D AU - Woodward, B AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED EFFICACY EVALUATIONS OF NEW PRESERVATIVES IN ALTERNATIVE WOOD SPECIES PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 379-388 AB - Through an integrated laboratory and field testing program, the durability of a variety of wood species, when treated with emerging preservatives, is being evaluated. Results from this testing program will provide a broad database on the potential of alternative wood species to be treated with different preservatives. It is well recognized that inorganic waterborne preservatives do not protect hardwoods as well as they protect softwoods, but the degree of difference has not been quantified. The relationships between accelerated laboratory tests and actual field performance have also not been quantitatively defined. Therefore, a series of linked, laboratory and field evaluations has been initiated that should provide the opportunity to judge the merits of different experimental approaches to predict the ultimate field performance potential of new wood species by preservative combinations. This paper presents an overview of the ongoing experimentation and the current status of this integrated research program. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Timber construction KW - Wood preservatives KW - Wood structures UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/degro96b.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482248 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735673 AU - Collins, W J AU - Fischetti, D C AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECREATIONAL TIMBER BRIDGES IN PENNSYLVANIA STATE PARKS AND FORESTS PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 401-410 AB - This paper reviews three specialty timber bridge projects designed to serve as heritage recreation features on state land in Pennsylvania. All three bridges share the common goal of re-utilizing the best traditional structural timber forms and joinery, in combination with modern timber technologies. These projects demonstrate the importance of heritage reconstruction by incorporating historic details integral to the structures. The bridges are not simple wooden facades applied to concrete or steel stringers, but are true timber structures. The projects were in various stages of design and construction at the time of this submission. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Historic preservation KW - Recreational roads KW - Structural design KW - Wood products KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/colli96a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482250 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735666 AU - Cesa, E AU - Russell, Ken AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WOOD IN TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER EFFORTS PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 340-343 AB - The backbone of the Wood in Transportation (WIT) Program, formerly the National Timber Bridge Initiative, is technology transfer. Technical information on building vehicular and pedestrian bridges, portable bridges for temporary access, retaining walls, railroad and other transportation structures with timber has to be readily available and easy to understand. One purpose of technology transfer is to ensure that appropriated USDA Forest Service dollars are effectively used to promote and demonstrate efficient use of local timber for wood in transportation applications. This presentation will provide an overview of the Forest Service's technology transfer activities for the WIT program. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Technology transfer KW - Transportation KW - Wood KW - Wood in transportation KW - Wood structures KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/cesa96a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482243 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735667 AU - Lee, PHL AU - Wacker, J P AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STANDARD PLANS FOR TIMBER HIGHWAY STRUCTURES PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 344-350 AB - Approximately 41% of the 578,000 highway bridges in the United States are currently in need of repair or replacement. Many of these bridges are short span crossings on rural roads and are ideally suited for wood construction. However, wood is seldom considered in the selection of a structural material for bridge construction because many engineers are unfamiliar or inexperienced with wood design. For wood to be a viable material for highway structures, engineers must have access to design tools that make timber design an easy and more familiar process. One such tool is standard plans that present a clear and concise design and are adaptable to a variety of parameters. This paper presents a summary of three sets of standard plans for timber highway structures developed through cooperative research at the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Copies of these plans are available through the USDA Forest Service. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridge repairs KW - Bridges KW - Repairing KW - Standards KW - Structural materials KW - Superstructures KW - Wood structures KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/lee96b.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482244 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735684 AU - Dickson, B W AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS FOR TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES - AN OVERVIEW OF OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 490-494 AB - The opportunities for engineered wood products in transportation field are numerous. Innovative bridges, geotechnical structures, poles, and sight/sound barriers are some of the existing opportunities. In all probability, more opportunities will emerge in the future as engineered wood products become more versatile and durable. Unfortunately, some very real obstacles exist as well. Engineers' perception of wood as a second-class material, poorly executed designs and construction, and intense competition are only a few of the obstacles facing the industry. A workshop of industry, government and research experts from the field of engineered wood products was held in December 1994 to discuss the opportunities and obstacles facing the industry; the record created from the workshop provides the basis for this paper. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Transportation buildings KW - Transportation structures KW - Wood products KW - Wood structures KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/dicks96a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482261 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735663 AU - Kropf, F W AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY AND DETAIL DESIGN - THE RESULT OF 15 YEARS OF SYSTEMATIC IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 321-327 AB - Most weather exposed wooden structures do not fall due to structural errors but due to decay of essential parts of the carrying systems. To avoid further substitution by concrete and steel, wooden structures must be built for a service life of 25-50 years. Chemical wood preservation being increasingly criticized, it was necessary to rethink environmentally less harmful possibilities.. By following old and proven design principles, a number of essential constructive details were developed and tested. Service life of exposed wooden structures can be comparable to other building materials. With a minimum of maintenance, there is no quick failure mechanism to destroy a covered bridge. As wood reacts quickly to adverse influences, shorter maintenance intervals are recommended for exposed wood structures to keep repairs, if needed, easy and cheap -- a feature substitute materials can not offer. The quintessence of 15 years of supervision of pilot structures is being presented to enhance the awareness of designers as well as craftsmen for the importance of proper detail design for the durability. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Coatings, fillers and paints KW - Crash exposure KW - Durability KW - Exposure KW - Preservation KW - Preservatives KW - Structural design KW - Timber construction KW - Weathering UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/kropf96a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482240 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735670 AU - Crawford, D M AU - De Groot, R C AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NEW CREOSOTE FORMULATIONS PY - 1996/10 SP - p. 371-378 AB - This study compared two new formulations of creasote and one pigment emulsified creosote (PEC) with a formulation of creosote that met the requirements of the AWPA standard P1/P13 for creosote. Two softwood and two hardwood species were treated to four retention levels with each formulation. The four creosote formulations were evaluated by: soil-block test; fungal cellar test; and field test. This paper presents results from the soil-block tests and preliminary findings from the fungal cellar tests after 72 weeks. The field stakes have been exposed for only 1 year, thus these data are not available. Data from the fungal cellar tests show that softwoods are protected much better than hardwoods for all four formulation of creosote tested. The soil--block tests show comparable performance in softwood and hardwoods. No major difference between formulations was detected in the two laboratory tests. U1 - National conference on wood transportation structuresUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway AdministrationMadison, WI StartDate:19961023 EndDate:19961025 Sponsors:US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration KW - Creosote KW - Formulations KW - Timber construction KW - Wood preservatives KW - Wood structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482247 ER -