TY - RPRT AN - 01062346 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-20/Broadway (Transit Road to Lancaster East Village Line) Reconstruction : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft(3v), F(4v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062341 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-71 Transportation Improvements, from south of Bella Vista to Pineville (AR,MI) : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062339 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-331 - Dover Bridge, Construction, Right-of-Way Grant, Easton County / Talbot County / Caroline County : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062337 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 84/285 Highway Transportation Improvements from Alamo Drive in Santa Fe to Viarrial St. in Pojoaque : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft(2v), F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062324 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tuscaloosa East Bypass Project, Construction from I-59/I-20 east, Tuscaloosa and Newport to US-82 near west of Newport : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062315 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate 880 interchange at Dixon Landing Road Fremont and Milpitas, Alameda County / Santa Clara County : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062309 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 101 high occupancy vehicle (HOV) gap closure project, Marin Cuunty : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062281 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - U.S. highway 141, STH 22 - STH 64 (LeMere Road - 6th Road), Marinette and Oconto counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062274 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dickeyville to Belmont USH 151, Grant County and Lafayette County : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062242 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 10 highway improvements, WI-13 and US 10 in Marshfield to WI-54 and US 10 in Waupaca, Wood County, Portage County, Waupaca County : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062227 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 13 and Route 7, Lexington to Truman Reservoir south of Clinton, Lafayette County, Johnson County, Henry County : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062212 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mount Hood Corridor, US 26 Rhododendron to OR 35 Junction, Clackamas County : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062204 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-235 study corridor, improvements access to the Des Moines Central Business District (CBD) and Westown parkway area, Polk County : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062170 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sandpoint North and South, US 95, milepost 466.8 to milepost 478.6, City of Sandpoint, Bonner County : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062069 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH 131 and 33 relocation/reconstruction, Rockton to Ontario, Vernon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061428 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Appalachian corridor D construction from the Ohio River to I-77, Washington County, OH and Wood County, WV : environmental impact statement PY - 1999///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v), Draft supplement to the final[1995] KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00986330 AU - City of Madison Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - YEAR 2 FIELD EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL "IN-STREET" YIELD TO PEDESTRIAN SIGNS PY - 1999 SP - 18 p. AB - The City of Madison Traffic Engineering Division requested and received approval in 1997 from the Federal Highway Administration to experiment with regulatory in-street "Yield to Pedestrians" signs at selected marked crosswalk locations. The experiment began in the spring of 1998. The goal of the experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of the sign to positively change motorist behavior with respect to yielding to pedestrians at crosswalks. The signs were mounted in the street on flexible post assemblies which were designed to fold down upon impact and then right itself and reorient to traffic afterwards. The desired effect of these signs was to increase driver compliance with Wisconsin's pedestrian rights laws. Three test sites, each having different geometric and pedestrian usage characteristics, were selected for the first year of the experiment. This was expanded to five sites in 1999, the second year of the experiment. At one site, the sign was placed on the lane line between two approach lanes of a one-way street. At the second site, a double-sided sign was placed on the east-leg of a two way street within a four foot wide painted median. At the third site, a double-sided sign was placed on the west-leg of a two way approach on a raised seven foot wide median. In the second year of the experiment, this sign was replaced with a larger sign (24" w by 30" h), since it was in a protected area. At each of the two sites added in 1999, a double-sided sign was placed on the center line of a two-way street. Long standing pedestrian crossing concerns exist at each of the selected test sites. Before- and after-studies were done at the two new test locations with a single treatment (addition of yield to pedestrian signs). After-studies were also conducted at two of the original sites. After-studies were not possible at the third original site due to nearby construction that impacted traffic on this street. These after studies were compared to last year's data to evaluate longer term impacts of the sign. The measure of effectiveness used was the occurrence of motorists yielding for pedestrians who were using the crosswalks. The observations collected showed that the occurrence of motorists yielding to pedestrians increased significantly at both of the new sites and at one of the two original sites studied this year. At the other original site studied, there was a substantial increase in the percentage of drivers yielding to pedestrians, but the number of observations was too low to determine if this increase was statistically significant. KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Crosswalks KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Madison (Wisconsin) KW - Pedestrian rights laws KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian signs KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Streets KW - Yield signs KW - Yield to pedestrian signs UR - http://www.walkinginfo.org/pdf/r&d/ytpsign.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/748053 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943265 AU - VANDER VELDE, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONDITION EVALUATION AND METHODS OF CORROSION PROTECTION FOR UNBO POST-TENSION CABLES PY - 1999 SP - 19 p. AB - A new non-destructive test, namely, the Corrosion Potential Evaluation (CPE) Test, measures the maximum moisture level to whi "stuffed" or "heat-sealed" post-tension cables in a concrete structure are exposed along their length. Individual or concentrations of "WET" cables, those with the greatest potential risk of future corrosion, can thus be identified for corrosion-preventative treatment, such as the Gas Purge (GP) and Grease Injection (GI) methods successfully employed at structures Calgary, Ottawa, Toronto and Vancouver. Correlation of measured c "WETNESS" with the corrosion condition of cables randomly removed inspection permits a statistical overview of the condition of the "WET" and "DRY" cables in a concrete structure. The CPE Test thus permits quantification of the corrosion condition distribution of cables in a structure by identifying for treatment or repair individual cables, or more importantly concentrations of cables, the greatest probability of corrosion deterioration. In addition, CPE Test permits comparison evaluation of probable cable corrosio and moisture distribution for cables of different areas of a structure as well as for different structures. CPE Test results a corrosion condition comparisons are presented for two Calgary structures and for the "WET" and "DRY" cables at one of the structures. Also reviewed are the Gas Purge (GP) method of protec first employed in Calgary in 1993 and the Grease Injection (GI) method first successfully applied in 1983 at a multi-level parkad Ottawa. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Cable KW - Cables KW - Canada KW - Canada KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Condition survey KW - Condition surveys KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Multi storey parking garage KW - Multistory structures KW - Parking garages KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645805 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943267 AU - Vaysburd, A M AU - McDonald, J E AU - Emmons, P H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIR MATERIALS AND EXISTING STRUCTURE: DIVORCE OR SYMBIOSIS PY - 1999 SP - 21 p. AB - Among the major problems facing us at the end of the Twentieth Century are the enormous infrastructural needs of a rapidly urbanizing world, the deterioration of concrete structures, the necessary repair of deficient concrete structures, the premature failure of repairs, and the need to improve the durability of rep in a cost-effective way. The durability of a repaired concrete structure and, thus, its service life depend on the quality of th composite system formed by the repair material and the existing reinforced concrete substrate. The behaviour and coexistence of t two components must be compatible if the repaired structure is to maintain the integrity of the original structure. This paper show that compared to other properties, the soundness of the repair ph i.e., the freedom from cracking, has a major impact on the long-t durability of repair systems. However, modern concrete repair practice does not pay adequate attention to the primary cause of cracking of repair materials, namely their dimensional incompatibility with existing concrete. This study demonstrates t the properties of cement-based repair materials have to be engine for dimensional compatibility with existing concrete to improve t resistance to cracking. The study also shows that although concre repair requires relatively simple technology, a repair becomes pa of a complex composite system that is sensitive to the quality of repair materials, the existing substrate, and the construction methods used. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Cement KW - Cement KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Cracking KW - Cracking KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Quality KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Repair KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645807 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943272 AU - KINSTLER, T J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH AND UPDATE ON GALVANISED REINFORCING STEEL PY - 1999 SP - 33 p. AB - Experimental and anecdotal evidence have shown the efficacy of galvanized reinforcing steel in concrete applications. However th mechanism for this performance has not been collectively explored This paper reviews significant experiences with galvanized rebars and synthesizes these experiences with a newly reported investiga into a paradigm which is consistent with demonstrated field and laboratory behavior. The superior performance of galvanized bars versus black bars results from a higher threshold for corrosion initiation, reduced corrosion kinetics, and a lowering of stresse induced in the concrete as a result of the mobility of zinc corro products. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Coating KW - Coatings KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (in mater) KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Zinc KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645812 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943274 AU - Knudsen, A AU - JENSEN, F M AU - KLINGHOFFER, O AU - SKOVSGAARD, T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVE ENHANCEMENT OF DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES B INTELLIGENT USE OF STAINLESS STEEL REINFORCEMENT PY - 1999 SP - 15 p. AB - Reinforced concrete has been used successfully in the constructio industry since the beginning of this Century. At present a large number of reinforced commercial buildings, domestic dwellings, ma structures, bridges, etc., are starting to show serious signs of deterioration, particularly those over 30 years of age. This deterioration is mainly caused by corrosion of the reinforcement. annual cost of repair work on concrete structures is now in exces US$5 billion in Western Europe alone. Stainless steel reinforceme products have developed considerably and a wide range of alloys t offer a total solution for providing corrosion-free reinforced concrete structures. The paper presents both a capital cost and a life-cycle cost analysis in the case when stainless steel is used combination with carbon steel bars for concrete repairs. The pape also focuses on the unfounded fear of using both stainless steel carbon steel in the same concrete structure. Further, the paper s that intelligent use of stainless steel (use of stainless steel i critical areas due to deterioration or accessibility) for repair deteriorated concrete structures is a cost-effective option when considering various rehabilitation alternatives. For the coverin abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Alloy KW - Alloys KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Sea KW - Seas KW - Stainless KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645814 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943297 AU - Bhatia, S K AU - Hunsperger, R G AU - Chajes, M J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF BRIDGE CABLES FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION PY - 1999 SP - 15 p. AB - Current methods for testing bridge cables for corrosion suffer fr several significant drawbacks. They are not able to pinpoint the location of corrosion events, neither are they able to detect corrosion processes that are inactive at the time of measurement. more powerful technique for locating and classifying faults in br cables is introduced and developed in this paper. This approach applies time-domain reflectometry (TDR), a technique for analyzin electrical transmission lines, to bridge cables. It is shown that transmission line model applies to bridge cables, and the asymmet two-cable transmission line is analysed to determine the electric parameters of interest. Models were also developed for the variou types of commonly encountered cable defects (distributed surface corrosion, abrupt pitting corrosion, and grouting voids) and it i shown what types of waveforms will be seen by measurement instrum if these defects are present. The results were verified using measurements taken on fabricated cable sections with "built-in" defects. While this paper considers only the application of TDR t bridge cables, this method of non-destructive evaluation may also applied to other steel reinforced structures by developing appropriate models. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Cable KW - Cables KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Measurement KW - Non destructive testing KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (in mater) KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645837 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943299 AU - TULLMIN, M AU - SMITH, F N AU - GU, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INCLUSION OF STAINLESS STEEL REBARS INTO A MAJOR HIGHWAY - TH INFORMATION SUPER HIGHWAY PY - 1999 SP - 11 p. AB - The repair and replacement of reinforced concrete structures is a major public and corporate cost burden. The use of corrosion-resistant stainless steel rebars represents a promising method for reducing the life-cycle costs of important structures as highway bridges, tunnels, parking garages, elevated highways, facilities, etc. In order to provide information on stainless ste rebars, a web site has been developed. This Web site outlines the problem of carbon steel rebar corrosion and provides information stainless steel grades and properties, standards for stainless re applications, economics and advantages, institutes and organizati active in this area, publications dealing with stainless rebars, The development and uses of the web site are described, and place the context of present applications and research initiatives in t field of stainless steel rebars. For the covering abstract see I E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Multi storey parking garage KW - Parking garages KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (in mater) KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Stainless KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Tunnel KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645839 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943259 AU - Yuan, J AU - Wang, W AU - JONES, S H AU - WINTENBURG, A AU - Kelly, R G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ASIC FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS OF CORROSIVITY IN CONCRE PY - 1999 SP - 8 p. AB - A microprocessor-compatible application specific integrated circu (ASIC) has been designed, implemented, and tested as part of the development of a microinstrument system for corrosivity monitorin concrete. The capability of this ASIC to perform electrochemical measurements that allow monitoring of corrosion rate, conductivit and Cl- concentration in concrete was demonstrated. Its performan was equivalent to that of much larger, conventional, commercial measuring systems. The simple and straightforward design of each measuring unit in the ASIC and its multiplexing capability minimi the power consumption. Low power consumption will be important as this ASIC is made part of a long-lived, wireless, embeddable, and intelligent microinstrument system. For the covering abstract se ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Circuit (electr) KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electric circuits KW - Measurement KW - Measurement KW - Surveillance KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645799 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943261 AU - ARYA, C AU - SA'ID-SHAWQI, Q AU - VASSIE, P R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROPOSED NUMERICAL MODEL FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CHLORIDE REMOVAL F CONCRETE PY - 1999 SP - 12 p. AB - Electrochemical chloride removal (also referred to as desalinatio is now being applied to some concrete structures suffering from chloride-induced corrosion. There are some concerns, however, regarding the long-term effectiveness of this technique. The chlo content around the reinforcement is a critical factor determining effectiveness. This paper describes a recently developed numerica model of desalination based on the Nernst-Planck and the Laplace equations for predicting the chloride distribution in concrete. T model relies on experimentally derived chloride transport number profiles. Laboratory tests on concrete prisms made with admixed sodium chloride confirm that the predicted profiles obtained from model are realistic. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645801 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943263 AU - CLEAR, K C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A "NEW" HIGH CURRENT OUTPUT ANODE FOR GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTIO PY - 1999 SP - 14 p. AB - This paper presents the findings of three years of research and development on a galvanic anode system for reinforced concrete. Unique characteristics of the system include: 1. Surrounding each galvanic anode with a highly corrosive liquid which maintains the anode at peak output voltage throughout its life; and 2. Placing ionic transfer layer between the anode and the concrete surface t is high volume, low resistivity and deliquescent (i.e. pulls wate vapor out of the air at relative humidities of 35% or higher). Th ionic transfer layer typically consists of sponge, felt or sand loaded with calcium chloride and/or other deliquescent and pH controlling chemicals. In some cases it also contains a wetting a and is encapsulated (fully or partially) in vapor permeable, but water impermeable materials. The ionic transfer layer will not fr at temperatures as low as -5 degrees F (-20 degrees C), and provi sufficient space for all anode corrosion products, thus preventin undesirable stresses on the concrete, the anode assembly and any cosmetic covering. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Anodes KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Frost KW - Frost KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Sensitivity KW - Sensitivity KW - Zinc KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645803 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943276 AU - MCGURN, J F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STAINLESS STEEL REINFORCING BARS IN CONCRETE PY - 1999 SP - 15 p. AB - Stainless steel reinforcing bar is being used for highway bridge decks, overpasses, tunnels, retaining walls, and restoration proj where corrosive conditions could cause premature failure of carbo steel reinforced concrete resulting in potentially severe damage high repair costs. Stainless steel is selected for its corrosion resistance, strength and long life. The increase in installed cos using stainless steel reinforcing bar ranges from one to fifteen percent depending on structure complexity. When Life Cycle Cost a longer reinforcing bar life of up to 125 years are factored in, stainless steel is very cost effective. Emphasis will be placed o the mechanical and physical properties of stainless steel compare carbon steel rebar as this information is important to those who to specify stainless steel reinforcing bar. Also some stainless r applications around the World will be recognized. In addition, a description of laboratory and field tests, involving U-bent stain steel specimens embedded in concrete are noted. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Life cycle KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Retaining wall KW - Retaining walls KW - Stainless KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Tunnel KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645816 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943278 AU - DAILY, S F AU - Funahashi, M AU - TIGHE, M R AU - FIRLOTTE, C A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECENT RESULTS OF FIELD TRIALS USING THERMALLY SPRAYED TITANIUM F CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES PY - 1999 SP - 13 p. AB - Thermally sprayed titanium anodes for cathodic protection of reinforced concrete have been applied to several structures in th field on a trial basis. The first installation was in 1994 on the Depoe Bay Bridge in Oregon. Since then, three other field trials been installed, energized and tested. The results of the field tr to date indicate that the systems in general are operating at relatively low output levels and are achieving criteria for catho protection of steel in concrete. Recent laboratory test results indicate that surface preparation using sand blasting appears to provide the best overall bond strength of the titanium to the concrete substrate. Adhesion strength was determined to be highes when the titanium coating was developed after only two passes fro the spray gun. Arc sprayed titanium is somewhat more difficult to apply than arc sprayed zinc, due to the hardness of the wire and subsequent wear of the spray tips. Titanium, however, is relative inert in the environment and there are no known environmental imp using this type of system. In theory, the anode has very long lif expectancy (i.e., >100 years) and it is possible that the liquid catalyst may be reapplied to the titanium surface in the future, needed. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Anodes KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Electrode KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Impact study (environment) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Titanium KW - Titanium KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645818 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943293 AU - LAMPTON, B AU - SCHEMBERGER, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF MANUFACTURING AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EPOXY-COATED REBAR PY - 1999 SP - 15 p. AB - In the 25 years that fusion-bonded epoxy-coated rebar (ECR) has b used as a corrosion-protection system for reinforced concrete structures, it has gone through the usual stages of product development from being a research concept to general market usage (1) discovery of the "magic bullet"; (2) euphoric spread of its u without consideration of product quality and limitations; (3) disillusionment when the discovery is made that there is no such thing as a "magic bullet"; and finally, (4) reevaluation and rediscovery of what the product is capable of doing. The corrosio problems observed on certain Florida Keys bridges, along with a number of field observations of rebar where the coating has disbonded, sometimes with associated corrosion and sometimes with have led ECR proponents into step (4) of this process. With the re-realization that the primary functions of the epoxy coating ar act as a barrier to prevent aggressive ionic species from reachin the surface of the steel and to prevent the rise of large cathodi areas between mats and/or sections of rebar, coating discontinuit and adhesion have again surfaced as keys to maximizing ECR performance. This paper addresses a number of parameters in the manufacturing and construction practices of ECR which affect the development of coating discontinuities and adhesion. These factor will be considered in light of recent research and field findings For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Adhesion KW - Adhesion KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Quality KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Sea KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing coat (on top of the surfacing) KW - Seas KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645833 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943295 AU - VARUGHESE, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROLE OF ADHESION AND WETTING PROPERTIES OF FUSION BONDED EPOXY (F COATING IN CORROSION CONTROL OF REBARS USED IN BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1999 SP - 9 p. AB - The corrosion control performance of Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) coatings depends on their ability to stay on the substrate, and s as a barrier against oxygen, water and chloride, etc., until the design life of the structure. Reduction in adhesive strength occu with organic coatings, especially when water reaches the interfac between the substrate and the coating. However, a reduction in adhesive strength does not necessarily indicate a reduction in performance. Fundamental understanding of corrosion and the role coating in mitigating corrosion are essential to evaluate the eff of changes in adhesive strength and how it will affect the long-t performance of the epoxy coatings. This paper addresses the role coatings in corrosion control and the importance of damage resist during all phases of coating application and construction. Detail wetting and adhesion properties are given. A theoretical explanat to the reduction in adhesion for wet FBE is also given. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Adhesion KW - Adhesion KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Damage KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Epoxy resin KW - Epoxy resins KW - Interface KW - Interfaces KW - Long term KW - Long term KW - Loss and damage KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing coat (on top of the surfacing) KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Strength (mater) KW - Strength of materials KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645835 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943253 AU - MCDONALD, D AU - PFEIFER, D AU - VIRMANI, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION-RESISTANT REINFORCING BARS FINDINGS OF A 5-YEAR FHWA ST PY - 1999 SP - 10 p. AB - From 1993 to 1998, the FHWA funded a 5-year research project to develop cost-effective new organic, inorganic, ceramic and metall coatings, as well as metallic alloys that can be utilized on or a reinforcement for embedment in portland cement concrete. It was required that these new coatings and alloys should provide reinforcement that is significantly more corrosion-resistant than fusion-bonded, epoxy-coated reinforcement that has been used in t United States since 1975. Eleven different bar types were tested concrete: black bars, three bendable and three nonbendable epoxie Type 304 and 316 stainless steel, copper-clad, galvanized, and sp metallic clad reinforcing. From the research it was determined th the Type 316 stainless steel bars provided the best corrosion resistance, even when in precracked concrete. The best performanc from epoxy-coated bars was achieved when the epoxy-coated bars we utilized throughout and damage sites were minimal. In all cases, corrosion-resistance of the epoxy-coated bars was better than tha black bars. All bar systems were affected by the presence of a bl bar cathode and it is recommended that cracks in concrete be repa to optimize the corrosion-free life for all bar systems. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Cathodes KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Copper KW - Copper KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Cracking KW - Cracking KW - Damage KW - Electrode KW - Epoxy resin KW - Epoxy resins KW - Loss and damage KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (in mater) KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing coat (on top of the surfacing) KW - Stainless KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Zinc KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645793 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943254 AU - Bertolini, L AU - Gastaldi, M AU - PEDEFERRI, M AU - Pedeferri, P AU - Pastore, T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF GALVANIC COUPLING BETWEEN CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS S REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE PY - 1999 SP - 13 p. AB - The behaviour of stainless steel coupled with carbon steel is evaluated in order to study the consequences of galvanic coupling corrosion of reinforced concrete structures where stainless steel bars are used for limited parts of the reinforcement. The paper reports the results of measurements of free corrosion potential, corrosion rate and macrocouple current in reinforced concrete specimens, as a function of chloride contamination and humidity. cathodic behaviour of stainless steel and carbon steel is studied means of potentiostatic and potentiodynamic tests in alkaline solutions. The results show that the galvanic coupling with stain steel can enhance the corrosion rate of active carbon steel reinforcement in carbonated or chloride contaminated concrete, bu this increase is appreciable only under particular situations. In case it is not worse than the coupling with passive carbon steel. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Stainless KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Zinc KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645794 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943268 AU - Clemena, G G AU - Young, W T AU - Funahashi, M AU - Jackson, D R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ANODES FOR GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PRESTRES CONCRETE PILES IN THE TIDEWATER AREA OF VIRGINIA PY - 1999 SP - 16 p. AB - Many of the bridge decks crossing the coastal water of Virginia's Tidewater Area are supported by prestressed concrete piles. In th last several years, many of those piles with corroding reinforcem were grout jacketed; however, this practice has not been successf in halting corrosion. It is now recognized that application of cathodic protection is the only rehabilitation measure that will truly prevent or stop corrosion of the prestressing steel tendons And, for this application, the galvanic mode of cathodic protecti or prevention, depending on the stage of corrosion, is particular suitable and advantageous. Recent advances in the development of galvanic anodes and methods of installation make it practical to galvanic mode of CP to protect these substructures. In order to evaluate the use of galvanic CP, the Virginia Department of Transportation has applied four galvanic anode systems to selecte piles of the Willoughby Bay Bridge of Interstate 64 in Norfolk, Virginia. The systems being tested are: (1) an aluminum-zinc-indi alloy applied by thermal spray; (2) a zinc sheet with conductive adhesive backing for application above the splash zone; (3) a zin mesh/grout-filled jacket and (4) zinc mesh with compression panel applied in the splash zone. This report presents the findings to date. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Alloy KW - Alloys KW - Anodes KW - Bridge KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Cathodes KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Electrolysis KW - Electrolysis KW - Metal KW - Metals KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Sea KW - Seas KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645808 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943271 AU - JAKOBSEN, D T AU - STOLTZNER, E AU - Buhr, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATHODIC PROTECTION OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE SUBSTRUCTURE USING THE DURANODE INTERNAL ANODE SYSTEM PY - 1999 SP - 14 p. AB - This paper describes the findings of a trial using cathodic protection for arresting ongoing corrosion of reinforcement in chloride contaminated concrete. The substructure of a motorway br was selected as trial area. Three different cathodic protection systems were applied in 1987. These were a conductive polymer cab overlaid with a sprayed concrete including fibre reinforcement, a titanium mesh similarly overlaid with sprayed concrete and the discrete durAnode system. A surface sealing system using a polyurethane coating was also tested. In 1993 a report from the Danish Road Directorate concluded that all three cathodic protect systems had arrested corrosion effectively. The discrete anode sy was found to be the simplest and cheapest to install. The discret anode system has now been running for 10 years without showing an signs of a fall off in effectiveness, increase in circuit resista or any durability problems. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Cathodes KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Electrode KW - Freeways KW - Motorway KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (gen) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645811 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943285 AU - Gurjar, S AU - Morgan, D R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION RATE SURVEYS, A TOOL FOR MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURE PRIORITIZATION AND SERVICE LIFE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1999 SP - 13 p. AB - In the days of limited public funds, there is a need of reliable methods for predicting the service life of concrete bridge struct so that economic analysis can be done for prioritizing expenditur of possible activities of maintenance, repair, rehabilitation or replacement. To meet this challenge, AGRA Earth & Environmental h multi-phase study under way to determine the applicability of the linear polarization technique for estimating remaining service li of concrete bridge girders. This paper describes results of testi and corrosion surveys on 47 concrete girders at 28 bridge sites i Alberta. The tested girders ranged in age from 17 years to 39 yea The work included Half Cell Potential tests using Copper/Copper-Sulfate Electrode (CSE), visual surveys, chloride content profiling and measurements of corrosion rate, electrical resistance, resistivity, concrete cover over reinforcing steel, ambient temperature and ambient relative humidity. The data analy showed that: (1) The linear polarization technique using GECOR6 t measure rebar corrosion rates can be successfully employed in the field for estimating remaining service life, for validation of CS surveys, and conceptually for relative prioritization of maintena or replacement decisions. (2) For Alberta environmental exposure, ambient temperature differences of up to 20 degrees C and ambient relative humidity differences of up to 20% corresponded to a difference in the girder rebar corrosion rate of only 0.1 to 0.2 mA/sq.cm (0.09 to 0.19 mA/sq.ft). (3) Severe visual corrosion conditions do not always mean high rebar corrosion rates and, therefore, short remaining service life and vice versa. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Surveillance KW - Surveillance KW - Temperature KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645825 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943286 AU - Andrade, C AU - Alonso, C AU - SARRIA, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATURAL WEATHERING INFLUENCE ON THE REBAR CORROSION RATE PY - 1999 SP - 16 p. AB - There are relatively few data on corrosion rate values measured o reinforcing steel in concrete on-site in real size structures, wh the data bank of values in laboratory specimens is relatively lar The majority of the experiments in the laboratory have been perfo in chambers of controlled relative humidity and temperature, howe real outdoor climate usually is characterized by day-night and seasonal temperature cycles. These cycles, or natural weathering, influence the internal relative humidity of the concrete and the corrosion rate of the steel. In the present paper, results of corrosion rate of steel in chloride containing concretes exposed natural weathering are presented. Four main weather events have b identified to influence the corrosion rate of reinforcements due the changes of the hydrothermal situation of the concrete: a) day-night cycles, b) seasonal cycles, c) extreme temperatures and rain periods. In unsheltered conditions it is the rain (moisture content of the concrete) which controls the corrosion rate. In concretes sheltered from rain, the temperature is the controlling factor of the moisture content and then, of the corrosion rate. Moisture is well represented by the electrical resistivity. A pur Arrhenius trend of the corrosion rate could not be found because several counter balance effects develop when temperature changes. resistivity is the parameter that more comprehensively represents corrosion rate. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Measurement KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Resistance (electr) KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Temperature KW - Temperature KW - Weather KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00943251 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA PY - 1999 AB - This conference discusses techniques for the repair of existing reinforced concrete structures and for the prevention of corrosio new structures including bridges, retaining walls, tunnels and parking garages. For abstracts of relevant papers see ITRD E11731 E117372. KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Parking KW - Parking KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Retaining wall KW - Retaining walls KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Tunnel KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643464 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943257 AU - Mackechnie, J R AU - Alexander, M G AU - STEVENSON, C E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTING CHLORIDE LEVELS IN MARINE CONCRETE PY - 1999 SP - 13 p. AB - The durability of reinforced concrete structures in the marine environment is primarily dependent on chloride ingress through th cover concrete protecting the reinforcement. Predictions of durability can be made by defining the material, assessing the environmental conditions, and monitoring the durability performan of the material in that environment. Reliable predictions of chlo ingress into concrete therefore require early-age chloride-resist testing, a rational system of classifying the marine environment long-term monitoring of durability performance. The development o empirical chloride prediction model is discussed and long-term validations with results from structures considered. The model ha the advantage that it makes allowance for construction effects, concrete types and different marine exposure conditions. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Environment KW - Environment KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Long term KW - Long term KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Sea KW - Seas KW - Surveillance KW - Surveillance KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645797 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943264 AU - DOHLEN, K AU - Hartt, W H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF CATHODIC POLARIZATION UPON BOND STRENGTH OF PRE-TENSIONED TENDON IN CONCRETE PY - 1999 SP - 25 p. AB - Pull-out tests were performed upon concrete block specimens that contained either a centrally aligned seven wire pre-stressing ten or the central straight wire there from (no pre-tension) subseque to these having been subjected to various levels of cathodic polarization. The polarization utilized current densities of 50, or 2,500 mA/sq.m (4.6, 46, and 230 mA/sq.ft) (steel surface area basis) with charge density transfers extending to 13,994 A-h/sq.m (1300 A-h/sq.ft), where the latter is equivalent to 160 years of polarization at a current density of 10.8 mA/sq.m (1 mA/sq.ft). T ultimate bond strength occurred when the tendon or wire began to at the unloaded end (0.025 mm (0.001 in.) free end slip). In one of tendon pull-out specimens, ultimate bond strength decreased wi increasing total charge density transfer, whereas in a second set increased. Bond strength of wire specimens of both sets was approximately independent of total charge density transferred. In cases the data scatter was large relative to the absolute value o strength, thus making definition of any trend uncertain. Both friction from compressive stresses across the steel-concrete surf which developed from concrete shrinkage, and mechanical interlock associated with the spiral tendon, contributed to bond. The exten which concrete filled the re-entrant space between adjacent wires influenced bond in the case of the tendon specimens. It was concl that no practically significant bond loss results from cathodic polarization of pre-tensioned tendons in concrete. For the cover abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Adhesion KW - Adhesion KW - Cable KW - Cables KW - Cathodes KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Electrode KW - Pretensioning KW - Pretensioning KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Strength (mater) KW - Strength of materials KW - Wire KW - Wire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645804 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943275 AU - NEUHART, B H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF STAINLESS STEELS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES - STATU 1998 PY - 1999 SP - 15 p. AB - In the 1980's two bridge decks were constructed using stainless s in the United States. A bridge in Michigan on I-696 used solid stainless rebar of 304 grade and a bridge on I-295 in New Jersey stainless clad material as reinforcement. Since then there has be little interest in additional installations until the present. Shortcomings of other protective methods such as galvanizing, epo coatings, sealants and cathodic protection from corrosion in hars environments have renewed the search for alternative construction materials. The use of upgraded materials and improvements in conc would allow an extended life from a corrosion standpoint. The Fed Highway Administration has sponsored a study with Wiss, Janney, Elstner of Northbrook, Illinois in which stainless has been extensively evaluated. The stainless steels tested were found to excellent chloride resistance in concrete environments. In 1996, bridge deck on Route 407 in Ontario was constructed using stainle rebar of 316LN grade-material. Ontario has designed two additiona bridges on Routes 401 and 404, which are being constructed of stainless 318 grade (Duplex) for both the deck reinforcement and substructure. The state of Oregon has also constructed the Brush Creek and Smith River Bridges of stainless 316LN and has approved Duplex 2205 and Nitronic 50 alloy as acceptable materials by specification for future projects. The State of New Jersey has designed and has under construction a connecting ramp employing 300,000 lbs. of stainless 318 as reinforcement. Other proposed installations include selective use of stainless in additional br projects in Ontario, New Jersey, Utah, North Carolina and Oregon. This paper outlines the advantages of stainless steel and propert of the various grades suitable for rebar and reinforcement. Other relevant areas to be explored will be specifications, physical an mechanical properties, and related highway applications. The stat of bridge construction projects employing stainless steels in Nor America will also be given. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Canada KW - Canada KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (in mater) KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Stainless KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645815 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943282 AU - Babaei, K AU - FOULADGAR, A AU - Jackson, D R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHRP LIFE-CYCLE COST METHODOLOGY FOR TREATMENT OF CONCRETE BRIDGE COMPONENTS PY - 1999 SP - 15 p. AB - As part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) implementation, FHWA has developed and is conducting a workshop nationwide entitled "Methodology for Design and Treatment of Conc Bridge Components Subject to Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel." An important component of this workshop is a life-cycle cost analysi methodology used to select the most cost-effective strategy for treatment of concrete at the project level. Two versions of the methodology have been developed: a handbook with worksheets and nomograms for manual calculations and a computer program titled "CORRODE" software for automated calculations. Through the SHRP showcase, bridge engineers and managers in several states have be introduced to the methodology for determining which treatment - s as concrete overlay, cathodic protection, sealer or membrane - to on reinforced concrete bridges to minimize life-cycle costs. Usin the results of tests specified, the methodology assesses the condition of the concrete. That information is then used to systematically predict how the condition can be expected to chang time and when the maximum tolerable condition is reached. Subsequently, several treatment alternatives are examined, and it predicted how the concrete component might perform in the future after each treatment. For each treatment, a life-cycle cost is computed. The life-cycle cost analysis considers both agency cost bridge user cost. The results of the life-cycle cost analyses are compared to determine which treatment alternative has the lowest life-cycle cost and when the treatment should be applied. For th covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Cathodes KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Electrode KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Life cycle KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Software KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645822 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943289 AU - Elsener, B AU - ZIMMERMANN, L AU - BOHNI, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES - FIELD EXPERIENCE PY - 1999 SP - 20 p. AB - Electrochemical chloride removal (ECR) and electrochemical realkalization (ER) are increasingly used as restoration techniqu in civil engineering practice. In both cases an alkaline environm shall be reestablished in the concrete pore solution in vicinity the rebars. Two well documented site jobs of successful applicati a bridge substructure and a reinforced concrete building facade - presented. The main problems with electrochemical repair techniqu on site, the possible ways to control the efficiency, the long te durability and the application on post-tensioned structures, are discussed. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Electrodes KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Long term KW - Long term KW - Post tensioning KW - Posttensioning KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Surveillance KW - Surveillance KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645829 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943260 AU - Andrade, C AU - Castellote, M AU - SARRIA, J AU - Alonso, C AU - MENENDEZ, E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES IN THE POROUS MICROSTRUCTURE OF CONCRETE PY - 1999 SP - 14 p. AB - Electrochemical chloride removal and realkalisation are starting be applied for the rehabilitation of concrete structures. These techniques make use of relatively large electrical current or vol which induce changes in the chemical composition of the concrete solution. It has been already stated that these changes may enhan the risk of alkali-aggregate reaction, although not systematic deleterious influence on the mechanical strength of the realkalis zones could be identified. In this paper, results are presented o the changes in the pore size distribution after the application o the current as well as microscopic images of the zones near the rebar. Laboratory experiments on chloride penetration, as well as example of a real structure being realkalised, are used for the discussion. The results show that pore size is modified by induci an increase of the total porosity around the rebar. Additionally, has been found that the application of an electrochemical treatme to a structure induces the establishment of a microstructure grad between anodic and cathodic zones. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Aggregate KW - Aggregates KW - Alkali KW - Alkali KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (in mater) KW - Reinforcing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645800 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943262 AU - DONG, D AU - MUMBY, T AU - Rogers, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INORGANIC ADDITIVES FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM STABILIZATION CONCRETE PY - 1999 SP - 13 p. AB - Steel reinforced concrete structures which are protected against rebar corrosion by a cathodic protection system often undergo significant variations in system voltage or current as a result o environmental changes. These variations may occur during periods increased concrete resistivity resulting from low relative humidities. It was found that the application of aqueous solution inorganic deliquescent or hygroscopic agents to the surface of cathodically protected concrete systems will reduce the variabili of power requirements during periods of increased concrete resistivity. Results from both indoor and outdoor tests of variou deliquescent agents on impressed current cathodic protection syst stabilization are presented. Tests have involved embedded titaniu anodes and arc sprayed titanium anodes with inorganic salts inclu nitrates, nitrites, and chlorides for stabilization of cathodic protection systems for over 800 days under normal and accelerated test conditions. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electricity KW - Electricity KW - Electrode KW - Electrodes KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Titanium KW - Titanium UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645802 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943277 AU - HARTMAN, R B AU - WEHLING, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A GALVANIC ZINC-HYDROGEL SYSTEM FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFO CONCRETE STRUCTURES PY - 1999 SP - 14 p. AB - Installations of galvanic cathodic protection anodes have been completed on bridge substructures in Florida, Illinois, Virginia, Oregon; on bridge superstructures in Florida, Illinois, and Orego on the underside of bridge decks in Illinois and Oregon; on bridg parapet walls in Wisconsin; on parking garages in Illinois and Wisconsin; on the foundation of a church in Missouri; on concrete tower footings in California; on concrete light poles in Toronto; on the undersides of condominium balconies in Florida. Some of th installations involve prestressed concrete. The installation of s of these systems will be described in detail and monitoring data be presented for at least six months of active service. The syste consists of a 10-mil zinc foil bonded to an ionically conductive hydrogel adhesive, which is applied directly to the surface of th steel-reinforced concrete. A copper wire connects the zinc anode multiple steel rebars. The performance is monitored by measuring current flow in the wire, by measuring the amount of zinc consume or, more generally, by taking depolarization readings at regular intervals. All of these measurements are an indication of the performance of the galvanic system and the corrosion of the steel rebars that is being prevented. For the covering abstract see IT E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Anodes KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Multi storey parking garage KW - Multistory structures KW - Parking garages KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (in mater) KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Retaining wall KW - Retaining walls KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Zinc KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645817 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943279 AU - Etcheverry, L AU - Fowler, D W AU - Wheat, H G AU - Funahashi, M AU - FIRLOTTE, C A AU - Jackson, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INSTALLATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS AT THE QUEEN ISABELLA CAUSEWAY PY - 1999 SP - 14 p. AB - Four different cathodic protection systems were installed in sele tie beams and footings of the Queen Isabella Causeway which links South Padre Island to the mainland of Texas. This paper describes concrete preparation and the installation of the different cathod protection systems at the Queen Isabella Causeway. The procedures employed to install the anodes, the problems encountered in the installation and productivity measurements are presented. An evaluation was conducted of the installation of the different ano systems using constructability, productivity, safety and environm and aesthetics as the parameters for the evaluation. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Beam KW - Beams KW - Cathodes KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Pile KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645819 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943294 AU - WOLF, L M AU - SARCINELLA, R L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF EPOXY-COATED REINFORCING STEEL AND OTHER CORROSION PROTECT PHILOSOPHY IN TEXAS: THE "BELTS AND SUSPENDERS" APPROACH PY - 1999 SP - 10 p. AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) uses approximately million pounds of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel annually in brid structures with additional uses in concrete pavements and retaini wall systems. A seven-year research study on epoxy-coated reinfor steel, sponsored by TxDOT and performed by the Center of Transportation Research (CTR) at the University of Texas at Austi has just been completed. Laboratory studies have indicated that epoxy-coated reinforcement performs better than uncoated reinforcement but has certain limitations. Epoxy-coated reinforci steel is not the panacea to corrosion problems in highway structu and there is room for improvement in this product and similar protection products. The current TxDOT philosophy for comprehensi corrosion protection suggests a "belts and suspenders" approach b used for structures and similar applications. This approach is ba upon factors such as location of the structure, aggressiveness of environment at the site, condition and chloride content of the existing structure, local materials quality and level of maintena The following corrosion protection options have been utilized by TxDOT to combat corrosion: Type II cement, epoxy-coated reinforci steel, increased cover over the reinforcement, concrete designed decreased permeability, calcium nitrite corrosion inhibitor, conc surface sealers and cathodic protection systems. A recap of CTR's research along with a brief discussion of each corrosion protecti option is presented. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Cathodes KW - Cement KW - Cement KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Retaining wall KW - Retaining walls KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing coat (on top of the surfacing) KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645834 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943296 AU - TANG, B AU - Podolny, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SUCCESSFUL BEGINNING FOR FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) COMPOSI MATERIALS IN BRIDGE APPLICATIONS PY - 1999 SP - 7 p. AB - Corrosion decay has been a continued challenge for bridge enginee but a new material technology that delivered the stealth aircraft eliminate corrosion from our bridges. The high strength, high fat resistance, lightweight, and corrosion resistance of composites a highly desirable characteristics for bridge applications. Of more than 80 bridge projects using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials in the world, the U.S. has a modest beginning with 31 projects, 27 of which were built within the last 4 years. This paper focuses on some of the initial successful bridge applications in the U.S. using FRP composites. The discussions wi also include the advantages, characteristics, concerns, and futur needs to advance the composite technology into the civil infrastructure. These new materials are applicable to both construction of new structures and maintenance and rehabilitation existing bridges. This is an exciting time for civil and structur engineers to be involved with the FRP composite technology. The F technology for civil infrastructures has demonstrated some initia success. The current focus for the FHWA is to advance the FRP composite technology to rebuild the American transportation infrastructure in new bridge construction as well as to rehabilit and maintain existing bridges. The rebuilding of the Nation's hig system presents a tremendous market opportunity well into the 21s Century. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Composite KW - Composite materials KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Fatigue (mater) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Technology KW - Technology KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645836 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943256 AU - Kranc, S C AU - Sagues, Alberto A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTATION OF CORROSION DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CRA CONCRETE PY - 1999 SP - 12 p. AB - Cracks in concrete may cause early localized chloride ingress and initiation of rebar corrosion. Local corrosion can be aggravated macrocell coupling with nearby rebar in sound concrete. Computati based on a detailed finite difference model incorporating polarization characteristics of the steel and oxygen transport through the concrete have been utilized to assess the extent of corrosion possible in cracked concrete. Butler-Volmer kinetics ar assumed to describe the polarization at the steel concrete interf This investigation presents both qualitative and quantitative information concerning the distribution of corrosion in typical reinforced concrete arrangements, as a function of system paramet that include concrete resistivity, concrete cover, crack dimensio and steel condition. The model predicts local corrosion rates at every point of the steel assembly. Applications of the modeling results to field studies to aid in the prediction of durability a discussed. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Cracking KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Interface KW - Interfaces KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Software KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645796 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943258 AU - Petre-Lazar, I AU - Gerard, B AU - Marchand, J AU - BEUADOIN, J J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LEO 1.0 - A COMPUTER SOFTWARE-BASED MAINTENANCE STRATEGY FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES UNDERGOING REBAR CORROSION PY - 1999 SP - 15 p. AB - The actual state of reinforced concrete structures is generally evaluated by periodic on-site inspections as part of normal maintenance practice. Repair decisions are based on the extent of deterioration and assessment of the structure potential to fulfil service requirements. Electricite de France (in collaboration wit Laval University and The National Research Council of Canada) is developing a software (named LEO) to assist the decision-making o the on-site inspectors. It is designed to predict the evolution o structural disorders and their impact on engineering functions. T first module of LEO addresses the rebar corrosion. It predicts th corrosion rate and the progress of deterioration. Predictions can made on the basis of a limited amount of readily available data, the material characteristics (concrete type), the environment, (temperature, relative humidity, exposure conditions), the type o structural element (beam, column, slab, wall) and the reinforceme lay-out (cover, bar spacing and diameter). LEO accounts for the diffusion of the various aggressive agents (CO2, Cl-) and the initiation and propagation phases of the corrosion process. It al estimates the variation of the reinforcement area and the bond lo and predicts the influence of these phenomena on the bending and shear strength and the deflection of the element. The software ca also be used to predict the extent of spalling. In order to accou for the intrinsic variability of input data, the predictions can made on the basis of a probabilistic approach. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Beam KW - Beams KW - Computer programs KW - Condition survey KW - Condition surveys KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Damage KW - Decision making KW - Decision process KW - Deterioration KW - Deterioration KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Loss and damage KW - Pile KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Retaining wall KW - Retaining walls KW - Slab KW - Slabs KW - Software KW - Spalling KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645798 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943281 AU - BLANKVOLL, A AU - FLUGE, F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGNING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LOADING IN COASTAL AREAS PY - 1999 SP - 16 p. AB - The findings of the Gimsoeystraumen Bridge Repair Project clearly show the influence of environmental loading on the structure's service life. The project has shown that chloride ingress is influenced by the height above sea level; the windward/leeward effect; the size and shape of the exposed surfaces and the microclimate at the lower part of the columns. The condition surv of the Aursundet Bridge, performed 2 - 3 years after the completi show how a new set of specifications have apparently improved the durability of the structure. The findings from Gimsoeystraumen Br and Aursundet Bridge are preliminary, but the obtained data show clearly the effect of both increased concrete cover, silica fume low water binder ratio. These experiences have already been taken into account in a set of new, updated specifications for the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA). Hopefully, future investigations on these bridges will support these findings and b new knowledge concerning the durability of concrete structures exposed to severe conditions. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Norway KW - Norway KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Sea KW - Seas KW - Surveillance KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645821 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943283 AU - Cusson, D AU - TAYLOR, D AU - GLAZER, R AU - Arnott, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REMOTE SENSING OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A REPAIRED CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE PY - 1999 SP - 15 p. AB - The paper describes instrumentation used for remote sensing of th performance of a 21-span 6-lane highway bridge after repair. Year de-icing salt use resulted in substantial delamination of the dec and destruction of the concrete parapets. A consortium of 7 manufacturers and the Ministry of Transportation of Quebec was fo to monitor over a 5-year period the overall behaviour of the brid parapets and the performance of 8 proprietary corrosion mitigatio systems applied in the concrete parapets. Eighty sensors measurin relative humidity, temperature, electrochemical potential, and st were embedded in the parapets. Five data loggers are programmed t read the sensors at regular intervals and data is transmitted to computers in our laboratories via cellular modems. The paper star with an overview of the repair project, then focuses on the desig instrumentation and the selection of sensors for long-term, relia field application. Results from just over a year of data collecti are discussed. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridge management system KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Condition survey KW - Condition surveys KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Parapet KW - Parapets KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Remote sensing KW - Remote sensing KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645823 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943290 AU - RAHARINAIVO, A AU - LENGLET, J C AU - TOURNEUR, C AU - MAHOUCHE, H AU - POLLET, V AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHLORIDE REMOVAL AND REALKALISATION OF CONCRETE BY USING GALVANIC ANODE PY - 1999 SP - 9 p. AB - Electrochemical repair treatments of reinforced concrete concern realkalisation and chloride removal. They usually need an electri power source to polarise rebar against an anode system that is pl on concrete surface. When structures to be treated are far from a electrical network, such treatments are not cost-effective. So, a electrochemical technique using galvanic anode, for chloride remo and realkalisation, has been developed. In a previous study, the effective anode system, i.e., the metal type and the electrolyte surrounding it, was determined. The electrolytes were either sodi carbonate based, or sodium hydroxide based, or calcium hydroxide based. Then, an experimental program was carried out with small reinforced concrete slabs. These test pieces were previously carbonated and polluted with chloride ions after ponding with 30 (0.3 lb/gal) NaCl solution. Chloride removal and realkalisation treatments were applied to these concrete slabs during 8 weeks. Polarisation resistance of rebar was measured before and after treatment. Also, before and after treatment, concrete cores were taken and used for determining carbonation depths and chloride profiles. It appeared that effective realkalisation and chloride removal could be achieved. This in-laboratory study was complemen with an application of the chloride removal technique on a bridge The results obtained were considered satisfactory. For the cover abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Electrodes KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (in mater) KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Repair KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645830 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943292 AU - ENOS, D G AU - GUILBERT, C R AU - NORMAN, C F AU - KEHR, J A AU - BOYER, C E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE DAMAGE TOLERANCE, AND EXTENDING THE SERVICE LIFE OF FUSION-BONDED EPOXY COATINGS PY - 1999 SP - 17 p. AB - Today, the traditional fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings used to protect carbon steel reinforcing bar (rebar) and pipe are being placed under increased scrutiny. Concerns have been raised which question the ability of such coatings to abate corrosion in the l term. Researchers have argued that a damaged, FBE coated rebar exhibits poorer corrosion performance than a comparable uncoated, black steel rebar. This reduced corrosion performance and corresponding service life is likely the result of local anodic s which develop along the coated rebar or pipe in areas where the F coating has been removed due to impact or abrasion. A novel coati design has been developed, the implementation of which significan improves the damage tolerance of epoxy coated components in a var of high chloride environments, such as an aging concrete bridge d Characterization via an array of AC and DC electrochemical techni has revealed considerable improvements in the overall corrosion performance as a result of this treatment. Corrosion rates within macroscopic defects have been reduced significantly, while corros initiation at smaller defects, such as those imparted by bending, suppressed completely. In addition, this improved corrosion resistance is achieved without degradation of either the cathodic disbondment (CD) performance, impact resistance, or flexibility o the FBE coating. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Damage KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Epoxy resin KW - Epoxy resins KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Loss and damage KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (in mater) KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing coat (on top of the surfacing) KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645832 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943252 AU - Lee, S K AU - SIGONNEY, Y M AU - Hartt, W H AU - LEE, R U AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF ARC SPRAYED ZINC AND ZINC-ALUMINUM ALLOY COATINGS LABORATORY CONCRETE SPECIMENS PY - 1999 SP - 19 p. AB - Arc sprayed zinc and zinc-aluminum alloy coatings are being considered increasingly as an anode for galvanic cathodic protect of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. While performance to-date from semitropical marine exposures have been encouraging, long-term effectiveness of these coatings may be limited in relatively dry atmospheric situations. The purpose of the present study was to 1) characterize electrochemical properties of these metallic coatings, 2) determine how they change with time and exposure conditions, and 3) identify factors which influence serv performance. To accomplish this, experiments were performed upon series of concrete test slabs that were admixed with NaCl such th chloride concentrations of 0, 3.0, 5.9, and 11.8 kg/cu.m (0, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 pcy, respectively) resulted. One surface of each s was spray coated with either zinc or a 72 Zn-28 Al (weight percen alloy to a thickness of 380 micrometer (15 mils). Exposures were performed under laboratory conditions at a constant relative humi of either 25, 60, 85, or 100 percent. Monitoring included measure of galvanic current, polarization resistance of the galvanic anod coatings, and resistance between the coating and embedded steel. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) scans of the anode w also performed. The results indicate that relative humidity had a important effect on these parameters and that resistance across t coating-concrete interface was particularly influential with rega to performance of the coating as a galvanic anode. For the cover abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Electrodes KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing coat (on top of the surfacing) KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Surveillance KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645792 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943269 AU - BENNETT, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE USING SURFACE-APPLIED ZINC ANODES PY - 1999 SP - 33 p. AB - Galvanic cathodic protection (CP) systems, which use sacrificial anodes, have recognized advantages of simplicity and reliability impressed current CP systems, but have been used very little on reinforced concrete structures. A major reason for this has been inability of sacrificial anodes to supply sufficient current to m CP criteria. In this paper, two galvanic CP systems are described which exhibit both enhanced current flow and adequate protection reinforcing steel. A zinc/hydrogel system has been developed whic consists of a thin zinc foil attached to the concrete surface by ionically conductive hydrogel adhesive. A direct electrical connection between the zinc and the reinforcing steel allows the to function galvanically, polarizing the steel and protecting it corrosion. Both laboratory and field site test results are presen In the second system, the flow of galvanic current from metallize zinc anodes has been significantly enhanced by the application of certain chemicals selected to maintain moisture at the anode-conc interface, and to maintain the zinc in an electrochemically activ state. The most effective chemicals increased galvanic current by factor of 2-15, depending on relative humidity and chloride contamination of the concrete. This technique is also expected to increase the service life of metallized zinc anodes by preventing dryness at the anode-concrete interface. Both of these techniques likely to greatly expand the number of structures that can be protected by simple galvanic cathodic protection using surface-applied zinc anodes. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Cathodes KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Electrolysis KW - Electrolysis KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Test KW - Tests KW - Zinc KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645809 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943270 AU - KESSLER, R J AU - Powers, Rodney G AU - Lasa, Ivan R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HISTORY AND PERFORMANCE OF MARINE SUBSTRUCTURE CATHODIC PROTECTIO SYSTEMS IN FLORIDA PY - 1999 SP - 12 p. AB - Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete due to the intrusion chloride ions from seawater affects many structures located in ma environments. In Florida, this is significantly reflected by the severe deterioration of bridge substructures. During the last dec cathodic protection has emerged as a practical means of controlli corrosion in this type of structures. The Florida Department of Transportation has developed and/or installed and evaluated a var of cathodic protection systems. These systems are mostly designed mitigate corrosion under cyclic tidal changes typical of marine bridge substructures. This paper describes the development and performance of these cathodic protection systems. Included are impressed current as well as sacrificial anode systems. The impre current group includes: 1) conductive mastic anode, 2) conductive rubber anode, 3) titanium mesh anode embedded in gunite or struct concrete, and 4) titanium mesh anode in integral pile jackets. Th sacrificial systems include: 1) arc-sprayed zinc, 2) expanded zin sheet anode, 3) submerged zinc bulk anode, and 4) expanded zinc m anode in integral pile jackets. For the covering abstract see IT E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Cathodes KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Electrolysis KW - Electrolysis KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Pile KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Sea KW - Seas KW - Titanium KW - Titanium KW - Zinc KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645810 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943287 AU - Alvarez, F Javier AU - FRANKHOUSER, H S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUND PENETRATING RADAR MAJOR TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1999 SP - 6 p. AB - The original patented short-pulse radar system known as RODAR Gro Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been available for several years to provide a subsurface profile of pavement structure and to provide techniques for interpreting the profile to determine the in-servi condition of pavement structures. The system has been used to evaluate all types of transportation structures including highway bridge, and airport pavements and tunnels. The purpose of these nondestructive evaluations is to assist in determining maintenanc and rehabilitation needs and to provide construction quality cont The application of the technology is tailored to the needs of the individual project and to client requirements. One objective of a survey is to improve the quality of subsurface condition data collected over traditional methods of visual inspection, coring, other nondestructive test (NDT) methods and at the same time redu the overall cost of pavement evaluation. Typically, GPR has been utilized to investigate pavement structures to measure pavement thickness, identify thin or weakened areas, locate water and void beneath the pavement, measure overlay thickness, define areas of stripping, and determine the position of reinforcing steel. The d collected is used with other measures of condition as decision criteria in planning a pavement rehabilitation program. Two types GPR are available. One type is designated as "air-coupled" and is usually mounted on a vehicle with an air gap between the bottom o the radar and the surface. The vehicle with the air-coupled radar gather data at speeds up to 45 to 50 miles per hour, thus reducin the need for extensive traffic control and reducing the exposure of the workforce. The other type is designated as "ground-coupled This type is in close or direct contact with the surface and has be moved slowly by hand or towed slowly by a vehicle at 2 to 4 mi per hour. Figure 1 shows schematically a typical setup for a GPR survey. Final reports can be prepared from the interpreted data. report is customized to fit the findings of the survey and the reporting needs of the client. Accompanying the presentation of results is a final report that summarizes data collection, interpretation, results, and recommendations. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Data acquisition KW - Data collection KW - Data processing KW - High speed KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Information processing KW - Non destructive testing KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement KW - Pavements KW - Radar KW - Radar KW - Soil KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control KW - Tunnel KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645827 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943288 AU - Roberts, R L AU - Romero, F A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH-RESOLUTION GPR BRIDGE DECK EVALUATION SURVEYS PY - 1999 SP - 11 p. AB - The use of a shielded, 1.5 GHz center frequency ground-coupled di antenna has been beneficial for determining the depth of the top layer of rebar in new bridge decks and assessing the condition of concrete near the top rebar mesh in two asphalt overlaid bridge decks. The vertical and horizontal high-resolution capability of antenna yields data that contain isolated reflections from indivi rebar spaced approximately 15 cm (6in) between centers. Some DOT quality assurance-quality control (QA/QC) specifications required postconstruction inspection of new concrete bridge decks necessit determination of the average depth of the top layer of rebar and variability of the rebar depths. The 1.5 GHz antenna was investig to assess its performance for such a task. After depth calibratio the processed 1.5 GHz antenna data resulted in calculated top lay rebar depths that were accurate to within +/- 3 mm (0.12 in). Thi specific 1.5 GHz antenna design was also used to study two asphalt-overlaid bridge decks scheduled for disassembly and showe very promising results in assessing the condition of the concrete near the top rebar mesh that may lead to improved bridge deck evaluations in the near future. For the covering abstract see IT E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Condition survey KW - Condition surveys KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Continuous KW - Continuous structures KW - Radio transmitters KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Surveillance KW - Surveillance KW - Transmitter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645828 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943255 AU - MORTENSEN, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAKING CATHODIC PROTECTION AFFORDABLE BY EMPLOYING A DISTRIBUTED RECTIFIER SYSTEM PY - 1999 SP - 8 p. AB - By employing a truly distributed rectifier system in cathodic protection (CP) installations of reinforced concrete structures, savings of up to 90% of the cable and cabling cost can be achieve On top of this, economic incentive significant advantages are achieved in the operation of a CP installation by employing digit technology. The vast majority of CP applications would benefit fr being power supplied and monitored and controlled by a distribute rectifier system. In addition, with the state-of-the-art technolo that the distributed rectifier system is based on, the possibilit implementing automatic control of the CP system has become availa Once this facility is implemented as a standard in the operation software, CP of reinforced concrete structures will stand out as even more attractive repair option. For the covering abstract se ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Cathodes KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Software KW - Technology KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645795 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943266 AU - Mietz, J AU - Isecke, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDROGEN-INDUCED STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF PRESTRESSING STEELS PY - 1999 SP - 14 p. AB - In Germany failures of more than 30-year-old prestressed concrete structures with post-tensioned steel members have been observed i recent years. In all these cases a quenched and tempered steel ty strength class St 1420/1570, was used. Defects related to non-injected ducts or the presence of corrosion inducing substanc within the grout, which are usually the cause for such failures, could not be detected. Failure analysis has shown that the fractu appearance indicates characteristic signs of hydrogen-induced str corrosion cracking on a macroscopic and microscopic scale. In onl few cases the mechanism of crack initiation and propagation could clearly interpreted. In order to explain the failure mechanism an limit the risk of older prestressed concrete structures failing d to stress corrosion cracking, investigations of structures and laboratory tests were carried out. The results have shown that certain materials have a tendency to form cracks prior to groutin under specific environmental conditions. According to the present state of knowledge, crack propagation in fully grouted ducts cann be excluded. The specific susceptibility of the prestressing stee the determining factor with respect to crack initiation and propagation ahead of parameters of the environment. If depassivat conditions exist, cracks can be initiated with condensed water as electrolyte. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Cracking KW - Failure KW - Failure KW - Germany KW - Germany KW - Injection (mater) KW - Injection (Materials) KW - Post tensioning KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645806 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943273 AU - ARYA, C AU - PIRATHAPAN, G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUPERCOVER CONCRETE: A NEW METHOD FOR PREVENTING REINFORCEMENT CORROSION IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES USING GLASS FIBRE COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENT PY - 1999 SP - 11 p. AB - A new method for preventing reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures using glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) bars is described. The method involves providing nominal cover to the ste reinforcement of about 100mm (4in) and the introduction of GFRP b at a cover depth of 30mm (1.18in) solely to control surface crack widths. Short and long term load tests show that GFRP is effectiv controlling surface crack widths within the BS8110 and Eurocode 2 limit of 0.3mm (0.012in). Moreover, there is no adverse affect on deflections. Experience gained through the planning and construct of a demonstration footbridge has shown that this approach is practical and easy to implement. Provided that the method is used prudently, any increase in the initial cost of construction shoul marginal. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Cracking KW - Cracking KW - Fibers KW - Fibre KW - Footbridge KW - Footbridges KW - Glass KW - Glass KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Long term KW - Long term KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (in mater) KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645813 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943280 AU - Berke, N S AU - Hicks, M C AU - MACDONALD, A AU - TOURNEY, P G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF THE DURAMODEL FOR THE DESIGN OF COST-EFFECTIVE CONCRETE STRUCTURES PY - 1999 SP - 18 p. AB - Corrosion of steel in concrete is the major cause of the deterioration of bridges in deicing salt and marine exposures. Numerous systems have been developed to protect new steel reinfor structures from chloride induced corrosion. In this paper a means evaluating the life-cycle costs of competing systems is addressed and a novel computer program to aid in this process is introduced Corrosion protection systems will have three possible effects: (1 reduction of the ingress of chloride; (2) increase of the chlorid level at which corrosion initiates; (3) reduction of the corrosio rate once active corrosion initiates. The performance of a protec system needs to be evaluated in light of these effects. Once thes are documented one can determine the initial costs of the protect system and then project the time to corrosion for first and subsequent repairs. The future repair costs are converted to pres day costs using a net present value analysis. The examples presen will show that eliminating corrosion protection at the design sta is an expensive long-term option. For the covering abstract see E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Life cycle KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Sea KW - Seas KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645820 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943284 AU - Markey, I AU - BLANKVOLL, A AU - ESPELID, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIENCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONITORING OF DURABILITY PY - 1999 SP - 8 p. AB - Monitoring the durability of concrete bridges has become relative common in the last decade. The objectives and potentials of this monitoring have not always been comprehensively stated or underst and this has frequently lead to projects that have not satisfied client. The Gimsoeystraumen Bridge Repair Project linked research technical development to the actual repair work of the bridge. Du the project, it was attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of different repair/preventative maintenance techniques by instrumentation. Climatic loading and the corresponding response material properties were monitored by electrochemical and non-electrochemical techniques. The paper presents some conclusio from the Gimsoeystraumen project and a discussion concerning the place of durability monitoring in a bridge management system. Fo the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridge management system KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Continuous KW - Continuous structures KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Surveillance KW - Surveillance KW - Weather KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645824 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943291 AU - VIDEM, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDIES OF THE ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF STEEL IN CONCRETE PY - 1999 SP - 15 p. AB - A series of different electrochemical techniques was applied for steel exposed in synthetic concrete pore water, in mortar slabs, in original concrete of a 16-year-old bridge. Polarization change the electrical properties of the corrosion film. These changes introduced a phase shift between potential and current that resem the action of a large capacitance. This made it difficult to obta reliable data for capacitance and Tafel coefficients by any direc electrochemical method. Apparent capacitance exhibited a variatio one order of magnitude and linear polarization resistance (LPR) t orders of magnitude dependent upon the technique used. Thus, no general LPR constant exists that can be used to calculate corrosi rate from the linear polarization resistance. Studies in the mHz region, giving measuring times of a day, was necessary to obtain data for assessment of the corrosion rate. Warburg impedance-like lines in Nyquist diagrams were caused by phenomena in the corrosi film rather than diffusion in the environment. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode KW - Electrodes KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Measurement KW - Measurement KW - Porosity KW - Porosity KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Water KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645831 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00943298 AU - Sagues, Alberto A AU - SCANNELL, W AU - SOH, F W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DETERIORATION MODEL TO PROJECT FUTURE CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT CORROSION IN A DUAL MARINE BRIDGE PY - 1999 SP - 14 p. AB - Two 4.1-km-long (2.5-mi-long), 31-year-old parallel bridges in Northern Florida marine service were examined to assess and forec the extent of concrete reinforcement corrosion. A preliminary inspection showed that the chloride concentration at the depth of reinforcement in the cylindrical piling was approaching the level normally associated with the onset of corrosion. Future traffic projections required deciding between alternatives that included expanding the present structures or rebuilding. To select the mos appropriate alternative, an investigation was conducted to develo approximate forecast of future corrosion development. The investigation included assessing the present condition, and developing a quantitative corrosion deterioration model. The corrosion condition was assessed by visual observation, direct examination of reinforcement, and electrochemical corrosion measurements. Chloride-penetration profiles were obtained from extracted concrete cores. Reinforcement cover was measured by dir observation. The chloride profile data were analyzed to obtain apparent chloride ion diffusivities, surface concentrations and b concentrations. The deterioration model used the statistical distributions of concrete cover, diffusion coefficient and surfac concentration to estimate the distribution of time for corrosion initiation and appearance of external damage over the bridge substructure. The output of the model was a damage function indicating the amount and location of repairs needed as a functio bridge age. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORROSION AND REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES HELD 7-11 DECEMB 1998, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA KW - Age KW - Age KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Condition survey KW - Condition surveys KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Damage KW - Halide KW - Halides KW - Loss and damage KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Sea KW - Seas KW - Surveillance KW - Surveillance KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/645838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00968612 AU - Barnes, Valerie B AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CVISN SYSTEM DESIGN DESCRIPTION PY - 1999 SP - 79 p. AB - This document focuses on the Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) System Design and Architecture. It begins with a discussion on the relationships between the National ITS Architecture the CVISN Architecture, and the International Border Clearance Architecture, and how these architectures are used for driving model and deployment requirements. The CVISN architecture connects subsystems using a combination of EDI and DSRC interface standards. The document next discusses system requirements, looking at safety information exchange, credentials administration, and electronic screening. An overview on system design discusses state systems, the CVISN core infrastructure systems, and carrier systems. The document concludes with a discussion on the CVISN interface capabilities. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Deployment KW - Planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/briefing/9826.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/679699 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00933919 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EIGHTH U.S./JAPAN WORKSHOP ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING: NIGHTTIME AND PEDESTRIAN SAFETY, WASHINGTON, DC, NOVEMBER 15-19, 1999. PROCEEDINGS PY - 1999 SP - 82p AB - This report summarizes the 8th U.S.-Japan Workshop on Pedestrian and Nighttime Safety. The workshop was hosted by the United States, November 15-19, 1999, and was held at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. Five Japanese officials and researchers were invited to participate in the workshop. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) personnel, as well as several local and private sector representatives, participated in the workshop. Focus areas included: general statistics and trends in the U. S. and Japan; pedestrian crashes; Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) and pedestrian planning; disabled and elderly pedestrians; Geographic Information Systems (GIS) application for pedestrian safety; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) activities; traffic calming in the U.S. and Japan; overview of nighttime crashes in the U.S. and Japan; and Japanese studies on traffic safety countermeasures at nighttime and ultraviolet lighting. Both countries exchanged information through presentation of papers, formal discussions, and site visits. In conjunction with the workshop, the FHWA facilitated and arranged for the Japanese delegates to see pedestrian and nighttime technology applications in Seattle, Washington. U1 - Eighth U.S./Japan Workshop on Advanced Technology in Highway Engineering: Nighttime and Pedestrian SafetyFederal Highway AdministrationWashington, DC StartDate:19991115 EndDate:19991119 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Aged KW - Countermeasures KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway engineering KW - Japan KW - Night KW - Nighttime crashes KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Planning KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Statistics KW - Technology KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Ultraviolet light KW - United States KW - Workshops UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/jpnrept.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18500/18592/PB2002100775.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/728076 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00963119 AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITE ROAD SAFETY AUDIT SEMINAR PY - 1999 SP - v.p. AB - The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Road Safety Audit Seminar was part of the Institute of Transportation Engineers 1999 Annual Meeting, held in August, 1999 in Las Vegas, Nevada. The seminar addressed the following, as listed in the Table of Contents: Introduction and Scope; Management of Road Safety Audits; Feasibility and Design Audits; Legal Issues with Road Safety Audits; Road Safety Audit Team and Inservice Audits; Detailed Design Audit Exercise; Exercise - Unusual Problems; Audits of Design-Build Projects; Road Safety Audit Advances and International Outlook; and Closure. U1 - Institute of Transportation Engineers 1999 Annual MeetingTransportation Safety CouncilLas Vegas, Nevada StartDate:19990800 EndDate:19990800 Sponsors:Transportation Safety Council KW - Design KW - Design build KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway safety KW - International KW - Legal factors KW - Management KW - Safety audits KW - Teams KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.roadwaysafetyaudits.org/library/item82.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00938445 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS PY - 1999 SP - 136 p. AB - This field guide is intended to help those who prepare or review the coverage of visual impacts in environmental assessments or impact statements for highway projects. The guide discusses how to develop such coverage and how to review its adequacy. It presents an approach to identifying the potential importance of visual effects and then assessing the nature of these effects. Within the framework of this approach, the choice of specific assessment techniques should be tailored to the project in terms of appropriate detail and level of effort. The contents of the guide are organized in the following eight chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Esthetics and Visual Impact Assessment; (3) Scoping the Visual Impact Assessment; (4) The Visual Environment; (5) Viewer Characteristics; (6) Visual Effects of Highway Projects; (7) Visual Impact Mitigation; and (8) Management by Visual Objectives. A glossary is included. KW - Aesthetics KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Guidelines KW - Highways KW - Project management KW - Visual impact UR - http://www.dot.ca.gov/ser/downloads/visual/FHWAVisualImpactAssmt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00933886 AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ILLINOIS TRAVEL STATISTICS - 1998 PY - 1999 SP - 21 p. AB - These are the statistics for travel in Illinois during 1998. Major categories of travel statistics in the paper include statewide vehicle miles of travel, state system and urbanized areas vehicle miles of travel, and statewide vehicle miles of travel by vehicle type. A district map is also included, as well as a table of counties and corresponding districts. Both urban and rural areas are covered. KW - Counties KW - Districts and authorities KW - Illinois KW - Maps KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Travel KW - Travel by vehicle type KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://dot.state.il.us/travelstats/1998its.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11200/11256/1998its.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/724945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00912445 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION PERFORMANCE PLAN FOR THE PRESIDENT'S FISCAL YEAR 2000 BUDGET. PY - 1999 IS - PB2000-102315 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Highway planning KW - Transportation policy KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16000/16044/PB2000102315.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00909689 AU - WOJCIK, GARY S AU - FITZJARRALD, DAVID ROY AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - State University of New York, Albany AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - HEAT EXCHANGE MODELING FOR THE CURING PROCESS OF CONCRETE: ROUTE 30 BRIDGE OVER SOUTH CHUCTANUNDA CREEK, MINAVILLE, TOWN OF FLORIDA, MONTGOMERY COUNTY NEW YORK. PY - 1999 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Floors KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00814798 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - ITS America TI - FEDERAL REPORT TO THE ITS AMERICA BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING : JANUARY 14, 1999, WASHINGTON, D.C PY - 1999 SP - 18, [4] p. AB - This report contains an updates on several federal programs related Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It covers: TEA-21 ITS provision, the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI), Research and Development, Transit/ITS, Standards, Rural ITS, Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN), Professional Capacity Building, Program Assessment, ITS Web Information Resources, Outreach and Communications, and New Publications available through the ITS Electronic Document Library (EDL) web site. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/682119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806479 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - USE OF THE NATIONAL ITS ARCHITECTURE AND EMERGING STANDARDS IN METROPOLITAN MODEL DEPLOYMENT INITIATIVES (REVISED) : DECEMBER 1998 REPORT PY - 1999 SP - 10 p. AB - This report discusses the application of the National ITS Architecture and standards in the Metropolitan Model Deployment Initiative (MDI) program. The four sites examined included New York/New Jersey/Connecticut, Phoenix, San Antonio, and Seattle. The sites were found to have a high level of commonality with the National ITS Architecture framework. Commonality of interface definition between site was found, especially in the areas of broadcast interface to vehicles and location referencing. It was also found that there was significant use of developing standards. KW - Model Deployment Initiative KW - Planning KW - Standards UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16300/16382/PB2000103620.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00805912 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTED PARAMETERS: AN INPUT FOR MOISTURE CALCULATIONS - DIELECTRIC CONSTANT FROM APPARENT LENGTH PY - 1999 SP - n.p. AB - Time domain reflectometer (TDR) probes are used in the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Seasonal monitoring Program to obtain the moisture content in unbound base and subgrade materials. The TDR technique is based on the measurement of the travel time by an electromagnetic wave induced into a waveguide, in this application, a moisture probe. The apparent length is the length between the beginning and end points on the waveform that correspond to the beginning and end of the metal tube portion of the moisture probe. This apparent length of the probe can be used to calculate the dielectric constant of the material surrounding the probe. The dielectric constant is an input to the calculation of moisture content. KW - Apparent length KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calculation KW - Computed parameters KW - Constants KW - Dielectric properties KW - Input KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Moisture content KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement performance KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Seasonal Monitoring Program (LTPP) KW - Seasons KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Time domain reflectometers KW - Travel time KW - Unbound materials UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/99201/99201.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806371 AU - Stutts, Jane C AU - Hunter, William W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INJURIES TO PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLISTS: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON HOSPITAL EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DATA PY - 1999 SP - 133 p. AB - Traditionally, the U.S. Department of Transportation has relied on State motor vehicle crash data as their primary source of information on events causing injury to pedestrians and bicyclists. These data have often been referred to as "the tip of the iceberg," however, because they are limited almost entirely to motor vehicle-related events that occur on public roadways. Specifically, they exclude: (1) many bicycle-motor vehicle and pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes that occur in non-roadway locations such as parking lots, driveways, and sidewalks, and (2) bicyclist and pedestrian falls or other non-collision events that do not involve a motor vehicle, regardless of whether they occur on a roadway or in a non-roadway location. This report presents a descriptive analysis of data collected prospectively at eight hospital emergency departments over approximately a 1-year time period in three States: California, New York, and North Carolina. Information was gathered on 2,509 persons treated for injuries incurred while bicycling or walking. Results show that 70% of the reported bicycle injury events and 64% of the reported pedestrian injury events did not involve a motor vehicle. In addition, 31% of the bicyclists and 53% of the pedestrians were injured in non-roadway locations such as sidewalks, parking lots, or off-road trails. Alcohol was a factor in one-fourth of the pedestrian-motor vehicle injury events and 15% of the bicycle-motor vehicle injury events for those age 20 and older. The emergency department data were also examined in conjunction with statewide hospital discharge and motor vehicle crash data in an attempt to better define the overall scope and magnitude of the pedestrian and bicyclist injury problem. KW - Alcohol use KW - Bicycle crashes KW - California KW - Data collection KW - Hospital emergency rooms KW - Injuries KW - New York (State) KW - Non-collision accidents KW - North Carolina KW - Parking lots KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Sidewalks KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trails UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/pedbike/99078/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00804587 AU - Carroll, Randy AU - Carson, Jodi L AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COUTTS/SWEETGRASS AUTOMATED BORDER CROSSING. PHASE I PY - 1999 SP - 68 p. (429 Kb) AB - The Coutts/Sweetgrass Automated Border Crossing Project was intended to improve operational efficiency of this rural border crossing facility using ITS applications. Phase I of the Coutts/Sweetgrass Automated Border Crossing Project was intended to result in semi- automated international border crossing facility that addressed the regulatory and enforcement needs of the Montana Department of Transportation and the Alberta Transportation and Utilities, while improving the operational efficiency of the commercial vehicle industry utilizing this crossing. With the successful completion of Phase I, Phases II and III would have addressed customs and immigration requirements, respectively. However, as documented in this report, institutional challenges prevented the successful completion of Phase I and precluded the continuation of efforts into subsequent project phases. Institutional challenges associated with ITS deployment in commercial vehicle operations have been well documented in previous literature and include challenges related to: Differing perspectives and philosophies; Legislative, regulatory and organizational limitations; Lack of motivation and leadership; Communications; Funding and resource limitations; Automation constraints; and Standards KW - Automated clearance KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Customs administration KW - Law enforcement KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00803063 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ROLE OF ACCESS POLICIES IN WIRELINE SHARED RESOURCE PROJECTS PY - 1999 SP - 20 p. AB - This paper present background information for evaluating a possible relationship between the geographic extent of broadband telecommunications infrastructure available for general use, and the level of control exercised by the public right-of-way (ROW) owner over infrastructure placement in limited access highway ROW. The paper also examines the extent and depth of telecommunications support for public sector activities. The analysis is based on nine major wireline shared resource programs executed by state departments of transportation in the U.S. KW - Policy KW - Telecommunications KW - Transportation buildings KW - Transportation facilities UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/15000/15900/15932/PB2000101745.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/667246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00801235 AU - Wunderlich, Karl E AU - Mitretek Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS IMPACTS ASSESSMENT FOR SEATTLE MMDI EVALUATION : MODELING METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS : [EXECUTIVE SUMMARY] PY - 1999 SP - 18 p. AB - This document presents an executive summary of a modeling analysis of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) impacts from the SmartTrek program in Seattle, Washington. This report describes the methodology of the study and presents the finding for a mixed freeway/arterial corridor model drawn from the roadway network north of downtown Seattle. The areas studied included Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS), and Incident Management Systems (IMS). The impacts are placed in the following categories: near-term peak period delay reduction, travel time reliability, changes in regional mode choice, corridor travel throughput, fuel consumption, and emission rates. A specific feature of the study involved the quantification of likely impacts from data sharing or integrated control between three functional areas (ATIS ATMS, and IMS) and across jurisdictions KW - Smarttrek (Program : Washington) KW - Technology assessment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16700/16745/PB2000104644.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/666704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00797054 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK DRIVERS GUIDE TO ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS PY - 1999 SP - 12 p. AB - This pamphlet contains information for truck drivers on antilock braking systems (ABSs). The contents are presented as answers to the following questions: What is an ABS? How do ABSs work? How is ABS going to help me? But what if ABS is only on the tractor, or only on the trailer? How should I brake with ABS? Which vehicles have ABS, and which ones don't? How do I know if my vehicle is equipped with ABS? What happens if the ABS isn't working? What won't ABS do? What's the most important thing to remember about ABS? KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brochures KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654813 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00791870 JO - Mitretek paper ; MP 1999-27 PB - Mitretek Systems. Center for Telecommunications and Advanced Technology AU - Biesecker, Keith AU - Charleston, Giles AU - Mitretek Systems. Center for Telecommunications and Advanced Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE APPLICATION OF VARIOUS DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (XDSL) TECHNOLOGIES TO ITS : TRAFFIC VIDEO LABORATORY ASSESSMENTS PY - 1999 SP - 123 p. AB - This paper focuses on various digital subscriber line (xDSL) technologies and their potential application to Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). A summary of some of the features of xDSL technologies is given, followed by a description of a successful proof-of-concept test to assess their application to ITS. KW - Closed circuit television KW - Data communications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16000/16051/PB2000102366.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00791876 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS PY - 1999 SP - 1 portfolio (6 pamphlets) AB - This portfolio contains a series of six pamphlets dealing with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for commercial vehicle operations (CVO). The pamphlets give information on projects taking place through the Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) program KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - CVISN (Program) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00791861 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Avalon Integrated Services, Inc. TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AWARENESS CD-ROM PY - 1999 SP - 1 computer optical disc AB - This CD-ROM is designed to give an overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to meet state and local transportation planning efforts. It first defines ITS, then relates stories of successful deployment. Strategic considerations and plans for implementation are examined. The CD-ROM also contains a section which provides Internet links and resources for additional information on ITS. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649224 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00791871 JO - Mitretek paper ; MP 1999-50 PB - Mitretek Systems. Center for Telecommunications and Advanced Technology AU - Biesecker, Keith AU - Charleston, Giles AU - Mitretek Systems. Center for Telecommunications and Advanced Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE APPLICATION OF VARIOUS DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (XDSL) TECHNOLOGIES TO ITS : TRAFFIC VIDEO FIELD ASSESSMENTS PY - 1999 SP - 86 p. AB - This paper is an addendum to an earlier report (see PATH Database record no. 19339) which gives an overview of xDSL technologies. This supplement documents the field testing of an xDSL-based traffic video prototype that was built during laboratory studies. Field tests were also used to demonstrate the prototype's capabilities in an operational environment. KW - Closed circuit television KW - Data communications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16000/16050/PB2000102365.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00790507 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Department of Transportation TI - INTERSTATE 80 HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANES : INITIAL STUDY/ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PY - 1999 SP - iii, 138, 5 p. AB - This report describes a project which involves the construction of High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes along Interstate 80 in Sacramento County. It presents an assessment of the potential environmental consequences associated with the project. The report concludes that the project will not have a significant effect upon the environment. Proposed mitigation measures are included. KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impact statements KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00791497 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY 98 CD PY - 1999 SP - v.p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Safety and Traffic Operations Research and Development conducts a national R&D program to improve the safety, traffic efficiency, mobility, and trip quality of highway transportation. The focus of this Best of '98 CD is on the activities and accomplishments of the two Divisions dedicated to highway safety: the Safety Design Division and the Traffic and Driver Information Systems Division. This CD contains a compilation of documentation that provides research information in the form of fliers (short two-page, result-oriented documentations), final reports, and technical guidelines. These documents cover the following subject categories: human factors; pedestrian/bicycle; Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) test results; geometric design; highway safety; accident model/crash model information; and rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). KW - Bicycle travel KW - Geometric design KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Impact tests KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00791469 AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CALMING: A COMPILATION OF TECHNICAL REPORTS, PAPERS, CONTACTS, FACT SHEETS, AND SEMINAR MATERIALS PY - 1999 SP - v.p. AB - This CD-ROM contains technical reports, fact sheets, contacts and seminar materials dealing with the subject of traffic calming. It takes the definition of traffic calming from Ian Lockwood's "ITE Traffic Calming Definition," which was published in the ITE Journal, July 1997, page 22 and states, "Traffic calming is the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use, alter driver behavior and improve conditions for non-motorized street users." KW - CD-ROM KW - Traffic calming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649205 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00789867 JO - FLH CD E-Library PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA WESTERN FEDERAL LANDS HIGHWAY DIVISION CD E-LIBRARY PY - 1999 SP - v.p. AB - The Federal Lands Highway Program provides access to and within national forests, national parks, Indian reservations, and other public lands by preparing plans, letting contracts, supervising construction of facilities, and conducting bridge inspections and surveys. The Federal Lands Highway Divisions (Eastern, Central, and Western) provide, within their respective geographical jurisdictions, highway engineering and construction related services to other federal agencies, Federal Highway Administration offices, and foreign countries; and carry out technology and training activities. This CD-ROM is the first release of the Federal Lands Highway Program's E-Library, which will provide direct access to manuals and support data. Contained on this CD-ROM are the following: the December 1996 Federal Lands Highway Construction Manual; Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects (FP-96, 1996); and the June 1996 Metric Revision of the Federal Lands Highway Project Development and Design Manual (FHWA-DF-88-003). KW - Bridges KW - CD-ROM KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Design standards KW - Federal Lands Highway Program KW - Federal lands highways KW - Forests KW - Highway delineators KW - Indian reservations KW - Manuals KW - National parks KW - Road construction KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/653387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00789870 JO - FLH CD E-Library PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL LANDS HIGHWAY PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN MANUAL - JUNE 1996 METRIC REVISION PY - 1999 SP - v.p. AB - This manual has been developed to provide information and guidance to engineering staffs involved with project develop and design of highways. It identifies those standards, specifications, guides, and references approved for use in carrying out the highway and bridge design responsibilities in the Federal Lands Highway (FLH) Program. One primary goal of the FLH Program is to design safe, cost effective, and environmentally sound highways and roads to serve the nation's Federal Lands. This manual has been developed to assist in achieving this goal. KW - Bridges KW - CD-ROM KW - Design KW - Design standards KW - Federal Lands Highway Program KW - Federal lands highways KW - Highway design KW - Manuals KW - Specifications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5700/5790/pddm.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/653389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00789869 JO - FLH CD E-Library PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS AND BRIDGES ON FEDERAL HIGHWAY PROJECTS, FP-96, 1996 PY - 1999 SP - 828 p. AB - These standard specifications were issued primarily for constructing roads and bridges on Federal Highway projects under the direct administration of the Federal Highway Administration. These specifications are cited as "FP-96" indicating Standard Specifications issued in 1996. When designated in a contract, the FP-96 becomes part of the contract and binding upon all parties to the contract. KW - Bridges KW - CD-ROM KW - Construction KW - Federal Lands Highway Program KW - Federal lands highways KW - Road construction KW - Specifications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5700/5783/fp96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651290 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00789868 JO - FLH CD E-Library PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL LANDS HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MANUAL, DECEMBER 1996 PY - 1999 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this manual is to assist field personnel engaged in administering contracts on projects undertaken directly by the Federal Highway Administration. It provides a framework for the Federal Lands construction contract administration process. This process is intended to provide quality, cost effective and timely construction meeting customer expectations, while at the same time accomplishing agency goals with respect to training, technology and customer service. The Manual also promotes uniform application of contract requirements by Federal Lands Highways and contract inspection personnel, as well as cooperation with construction contractors in the achievement of successfully completed projects. KW - CD-ROM KW - Contract administration KW - Federal Lands Highway Program KW - Federal lands highways KW - Manuals KW - Road construction UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7565/cm_intro.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/653388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00788708 AU - Kelly, Michael J AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CENTERS PY - 1999 SP - 480 p. in various pagings AB - This document presents human factors guidelines for designers, owners operators, and planners involved in the development and operation of traffic management centers. Dimensions of the work environment affecting operator and system performance are addressed. The include: operator's work space, equipment used by operators, and job designs. Additional guidance is given for the user-centered design process. In addition, there are sections on operator capabilities, equipment design, and selection. Included is information on user-computer interface, controls, displays, and job aids and designs. KW - Human factors KW - Traffic control centers UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/99042/99042.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/8000/8700/8786/99042.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649143 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789114 AU - Power, V AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES AFFECTING INTERMODALISM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION PY - 1999 SP - p. 59-68 AB - The purposes of this paper are as follows: to describe the laws and regulations that make up the "playing field" for intermodal transport; to identify the European Union legal and regulatory issues impeding intermodal freight transport; to describe the effects of these issues on stakeholders; to identify potential opportunities for resolving these issues; and to propose potential mechanisms for regulatory change. U1 - Toward Improved Intermodal Freight Transport in Europe and the United States: Next StepsEuropean Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway AdministrationMunich, Germany StartDate:19981119 EndDate:19981120 Sponsors:European Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway Administration KW - Europe KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Legal factors KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650785 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789113 AU - Biter, R AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - U.S. INTERMODALISM: CARGO LIABILITY ISSUES PY - 1999 SP - p. 41-58 AB - In seeking to understand the U.S. laws and regulations governing cargoes moving to, from, or within the United States, the most basic statements that can be made are as follows: No single regime of rules or uniform liability system for addressing loss and damage issues exists. Few reliable sources for data allow detailed analysis of the problem. This paper outlines the laws creating today's liability regimes and explores the issues influencing any international liability regime for intermodal cargoes. U1 - Toward Improved Intermodal Freight Transport in Europe and the United States: Next StepsEuropean Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway AdministrationMunich, Germany StartDate:19981119 EndDate:19981120 Sponsors:European Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway Administration KW - Cargo facilities KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - International KW - Laws KW - Liability KW - Loss and damage KW - Regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650784 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789110 AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - TOWARD IMPROVED INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORT IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES: NEXT STEPS. REPORT OF AN ENO TRANSPORTATION FOUNDATION POLICY FORUM HELD NOVEMBER 19-20, 1998, IN MUNICH, GERMANY PY - 1999 SP - 94p AB - In November 1998, a group of high-level industry and government representatives met to discuss ways to improve intermodal freight operations between Europe and the United States. This report summarizes their discussions. The views represented include those of shippers and carriers, government and industry, rail and truck, logistics providers and corporate outsourcers, and Europeans and Americans. The Forum Proceedings includes the following subject headings: Intermodal Liability Issues, Legal and Regulatory Issues in Intermodal Transport, Best Practices in Intermodal Freight Transport, and Toward Improved European and U.S. Intermodal Freight Transport - Next Steps. In addition, the following 5 articles are included in this report: Interoperability in Intermodal Freight Transport, Intermodal Transportation and Carrier Liability, U.S. Intermodalism - Cargo Liability Issues, Legal and Regulatory Issues Affecting Intermodalism in the European Union, and Legal and Regulatory Barriers to Better International Intermodal Transport. U1 - Toward Improved Intermodal Freight Transport in Europe and the United States: Next StepsEuropean Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway AdministrationMunich, Germany StartDate:19981119 EndDate:19981120 Sponsors:European Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway Administration KW - Air cargo KW - Best practices KW - Carriers KW - Corporations KW - Europe KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Interoperability KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Logistics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Regulations KW - Shipments KW - Shippers KW - Standardization KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650781 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789112 AU - Asariotis, R AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION AND CARRIER LIABILITY PY - 1999 SP - p. 33-40 AB - This paper presents the need for developing an integrated liability system in established and potential regulatory options, as well as possible key elements of such a system. U1 - Toward Improved Intermodal Freight Transport in Europe and the United States: Next StepsEuropean Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway AdministrationMunich, Germany StartDate:19981119 EndDate:19981120 Sponsors:European Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway Administration KW - Carriers KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Liability KW - Regulatory constraints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650783 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789111 AU - Betak, J AU - Black, I AU - Morlok, E AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - INTEROPERABILITY IN INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORT PY - 1999 SP - p. 17-31 AB - In October 1997, the Eno Foundation held a policy forum on intermodal freight transport in Europe and the United States. One area identified for further consideration was standardization, harmonization, or interoperability of equipment, information, and communication technologies. This paper provides a framework and background information reflecting observations and data contained in the literature, as well as conversations with senior industry representatives. U1 - Toward Improved Intermodal Freight Transport in Europe and the United States: Next StepsEuropean Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway AdministrationMunich, Germany StartDate:19981119 EndDate:19981120 Sponsors:European Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway Administration KW - Communication systems KW - Equipment KW - Freight transportation KW - Information technology KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Interoperability KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650782 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789747 AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FHWA/NCEER WORKSHOP ON THE NATIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SEISMIC GROUND MOTION FOR NEW AND EXISTING HIGHWAY FACILITIES (EXCERPTS) PY - 1999 SP - 12p AB - The primary objective of the FHWA/NCEER Workshop was to recommend future directions for a national representation of the seismic ground shaking hazard for the design of new highway facilities and the evaluation and retrofit of existing highway facilities. A secondary objective was to identify areas where further research and/or development is needed to determine optimum characterization of ground motions for guidelines and specifications. This paper contains excerpts from the workshop proceedings. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - Highway bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismicity KW - Specifications KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7517/friedlan.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651250 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789751 AU - Youd, T L AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCREENING GUIDE FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF LIQUEFACTION HAZARD AT HIGHWAY BRIDGE SITES (EXCERPTS) PY - 1999 SP - 12p AB - As an aid to seismic hazard assessment, this report provides a "screening guide" for systematic evaluation of liquefaction hazard at bridge sites and a guide for prioritizing sites for further investigation or mitigation. The guide presents a systematic application of standard criteria for assessing liquefaction, ground displacement potential, and vulnerability of bridges to damage. This CD-ROM version contains excerpts from the original report. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Hazard evaluation KW - Highway bridges KW - Liquefaction KW - Manuals KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Seismicity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7514/youd.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651254 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789748 AU - Munfakh, G AU - Kavazanjian, E AU - Matasovic, N AU - Hadj-Hamou, T AU - Wang, J-N AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAINING COURSE IN GEOTECHNICAL AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING - NHI COURSE NO. 13239 - MODULE 9. GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING - REFERENCE MANUAL. CHAPTER 4 - GROUND MOTION CHARACTERIZATION; CHAPTER 8 - LIQUEFACTION AND SEISMIC SETTLEMENT PY - 1999 SP - 61p AB - This manual was written to provide training on how to apply principles of geotechnical earthquake engineering to planning, design, and retrofit of highway facilities. Reproduced here are two chapters that deal with (1) ground motion characterization and (2) liquefaction and seismic settlement, respectively. These chapters supersede chapters 4 and 8 in the FHWA Circular on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering for Highways, Volume 1. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Ground settlement KW - Liquefaction KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismicity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7562/kavy.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651251 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789750 AU - Seed, Raymond B AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF POST-LIQUEFACTION RESIDUAL STRENGTHS (LECTURE NOTES) PY - 1999 SP - 10p AB - The past decade has seen rapid advances in the understanding of post-liquefaction residual strength (and associated stress-deformation behavior). Despite this progress, the intrinsic difficulties involved continue to render the engineering assessment and use of post-liquefaction residual "undrained" strengths both difficult and somewhat prone to controversy. These very brief notes discuss key issues, provide illustrations of key principles and phenomena, and conclude with succinct recommendations for current practice. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Earthquake engineering KW - Liquefaction KW - Residual strength UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7515/seed.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651253 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789752 AU - Youd, T L AU - Willey, P S AU - Gilstrap, S G AU - Peterson, C R AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIQUEFACTION HAZARD EVALUATION OF INTERSTATE, FEDERAL, AND STATE HIGHWAY BRIDGE SITES IN UTAH - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (EXCERPTS) PY - 1999 SP - 9p AB - Profiles showing depths and thicknesses of possibly liquefiable layers were made for each bridge site in Utah were regional investigations indicated potential for liquefiable sediments and where adequate geotechnical information was available to estimate liquefaction resistance. These profiles are presented as figures in the project report. A summary listing the bridge locations and the cumulative thickness of liquefiable sediment in the upper 15 m of the soil profile is given in a table for all of the Priority I sites (25 bridges at river or creek crossings). This CD-ROM version contains excerpts from the executive summary of the full report. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Hazard evaluation KW - Highway bridges KW - Liquefaction KW - Seismicity KW - Soil profiles KW - Utah UR - http://utah.ptfs.com/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=10988 UR - http://utah.ptfs.com/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=10989 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7526/98-042/youd1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651255 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789749 AU - Mitchell, J K AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOME RECENT REFERENCES ON IMPROVEMENT OF LIQUEFIABLE SOILS PY - 1999 SP - 2p AB - This reference list contains four annotated references concerning the improvement of liquefiable soils. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Bibliographies KW - Earthquake engineering KW - Ground improvement KW - Liquefaction KW - Soils UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7516/mitchell.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00789213 AU - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program TI - TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENT: NEW INSIGHTS FROM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. POLICY FORUM PY - 1999 SP - 39 p. AB - This one day forum focussed on two issues: Improving the tools used in the economic analysis of the relationship between transportation investment and growth; and, improving ways to communicate findings to policy makers and the public. KW - Communication systems KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic growth KW - Government agencies KW - Infrastructure KW - Investments KW - Policy making KW - Private enterprise KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/647750 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00784647 AU - DOBRY, R AU - Abdoun, T AU - O'ROURKE, T D AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PILE RESPONSE DUE TO LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED LATERAL SPREADING OF THE GROUND PY - 1999 SP - 10p AB - A cooperative project is reported between teams at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and Cornell University to evaluate the effect of lateral spreading on pile foundations. Centrifuge tests of lateral spreading and the corresponding permanent bending moments measured in instrumented model piles conducted at RPI are used to study the problem and verify and calibrate Cornell University's computer program B-STRUCT. Individual piles and pile groups are investigated in a variety of pile and soil configurations. The paper reports in detail the results of Model 1, corresponding to the simulation of reinforced concrete piles that failed and developed two plastic hinges under the NFCH building in Niigata during the 1964 earthquake. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Bending moments KW - Calibration KW - Centrifuges KW - Computer programs KW - Earthquakes KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral spreading KW - Liquefaction KW - Niigata Earthquake KW - Pile foundations KW - Simulation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7521/dobry3.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640011 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00784648 AU - Ramos, R AU - DOBRY, R AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CENTRIFUGE MODELING OF LIQUEFACTION EFFECTS: UPDATE PROGRESS ON NCEER HIGHWAY PROJECT 106 PY - 1999 SP - 10p AB - Abdoun (1997) and Dobry and Abdoun (1998) studied the effect of lateral spreading on end bearing single piles without any restraint at the top of the pile using a centrifuge model. The bending moments in the pile due to the liquefied soil pressure were measured at different points along the pile. From the measured maximum moments, Dobry and Abdoun found that the pressure exerted by the soil per unit area of the pile has an approximately triangular shape with depth, with a maximum pressure of 17.7 kN/sq m occurring at the top of the pile. This task continues Abdoun's (1997) work, by considering the effect of a restraining element above the ground surface simulating the stiffness of the bridge deck in the direction of the lateral spread (typically the longitudinal stiffness of the bridge). U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge decks KW - Centrifuges KW - Earth pressure KW - End bearing piles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral spreading KW - Liquefaction KW - Seismicity KW - Stiffness UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7520/dobry5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640012 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00784650 AU - Finn, WDL AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVOLUTION OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS IN GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING PY - 1999 SP - 18p AB - This paper discusses the evolution of dynamic analysis in geotechnical earthquake engineering from the 1960s to the present. One of the most significant events which contributed to the rapid development of geotechnical earthquake engineering in the 1960s was the application of finite element methods to the analysis of embankment dams for the first time by Clough and Chopra (1966). A major improvement in analysis occurred in 1972 when Seed and his colleagues at the University of California in Berkeley developed the equivalent linear method of analysis for approximating nonlinear behavior. While this program development was going on, the capability of testing soils under cyclic loading was also being developed. Therefore by 1975 geotechnical engineers had many of the analytical and laboratory capabilities necessary for realistic assessments of the seismic response of soil structures. The late 1970s and the 1980s saw the development of nonlinear dynamic effective stress analysis. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Earthquake engineering KW - Effective stress KW - Finite element method KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Linear analysis KW - Liquefaction KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Repeated loads KW - Seismicity KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Soil tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7518/finn.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640014 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00784649 AU - Farrar, J A AU - Nickell, J AU - Allen, M G AU - Goble, G AU - Berger, J AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY LOSS IN LONG ROD PENETRATION TESTING - TERMINUS DAM LIQUEFACTION INVESTIGATION PY - 1999 SP - 3p AB - In order to evaluate liquefaction potential at Terminus Dam, investigations consisting of Becker Penetration Testing, cross-hole shear wave velocity, and Standard Penetration Testing (SPT) were performed. SPT drill rod lengths of up to 60 m (200 ft) were anticipated. Measurements were made to evaluate the loss in transmitted energy in long drill rods in the SPT. SPT tests were performed with a Mobile automatic hammer and NWJ drill rod. Instrumented subassemblies were located at the top of the rod string and at varying locations in the bottom of the rod string to measure energy. Energy loss was evaluated by determining the energy content in the incident wave pulse as a function of the length of the rods tested. Test results indicate an energy loss rate of 1% per 3 m (10 ft) of rod. The results indicate that for long drill rods, adjustments are required to SPT data. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Dams KW - Dissipation KW - Drill rods KW - Drills KW - Energy KW - Length KW - Liquefaction KW - Soil penetration test KW - Terminus Dam (California) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7519/farrar.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640013 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00784646 AU - Liu, L AU - DOBRY, R AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF LIQUEFACTION ON LATERAL RESPONSE OF PILES BY CENTRIFUGE MODEL TESTS PY - 1999 SP - 5p AB - This article presents work conducted on the effect of liquefaction on lateral pile response. Many existing bridges are founded on piles driven through loose sand that may liquefy during earthquake shaking. Both lateral stiffness and lateral capacity of piles (friction or end-bearing) are very sensitive to the properties of the surrounding soil. In current seismic analysis procedures, the effect of soil on lateral response is incorporated through nonlinear distributed soil springs along the pile within a beam-on-elastic foundation formulation. The pressure-deflection curves characterizing those springs, called p-y curves, depend on pile diameter, soil properties, and state of effective stresses. Therefore, it is of great interest to evaluate the influence of the pore water pressure buildup in the sand due to the shaking on the p-y curves controlling the lateral response of the pile during the rest of the shaking. This is being done in this project by means of centrifuge model testing at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 100 g-ton geotechnical centrifuge in Troy, New York. It is expected that this will result in a proposed guideline for seismic analysis of piles in liquefying sand. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Centrifuges KW - Earthquakes KW - End bearing piles KW - Friction piles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral response KW - Liquefaction KW - P-Y curves KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pore water pressures KW - Sand KW - Seismicity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7522/dobry1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00783661 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DOING BUSINESS INTERNATIONALLY: A RESOURCE GUIDE FOR THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY PY - 1999 SP - v.p. AB - The Federal government, state governments, and trade associations offer a myriad of services to assist firms interested in international business. Small- and medium-sized firms that are new to the export business have specific needs, and a number of resources are available to assist in exploring exporting opportunities. This Guide introduces key resources available to small- and medium-sized transportation firms - resources that can get the individual on the road to doing business internationally. Some of the resources presented in this Guide could fall under multiple chapters; however, each resource is listed only once under the most appropriate category. Specific agencies and topics can be found in the Index. The Guide is arranged in nine general categories. Each category identifies specific resources to help firms find the information needed. KW - Businesses KW - Exports KW - Guides to information KW - International trade UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18500/18593/PB2002100776.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/638028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00783656 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARE YOU READY? MANAGING TRANSPORTATION RESOURCES THROUGH THE Y2K WEEKEND PY - 1999 SP - 25 p. AB - This report is designed to help public agencies understand the importance of using their staff and resources in an effective manner to ensure that the transportation system is properly managed and operated during the Y2K transition weekend period. The three scenarios described in the report can be used during meetings, workshops, and other presentations as a way to encourage participants to discuss the current state of their contingency plans and improve valuable lines of communication across agency and jurisdictional boundaries. The table of contents lists the following chapter headings: I. The Challenge - Planning for the Y2K Weekend; II. Overview of Exercise - Managing the Y2K Weekend; III. Trigering Events; IV. Identifying Y2K Vulnerabilities; V. Actions to Address Vulnerabilities; VI. Building Public Confidence; and VII. Putting It All Together - A Y2K Weekend Checklist. KW - Communications KW - Human resources management KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Year 2000 date conversion UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/y2k/y2k.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/200/202/y2k.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636797 ER - TY - SER AN - 00783233 JO - Federal register [online]. Vol. 64, no. 181 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION EQUITY ACT FOR THE 21ST CENTURY : GUIDELINES FOR THE EVALUATION OF OPERATIONAL TESTS AND DEPLOYMENT PROJECTS FOR INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITS) PY - 1999 AB - This document provides implementation guidance for section 5204 (j) (1) of the Transportation equity act for the 21st century (TEA-21), 23 U.S.C. 502 Note. Guidelines and requirements for the evaluation of operational tests and deployment projects for ITS ensure the objectivity and independence of project evaluators to avoid any real or apparent conflict of interest or potential influence on the outcome by parties to such tests and projects. They also establish evaluation funding levels based on the size and scope of each test of project to ensure adequate evaluation KW - Deployment KW - Finance KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/637971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00783409 AU - Booz, Allen & Hamilton AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Los Angeles (California) TI - LOS ANGELES SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIO TRAFFIC SIGNAL INTERCONNECT : PRACTICAL LESSONS LEARNED : EVALUATION REPORT PY - 1999 SP - 34 p. AB - This report focuses on the use of spread spectrum radio (SSR) technology for traffic signal interconnection. It describes the experience in the Los Angeles SSR Traffic Signal Interconnect Field Operational Test KW - Radio KW - Spread spectrum communications KW - Technology assessment KW - Traffic signals UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16700/16759/PB2000104741.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00783407 AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Multisystems, inc AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RURAL ITS USER NEEDS PY - 1999 SP - 89 p. AB - This document describes the process used in developing a list of rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) user needs. It gives information on a workshop focusing on rural ITS user needs, and it also presents a list of rural ITS user needs based on the workshop and previous studies. KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Deployment KW - Planning KW - Policy UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16575/PB2000104357.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00784529 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BID OPENING REPORT. FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS. FIRST SIX MONTHS 1999 PY - 1999 SP - 22 p. AB - Published semi-annually, this report summarizes data for Federal-Aid highway construction contracts awarded by the various State Highway Agencies during the first half of 1999. Prior to enactment of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), the Bid Opening Reports summarized data for all Federal-Aid highway construction projects, except for Federal-Aid Secondary and Off-system projects. After enactment of the ISTEA, data contained in these reports are from Federal-Aid highway projects on the National Highway System (NHS), including Surface Transportation Program (STP) projects that are located on the NHS. Data for Federal-Aid Interstate contracts include both Interstate Construction (IC) and Interstate resurfacing, rehabilitation, restoration and reconstruction (I-4R) projects funded with pre-ISTEA funds, and IC and Interstate Maintenance funded under the ISTEA. The contents are organized as follows: (I) National Summaries: Largest 40 Contracts Awarded, 1998; Contract Award Data 1973-1999; and Size of Contract Statistics, First Half 1999; and (II) State-by-State Summaries: All Contract Awards, First Half 1999; and Interstate Awards, First Half 1999. KW - Contract administration KW - Contracts KW - Federal aid KW - Highway maintenance KW - Interstate highways KW - National Highway System KW - Road construction KW - State departments of transportation KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00782301 AU - Sarah J. Siwek and Associates AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - STATEWIDE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING UNDER ISTEA: A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR DECISIONMAKING PY - 1999 SP - 38 p. AB - ISTEA recognizes the critical role that elected officials and policy makers play in transportation decisionmaking and the importance of good information to assisting them in making sound decisions. ISTEA's planning process is designed to improve the quality and scope of information these officials receive on transportation options and on the impacts of transportation investments on their State's economy, environment, and quality of life. Each State has a different process for making transportation decisions. In some, the legislature annually approves the transportation capital investment program. Others have independent or quasi-independent commissions, boards, or authorities that are responsible for transportation decisions. In all cases, elected officials at the local, regional, or State level need good information to guide their decisions, and the ISTEA planning process is designed to provide this. This guide discusses how good transportation planning can be conducted by States and presents a new framework for transportation decision making as envisioned in ISTEA. KW - Decision making KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Investments KW - Options KW - States KW - Transportation planning UR - http://books.google.com/books/about/Statewide_transportation_planning_under.html?id=fr8kAQAAMAAJ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636185 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780109 AU - Roper, B A AU - Hiniker, C J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - PLANS, TRAINS, AND AUTOMOBILES: BIG RIVER CROSSING ISSUES IN A SMALL COMMUNITY PY - 1999 SP - 9p AB - As transportation elements of this country continue to evolve, issues that may have seemed foregone to a prior generation have crystallized into topics requiring substantive review. Witness, for example, the resurgence of both freight railroad and non-motorized traffic concerns. This trend is particularly noticeable in smaller metropolitan areas. The challenge for today's transportation professionals is to systematically identify and incorporate these broad issues into a meaningful project-specific context. This paper addresses cross-cutting topics associated with the replacement of a regional Mississippi River crossing along the Great River Road. The breadth and depth of issues define the ease with which transportation problems can be solved. In the St. Cloud, Minnesota, metropolitan area, the Sauk Rapids bridge replacement has generated a myriad of these issues. When applied to a river crossing replacement of metropolitan significance, broad-based representation from the community (defined as residents, business owners, elected officials, and transportation professionals) is essential. Engaging and educating this cohort has ultimately fostered consent in the selection of the preferred replacement alternative. Since the structural condition of the existing bridge warrants replacement, consideration of alternatives has commenced. The presence of a railroad mainline on one of the existing bridge approaches broadened the scope of potential replacements to encompass grade-separation. The practicality of applying computer tools such as MicroBENCOST, TRAF-NETSIM, and TransPlan to monetize the use benefits associated with eliminating the current at-grade crossing is evaluated. This paper also discusses the paradigm shift among area planners regarding alternative transportation modes. The existing structure is two lanes wide, with little accommodation for non-motorized transportation. On the replacement, however, these other modes will be encouraged through the provision of enhanced bicycle and pedestrian capacity. The paper summarizes the qualitative and quantitative attributes of the alternatives and reports on the outcome of the engineering feasibility study and environmental assessment. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Engineering KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freight trains KW - Grade separations KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Pedestrians KW - Public participation KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Rivers KW - Small communities KW - Transportation planning KW - User benefits UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/200/200/00780109.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512949 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780111 AU - Rogers, G W AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - INCORPORATING IMPLEMENTATION OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITS) TECHNOLOGIES INTO LOCAL PLANNING PROCESSES PY - 1999 SP - 9p AB - What is the prevailing level of understanding of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) methods, technology and benefits within communities about to become the recipient of those technologies? Given that the average citizen, as well as the average user, knows little of the beneficial aspects of ITS technology, what is the best way to approach informing private citizens, as well as potential system users? Develop an organized process for promoting integration of ITS technologies and methodologies into existing, and future, border-related planning and project development activities. The process should include both public and private entities with interests at the Western Washington border with British Columbia, Canada. Complete the necessary steps to update the region's Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plans to include the ITS concept, potential applications, and implications for the region. Develop a set of tools to educate the public about value-added aspects of avoiding costs of facility construction through the use of technology. And, finally, review Washington State Growth Management Act (GMA) comprehensive plans of the region's jurisdictions and recommend, where appropriate, adding language to identify the advantages and rationale of incorporating ITS options and benefits into those plans. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Benefits KW - British Columbia KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - International borders KW - Local government KW - Regional planning KW - Technology KW - Transportation planning KW - Washington (State) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/500/566/00780111.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512951 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780107 AU - Works, B AU - Billiar, K AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - CITIZEN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: A WORKING MODEL T2 - C PY - 1999 SP - 10p AB - All communities, regardless of their location or size, face the need to re-think and plan their transportation futures. Historically, many communities have left planning to outside sources; whether it was the district level of a state's transportation department or consultants. Each source has typically designed plans with little early input from the citizens of the community. This method, while accepted by tradition, has little opportunity for the informed community experience that allows for quality transportation decisions. One process, the Transportation Action Model, challenges the status quo of transportation planning. The Transportation Action Model (TAM), initiated and designed by a national consortium led by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, was created with two guiding principles. First, sound transportation systems and the decisions behind them are critical to the social and economic well being of communities. Second, informed community participation creates better transportation decisions. By marrying technical information with a citizen-driven decision process, the TAM helps communities produce their own blueprint for local action. In twenty-one weeks, with a minimum of twenty-five participants from a broad range of transportation stakeholders and citizens, a community can become an active voice in its transportation future. Two rural communities in Minnesota, Two Harbors and Nisswa, challenged themselves and their planning histories by using the Transportation Action Model. Both communities, each with unique transportation histories and development, sought this model as a way to deal with existing congestion impacts and future development pressures. Through public dialogue, each community could frame local transportation issues and develop potential solutions to create a Transportation Action Plan that will assist the formal transportation plans and decisions of the future. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Communities KW - Community action programs KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Impacts KW - Public participation KW - Rural areas KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation action model KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/500/569/00780107.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512947 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780108 AU - Karnowski, J AU - Anderson, M D AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - INNOVATIVE DATA COLLECTIONS TO ANALYZE NORTH CAROLINA'S AIRPORT ACTIVITIES PY - 1999 SP - 10p AB - The North Carolina Department of Transportation, Airport Division, contracted with the University of North Carolina, Charlotte (UNCC) and Street Smarts to collect origin-destination (O-D) data at all 14 North Carolina airports. UNCC was responsible for the project management and data analysis. Street Smarts was charged with the task of collecting the data. When it comes to data collection of any kind, public officials care most about one thing, "How can we get the most useable data for the money we have budgeted?" It is a reasonable question that needs an innovative answer. There are really three elements in that question that demand attention: quality of data, quantity of data, and cost of getting that information. The North Carolina Airport O-D study was an exercise in achieving an optimal balance of all three. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Airport operations KW - Analysis KW - Budgeting KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - North Carolina KW - Origin and destination UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/500/568/00780108.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512948 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780110 AU - Kott, J AU - Beningo, S AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS EARLY DEPLOYMENT PLANNING FOR A SMALL REGION PY - 1999 SP - 13p AB - Strategic planning for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in smaller metropolitan areas presents a number of difficulties. Transportation problems such as high levels of traffic congestion and complex operational challenges in both traffic and transit management often create interest in high tech solutions in large metropolitan areas. Such solutions are typically not viable in the nation's less populated regions, as solutions devised in Atlanta, Houston, Seattle and Phoenix usually do not apply to problems in places like Portland, Maine. Moreover, awareness of an experience with the use of electronics and communications systems among transportation system operators is often more limited in a small metropolitan region like Portland, Maine than in a major metropolitan center. This paper and presentation describes the successful ITS early deployment strategic planning process developed for the Portland region. This process began with assembly of relevant stakeholders, attention to raising stakeholders' awareness of ITS capabilities, costs, and benefits; development of a framework based on regional goals for evaluating ITS applications; preparation and ranking by stakeholders of a program of ITS projects; and completion of a report of findings and recommendations to regional, state and federal decision-makers. While not populous, the Portland, Maine region is a promising setting for ITS deployment. Portland is a multimodal environment for both passenger and freight movement. Passengers are served by one local and one international ferry operator, four local and two intercity bus companies, and a busy regional airport. Planning is also underway for the restoration of passenger rail service from Boston to Portland. Freight operations included containerized and bulk shipping services at the port. Rail and truck operations take place both portside and inland. The region is served by the Maine Turnpike, which has recently deployed electronic tolling, the state's first major ITS deployment. In addition, the region has a manageable number of agencies and decision-makers. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Airports KW - Automated toll collection KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bulk cargo KW - Buses KW - Container traffic KW - Decision making KW - Deployment KW - Ferries KW - Freight and passenger traffic KW - Highways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Passenger trains KW - Portland (Maine) KW - Ports KW - Railroads KW - Small cities KW - Stakeholders KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/400/497/00780110.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512950 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780105 AU - Slavin, H AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - ENHANCED FRAMEWORK FOR MODELING URBAN TRUCK TRIPS PY - 1999 SP - 13p AB - Recently there has been renewed interest in modeling urban truck movements. This is potentially important for improving traffic forecasts as well as for a host of other applications including intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Despite attempts to fit truck trips models into a passenger modeling framework, there are unique aspects of urban freight movements, such as trip chaining, that must be considered for credible models. Most urban truck trips occur on tours comprised of many vehicle trips that are chained together for efficient routing. This paper discusses models for intraurban trips and provides an enhanced framework for modeling urban truck trips that is workable for most MPOs. This framework can be implemented in the form of either aggregate or disaggregate models at the zone or establishment levels, respectively. Various approaches for overcoming data obstacles are considered including use of truck traffic counts to estimate trip tables. Use of geographic information systems (GIS) and new data sources is examined, and practical guidance is provided for model implementation. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Aggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Freight transportation KW - Geographic information systems KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intraurban trips KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic models KW - Travel KW - Trip chaining KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/500/571/00780105.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512945 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780106 AU - Khatib, Z AU - Ou, Y AU - Chang, K AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - GIS AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1999 SP - 10p AB - Two main objectives of transportation planning are to simulate the current traffic volume and to forecast the future traffic volume on a transportation network. Traffic demand modeling typically consists of the following tasks: (1) defining traffic analysis zones (TAZs) based on land-use characteristics; (2) building the transportation network; (3) collecting traffic data for calibration; and (4) performing the four-step traffic demand modeling process of trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice and trip assignment. The first two tasks used to be time-consuming because paper maps and aerial photographs were the primary tools for constructing TAZs and the transportation network. In recent years, transportation planners have used geographic information systems (GIS) to perform the tasks. A GIS is a tool capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial or geo-referenced data. It also has the additional capability in data integration, such as integration of socioeconomic and traffic data for traffic demand modeling. This paper describes the authors' experience of using a GIS to prepare TAZs and the transportation network for an Idaho statewide traffic demand model. ARC/INFO is the GIS software package for the pilot study, Latah County. The authors have used ARC/INFO to construct TAZs from different data sources. Using AML programs, they have run experiments to automatically assign TAZ centroids and centroid connectors, and to measure the effect of centroids and centroid connectors on traffic demand forecast. Overall, GIS has proven to be an efficient and effective tool for the study. It should be noted, however, that GIS cannot by itself improve the quality of input data, a critical factor in transportation planning. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Data collection KW - Geographic information systems KW - Land use KW - Mode choice KW - Networks KW - Software KW - Traffic analysis zones KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/500/570/00780106.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512946 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780102 AU - Bates, C AU - Schwetz, T AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - COOPERATION AND PATIENCE: THE KEY TO A HIGH QUALITY, SUSTAINABLE GIS PY - 1999 SP - 13p AB - Geographical Information Systems (GIS) provide a powerful tool to transportation planners and engineers for a variety of analytical tasks. However, even with the advent of PC-based GIS systems and strong state and federal support, transportation planners and engineers in small and medium-sized communities face many constraints in finding the resources to pay for a GIS and in the development of a data base that can be used for practical applications. The Lane Council of Governments (LCOG) has been a leader in the design, implementation and management of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for almost three decades. The root of this successful implementation of GIS lies in the formation of multi-jurisdictional (cities, county, utilities, MPO), multi-application (transportation, natural resources, public works, assessment and taxation, land use planning) approach (termed the Common Mapping Project) and development of a Cooperative Project Agreement which has provided for sustained development of a parcel-level data base. This approach has allowed LCOG's transportation planners to have access to a very rich database. For example, the GIS provides land use and demographic inputs to the system model and overlay analyses incorporating the transportation system (both supply and demand characteristics), natural resources (soils, topography, hydrology, etc.) and other public works features (sanitary, storm sewers, utility lines, etc.). In addition, this approach has allowed LCOG to focus its transportation planning resources on the transportation system as other agencies have provided the resources for development and maintenance of other parts of the database. The 30-year history provides evidence of success of the approach. Without this cooperative, long-term approach, it is doubtful the GIS would be available to transportation planners in the Eugene-Springfield area. Certainly, we would not have the rich database that has resulted from this integrated approach. This paper/presentation will describe the approach taken by agencies in the Eugene-Springfield area in the development of its GIS, the benefits of this approach to transportation planning in a medium-sized area, and the key lessons learned over the years. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Assessments KW - Benefits KW - Cities KW - Cooperation KW - Counties KW - Databases KW - Demand KW - Demographics KW - Geographic information systems KW - Land use planning KW - Long range planning KW - Medium sized cities KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Natural resources KW - Public utilities KW - Public works departments KW - Supply KW - Sustainable development KW - Transportation engineers KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/500/578/00780102.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512942 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780101 AU - Dosse, L AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - MAJOR INVESTMENT STUDY FOR A SMALL URBANIZED AREA CORRIDOR: CABARRUS/SOUTH ROWAN, NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1999 SP - 11p AB - The Cabarrus/South Rowan Urban Area, which has approximately 155,000 population, decided to combine their effort on a major investment study with their effort on a long-range transportation plan update. A major investment study and a long-range transportation plan both require an urban area to fulfill similar requirements, but on different scales to meet the requirements of ISTEA, the CAAA, and NEPA. The long-range transportation planning study must consider alternative modal solutions and financial resources for the area as a whole, while a major investment study focuses on these issues for a corridor or subarea. This paper describes the purpose and need for a major investment study in the Cabarrus/South Rowan Urban Area in North Carolina; how the long-range transportation planning study was adapted to meet the major investment study requirements; six alternate strategies considered for the major investment study; environmental considerations; what conclusion was determined, and why it was chosen; and the coordination effort which took place. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Coordination KW - Financial analysis KW - Investments KW - Long range planning KW - North Carolina KW - Strategic planning KW - Studies KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/600/693/00780101.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512941 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780103 AU - Thieman, S AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - ACCIDENT DATA USE AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) PY - 1999 SP - 7p AB - Project Description: The Cheyenne Area Transportation Planning Process (ChATPP) has developed a PowerPoint presentation demonstrating how to use an existing accident database with GIS software. The slides are followed by a hands-on demonstration of the GIS system using the actual data. ChATPP has been intensely involved and a leader in GIS development in the City of Cheyenne and Laramie County. Recently they have taken the steps to try and interest users, that are not GIS technical people, in the use of ArcView in a desktop application. One of the projects that has been developed, is making accident data obtained from Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) available to ArcView users. How this project was developed is explained briefly below. What is important to stress is that the information is available to users. It is also important to demonstrate to them how the software works. Background: The Cheyenne urban area has a population of approximately 72,000 people. They have a slow but steady growth of about 1% and they are the northern most city along the rapidly growing Front Range in Colorado. The Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) is responsible for transportation planning in the urban area. To assure the safety of the traveling public as the population grows, they are looking at access management standards for their main arterials. Need: Their first step was to establish if there was a need for access management standards. The number and cause of collisions are the main determinate of the safety of the roadway. So, they needed to be able to examine, in depth, the collisions that occurred along their arterial roadways to determine if they could be prevented by having access control measures in place. GIS: The Wyoming Department of Transportation is responsible for collecting all of the accident information in Wyoming. Using an extract of the state's database, they obtained database files for accidents from 1984 to 1996. The files were then put into ArcView GIS to create maps of specific locations or to use the database for queries. The end result could then be displayed graphically as well as in tabular form. The GIS also allows inquiries on the map that is linked to the database. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Maps KW - Software KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Wyoming UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/500/573/00780103.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512943 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780104 AU - Reeves, P AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - INTEGRATING TRANSPORTATION MODELING AND "DESKTOP GIS": A PRACTICAL AND AFFORDABLE ANALYSIS TOOL FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED COMMUNITIES PY - 1999 SP - 11p AB - This paper and presentation discuss some of the benefits of integrating travel demand models and "desktop GIS" (ArcInfo for PCs and ArcView for PCs) including: enhanced graphic display capabilities, increased analysis capabilities, and more efficient use of staff time. The paper and presentation describe an affordable way for small and medium sized communities to fully utilize this technology without purchasing expensive equipment. The paper and presentation also identify specific improvements to transportation planning made possible by the integration of travel demand models and GIS, such as: graphic displays that engage the public, better comparison of alternatives in NEPA/SEPA processes and documents (e.g., Environmental Impact Statements, Environmental Assessments), and enhanced travel demand management (TDM) and/or alternative mode modeling. Two examples of actual uses for this integration technique are discussed. One example is the transportation system analysis conducted for Thurston Regional Planning Council's (TRPC) Long Range Transportation Plan. The other example is the graphic enhancement of information presented to citizens, stakeholders, and policy makers during the TRPC planning process. The paper and presentation briefly discuss other potential uses for the integration of a travel demand model and desktop GIS. Examples of potential uses may include calculation of a multi-modal roadway level of service and enhanced detail for road capacity calculations. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Analysis KW - Geographic information systems KW - Graphics KW - Highway capacity KW - Information display systems KW - Level of service KW - Medium sized cities KW - Small communities KW - Systems analysis KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Travel demand management UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/500/574/00780104.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512944 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780093 AU - Godfrey, D AU - Mazzella, T AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - SUCCESS IN REDESIGNING MAIN STREETS FOR PEDESTRIANS PY - 1999 SP - 9p AB - In the Fall of 1997, the City of Kirkland installed small flashing LEDs in the pavement at two crosswalks. The systems were purchased from LightGuard, Inc. of Santa Rosa, California, and installed by City crews. The LEDs are mounted in snowplow-compatible aluminum housings that are similar in appearance and installation to raised pavement markers. Devices are installed across all travel lanes for both directions of travel on each side of the crosswalk. When activated, lights in the pavement flash at drivers across the entire roadway in both directions. Pedestrians wishing to use the crosswalk activate the flashers using standard pedestrian pushbuttons and the LEDs flash in a proprietary manner via a small solid state controller, for a programmable amount of time. The paper summarizes Kirkland's successful use of the LightGuard devices through: Background discussion of how Kirkland came to try the device; Explanation of the devices and their installation; Results of a comprehensive before-and-after study; Response of general public and elected officials; Summary of application guidelines. Additionally, the presentation will use videotape to thoroughly explain the devices and give the audience a feel for device performance. Flashing crosswalk devices are particularly suited to small communities because: They work well in relatively isolated/high speed settings. Cost of materials and installation is around $15,000. They are more effective than normal "constant on" overhead flashers, yet a fraction of the cost of traffic signals. They allow local officials to respond in an effective, reasonable way to the traditionally difficult issues of school and pedestrian safety concerns. Before they were installed in Kirkland, LightGuard devices were installed in a number of small cities in northern California. They have been approved by the California Committee on Traffic Control Devices, and Kirkland has received official FHWA authorization to experiment with the units. Additionally, before-and-after studies are being funded by FHWA. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Costs KW - Crosswalks KW - Design KW - Flashers KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Main streets KW - Pavements KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Pushbuttons KW - Redesign KW - School safety KW - Streets KW - Traffic control devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/795/00780093.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512933 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780100 AU - Reed, G L AU - Desai, H AU - Krueger, L B AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - DETERMINATION OF VEHICLE OCCUPANCY FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED AREAS PY - 1999 SP - 11p AB - Recent revisions to transportation system performance monitoring techniques have resulted in the need for data related to vehicle occupancy, or the number of persons carried in all types of highway vehicles. Rather than a continued focus on the number of vehicles moved through a corridor, measurement of the number of persons moved and speed of movement is now required in the mobility management process and congestion management systems. In addition, many strategies to improve transportation system performance have the goal of increasing vehicle occupancy. The result is the need for increasing amounts of vehicle occupancy information. During 1996 and 1997, the Florida Department of Transportation undertook a statewide study of methodologies to efficiently collect and analyze vehicle occupancy. The study processed over 2,000 hours of data collection at 21 different types of roads. Data analysis studied variation by type of facility, travel lane, direction, hour throughout the day, day of the week, and month of the year. Alternative methods of collecting data, observation locations, dealing with commercial vehicles, overhead observation points, and similar characteristics were included. Automated methods and use of alternative databases were surveyed. This paper presents a brief summary of study findings, oriented to the small to medium sized area. Overall study findings useful in evaluating how to establish an overall vehicle occupancy program, alternative methods of data collection, as well as techniques to determine vehicle occupancy for single roadways are included. The paper includes best practice recommendations for vehicle occupancy data collection, analysis, and use for small and medium sized areas. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Days KW - Directional distribution KW - Hours KW - Lane occupancy KW - Medium sized cities KW - Monitoring KW - Months KW - Performance KW - Single roadways KW - Small areas KW - Small cities KW - Transportation system management KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/600/694/00780100.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512940 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780095 AU - Shoemaker, L AU - Schwetz, T AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - SUSTAINING PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN LONG RANGE PLANNING USING A STAKEHOLDER BASED PROCESS: A CASE STUDY FROM EUGENE-SPRINGFIELD OREGON PY - 1999 SP - 15p AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act requires a proactive public involvement process that provides complete information, timely public notice, full public access to key decisions, and supports early and continuing involvement of the public in developing plans. This level of public involvement is a challenge to sustain over the course of a typical update of a transportation system plan. To ensure a proactive and continuing public involvement process, a stakeholder centered public involvement program was selected to guide the development of the Eugene-Springfield long-range transportation plan. The stakeholder process constituted the core of the public involvement program used in the recently completed update of the Eugene-Springfield transportation system plan and was the primary method of achieving sustained public involvement. A main objective of the stakeholder process was to involve groups representing a comprehensive cross section of the community, who have a vital interest in the outcome of the transportation planning process. Stakeholders participated in a series of three symposiums where key decisions were made at various points in the update process. A majority of stakeholders served on one of the three task forces that met for six months early in the process to identify potential strategies for use in the plan. In addition, many stakeholders served on focus committees overseeing development of an urban rail study, high speed rail terminal location analysis, development of plan goals and objectives, and land use design. The stakeholder process was a successful tool in getting the regional transportation plan adopted. Many valuable lessons were learned. Stakeholders can be an effective public outreach tool by partnering with them to provide two-way communication with the groups they represent, with the general public and with elected officials. Elected officials and planning commissioners were confident that all interests were represented with a comprehensive stakeholder process. Discussions with elected officials focused on the contents of the plan, rather than debating the public process. This approach provides a practical means of providing public access to a lengthy planning process, to a broad cross section of interests, and developing citizen groups well informed on a complex set of issues. This paper will detail the stakeholder process used by LCOG, the results of the process, and lessons learned in the use of this process. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Focus groups KW - High speed rail KW - Land use KW - Location KW - Long range planning KW - Partnerships KW - Public participation KW - Rail transit KW - Railroad terminals KW - Regional planning KW - Regional transportation KW - Stakeholders KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/702/00780095.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512935 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780097 AU - Shbaklo, S A AU - Krueger, L B AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - A PILOT APPLICATION STUDY OF CORRIDOR PERFORMANCE INDICATORS PY - 1999 SP - 14p AB - The need for effective multimodal performance indicators (or measures) is becoming increasingly important for adequate planning in all sizes of transportation environments, including small and medium-size communities. These measures are essential for several reasons. First, an initial determination of performance by measuring existing conditions indicates the degree of needed improvements. Second, after improvements are implemented, measurement of their performance is often required. Third, such measures are beneficial for measuring roadway improvements examined within the context of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA21). Finally, multimodal measures can be used to monitor the performance of the transportation system over time by examining changes in performance from an established base year. The purpose of this paper is to report on the testing of selected multimodal corridor performance measures for a small and medium-size area, including an evaluation of the amount and cost of required data. These measures are either based on corridor volume to indicate quantity of travel, or on time to indicate quality. Measures of corridor quantity include person throughput, vehicle miles of travel, and average vehicle occupancy. Measures of quality include average travel time, average travel speed, density, and percent time heavily congested. The measures are developed and tested within a 5-mile segment along I-95 in the City of Hollywood (population of 127,000 in 1997), located in Broward County in southeast Florida. While this city is surrounded by a much larger developed area, the test area serves the purpose of illustrating the applicability of the selected performance measures as well as data collection and cost elements for a small and medium-size are. The corridor also contains a commuter train service (Tri-Rail) that is operated by the Tri-County Commuter Rail Authority. Several types of highway and transit data were collected along the corridor. One key concern regarding the application of these measures in small and medium-size areas is the cost and method of data collection. This is because some measures may require new data that may be difficult or expensive to obtain, resulting in an extra financial burden on the smaller urban area where the competition for scarce tax or other revenue resources is high. This concern is addressed and several inferences regarding data collection and system utilization are made from this study. The results presented in this paper can be extended to apply to several classes of roadways/transportation corridors, and should benefit those responsible for the implementation of transportation corridor improvements in small and medium-size areas. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Measurement KW - Medium sized cities KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Performance KW - Public transit KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Small cities KW - Small towns KW - Time KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/600/688/00780097.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512937 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780099 AU - O'Loughlin, R M AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - ADDRESSING CONCERNS ABOUT THE MAJOR INVESTMENT STUDY REQUIREMENTS PY - 1999 SP - 10p AB - One of the new requirements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 is the requirement that State Departments of Transportation, Metropolitan Planning Organizations, and transit operators conduct a major investment study (MIS) in metropolitan areas where (1) a major investment is proposed, and (2) federal funds are potentially involved. On October 28, 1993, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) issued the Statewide and Metropolitan Planning Rule which sets out the criteria for where and when an MIS is required, what agencies should be involved, factors to be considered, relationship to the environmental process, and funding options for developing studies. Although the FHWA and FTA crafted the Metropolitan Planning Rule with the intent of providing the MIS requirements in a way that emphasized flexibility and local decision-making, the federal agencies were soon faced with concerns from local and state transportation agencies about the MIS requirements. On January 5, 1996, the FHWA and FTA authorized the FHWA and FTA Region Nine Offices (Region Nine encompasses the States of Arizona, California, Hawaii and Nevada, and the Pacific Islands) to conduct a pilot program to look at the concerns about the MIS requirements, and to make recommendations on addressing these concerns, including alternative simplified procedures for meeting the MIS requirements. In January, 1998, the FHWA and FTA Region Nine Offices submitted to their respective Headquarters Offices, the FHWA/FTA Region Nine Major Investment Study Pilot Program Evaluation Report. The two-year MIS Pilot Program included an evaluation of seventeen areas of concern with the MIS requirements, a review of the MIS efforts that successfully used innovative approaches, and the evaluation report presents findings and recommendations to address concerns about the MIS requirements. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Federal aid KW - Investments KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Public transit KW - State departments of transportation KW - Statewide and metropolitan planning rule KW - Studies KW - Transportation planning KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/600/696/00780099.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512939 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780092 AU - Chase, E T AU - Litster, T AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - REDESIGNING MAIN STREETS IN SMALL COMMUNITIES: THE VIAGRA OF TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENT PY - 1999 SP - 6p AB - The national Main Street movement is building momentum. Over 1,200 small communities across America have rediscovered their Main Streets with impressive investment in time, energy and money. The tangible measures of return include: economic growth in jobs and tax revenues; effective "recycling" of infrastructure, buildings and land; a pleasing landscape environment; and more efficient transportation networks. This paper provides a brief background of the Main Street movement and describes design elements and other factors needed to make Main Street retrofit projects a success. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - City planning KW - Communities KW - Design KW - Economic growth KW - Infrastructure KW - Investments KW - Jobs KW - Land use KW - Landscaping KW - Main streets KW - Redesign KW - Retrofitting KW - Revenues KW - Small communities KW - Streets KW - Structures KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/800/806/00780092.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512932 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780094 AU - Bell, J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT - LOW BUDGET CAN MEAN HIGH EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1999 SP - 8p AB - Public involvement on a small budget can result in a more effective outreach process. When an agency has more time than money, public involvement truly can start at "the earliest possible moment". Your community has untapped resources that can increase the time and money you have available. Once you start to identify stakeholders and existing organizations in the area, public involvement begins, with people designing, publicizing and implementing a process that they have developed. Where and how you find these unrecognized resources and gain their support will be the focus of this presentation. In addition to examples of simple approaches to get your community active in transportation planning and problem solving, you will hear about the advantages of alliance building and volunteer contributions. One example will be "The Cousins Technique". U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Alliances KW - Budgeting KW - Communities KW - Costs KW - Human resources management KW - Public opinion KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Stakeholders KW - Transportation planning KW - Volunteers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/703/00780094.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512934 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780096 AU - O'Dowd, C AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - A PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ROAD MAP PY - 1999 SP - 9p AB - In order to have effective public involvement, governments need a road map for the decision-making process. Yet, citizens from small and medium sized cities frequently do not have the resources to use sophisticated technology for public involvement programs. With limited budgets, small cities and towns frequently are not able to allocate substantial resources to public involvement. Having the funds for constructing transportation infrastructure is the priority of the local government as well as its citizens. At the same time, if the public is not involved in the decision-making, the government may run into major community resistance after investing time and money into pursuing its preferred alternative. So, what is required to prepare a public involvement road map that can guide, involving a diverse public on a limited budget? Carol O'Dowd, CMC, as a former small town manager and a participatory process consultant has used a variety of techniques to meet this challenge. She will review how to: identify and recruit participants for the public involvement journey; promote local leadership and ownership of the process; design decision-making processes that work; keep diverse groups focused on accomplishing results; solicit input and participation without creating unrealistic expectations. A major challenge to mapping a strategy for reaching a diverse public is reaching an audience that frequently is not high-tech. It is not unusual to be working with a public that is not connected to electronic media. For example, as of January 1998 only 33% of small businesses had internet addresses. Although this number is growing dramatically, many associations representing low income citizens are fortunate to have large coffee pots for their meetings, much less a modem. In some cases, citizens most impacted are in neighborhoods where the newspaper is not read with great frequency. The presentation to be made at the Small and Medium Sized Cities and Communities Conference will review a variety of low cost techniques. The presentation will be interactive to give participants the opportunity to share their local public involvement challenges and to identify techniques that work best in their communities. A paper outlining how to build a road map for a diverse public will supplement the presentation. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Budgeting KW - Communities KW - Decision making KW - Human resources management KW - Infrastructure KW - Leadership KW - Low cost KW - Low income groups KW - Medium sized cities KW - Public participation KW - Resource allocation KW - Small cities KW - Small towns KW - Technology KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/701/00780096.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512936 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780098 AU - DeCorla-Souza, P AU - Cohen, H AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - ACCOUNTING FOR INDUCED TRAVEL IN EVALUATION OF URBAN HIGHWAY EXPANSION PY - 1999 SP - 12p AB - This paper demonstrates application of the principles of economic analysis to evaluate highway capacity expansion in an urban setting, using a sketch-planning model called "Spreadsheet Model for Induced Travel Estimation" (SMITE). The application takes into account new travel that may be induced by highway expansion over and above that which is simply diverted from other regional highways. The authors demonstrate how the effects of induced travel can be incorporated into the evaluation process at a sketch planning level of analysis, especially in cases where four-step urban travel models are either unavailable or are unable to forecast the full induced demand effects, such as in small and medium-sized urban areas. The methodology and the SMITE spreadsheet can be used to provide useful information to assist policy makers in evaluating proposals for specific additions to highway capacity for corridor studies. The spreadsheet will soon be made available at: www.ota.fhwa.dot.gov/steam. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Economic analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Expansion KW - Highway capacity KW - Induced travel KW - Medium sized cities KW - Small cities KW - Spreadsheets KW - Traffic models KW - Travel KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/700/00780098.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512938 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780085 AU - Clarke, D B AU - Wegmann, F J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - PRIORITY TECHNIQUE FOR GENERAL AVIATION AIRPORT INVESTMENTS IN TENNESSEE PY - 1999 SP - 12p AB - One issue state departments of transportation must address is the allocation of funds among competing general aviation airport projects. For example, the Tennessee Aeronautics Division administers an annual program for funding projects at airports throughout the state. Although the annual funding available from state and federal funds for the program is currently almost $12 million, the demand for projects far exceeds the available monies. Further, continued reductions in the Federal Airport Improvement Program (AIP) funding for small airports has increased the competition for funding. For many years, general aviation airport projects in Tennessee were awarded on a first requested, first funded bases. With the increase in requests and the reductions in funding, a rational system for project selection was needed. Accordingly, the Division developed a scoring system to rank and prioritize projects. The system considers a variety of factors for each project, including safety, economic impact of the airport, and usage. The State Transportation Equity Fund, created in 1986 by act of the General Assembly, is the principal source of state funding for airport improvement. Taxes on the sale of aviation fuel are collected by the fund and allocated to the Department of Transportation for use in the airport program. The program received about $11.1 million from the Equity Fund during 1997. Using these funds, the Department makes statewide grants to Tennessee air carrier and general aviation airports to support safety, airport improvements, and landside improvements. The Department will cover up to 75% of the total cost, depending upon the type of project. The Aeronautics Division also serves as the administrator in Tennessee for grant applications to the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) AIP for all airports except primary commercial service. Since over 90% of the state's 78 general aviation airports are located in small or medium sized communities, the prioritization technique has extensive implications on the economic development associated with airport investments for these communities. The paper describes the prioritization technique developed for the Tennessee Aeronautics Division. Point scores are awarded in relation to project objectives, type of improvement, airsides versus landside functions, airport usage, and sponsor responsibility. Discussed are the advantages and disadvantages of using a formal prioritization technique and how the benefits and costs of projects were considered along with issues of providing equity among airports of different sizes and economic development potential. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Airport usage KW - Airside operations KW - Aviation fuels KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Federal airport Improvement Program KW - Financing KW - Fuel taxes KW - General aviation airports KW - Improvements KW - Investments KW - Landside operations (Airports) KW - Safety KW - State Transportation Equity Fund KW - Strategic planning KW - Tennessee UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1000/1066/00780085.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512925 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780091 AU - Pates, G AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - IMPROVING SMALL CITY HIGHWAYS: NEW TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING SAFETY AND LIVABILITY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PY - 1999 SP - 12p AB - Highways provide needed access to destinations in small cities in addition to allowing through travel to other places. Many small city highways are very wide and traffic speeds excessively high. Extensive paved areas, narrow sidewalks, and little greenery has resulted in a dangerous, unpleasant environment for residents and visitors. Increasing traffic volumes and resulting highway reconstruction often make problems worse. City residents recognize these problems and would like to see design solutions that improve the safety and livability of their communities. These problems are not unique to the U.S. Scandinavia has similar problems. Traffic in small cities accounts for a relatively small amount of total traffic, but for a large share of accidents and fatalities. This is especially true for pedestrian and bicycle traffic. The Danish Road Directorate, Norwegian Public Road Administration, and Finnish National Road Administration have constructed "Environmentally Adapted Throughroad" pilot projects to address these problems. They have done research, published reports, and revised their highway design guidelines as a result. Designs focus on: 1) moderating traffic speeds and fitting motor traffic into city land-use; 2) increasing the safety of pedestrian and bicycle traffic; 3) supporting the cityscape and livability with highway design; and 4) taking all community impacts into account when planning and reviewing proposed design alternatives. The planning technique of "roadway segmentation" is key in addressing these areas. Positive results have occurred. Traffic speeds and accidents are down, and small city environments have improved. Residents are satisfied with the changes. This paper presents the history, concepts, processes, and results of the Scandinavian activities. The information comes from reports and from interviews from an FHWA Study Tour that included the author. The reports include: a)"Danish Road Standards, Part 0, Road Planning in Urban Areas" - 1991; b) "Danish Road Standards, Part 7, Speed Reducers" - 1991; c) the Danish "A Catalog of Ideas" - 1993; d) "Miljoprioriterede gennemfarter, Effecter i 21 byer, Rappaport nr. 70, Danish Road Directorate" - 1996; e) "Improvement of Small City Through Roads" - Finnish National Road Administration - 1993; f)"Summary from the Norwegian Street Enhancement Program" - 1996; and other reports. The paper includes a bibliography and contacts list. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Bicycle travel KW - Communities KW - Denmark KW - Finland KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Improvements KW - Land use KW - Norway KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Quality of life KW - Roads KW - Safety KW - Scandinavia KW - Small cities KW - Streets KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/736/00780091.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512931 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780087 AU - Everett, J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - NEW AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS - ANALYTIC CHALLENGES AND PROCESS CHANGES: AN FHWA PERSPECTIVE OF THE IMPACTS ON SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED AREAS PY - 1999 SP - 12p AB - Significant changes to standards and regulations that influence metropolitan transportation planning in many areas were made in 1997. Specifically, the U.S. EPA issued both a new set of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and major revisions to the Conformity Rule. The impacts of the new standards and the conformity rule are interrelated. For example, the current conformity regulations are based on the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment nonattainment designations which in turn are based on the old NAAQS. Thus with new NAAQS one would expect new designations and a new set of conformity regulations. However, the medium to long term impacts of these changes on the planning processes and the analysis techniques employed by small-medium size areas is not yet clear. It does appear that the changes in the ozone and particulate matter standards will result in numerous new nonattainment areas, some of which will likely be considered small or medium-sized areas. This paper will first provide background information on the new standards. Second, it will provide a review of some of the applicable transportation and air quality terminology. Third, the "current" air quality status of small and medium sized areas will be described and developing issues will be discussed. Finally, information will be provided which will assist small-medium sized areas in their preparations to meet the analysis requirements under the new standards and revised regulations. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Air quality KW - Ambient air quality KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Conformity KW - Impacts KW - Medium sized cities KW - National Ambient Air Quality Standards KW - Nonattainment areas KW - Ozone KW - Particulates KW - Regulations KW - Small communities KW - Standards KW - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1000/1065/00780087.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512927 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780088 AU - Hyder, D AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - RULES, ROLES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND AIR QUALITY: ONE STATE'S VIEW PY - 1999 SP - 13p AB - The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 and the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 are pivotal moments in transportation planning in the United States. In 1997 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency revised both the ozone standard and the small particulate matter standard to be more stringent. In 1998 Congress is poised to reauthorize the ISTEA. The paper is written from the point of view of North Carolina, which operates and maintains the largest state maintained highway system in the United States. North Carolina also has seven counties classified as maintenance for one or more criteria pollutants. The new ozone standard impacts North Carolina more heavily than any state, other than Ohio. This paper examines the changes in transportation planning since 1990 and examines potential effects of recent changes to the ozone and fine particulate matter standard and what effect they might have on transportation planning. After discussing these issues, the paper then presents a number of actions and strategies to allow States and MPOs to effectively deal with the new regulations. These strategies are based on experience in North Carolina since 1990. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Air quality KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - North Carolina KW - Ozone KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1000/1060/00780088.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512928 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780086 AU - Partridge, M P AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - STATE/TRIBAL TRANSPORTATION PLANNING RELATIONS AND STRATEGIES PY - 1999 SP - 5p AB - Both ISTEA and the creation of Regional Transportation Organizations, growth management legislation, have resulted in a greatly increased need to coordinate transportation planning with Native American Tribes. Some of the problems encountered are lack of coordination between tribal transportation plans and state and regional transportation plans. This lack of coordination in many ways has hindered the ability to construct a seamless multimodal transportation network in some areas of the state. Washington State has responded to this challenge by joining with the tribal nations to hold an annual Tribal/WSDOT Transportation meeting. Since 1994, the two groups have met annually to discuss mutually agreed upon issues. At the conclusion of each meeting, advisory groups have been formed, with membership from both the tribes and WSDOT, to work on identified issues. Before the next annual meeting the advisory groups meet and formalize recommendations and solutions to the issues. These recommendations are then brought forward to the entire group at the next annual meeting. Some of the issues that have been addressed so far include: ISSUE - Tribal knowledge of ISTEA, SOLUTION - Transportation Guidebook for Tribal Governments; ISSUE - Tribal Representation on RTPOs, SOLUTION - Many Tribes are now represented on RTPO advisory and policy boards; and ISSUE - Tribal Representation on Transportation Commission, SOLUTION - Pending. Some of the lessons learned in this process are: that tribal nations are sovereign nations and each tribe deals with transportation issues differently; you must develop relationships with tribal nations before you can solve the problem; you must go slow --- the Tribal timeline is not the same as WSDOT's timeline. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Coordination KW - Guides to information KW - Interagency relations KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Native Americans KW - Regional transportation KW - Relationships KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Washington (State) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/800/867/00780086.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512926 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780089 AU - Margiotta, R AU - Cohen, H AU - DeCorla-Souza, P AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - SPEED AND DELAY PREDICTION MODELS FOR PLANNING APPLICATIONS PY - 1999 SP - 32p AB - Estimation of vehicle speed and delay is fundamental to many forms of transportation planning analyses including air quality, long-range travel forecasting, major investment studies, and congestion management systems. However, existing planning-level techniques do a poor job of estimating the duration and extent of congestion. To improve the state of the practice, a simplified queuing-based model, QSIM, was developed. QSIM incorporates several features including: the use of temporal distributions as a basis for developing hourly traffic estimates; estimation of "peak spreading"; accounting for daily variation in traffic by allowing hourly traffic estimates to vary stochastically; for freeways, the inclusion of a capacity drop after flow has broken down (i.e., after the onset of queuing) to model the growth and dissipation of queues; for arterials, considering the effects of signal density and progression; separate functions to estimate speeds in queuing and free-flow conditions, based on relationships developed with microscopic traffic simulation models; use of the concept of highway capacity to determine when traffic operates under free-flow and queuing conditions, as well as a basis for estimating free-flow speeds and the extent of queuing in the test link; and estimating delay rather than speed as the predictive variable. (Speed is then developed as a function of delay and free-flow speed). The model was used to develop a dataset from which a series of predictive equations were developed. The equations use only a few, readily available independent variables. Application of the new procedure shows that under congested conditions, it predicts substantially more delay than do traditional methods. Future work includes field validation of the models and extending them to cover a variety of bottleneck conditions. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Equations KW - Free flow speeds KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Queuing theory KW - Speed and delay studies KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1100/1195/00780089.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512929 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780090 AU - Lane, J S AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - AIR APPARENT: HOW THE MPO CAN WORK WITH AIR QUALITY PY - 1999 SP - 13p AB - Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) were established with the intention of providing the oft-quoted "comprehensive, continuing, and coordinated" transportation planning in urban areas of over 50,000 people. In reality, each MPO is defined by its members, and their interests, environment, and history. Many MPOs in high growth areas have continued conflicts with traditional highway-oriented planning that do not mesh well with the implied and direct regulatory requirements contained in the Clean Air Act Amendments and surface transportation legislation. To make matters worse, the standards for the most critical component of pollution in many areas - ground-level ozone - have been tightened, a move that will force many more MPOs into the arena of air quality planning. This paper attempts to answer two questions: what is the ability of an MPO to address air quality issues now, and what steps should be taken to develop an air quality plank in the MPO's overall platform? The key elements of a successful and cost-effective program to work with air quality are also presented, and will be the main benefit of this paper to most readers. Each program contains action items, resource requirements, and suggested sources for customizing their own program. The three tiers of programs are sensitive to the abilities of the MPO, recent changes and interpretations in air quality legislation, and should satisfy the needs of MPO constituents at a given stage of the MPOs' evolution relative to air quality. The foundation for this paper is the recent experience of an MPO and its staff administrator (the author) thrust into air quality conformity issues. The Capital Area MPO is centered on Raleigh, North Carolina, a city of 280,000 people. The total population of CAMPO is currently estimated to be about 580,000 people. In March of 1997, CAMPO encountered a conformity lapse with almost no warning. The results of the subsequent experience are presented here to help other MPOs, both in North Carolina and around the country, deal with the issue of air quality. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Conformity KW - Ground-level ozone KW - Legislation KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - North Carolina KW - Ozone KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/800/827/00780090.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512930 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780082 AU - Faris, J M AU - Ismart, D AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - FREIGHT MODELING TECHNIQUES FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED AREAS PY - 1999 SP - 8p AB - This paper presents a practical and low cost modeling technique to include freight demand and truck movements in the development of long range transportation plans. The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the new Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA 21) requires that States and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) consider urban freight in their long-range plans, transportation improvement programs, and annual work elements. However, in the last rounds of MPO long-range plan update certification reviews by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), one of the negative themes was the lack of freight and goods movement analysis within the current plans. This lack of analysis has occurred because most States and MPOs have little experience in freight planning, current and historical data on truck movements are limited, and most of the old freight models are extremely complicated. In September 1996 the U.S., Department of Transportation released the final report on the Quick Response Freight Manual through the Travel Mode Improvement Program. This manual provides the transportation modeler with simple techniques and transferable parameters which can be used to develop commercial truck movements within a conventional four-step planning model. This paper combines the techniques presented in the Quick Response Freight Manual and a simple four-step TranPlan travel demand model to develop, assign and analyze commercial truck trips in a small to medium urban area. Using the simple techniques and transferable parameters, the model could be developed with a limited amount of actual truck data. In this model, truck trips are broken into three types: four-tire; single unit; and, combination. By keeping the truck trips and auto driver trips in separate purposes, the modeler can preassign or assign the truck trips (all, four-tire, single unit, and combination) to a regular network or special truck network under a full equilibrium process. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Demand KW - Freight modeling KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Long range planning KW - Low cost KW - Medium sized cities KW - Small cities KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel KW - Travel Model Improvement Program KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1000/1077/00780082.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512922 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780084 AU - Klim, T R AU - Bilse, D AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - FORT ORD REDEVELOPMENT: COORDINATING TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE PLANNING PY - 1999 SP - 14p AB - The closure of military bases and conversion to civilian land uses is a challenging task faced by many small communities throughout the nation. Fort Ord is located in Monterey County, California and encompasses 28,000 acres of reprogrammed property. The twenty-year plan for the former military base involves replacement of 20,400 jobs and 12,800 barracks with 18,000 civilian jobs, over 13,500 residential units and a new state university for 25,000 students. The Fort Ord redevelopment plans were developed concurrently with a regional transportation study resulting in two important documents, the Fort Ord Reuse Plan/Environmental Impact Report and the Fort Ord Regional Transportation Study. This paper highlights how these two documents examined the transportation needs of the former base in context with the proposed regional transportation system. The planning process for Fort Ord redevelopment was generally considered a success in terms of forging a general consensus. The Fort Ord Reuse Plan received the American Planning Associations 1997 Outstanding Planning Award for Comprehensive Planning in a Small Jurisdiction. These plans incorporated several multimodal elements that balanced optimistic mode shifts with historical auto use. Land use and development patterns were identified as important factors contributing to the use of alternative modes of transportation. By employing concurrent planning strategies, the base reuse plan was able to explore opportunities for coordinating land use and transportation planning. The concepts of jobs-housing balance, mixed-use development, and higher density land uses were successfully employed as a means of reducing potential impacts and minimizing infrastructure costs. To ensure coordination throughout the redevelopment process, the land use guidelines promoted transit and pedestrian oriented development while the roadway design standards incorporated pedestrian and bicycle facilities. The early phases of development on the former military base are centrally located along a corridor that can best utilize transit and the existing infrastructure. The multimodal corridor serves the area's most pedestrian- and transit-oriented projects, the California State University of Monterey Bay and the University of California's Monterey Bay Environmental, Science and Technology Center. Potential funding strategies for the proposed transportation improvements were also addressed. To support the possible implementation of a development-related financing mechanism, a nexus analysis of the proposed transportation improvements was conducted. The purpose of this analysis was to identify the "fair share" of each improvement that could be allocated to future development, both within the base and off-site. The resulting multimodal transportation plan and financing strategies were designed to give local planners and policy makers the information needed to build a new community where development will not outpace the infrastructure. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Communities KW - Coordination KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Dwellings KW - Financing KW - Higher density land use KW - Infrastructure KW - Jobs KW - Jobs-housing balance KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Minimization KW - Mixed use development KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Pedestrians KW - Public transit KW - Redevelopment KW - Regional transportation KW - Resource allocation KW - Transportation planning KW - Universities and colleges UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1000/1067/00780084.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512924 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780083 AU - Gray, C AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - FRINGE LAND USE GUIDE AND STREET PLAN PY - 1999 SP - 10p AB - The Fringe Land Use Guide and Transportation Plan has been developed over the past two years by the F-M Metropolitan Council of Governments. One of the primary purposes of the project was to extend arterial and collector street planning beyond city limits, and even beyond the two mile extraterritorial area, to allow Cass County to more effectively plan for the future urban characteristics of the area. Another effort of the study was to identify and resolve issues of incompatible land uses in the areas where Fargo, North Dakota and West Fargo, North Dakota are growing together. The study included portions of Cass County, to address fringe areas outside the city limits where a significant amount of rural development is occurring. This study is also part of larger effort to help policy makers understand that there is a strong relationship between transportation and land use planning. The combined population of Fargo and West Fargo, North Dakota is approximately 97,000. There is no physical separation between the two communities, such as a river or highway, so in many areas the two cities are growing together and only a city limit line separates them. This has caused problems between the two communities related to the approval of incompatible land uses across city limit lines and varying philosophies/policies regarding the function and location of arterial and collector streets. Further complicating these issues is the fact that the extraterritorial area of the two cities overlap, and there is some competition for new growth areas. Techniques which could be applied in other Metropolitan Areas include the following: 1) Formulation of recommendations for future ROW acquisition and access management along corridors identified as future arterial roadways - Adoption of the study provides a guideline for the County and townships with regard to ROW requirements and limited access policies that should be implemented, even if they are decades in advance of urban development in the area. 2) Formation of a review process for future land use and transportation changes in the area defined as the "fringe area" - Planners from all three jurisdictions and the MPO will convene to discuss the effects of proposed land use or roadway changes in the fringe areas, where they have the greatest potential to effect the other two jurisdictions. Input from the group will be provided to the Planning Commissions considering the proposed changes. A process for this was set up in the study. 3) Incorporated land use and transportation plans of all three jurisdictions onto a single map - The map then became a tool for review and discussion of incompatible land use combinations and transportation planning issues. As a result of the review process described above, the map will be updated and refined on a regular basis. 4) Development of a map showing likely first and second tier of future urban development - Projected annual acreage of urbanization was calculated, resulting in "moderate" and "high" development scenarios for the metropolitan area. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arteries KW - Cities KW - City limits KW - Communities KW - Fringe areas KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Maps KW - North Dakota KW - Streets KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban development KW - Urban fringe KW - Urbanization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1000/1068/00780083.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512923 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00780081 AU - Yan, S AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO TRAVEL DEMAND MODELING IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED AREAS PY - 1999 SP - 13p AB - Travel demand forecasting is the foundation of many transportation planning activities such as: 1) long term system planning; 2) sub-area/corridor study; 3) air quality conformity analysis; 4) transportation concurrency analysis; and 5) assessment of development impact fees. Many large urban area planning agencies invest a significant portion of their staff time and resources in developing and maintaining their traffic models. However, small and medium-sized urban area planning agencies have fewer resources to dedicate to traffic model development. These communities can develop and maintain adequate traffic models, but they will have to use some practical and cost-effective approaches. Through developing, updating, calibrating and applying several large and small urban area travel demand forecasting models, the author has accumulated some practical approaches for travel demand modeling. These practical approaches include roadway network and traffic analysis zone definition, network data collection and processing, socioeconomic variables and trip purpose categories selection for trip generations, gravity model coefficients fine tuning for trip distribution, and model calibration. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Air quality KW - Corridors KW - Development KW - Fees KW - Forecasting KW - Impacts KW - Medium sized cities KW - Small cities KW - Systems KW - Traffic models KW - Transportation concurrency analysis KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1100/1180/Trb.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512921 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778501 AU - Roper, B A AU - Keltner, D M AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - USER BENEFITS OF RAILROAD GRADE SEPARATION IN A SMALL COMMUNITY: PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR APPLYING MICROBENCOST PY - 1999 SP - 12p AB - As transportation system elements of this country continue to evolve, issues that may have seemed foregone to a prior generation have crystallized into topics requiring substantive review. Witness, for example, the growth in both freight railroad and vehicular traffic throughout the United States over the past 15 years. The product of their interaction at grade crossings is a mixture of congestion and safety concerns. The challenge for today's transportation professionals is how to monetize these concerns when reviewing project-specific issues. One tool for assessing economic impacts during the project development process is benefit-cost analysis. This paper presents a framework for estimating roadway user benefits and costs associated with railroad grade separation in a small community by applying the software and methodology of MicroBENCOST. In addition, a specific application of this approach in the St. Cloud, Minnesota metropolitan area (population 100,000) has been included. MicroBENCOST was released by the Texas Transportation Institute in 1993 to conduct benefit-cost analysis for highway improvements. A brief discussion of the software's current release and status has been included. Like most computer software, MicroBENCOST provides the user with a number of default values. This paper identifies defaults and other data that require the use of project-specific inputs. It also discusses practical techniques to focus productive, yet low cost, data collection prior to analysis. Of greatest importance when considering railroad grade crossing issues are railroad operation values such as train distribution, length, and speed. A methodology for collecting and summarizing this data is described in order to assist others with this task. Once the necessary data has been collected, MicroBENCOST can be used to develop an input file and test a variety of alternatives. To demonstrate application of this framework, a case study involving a potential grade separation is described. Since there was some uncertainty associated with the forecasted data, a sensitivity analysis was conducted. Tips and traps associated with the use of this software are also presented. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Data collection KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Operations KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad grade separation KW - Railroads KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Small cities KW - Software KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic safety KW - User benefits UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1000/1094/00778501.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511732 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778492 AU - DeCorla-Souza, P AU - HUNT, J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES USING THE SURFACE TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS MODEL (STEAM) PY - 1999 SP - 12p AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) and its successor, the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), both emphasize assessment of multimodal alternatives and demand management strategies. This emphasis has increased the need for planners to provide good comparative information to decisionmakers. Benefit-cost analysis is a useful tool to compare the economic worth of alternatives and evaluate trade-offs between economic benefits and non- monetizable social and environmental impacts. FHWA has developed a new tool for benefit-cost analysis called the Surface Transportation Efficiency Analysis Model (STEAM), available at: www.ota.fhwa/dot.gov/steam. The software allows development of impact estimates for a wide range of transportation investments and policies, including major capital projects, pricing and travel demand management (TDM). Impact measures are monetized to the extent feasible, but quantitative estimates of natural resource usage (i.e., energy consumption) and environmental impact (e.g., emissions) are also provided. Net monetary benefits (or costs) of alternatives can then be used to evaluate trade-offs against non-monetizable benefits. This paper demonstrates a case study application of the software for a hypothetical medium-sized urban area in the U.S., called Any City. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Authority, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Oregon Department of Transportation and Idaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane, Washington StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Authority, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Oregon Department of Transportation and Idaho Transportation Department KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Capital KW - Economic analysis KW - Energy consumption KW - Environmental impacts KW - Ground transportation KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Investments KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Policy KW - Pollutants KW - Pricing KW - Software KW - Surface transportation efficiency analysis model KW - Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century KW - Travel demand management KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511723 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778497 AU - Crebbin, C AU - Hoppe, M AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - STREAMLINING TRAFFIC MITIGATION FEES PY - 1999 SP - 7p AB - The City of Lacey rewrote the ordinance governing collection of fees to mitigate development impacts on the transportation system. Previously, developers submitted traffic generation and distribution reports prepared by qualified traffic engineers. The impacts were reviewed and the mitigation required at each site in the City were iteratively negotiated. This process required substantial investment by the developer and the City. Funds collected could only be used on the specific project for which they were collected. In developing a new ordinance, the City requested public input. Roundtable discussions included builders and developers. The application of mitigation fee formulas to commercial and residential projects, as well as trip generation and distribution methodology, were discussed in these sessions. The final ordinance included trip generation reductions for commercial property and a per trip mitigation fee cap for residential properties. The ordinance also allows the City to pool money from various projects for a single project under certain circumstances, and mitigation fees can be collected for projects already built until the project costs are fully amortized. An additional result of the roundtable discussions is that the City developed a trip distribution map for each Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ). A proposed development can use this distribution, or in the alternative may hire a traffic engineer to develop an alternative distribution to be negotiated, as was done under the previous ordinance. All of these tools are based on existing information. Trip distributions were plotted using the City's transportation model assembled as part of the Transportation Comprehensive Plan. All projects to be mitigated are listed in the City's Six-Year Transportation Improvement Plan. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Commercial buildings KW - Construction KW - Developers KW - Engineers KW - Fees KW - Impacts KW - Improvements KW - Ordinances KW - Residential areas KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1100/1126/00778497.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511728 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778499 AU - Rushley, E B AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - FUNDING LARGE PROJECTS IN OHIO'S SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED METROPOLITAN PLANNING ORGANIZATION PY - 1999 SP - 6p AB - This abstract addresses how the state of Ohio assists the smaller MPO areas in funding larger transportation projects. The amount of funds and corresponding obligation ceiling available to an individual smaller MPO in a particular year make the funding of a large transportation project (>$1,000,000) virtually impossible. The intent of this paper is to describe the options the Ohio Department of Transportation and the Ohio MPOs employ in assisting the smaller areas in funding a larger project. These options would be useable by any other Department of Transportation or MPO. The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) suballocates STP funds to all sixteen MPO areas. The allocation formula for an area with less than 200,000 population is based on a per capita amount derived from the distribution formula in TEA-21 for the over 200,000 MPOs. ODOT also distributes obligation limits based upon the same percentage as the state's ceiling. In large MPO areas, the amount of funds available allow the agencies to fund a number of projects in any given year. However, a smaller area receives an average of $435,000 each year and can commit roughly $400,000 to fund projects. ODOT and the MPOs have developed several options to assist these areas in funding larger transportation projects while allowing the Transportation Improvement Program to remain fiscally constrained. These options include State Infrastructure Bank loans, borrowing/using funds and obligation limits allocated to other MPO areas. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Cost allocation KW - Financing KW - Improvements KW - Loans KW - Megaprojects KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Ohio KW - Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century KW - Transportation Improvement Program UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1100/1117/00778499.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511730 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778500 AU - Smith, S M AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - THE GRASSROOTS PUBLIC/PRIVATE TOLL MOVEMENT - THE LAKE OF THE OZARKS COMMUNITY BRIDGE PY - 1999 SP - 12p AB - From the 1930's through the 1960's, most of the toll-financed transportation facilities in the U.S. were large, statewide initiatives, such as the New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Kansas Turnpikes. When the toll movement was reborn in the form of innovative financing in the late 1980's and early 1990's, many of the proposed projects were mega-projects, such as the Orange County Tollroads and Denver's E-470. From the mid-1990's into the 21st century, a new type of toll project has emerged - the relatively small, regional project which integrates the strengths of private and public financing to meet community and regional transportation needs. The Lake of the Ozarks Community Bridge, in the State of Missouri, is a successful prototype of this new grassroots public/private toll project. Construction of the 2,695-foot (821 m), $18.2 million toll bridge began in March, 1996. Opened in May, 1998, the bridge connects the east and west sides of the Lake of the Ozarks, a popular recreation and resort attraction in central Missouri. The bridge is owned and operated by a private, not-for-profit corporation - the Lake of the Ozarks Community Bridge Corporation (LOCBC). The project was financed through the sale of $40.1 million in tax-exempt toll revenue bonds by the LOCBC. The LOCBC was Missouri's first transportation corporation, formed under the 1990 Missouri Transportation Corporation Act, which authorized the formation of non-profit corporations to develop and advance transportation projects. The bridge project is a joint effort of the LOCBC and the Missouri Department of Transportation, which funded and constructed the $5.5 million approach roadways to the bridge and provided technical assistance to the LOCBC for the bridge project. For these grassroots projects to be successful, they must address a public need, be driven by private-sector opportunity, be authorized by enabling legislation, represent a viable project concept, and be implemented through a public/private partnership. The Lake of the Ozarks Bridge project will be described through each of these factors, and lessons learned which apply to other project opportunities will be discussed. The author believes that, although such projects may not represent the leading edge of transportation privatization, these small to mid-size projects are more within the "institutional comfort zone" of state DOT's, regulators, designers, contractors, and investors. Therefore, they are more implementable and may offer more real opportunities to improve our transportation systems. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Financing KW - Legislation KW - Missouri KW - Needs assessment KW - Nonprofit corporations KW - Privatization KW - Public private partnerships KW - Toll bridges KW - Transportation projects UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1100/1103/00778500.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511731 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778493 AU - Weiss, M AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - ECONOMIC GROWTH FROM TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS: DOES IT OR DOESN'T IT PY - 1999 SP - 8p AB - In antiquity, commerce thrived along the royal roads of the great Empires. In our own day, technology growth corridors are identified by the highway that provides them access. Strange then, that there would be controversy on the proposition that transportation improvement has potential for economic growth. Yet controversy exists. Indeed, the controversy is so extensive that the 'transportation improvement brings economic growth' proposition, especially where 'transportation improvement' means 'highway improvement' has been contested on may different, sometimes mutually incompatible, grounds. These challenges are sometimes stated as fact, sometimes as conjecture, sometimes as stories and to some extent have been the basis of statue (e.g., physical capacity increases not being eligible for CMAQ funding). A sample of such challenges, which have been taken from 'anti build' themes of newsletters, seminars and conferences of various groups, follows: Sure transportation improvement brings economic growth, but if it is highway improvements, it is the fast food job growth, suburban sprawl growth, bad growth; Highway improvements make it easier to have economic growth in Mexico and cost jobs in this country; Highway improvements near business centers destroy property values and thus destroy business centers; Highway improvements connecting business just induce travel while destroying business centers; Highway improvements just induce businesses to move and shop for low labor cost thus leaving unemployed workers behind; and Highway improvements just induce more travel and ultimately cost jobs. Along with this, another trend is underway. Many economic development policy interests are finding that other prospective economic development tools, such as preferential taxation mechanisms and regional education initiatives are becoming more problematical. These interests are turning to transportation, usually highway, improvements as a tool to bring commerce to depressed or low job growth regions. One manifestation of this latter trend is the number of highway corridor advocacy groups, some of whom use the interstate shield in their group name as a symbol of their vision for a corridor. To some extent, these visions have also been given a basis in statue (e.g., future Interstate status to certain high priority corridors). A little too ironic, don't you think. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Authority, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Oregon Department of Transportation and Idaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane, Washington StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Authority, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Oregon Department of Transportation and Idaho Transportation Department KW - Business districts KW - Corridors KW - Economic growth KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Interstate highways KW - Jobs KW - Property values KW - Suburbs KW - Taxation KW - Unemployment KW - Urban sprawl UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/econdev/econdoes.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511724 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778496 AU - Ocken, R AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - IMPROVING PEDESTRIAN ACCESS TO TRANSIT: CITY OF GRESHAM'S PED-TO-MAX PROGRAM PY - 1999 SP - 9p AB - Accommodating multi-modal travel on high speed arterials is a challenge, particularly in Gresham where numerous arterials transect the city, creating barriers to pedestrains, bicyclists, and transit users. The "Ped-to-MAX" program was created to ease these barriers and improve the pedestrian environment around Gresham's eight light rail stations and town centers, where pedestrian activity is high, even though traffic volumes are heavy and moving at fast speeds. The Ped-to-MAX program redesigns existing street right-of-way and constructs facilities for pedestrians which will improve safety yet accommodate traffic. The program's objective is to create safe pedestrian areas where traffic speeds are slowed and the streetscape is aesthetically appealing, thereby encouraging more pedestrian activity and increase transit ridership. Improvements include texturized crosswalks, widened sidewalks, off-street pathways, mid-block crosswalks, intersection improvements, medians, curb extensions, street lighting, pedestrian plazas and other amenities. The city of Gresham's Transportation Planning, Streets, and Parks Divisions teamed with Tri-Met, the regional transit provider, Multnomah County, and various citizen committees in developing this much needed program. Phase I of Ped-to-MAX will be constructed in summer 1998. ISTEA is the primary source of funding for Phase I along with state and local funding. Phase II, funded through Oregon State's Transportation Growth Management Program, will begin design Fall 1998. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Access KW - Crosswalks KW - Curbs KW - Improvements KW - Intersections KW - Medians KW - Oregon KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian plazas KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Public transit KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Street lighting KW - Texture KW - Transit riders UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1100/1163/00778496.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511727 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778502 AU - Mann, W W AU - Dawoud, M AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - SIMPLIFIED 4-STEP TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS FOR ANY SIZED AREA PY - 1999 SP - 8p AB - This paper presents a streamlined version of the Washington D.C. region's 4-step travel demand forecasting model. The purpose for streamlining the model was to have a model that could: replicate the regional model; and be run in a new software, TP/4in1, that executes the entire 4-step process in one execution on a PC. The streamlined model is similar to, but more simplified than, the regional MPO model, with one major difference. The trip generation and mode split steps result in a trip generation rate of 10.0 vehicle trips per detached household for the suburban/rural trip rate. This is more in line with that of smaller communities and yet much higher than the traditional MPO trip rate for larger areas. The model is now being used for travel forecasting for rural and small communities, such as Fauquier county, Virginia, (55,000 population in 1995) on the urban fringe. This model can be adjusted to local area surveys or used "as is" for any sized area, large or small. Using this model makes executing the traditional 4-step modeling process quite easy, even for the novice model practitioner. This article also describes, very briefly, the new software developed to execute this model and is available for free to any public agency. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Forecasting KW - Households KW - Modal split KW - Personal computers KW - Rural areas KW - Software KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Trip generation KW - Vehicle trips KW - Washington Metropolitan Area UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1000/1087/00778502.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511733 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778494 AU - Rodman, V AU - Savage, K J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - THE INTERCITY NETWORK - A NEW APPROACH FOR STATEWIDE MOBILITY PY - 1999 SP - 14p AB - How can passenger travel between communities be enhanced to enable people statewide access? What criteria should be used to identify which communities need to be linked and what minimum level of service is desired? Throughout the nation, transportation planners have struggled with the issue of how to provide a minimum level of passenger intercity service. Furthermore, how should the service be funded? This abstract presents an overview of the Washington State Intercity Public Transportation Network Project. The project provides a practical model for a statewide network to guide the development of intercity travel between rural communities and urban hubs. This paper identifies the important stakeholders and their potential roles. Current providers of intercity passenger transportation are described (private bus carriers, ferries, Amtrak, airport shuttles, and local transit providing corridor type service) along with a summary of their services and facilities. The survey and data collection techniques used (e.g., GIS) to develop the inventory are presented. This is followed by a description of how the designated Intercity Network was developed, starting with the primary building blocks of the communities or "places" that should be served. Criteria to select the places will be discussed and include population size and important destinations, such as county seats, universities, military bases and regional medical facilities. The designated places are linked by corridors along interstate, state, and local highways and rail lines. Standards are presented for service along the network. For the intercity traveler, access within communities is also important. Entry points identify where the linkage is made within the communities to enhance traveler access to regional and local transportation choices. These transfer points are identified, some of which already serve as existing transportation facilities (e.g., Spokane Intermodal Station). Current intercity service is then measured against the designated Intercity Public Transportation Network standards to determine if there are any gaps. Population growth over the next 20 years is analyzed to anticipate its effect on the network. Identified deficiencies are analyzed to determine solutions that are then translated into projects. Project examples include adding a bus shelter and bus turnouts in a rural community and improving electronic signage and traveler information in small urban areas. The goal of the Intercity Network Project is to provide guidance to local, regional, and state transportation providers about where service and facility improvements can be made to enhance statewide mobility. It is not a mandate on local government regarding their resource allocation decisions. By creating a state significant intercity network and identifying associated projects, the state plays an advocacy role for the development of statewide mobility. Project implementation is achieved through state, regional, and local partnerships. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Authority, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Oregon Department of Transportation and Idaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane, Washington StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Authority, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Oregon Department of Transportation and Idaho Transportation Department KW - Access KW - Aircraft KW - Airports KW - Amtrak KW - Bus stop shelters KW - Bus transit KW - Communities KW - Corridors KW - Electronics KW - Ferries KW - Geographic information systems KW - Intercity travel KW - Level of service KW - Local transportation KW - Mobility KW - Networks KW - Origin and destination KW - Partnerships KW - Population growth KW - Public transit KW - Regional transportation KW - Rural areas KW - Shuttle service KW - Signs KW - Stakeholders KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511725 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778495 AU - Gardner, L AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - BUS RAPID TRANSIT: AN INNOVATIVE TRANSIT STRATEGY FOR MEDIUM-SIZED CITIES PY - 1999 SP - 11p AB - This paper describes an innovative transit strategy for small and medium-sized cities that provides a cost-effective alternative to rail-based rapid transit systems. Bus rapid transit is a strategy that is being developed in Eugene, Oregon to meet the community's need for an enhanced transit system, without making the capital investment required for a rail-based system. Small- and medium-sized communities struggle with the challenge of providing efficient transit service that can attract choice riders by being competitive with the automobile. While many larger communities have turned to light-rail systems as the solution to getting people out of their cars, smaller communities have neither the population base nor the financial resources to support these systems. Lane Transit District has identified a bus rapid transit (BRT) system as the most cost-effective means of achieving the community's goals to increase the use of transit. BRT is most easily envisioned as using buses to emulate the speed, comfort, and convenience of rail systems. The proposed BRT system is composed of high-frequency, fast transit service along major corridors, with smaller buses providing access from neighborhoods to the BRT lines, as well as to nearby shopping and employment. System features include exclusive bus lanes, transit signal priority systems, barrier-free fare collection and limited stops with improved facilities. BRT is well suited to medium-sized communities because it can be implemented incrementally, as funding becomes available. BRT also uses existing technology that may be easier for smaller communities to implement in the absence of planning funds. Because it emulates rail in terms of exclusive right-of-way and land use patterns that develop along the transit corridor, it can be a precursor to an eventual rail system as population continues to grow. This paper describes the benefits of BRT to medium-sized communities, focusing on the ability to implement this system easily without huge planning or capital investments. In addition, the paper describes some of the challenges to overcome in the planning process, including political issues and inter-jurisdictional coordination. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Authority, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Oregon Department of Transportation and Idaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane, Washington StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Authority, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Oregon Department of Transportation and Idaho Transportation Department KW - Barrier-free fare collection KW - Benefits KW - Bus lanes KW - Bus rapid transit KW - Buses KW - Challenges KW - Cities KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Employment KW - Fare collection KW - Land use KW - Medium sized cities KW - Neighborhoods KW - Public transit KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Shopping facilities KW - Small cities KW - Speed KW - Traffic signal preemption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511726 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778491 AU - Brotherton, C AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - STREAMLINING THE TRANSPORTATION DECISION-MAKING PROCESS PY - 1999 SP - 10p AB - Washington State has entered into an agreement with Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in Washington, D.C., to demonstrate a new way of doing business by starting the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process in the earliest planning stage of a transportation strategy. The Washington State Department of Transportation's (WDOT) Olympic Region proposes to use the State Route (SR) 104 corridor for a demonstration project to test the new model that was developed by a state-wide process improvement team. This explanation of the process to be used includes information on how the state transportation department will work to develop the long-range vision for a corridor using the NEPA process, so that the decisions made will "stick" for the many years it will take to implement all of the recommended strategies for the corridor. The process includes formation of a Steering Committee of the affected jurisdictions, permit agencies, interested groups and affected citizens to determine the issues that will be addressed. There will be an extensive public outreach and involvement process to make sure that the vision is shared by the community. A Project Management Team (PMT) will manage the project, as well as coordinate the Steering Committee. The PMT will facilitate the gathering of information about the area, and the needs and wishes for the area, into a unified vision that may impact future zoning and development in the area as well as the actual transportation solutions identified for the corridor. The SR 104 corridor to be studied is approximately 25 miles of rural two-lane road through two counties. The roadway connects an urban area (metropolitan Seattle) and a currently rural area experiencing pressure to develop in order to support the urban area. The corridor is the major transportation link between these two areas, and its future design will be critical in establishing the way in which the rural area will develop. The route has a state scenic designation, ends at a ferry terminal, includes a bridge in need of major repair, passes near tribal land and has groups in favor of development as well a those that want to remain rural. Given this, the corridor study will offer challenges that many jurisdictions must face as they try to plan for the future. Currently, the perception is that decisions are made, and then the NEPA process is started and manipulated in order to come to the decisions that have already been made. This new process will bring the right people in at the right time to make the right decisions that will then guide the development of a corridor in the future. The process has the potential to become a nation-wide model for using the NEPA process in multi-modal transportation corridor planning. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Authority, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Oregon Department of Transportation and Idaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane, Washington StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Authority, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Oregon Department of Transportation and Idaho Transportation Department KW - Bridges KW - Committees KW - Corridors KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Ferry service KW - Land use KW - Multimodal transportation KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - Native Americans KW - Project management KW - Public participation KW - Rural areas KW - Scenic highways KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Tribal lands KW - Two lane highways KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Urban areas KW - Washington (State) KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511722 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778498 AU - Grimes, W F AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - ALLOCATING FAIR SHARE COSTS IN A RURAL COMMUNITY: A HOME-GROWN APPROACH PY - 1999 SP - 10p AB - Smaller communities, like their larger cousins, must modify their transportation networks to suit changes in demand. However, unlike larger communities, smaller communities may lack the ability to pay for these improvements, either through developer contributions or through an effective capital projects budget. With the availability of capital projects grants decreasing over time, small, rural communities are becoming even less able to perform necessary system improvements to keep pace with increasing demand. This presentation discusses the constraints facing small, rural communities and how two cities and a county worked together with the assistance of local citizens, integrating land use planning, transportation planning and a geographic information system; and using a simple model to begin to allocate "fair share". U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Cities KW - Communities KW - Cost allocation KW - Geographic information systems KW - Improvements KW - Land use planning KW - Public participation KW - Rural areas KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1100/1124/00778498.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511729 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778489 AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - SIXTH NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED COMMUNITIES, SEPTEMBER 16-18, 1998, SPOKANE, WASHINGTON PY - 1999 SP - 482p AB - The Small and Medium-Sized Communities Conference was a symposium for transportation managers, planners, engineers, and elected officials from urban areas of less than 250,000 people; representatives from regional planning agencies, metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), federal, state, and local transportation agencies and T-2 centers; consultants; and citizens who had active interest in transportation. The theme was "Tools of the Trade." The conference provided ready-to-use, economical and practical techniques for planners and decision-makers in urban areas of under 250,000 people. It provided transportation planners a forum for the exchange of useful information, practical techniques, and low-cost methodologies particularly tailored to the needs of small and medium-sized urban communities. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Communities KW - Conferences KW - Consultants KW - Decision making KW - Economics KW - Federal government agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Management KW - Medium sized cities KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Regional planning KW - Small cities KW - State government agencies KW - Transportation engineers KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1100/1180/Trb.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511720 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00778490 AU - Kruse, J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - REMOVE IT AND THEY WILL DISAPPEAR: NEW EVIDENCE WHY BUILDING NEW ROADS ISN'T ALWAYS THE ANSWER PY - 1999 SP - 9p AB - While induced travel has countered the notion that cities can build themselves out of congestion, reduced travel has emerged to further challenge the way local officials think about road building. Flying in the face of conventional wisdom, new evidence shows that closing roads can eliminate traffic. A British study, released in March, 1998, is creating a buzz in the transportation circles. The study found that closing roads actually cuts driving trips. The research team, led by Phil Goodwin of University College London, one of the Blair governments key transport advisors, analyzed 60 cases worldwide where roads were closed, or their ability to carry traffic was reduced. On average, researchers found that 25% of the traffic vanished when a road was closed. And in some cases, the researchers found that an astonishing 60% of the driving trips disappeared. The question is, will it convince stalwart road supporters to curb the road building fervor and plan cities that serve its citizens? Evidence of reduced travel has surface in the U.S., but it has been met with skepticism, or ignored entirely. The main lessons from these studies, however, lend support to any city that desires a healthy transportation system. Accommodating a major change in traffic patterns like a road closure, the study shows, appears to be the system's flexibility. Commuters in the British study had a variety of travel options to choose from including public transit, walking, or working from home. This adaptability allowed for a smooth transition, demonstrating that a balanced approach to transportation planning not only better serves its citizens, but allows for improved traffic management. Many local officials have found that decreasing road capacity and expanding options for public transit, walking, and biking are rejuvenating their cities. New evidence from the UK supports these decisions, creating fresh opportunities for traffic management. By demonstrating that road closures can eliminate traffic and boost the economy, reduced travel further debunks the notion that building more roads will solve traffic problems. And as cities around the word wrestle with rising traffic congestion, evidence of reduced travel helps show that a balanced, equitable system is the most effective solution. U1 - Sixth National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized CommunitiesTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Oregon Department of TransportationIdaho Transportation DepartmentSpokane,Washington,United States StartDate:19980916 EndDate:19980918 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Oregon Department of Transportation, Idaho Transportation Department KW - Bicycling KW - Cities KW - Commuters KW - Highway capacity KW - Home offices KW - Public transit KW - Reduced travel KW - Road closing KW - Road construction KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic distribution KW - Traffic patterns KW - Travel KW - Walking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1100/1165/00778490.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00778060 AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TTI URBAN MOBILITY STUDY HOMEPAGE PY - 1999 AB - This website presents a downloadable PDF version of the Texas Transportation Institute's Urban roadway congestion annual report. This report presents travel and congestion statistics for metropolitan areas in the United States. Additionally, the website includes news releases and media coverage, the Mobility study newsletter, Strategies to address the problem, and links to "other statistics". KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00778849 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LTPP ANALYSIS: PUTTING THE DATA TO WORK PY - 1999 SP - 21 p. AB - This report provides an overview of the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program's analysis program. Specifically, it outlines the analysis projects that will be undertaken by the Federal Highway Administration in fiscal years 1999 and 2000 and those planned for pursuit through 2003. In addition, since analysis of LTPP data is now a shared responsibility with the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), this report also outlines the project selection process and projects recommended for the fiscal years 1999 and 2000 NCHRP LTPP analysis projects. KW - Analysis KW - Information processing KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pavement performance KW - Research projects UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/99169/99169.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/508726 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00770633 AU - National Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1999 TRAFFIC RECORDS FORUM PY - 1999 SP - v.p. AB - The presentations at the 1999 Traffic Records Forum include the following topics: intelligent transportation systems, traffic records systems management, FARS traffic safety reporting, crash records systems innovations, police traffic enforcement issues, safety planning, graduated drivers licensing, commercial vehicle systems data issues, GIS tools for traffic safety, data dictionaries, roadway inventory and related safety issues. U1 - 1999 Traffic Records Forum. 25th International Forum on Traffic Records and Highway Information SystemsNational Security Council, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Highway AdministrationDanvers, Massachusetts StartDate:19990718 EndDate:19990721 Sponsors:National Security Council, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Data banks KW - Data collection KW - Data files KW - Data processing operations KW - Data storage KW - Driver licensing KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Police operations KW - Records management KW - Safety management KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765999 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL MODEL: STATEWIDE APPLICATION OF DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1999 SP - 4 p. AB - This pamphlet describes the National Model, a partnership between the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the State of Iowa to demonstrate the successful integration of technologies for data collection, management, and communication of safety information. It tells how Iowa is sharing their experience with other State and local agencies, gives the status of National Model activities, and discusses the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis and "smart map" tools. Also discussed are major activities planned for 1999 and 2000. KW - Brochures KW - Data collection KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Iowa KW - Partnerships KW - Safety management KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/national/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765979 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BID OPENING REPORT. FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS. CALENDAR YEAR 1998 PY - 1999 SP - 25 p. AB - Published semi-annually, this report summarizes data for Federal-Aid highway construction contracts awarded by the various State Highway Agencies during the second half of 1998. Prior to enactment of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), the Bid Opening Reports summarized data for all Federal-Aid Secondary and Off-system projects. After enactment of the ISTEA, data contained in these reports are from Federal-Aid highway projects on the National Highway System (NHS), including Surface Transportation Program (STP) projects that are located on the NHS. Data for Federal-Aid Interstate contracts include both Interstate Construction (IC) and Interstate resurfacing, rehabilitation, restoration and reconstruction (I-4R) projects funded with pre-ISTEA funds, and IC and Interstate Maintenance funded under the ISTEA. The contents are organized as follows: (I) National Summaries: Largest 40 Contracts Awarded, 1998; Contract Award Data 1972-1998; Size of Contract Statistics, CY 1998; and Size of Contract Statistics, Second Half 1998; and (II) State-by-State Summaries: All Contract Awards, 1998; All Contract Awards, Second Half 1998; Interstate Awards, 1998; and Interstate Awards, Second Half 1998. KW - Contract administration KW - Contracts KW - Federal aid KW - Highway maintenance KW - Interstate highways KW - National Highway System KW - Road construction KW - State departments of transportation KW - Statistics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22100/22123/PB99163743.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502440 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764819 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PRESERVATION: A ROAD MAP FOR THE FUTURE. IDEAS, STRATEGIES, AND TECHNIQUES FOR PAVEMENT PRESERVATION, FORUM HELD OCTOBER 26-28, 1998, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI PY - 1999 SP - 20p AB - The purpose of this forum was to examine and discuss where the Nation stands on pavement preservation and where we want to be by the year 2005 with regard to roadway safety, higher customer satisfaction, and effective agency pavement strategies. The more than 200 participants in the workshop came from 32 States and represented industry, research, academia, and Federal, State, and local governments. They exchanged ideas on how to meet challenges in the areas of local government, management, training, data management, research, and marketing/public relations. In each breakout session, participants discussed a straw list of background issues and challenges developed by the steering committee. Participants were asked to identify roadblocks and develop consensus on a strategy for achieving the desired outcome. Breakout groups were also encouraged to explore different topics and to come up with their own lists of challenges. This report presents a summary of the key challenges, recommendations, and action items identified during the workshop. The report is intended to bring about a positive change in the way we pursue pavement preservation. U1 - Forum for the Future: Ideas, Strategies, and Techniques for Pavement PreservationAASHTO; Asphalt Emulsion Manufacturers Assoc.; Asphalt Institute; Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Assoc.; Foundation for Pavement Rehabilitation and Maintenance Research; International Grooving and Grinding Assoc.; International Slurry Surfacing Assoc.;Kansas City, Missouri StartDate:19981026 EndDate:19981028 Sponsors:AASHTO; Asphalt Emulsion Manufacturers Assoc.; Asphalt Institute; Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Assoc.; Foundation for Pavement Rehabilitation and Maintenance Research; International Grooving and Grinding Assoc.; International Slurry Surfacing Assoc.; KW - Data management KW - Marketing KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Preservation KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Public relations KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Training KW - Workshops UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/asstmgmt/roadmap.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16100/16199/PB2000102951.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501765 ER - TY - SER AN - 00764639 JO - FHWA Environmental Technology Brief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IS HIGHWAY RUNOFF A SERIOUS PROBLEM? PY - 1999 SP - 8 p. AB - This Environmental Technology Brief states that highway runoff is generally not harmful. It may be a potential threat to receiving waters, but if handled properly, it need not be a serious problem. Highway runoff is generally cleaner than runoff from buildings, farms, mines, harbors, or other non-point sources. The Federal Highway Administration encourages all jurisdictions to learn about highway runoff and its properties before implementing any strategies for its control. Given that no runoff waters are the same, a one-size-fits all approach could result in spending funds for unnecessary or inappropriate treatment. A list of references is provided that will help one prepare a solution based on scientific facts and will guide one in the selection of a management practice that best suits the situation. KW - Runoff KW - Storm water management KW - Strategic planning KW - Water quality management UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/98079/runoff.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501615 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764625 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION ISSUES IN LARGE U.S. CITIES. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 28-30, 1998 SN - 030906550X PY - 1999 IS - 18 SP - 200 p. AB - In June 1998 in Detroit, Michigan, transportation officials from the 12 largest cities in the United States, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), several state departments of transportation, metropolitan planning organizations, transit properties, and other concerned organizations came together to participate in a conference to begin to develop a better understanding of the issues and to improve transportation in large U.S. cities. One of the most important things the conference did was establish a set of research and policy issues and needs that, as they are acted on by the various stakeholders and interested parties, should improve mobility in the large urban centers of America. An important background theme throughout the conference was the central role large cities play in the economic and social health of the country. These conference proceedings contain an introduction, conference overview, the presentations by seven guest speakers, six resource papers, a list of best practices, and a list of participants. U1 - Transportation Issues in Large U.S. CitiesFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Detroit, Michigan StartDate:19980628 EndDate:19980630 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Cities KW - Conferences KW - Economic and social factors KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Mobility KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Transportation planning KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501601 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764632 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Armstrong, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RELEVANCE OF CENTRAL CITIES IN THE NATION'S 12 LARGEST URBAN REGIONS SN - 030906550X PY - 1999 IS - 18 SP - p. 126-142 AB - The nation's 12 largest urban regions, located throughout the continental United States, make up the essential core of the American economy. With few exceptions, they are America's major centers of innovation and technological advancement. Yet they are also at the front line of demographic change: they house the bulk of the country's new immigrants, they deal with evolving family and household relationships, and they cope with major growth in the nation's elderly population. Collectively home to 90 million inhabitants--a population greater than that of Mexico or Germany--the 12 largest regions and their 14 central cities represent a significant force in the global economy. In this paper a brief overview of the economic and social relevance of the nation's largest cities and their urban regions is presented. Although some cities, independent of their surrounding suburban areas, would not rank among the largest in population terms, their importance is established through their status as the central cities of the largest urban agglomerations. Because the two--city and region--are so inextricably bound, the focus in this paper is on socioeconomic trends and conditions in both areas. U1 - Transportation Issues in Large U.S. CitiesFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Detroit, Michigan StartDate:19980628 EndDate:19980630 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Cities KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Demographics KW - Detroit (Michigan) KW - Economic and social factors KW - Fort Worth (Texas) KW - Globalization KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Miami (Florida) KW - New York (New York) KW - Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) KW - San Francisco (California) KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501608 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764629 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schulz, D F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS, CONDITION, AND PERFORMANCE SN - 030906550X PY - 1999 IS - 18 SP - p. 85-97 AB - Perhaps of more interest to conference participants than the contents of this paper is what is not contained in it. After considerable searching of literature sources and the Internet and contacts with government officials responsible for collecting and analyzing such information, the author was unable to develop credible comprehensive data on the differential condition of transportation infrastructure within urban areas, that is, the differences between central city and suburban facility condition and performance. Whereas it is interesting to speculate on why this is so, it is probably sufficient to note that metropolitan planning organizations and state governments are simply not organizing and reporting their information along such lines, and in fact may be motivated not to do so. In any event, the fact that such data are not readily available is a useful finding in itself. In the paper, therefore, the condition of "urban" transport infrastructure is reviewed, including all road and transit facilities in designated urbanized areas with population exceeding 50,000, along with small urban areas with population from 5,000 to 50,000, in comparison with their rural counterparts. Most of this discussion is derived from--and, frankly, extracted from--"1997 Status of the Nation's Surface Transportation System: Condition and Performance", recently published by the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration. U1 - Transportation Issues in Large U.S. CitiesFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Detroit, Michigan StartDate:19980628 EndDate:19980630 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Bridges KW - Condition surveys KW - Infrastructure KW - Performance KW - Public transit KW - Roads KW - Rural areas KW - Small towns KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501605 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764631 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Giglio, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FINANCING SN - 030906550X PY - 1999 IS - 18 SP - p. 111-125 AB - The U.S. transit industry faces a series of profound economic, social, and political forces that force it to consider alternative ways of providing urban transportation services. Without significant structural change, the industry's ability to survive in its current form has to be questioned. This paper focuses on financial and related operational changes that can provide practical help in the near term. Many of these options have been selected, however, for their potential to assist in resolving long-term problems as well. U1 - Transportation Issues in Large U.S. CitiesFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Detroit, Michigan StartDate:19980628 EndDate:19980630 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Financing KW - Urban transit KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501607 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764633 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dreier, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRENDS, CHARACTERISTICS, AND PATTERNS IN URBAN AMERICA SN - 030906550X PY - 1999 IS - 18 SP - p. 143-189 AB - Three major points are made in this paper. First, in terms of economic trends, it is argued that problems of urban America (including its largest cities and metropolitan areas) are primarily a geographic mirror image of the nation's growing economic disparities. Second, in terms of political and policy trends, it is suggested that the federal government has generally done more to undermine urban fiscal and social health than to improve it, primarily by policies that have promoted suburbanization, sprawl, and metropolitan fragmentation, and that the increased political isolation of cities portends poorly for reversing these trends. Third, in terms of civic and governance trends, however, there are two promising tendencies: growing interest in regional approaches to metropolitan problems and growing support for a variety of community-building efforts. The key dilemma is to find ways to connect the regional and community-building agendas and to get the federal government to provide support and encouragement for these efforts. U1 - Transportation Issues in Large U.S. CitiesFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Detroit, Michigan StartDate:19980628 EndDate:19980630 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Cities KW - Communities KW - Economic and social factors KW - Federal government KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Policy KW - Political factors KW - Regional planning KW - United States KW - Urban renewal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501609 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764628 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Deakin, E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION AND CENTRAL CITIES: ENVIRONMENT AND QUALITY-OF-LIFE ISSUES SN - 030906550X PY - 1999 IS - 18 SP - p. 65-84 AB - Environmental protection and quality-of-life issues are an important part of the public policy agenda in the United States. Issues such as air and water pollution, exposure to toxic chemicals, and threats to endangered species have dominated the public discourse on the environment over the past several decades. Nevertheless, it has long been recognized that the urban, built environment is also critical to quality of life for most Americans, and recently, urban environmental and quality-of-life issues are beginning to command more attention. In this paper, transportation and its relation to environmental and quality-of-life issues faced by large cities, in particular the central cities of the largest metropolitan areas of the United States, are examined. Our changing conceptions of environmental quality and its relation to human well-being are briefly examined. Environmental and quality-of-life issues that commonly arise in the central cities of large metropolitan areas are outlined. Emerging initiatives for addressing these issues in a manner that reflects the growing understanding of the interrelationships among social factors, the economy, and the environment are reviewed. Possible research initiatives and other next steps are proposed. U1 - Transportation Issues in Large U.S. CitiesFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Detroit, Michigan StartDate:19980628 EndDate:19980630 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Cities KW - Economic and social factors KW - Environmental protection KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Quality of life KW - Research KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501604 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764630 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Peyrebrune, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INSTITUTIONAL AND GOVERNANCE ISSUES FOR LARGE CITIES IN TRANSPORTATION SN - 030906550X PY - 1999 IS - 18 SP - p. 98-110 AB - The Steering Committee for the Conference on Transportation Issues in Large U.S. Cities identified issues concerning the institutional and governance structure for transportation in central cities as one of the six major issues for the conference. Five questions were raised for discussion and research: What is the institutional and governance framework for transportation in these central cities, both internally within city government and within the region and state? What is the decision-making process for transportation? How do central cities fare in this structure, both for short-term and long-term decision making? What is the role of the central city in regional organizations, regulated transportation, and other modes? Is fragmentation of responsibilities and authority a concern? A questionnaire was prepared that included all the points of interest from the Steering Committee as well as additional questions designed to obtain a complete picture of the institutional and governance framework. The responses to the questionnaire serve two purposes: to illuminate the preparation of this paper and, at the request of the Steering Committee, to provide a description to the conference participants of the institutional and governance structure in each of the subject cities for the conference. To date, eight cities have responded, and their responses are the basis for this paper. A literature search was performed to obtain input for the paper. No similar effort to examine the institutional and governance structures for transportation in large cities was recorded; however, there are several sources dealing with the broader questions of institutional and governance issues. These sources are incorporated in this paper. U1 - Transportation Issues in Large U.S. CitiesFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Detroit, Michigan StartDate:19980628 EndDate:19980630 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Cities KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Decision making KW - Governance KW - Institutional issues KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Miami (Florida) KW - Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Transportation KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501606 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764626 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sander, E G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION ISSUES IN LARGE U.S. CITIES. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 28-30, 1998. CONFERENCE OVERVIEW SN - 030906550X PY - 1999 IS - 18 SP - p. 6-33 AB - This conference overview presents the conference objectives and states that the primary focus of the conference was to be on the transportation issues of the 14 central cities in the 12 largest metropolitan areas in the United States: New York; Los Angeles; Chicago; San Francisco; Philadelphia; Detroit; Boston; Washington, D.C.; Baltimore; Dallas; Fort Worth; Houston; Miami; and Atlanta. Following other introductory comments, the overview presents the highlights of the conference. Whereas the conference proceeded through three steps that corresponded to the conference objectives, this overview combines the sequential process into the major issues raised during the conference. For each major issue, the challenges and opportunities raised by the participants are presented. The strategies or actions developed for each issue are included. Checklists, which cities can review and accomplish either individually or in cooperation with other agencies, are identified. Finally, research needs are presented for a number of issues. At the end of the conference overview are the final session summary comments by Frank Francois, Executive Director of AASHTO; Tom Walker, Commissioner, Chicago Department of Transportation and National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) Chairman; Arthur Gazzetti of the American Public Transit Association; and Gloria Jeff, Deputy Highway Administrator, FHWA. U1 - Transportation Issues in Large U.S. CitiesFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Detroit, Michigan StartDate:19980628 EndDate:19980630 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Cities KW - Conferences KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Detroit (Michigan) KW - Fort Worth (Texas) KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Miami (Florida) KW - New York (New York) KW - Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) KW - Research KW - San Francisco (California) KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501602 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764627 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Archer, D AU - Dreier, P AU - Armstrong, R AU - Jeff, G AU - Meyer, M AU - Roberts, R AU - Hynes-Cherin, B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION ISSUES IN LARGE U.S. CITIES. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 28-30, 1998. PRESENTATIONS SN - 030906550X PY - 1999 IS - 18 SP - p. 34-61 AB - This section of the conference proceedings contains the presentations of the seven guest speakers. Dennis Archer, Mayor of the city of Detroit, in commenting on the challenges and opportunities facing Detroit and other large cities, states that "The wisdom of redeveloping urban areas and industrial brownfields seems to be dawning on a growing number of our leaders." He describes what this wisdom is accomplishing in Detroit. Peter Dreier, Occidental College, states that the problems facing America's large cities are primarily political and they cannot be solved by compassion or by fear, but by "regional cooperation to redress the imbalance between rich suburbs and poor cities." Regina Armstrong, Urbanomics, addresses the economic and social relevance of the central cities of the 12 largest metropolitan regions in the U.S. with respect to their regions and the United States as a whole. She suggests strengthening their access to the global economy and counterbalancing the in-commutation from the suburbs. Gloria Jeff, Federal Highway Administration, describes the role of the U.S. DOT with regard to our nation's large cities as one of "a visionary and vigilant organization in providing proactive leadership by assisting in the identification of opportunities, by utilizing information and data that we collect for central cities, and by looking at what they are, what they can become, and what challenges they will have in the future." Michael Meyer, Georgia Institute of Technology, summarizes the six resource papers, with comments to let us know what he got out of the papers. Roy Roberts, General Motors, discusses the partnering efforts of GM with regard to having a transportation infrastructure in America's largest cities that will be viable in the 21st century. He describes the outstanding partnership that exists between General Motors, the city of Detroit, and the state of Michigan, all working together to improve the health and vitality of the southeastern Michigan region. Brigid Hynes-Cherin, BHC Trans, reviews the six resource papers looking for implementation actions and research items. U1 - Transportation Issues in Large U.S. CitiesFederal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board.Detroit, Michigan StartDate:19980628 EndDate:19980630 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Transportation Research Board. KW - Cities KW - Conferences KW - Demonstration projects KW - Economic and social factors KW - Leadership KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Partnerships KW - Political factors KW - Research KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501603 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763302 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Duffell, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - UNITED KINGDOM STUDY OF MINOR ROAD DETERIORATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 158-170 AB - The highway maintenance scene in the United Kingdom is presented with respect chiefly to the minor (low-volume) road network. A 10-year study of the causes, consequences, and resulting maintenance options is presented based on observations in five highway authorities, at research sites of 100-m length at the worst end of the condition range. Edge- and non-edge-supported roads are featured, with or without positive and natural drainage. A pavement condition index (PCI) was developed comprising structural, surface, and edge indexes from manual surveys. Some correlation was achieved between PCI and profile from machine-based surveys. The concept of a time-independent relationship between rate of change in a number of condition indicators and absolute condition is advanced. Deterioration rates for eight conditions, as well as their variation in relation to causal factor "pairings" and between lost and remaining sites, are included. Some comparisons are made with the annual National Road Maintenance Conditions Survey of all road categories in the range of conditions found in practice. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Deterioration KW - Highway maintenance KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement condition index KW - Strategic planning KW - United Kingdom UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-54 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500667 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763309 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Thompson, R J AU - Visser, A T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGEMENT OF UNPAVED ROAD NETWORKS ON OPENCAST MINES SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 217-224 AB - In surface mining operations, ultra-heavy-haul trucks apply axle loads in excess of 200 t, but the daily load repetitions are low. Road networks for these vehicles have historically been designed empirically, relying heavily on local experience. Increasing vehicle sizes have resulted in unwarranted deformations and excessive maintenance requirements. There was thus a need to consider the transportation problem holistically, taking into account construction and maintenance costs as well as vehicle operating costs. Most opencast mines in South Africa are private endeavors, and all savings will benefit the company. A research project was undertaken in South Africa to develop a management system that takes into account different design factors. The various components of the management system are presented, and the value of its application is demonstrated through case studies. The structural design system, the pavement deterioration system, and the maintenance effectiveness are discussed. The components are then combined to provide total transportation costs and the appropriate maintenance regime to minimize total transportation cost. The system has been applied on several mines, and distinct benefits have been derived. The improved structural design of a new road resulted in a 29% savings in construction costs, compared with the tendered price of the empirically designed structure. In addition, improved wet weather trafficability was noted. Mines have also used the system as a motivation for improved maintenance equipment and strategies because significant benefits were apparent from the adoption of the maintenance management system. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Deterioration KW - Haul roads KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Mines KW - Minimization KW - South Africa KW - Structural design KW - Unpaved roads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-61 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500674 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763295 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hall, K D AU - Rao, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREDICTING SUBGRADE MOISTURE CONTENT FOR LOW-VOLUME PAVEMENT DESIGN USING IN SITU MOISTURE CONTENT DATA SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 98-107 AB - Subgrade soil strength and/or stiffness are major factors in the design and performance of pavements, particularly low-volume pavements. A practical method of realistically estimating in situ moisture content significantly improves the determination of the appropriate resilient modulus to be used for pavement design. Because of the variability in soil properties and soil behavior under repeated traffic loads, environmental factors, geometric factors, and site conditions, and because of the complexity of moisture movement in soils, the prediction of subgrade moisture content has been unreliable and complicated. In a study of subgrade moisture changes with time, temperature, precipitation, and depth at 18 sites across Arkansas, five general trends in subgrade moisture variation are identified. In addition, upper and lower equilibrium limits for subgrade moisture contents are estimated. These equilibrium values are independent of environmental factors and are solely dependent on soil properties and site conditions. Regression equations to predict upper and lower equilibrium values from soil properties are developed. It is shown that reasonable predictions of in situ moisture content may be developed, given the range of subgrade moisture content variation for a given soil type and the trends of moisture variation with temperature, precipitation, and depth. In addition, guidelines and issues to be considered when establishing a subgrade moisture content monitoring program are given. The information presented could provide agencies with responsibility for low-volume roads valuable tools for obtaining reasonable estimates of subgrade moisture conditions without the need for extensive (and expensive) soil sampling and testing programs. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Arkansas KW - Equilibrium (Systems) KW - Low volume roads KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Mechanical properties by mathematical limits or values KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Regression analysis KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-47 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500660 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763298 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Visser, A T AU - Hall, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FLEXIBLE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 121-127 AB - One of the challenges of South African civil engineers is to develop techniques for infrastructure provision appropriate to local conditions and suitable for creating employment. Local technology, consisting of welded plastic cells known as Hyson-Cells, is identified as a potential solution. After tensioning the cells, coarse aggregate is placed and compacted, after which a sand-cement grout is vibrated into the voids in the coarse aggregate. Alternatively, ready-mixed concrete can be used. The design catalogue for geocell pavements for low-volume roads is presented, and the suitability of the catalogue is demonstrated by evaluating streets that had been in service for more than 5 years. The catalogue of pavement structures was developed from the results of a laboratory study and field trials. An evaluation of eight road projects that had been in service for more than 5 years supported the structural design but also showed that construction control was important to ensure good performance. An economic analysis demonstrated that it was competitive with other pavement types normally used on access streets. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Construction KW - Economic analysis KW - Field tests KW - Geocells KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - South Africa KW - Structural design UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-50 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500663 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763312 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Elliot, W J AU - Foltz, R B AU - Luce, C H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MODELING LOW-VOLUME ROAD EROSION SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 244-249 AB - Low-volume roads are recognized as one of the primary sources of sediment in many watersheds. The authors have carried out research on the details of the complex soil erosion processes occurring on low-volume roads for more than 10 years. An overview of their research summarizes the results of numerous past and ongoing field and computer modeling studies on road erosion processes and the effects of road design on road erosion. The authors have found that insloping and outsloping effects on roads are often overshadowed by the effects of rutting. Most soil erosion on roads is from concentrated flow in ruts or ditches. Adding gravel increases hydraulic conductivity and reduces erosion. Road erosion rates can also be decreased by reducing tire pressure or by removing roads. The authors are developing applications of the Water Erosion Prediction Project model as user-friendly erosion prediction tools for road managers. Further work is required to quantify the effects of current management techniques on water quality and to develop new low-impact road design and management technology. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Computer models KW - Ditches KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Future research KW - Gravel KW - Low volume roads KW - Rutting KW - Tire pressure KW - Water Erosion Prediction Project UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-64 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500677 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763313 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tysdal, L M AU - Elliot, W J AU - Luce, C H AU - Black, T A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MODELING EROSION FROM INSLOPING LOW-VOLUME ROADS WITH WEPP WATERSHED MODEL SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 250-256 AB - Low-volume roads can be a major source of sediment to streams in forest watersheds. For soil erosion from roads to be economically mitigated, the processes that cause erosion need to be understood. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), a physically based erosion and sedimentation model, was used for predicting erosion from forest roads that can be described as hillslopes. Watershed applications of WEPP predicted erosion and sedimentation values for insloping roads that can be described as microwatersheds. How well WEPP models insloping roads through a sensitivity analysis and validation process using two studies in the Oregon Coast Range is discussed. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Computer models KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Forecasting KW - Forest roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Sedimentation KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Validation KW - Water Erosion Prediction Project KW - Watersheds UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-65 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500678 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763299 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cabana, G AU - LIAUTAUD, G AU - Faiz, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AREAWIDE PERFORMANCE-BASED REHABILITATION AND MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 128-137 AB - To address internal inefficiency and accountability issues, a number of Latin American countries have moved decisively and successfully over the last decade from force-account (direct labor) to contract maintenance. Also, there has been considerable progress in the region in transferring to the private sector, through concessions, the responsibility for improving, maintaining, and operating high-traffic-volume roads, the cost of which is recovered from tolls. Argentina, Brazil, and Chile are among the most advanced countries in this respect. More recently, some countries--particularly Argentina--have switched from the traditional quantities and unit price-based short-term maintenance contracts to long-term performance-type or results-based contracts. The new approach encompasses either routine maintenance activities alone or integrated contracts involving both the rehabilitation and routine maintenance of road networks. The latter form, the so-called CREMA system (Contrato de Recuperacion y Mantenimiento), is now being implemented in Argentina and covers approximately 12,000 km (i.e., about 40% of the national paved road network). Such contracts comprise the rehabilitation and subsequent maintenance over a 5-year period of 200-km- to 300-km-long subnetworks. A framework for extending the CREMA concept to low-volume roads is presented. The means by which this newly developed system could be extended to cover both the paving and future maintenance of low-volume roads is explained. Reasons are analyzed as to why this type of contract, which extends the contractor's share of responsibility over a relatively long period of time, would be well suited to the specific design and construction features of low-cost, low-volume paved roads--in particular, in the risks related to uncertain traffic projections and in the use of local or nontraditional materials in thin pavement structures. Finally, issues related to the use of the CREMA system--especially the need to prepare adequate contract bidding documents, conduct proper bid proposal evaluations, and monitor contractor's performance during the rehabilitation/paving and maintenance phases--are explored. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Argentina KW - Bids KW - Contracting out KW - Contracts KW - Latin America KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance KW - Monitoring KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-51 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500664 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763301 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Medina, A AU - Flintsch, G W AU - Zaniewski, John P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS-BASED PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 151-157 AB - A case study in which the researchers developed a prototype low-volume roads pavement management system (PMS) using a geographic information system (GIS) platform for Fountain Hills, Arizona, is described. The approach used and the problems faced are discussed. The first stage of the study entailed the collection of all information available from the city. City engineers provided a database with inventory and condition data, and an AutoCAD map of the city streets. The research team then evaluated several software packages. They selected the Road Surface Management System (RSMS) package developed at Arizona State University for the PMS portion. This program was developed to help local Arizona agencies systematically manage low-volume road and street pavements. The researchers evaluated two GIS packages for the study, based on the software's capabilities and the city's needs. They selected MapInfo because it was less expensive and easier to learn. A menu-driven MapInfo application that runs the RSMS software, imports the pavement maintenance and rehabilitation program, and interactively prepares and displays colored maps with the analysis results was finally prepared. The combination of RSMS and MapInfo significantly reduced the effort required to develop the prototype system. It allowed the development and implementation of a GIS-PMS for the city, based on the existing digital data. City engineers were very impressed with the prototype system's capabilities. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Case studies KW - Digital maps KW - Fountain Hills (Arizona) KW - Geographic information systems KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement management systems KW - Prototypes KW - Software UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-53 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500666 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763303 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LITZKA, J AU - Haslehner, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MAINTENANCE OF THE AUSTRIAN RURAL ROAD NETWORK: ORGANIZATION AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 171-174 AB - After more than 35 years of construction, the Austrian rural road network is almost completed. The construction of new roads will decrease within the next decade due to finalization of the development plans. Thus, the maintenance of the rural road network has been the major task for the last 10 years, and will continue to be important. An overview of the organization of the maintenance plans in the different provinces and of the financing is provided. As no federal funds are available for maintenance costs--unlike the case with new construction--only small contributions from provinces are possible, while the road owners and communities cover the majority of costs. This requires the most cost-effective maintenance methods and a lean organization for performing maintenance, like district or province maintenance associations. Research for the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has provided a practical model for the systematic maintenance of rural roads. Thus, a technical basis for systematic pavement management for rural roads is already available, including all steps for inventory, condition rating, maintenance-method choice, and prioritization. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Austria KW - Financing KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance KW - Organizations KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rural areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-55 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500668 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763305 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - HASSAN, R AU - MCMANUS, K AU - Holden, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREDICTING PAVEMENT DETERIORATION MODES USING WAVEBAND ANALYSIS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 181-187 AB - Road roughness is the result of a chain of distress mechanisms, and it combines the effects of various modes of pavement deterioration. The common measure of roughness is the international roughness index (IRI). The IRI represents the functional performance of road pavements and serves as an indicator of the structural performance. However, the use of the IRI in setting priorities for maintenance and rehabilitation programs has some flaws. The IRI cannot detect the mode and the rate of pavement deterioration that contribute to the surface roughness. In addition, the IRI may be a poor measure of truck ride and the dynamic wheel loads generated by the interaction of heavy vehicles and rough road surfaces. Roughness spectrum can be divided into certain wavebands, with each waveband corresponding to a certain mode of pavement deterioration. The power spectral density analysis of road profiles is used to view the distribution of the various wavelengths within the profile and to show the contribution of each waveband to roughness. Waveband analysis can help overcome the shortcomings of the IRI, and it provides information that helps road authorities in planning rehabilitation programs and managing the road network. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Deterioration KW - International Roughness Index KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Power spectra KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Roughness KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Strategic planning KW - Waveband analysis UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-57 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500670 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763307 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Romanoschi, S AU - Metcalf, J B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SIMPLE APPROACH TO ESTIMATION OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL CAPACITY SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 198-205 AB - The use of the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) as a tool for investigating the structural strength of flexible and rigid pavements is now common. The backcalculation of layer moduli is the primary technique for data interpretation. This technique is cumbersome and expensive to apply to low-volume roads. A simple way of relating the FWD surface deflections to the performance of pavement structures, expressed by the structural number (SN), is presented. The technique is proposed as an alternative to existing methods in Louisiana using Dynaflect data. The relationship was deduced by statistical analysis, using the data collected at the Louisiana Transportation Research Center Pavement Research Facility. The study found that the correlation between the SN and the FWD deflections is satisfactory. Two different relationships are recommended for flexible and semirigid pavements. Both relationships can be applied in a pavement management environment because they allow evaluation of the required thickness for the asphalt overlay. It was found that the structural layer coefficients must be assigned functions of the laboratory moduli determined by the indirect tensile test, not functions of the backcalculated moduli. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Low volume roads KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Structural number (Pavements) KW - Tension tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-59 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500672 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763308 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Al-Qadi, I L AU - Bhutta, S A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF SECONDARY ROAD FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RESPONSE TO VEHICULAR LOADING SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 206-216 AB - In June 1994, a secondary road pavement section 150 m long was instrumented in Bedford County, Virginia. This pavement section was composed of nine individual sections each 15 m long. Sections 1 through 3 had a limestone base course 100 mm thick (VDOT 21-B); Sections 4 through 6 had a base course 150 mm thick; and Sections 7 through 9 had a base course 200 mm thick. Three sections were stabilized with geotextiles, three were stabilized with geogrids at the base course-subgrade interface, and the other three were kept as control sections. One section from each stabilization category was included in each base course thickness group. The outside wheel path of the inner lane was instrumented with strain gauges, pressure cells, piezoelectric sensors, thermocouples, and moisture sensors. A Keithley 500-A data acquisition system was used to collect instrument responses on-site. Some of the data collected by the instruments are discussed. Section performances based on the instrumentation response to controlled and normal vehicular loading indicated that geosynthetic stabilization provided significant improvement, which was found to be in agreement with rut-depth measurements. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Limestone KW - Load cells KW - Moisture meters KW - Pavement performance KW - Piezoelectric transducers KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Secondary roads KW - Strain gages KW - Thermocouples KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-60 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500673 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763310 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Grace, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EROSION CONTROL TECHNIQUES ON FOREST ROAD CUTSLOPES AND FILLSLOPES IN NORTH ALABAMA SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 227-234 AB - Road cutslopes and fillslopes account for approximately 50% of the total road disturbance area on steep terrain and contribute as much as 60% of sediment from forest roads. The significance of erosion control techniques on these vulnerable components of the road prism has become evident in recent years. A study to gain a better understanding of erosion control techniques on road cutslopes and fillslopes is detailed. Sediment and runoff yield from three erosion control treatments and a control were investigated on west-facing 2:1 and 1.5:1 cutslopes and fillslopes, respectively, on a newly constructed road during a 30-month study. The treatments evaluated were a wood excelsior erosion mat, native species grass, and exotic species grass. Factors detected to significantly affect sediment yield from road sideslopes were treatment, time, and treatment-time interaction based on analysis of variance. Significant reductions in sediment yield and runoff were found on all treatments on both the cutslope and fillslope. The erosion mat most effectively controlled erosion losses on both slopes for all study periods. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Alabama KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Erosion mats KW - Field tests KW - Fill slopes KW - Forest roads KW - Grasses KW - Runoff KW - Sediment discharge KW - Slopes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-62 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500675 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763304 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Airey, T AU - Taylor, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRIORITIZATION PROCEDURE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF VERY LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 175-180 AB - A practical methodology for prioritizing road works on low-volume and very low-volume roads in the rural areas of developing countries is described. The methodology is based on a system for estimating future traffic on improved roads on the basis of readily available data. Moreover, the method accommodates the need to consider the opening of roads that may be currently impassable to motor traffic. The procedure is simple and transparent, and therefore it is well suited to implementation at the district level. It allows for certain basic parameters, such as minimum thresholds for viability of investments, to be set by decision makers, thereby permitting and defining the role of politicians in the process. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Decision making KW - Developing countries KW - Improvements KW - Investments KW - Local government KW - Low volume roads KW - Political factors KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Strategic planning UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-56 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500669 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763306 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kestler, M A AU - Hanek, G AU - Truebe, M AU - Bolander, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REMOVING SPRING THAW LOAD RESTRICTIONS FROM LOW-VOLUME ROADS: DEVELOPMENT OF A RELIABLE, COST-EFFECTIVE METHOD SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 188-197 AB - Low-volume roads in areas of seasonal freezing are highly susceptible to damage from trafficking during spring thaw. To minimize pavement damage, many agencies and states impose load restrictions during periods in which damage is most likely to occur. However, the magnitude and duration of reduced or prohibited hauling vary widely among agencies, and an optimal balance between maximizing local economy and minimizing road damage is rarely achieved. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory are evaluating a quantitative technique for removing load restrictions by developing correlations between pavement stiffness and soil moisture. Laboratory tests of the moisture sensors showed them to be accurate and repeatable under adverse freeze-thaw cycling. Preliminary analysis of field data showed that permanently installed time domain reflectometry and radio frequency soil moisture sensors strategically located throughout the forest road network will provide an affordable method for quantitatively determining when to remove load restrictions. Load restriction practices are reviewed, economic ramifications on the forest industry are briefly discussed, and laboratory and field test programs conducted to monitor soil moisture and pavement stiffness are outlined. In addition, instrumentation used for the study is described, observations from one of four national forest pavement test sites are presented, and the ongoing research to develop a method to remove load restrictions is discussed. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Accuracy KW - Correlation analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Economics KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load limits KW - Loads KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavements KW - Radio frequency KW - Regulations KW - Repeatability KW - Seasonally frozen ground KW - Sensors KW - Soil water KW - Spring KW - Stiffness KW - Thaw KW - Time domain reflectometers UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-58 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500671 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763300 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - MATHUR, S AU - SONI, S K AU - Murty, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USE OF LOW-COST AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS IN LOW-VOLUME ROAD CONSTRUCTION SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 138-147 AB - In India there are 0.6 million human settlements scattered all over the country. Forty-eight percent of these villages are connected with all-weather roads and the remaining 52% of these villages are yet to be connected with all-weather, black-topped roads. The prevailing construction methodologies that use mechanized implements do not suit the construction of low-volume roads in India due to the high cost of machinery and unavailability of skilled labor and technicians. In view of the above, the present methods of low-volume road construction and maintenance are largely labor-based. These methods are slow and often result in substandard quality of construction. Therefore, it is considered essential to adopt an appropriate man-machine combination. Such an approach will be necessary in the future to improve the standards of construction required for low-volume road infrastructure development and also to meet the accelerated pace of rural developmental activities. Cultivation and farming are the main activities in the villages leading to the availability of farming tractors and other related implements. Since tractors are increasingly available in large numbers in rural areas, it is considered most appropriate to make use of various agricultural implements towed by tractors for the different road construction operations. A survey was made of the existing agricultural implements suitable for carrying out the various road construction operations. Based on results of this study, different framing implements were used for various road construction activities on demonstration projects. The data obtained from these projects were analyzed to determine the technical and economic feasibility of labor-intensive and tractor-towed equipment construction techniques. An economic evaluation of these low-cost road construction techniques was performed to identify relative cost factors. Different low-cost agricultural implements and their possible use in various road construction operations are highlighted. Based on these studies, it is evident that the deployment of tractor-based techniques would result in substantial economy with the added benefit of better-finished quality of work and considerable time-saving in projects. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Demonstration projects KW - Developing countries KW - Economic analysis KW - India KW - Low volume roads KW - Rural development UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-52 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500665 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763311 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McClelland, D E AU - Foltz, R B AU - Falter, C M AU - Wilson, W D AU - Cundy, T AU - SCHUSTER, R L AU - Saurbier, J AU - Rabe, C AU - Heinemann, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RELATIVE EFFECTS ON A LOW-VOLUME ROAD SYSTEM OF LANDSLIDES RESULTING FROM EPISODIC STORMS IN NORTHERN IDAHO SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 235-243 AB - In late November to early December 1995 and February 1996, northern Idaho was hit by heavy rains on a deep snowpack, resulting in two flood and landslide events of historic magnitude. Each of these storms was larger than the previous significant storm, which occurred in January 1974. A study was initiated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service to survey and study the effects of the resultant landslides on the Clearwater National Forest, including the effects on the aquatic ecosystem. The results of this study were compared with the estimated average natural sediment resulting from landslides to evaluate the incremental impacts of these recent episodic landslides. They were also compared with the results of a study conducted on the landslides resulting from the January 1974 storm to determine if the landscape was responding more severely to large storms as a result of Forest Service management activities over the past 21 years. The general results of this study indicate that, of the Forest Service management activities, roads are the major contributor; however, they contribute less sediment than natural landslides. The total resultant sediment appears to be within the transport capacity of the aquatic system, and the landslide response in 1974 was similar to the 1995-1996 response. The results of the aquatic ecosystem study were generally mixed, with some habitat parameters indicating degradation, some unchanged, and some improved as a result of the flooding or flooding with landslide sediment. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Aquatic life KW - Clearwater National Forest KW - Degradation (Hydrology) KW - Ecosystems KW - Environmental impacts KW - Floods KW - Forest roads KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Idaho KW - Landslides KW - Low volume roads KW - Rain KW - Sediment discharge KW - Storms KW - U.S. Forest Service UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-63 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500676 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763296 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - EVANS, R P AU - McManus, K J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL MOISTURE BARRIERS TO REDUCE EXPANSIVE SOIL SUBGRADE MOVEMENT SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 108-112 AB - Throughout the world, expansive soils are known to cause damage to light structures, such as residential dwellings, road pavements, and airfields. In Australia, moderate to highly expansive soils cover more than half the state of Victoria and produce significant maintenance problems to the state's road network. Vertical moisture barriers have been used successfully in many cases across the United States to control movements generated from expansive soil subgrades. Field trials using moisture barriers have also been conducted successfully in Victoria, Australia. However, due to their expense, the treatment of using vertical moisture barriers has usually only been reserved for major highways. A review of current vertical moisture barrier construction methods in the United States is made, and a new construction method developed in Victoria that provides an effective and economical barrier is reported. This method will enable the application of vertical moisture barriers to be more attractive for sealed low-volume roads. A successful field trial of this construction method has been carried out at Dooen, in northwest Victoria, and has since been applied to several other projects in Victoria and South Australia. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Construction KW - Field tests KW - Innovation KW - Low volume roads KW - Moisture barriers KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils KW - Victoria UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-48 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500661 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763297 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Powell, W AU - Keller, G R AU - Brunette, B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATIONS FOR GEOSYNTHETICS ON FOREST SERVICE LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 113-120 AB - Today's geosynthetic products have many useful, creative, and cost-effective applications for rural, low-volume roads. In the management of almost a half-million km (quarter-million mi) of low-volume roads, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (USFS), has developed and adopted many uses for geosynthetics. An overview is presented of many of those uses and their advantages. The USFS gained much of its experience and practice with geosynthetics while constructing a wide variety of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining walls, including geotextile, timber, modular-block, and tire-faced structures, and reinforced soil slopes. More recently, the USFS has used geosynthetics for MSE bridge abutments and Deep Patch road-shoulder reinforcement. Other typical geosynthetic applications include filtration, drainage, subgrade reinforcement, and erosion control. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Bridge abutments KW - Drainage KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Filtration KW - Forest roads KW - Geosynthetics KW - Low volume roads KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Retaining walls KW - Road shoulders KW - Slopes KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-49 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500662 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763278 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mohammad, L N AU - Titi, H H AU - Herath, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATION OF RESILIENT MODULUS OF SUBGRADE SOIL BY CONE PENETRATION TEST SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 236-245 AB - Pavement design based on the resilient modulus of subgrade soil has been adopted by many transportation agencies following the recommendations of the AASHTO guide for design of pavement structures. Laboratory and field nondestructive tests are generally used to evaluate the resilient modulus of subgrade soil. These methods have shortcomings and limitations and are considered laborious, time-consuming, and expensive. The difficulties associated with the existing methods signify the need for a popular in situ technology for evaluating the resilient modulus of subgrade soil. Among other methods, the cone penetration test (CPT) is fast, simple, and economical and provides repeatable and reliable results. The results of a pilot investigation to assess the possibility of predicting the resilient modulus of subgrade soil from the CPT soundings are presented here. Field and laboratory testing programs were carried out on two types of cohesive soils at the Louisiana Transportation Research Center/Pavement Research Facility. Field tests consisted of CPT soundings using the 15-sq cm friction cone penetrometer and the 2-sq cm miniature friction cone penetrometer. Laboratory tests included the resilient modulus and physical properties of the investigated soils. The results of the miniature CPT were evaluated and compared with the soundings of the 15-sq cm cone at the same site. Both laboratory and field tests were analyzed. Based on statistical analyses, a model was proposed to estimate the resilient modulus from the CPT data and basic soil properties. Predicted values of the resilient modulus are consistent with laboratory measurements. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Cohesive soils KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Miniature equipment KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Physical properties KW - Reliability (Statistics) KW - Repeatability KW - Statistical analysis KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-30 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500643 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763279 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - MATHUR, S AU - SONI, S K AU - Murty, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - UTILIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 246-256 AB - In recent years, applications of marginal materials, also called nontraditional (either natural or waste products), have been considered in road construction with great interest in many industrialized and developing countries. The use of nontraditional materials in road making is based on technical, economic, and ecological criteria. The lack of traditional road materials and the protection of the environment make it imperative to investigate marginal materials carefully. India has a large network of steel plants located in different parts of the country and many more are planned for the near future. Several million metric tons of iron and steel are produced in these plants. However, along with production of iron and steel, huge quantities of solid wastes like blast furnace slag and steel slag as well as other wastes such as flue dust, blast furnace sludge, and refractories are also being produced in these plants. The iron ores in India, although rich in iron content, are high in alumina content also and as such the volume of slag generated is very high. Normally production of 1 metric ton (1 Mg) of steel generates 1 Mg of solid waste. Although the steel industry slags have their own unique properties and are exploitable for road works, they have never been put to use on Indian roads because of a lack of scientific studies conducted on these materials, nonavailability of proper design and construction standards on them, and the absence of data about the long-term behavior of these materials. In the absence of other outlets, these solid wastes have occupied several acres of land around plants throughout the country. Keeping in mind the need for bulk use of these solid wastes in India, it was thought expedient to test these materials and to develop specifications to enhance the use of slags in road making, in which higher economic returns may be possible. Exhaustive and detailed laboratory investigations have been carried out at the Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, India, to develop suitable specifications for construction of low-volume roads. Based on laboratory investigation results, specifications were developed for construction of low-volume roads in different parts of the country. While specifications were being formulated, attempts were made to maximize use of solid wastes in different layers of the road pavement. Postconstruction pavement performance studies have clearly indicated that these waste materials can be used for construction of low-volume roads with twofold benefits: (a) it will help clear valuable land of huge dumps of slags, and (b) it will also help preserve the natural reserves of aggregates, thus protecting the environment. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Benefits KW - Dust KW - Environmental protection KW - India KW - Industrial wastes KW - Laboratory studies KW - Low volume roads KW - Marginal materials KW - Natural resources KW - Pavement layers KW - Preservation KW - Sewage sludge KW - Slag KW - Solid wastes KW - Specifications KW - Steel plants KW - Waste disposal UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-31 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500644 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763282 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shirazi, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE USE OF LIME FLY ASH TO REPLACE SOIL CEMENT AS A BASE COURSE SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 270-275 AB - The performance of lime and fly ash-stabilized base for flexible pavement systems on reconstructed highways in Louisiana is evaluated in this study. Historically Louisiana has used soil cement for most flexible base construction because of its low cost, high compressive strength, and ease of construction. However, soil cement is subject to excessive cracking due to shrinkage, which may decrease the expected pavement life. Lime and fly ash bases exhibit many of the same properties as soil-cement bases with potential for less shrinkage cracking. Lime and fly ash (Class C fly ash) test sections were installed on two Louisiana highway reconstruction projects in the northwestern part of the state. For each project, two 0.4-km (0.25-mi) test sections with different percentages of lime and fly ash were constructed. The remainder of each project was constructed with 8% soil-cement base by volume. On both projects, the first test section used 2% lime and 4% fly ash by weight for stabilization and the second test section used 3% lime and 6% fly ash. Test specimens were molded in the field during construction by using stabilized base material taken from the roadway immediately before compaction. Laboratory test specimens were made later with materials taken from, but not mixed at, the construction sites. Both field and laboratory samples were tested in unconfined compression at 7, 28, and 56 days. The overall unconfined compressive strength of lime and fly ash was 30% lower than that of soil cement. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength KW - Cracking KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lime fly ash KW - Louisiana KW - Shrinkage KW - Soil cement KW - Test sections UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-34 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500647 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763286 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bolander, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LABORATORY TESTING OF NONTRADITIONAL ADDITIVES FOR STABILIZATION OF ROADS AND TRAIL SURFACES SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 24-31 AB - Recently the Pacific Northwest Region of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service conducted laboratory tests evaluating the expected field performance of various additives on dense-graded aggregate. Additives used in the laboratory analysis included chlorides, clay, enzymes, lignin sulfonate, synthetic polymer emulsions, and tall oil emulsions. Laboratory analysis included indirect tensile strength and durability testing on AASHTO T 99 fabricated samples. Durability was evaluated after a number of wet-dry and freeze-thaw cycles. Other variables in the study included the amount of additive and the cure (temperature and time) before testing. Findings and observations include the following: (a) Untreated dense-graded aggregate provides little tensile strength in warm dry climates. (b) Chlorides, clay additives, enzymes, and sulfonate provide some tensile strength in warm dry climates. With increasing moisture contents they lose their tensile strength. (c) Once cured, synthetic polymer and tall oil emulsions provide significant tensile strength in warm dry climates. In wet climates these additives would tend to break down with increased exposure to moisture or freezing. Increasing the percent residual (solids) of the synthetic polymer emulsions and tall oil emulsions increases the tensile strength and durability of the treated material. (e) Cure temperature has a dramatic impact on tall oil emulsions' tensile strength and durability resistance. (f) The use of nontraditional additives can be cost-effective depending on the projects' objective, the type of in-place material, and cost of the additive. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Additives KW - Chlorides KW - Clay KW - Climate KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curing temperature KW - Curing time KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Durability tests KW - Emulsions KW - Enzymes KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lignosulfonate KW - Polymers KW - Tall oil emulsions KW - Tensile strength KW - Trails KW - Unpaved roads KW - Wetting and drying tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-38 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500651 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763293 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gannon, C AU - Lebo, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF VERY LOW-VOLUME RURAL ROADS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 82-91 AB - Design and evaluation methodologies for low-volume rural roads have traditionally followed an agricultural focus, with an understanding that improved transport, by lowering transport costs, supports economic development through expanding exports and local incomes. More recently, the role of low-volume roads as a crucial complementary input to other activities has been recognized, especially the delivery of essential health and educational services, exchange of information, and basic social interactions. However, limited analytical work has been done to ensure that these benefits are systematically incorporated in the planning and evaluation of transport projects, and experience suggests that the current emphasis of design and evaluation on agricultural benefits can lead to inappropriate priorities and design standards, inasmuch as these are still typically guided by trading off infrastructure life-cycle costs (construction and maintenance) against motorized user savings (vehicle operating costs) and/or increased net income/value-added. There is a need to be more discerning in the application of existing methodologies, as well as to systematically incorporate the socioeconomic role of rural transport infrastructure (including poverty alleviation) into prioritizing improvements. Key to this analysis is the proposition that appropriate design standards need to balance the transport requirements of core economic and social activities with the impact of geography (geology, topography, and climate) on construction and maintenance costs. By taking into account the broader range of impact on local users, the proposed approach encompasses a wide array of options for providing minimum-cost, reliable infrastructure for both motorized and nonmotorized transport. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Benefits KW - Design KW - Design standards KW - Developing countries KW - Evaluation KW - Geography KW - Improvements KW - Infrastructure KW - Low volume roads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Planning KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Strategic planning UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-45 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500658 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763287 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ali, G AU - Taha, R AU - Muscati, M AU - Al-Rasheidi, A-A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATION OF STABILIZED BASES, DOUBLE SAND SEAL, AND SLURRY SEAL PAVEMENT SECTIONS IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 32-42 AB - Petroleum Development Oman undertook a study in 1996 to evaluate the use of a sulfonated petroleum product (SPP) as a base/subbase stabilizer and the performance of slurry seal and double sand seal in paving applications. Eight different road sections were constructed for a total length of 23.3 km. They constituted part of Marmul-Thumrait road project where the average traffic is about 150 vehicles per day. The objective was to improve the performance of graded roads and provide a low-cost base suitable for application of a thin bituminous surfacing. All eight sections were constructed with the standard subbase and base layers specified for roads in the Sultanate of Oman. However, major exceptions were as follows: Section 1, a slurry seal surface on normal resheeted base; Section 2, a slurry seal surface on SPP-stabilized base and subbase; Section 3A, unstabilized base and subbase (control section); Section 3B, SPP-stabilized base and subbase with a slushed finish carried out during construction; Section 4A, SPP-stabilized base and subbase with a slushed finish carried out a period of time after pavement construction; Section 4B, SPP-stabilized base and subbase; Section 5, a double sand seal surface on SPP-stabilized base and subbase; Section 6, a double sand seal surface on normal resheeted base. Road sections were monitored monthly for 6 months. The evaluation program included visual assessment of the surface, riding quality, dust generation, gravel loss, rutting, and in situ strength with a dynamic cone penetrometer. There were no differences in gravel loss, dust generation, strength values, or signs of distress between the stabilized and unstabilized sections. For the paved roads, the slurry seal section with SPP-stabilized base and subbase displayed the best performance in terms of less rutting and bleeding. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bleeding (Pavements) KW - Double sand seal KW - Dust KW - Inspection KW - Low volume roads KW - Oman KW - Pavement distress KW - Performance evaluations KW - Riding qualities KW - Rutting KW - Slurry seals KW - Stabilized materials KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Sulfonated petroleum product KW - Test sections UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-39 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500652 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763289 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bolander, P AU - Chitwood, L A AU - Steele, H M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE FAILURE OF A BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENT IN CENTRAL OREGON SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 51-58 AB - During October 1996 a 10-km-long, double-lane, two-layer bituminous surface treatment (BST) was constructed near Bend Oregon. The bottom BST layer consisted of an application of rapid setting high float emulsion (HFRS-2) followed by an application of 19- to 12.5-mm chips. The top layer consisted of various emulsions and 13- to 6.3-mm chips. Soon after construction up to 20 large commercial timber hauling trucks per day used the road during the wettest November and December in over 20 years. By the end of December 1996 most of the top layer of chips had disappeared, large numbers of potholes had developed, and the emulsion was not adhering to the bottom layer of chips. Failure resulted from interacting factors including a dust coating on the chips, an incompatibility of emulsion and chips, cold and wet weather, and a nearly impervious base course. The following lessons were learned from this project: (a) An adequate and accurate quality control and quality assurance plan should be in place before construction. (b) In wet environments, base courses under a BST should be free draining. (c) Either cool and humid construction weather or dust coatings on the aggregate may not lead to failure, but in concert they raise the potential for failure dramatically. (d) Not all emulsions are manufactured the same. An emulsion's break and cure time may vary depending on the emulsion's additives. (e) The asphalt emulsion and aggregate must be compatible with each other at conditions expected on the road surface. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Chippings KW - Drainage KW - Dust KW - Failure analysis KW - Oregon KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Surface treating KW - Weather UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-41 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500654 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763283 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jones, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HOLISTIC APPROACH TO RESEARCH INTO DUST AND DUST CONTROL ON UNSEALED ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 3-9 AB - Aspects of dust and dust control have been studied for many years in most countries with unsealed road networks. However, no comprehensive coordinated study to investigate the processes affecting the generation of road dust, road dust measurement, road dust prediction, acceptability criteria for dust, or the performance of dust palliatives has been undertaken. Over the past 6 years, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa, has been engaged in such a study. Although research has been undertaken on behalf of numerous parties, experimental designs have been coordinated in an attempt to develop guidelines for the responsible use of dust palliatives. Unfortunately, many of the experiments that have been undertaken by product manufacturers and road authorities over the years have been uncoordinated and poorly monitored, with minimal information being recorded or published. Many of these experiments have failed, with the product always being blamed, and this, together with poor marketing techniques used by suppliers, has led to skepticism by the roads industry toward the use of the products. Scientific research, following detailed experimental designs, funded by the product suppliers has resulted in the development of guidelines for the use of certain products. Studies have shown that, provided the products are used under appropriate circumstances, they can provide a cost-effective interim measure to improve the quality of life and preserve construction materials until such time as the road can be upgraded to a sealed surface. The holistic approach to dust and dust control research that has been followed is discussed here, a summary of the findings is described, and recommendations toward implementing a dust-control program are made. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Dust control KW - Dust palliatives KW - Holistic approach KW - Implementation KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - South Africa UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-35 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500648 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763285 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Smadi, A AU - Hough, J AU - Schulz, L AU - Birst, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NORTH DAKOTA GRAVEL ROAD MANAGEMENT: ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 16-23 AB - Gravel roads account for a large portion of the total 5.1 million km (3.2 million mi) of rural roads in the United States. These roads support the movement of farm families, rural residents, school buses, mail carriers, tourists, and agricultural commodities. In recent years, these roads have been affected by several trends. First, agricultural states are experiencing population shifts from farming areas to urbanized centers as farm sizes continue to grow, further reducing population densities and traffic levels. Second, some states such as North Dakota are experiencing a shortage in quality gravel supplies. Third, more rural road users perceive a lower level of service on gravel roads and demand better services, specifically more paved roads. Finally, the reduction in transportation budgets limits the number of gravel road kilometers that can be properly maintained. Several research efforts that examined alternative approaches to reduce gravel road maintenance costs are summarized here. These strategies may generally be classified into (a) modifying gravel road surface for high traffic roads (i.e., paving or using chemical additives), (b) reducing maintenance on gravel roads with lower traffic volumes, and (c) closing unneeded gravel roads. These options require careful economic and legal analysis before they would be implemented. The results of a case study that investigated the feasibility of paving gravel roads with various traffic levels and a brief overview of a survey of chemical soil additives in Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming are reported. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Additives KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Chemicals KW - Cost control KW - Gravel roads KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - North Dakota KW - Paving KW - Strategic planning KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-37 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500650 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763288 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Arnold, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN OF REHABILITATION TREATMENTS FOR NEW ZEALAND'S THIN-SURFACED UNBOUND GRANULAR PAVEMENTS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 43-50 AB - Most thin-surfaced unbound granular pavements are rehabilitated by overlaying with an unbound granular material and surfaced with a chip seal (thin-surfacing). The unbound granular overlay thickness is the difference between the total granular thickness required for future traffic and the granular thickness required for past traffic as determined from the design chart. However, where there are signs of shoving or other indications of a weak and degraded aggregate base layer then a smoothing treatment will not be adequate. For this situation the appropriate rehabilitation is either in situ stabilization (to improve the strength of the aggregate base material) or to cover with a minimum thickness of unbound granular material (determined from the thickness design chart by assuming the existing pavement acts as a subbase). This method of unbound granular overlay design has resulted in significant cost savings over the past 20 years in rehabilitation treatments for New Zealand roads, as the existing pavement has been fully utilized. In 1995 New Zealand adopted the Austroads (the Association of State, Territory and Federal Road and Traffic Authorities in Australia) procedures for pavement design. The Austroads procedures encourage the use of mechanistic procedures for pavement design. By using the same assumptions as the design chart method for determination of granular overlay depths, a mechanistic design procedure for rehabilitation treatments was developed. This method produces comparable results and has the advantage of being able to design a range of rehabilitation treatments. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Chip seals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Granular materials KW - Mechanistic design KW - New Zealand KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Unbound granular pavement UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-40 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500653 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763290 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - D'Avila, ALM AU - Soria, MHA AU - Jorge, R R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NEW SPECIFICATION OF MATERIAL FOR SURFACING UNPAVED ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 59-64 AB - To develop a new specification of material for surfacing unpaved roads, an experiment was conducted on 41 unpaved road sections located in five different physiographical regions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The behavior of the sections under observation was analyzed qualitatively to evaluate the performance of the applied surfacing material. Because the traditional soil classifications (Highway Research Board and Unified Soil Classification System) are not suitable for classifying tropical soils, a new classification, namely MCT (miniature, compacted, tropical), developed in Brazil in 1981 was adopted as a basis for material selection. The behavior parameters observed were support, frictional resistance, and durability. The results obtained led to the specifications presented here, which were tested during a doctorate research program developed between 1991 and 1996 conducted by the first author and supervised by the second. It was concluded that the proposed specification based on the MCT classification system is more adequate than the ones previously used based on traditional classifications. The "binder content" of soils, a measure similar to that used for bituminous materials (asphalt binder content) is introduced to evaluate the agglomerating capacity of the fine fraction and, therefore, the material durability. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Binder content KW - Durability KW - Materials KW - Materials selection KW - Performance KW - Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) KW - Soil classification KW - Soils KW - Specifications KW - Surfaces KW - Tropics KW - Unpaved roads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-42 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500655 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763292 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Das, A AU - Mohanty, S K AU - Reddy, K S AU - Pandey, B B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANALYTICAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR VILLAGE ROADS IN INDIA SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 76-81 AB - Pavement condition data collected from several sections of village roads were correlated with analytical structural response of pavements for developing a performance-based rutting criterion. Laboratory tests were carried out to obtain the design parameters, and a computer program was used for layered elastic analysis of pavement structure. Charts were prepared for design of village road pavements with a reliability level of 50 percent. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Computer programs KW - Design charts KW - Design criteria KW - Elastic analysis KW - India KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement design KW - Reliability (Statistics) KW - Rutting UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-44 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500657 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763294 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dolson, G A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SCHEDULING AND MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENTS ACCELERATE ROADWAY DESIGN SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 92-97 AB - The Federal Highway Administration's Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division has been actively involved over the past 10 years with the development of a process to maintain better control of its design project schedules. Three initiatives were undertaken during this time period. The first initiative involved a change in structural organization by establishing a strong project management concept from a project's inception to its construction contract award. The second initiative recognized early on that a well-scheduled project eliminates many of the problems encountered during the design process. The resulting scheduling resource system became a valuable tool for the project managers. In the third initiative, a team developed a road map of the design process to better serve the division's customers. After 10 years, customer satisfaction is improving, project schedules are under better control, and improvements to the design process have resulted in timely and cost-efficient projects. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Federal Lands Highway Program KW - Highway design KW - Improvements KW - Project management KW - Scheduling KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-46 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500659 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763280 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Zhang, X AU - Gress, D AU - Karpinski, S AU - Eighmy, T T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMBUSTION BOTTOM ASH AS A PAVING MATERIAL SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 257-263 AB - A multiyear research project was conducted to investigate the potential of using municipal solid waste combustion bottom ash as a paving material. Characterization of the ash physical properties, development of the asphalt mix designs, and the bottom ash demonstration project in Laconia, New Hampshire, are discussed here. Laboratory results suggest that the physical properties of the ash are consistent with its use as a substitute for conventional aggregate in asphalt mixtures, the properties of ash are typical of a lightweight aggregate, and the 50% ash-asphalt mixture design meets New Hampshire Department of Transportation specifications. An ash demonstration project at 50% substitution was successfully placed in Laconia in May 1993. A 5-year period of field performance evaluation indicates that the ash section performs as well as the control section. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bottom ash KW - Demonstration projects KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Laconia (New Hampshire) KW - Mix design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Physical properties UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-32 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500645 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763281 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Taha, R AU - Ali, G AU - Basma, A AU - Al-Turk, O AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATION OF RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT AGGREGATE IN ROAD BASES AND SUBBASES SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 264-269 AB - Recycling of pavement materials has become a viable alternative to be considered in road maintenance and rehabilitation. Conservation of resources, preservation of the environment, and retention of existing highway geometrics are some of the benefits obtained by reusing pavement materials. In the United States of America, more than 50 millions tons (45.36 million Mg) of asphalt paving material are milled annually; recycling into new asphalt paving mixtures is the predominant application. However, large quantities of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregate remain unutilized and further uses should be explored. In the Sultanate of Oman, recycling of pavement materials is not practiced; this study presents a first attempt at evaluating RAP aggregate. The reuse of RAP aggregate could be economically attractive in Oman because certain regions of the country experience virgin aggregate shortage. Furthermore, rehabilitation of the road network would provide a valuable resource to be considered in highway construction. A laboratory evaluation of RAP and RAP-virgin aggregate mixtures as road base and subbase materials is described here. Physical, compaction, and California bearing ratio tests were conducted on the following RAP/virgin aggregate blends: 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100 percent. Initial results indicate that RAP could be expected to replace virgin aggregate in the pavement subbase structure with satisfactory results if the RAP material were mixed with virgin aggregate. Best results were obtained for the 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100 percent RAP/virgin aggregate blends. Higher dry density and CBR values are obtained as virgin aggregate content is increased. Based on a comparison with standard paving materials used in the Sultanate of Oman roads, the stabilized RAP material appears to be able to function as well as a conventional subbase material. However, only minimal use of RAP (about 10 percent) can be expected in road bases. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Blends KW - California bearing ratio KW - Compaction KW - Dry density KW - Economic benefits KW - Laboratory studies KW - Oman KW - Physical properties KW - Recycled materials KW - Shortages KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-33 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500646 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763284 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - PAIGE-GREEN, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GEOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF UNSEALED ROAD MATERIALS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 10-15 AB - Nearly all structural layers in roads originate as geological materials. The geological origin and chemical and mineralogical composition of these rocks varies considerably and after natural weathering processes affect the fresh rock, a wide range of potential construction materials evolves. After noting that the performance of geological materials in roads is better predicted by an engineering geological classification than by a strictly geological classification, an engineering geological classification system was developed in southern Africa during the late 1960s. This classified materials on the basis of their weathering potential, and products related to their expected performance in roads and the characteristics of each group are discussed. It is shown from an investigation of the performance of a wide range of materials used in unsealed road wearing courses that the engineering geological classification of a material cannot be used to predict accurately its performance in unsealed roads. Factors including mineralogy, geological structure, stage of weathering, local hydrological conditions, and the prevailing and past climate all have a major influence on their performance. Laboratory-determined geotechnical test results are necessary for acceptable classification purposes. The variability of these materials after weathering, however, increases the risk of their use and makes selection more difficult. Mechanisms for selecting and treating appropriate materials for use in unsealed roads are suggested. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Classes of materials KW - Climate KW - Engineering geology KW - Geology KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Hydrology KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials selection KW - Mineralogy KW - Performance KW - Road materials KW - Unpaved roads KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Weathering UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-36 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500649 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763291 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Visser, A T AU - Hattingh, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR LOW-VOLUME MACADAM PAVEMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 67-75 AB - Macadam principles in pavement engineering were applied in South Africa up to around 1960. Mechanization and increased production requirements led to a decline in the use of macadam layers. More recently interest in macadam pavements in South Africa was renewed because of the labor-friendly construction methods. Much of the experience that had been available was lost as people retired, and new techniques of construction gave a new perspective. There is thus a need to provide guidance to new entrants to the industry and capture the experience that was common knowledge several decades ago. The aim of this report is to present a guideline document for construction of appropriate and economic macadam pavements based on extensive South African research coupled with vast experience in the construction of these layers. Guidance on appropriate use of the different variants of macadam layers, the material properties, the structural design process and catalogue, functional design considerations, and construction practice is provided. It was found that under the current socioeconomic upliftment program macadam principles provide an appropriate and cost-effective solution to paving urban streets. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Low volume roads KW - Macadam KW - Pavement design KW - South Africa UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-43 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500656 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763266 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wallace, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN OF FALLS CREEK TRAIL BRIDGE: A FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITE BRIDGE SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 133-142 AB - The need for lightweight, low-maintenance, easily constructed bridges for remote locations has existed for a long time. The backcountry of forests and parks throughout the United States is made accessible by trail systems that often encounter streams, rivers, gorges, and other features that must be spanned. Because of their remote locations, conventional approaches to spanning these barriers often are impractical. The Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division of the Federal Highway Administration, in conjunction with the United States Forest Service and with assistance from E.T. Techtonics, designed, tested, and constructed a pedestrian trail bridge 13.9 m (45.5 ft) long made of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite members. Development of design procedures for this type of bridge is presented. The initial load testing results used to evaluate the analysis and design of the structure are presented and future construction plans for this bridge are mentioned. Attractive characteristics of FRP composites for construction of pedestrian trail bridges and shortcomings are illustrated. Further testing and research of the Falls Creek Trail bridge are ongoing and further testing and research of FRP composites also are needed. Advances in the understanding of currently available materials, as well as advances in the materials themselves, likely will affect structural design methods and procedures in the future. However, on the basis of available data, FRP composites appear to be well suited to meeting the need for backcountry trail bridges. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Composite materials KW - Falls Creek Trail, Gifford Pinchot National forest KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Footbridges KW - Load tests KW - Structural design KW - Trails UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-18 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500631 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763277 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kurup, P U AU - Tumay, M T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONTINUOUS INTRUSION MINIATURE CONE PENETRATION TEST SYSTEM FOR TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 228-235 AB - The electronic cone penetrometer is an important investigation tool of choice for in situ site characterization. Application of this proven concept of the cone penetration test (CPT) to transportation applications is described. A miniature cone penetrometer with a projected cone area of 2 sq cm has been developed and implemented in a continuous intrusion miniature CPT system (CIMCPT). This device may be used for rapid, accurate, and economical characterization of sites as well as to determine engineering soil parameters needed in the design of pavements, embankments, and earth structures. The miniature CPT (MCPT) gives finer details than the standard 10-sq cm cross-sectional area reference cone penetrometer, which makes it attractive for subgrade characterization, quality control assessment, compaction control of embankments, and assessment of ground improvement effectiveness for transportation infrastructure. In situ calibration of the CIMCPT system was conducted at a highway embankment site in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. MCPT penetration profiles were compared with those obtained with the standard cone penetrometer at the same site. The tip resistance of the MCPT was 10% higher than that of the reference CPT. The sleeve friction and friction ratio of the reference CPT were higher than that of the MCPT by 12% and 23%, respectively. Calibration was also performed to determine empirical cone factors required for estimating undrained shear strength from MCPT data. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Calibration KW - Compaction KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Embankments KW - In situ site characterization KW - Miniature equipment KW - Quality control KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Undrained shear strength UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-29 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500642 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763263 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stamatiadis, N AU - Jones, S AU - Aultman-Hall, L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CAUSAL FACTORS FOR ACCIDENTS ON SOUTHEASTERN LOW-VOLUME RURAL ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 111-117 AB - Low-volume roads comprise a significant portion of the rural roadway network. Because of documented higher crash frequencies and more severe injuries on such roads, it is necessary to further examine causal factors of these crashes and to determine if crash characteristics follow the patterns of other highways. The quasi-induced exposure technique is used to analyze the relationship of driver, roadway, and environmental factors involved in crashes on low-volume roads. Crashes from Kentucky and North Carolina for 1993-1995 are used. The results show that (a) low-volume roads present similar crash trends as those observed on other roads; (b) drivers under the age of 25 and drivers over the age of 65 have higher crash propensities than middle-aged drivers; (c) female drivers are safer on average than male drivers; (d) young drivers (under the age of 25) experience more single-vehicle crashes and drivers over 65 are more likely to be involved in two-vehicle crashes; (e) drivers of older vehicles have higher two-vehicle crash propensities on low-volume roads than drivers of newer vehicles; (f) in single-vehicle crashes, drivers of older vehicles are more likely to have a serious injury than drivers of new vehicles; and (g) large trucks have the highest two-vehicle crash propensity on low-volume roads, followed by sedans, pick-up trucks, vans, and station wagons. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Injury severity KW - Kentucky KW - Low volume roads KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - North Carolina KW - Pickup trucks KW - Rural areas KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Station wagons KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle age UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-15 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500628 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763267 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Larcher, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TOWARD A LOW-COST STRUCTURES DESIGN MANUAL FOR RURAL ROADS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 143-149 AB - Numerous road construction projects in developing countries have aimed to provide low-cost roads. A major component of these road networks is the structures required to cross streams and rivers. On these projects little attention has been paid to the use of local resources and indigenous skills such as masonry, brick, or manufactured blocks for the construction of highway structures instead of reinforced concrete. A wealth of information is available to designers of highway structures in high-income countries, primarily on the design of large steel and reinforced concrete structures. However, these design guides and textbooks do not address the design of simple water crossings such as drifts, vented fords, or small bridges. There is a clear need for a design manual that provides information and guidelines for highway engineers who are designing structures on low-cost roads in developing countries with limited resources. The findings of desk and field studies for the preparation of a manual for road engineers, technicians, and supervisors in developing countries are discussed. The problems typically encountered in the design, construction, and subsequent use of highway structures are highlighted, and how the manual addresses these problems is discussed. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Developing countries KW - Local materials KW - Low volume roads KW - Manuals KW - Rivers KW - Rural areas KW - Streams KW - Structural design UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-19 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500632 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763269 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - PAIGE-GREEN, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MATERIALS FOR SEALED LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 163-171 AB - Many unsealed roads carry relatively high traffic, which results in excessive maintenance requirements and costs. Sealing of these roads with a bituminous surfacing is typically cost-effective if minimal upgrading of the existing road needs to be done. An extensive evaluation of more than 50 roads that were constructed with base course materials of marginal quality, many with only a single layer of material over the subgrade, was carried out. Detailed evaluations of the in situ and laboratory properties as well as the performance of the roads indicated that good drainage and construction quality are the primary requisites for successful sealed low-volume roads. Provided these two criteria are met, current material standards and pavement designs can be significantly relaxed. The use of these light pavement structures results in significant environmental benefits compared with the construction of traditional pavement structures through conservation of higher quality materials, reduced energy usage through less haulage, and elimination of gravel loss and dust emission from the roads. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Construction KW - Drainage KW - Gravel KW - Local materials KW - Low volume roads KW - Quality control KW - Seal coats KW - Stabilized materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-21 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500634 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763271 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - WOODBRIDGE, M E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USE OF SOFT LIMESTONE FOR ROAD-BASE CONSTRUCTION IN BELIZE SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 181-191 AB - The results of a highway experiment, constructed in May 1978 in northern Belize, designed to investigate the suitability of locally occurring calcareous materials, known as marls, for road bases are discussed. The marls comprise high-purity carbonate materials containing mainly silt-sized particles and fall outside the grading, plasticity, and strength specifications normally required for road bases. Three marls, each with slightly different characteristics, were substituted as road base for crushed stone. One of the marls was also stabilized with ordinary portland cement. Detailed monitoring was then undertaken periodically to determine their performance. The road pavement was constructed on an embankment to ensure good drainage. A good quality surface dressing seal has been maintained. After 19 years of traffic, measured at 1.3 million equivalent standard axles, the marl road bases have performed at least as well as the crushed stone. The cement-stabilized marl road base performed exceptionally well. Stabilization would enable the use of more plastic marls. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Belize KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Local materials KW - Marl KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement KW - Seal coats KW - Stabilized materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-23 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500636 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763273 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Heath, A AU - Theyse, H AU - Lea, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USE OF ASH IN LOW-VOLUME ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 196-202 AB - Sasol Chemical Industries produces large quantities of coarse clinker and fly ash as a by-product of the coal gasification process at their Sasolburg plant in South Africa. If this ash could be used as an aggregate in roads, the demand on natural reserves for aggregates would be reduced and an effective method of disposing of these materials would result. The ash is processed at a blending plant in Sasolburg and is marketed under the name Premamix. Trial sections were constructed using labor-based techniques with unstabilized and bitumen emulsion-treated Premamix as a base course material. As the Premamix is a lightweight material and is delivered at a specified moisture content (the optimum moisture content for compaction), it is ideal for labor-based construction of low-volume roads as only spreading and compaction of the layers are required. The trial sections were subjected to accelerated pavement testing with the heavy-vehicle simulator. Although high deflections were measured in the pavement structure, the Premamix performed well under trafficking, even after the base was soaked with water. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Accelerated tests KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Clinkers KW - Compaction KW - Deflection KW - Fly ash KW - Low volume roads KW - Moisture content KW - Performance evaluations KW - South Africa KW - Spreading KW - Test sections UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-25 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500638 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763274 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - MOFFATT, M A AU - Sharp, K G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RECENT AUSTRALIAN EXPERIENCE WITH IN SITU STABILIZATION SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 203-209 AB - For reasons of climate and economy, Australia's roads are typically of light construction. However, new challenges are emerging as the primary road network nears completion and the volume, mass, and tire pressures of road freight vehicles increase. In 1986, Austroads issued their "Guide to Stabilization in Roadworks" and, since that time, a great deal of research has been conducted in Australia to improve the in situ stabilization processes from the point of view not only of pavement thickness design but also of construction and rehabilitation practice. In situ pavement recycling by incorporating a cementitious binding agent has long been recognized as an economical way to strengthen pavements. The main problems have been the use of thin layers combined with short work times, resulting in high roughness and subsequent delamination of layers, pumping of fines, and excessive cracking. However, the recent development of deep-lift recycling equipment and specialized binder spreaders, together with the more ready availability of a range of slow-setting binders (granulated slag, fly ash, and lime) and high-performance compaction equipment, have allowed the development of deep-lift stabilization techniques. A brief background of Australia's roads and recent developments in the use of in situ stabilization in Australia are presented, and recent tests with the accelerated loading facility to assess the suitability of bitumen/cement and slag/lime blends, the latter incorporated in both thin (200 mm) lifts and thick (400 mm) lifts, and the impact of this research on practice, are summarized. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Accelerated tests KW - Australia KW - Calcium oxide KW - Fly ash KW - Granulated slag KW - In situ stabilization KW - Low volume roads KW - Marginal materials KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-26 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500639 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763276 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Prusinski, J R AU - Bhattacharja, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF PORTLAND CEMENT AND LIME IN STABILIZING CLAY SOILS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 215-227 AB - Pavement subgrades constructed with clay soils can cause significant pavement distress because of moisture-induced volume changes and low subgrade support values. Lime is well known for its ability to stabilize plastic clays; however, postland cement also provides highly effective clay stabilization, usually with the added benefit of higher strength gain. Stabilizing clays with cement or lime can improve subgrade properties at a lower cost than either removing and replacing material or increasing the base thickness to reduce subgrade stress. The clay soil stabilization mechanism for the calcium-based stabilizers portland cement and lime is reviewed. These materials modify soil properties through cation exchange, flocculation and agglomeration, and pozzolanic reaction. Additionally, cement provides hydration products, which increase the strength and support values of the subgrade materials as well as enhance the permanence of the treatment. Comparative laboratory and field performance studies by others, focusing on stabilization of clay soils with portland cement or lime, are critically reviewed. Several factors affecting stabilization are discussed, including stabilizer test procedures, dosage effects to soil properties, mixing, compaction, and gradation and pulverization. Additionally, durability of cement and lime as stabilizers is reviewed, including wetting and drying, freezing and thawing, leaching, and long-term field performance. The research reviewed indicates that, if proportioned and applied properly, both cement and lime can effectively improve the engineering properties of clay soils over the life of a pavement. The results presented provide a guide to the engineer about the property changes to expect when using portland cement and lime with regard to volume stability, strength, and durability. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Calcium oxide KW - Clay soils KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Portland cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-28 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500641 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763270 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - WOODBRIDGE, M E AU - Cook, J R AU - Moestofa, B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 172-180 AB - The exploitation of aggregates and soils for highway construction has a considerable impact on the economy and the environment and it is important that utilization of these materials is cost-effective. Obtaining and maintaining good records is costly and requires professional expertise. With modern computer technology it is possible to store information systematically and compactly. If quarry information is available in one central locality, better planning of road construction and maintenance and better management of materials resources can be realized. The research undertaken to create a materials information system in Indonesia is described. A pilot system was designed and tested in the province of West Java and comprehensive data collected from about 800 quarry sites. The Indonesian Directorate General of Highways, encouraged by the results of the pilot study, decided to introduce the system to all 27 provinces of Indonesia. Training courses were held to teach good practice and were successful because of improvements in the quality and quantity of data provided, but there is still scope to improve the utilization of the system by potential users. With accurate data the system is an improvement on the status quo. The system is simple to use, can be updated when necessary, and provides the basic information required by highway engineers. It is transferable to other countries in transition with minimal alteration. The data can be used in conjunction with terrain classification and Geographic Information Systems packages (such as MapInfo) to indicate potential new material sources. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Aggregates KW - Geographic information systems KW - Indonesia KW - Information systems KW - Materials management KW - Natural resources KW - Quarries KW - Soils KW - Terrain evaluation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-22 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500635 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763272 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bassel, J R AU - EDWARDS, A AU - Leibbrand, L AU - Keller, G AU - Dauer, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THREE ROAD-CRUSHING DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 192-195 AB - At the Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume Roads, Yves Provencher, Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, presented a paper on the F.A.H.R. rock crusher mounted to a front-end loader. At the same time the Coronado National Forest in Arizona was renting a F.A.H.R. rock crusher for an in-place road-crushing project. In 1997 San Dimas Technology and Development Center, in partnership with the Coronado National Forest, sponsored two demonstration projects to further test the crusher at unique locations to gain additional information from actual field trials. These projects were located on the Rio Grande National Forest in Colorado and the Plumas National Forest in California. The three projects are described here, with results and conclusions gained from the demonstration projects. The concentration is on the characteristics of the processed material. Samples taken from windrows during the crushing operation were tested to determine hardness and gradations before and after crushing. Cost varied from $8 to $26 per cu m including roadbed preparation, crushing, and blading. Rocks and boulders to 405-mm maximum size were crushed. The processed material has a maximum size of 50 to 75 mm. The product produced by the crusher offers a viable alternative for aggregate on a road surface, particularly as a road surface cushion material, where the quality and expense of standard crushed aggregate, such as base course material, are not needed on low-volume roads. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Before and after studies KW - Coronado National Forest KW - Costs KW - Crushers KW - Crushing KW - Demonstration projects KW - Forest roads KW - Hardness KW - Low volume roads KW - Plumas National forest KW - Rio Grande National Forest KW - Rocks UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-24 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500637 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763268 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Adams, M AU - Ketchart, K AU - Ruckman, A AU - Dimillio, Albert F AU - Wu, J AU - Satyanarayana, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REINFORCED SOIL FOR BRIDGE SUPPORT APPLICATIONS ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 150-160 AB - A quick and simple method of bridge substructure construction using geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) is illustrated. GRS is used to build abutments and pier foundations for simple bridges. It is a refinement of existing reinforced soil technology used during the last 20 years. The interaction of a closely spaced geosynthetic reinforced soil system and the reasons why conventional design methods are not appropriate for these closely spaced systems are explained. This method is not recommended for all bridge building assignments; for example, it is not suitable for construction of permanent bridges in scour zones. The technique is ideal for remote locations, inaccessible to use of concrete and other traditional materials. A generic style of GRS construction is explained to ensure performance and internal stability. Construction is rapid with conventional equipment. The materials are common, inexpensive, and generally available. An overview of recent full-scale research is provided. The results of two full-scale prototype tests are presented to demonstrate performance and limitations and to confirm the design of such systems. A case history is presented that shows the versatility of the technology in a bridge support application. A procedure for prestraining or preloading the reinforced soil to enhance performance is provided. For bridge support applications, preloading of the GRS has the benefit of limiting post construction creep settlement. Preloading also proof-tests the structure and verifies the quality of construction. Additional sketches are included to show its potential for common applications. A brief discussion about design considerations to limit potential problems is offered. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Geosynthetics KW - Local materials KW - Low volume roads KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Preloading KW - Prototype tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-20 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500633 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763275 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Li, Guoxiang AU - Zhao, Y AU - Pang, S-S AU - Wei, L AU - Deng, X AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LABORATORY STUDIES ON CEMENT-ASPHALT EMULSION COMPOSITE SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 210-214 AB - An experimental investigation was conducted on a three-phase cement-asphalt emulsion composite (CAEC), in which asphalt was introduced as a cushion layer in between coarse aggregates and cement mortar matrix by dispersing asphalt emulsion-coated coarse aggregates into cement mortar matrix. Laboratory tests on fatigue, strength, rigidity, temperature susceptibility, and stress-strain relationship were studied to evaluate the mechanical properties of the CAEC. The test results showed that CAEC possesses most of the characteristics of both cement and asphalt -- namely, the longer fatigue life and lower temperature susceptibility of cement concrete and the stronger toughness and higher flexibility of asphalt concrete. It is expected that CAEC can be an alternative for semirigid base-course material. However, it slightly reduced the strength compared with control cement concrete. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement asphalt emulsion composite KW - Cement mortars KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Deformation curve KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature susceptibility UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-27 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500640 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763264 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Calvert, E C AU - Wilson, E M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INCREMENTAL SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR UNPAVED RURAL ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 118-125 AB - With limited resources and increasing exposure to tort liability, local rural road agencies face the dilemma of how to maximize improvements to their road system. For unpaved rural roads the problem is particularly acute. Many of these unpaved rural roads worldwide have geometric deficiencies that do not conform with recognized standards and guidelines. In many instances, roadway improvements are not being completed because of the inability to fund improvements to meet these standards and guidelines. Incremental improvements for unpaved rural roads is potentially an important tool for local agencies. The goal is at least to meet minimum guidelines and standards by continuing to implement an incremental program. Reported here are the results of a project that used a national U.S. focus group to provide input into the acceptability of the concept and use of incremental safety improvements on unpaved rural roads. The investigation targeted horizontal curvature as a site deficiency. The focus group was used to identify if and what incremental improvements should be considered. The results demonstrated the need for functional subclassifications of rural unpaved roads, with incremental decisions made that address the unique operational differences. Incremental improvements, when properly considered, are recommended as an acceptable method to increase safety on unpaved rural roads and to minimize liability. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Acceptance KW - Deficiencies KW - Design standards KW - Focus groups KW - Geometric design KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Improvements KW - Incremental programs KW - Low volume roads KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - Unpaved roads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-16 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500629 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763265 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Caldwell, R C AU - Wilson, E M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STARTING A SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM FOR RURAL UNPAVED ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 126-130 AB - A prototype safety improvement program (SIP) developed specifically for unpaved roads is presented. The combination of high mileage, low traffic volume, and limited budgets makes it difficult for local agencies to adopt traditional SIPs. The presented SIP for unpaved roads is economically and procedurally appropriate for local road agencies. It provides a systematic means of prioritizing road sections for safety analysis and identifying safety improvement needs. One of the many unique features of the program is its "partnering" approach of involving public road users in the safety improvement process. Results of case studies that validate the procedure are included. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Case studies KW - Improvements KW - Low volume roads KW - Needs assessment KW - Public participation KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Unpaved roads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-17 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500630 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763250 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hough, J AU - Smadi, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INNOVATIVE FINANCING METHODS FOR LOCAL ROADS IN MIDWEST AND MOUNTAIN-PLAINS STATES SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 7-12 AB - Budget constraints for transportation projects are a growing problem at the federal, state, and local levels. At the same time, several changes have been affecting demands placed on the transportation systems, for example, population shifts, changes in travel patterns, and changes in economic activity. County and local governments are faced with increased demands on some portions of their road systems, and other portions have seen a drop in the level of use. As a result, these transportation agencies are facing tremendous challenges to maintain their extensive road networks and provide improvements when and where needed. Traditional funding sources are no longer adequate. There is a great need for counties to explore innovative methods to increase revenues or decrease costs or both. However, because of the nature of rural states (i.e., low population density and a limited tax base), methods used to supplement public funding of transportation projects in urban areas may not be applicable. Described are 4 innovative financing methods (e.g., rural improvement districts) and 14 cost reducing strategies (e.g., sharing equipment) used by local governments in eight rural states. County road officials identified these methods through a mail questionnaire and rated key criteria, such as ease of collection, to evaluate each method before implementing it. Rural improvement districts, special assessment districts, and the wheel tax were identified as innovative methods that are not widely used to raise revenues for a county road system. Advantages and disadvantages of each innovative financing method identified are discussed. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Colorado KW - Cost reduction KW - Counties KW - Financing KW - Innovation KW - Iowa KW - Local government KW - Low volume roads KW - Minnesota KW - Montana KW - North Dakota KW - Rural areas KW - South Dakota KW - Strategic planning KW - Utah KW - Wyoming UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-02 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500615 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763257 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pinard, M I AU - Obika, B AU - Motswagole, K J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENTS IN INNOVATIVE LOW-VOLUME ROAD TECHNOLOGY IN BOTSWANA SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 68-75 AB - Botswana is characterized by a number of features, including its vast size, small and spatially dispersed population, scarcity of conventional road building materials, near absence of surface water, and climatic extremes, which combine to pose a major challenge to economic road construction. This has dictated a need for developing innovative approaches to road technology in circumstances in which conventional approaches often are prohibitively costly and inappropriate for direct application to local conditions. Presented are several innovative, cost-saving approaches to road technology in Botswana that have been developed through several decades of research with the aim of optimizing the use of locally available resources. The applicability of these techniques in similar environments with a semiarid climate also is discussed and the need for caution when using standard specifications in areas such as Botswana is highlighted. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Botswana KW - Developing countries KW - Local materials KW - Low volume roads KW - Road construction KW - Semiarid regions KW - Technological innovations UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-09 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500622 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763261 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LEVIAKANGAS, P AU - Pilli-Sihvola, Y AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SMALL-SCALE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM APPLICATIONS FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS: SOME EXPERIMENTS AND EXPERIENCES FROM THE NORTH EUROPEAN VIKING PROJECT SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 97-100 AB - The Euroregional VIKING program includes several projects that have potential as intelligent low-volume road applications. In Finland, traffic volumes are on average very low and therefore the telematic applications often are designed to fit into low-volume traffic conditions as well. Some relevant projects are introduced. The projects include applications such as weather-controlled variable message signs and speed limits, local ferry traffic management, animal detection and warning system, cross-border data exchange in rural areas, and some ideas for the future such as managing the forest harvest traffic and low-cost road weather monitoring. Some of the experiences gained are encouraging but a lot of research needs to be done in future years. Although the applications described are evaluated as potential low-volume road solutions, many other applications may become available as the real prices of telematic equipment and systems fall over time. Recent estimates of the fall of real prices suggest that prices may decrease significantly, perhaps within 1 decade. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Animals KW - Detectors KW - Electronic data interchange KW - Ferries KW - Finland KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Low volume roads KW - Monitoring KW - Telematics KW - Traffic control KW - Variable message signs KW - Warning systems KW - Weather UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-13 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500626 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763253 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kumar, A AU - Kumar, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USER-FRIENDLY MODEL FOR PLANNING RURAL ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 31-39 AB - India faces a very tough challenge to provide an adequate road network to its villages under serious constraints of funds. Present planning practices of rural roads mostly are based on ad hoc approaches, which leads to suboptimal utilization of funds. Presented is a user-friendly model for systematic planning of rural road networks that increases the efficiency of available resources for rural roads. The model provides an all-weather road connection from each village to nearby market centers and education centers at the least cost by generating an optimal rural road network. The model is computer based, which facilitates its effective application. It generates an optimal rural road network by using a heuristic approach that minimizes total transportation cost of the network. The model can be used effectively for preparation of master plans of rural roads. The tasks that can be performed by the model include (a) identifying the requirements of fresh road construction; (b) identifying the need for upgrade of an existing road network; (c) selecting appropriate design and construction standards; (d) identifying important missing bridges and missing links from an existing rural road network; and (e) identifying priority links for maintenance in an existing rural road network. Practical applications of the model demonstrate significant advantages over the prevailing practices of rural road planning in India. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Computer models KW - Heuristic methods KW - India KW - Least overall cost KW - Low volume roads KW - Planning KW - Rural areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-05 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500618 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763255 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - GIUMMARRA, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BETTER MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL ROADS THROUGH EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 52-58 AB - Australia is a vast country with diverse environmental conditions ranging from mountainous to flat terrain, from large deserts to tropical areas with varying soil types, rainfall, and traffic conditions. The total road network in Australia is about 900,000 km, with more than 85% made up of local roads. This requirement places heavy demands on the development and maintenance of our road network for a sparse population of over 18 million and with limited resources. Local governments across Australia are in need of practical and understandable solutions to the many road transport problems they face. Coupled with this is the need to better manage road assets to gain maximum benefit from the limited road funding available. In late 1991 ARRB Transport Research Ltd. began an active technology transfer program aimed at helping the local road practitioners improve the performance of their road assets by making greater use of the latest developments, research findings, and provision of technology transfer services. Highlighted is how ARRB Transport Research is working with local government and other agencies responsible for local roads to put research, new developments, and services into the hands of practitioners so as to better manage local road assets. Addressed are the establishment of practitioners' road needs, delivery of research to meet the specific needs of local roads, development of numerous technology transfer activities, and reported benefits of the activities undertaken. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Australia KW - Benefits KW - Local government KW - Low volume roads KW - Management KW - Technology transfer UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-07 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500620 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763249 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Behrens, ILC AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OVERVIEW OF LOW-VOLUME ROADS: KEYNOTE ADDRESS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 1-4 AB - In this keynote address, the author defines low-volume roads as those in a rural environment that enable automobile operation and account for less than 500 vehicles per day, pointing out that this is an arbitrary definition, as are all definitions, for the sake of identifying the group of roads to be considered. He states that the significance of low-volume roads is dependent on the infrastructure development level of the county, region, state, or country and is closely related to economic development and growth. This is discussed using Uruguay as an example. He further states that low-volume road construction, upgrading, and maintenance are primary issues for countries with low-volume road networks and will become more important as development progresses. Remaining comments concern how low-volume roads can be improved. An overview of different trends and tools needed to have better roads is provided, with institutional strengthening and highway management through enhancement of planning, financing, design, construction, maintenance, and assessment practices identified as main areas. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Administration KW - Decision making KW - Definitions KW - Developing countries KW - Economic development KW - Economic growth KW - Improvements KW - Infrastructure KW - Low volume roads KW - Management KW - Uruguay UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-01 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500614 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763251 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Parantainen, J AU - MERILAINEN, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HOW TO GET THE BEST VALUE FOR MONEY SPENT ON FINNISH MINOR ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 13-17 AB - The total length of the Finnish minor road network is about 345,000 km (214,373 mi). The Finnish National Road Administration is responsible for some 65,000 km (40,389 mi) of minor roads, which are called public roads. The remaining 280,000 km (173,984 mi) are private roads that are constructed and maintained mainly by property owners who usually form cooperative societies that take care of this in practice. The role of raw wood haulage is significant, representing about three-fourths of the transported tons if mainly short-distance gravel transportation is excluded. Annual rehabilitation and maintenance funding needs were estimated to be at the level of 750 million to 800 million FIM by using a network management system. The available funds should be allocated to locations where improvements lead to the widest possible positive effects for freight transportation and settlement. For freight transportation this means that frost-damaged road sections should be eliminated from locations that have the widest effects on the utilization of wood resources. To promote development in rural communities funds should be allocated for access roads to communities where other prerequisites for development also exist. The interface between public and private roads needs to be reassessed. The concept of private roads is a very inexpensive and effective way of maintaining low-volume roads. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Access roads KW - Financing KW - Finland KW - Fund allocation KW - Haul roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance KW - Private roads KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Rural development UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-03 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500616 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763254 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Miles, DWJ AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 43-51 AB - Experience in promoting suitable technologies and improving operational performance is drawn on to enable developing countries to make more effective use of local resources in the construction and maintenance of low-volume roads. Training and technology transfer projects require multidisciplinary consulting and advisory support, which may include courses and on-the-job training but may also require "twinning" and other linkages between institutions for a more substantial transfer of skills over a longer period. The process is illustrated by case studies from a range of national and international technical cooperation projects, including the global Management of Appropriate Road Technology research initiative and the World Road Association's World Interchange Network. The cases are set within a framework of basic models of ways in which training and technology transfer can contribute to international construction industry development, which suggests an inverse relationship between project predictability and recipient autonomy. The analysis offers several general lessons for engineers involved in international technology transfer, including (a) the importance of assessing local administrative, social, cultural, and regulatory environments at the project design stage; (b) the need for an open-minded approach to the choice of technology; (c) the scope for working with and through the local private sector; (d) deciding on an appropriate mix of technical and management training; and (e) applying the principle of sustainability through recognition of recipient autonomy and maintained contact between provider and recipient institutions to build confidence through collaboration. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Case studies KW - Construction and maintenance KW - Developing countries KW - Low volume roads KW - Technology transfer KW - Training UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-06 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500619 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763256 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Chobya, LAK AU - Eck, R W AU - Wyant, W D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TEAMWORK AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN LOW-VOLUME ROAD SAFETY SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 59-67 AB - The roles of teams and technology transfer in enhancing safety on low-volume roads are addressed. Roadway safety is a multidisciplinary science involving several elements: (a) the three components of the roadway system -- people, vehicle, and roadway; (b) the agencies and groups that plan, design, build, and use roads and promote roadway safety; and (c) the public health and safety communities that are concerned with injury prevention, response, treatment, and rehabilitation. Often the people working within these separate elements are characterized by interests, methods, and means limited by the boundaries, real or perceived, of their disciplines, organizations, and cultures. The application of technology transfer and teamwork enhances the efficacy of efforts to focus these elements on issues and problems related to roadway safety. Three broad topics are discussed. First, the importance of integrating the efforts of technical and nontechnical people and organizations through the development and management of multidisciplinary working groups and teams is explained. An associated topic is the conflict and ambiguity expected with expertise roles, boundary roles, and culture. Second, the importance of technology transfer in establishing and maintaining roadway systems used by motor vehicles, nonmotorized vehicles, and pedestrians and in educating and training engineers, engineering technicians, and the general population to design, build, maintain, and use roads safely is highlighted. Third, the importance of existing agencies in providing an organizational infrastructure that may either facilitate or hinder roadway safety planning and operations is described. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Administration KW - Developing countries KW - Highway safety KW - Low volume roads KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Technology transfer UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-08 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500621 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763258 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Russell, E R AU - Rys, M AU - Liu, L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LOW-VOLUME ROADS AND THE GRADE CROSSING PROBLEM SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 79-85 AB - Summarized are problems associated with low-volume road (LVR) passive grade crossings, low-cost innovative devices that have been developed and tested to improve safety, policies, and programs that have been developed and promoted in the United States to enhance safety at LVR grade crossings, particularly at night. On the basis of safety studies and years of experience, conclusions and recommendations are presented to reduce drivers' risk at the typical passive, rail-highway grade crossing found on LVRs. Stressed are the two keys to reducing risk at LVR passive grade crossings: provide adequate sight distance and make the crossing and warning devices conspicuous, particularly at night. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Low volume roads KW - Night visibility KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic control devices KW - United States KW - Visibility KW - Warning devices UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-10 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500623 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763260 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Beachy, K T AU - Eck, R W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COOPERATIVE EFFORT TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTAIN LOW-VOLUME ROAD SAFETY AND OPERATIONS: INTERMODAL CASE STUDY SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 90-96 AB - The principal function of low-volume roads is to provide access to land uses adjacent to the road. The roads are important to industry for hauling raw materials and to local residents. Low-volume roads often intersect railroads, creating a grade crossing. This creates the potential for conflicts between modes and introduces delays for motorists when long trains occupy a crossing. These conflicts can reach unacceptable levels. Presented is a case study of one such situation. The George's Creek area in Maryland is a significant producer of bituminous coal. A local coal operator wanted to ship coal via train to the port of Baltimore. Clearly, this would be a boost to the local economy. A rail line already served the area; however, there were no coal-loading facilities. The quantity of coal produced did not justify construction of such facilities. Thus it was decided to load the train by using mobile equipment. This required the train to block a low-volume road grade crossing for significant periods on a quarterly basis. Residents were concerned about access to their homes, emergency vehicle access, and grade crossing safety. Through communication, coordination, and cooperation among the mine operator, the railroad, and the local jurisdiction, a plan was developed wherein the mine was able to ship its coal by rail and local residents had safe access to their homes and emergency vehicle service. Implementation of the solution is detailed. Critical issues are identified and their resolution discussed. Lessons learned and suggestions for other locations facing similar problems are included. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Appalachia KW - Case studies KW - Coal industry KW - Cooperation KW - Economic development KW - Highway safety KW - Local government KW - Low volume roads KW - Maryland KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroads KW - Residents KW - Transportation facility operations UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-12 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500625 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763262 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - ACHWAN, N AU - RUDJITO, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCIDENT CHARACTERISTICS ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS IN INDONESIA SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 103-110 AB - Road accident statistics from the Indonesian Traffic Police Headquarters for the last decade show that there have been 10,000 fatalities on average per year. This situation has become a serious national issue. Since 1989 the Overseas Unit of Transport Research Laboratory has been involved in a collaborative research study on road safety with the Institute of Road Engineering in Bandung, using the Microcomputer Accident Analysis Package (MAAP). A pilot study to implement the MAAP system was set up in four regions. The characteristics of road accidents on selected low-volume roads are described and processes for identifying contributory factors at hazardous locations are introduced. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Contributory factors KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - High risk locations KW - Indonesia KW - Low volume roads KW - Software packages UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-14 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500627 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763252 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Archondo-Callao, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ECONOMIC DECISION MODEL FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 18-30 AB - Presented is the low-volume roads economic decision model (RED), developed to improve the decision-making process for the development and maintenance of low-volume roads of key importance in Africa. The model performs an economic evaluation of road investment options by using the consumer surplus approach. It is customized to the characteristics of low-volume roads such as the high uncertainty of assessment of model inputs, particularly traffic and the condition of unpaved roads, the importance of travel times for model validation, and the need for a comprehensive analysis of generated traffic, and to clearly define all accrued benefits. RED computes benefits for normal, generated, and diverted traffic and takes into account changes in road length, condition, geometry, type, accidents, and days per year when the passage of vehicles is further disrupted by a highly deteriorated road condition. Users can add other benefits to the analysis, such as nonmotorized traffic, social services, and environmental effects, if computed separately. The model is presented on a series of Excel 5.0 workbooks that collect all user inputs, present the results efficiently, and perform sensitivity, switching values, and stochastic risk analyses. The model soon will be subject to empirical testing using data from selected countries. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Africa KW - Benefits KW - Decision making KW - Developing countries KW - Development KW - Economic models KW - Investments KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-04 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500617 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00763259 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Calvert, E C AU - Haiar, K AU - Wilson, E M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD EVALUATION GUIDE FOR UNPAVED RURAL ROADS SN - 0309065240 PY - 1999 IS - 1652 SP - p. 86-89 AB - The need of local road managers to have a readily accessible reference guide for identifying deficiencies and improving safety on low-volume roads has prompted the development of a field guide for unpaved rural roads. Technical resources are available to evaluate the various aspects of a low-volume road. However, the resources are in numerous publications and not in a single, easy-to-use document. The concept of the field guide is to provide a single reference to assist rural road managers in making on-site evaluations of specific roadway deficiencies. Critical safety issues and unpaved rural road responsibilities vary throughout the United States. A national focus group was used to recognize this variability. A modified Delphi survey procedure was used to facilitate focus group input and review the project. The Wyoming Technology Transfer Center, in cooperation with the FHWA Local Technical Assistance Program, was responsible for development of the guide. Reviewed are the steps and considerations taken in the development of the guide. Developmental techniques, such as input from a national focus group of transportation professionals, were used to successfully complete this project. The methodologies used to develop this guide are applicable and potentially useful for completing other transportation projects worldwide. U1 - Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOTBaton Rouge, Louisiana StartDate:19990523 EndDate:19990526 Sponsors:US Forest Service; Federal Highway Administration; US Bureau of Indian Affairs; Louisiana State University; World Road Association; Department of International Development-UK; Louisiana Transportation Research Center; Louisiana DOT KW - Guides to information KW - Low volume roads KW - Safety KW - Technology transfer KW - United States KW - Unpaved roads KW - Wyoming UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1652-11 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763238 AU - Thielman, C Y AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR CRASH DATA COLLECTION PY - 1999 SP - 73 p. AB - There is a demand by the highway safety community for better quality crash data to meet a wide variety of needs. The goal of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Expert Systems for Crash Data Collection Program was to use expert systems technology to improve the accuracy and consistency of police-reported data. The program included the development and evaluation of three expert systems: (1) Seat Belt Use Derivation; (2) Vehicle Damage Rating, including Extent of Deformation; and (3) Roadside Barrier Problem Identification. Police officers used pen-based computers, containing the expert systems, to collect on-scene crash data. Embedded in the expert systems are data collection knowledge derived from experts in crash data collection and analysis. The expert systems use this knowledge to intelligently select the data to collect and assign values to elements. This knowledge is also included in on-line help screens that aid the officer in accurately identifying the physical characteristics of the crash scene. The expert systems were evaluated during two field tests. The field test results showed that the expert systems: (1) were well accepted by the officers, (2) were validated by experts in the expert system domain areas, and (3) the officers collected data on an average of approximately 2 minutes per expert system. KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Expert systems KW - Field tests KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Police UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/99052/99052.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21802/PB99142671.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/8000/8300/8348/final_rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763737 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN THE HEARTLAND: MISSOURI, KANSAS, NEBRASKA, IOWA PY - 1999 SP - 17 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has identified a need for promotional materials to help educate transportation agencies, stakeholders and partners about the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) program and benefits. This booklet highlights ITS programs and activities in four states in America's Heartland: Missouri, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska. IT is also intended to proide a better understanding of the wide variety of ITS programs and accomplishments achieved as a result of the ITS projects completed or underway in these states. KW - Education and training KW - Federal government agencies KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Iowa KW - Kansas KW - Missouri KW - Nebraska KW - State departments of transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/mw9901/heartland.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11100/11172/heartland.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16300/16380/PB2000103618.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762421 AU - McGuckin, N AU - Murakami, E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXAMINING TRIP-CHAINING BEHAVIOR: A COMPARISON OF TRAVEL BY MEN AND WOMEN PY - 1999 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper uses the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) to examine trip chaining behavior by adult men and women traveling Monday through Friday. Whereas travel by single adults of both sexes, and by men and women in households without children is rather similar, travel by men and women in households with smaller children is starkly different. Women have always made trips for sustaining the household such as shopping trips and family errands. The increase in women's participation in the labor force has pushed these trips into the non-work time periods. In addition, many employed women with children drop children at school or day-care on the way to work. Therefore, non-work related trips are being chained together between home and work. This trip chaining behavior is especially prevalent by women in households with children under 5 years of age. The number and purpose of the stops made in these chains is examined here, as is the duration of the time at destinations for different purposes. The number of stops made by individuals in different family composition types, known as household life cycle in the NPTS, is also shown. KW - Children KW - Gender KW - Non-work trips KW - Shopping KW - Travel behavior KW - Trip chaining KW - Work trips UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9300/9341/Chain2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760583 AU - Koptur, S AU - Kernan, C AU - Kennedy, Shaun AU - Florida International University, Miami AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF RELOCATING TINY POLYGALA PY - 1999 SP - 48 p. AB - The Tiny Polygala plant was listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as an endangered species in 1985. This report presents the results of a research project with the following objectives: (1) Review previous work on Tiny Polygala; (2) Develop techniques for horticultural propagation of Tiny Polygala; (3) Establish the distribution of Tiny Polygala on microhabitat patches and gradients; (4) Understand the stage class distribution of Tiny Polygala, including the seed bank; (5) Understand the demographic dynamics of Tiny Polygala, including calculating state transition probabilities and standard demographic parameters; and (6) Conduct an experimental introduction of Tiny Polygala into an appropriate site. KW - Endangered species KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Florida KW - Flowers KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760585 AU - Radwan, E AU - Al-Deek, H AU - Bauer, C AU - Klee, H AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVING SIMULATOR TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1999 SP - 16 p. AB - This report describes the University of Central Florida (UCF) Driving Simulator. Developed in 1985 as a "low cost" driving simulator, the UCF Driving Simulator was enhanced in 1995 to incorporate modern hardware and software technology. Included is a description of the UCF Driving Simulator validation study. Planned upgrades include improvements in the visual system and a motion platform, to be followed by further validation studies. KW - Driving simulators KW - Technology KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21462/PB99119174.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760508 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BID OPENING REPORT. FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS. FIRST SIX MONTHS 1998 PY - 1999 SP - 22 p. AB - Published semi-annually, this report summarizes data for Federal Aid highway construction contracts awarded by the various State Highway Agencies during the first half of 1998. Prior to enactment of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), the Bid Opening Reports summarized data for all Federal-Aid highway construction projects, except for Federal-Aid Secondary and Off-system projects. After enactment of the ISTEA, data contained in these reports are from Federal-Aid highway projects on the National Highway System (NHS), including Surface Transportation Program (STP) projects that are located on the NHS. Data for Federal-Aid Interstate contracts include both Interstate Construction (IC) and Interstate resurfacing, rehabilitation, restoration and reconstruction (I-4R) projects funded with pre-ISTEA funds, and IC and Interstate Maintenance funded under the ISTEA. The contents are organized as follows: (I) National Summaries: Largest 40 Contracts Awarded, 1997; Contract Award Data 1972-1997; and Size of Contract Statistics, First Half 1998; and (II) State-by-State Summaries: All Contract Awards, First Half 1998; and Interstate Awards, First Half 1998. KW - Awards KW - Construction KW - Contracts KW - Federal aid KW - Federal aid highways KW - Interstate highways KW - National Highway System KW - State departments of transportation KW - Statistics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21900/21907/PB99147340.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760504 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN THE TRANSPORTATION EQUITY ACT FOR THE 21ST CENTURY PY - 1999 SP - 13 p. AB - This brochure communicates the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) plans for developing important policies that will profoundly impact the way transportation continues to evolve in the United States. It highlights the key Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) policy provisions in the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), FHWA's approach to developing these policies, and how you can participate in the process. KW - Brochures KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Policy KW - Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/jpo99040/itsequity.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11536/itsequity.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760514 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STEPS FOR ACTION: GETTING INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS READY FOR THE YEAR 2000 PY - 1999 SP - 9 p. AB - This brochure is addressed to the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT's) public- and private-sector partners. It's purpose is to serve as an organizing tool that will help map out Y2K problem-solving activities between now and January 1, 2000. It consists of seven Steps for Action developed at a recent DOT Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Y2K Summit meeting, along with key factors to be considered. KW - Brochures KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Year 2000 date conversion UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/sa99001/ready4y2k.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11538/ready4-y2k.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16585/PB2000104384.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759836 AU - Mingo, J AU - RD Mingo & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMUNITY GUIDE TO PLANNING AND MANAGING A SCENIC BYWAY PY - 1999 SP - 76 p. AB - There are a number of programs at local, regional, state, and federal levels to identify scenic byways. If a community regards a roadway as a special resource, there are good reasons to work toward some kind of official designation. Doing so allows the community to protect and promote its unique qualities. An important part of that process is to create a plan to balance factors like development, conservation, tourism, and economic uses of the land along the byway. This guidebook is designed to help a community to successfully maneuver through the steps of that process. There are six intrinsic criteria for scenic byway designation. A scenic byway has to embody as least one of these criteria. They are: 1. Scenic - beauty, whether natural or manmade; 2. Natural - minimal human disturbance of the natural ecological features that are associated with the region; 3. Historic - landscapes, buildings, structures, or other visual evidence of the past; 4. Cultural - visual evidence of unique customs, traditions, folklores or rituals of a currently existing human group; 5. Archeological - visual evidence of the unique customs, traditions, folklores, or rituals of a no longer existing human group; and 6. Recreational - the road corridor itself is used for recreation. KW - Archaeology KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Historic preservation KW - Management KW - Natural resources KW - Planning methods KW - Recreational roads KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104246 AU - Polam, I AU - Kapurskar, M AU - Chaudhuri, D AU - Earth Mechanics Incorporated AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Modeling of Pile Footings and Drilled Shafts for Seismic Design PY - 1998/12/21/Technical Report SP - 162p AB - This report documents two studies that were conducted to review, assess, and provide recommendations regarding the seismic design of bridge foundations. Specifically, the report addresses modeling approaches and parameters that affect the seismic design and response of pile groups and drilled shafts. The report attempts to bridge the interface between the structural and geotechnical design process by describing a two-step design and analysis procedure for these bridge foundation components. Recent research results on pile group effects and the design of pile foundations to resist lateral spreading of liquefiable soils are also reviewed. Recommendations are provided concerning: modifications to p-y curves to account for cyclic loading conditions, pile group effects and soil-pile interaction behavior, and development of p-y curves for the design of drilled shafts. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge substructures KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Pile driving KW - Pile foundations KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Seismicity KW - Shaft sinking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22000/22044/PB99157257.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00796205 AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Gillespie, T D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING THE MECHANICAL SENSITIVITIES OF AN S-CAM BRAKE PY - 1998/12/20 SP - 120 p. AB - The SAE recommended practice J1802, Brake Block Effectiveness Rating [1], has the purpose of establishing a uniform procedure for determination and classification of brake effectiveness for commercial vehicle brakes. The practice provides a means to characterize the friction properties of truck brake lining materials in a representative S-cam brake. However, the test has been found to exhibit an unacceptably large range of variability in the implied friction coefficient for the lining. It has been postulated that some of the variability arises from factors within the brakes that are used for the test. A computer model of an S-cam brake was developed to help examine various brake parameter sensitivities. The model calculates brake torque for a specified set of geometry, friction properties, and constant input air chamber force. It assumes that the brake is in a state of equilibrium defined by equalized wear rates on the leading and trailing shoe linings. The parameter sensitivity findings indicate that a potentially significant source of torque variability is related to possible offsets between the drum turning axis and the spider/shoe assembly centerline. Other significant factors include bearing and roller pin friction and the shape of the cam profile. Offsets in the cam shaft center and asymmetric shoe lining stiffnesses contribute to significant differential wear between the leading and trailing shoes. The issue of torque effectiveness variability and its relationship to the SAE J1802 Recommended practice is also discussed. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Brakes KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Friction tests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Sensitivity KW - Torque KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760462 AU - Bielenberg, B W AU - Reid, J D AU - Faller, R K AU - Rohde, J R AU - Sicking, D L AU - Keller, E A AU - Holloway, J C AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHASE II DEVELOPMENT OF A BULLNOSE GUARDRAIL SYSTEM FOR MEDIAN APPLICATIONS PY - 1998/12/18 SP - 129 p. AB - The research study consisted of Phase II of the development and full-scale vehicle crash testing of a bullnose barrier concept for the treatment of median hazards. The bullnose guardrail consisted of a 12-gauge thrie beam rail supported by twenty-two wood posts, eleven posts on each side of the system. Horizontal slots were cut in the valleys of selected thrie beam sections to aid in vehicle capture as well as to reduce the buckling and bending capacities of the rail. Two full-scale crash tests were performed, both using a 2000-kg pickup truck. The first crash test, impacting at a speed of 100.2 km/h and an angle of 0 degrees, was unsuccessful following the rupture of the thrie beam and subsequent uncontrolled penetration of the vehicle behind the barrier. Computer simulation of the failed test was performed using LS-DYNA. Analysis of the simulation and full-scale test results led to the addition of two steel cables placed behind the top and middle humps of the thrie beam nose section to aid in truck containment without stiffening the barrier. Computer simulation of the modified design demonstrated successful containment of the pickup truck. The second test, impacting at a speed of 103.5 km/h and an angle of 0 degrees was determined to be successful according to the safety standards set forth by the Test Level 3 (TL-3) evaluation criteria described in the NCHRP Report No. 350, "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features" (1993). The next phase of the bullnose barrier system design will be to complete the remaining crash tests needed for compliance with the NCHRP Report No. 350 safety standards for median barriers. KW - Bullnose guardrail systems KW - Cables KW - Compliance KW - Design KW - Guardrails KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Pickup trucks KW - Posts KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Standards KW - Steel KW - Thrie beams KW - Vehicle containment KW - Wood UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21700/21785/PB99140980.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496209 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459651 TI - Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emissions AB - The objectives of this research are as follows: (1) enhance the basic understanding of heavy-duty vehicle activities and associated emissions; (2) develop tools for metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and states to evaluate future policies, plans, or programs on exhaust emissions (including NOx, PM, and VOCs); and ( 3) test, evaluate, and apply the tools in transportation and air- quality planning processes. KW - Air quality KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pollutants KW - Research projects KW - Standards KW - Transportation planning UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=746 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01474168 AU - Sebaaly, Peter E AU - Lake, Andrew AU - Epps, Jon A AU - Charmot, Stephane AU - Gopal, Venu AU - University of Nevada, Reno AU - Nevada Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Characterization of Nevada's Binders and Low Temperature Properties of Mixtures Using SHRP Tests. Part II. Characterization of Nevada's Binders Using Superpave Technology PY - 1998/12//Final Report SP - 74p AB - In 1992, the Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) sponsored a research project at the university of Nevada to assess the applicability of the newly developed Superpave binder grading systems under Nevada's. conditions. The project comprised of three major tasks which consisted of evaluating the rheological properties of Nevada's binders toward low temperature cracking of HMA mixtures and identify the best method to evaluate low temperature resistance of HMA mixtures, and developing a demerit system to be used with the Superpave binder grading system. A total of fifty-five binders were evaluated and graded using the Superpave binder grading system. Atl of the binders were used on actual construction projects. A large percentage of the evaluated binders were polymer modified AC-20 referred to as "AC-20P". Such binders are very commonly used In northern Nevada due to a wide range of expected temperatures. The performance grading of these blnders showed that AC-20P binders can fall over a wide range of performance grades. The AC-20P's high temperature grades ranged from 52 to 64 while their low temperature grades ranged from -16 to -40 . The Superpave recommended PG grades were determined for each project and checked against the PG grades of the binders used. It was concluded that the majority of the binders violate the Superpave recommended PG grade. On the other hand the field performance of these projects tor the past six years did no t indicate any potential problems. Therefore' it was concluded that the Superpave binder grading system must be modified prior to its full implementation in Nevada. The low temperature cracking resistance of twenty-one mixtures was evaluated using the TSRST. The fracture temperatures of the mixtures were evaluated using samples manufactured from lab mixed-lab compacted (LMLC), field mixed lab compacted (FMLC) and LMLC with PAV aged binders materials (PAV-LMLC). The objective of this experiment was to identify the most appropriate method of assigning a critical low temperature for the HMA mixtures. The data showed that the fracture temperature determined by the TSRST is not consistent. In some cases the TSRST measured fracture temperatures on the LMLC mixtures are warmer than the PAV-LMLC mixtures. lt was concluded that the critical low temperature determined by the Superpave Binder grading system using the BR device is conservative for the majority of the cases which makes it an acceptable alternative to mixture testing until a more consistent mixture evaluation system is developed. KW - Bituminous binders KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Low temperature KW - Nevada KW - Properties of materials KW - Rheology KW - Rutting KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Superpave UR - http://www.nevadadot.com/uploadedFiles/NDOT/About_NDOT/NDOT_Divisions/Planning/Research/RDT_99-002_Characterization_Nevada_Binders_Low_Temperature_Properties_Mixtures.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01395877 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Knuiman, M AU - Stewart, J R AU - Sorton, A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D TI - Development of the bicycle community index: a level of service concept: final report PY - 1998/12 IS - FHWA-RD-98-072 SP - 86p KW - Bicycle KW - Bicycles KW - Cyclist KW - Cyclists KW - Environment KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Intersection KW - Intersections KW - Level of service KW - Level of service KW - Methodology KW - Methodology KW - Mid block KW - Midblock crossings KW - Road environment KW - Suburbs KW - Suburbs KW - Urban highways KW - Urban road UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1163649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01126440 AU - Smadi, Ayman AU - Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Educational and Technical Assistance to CMV Drivers and Motor Carriers. Peer Exchange PY - 1998/12//Final Report SP - 62p AB - The Peer Exchange is a process adopted by the Office of Motor Carrier and Highway Safety (OMCHS) in which teams of professionals, representing state and federal government and private industry, identify effective commercial motor vehicle (CMV) safety programs and document their findings for implementation by other jurisdictions throughout North America. The educational and technical assistance (ETA) peer exchange had two main objectives: to identify best practices for providing effective educational and technical assistance to commercial drivers and motor carriers, and to disseminate information on the best practices to States and private industry. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Education and training KW - Highway safety KW - Motor carriers KW - Peer exchange KW - Safety programs KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21900/21941/PB99149759.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/887336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104847 AU - Harik, Issam E AU - Madasamy, Chelliah AU - Chen, Denglin AU - Zhou, Leonong AU - Sutterer, Kevin AU - Street, Ron AU - Allen, David L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Seismic Evaluation of the Ohio River Bridge on US51 at Wickliffe, Kentucky PY - 1998/12//Research Report SP - 170p AB - This report presents the use of seismic evaluation of the Ohio river bridge on US51 at Wickliffe, Kentucky. The main bridge is a five-span single-deck cantilever through-truss type. The approach bridge has 21 spans on the Kentucky side and 6 span single-deck cantilever through-truss type. The approach bridge has 21 spans on the Kentucky side and 6 spans on the Illinois side. Although this bridge has not yet been subjected to a moderate or major earthquake, it is situated within the influence of the New Madrid seismic zone. The seismic evaluation program consists of field testing and seismic response analysis. The modal properties of the main bridge are determined through field testing, and are used to calibrate the three dimensional finite element model. The finite element model is then subjected to time histories of the 50-year earthquake event. Stresses and displacements obtained are within the acceptable limits. Analytical results indicate that the main bridge will survive the projected 50-year earthquake without significant damage and no loss-of-span. Hence, it is not recommended to retrofit the main bridge. The approach spans are analyzed using response spectrum method with simplified single-degree-of-freedom models. Most of the Kentucky and Illinois approach spans require additional anchor bolts at the bearings. KW - Bridges KW - Calibration KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Kentucky KW - Ohio River KW - Structural analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18000/18014/PB2001106212.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104257 AU - McCoy, P T AU - Gaber, S L AU - Gaber, J A AU - Tobin, W D AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Nebraska Intelligent Transportation Systems Statewide Strategic Plan. Appendices PY - 1998/12 SP - 212p AB - A benefit-cost analysis was conducted to provide a basis for comparing the economic value of the project in the plan. The analysis included only projects for which reasonable estimates of their benefits could be made and expressed in monetary terms. Consequently, feasibility studies, design projects, operational tests, and deployed support programs were not included in the analysis. The assumptions and method of estimating the project costs used in the benefit-cost analysis are described. The cost of a project was annualized over its service life using a 10 percent interest rate and a zero salvage. Depending on the nature of the project, the benefits used in the analysis included: (1) road user operational and accident cost savings; (2) economic impacts; (3) public health; and/or (4) cost savings to the public sector. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Information systems KW - Information technology KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Nebraska KW - Project management KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/15000/15700/15727/PB2000100403.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103286 AU - Lockheed Martin Federal Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS Logical Architecture: Traceability Matrix PY - 1998/12 SP - 417p AB - The Traceability document consists of brief introductory material and a series of appended Trace Tables. These tables provide complete traceability of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) User Service Requirements (USR) to elements of the National ITS Architecture. Additional Trace Tables generated using the CASE and database tools being employed by the Architecture Development Team provide traceability between the Logical Architecture elements and the Physical Architecture. KW - Architecture KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Logistics KW - Planning and design KW - Public transit KW - Tables (Data) KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17000/17017/PB2000106866 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00988118 AU - Myers, J J AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE IN TEXAS BRIDGE STRUCTURES PY - 1998/12 SP - 563 p. AB - To demonstrate the suitability of using high performance concrete (HPC) in highway structures, the FHWA initiated a series of projects in 1993 that included the complete incorporation of HPC - from design to long-term monitoring of the bridges in service. The report focuses on the design and construction of the first two of these projects in the United States, namely, the Louetta Road Overpass in Houston, Texas (Research Study 9-580), and the North Concho River Overpass in San Angelo, Texas (Research Study 9-589). This report summarizes the observations of, and conclusions obtained from, both laboratory and field investigations related to these two HPC bridges. It investigates HPC properties, mix design, applicability of current design requirements, applicability of current construction practices, predictability of short- and long-term performance, and the requirements for quality control and quality assurance testing and inspection. The performance-related test results of both mechanical and material durability testing of over 40,000 specimens from laboratory and plant-produced concrete is presented, including the statistical analysis. Related research findings pertaining to the early-age curing aspects of the prestressed/precast beams, the use of the maturity method for cast-in-place decks, and to a high performance concrete permeability correlation study (AASHTO T259 and AASHTO T277) are also presented. KW - Beams KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete curing KW - Construction KW - Durability KW - Field studies KW - High performance concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mix design KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Production KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - San Angelo (Texas) KW - Statistical analysis KW - Testing UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/9_580_589_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00974097 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKETCH METHODS FOR ESTIMATING INCIDENT-RELATED IMPACTS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1998/12 SP - 176 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of research to develop and validate a sketch planning method for estimating the impacts of non-recurring congestion (incidents) and the effects of strategies to mitigate that congestion. The report is organized in seven sections and five appendices. Section 1.0 provides the project purpose and background information. Section 2.0 discusses the methodology used to develop the incident impact estimation procedure, including model development and the input data that were used. Section 3.0 presents the results of the modeling procedure, including the final equations for predicting vehicle-hours of travel. Section 4.0 discusses how the final procedure was validated using Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) surveillance data. Section 5.0 documents the application of the procedure at two Metropolitan Planning Organizations: Hartford, Connecticut and Knoxville, Tennessee. Section 6.0 presents a study plan for how to approach the problem of estimating incident impacts on signalized arterials. Section 7.0 summarizes the project and offers several recommendations for extending the work. Appendix A is the Application Guidelines and discusses how the procedure should be applied, including the development of input data. Appendices B and C present the results of the FRESIM and NETSIM simulation model experiments which were used to develop traffic parameters for incident conditions. Appendix D is an example output from the modeling process used to develop the final procedure. Appendix E is the methodology used to develop the procedure. KW - Case studies KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Hartford (Connecticut) KW - Impacts KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Knoxville (Tennessee) KW - Methodology KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Sketch planning KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Travel time KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/697875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00963118 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Science Applications International Corporation TI - SKETCH METHODS FOR ESTIMATING INCIDENT-RELATED IMPACTS: USER'S GUIDE PY - 1998/12 SP - 53 p. AB - This document serves as a stand-alone guide for planners to use in applying the methodology for studying incident impacts and the effects of incident management strategies. It reformats material found in the Final Report in a more easily followed procedure for actual applications, and also provides an example of how the methodology is applied to a freeway corridor. Given the complexity of the equations for predicting delay, it is recommended that planners imbed them in a spreadsheet or other suitable software and that they be checked thoroughly before they are applied. Input data can be developed off-line. An example of a spreadsheet format is presented as the tables in Chapter 4.0 for guidance. KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Impacts KW - Incident management KW - Methodology KW - Sketch planning KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929210 AU - Wang, W AU - Zappi, M AU - Albritton, G AU - Crawley, A AU - Singletary, J AU - Karr, L AU - Hall, N AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING CHEMICAL PRIMING AS A MEANS OF ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF BIOCELLS FOR TREATING PETROLEUM PRODUCTS CONTAINING RECALCITRANT CHEMICAL SPECIES PY - 1998/12 SP - 158 p. AB - Biocell technology is a soil remediation technology that utilizes commercial roll-off dumpsters as simple, yet effective bioreactors. Reported implementation costs for biocells range from $20 - $40 per cubic yard treated. Biodegradation of some petroleum hydrocarbons has been found to be difficult in terms of both the rate and extent of removal. Since petroleum products are literally made up of numerous organic chemicals, some of these chemicals are difficult to degrade due to bacterial associated limitations (i.e., enzyme reactivity toward targeted chemicals or cell permeability hindrances) and/or adsorption onto soil particles, which greatly limits the bioavailability of the pollutants to the cells. Chemical priming involves the addition of powerful chemical oxidizers, such as ozone and/or hydrogen peroxide, to chemically transform the targeted chemicals into more biodegradable compounds, plus the oxidizers attack the sorptive bonds between the soil and chemical(s) to increase bioavailability. Results from this study showed that the addition of chemical oxidizers, after a period when biodegradation rates approached zero, yet significant product remained in the soil, greatly enhanced the rate and extent of removal. The addition of the chemical oxidizer immediately reduced some of the petroleum in the soil via direct oxidation, plus restarting bioremediation after chemical priming also reduced a significant portion of the residual petroleum products in the soil samples. The major conclusion was that chemical priming indicated a high potential for enhancing the performance of bioremediation systems attempting to treat soils contaminated with petroleum products containing appreciable amounts of refractory chemicals. KW - Biocell technology KW - Bioremediation KW - Chemical priming KW - Contaminants KW - Contaminated soil KW - Heavy oils KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Hydrogen peroxide KW - Oxidizers KW - Ozone KW - Petroleum KW - Soil remediation KW - Soils UR - http://docs.trb.org/00929210.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929209 AU - Jing, Y AU - Zappi, M AU - Albritton, G AU - Crawley, A AU - Singletary, J AU - Tarbutton, R AU - Hall, N AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF PROCESS ENHANCEMENTS FOR THE BIOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATED SOIL USING BIOCELL TECHNOLOGY PY - 1998/12 SP - 147 p. AB - Biocell technology is a soil remediation technology that utilizes commercial roll-off dumpsters as simple, yet effective bioreactors. The concept has been proven for treatment of simple hydrocarbon contaminated soils; however, its utility toward more recalcitrant contaminants, such as heavy petroleum hydrocarbons, has not been investigated. Reported implementation costs for biocells range from $20 to $40 per cubic yard treated. This study evaluated the capability of various process enhancements for the biocells to determine if the technology could be implemented for waste heavy oils within soil matrices. Various additives, including cometabolites, bacterial seeds, surfactants, nutrients, and combinations of these, were tested within a two phase experimental approach. Actual contaminated soil collected from a Mississippi Department of Transportation site was utilized as the test influent for this study. The initial total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) levels were approximately 45,000 mg/kg. Testing only focused on aerobic biotransformations. The first phase involved several shake flask experiments using soil-water slurries amended with the targeted additives [performed in 500 ml shake-flasks @ solids/liquid ratio of 25% (w/w)]. Results of Phase I indicated that nutrients were the key component that best stimulated TPH removal. Over 90% removal of the heavy oil was observed. Phase II involved testing of bench-scale biocell reactors (8-gallon capacity). Treatment conditions used during Phase II were selected from Phase I results. The Phase II results indicated that over 85% removal of the TPH was obtained; however, this was not sufficient to meet current State of Mississippi target levels of 100 mg/kg. The optimal condition was initial dosing of activated sludge with continual maintenance of nutrients, with surfactant addition toward the end of treatment. However, just maintenance of nutrients alone performed almost as well; which is promising in terms of economic considerations. KW - Aerobic bacteria KW - Biocell technology KW - Bioremediation KW - Contaminants KW - Contaminated soil KW - Economics KW - Heavy oils KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Laboratory tests KW - Nutrients KW - Petroleum KW - Soil remediation KW - Soils KW - Surface active agents KW - Surface active ingredients UR - http://docs.trb.org/00929209.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929111 AU - Elmore, W E AU - Solaimanian, M AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALIFYING ITEMS OF WORK FOR END-RESULT SPECIFICATIONS: PHASES I AND II PY - 1998/12 SP - 40 p. AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is presently using a quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) specification for hot-mix asphalt concrete pavement. There is a strong interest in determining if other construction items can be converted to this type of specification. The purpose of this report is to (1) review the experiences of a large number of key states believed to be using these types of specifications, (2) review the TxDOT standard specifications in order to recommend candidates for development, and (3) develop a recommended QC/QA specification for flexible base. Of the 23 states contacted, 19 cooperated in the survey, the majority of which were willing to provide copies of their specifications. Fifteen specifications have been received. Based on the information obtained from these reviews, nine items have been recommended for consideration by TxDOT. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Performance based specifications KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/1825_S.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21856/PB99145252.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719029 ER - TY - SER AN - 00823200 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT MAKES PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC) PAVEMENTS ROUGH? PY - 1998/12 SP - 4 p. AB - Roughness is widely regarded as the most important measure of pavement performance. To better understand how and why roughness occurs in pavements, Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program recently completed a study entitled, "Investigation of Development of Pavement Roughness". A component of the study investigated the changes in three types -- Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement, Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement, and Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement -- of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement roughness over time and its relationship to design factors, subgrade conditions, and climatic conditions. KW - Climate KW - Concrete pavements KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Roughness KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/98148/98148.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/716257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00811176 AU - Postman, S AU - Stevenson, D AU - Turner, P AU - Carter & Burgess, Incorporated AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-15 CORRIDOR RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT DESIGN/BUILD EVALUATION 1998 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1998/12 SP - 58 p. AB - This report is the first annual report to be produced under a four-year project of evaluation and research into the I-15 design/build project. The Research Division of the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) commenced this research project as partial fulfillment of the commitments made to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) when design/build was permitted for this project. The project was designated as a Special Experimental Project (SEP-14) project. The purpose of the evaluation is to collect and evaluate information derived from the process used in this project and provide this information to other agencies or entities interested in pursuing similar design/build projects in transportation. This report covers three areas of investigation. The first is a more detailed presentation of the selection process used by UDOT to select the contractor. This section was prepared as a separate white paper and submitted to the Transportation Research Board (TRB) for possible publication in 1999. The section contained in this report is an expanded version of the TRB report and includes several documents used by UDOT in the selection process, which were not included in the TRB version of the report. The other two areas covered by this report are evaluations of the design process used by Wasatch Constructors and the QA/AC program established by them for both the design and construction portions of the project. This annual report contains the first year's review of the design and the structure of the QC/QA process. Future reports will examine these again to evaluate how well they have performed and to document changes made to those processes during the execution of the work. This year's effort was intended to document how these processes were established. KW - Annual reports KW - Contracting KW - Contractors KW - Design KW - Design build KW - Evaluation KW - Interstate highways KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Reconstruction KW - Selection and appointment UR - http://utah.ptfs.com/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=55916 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/679800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763087 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OLDER DRIVER HIGHWAY DESIGN HANDBOOK: RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDELINES PY - 1998/12 SP - 35 p. AB - The increasing numbers and percentages of older drivers using the nation's highways in the decades ahead will pose many challenges to transportation engineers, who must ensure system safety while increasing operational efficiency. The 65 and older age group, numbered 33.5 million in the United States in 1995, will grow to more than 36 million by 2005, and will exceed 50 million by 2020, accounting for roughly one-fifth of the population of driving age in this country. In effect, if design is controlled by even 85th percentile performance requirements, the "design driver" of the early 21st century will be an individual over the age of 65. This report contains highway design information that will help accommodate the needs and capability of older road users. Specifically, it contains the recommendations sections of a larger report titled "Older Driver Highway Design Handbook" (FHWA-RD-97-135). The full report also includes extensive sections covering the rationale and supporting evidence for each recommendation. These recommendations do not constitute a new standard of required practice. When and where to apply each recommendation remains at your discretion as the expert practitioner. The recommendations provide guidance that is firmly grounded in an understanding of older drivers' needs and capabilities, and can significantly enhance the safety and ease of use of the highway system for older drivers in particular, and for the driving population as a whole. The recommendations concern four areas: (I) Intersections (at-grade); (II) Interchanges (grade separation); (III) Roadway Curvature and Passing Zones; and (IV) Construction/Work Zones. KW - Aged drivers KW - Handbooks KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors engineering KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Passing zones KW - Recommendations KW - Work zones UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16200/16237/PB2000103173.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763001 AU - Eatough, C J AU - Brich, S C AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHODOLOGY FOR STATEWIDE INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1998/12 SP - 63 p. AB - The researchers developed a methodology for statewide freight transportation planning that focuses on identifying and prioritizing infrastructure needs to improve the intermodal freight transportation system. It is designed to provide the framework for state departments of transportation and metropolitan planning organizations to meet the freight transportation planning requirements as mandated first by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 and then by the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century. The researchers accomplished this by interpreting the results of a literature search on the legislation, participant roles, and analytical methodologies to formulate the steps of the method and demonstrating how each step is performed. The process is based on the interaction between inputs from stakeholders and a technical analysis that provides decision support information. A case study is described that demonstrates how the technical tasks for the system inventory and data forecasting are accomplished. The study shows that a standard but flexible freight planning methodology can help remove impediments to efficient goods transportation. Future developments such as geographic information system data, improved freight flow data, and established system inventories are shown to facilitate the recommended process. KW - Case studies KW - Decision support systems KW - Freight flow KW - Freight transportation KW - Geographic information systems KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Inventory KW - Literature reviews KW - Needs assessment KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/99-r12.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21620/PB99129082.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37000/37035/99-r12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00808438 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PERFORMANCE-RELATED SPECIFICATIONS FOR PCC PAVEMENTS PY - 1998/12 SP - v.p. AB - There has been an increasing interest in the development of performance-related specifications (PRS) over the past 25 years. Performance is defined by key distress types and smoothness and is directly related to the future maintenance, rehabilitation and user costs of the highway. These 4 volumes present guidelines and recommendations to assist a highway agency in developing and using performance-related specifications for portland cement concrete pavement construction. KW - Construction KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Software KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806067 AU - Dunn, Curt AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PROJECT PY - 1998/12 SP - n.p. AB - It appears at this point in the evaluation that all of the test sections are performing well with no significant difference detected between sections. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Composite pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806053 AU - Dunn, Curt AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SAW AND SEAL OVER THE OVERLAID EXISTING CONCRETE JOINTS PY - 1998/12 SP - n.p. AB - The saw and seal section appears to be in good condition. There is no uncontrolled reflective cracking in the c\vicinity of the saw and seal joints. Recent coring of the test section shows reflective cracking is converging with the overlay pre-sawed asphalt joints. KW - Asphalt KW - Concrete KW - Cracking KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806060 AU - Dunn, Curtis AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRUSHED PCC OR DRAINABLE BASE MATERIAL PY - 1998/12 SP - n.p. AB - At this point in the evaluation, there is no significant amount of sediment/leachate in the edge drains. This is true for all types of permeable bases. There appears to be no correlation between the amount of sediment/leachate detected and the amount of crushed PCC present in the permeable base course. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Drainage KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806072 AU - Marquart, Mike AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FABRIC REINFORCED BACKFILL UNDER APPROACH SLABS PY - 1998/12 SP - n.p. AB - The RI reinforcement fabric used to wrap the select backfill failed to meet strength specifications but was not removed. KW - Backfill soils KW - Bridge approaches KW - Earthwork KW - Embankments KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673783 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789196 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION STANDARDS RESEARCH PY - 1998/12 SP - 4 p. AB - A "biometric" technology is an automatic method for the identification, or identity verification, of an individual based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. The primary objective of the study summarized in this tech brief was to make recommendations to the Secretary of Transportation for the establishment of minimum uniform standards for a biometric identification system to ensure identification of commercial vehicle drivers. The commercial driver's licensing program needed to ensure that CMV drivers did not have more than one commercial driver's license. Researchers sought to review the current status of biometric technologies to determine their ability to meet the needs of the commercial drivers licensing program and to determine the cost-effectiveness of the most promising technologies and systems for large-scale applications. KW - Biometrics KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Identification systems KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10111/tb99-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650824 ER - TY - SER AN - 00784558 JO - Product Brief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DATAPAVE: USER-FRIENDLY ACCESS TO LTPP DATA PY - 1998/12 SP - 2 p. AB - For more than 10 years, State and Provincial highway agencies have been collecting data from thousands of Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program experiments across the United States and Canada. Now, a CD-ROM software package - called DataPave - brings this data, along with a set of tools for searching, viewing, and manipulating the data, to the desktop. Simple and easy to use, DataPave unlocks the potential of LTPP data for the development of products to improve pavement technology. This Product Brief describes what DataPave is, what its tools and features are, what its system requirements are, and who can benefit from using DataPave. KW - CD-ROM KW - Data files KW - DataPave (Computer program) KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement performance KW - Software packages UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/99051/99051.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/639977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00778833 AU - Kramer, S L AU - Silva, W J AU - Baska, D A AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUND MOTIONS DUE TO LARGE MAGNITUDE SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES PY - 1998/12 SP - 182 p. AB - The notion that the Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) has produced very large earthquakes in the past, and that it can be expected to produce very large earthquakes again, is now widely accepted in the seismological and engineering communities. Because no records of ground shaking or damage exist for historical CSZ earthquakes, it is difficult to evaluate their potential effects on bridges, buildings, embankments, and other structures. However, recent advances in engineering seismology now allow the numerical simulation of earthquakes, including fault rupture, the propagation of seismic waves from the fault to the site of interest, and amplification of the resulting rock motions by shallow soil and rock layers beneath the site. Rock outcrop motions were simulated for three CSZ earthquake scenarios: magnitude 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0 earthquakes. The magnitude 8.0 earthquake was assumed to result from rupture of the portion of the CSZ adjacent to the northern part of the state; the larger magnitude earthquakes were associated with rupture on a portion of the CSZ extending along the entire length of the state. Thirty different simulations of each earthquake scenario were analyzed. For each, rock outcrop motions were computed at each of 13 locations within Washington state. Site response analyses were then performed for 15 soil profiles at the 13 locations. The rock outcrop motions showed amplitudes, frequency contents, and durations that were significantly different than the ground motions that civil structures are commonly designed for in Washington state. Peak accelerations and spectral acceleration at T=0.3 sec were all considerably lower than the values on which most current design procedures are based. Spectral accelerations for T=1.0 sec were less than those on which current design procedures are based for Mw=8.0 earthquakes, but they were comparable for Mw=9.0 earthquakes and, at some sites, for Mw=8.5 earthquakes. CSZ ground motions have strong long-period (low frequency) components and thus should be more damaging to structures with long natural periods. Finally, the durations of CSZ ground motions are much longer than those of the motions on which current design procedures are based. This aspect of CSZ motions may be quite significant for reinforced concrete structures and potentially liquefiable soil deposits in which the accumulation of damage depends on the number of load or stress reversals that occur during earthquake shaking. KW - Cascadia Subduction Zone KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquakes KW - Liquefaction KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Seismicity KW - Simulation KW - Structural damage KW - Structures KW - Time duration KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/450.1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22100/22191/PB99167215.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/508710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771256 AU - McCoy, P T AU - Gaber, S L AU - Gaber, J A AU - Tobin, W D AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEBRASKA INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITS) PLAN. FINAL REPORT AND APPENDICES PY - 1998/12 SP - 264 p. AB - Nebraska Statewide Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Plan highlights the State's transportation needs, goals and objectives and how transportation systems can be improved using ITS technologies and management strategies. The strategic plan provides a background of ITS, the mission and vision of ITS planning in Nebraska, key stakeholders, lead agencies, research methodologies used and a detailed description of the ITS planning process. The strategic plan also includes 108 short-, medium- and long-range ITS projects and their costs. The costs of each project were measured against its benefits for closer analysis and recommendation. A summarized statewide system architecture is drafted to show the relationship of selected projects to a traffic management center. KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - Long range planning KW - Medium range planning KW - Nebraska KW - Short range planning KW - Strategic planning KW - System design KW - Traffic control centers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00770530 AU - City of St. Paul AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT AND DRAFT SECTION 4(F) EVALUATION FOR PHALEN BOULEVARD PY - 1998/12 SP - v.p. AB - The proposed construction of Phalen Boulevard is considered a Federal Class I Action because of its potential for significant impacts on the natural and physical environment. This Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) discusses all reasonable alternatives to the proposed action and summarizes the results of all studies, reviews, consultations, and coordination conducted on the environmental impacts of the action and all reasonable alternatives. The DEIS also discusses potential mitigation for identified impacts. The proposal involves the construction of Phalen Boulevard on a new 4.3 kilometer (2.6 mile) alignment from I-35E to Johnson Parkway. The new facility will be a four-lane cross-section between I-35E and Arcade Street and a two-lane cross-section between Arcade Street and Johnson Parkway. Two of the three build alternatives include reconstruction of I-35E between I-94 and Maryland Avenue and replacement of the existing Pennsylvania Avenue interchange with a new interchange at Cayuga Street. KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Road construction KW - Saint Paul (Minnesota) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769498 AU - Solaimanian, M AU - Elmore, W E AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS COMPARISON OF TXDOT QUALITY CONTROL/QUALITY ASSURANCE AND METHOD SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1998/12 SP - 116 p. AB - This purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of the hot mix asphalt concrete produced under quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) specification item 3063. During the first phase of this project, conducted between September 1996 and February 1997, an extensive amount of technical information and numerical information was gathered and analyzed. During the second phase of this project, various other activities were carried out, including a survey of other states to assess their approach in developing and implementing QC/QA specifications, a physical survey of QC/QA and non-QC/QA specification projects in Texas, and a limited evaluation of the cost of the projects. This report presents the results, findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on the collected information and on the work performed during the course of this research program. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Costs KW - Field studies KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys KW - Texas UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/1721_S.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22200/22203/PB99167603.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769473 AU - Walsh, J AU - Sock, M AU - Lima, J AU - Quintin, S AU - Fera, J AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE PY - 1998/12 SP - 66 p. AB - Studies were undertaken to develop a quantitative determination of chloride ion permeability in concrete based upon measuring the chloride ion migration in the concrete. The intent was to modify AASHTO standard method T-277 to measure the amount of chloride ion which completely passed through a concrete specimen while simultaneously measuring total charge as normally performed by the method. Studies showed that more than 99% of the chloride ion does not pass completely through the concrete disk specimen, but instead, remains within the concrete disk. Evaluation of permeability by measurement of complete passage of chloride ion was therefore not feasible. However, measurement of the test cell chloride ion transferred into the concrete disk was found to be a means to evaluate chloride permeability of the concrete specimen. This enables the measurement of chloride ion permeability in grams of chloride rather than in coulombs of total charge. The studies showed that total charge as measured in the T-277 method is not due solely to chloride ion, but that the total charge is an accumulation of charges contributed to by a water electrolysis background charge, and charges due to the presence of other ions in the test cell solutions. It was shown that based upon the amount of chloride ion transferred into the concrete disk, the total charge measured was always much greater than that possibly due to chloride ion alone. Based upon these findings, total charge is not a specific measure of chloride ion permeability. Measurement of chloride ion transferred into the concrete specimen appears to be a direct evaluation of chloride ion permeability of the concrete. It is actually a measure of the absorbance of chloride ion by concrete, and specifically defines the amount (by weight) of chloride ion taken-up by, or permeating into a concrete specimen. KW - AASHTO T 277 KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Permeability KW - Quantitative analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22100/22194/PB99167421.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765970 AU - Boske, L B AU - Roop, S AU - Harrison, R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF THE RAILROAD SYSTEM OF TEXAS: A COMPONENT OF THE STATE AND NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE PY - 1998/12 SP - 42 p. AB - Railroads continue to play an important role in moving domestic and international freight through Texas, contributing to economic growth in the state. This study addresses the potential for implementing a rail planning process in the Texas Department of Transportation. In order to accomplish this, successful rail planning processes at other U.S. departments of transportation were evaluated and exemplary programs identified. Three reports were published addressing a variety of findings. The first, published by the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin, provides an overview and examination of 32 state rail policies, plans, and programs for both passenger and freight traffic. The second report, also published by the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin, provides information on exemplary state rail programming and planning based on case studies of California, Florida, North Carolina, and the state of Washington. The third report, published by the Texas Transportation Institute at Texas A&M University, provides (1) a framework for rail planning in Texas, (2) identification of current rail issues in Texas, (3) a case study on urban rail rationalization, and (4) a characterization of the rail system in Texas. In each report, detailed appendices are provided to complement the findings and recommendations. In this project summary report, an implementation schedule is recommended to institute rail planning in the Texas Department of Transportation. KW - Case studies KW - Freight and passenger traffic KW - Implementation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Scheduling KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22000/22046/PB99157307.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502431 ER - TY - SER AN - 00765948 JO - LTPP TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDUCING ROUGHNESS IN REHABILITATED ASPHALT CONCRETE (AC) PAVEMENTS PY - 1998/12 SP - 4 p. AB - A recently completed study entitled, "The Investigation of Development of Pavement Roughness" (FHWA-RD-97-147), initiated by the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program, provides an answer to the question of how much different rehabilitation treatments reduce roughness. A component of the study investigated selected asphalt concrete (AC) rehabilitation treatment factors in reducing roughness. Specific factors considered include: overlay mix type (recycled and virgin), overlay thickness, and surface preparation of the existing AC surface prior to overlay (minimal and intensive preparation). Key findings were as follows: regardless of the roughness before overlay, the roughness for each test section at a site after the overlay fell within a relatively narrow band, the range of which varied from project to project; even thin overlays substantially reduced the roughness of a pavement; and 85% of the sections that received either a 50-mm or 125-mm AC overlay had an International Roughness Index (IRI) of less than 1.2 m/km. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - International Roughness Index KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mix design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Roughness KW - Surface preparation KW - Test sections KW - Thickness UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/98149/98149.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/504476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765886 AU - McGennis, R B AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Solaimanian, M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE SOUTH CENTRAL SUPERPAVE CENTER: REPORT OF ACTIVITIES PY - 1998/12 SP - 66 p. AB - The planning of the South Central Superpave Center (SCSC) began in mid-1994. The Center hired its first staff in early 1995 and was fully staffed by June 1995, at which point it became fully operational. This report describes SCSC activities that took place between June 1995 (when it first became operational) and the end of August 1998. KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Laboratories KW - Mix design KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Superpave KW - Technology transfer KW - Training KW - University of Texas at Austin KW - Workshops UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/1250_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00764789 AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF REFERENCE MARKERS PY - 1998/12 SP - 33 p. AB - The objective of this research evaluation was to evaluate the reference markers which were installed on sections of interstates and freeways in the Cincinnati-northern Kentucky area, the Lexington-Fayette Urban County area, the Louisville-southern Indiana area, and the Indianapolis area. The evaluation was conducted to determine if the use of reference markers at spacings of 0.1-mi (0.16-km) or 0.2-mi (0.32-km) intervals could improve the effectiveness of the emergency response and incident management processes. Also evaluated were color of the markers and the placement location within the right-of-way. Both "white on blue" and "white on green" markers were installed on various projects, with some installed on the median barrier wall and some on grass medians or shoulders. Included were condition surveys of the marker installations and opinion surveys of those involved in the incident or emergency management process. Nearly unanimous endorsement of the reference markers was received from interviews and surveys of highway agency personnel and participants in the emergency management process. Recommendations were made for spacing of the markers at 0.2-mi (0.32-km) intervals, with exceptions in curved sections to allow for placement of the markers at 0.1-mi (0.16-km) intervals. Based on what appears to be slightly increased conspicuity of the "white on blue" marker as compared to the "white on green" marker, it was recommended that a standardized reference marker be developed with white letters on blue background. Because of reduced exposure to mowing operations and errant vehicles, it was recommended that reference markers be placed on median barrier walls where practical. KW - Color KW - Emergency response time KW - Freeways KW - Incident management KW - Indiana KW - Interstate highways KW - Kentucky KW - Location KW - Ohio KW - Reference markers KW - Spacing KW - Visibility UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21900/21923/PB99148926.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497693 ER - TY - SER AN - 00764641 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF SHIPPERS AND OTHERS IN DRIVER COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL SAFETY REGULATIONS PY - 1998/12 SP - 4 p. AB - There is widespread perception among various trucking industry representatives and observers that commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operators are frequently forced to violate the Federal hours-of-service (HOS) regulations because of the tightness of their schedules. HOS regulations specify how long a CMV driver may drive continuously, and the length and number of breaks a driver must take. This concern was identified as one of the top 10 safety issues at the 1995 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) National Truck and Bus Safety Summit. In addition, the National Transportation Safety Board has recommended that the FHWA undertake a rulemaking to prohibit shipment schedules that would require that a driver exceed regulations in order to complete a deadline. Congress has also recommended action on this subject. In accordance with Congressional intent, the Office of Motor Carriers conducted a focus group study to determine the scope, nature, and extent of shipper involvement with violations of safety regulations. This Tech Brief summarizes the study final report (FHWA-MC-98-049). KW - Commercial drivers KW - Compliance KW - Delivery schedules KW - Federal laws KW - Focus groups KW - Hours of labor KW - Safety KW - Schedules and scheduling KW - Shipments KW - Shippers KW - Violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10110/tb99-004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00764609 AU - Freeman, T J AU - Little, D N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOP MAINTENANCE STRATEGY SELECTION PROCEDURES FOR PAVEMENTS INCORPORATING SEMI-RIGID OR CHEMICALLY STABILIZED LAYERS PY - 1998/12 SP - 125 p. AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) does not currently have a formal maintenance strategy selection procedure for pavements which have semi-rigid or chemically stabilized layers. The approach used was to interview experienced TxDOT personnel in each district and to determine the appropriate maintenance treatments and timing in that district for a variety of expected situations and conditions. The result of this research was a set of treatment assignments for each district and for airports, for a matrix of expected conditions including distress type, severity, and quantity; traffic level or importance; rate of development; and purpose of the treatment. A computer program and user's manual were developed to assist in treatment selection. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Computer programs KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Stabilized materials KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Surveys UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21900/21935/PB99149593.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497635 ER - TY - SER AN - 00763098 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE AT LOWER PRODUCTION COST: PRODUCTION OF CMA DEICER FROM CHEESE WHEY PY - 1998/12 SP - 4 p. AB - This TechBrief announces the completion of a Federal Highway Administration study that is fully documented in a separate report (FHWA-RD-98-174) of the same title. Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) has deicing ability comparable to salt, but is noncorrosive to vehicles, not harmful to highway concrete and vegetation, and has no significant health or environmental concerns. It is, however, expensive as compared to salt and other deicers. The goal of this project was to develop low-cost acetate deicers from cheap feedstocks such as cheese whey and other industrial wastes. A novel fibrous bed bioreactor and an energy-efficient solvent-extraction process were developed. The technical feasibility of the proposed fermentation and extraction processes was evaluated at the bench scale in the Phase I study and at the pilot scale in the Phase II study. Economic and market analyses were also conducted to determine the commercial potential of these processes. KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Costs KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Economic analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Industrial wastes KW - Production methods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763000 AU - Lozev, M G AU - Duke, J C AU - Parikh, S D AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCED ULTRASONIC INSPECTION OF STEEL BRIDGE PIN COMPONENTS PY - 1998/12 SP - 36 p. AB - This report describes the development of a technique for obtaining a reliable assessment of the condition of steel bridge pins already determined by ultrasound to contain imperfections. The details of a technique for performing high-definition ultrasonic scans of pins in the field are described. Results demonstrating this technique on specially fabricated calibration pins with actual cracks and actual bridge pins in the field are presented. A mathematical model for tracing the propagation of ultrasonic sound rays is also described. This model can be used as a tool to help interpret scanned images of imperfect pins. The researchers recommend that future research be carried out to develop further the instrumentation, equipment, and models needed for accurate field assessment of steel bridge pins. KW - Bridges KW - Flaw detection KW - Future research KW - Inspection KW - Mathematical models KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pins KW - Steel KW - Testing equipment KW - Ultrasonics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37000/37039/99-R3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762976 AU - Wall, H AU - Kolcz, A AU - Kimley-Horn and Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRATEGIC PLAN FOR STATEWIDE DEPLOYMENT OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN ARIZONA PY - 1998/12 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the methodology and results of a study to develop a strategic plan to deploy Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) throughout rural Arizona. This study builds upon ITS strategic plans already completed in Arizona, including the I-40 Corridor, the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas, and a plan for statewide communications. Needs were identified by various stakeholders at Rural ITS Workshops, focus group meetings, and regional Coalition meetings around the state. These needs were then matched, where possible, to one or more of the 36 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) User Services defined in the National Program Plan and Advanced Rural Transportation Systems (ARTS) program. Using the National ITS Architecture as a guide, a conceptual system architecture was developed for Arizona, which includes integration with other architectures developed for previous strategic plans in the state. Arizona's open standards architecture emphasizes interoperability and ease of integration as future market packages come on line in the three deployment timeframes defined for this program. High priority needs identified by stakeholders included traveler information, enhanced emergency services and response in rural areas, increased agency information sharing capabilities, commercial vehicle enhancements, and port of entry efficiencies. Additional long-term needs included advanced in-vehicle technologies (navigation systems, in-vehicle signing, collision avoidance systems), increased roadway safety and emergency systems, and expanded commercial vehicle systems. Project recommendations were developed based on the needs identified by the stakeholders. Deployment timeframes were also defined (1999-2001, 2002-2007, and 2008-beyond). Cost estimates for technology deployment and O&M (operation and maintenance) over the next 15 years were developed as part of the strategic plan. In addition to project recommendations, a preliminary business and management plan was developed stressing the importance of continued Coalition involvement. The report recommends identifying appropriate ITS champions from around the state to provide leadership and continuity for ITS deployment and ongoing O&M activities. KW - Arizona KW - Cost estimating KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Leadership KW - Needs assessment KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Recommendations KW - Rural areas KW - Strategic planning KW - System architecture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760597 AU - Al-Deek, H AU - Mohamed, A AU - Johnson, G AU - El-Maghraby, A AU - Shaaban, K AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MODEL FOR HEAVY TRUCK FREIGHT MOVEMENT ON EXTERNAL ROAD NETWORKS CONNECTING WITH FLORIDA PORTS, PHASE I PY - 1998/12 SP - 150 p. AB - This study focuses on development of models for heavy truck movements on external road networks connecting with Florida seaports. The objective of Phase I of this study is to develop truck trip production and attraction models for the Port of Miami. Using regression analysis, it was found that the most significant parameters influencing truck trips were the daily imported/exported number of trailers/containers at the port and the particular day of the week. Days of the week were grouped together into three groups for each model and all possible scenarios were investigated to produce the best statistical fit truck trip production/attraction models. Preliminary analyses of various sources of data revealed that manually recorded gate pass cards, maintained by the Port of Miami, were the most accurate and detailed source of truck movements at the port. More than 73,000 cards were entered into the University of Central Florida database for a total of 57 days of gate pass data. These data were used to calibrate and validate truck trip generation models. Additionally, forecasting models for the number of imported/exported trailers/containers at the port were developed using two different approaches: time series and regression analysis. It was found that there is no statistically significant difference between forecasts obtained by the two approaches. However, the time series model is recommended because it captures seasonal variations in the port's vessel activities. KW - Days KW - Florida KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - Gate pass cards KW - Mathematical models KW - Port of Miami KW - Regression analysis KW - Seaports KW - Seasonal variations KW - Time series analysis KW - Trip generation KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21500/21519/PB99123184.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760601 AU - Sargand, S M AU - Hazen, G A AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL EVALUATION AND PERFORMANCE OF PLASTIC PIPE. VOLUME I AND II PY - 1998/12 SP - 603 p. AB - A total of 18 profile-wall plastic pipe products from seven different manufacturers were instrumented and tested at the OU-ORITE load frame site. The pipes varied from 18 in. (457 mm) diameter u-PVC pipe to 48 in. (122 mm) diameter HDPE pipe. Each pipe was instrumented with electric strain gages and buried in granular backfill under shallow cover at the load frame facility. Structural performance of the pipes was monitored through strain gages, pressure cells, and a rotational LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) system under application of each short-term surface pressure increment. A comprehensive literature review identified a variety of analytical and laboratory test procedures applicable to the buried pipe problem. The analytical methods included the modified Iowa formula, deflection formula by Meyerhof, elastic solutions by Burns and Richard, elastic solutions by Hoeg, finite element method, beam on elastic foundation analysis, ring compression theory, and critical wall buckling formula. The laboratory methods included parallel-plate load test, one-dimensional compression test, CBR penetration test, and centrifuge modeling. However, most of these methods were more suitable for analysis of pipes buried deeply. Selected methods were evaluated in light of the latest test results on the plastic pipes under shallow cover. Both modified Iowa formula and deflection formula of Meyerhof predicted field pipe deflections very well when E' values were obtained from the CBR penetration test. Overall quality of the results from the elastic solutions became also improved when the E' value was based on the data from the CBR penetration test. During the course of this study, interaction was noticed between the rib/corrugation spacing and grain sizes in the backfill soil. The angle for lateral soil pressure distribution was measured to be less than 100 degrees. This finding led to a development of a generalized form of the modified Iowa formula. KW - Backfill soils KW - California bearing ratio KW - Compression tests KW - Deflection KW - Earth pressure KW - Formulas KW - Granular materials KW - Literature reviews KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plastic pipe KW - Shallow cover KW - Soil penetration test KW - Strain gages KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760586 AU - McVay, M C AU - Kuo, C L AU - Singletary, W A AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATING RESISTANCE FACTORS IN THE LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN FOR FLORIDA FOUNDATIONS PY - 1998/12 SP - 99 p. AB - The AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Specification was approved for use in 1994, and the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) is planning to use it in 1998. To ensure that the LRFD Specification is adopted successfully, it is important to generate resistance factors that are suitable for the Florida geologic conditions and design methods used by FDOT. Using the foundation database collected in the University of Florida, Florida geologic conditions and FDOT design methods, the resistant factors were calibrated by reliability analysis and Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Fitting. The calibrations of the resistance factors were performed on the designs of driven pile, drilled shaft, shallow foundation and retaining wall system. The resistance factors for deep foundation load tests including static load testing and dynamic load testing using Pile Driving Analyzer also were performed. Two FDOT projects were used as design examples to compare the results of ASD and LRFD using the recommended resistance factors. The comparisons indicated that the LRFD method using the recommended resistance factors resulted in designs compatible with those of the ASD method. KW - Allowable stress design KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Calibration KW - Deep foundations KW - Drilled shafts KW - Florida KW - Foundations KW - Geology KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Resistance (Mechanics) KW - Retaining walls KW - Shallow foundations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760577 AU - Ping, W V AU - McDonald, S AU - Florida State University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF PROBLEMATIC SOILS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. PHASE I STUDY PY - 1998/12 SP - 151 p. AB - This study presents the research effort to evaluate problematic A-2-4 soils in highway construction. Typical problems encountered by contractors in Florida during construction are that the soils retain excess moisture or are difficult to dry and compact. One prevalent theory was that the construction problems were directly related to the presence of expansive clays in the soils. An experimental program was conducted to evaluate six problem soils. The soils were chosen by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) because of past problems experienced during construction. A set of laboratory tests was performed to determine the engineering properties of each soil. A review of the current understanding of expansive soils in highway design was also conducted. The results of the experimental program showed that certain engineering properties give a possible indicator of potential construction problems and can be used to screen A-2-4 soils before use in highway projects. The results also showed that the presence of expansive clay is not a conclusive indicator of a problem A-2-4 soil. KW - Expansive clays KW - Florida KW - Laboratory tests KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Swelling soils UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21689/PB99133993.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760578 AU - Ping, W V AU - Ling, C-C AU - Florida State University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF SOIL SUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION ON THE DRYING RATE FOR SOME PROBLEMATIC SOILS. PHASE II STUDY PY - 1998/12 SP - 431 p. AB - There have been problems on pavement construction claimed by contractors in the State of Florida that the pavement soils hold excessive water and are difficult to dry and compact. This study presents recent research on the effects of the soil suction and the environmental conditions on the soil drying rate. A series of soil suction tests using thermocouple psychrometer method and the drying rate tests using the environmental chamber were conducted in this study. A review of soil suction theory was also conducted. The results of the experimental program show that both suction and relative humidity have direct effect on the soil drying rate. Drying rate decreases with an increase in soil suction for each soil. As compared to the suction, relative humidity has more significant influence on the soil drying rate. For the A-2-4 soil, which contains percent of fines greater than 20%, the drying rate is low due to the higher suction. KW - Drying rate KW - Florida KW - Humidity KW - Soil suction KW - Soil tests KW - Soil water KW - Soils UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21690/PB99134009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760488 AU - Lane, S N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A NEW DEVELOPMENT LENGTH EQUATION FOR PRETENSIONED STRANDS IN BRIDGE BEAMS AND PILES PY - 1998/12 SP - 131 p. AB - In 1988, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) issued a memorandum that outlawed the use of 15.2-mm (0.6-in.) diameter strands, restricted the spacing of strands, and applied a multiplier to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO's) development length equation. This memorandum initiated considerable research on the subject of bond of pretensioned strands in concrete. Forty-one research studies have been undertaken since 1988 to clarify the issues in the memorandum. One of the studies initiated was a large research study conducted at FHWA's Structures Laboratory at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. Phase I of the study involved 50 rectangular prestressed concrete specimens, while Phase II involved 64 members: 32 AASHTO Type II prestressed concrete I-beams and 32 prestressed concrete sub-deck panels. Half of these members for both phases contained uncoated strands, while the other half contained epoxy-coated strands. Only the results from the members containing uncoated strands in rectangular specimens and beams were discussed in this report. Results from the FHWA research were used to evaluate the current AASHTO equation for development length as well as a development length equation proposed by Dr. C. Dale Buckner of the Virginia Military Institute. Research results indicated that the AASHTO equation was unconservative for members constructed with normal-strength concrete and the Buckner equation was inconsistent for members constructed with normal-strength concrete. Both equations were conservative for members constructed with high-strength concrete. Because of these results, it was determined that a new development length equation was needed -- an equation that could provide conservative predictions of transfer and development lengths for all concrete strengths, yet not be overly conservative for high-strength concretes. FHWA researchers formulated new transfer and development length equations based on FHWA's full-size beam research results, and then correlated these equations with results from other research studies to make sure that the equations would be representative of the total applicable data to date. Data from 16 studies were used in the correlation process. The transfer and development length equations based only on the FHWA beam results were refined based on the correlation process, and new transfer and development length equations were proposed. Guidelines for the use of these equations for beams and piles were provided. KW - Beams KW - Bonds (Materials) KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Development length KW - Equations KW - High strength concrete KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing strands KW - Pretensioning KW - Transfer length UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21887/PB99146664.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760490 AU - McDonald, D B AU - Pfeifer, D W AU - Sherman, M R AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION EVALUATION OF EPOXY-COATED, METALLIC-CLAD AND SOLID METALLIC REINFORCING BARS IN CONCRETE PY - 1998/12 SP - 137 p. AB - This report describes the work conducted from 1993 to 1998 to develop cost-effective "new breeds" of organic, inorganic, ceramic and metallic coatings, as well as metallic alloys that can be utilized on or as reinforcement for embedment in portland cement concrete. As part of the study, 12 different bar types were tested in concrete: black bars, 3 bendable and 3 nonbendable epoxies, Type 304 and Type 316 stainless steel, copper-clad, galvanized and spray metallic-clad reinforcing. Measurements of macrocell voltages, half-cell potentials, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization and mat-to-mat resistances were used in conjunction with visual observations to determine the effectiveness of each system. It was concluded that Type 316 stainless steel reinforcing bars should be considered at the design stage as a potential method for obtaining a 75- to 100-year design life. These bars had corrosion rates 800 times lower than that of the black bars, even when tested in precracked concrete. Costs associated with the bars limit their widespread use in concrete structures; however, for structures where repair to corrosion-induced damage is difficult, the additional costs associated with the stainless steel bars may be justified. Potential use includes marine substructures, tunnels, and bridges that carry significant traffic where costs associated with road closures are very high. The research supports the continued use of epoxy-coated reinforcing bars as a corrosion-protection system; as in all cases, the corrosion rates of the eopxy-coated bars were less than that observed for the black bars. However, when epoxy-coated bars are to be used, it is appropriate to: use epoxy-coated reinforcing for both top and bottom mats of slabs, minimize damage to the reinforcing bars during shipment and placement, and repair cracks in the concrete. Decks constructed using epoxy-coated bars on the top mat only are not expected to have the same durability as those constructed with two layers of epoxy-coated bars; however, even these structures will show improved durability compared with companion structures that used black bars alone. KW - Alloys KW - Copper KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Corrosion resistant steel KW - Costs KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Galvanizing KW - Half-cell potential KW - Macrocell voltage KW - Metal coatings KW - Polarization resistance KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Service life KW - Stainless steel KW - Visual surveys UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21890/PB99146722.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760486 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Sorton, A AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE BICYCLE COMPATIBILITY INDEX: A LEVEL OF SERVICE CONCEPT, IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL PY - 1998/12 SP - 53 p. AB - Currently, no methodology is widely accepted by engineers, planners, or bicycle coordinators that will allow them to determine how compatible a roadway is for allowing efficient operation of both bicycles and motor vehicles. Determining how existing traffic operations and geometric conditions impact a bicyclist's decision to use or not use a specific roadway is the first step in determining the bicycle compatibility index (BCI) that could be used by practitioners to evaluate the capability of specific roadways to accommodate both motorists and bicyclists. The BCI methodology was developed for urban and suburban roadway segments (i.e., midblock locations that are exclusive of major intersections) and incorporated those variables which bicyclists typically use to assess the "bicycle friendliness" of a roadway (e.g., curb lane width, traffic volume, and vehicle speeds). The developed tool will allow practitioners to evaluate existing facilities in order to determine what improvements may be required as well as determine the geometric and operational requirements for new facilities. This report focuses on the application of the BCI methodology and the use of the Microsoft Excel workbook on the enclosed diskette. The report includes a brief summary of the model development, data requirements for using the model, a detailed discussion of the workbook, and numerous examples applied to real-world problems. KW - Bicycle compatibility index KW - Bicycles KW - Geometric design KW - Highway operations KW - Implementation KW - Intersections KW - Level of service KW - Manuals KW - Streets UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11000/11050/bci.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21895/PB99146789.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5400/5476/index.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760485 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Knuiman, M AU - Stewart, J R AU - Sorton, A AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE BICYCLE COMPATIBILITY INDEX: A LEVEL OF SERVICE CONCEPT, FINAL REPORT PY - 1998/12 SP - 94 p. AB - Presently, there is no methodology widely accepted by engineers, planners, or bicycle coordinators that will allow them to determine how compatible a roadway is for allowing efficient operation of both bicycles and motor vehicles. Determining how existing traffic operations and geometric conditions impact a bicyclist's decision to use or not use a specific roadway is the first step in determining the bicycle compatibility of the roadway. This research effort was undertaken to develop a methodology for deriving a bicycle compatibility index (BCI) that could be used by practitioners to evaluate the capability of specific roadways to accommodate both motorists and bicyclists. The BCI methodology was developed for urban and suburban roadway segments (i.e., midblock locations that are exclusive of major intersections) and incorporated those variables which bicyclists typically use to assess the "bicycle friendliness" of a roadway (e.g., curb lane width, traffic volume, and vehicle speeds). The developed tool will allow practitioners to evaluate existing facilities in order to determine what improvements may be required as well as to determine the geometric and operational requirements for new facilities. Also discussed in this report is the application of the developed methodology used for rating midblock segments to intersections and an assessment of the validity of such an approach for rating the bicycle compatibility of intersections. KW - Bicycle compatibility index KW - Bicycles KW - Geometric design KW - Highway operations KW - Intersections KW - Level of service KW - Streets UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/tools/docs/bcifinalrpt.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1500/1585/index.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11000/11051/bcifinalrpt.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21894/PB99146771.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760469 AU - Rutkowski, T S AU - Shober, S F AU - Schmeidlin, R B AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DRAINED PAVEMENT STRUCTURES PY - 1998/12 SP - 42 p. AB - This research study focused on positive drainage of pavement structures. The open-graded base course concepts included non-stabilized, asphalt cement concrete (AC) stabilized and portland cement concrete (PCC) stabilized. Drainage systems included pipe in trenches, fin-type, pipe beneath transverse joints and retrofitted pipe. Non-drainage elements included 3.05 m (14 ft) wide driving lanes, and a 30.48 cm (12 in.) layer of "select embankment". Twelve projects were monitored, both portland cement concrete surface and asphaltic concrete surface. Measurement surveys included Pavement Distress Index (PDI), transverse joint faulting, International Roughness Index (IRI) ride quality, and coring at the transverse joints. The analysis revealed the three dominant features for PCC to be: asphalt stabilized open-graded base course, doweled transverse joints and select embankment. The effects of the three in combination were not additive, which questioned the need to have two of the three elements in the same pavement structure. The coring revealed that asphalt stabilized open-graded base course had stripping at transverse joints, which questioned its long term efficacy. Cost-benefit analysis indicates an additional nine years of performance was needed to maintain a positive cost-benefit ratio if an asphalt stabilized open-graded base course was included in a pavement structure, whereas only 1 to 2 years of additional performance were needed when just dowels were used. The AC over asphalt stabilized open-graded base course structure provided better pavement performance than other AC sections. Retrofitted edge drains and Transverse Inter-Channel (TIC) drains appeared to have little benefit. Open-graded base course gradation #1 had similar pavement performance to #2. Unsealed PCC transverse joints provided pavement performance equal to that of sealed joints. Three recommendations were that (1) the existing study or test sections be evaluated for at least 5 more years in order to determine possible long range benefits of open-graded base course; (2) Wisconsin #2 open-graded base be given serious consideration for all open-graded projects; and (3) additional projects be constructed to determine the efficacy of AC pavement over open-graded base. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Drainage KW - Edge drains KW - Embankments KW - Faulting KW - International Roughness Index KW - Joint sealing KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Riding qualities KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Transverse inter-channel drains KW - Transverse joints UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/wispr-04-08drained.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21626/PB99129207.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760449 AU - Dunston, P S AU - MANNERING, F L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FULL WEEKEND CLOSURE STRATEGY FOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION PROJECTS: I-405 TUKWILA TO FACTORIA PY - 1998/12 SP - 177 p. AB - In August 1997, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) adopted a strategy of closing a single direction of freeway over an entire weekend for constructing the overlay on a 5.5-mi (8.85-km) section of I-405. Work was performed over two weekends. Data were collected from field measurements, records, and surveys to assess construction quality, construction costs, and user impacts. Results were compared to historical data from WSDOT and from a National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) synthesis study. Overlay surface smoothness, density, and gradation quality were good, and no difference in consistency was found between night and day paving. Public response from motorists was decidedly positive, while business perceptions were mixed. Traffic simulations indicated that the total closure was preferable to single lane closures over multiple nights. A decision checklist was developed for use in making the closure strategy decision. KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Field data KW - History KW - Impacts KW - Interstate highways KW - Lane closure KW - Quality of work KW - Reconstruction KW - Single direction highway closure KW - Weekends UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/454.1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21633/PB99129736.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760320 AU - Al-Akhras, A AU - Lawler, R E AU - Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIP GENERATION STUDY OF FREE-STANDING DISCOUNT SUPERSTORES IN OHIO PY - 1998/12 SP - 104 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop average trip rates for free-standing discount superstores in the State of Ohio. Specifically, the study focused on two types of large retailers. One type offers variety of customer services in addition to full service grocery department under the same roof. These establishments usually have off-street parking and maintain long store hours seven days a week. The definition of such establishments is similar to land use 813 presented in the ITE Trip Generation manual. The second type is those retailers which offer variety of customer services without full service grocery department. These establishments also have off-street parking and maintain long store hours. The definition of such establishments is similar to land use 815 presented in the ITE manual. The second objective of the study was to find the percent of pass-by trips from the main traffic stream for the evening peak period as a function of the adjacent street traffic. Mechanical traffic counts were conducted at driveways of every site for seven continuous days. Also, traffic was counted on the main cross roads adjacent to the site. The research team conducted personal surveys, to determine the percent of pass-by traffic at eight stores. The surveys were conducted during the period that would include the peak hour of the adjacent street. The analysis revealed that there is no evidence to suggest that the average weekday rate was significantly different for any individual weekday. It was also found that the effect of store location (large urban versus small urban/rural) on the average trip rates by retailer was not statistically significant. Finally, the analysis indicated that the average weekday trip rate presented in the ITE Trip Generation manual for land use 813 was not significantly different than those examined in this study that fit the description of land use 813. Moreover, the results showed that average trip rates examined in this study of the stores that fit land use 815 were not significantly different from those of the ITE land use 815. It is recommended that the rates calculated in this study for land use 813 and the rates in ITE for land use 815 be used in the state of Ohio. KW - Discount superstores KW - Ohio KW - Pass-by trips KW - Retail trade KW - Rural areas KW - Surveys KW - Traffic counts KW - Trip generation KW - Urban areas KW - Weekdays UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21500/21536/PB99123820.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759174 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORT-OF-ENTRY ADVANCED SORTING SYSTEM (PASS) OPERATIONAL TEST PY - 1998/12 SP - 37 p. AB - In 1992 the Oregon Department of Transportation undertook an operational test of the Port-of-Entry Advanced Sorting System (PASS), which uses a two-way communication automatic vehicle identification system, integrated with weigh-in-motion, automatic vehicle classification, and over-height detection tied into a heavy vehicle database. The purpose of this operational test was to demonstrate the feasibility of using this system to let trucks directly bypass the port and the static scale weighing process, thus resulting in significant benefits for both the carriers and the State. An additional purpose was to test the use of "double-threshold" bending plate type weigh-in-motion scales to improve the weighing accuracy as compared to single weigh-in-motion scales. In this Final Report, the authors describe the PASS system and present results obtained from three years of operation. Results from a survey of trucking firms are presented. Results from the testing of the double-threshold weigh-in-motion scales are also presented and discussed. Some problems with the state-of-the-art PASS occurred, causing interruptions. Most were software problems, which were resolved. The survey indicated that truckers and trucking firms using the two-way transponders were pleased with the system. The project proved that the mainline sorting of heavy vehicles to bypass or enter a Port-of-Entry is workable with current technology. The variability of weight measurements using the double-threshold weigh-in-motion scales was found to be less than the variability of measurements from the twin weigh-in-motion scales when taken separately. Unfortunately, the weights provided by the WIM scales appeared to be biased toward the mean in spite of careful calibration. Thus the value of double-threshold WIM scales remains unclear. KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Bending plates KW - Communication KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Oregon KW - Over-height detection KW - Ports of entry KW - Surveys KW - Test results KW - Trucking KW - Two way communication KW - Variables KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight measurement KW - Weight stations bypass UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10600/10630/portofentry.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21453/PB99118895.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759170 AU - Tarr, S M AU - Sheehan, M J AU - Okamoto, P A AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE THICKNESS DESIGN OF BONDED WHITETOPPING PAVEMENT IN THE STATE OF COLORADO PY - 1998/12 SP - 93 p. AB - This report summarizes the development of procedures for the thickness design of bonded whitetopping pavement in the state of Colorado. Included in this report is an overview of the selected sites, design parameters, instrumentation, data acquisition and analysis. The parameters studied included joint spacing, concrete flexural strength, asphalt thickness, subgrade modulus of elasticity, concrete and asphalt modulus of elasticity, design equivalent single axle load (ESAL) and temperature gradient. Equations were developed to predict the critical stresses and asphalt strains. A mechanistic design procedure is described which allows the evaluation of trial whitetopping thickness and joint spacing. A modified procedure was also developed incorporating an empirical approach based on the number of ESALs. Based on this research a minimum subgrade modulus of 150 pci is required along with an asphalt thickness of 5 in. (12.7 cm). As with the AASHTO procedure, the method is not too sensitive to the number of ESALs. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Axle loads KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Concrete overlays KW - Design KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Flexural strength KW - Guidelines KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement joints KW - Spacing KW - Temperature gradients KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - http://www.dot.state.co.us/Publications/PDFFiles/whitetopping.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21440/PB99118689.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760463 AU - Polivka, K A AU - Faller, R K AU - Keller, E A AU - Sicking, D L AU - Rohde, J R AU - Holloway, J C AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF THE TL-4 MINNESOTA COMBINATION TRAFFIC/BICYCLE BRIDGE RAIL PY - 1998/11/30 SP - 119 p. AB - A combination traffic and bicycle bridge rail was developed and crash tested. The combination bridge rail was constructed with a standard New Jersey safety shaped barrier and special steel panels formed from tubular steel posts and rails, and square vertical spindle bars. Two cables were installed inside the tubular rails to prevent detachment of large pieces of debris from causing hazardous conditions for vehicles and pedestrians below. Although the crash tested bridge rail was constructed using the New Jersey safety shape, it is believed that this combination traffic/bicycle bridge rail could be easily adapted to other safety shape barriers or rectangular parapets with no need for further crash testing. Due to the modular nature of the steel panel sections, the combination traffic/bicycle bridge rail can be repaired very easily following a vehicular impact. Two full-scale vehicle crash tests were performed on Minnesota's combination traffic/bicycle bridge railing. The tests were conducted and reported in accordance with the requirements specified in NCHRP Report No. 350, "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features" (1993). The safety performance of the combination traffic/bicycle bridge rail was determined to be acceptable according to Test Level 4 of the NCHRP Report No. 350 criteria. KW - Bridge railings KW - Compliance KW - Design KW - Impact tests KW - Modular structures KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Performance evaluations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21700/21786/PB99140998.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765883 AU - Sohanghpurwala, A A AU - Scannell, W T AU - CONCORR, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERIFICATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF EPOXY-COATED REBARS PY - 1998/11/24 SP - 97 p. AB - A two year program was initiated in 1996 to document the condition of epoxy coated rebars in Pennsylvania and New York. The objectives of this program were to i) investigate the field performance of epoxy coated reinforcing steel in select bridge decks in Pennsylvania and New York, ii) determine if ongoing or progressive corrosion and/or a reduction in coating adhesion were occurring, with a 95% confidence level, in more than 3% of the deck area in either state, and iii) define variables associated with exposure conditions, concrete properties, and epoxy coated rebar properties which predict the presence or absence of corrosion and/or adhesion reduction. Results from the study showed that the existing condition of epoxy coated rebars in bridge decks in Pennsylvania and New York was very good. The frequency of occurrence of progressive corrosion was less than 3% in Pennsylvania and at least 3% in New York. Coating adhesion reduction or loss was found to be more prevalent and extensive. Probability distribution analyses showed that more than 50% of epoxy coated rebars in bridge decks in Pennsylvania and New York exhibit some degree of adhesion reduction within 6 to 10 years of placement in concrete. It should be pointed out that, although progressive corrosion must be accompanied by complete adhesion loss, coating adhesion alone was not found to be a good predictor of corrosion condition in this study. Performance of epoxy coated rebars was evaluated with respect to two mechanisms for corrosion initiation and propagation on epoxy coated rebars: failures from coating defects and failure by adhesion reduction. Due to the relatively low average age (10 years) of the sample population the performance of the epoxy coated rebars with respect to either of the failure mechanisms at an acceptable confidence level could not be statistically ascertained. KW - Adhesion KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion KW - Defects KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Failure analysis KW - Field studies KW - New York (State) KW - Pennsylvania KW - Performance evaluations KW - Probability KW - Reinforcing bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765873 AU - Fox, P J AU - Mast, D G AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOTECHNICAL PERFORMANCE OF A HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTED USING WASTE FOUNDRY SAND PY - 1998/11/23 SP - 110 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of waste foundry sand (WFS) as a highway embankment material in a full-scale field demonstration project. This evaluation included geotechnical concerns, such as deformation, strength, hydraulic conductivity, and ease of construction. The report presents an introduction and previous research concerning WFS use in highway construction. A geotechnical laboratory testing program characterized the WFS used in the project, which was a waste product of Auburn Foundry, Inc., located in Auburn, Indiana. This study was also a part of the Federal Highway Administration Priorities Technology Program. The project site was a 275 m section of the County Route 206 highway project near Butler, Indiana. Three sections of the embankment were studied: a section built with clay borrow, a section built with natural sand, and a section built with WFS. The embankment was built during the summer of 1996. This report presents field testing data with regard to vertical and lateral deformations of the WFS embankment, in situ changes in pore pressures in the foundation soil during construction, and the post-construction in situ penetration resistance of the WFS. The performance of the WFS section is compared to that of the clay borrow and natural sand sections of the embankment. The results of laboratory and field testing of the Auburn Foundry WFS provide general guidelines for the choice of geotechnical parameters for preliminary design of WFS embankments. From a geotechnical perspective, the results indicate that WFS can be used successfully as embankment fill material for full-scale highway projects. KW - Deformation KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Foundry sand KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Laboratory tests KW - Penetration resistance KW - Pore pressure UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21900/21916/PB99147738.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502337 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779880 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - SEISMIC BEARINGS FOR LARGE SPAN BRIDGES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 157-171 AB - One of the most effective strategies in enhancing (or turning) the seismic response of a bridge to seismic events is the effective use of isolation bearings. Implementing this strategy for long span bridges requires the use of large bearings (up to 3 m [10 ft] in diameter), designed to have properties specific to each application. Several types of bearings are currently available for this purpose which include (1) friction pendulum isolation bearing, (2) slider with elasto-plastic springs, (3) elastomeric isolation bearings (e.g., lead core - rubber bearing), (4) elastomeric with metallic dissipaters, etc. Use of these types of bearings on large bridges requires that they are designed to carry as much as 10,000 kips of vertical load and allow for displacements up to 1.2 m [4 ft], i.e., 2.4 m (8ft) total. Imbsen & Associates, Inc. has incorporated isolation bearings in the seismic retrofit design of several major bridges, which include for example: The I-40 Mississippi River Crossing near Memphis, Tennessee, the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, and the Benicia-Martinez Bridge in California. The elastomeric isolation bearing was used in the Golden Gate Bridge and the approaches on the Benicia-martinez Bridge, and the friction pendulum bearing has been proposed for the I-40 and main span on the Benicia-martinez Bridge. Analysis methods for incorporating isolation in retrofit design is presented below, followed by a discussion of their specific applications to the three bridged mentioned above. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bearings KW - Bridges KW - Elastomers KW - Friction factor KW - Isolation (Chemistry) KW - Loads KW - Seismicity KW - Structural design KW - Vertical supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512776 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779887 AU - Seible, F AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - THE USE OF ADVANCED COMPOSITES IN SEISMIC RETROFITTING PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 283-297 AB - Advanced composites known as polymer matrix composites (PMCs) or fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) have been shown to be structurally very efficient in the seismic retrofit of constructed facilities. Light weight and ease of application also result in cost effective retrofit measures despite higher material costs compared to conventional retrofit systems. Design and application issues with advanced composite retrofits are discussed together with structural performance validations from large and full scale laboratory experiments. Examples for seismic response and retrofit design will include laboratory tests and field applications on seismic retrofits of structural concrete wall buildings and reinforced concrete bridge columns. Detailed design guidelines for seismic retrofits using FRPs are presented together with critical detailing and application issues. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Composite materials KW - Fiber reinforced materials KW - Polymer fibers KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Retrofitting KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512783 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779894 AU - Calvi, G M AU - Pavese, A AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - OPTIMAL DESIGN OF ISOLATED BRIDGES AND ISOLATION SYSTEMS FOR EXISTING BRIDGES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 407-429 AB - Designing new isolated bridges, the selection of optimal characteristics for strength, stiffness and displacement capacity for both piers and isolators is not at all obvious. When designing an isolation system for an existing bridge, the variable parameters are less, but it should be assumed as a principle that all piers have to be isolated. A study of this subject has been recently presented by the same authors where an optimization procedure was outlined, even if it was more an idea to be developed and verified than a reliable design tool. Since then, the idea has become a proposal for a design method, and the method has been implemented in an efficient software program and applied to a large number of cases which confirmed the soundness of the principles adopted in the design philosophy. The design approach assumes that a displacement profile predicted using a linear equivalent model, will be reproduced by the envelope of the maximum displacement obtained from a series of non-linear analyses, considered to be representative of the real response. A displacement reduction factor is proposed in analogy with the force reduction factor commonly used in force-based approaches, and a response predicted by the linear equivalent model. The response index is then used as the main parameter to be optimized, to design an appropriate isolation system, keeping the appropriate boundary conditions to assure a capacity protection of the foundation-pier systems. The procedure has been applied to several cases, comparing the results with those obtained from non-linear analysis, showing that the design approach seems to be efficient and reliable. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512790 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779883 AU - Reinhorn, A M AU - Simeonov, V K AU - DeRue, G AU - Constantinou, M C AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - SENSITIVITY OF RESPONSE OF ISOLATED BRIDGES TO MODELING AND DESIGN PARAMETERS - A CASE STUDY PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 213-223 AB - The concept of base isolations in bridges implies that structural components should experience limited inelastic behavior associated only with minor damage. Most isolation systems are designed to eliminate altogether inelastic behavior. The estimation uncertainties during the design process of the future ground motions, associated with the uncertainties involved in the constructed practice, leave the possibility that the entire system will experience inelastic behavior with permanent deformations and damage. The fundamental objective of providing pertinent protection against undesired failure modes of base isolated bridges relies on estimates of the piers properties, such as flexure or shear capacities, or estimates of foundation deformation limits. It relies also on good knowledge of isolation properties. Design choices based on nominal material properties may miss the physical features of the structure, rendering the isolation system inefficient in preventing large ductility demands on the substructure. One of the objectives of this paper is to examine the effect of variation of the ratio of isolator and pier yield characteristics on the response of isolated bridges. It has been recognized that, due to low redundancy and domination of the deck mode of vibration, isolated bridges are extremely sensitive to the characteristics of the ground motion. After yielding the stiffness properties and the periods of the deck-bridge system may be entirely dominated by the secondary stiffness of the isolators because of the larger mismatch with the support stiffness. This study investigates the sensitivity of bridge response to small variations of the post-yield stiffness of the isolation system. Since most of the mass of the bridge is contributed by the deck, analytical models for design tend to diminish the attention to the masses of the piers and to the vibration modes for design tend to diminish the attention to the masses of the piers and to the vibration modes they induce. However, in deck isolated bridges the local modes of tall massive columns may contribute substantially to the drift demand of the respective isolator-pier systems. This paper also studies the response implications of neglecting the column mass in modeling of bridges. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Deformation KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Isolation (Chemistry) KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512779 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779884 AU - Monti, G AU - Pinto, P E AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - EFFECTS OF MULTI-SUPPORT EXCITATION ON ISOLATED BRIDGES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 225-247 AB - Multi-support seismic excitation can affect the response of isolated bridges, and particularly the performance of the isolating devices, which are generally designed for synchronous action. Three phenomena are of major interest for bridge structures, denoted as: (a) incoherence, (b) wave-passage, (c) site-response, of which the former two, grouped under the term 'nonsynchronism', have been object of an extensive parametric study in the past. Here, the third phenomenon is addressed, which is due to spatially varying local soil profiles, and its effects on the bridge response are evaluated. The technique adopted is that of a random vibration analysis of linear systems, equivalent to be examined bridges equipped with hysteretic-type isolating devices, whose response is represented through linear elements of equivalent stiffness and damping. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridges KW - Isolated footings KW - Reflection KW - Refraction KW - Seismicity KW - Soils KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512780 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779877 AU - Marioni, A AU - Medeot, R AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN STANDARD ON ANTISEISMIC DEVICES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 47-55 AB - In recent years, the European techno-scientific community has been called upon to make great efforts to draft building codes: the so called EUROCODES. Each of the latter, has required in turn the drafting of Standards on the design and manufacturing requirements of specific devices such as structural bearings, pre-stressing systems, etc. Within this framework, Sub-Committee TC 167 - SC 1 - ANTISEISMIC DEVICES was constituted. The scope of this sub-committee is to proceed with the standardization of antiseismic devices for use in structures erected in seismic areas in accordance with EUROCODE 8. Antiseismic devices include shock-transmitters, isolators, hydraulic dampers, etc. As it is well known, antiseismic devices were developed within the last two decades; above all, in relation to the dissemination of the "Seismic Isolation" concept, but they have found valid employment in other seismic strategies. The paper illustrates the structure of the European Standard, the criteria adopted in its drafting, the procedures to follow for its approval, and some of the aspects which render this document innovative. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bearings KW - Europe KW - Hydraulic properties KW - Innovation KW - Prestressing KW - Seismology KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Standards KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512773 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779879 AU - Karshenas, M AU - Kaspar AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - APPLICATIONS OF ISOLATION BEARINGS TO BRIDGES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 147-156 AB - This article reviews applications using three specific types of passive isolation bearings for seismic retrofitting of existing and construction of new bridges in Illinois with emphasis on the selection process and cost of isolation bearings. Experiences on application of isolation bearings, and effective methods of cost reduction, such as competitive bidding for the selection of protective systems, are discussed. Finally, the cost of various protection systems from recent projects are presented for comparison. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bearings KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Illinois KW - Isolation (Chemistry) KW - Protective coatings KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512775 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779886 AU - Pinto, A V AU - Negro, P AU - Taucer, F AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - TESTING OF BRIDGES WITH ISOLATION/DISSIPATION DEVICES AT ELSA LABORATORY PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 257-276 AB - Large-scale pseudo-dynamic (PsD) tests on seismically isolated bridges were recently carried out at the ELSA Laboratory. Two alternative solutions were adopted, one solution with isolation/dissipation (I/D) devices over the abutments and over all piers, and another solution with I/D devices over the central short pier only, where the demands concentrated for the conventionally designed structure. The main aim of the test campaign was to assess the seismic performance of two isolation schemes for irregular bridges against the behavior of geometrically similar ones designed following the classical strength reduction factor approach. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Deformation KW - Dissipation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Isolation (Chemistry) KW - Seismicity KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512782 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779888 AU - PATTEN, W N AU - Sun, J AU - Li, Guoxiang AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - STRESS REDUCTION SYSTEM OF MEDIUM SPAN BRIDGES USING SEMIACTIVE CONTROLS PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 299-312 AB - Vehicle-induced vibrations of bridges tend to accelerate deck wear and to produce high cycle fatigue effects. Many U.S. interstate bridges constructed of continuous girders with composite concrete decks are now considered to have reached the limit of their useful life due to truck impact loads. The Center for Structural Control at the University of Oklahoma has spearheaded the development of an intelligent stiffener for bridges (ISB). The ISB consists of a computer-controlled hydraulic system that is easily retrofitted to an existing bridge superstructure. Field tests of the system indicate that the ISB reduces maximum stress range in the NCHRP 299 suggests that the ISB system extends the safe working life of a bridge by at least five decades. The ISB system will make it possible to avoid the reconstruction of many highway bridges at about 10% of the cost of replacement. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Computers KW - Loads KW - Retrofitting KW - Stresses KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512784 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779890 AU - Mander, J B AU - Contreras, R AU - Garcia, R AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - ROCKING COLUMNS: AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF SEISMICALLY ISOLATING A BRIDGE PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 335-348 AB - This paper describes the seismic resistance of a rocking bridge pier both with and without the effects of prestress. Although the subject of rocking structures is not new, dating back to the early work of Housner in 1963, much of the work that followed was aimed at investigating the sesimic response of rigid rocking block systems. Although Meek in 1978 introduced aspects of structural flexibility coupled with rocking structures, and Aslam et al. in 1980 considered the influence of prestress that provided some resistance in anchoring a rigid structure to the ground to increase its rocking resistance, neither investigator specifically addressed issues pertaining to bridge structures. Only recently did Priestley et al in 1996 describes in their monograph the behavior and design of rocking bridge piers. However, Priestley et al. did not integrate the inter-related aspects of rocking, structural flexibility and prestressing in their design recommendations. This paper attempts to address these issues and to present unified analysis and design procedures. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Dissipation KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Seismicity KW - Serviceability KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512786 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779892 AU - Fenves, G L AU - Huang, W-H AU - Whittaker, A S AU - Clark, P W AU - Mahin, S A AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - MODELING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SEISMIC ISOLATION BEARINGS PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 371-385 AB - A coordinated experimental and analytical research program sponsored by the California Department of Transportation is underway to improve knowledge about seismic isolation and supplemental damping for highway bridges. The first phase of the study is to characterize the bi-directional response of elastomeric and sliding isolation bearings for static and dynamic excitation in a thorough static and dynamic testing program. Analytical models based on classical plasticity and smoothed plasticity (Bouc-Wen) are used for representing bearing behavior. Static bi-directional and load histories and earthquake response studies show the effect of bi-directional coupling in these models compared with independent uni-directional models. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridge bearings KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Earthquake engineering KW - Elastomers KW - Highway bridges KW - Plasticity KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512788 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779881 AU - Benzoni, G AU - Seible, F AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - DESIGN OF THE CALTRANS SEISMIC RESPONSE MODIFICATION DEVICE (SRMD) TEST FACILITY PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 173-187 AB - In the seismic retrofit design of California's Toll Bridges, seismic condition is used in several bridges to limit the seismic force input into the superstructure and to avoid costly superstructure retrofit measures which would require partial lane closures and traffic interruptions. Isolation bearings and dampers of the size required for these large span bridges have not been built or tested to date. This paper describes the design and construction of a full scale testing facility which will allow the real-time 6-DOF dynamic characterization of the seismic response modification devices designed for California's Toll Bridges. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Damping capacity KW - Dynamic resistance KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismicity KW - Toll bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512777 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779882 AU - Ceravolo, R AU - De Stefano, A AU - Mancini, G AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SEISMIC ISOLATION DEVICES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 191-211 AB - This paper examines the possible uses and the advantages of seismic isolation at the base of girder bridges. The attention is focused in particular on the feasibility of adopting a system based on the abatement of the horizontal stiffness of foundation piles, as is obtained by using piles partly non-confined by the surrounding soil. A parameter sensitivity study was reported, first of all, conducted by means of simple idealisations and an analysis with response spectra. Then eight bridges with standard characteristics, representing a sufficiently wide class of girder bridges, were selected. On these eight structures, subjected to real seismic excitation, a more accurate parametric analysis was conducted with the aim of evaluating the optimal characteristics of the isolation and the applicability of the technique. Finally, the use of special jackets filled with a material with hysteretic non-linear behavior was investigated in order to assess its potential advantages. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridge foundations KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Girder bridges KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Seismicity KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512778 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779878 AU - Dolce, M AU - Liberatore, D AU - Bonuccelli, C AU - Traini, G AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - SEISMIC ISOLATION OF RAILWAY BRIDGES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 127-146 AB - Railway bridges are peculiar structural systems, where the structure interacts with tracks and vehicles in a complicated manner, involving strongly nonlinear effects. The interaction effects under earthquakes are particularly difficult to be understood and evaluated. Peculiar aspects, such as the nonlinear behavior of track-bridge interface (ballast), the dynamic behavior of train vehicles, the unilateral contact constraint between wheel and rail, between rail and deck as well as in the deck bearings, have to be taken into account. They need a full three-dimensional analysis, taking into account all the nonlinear phenomena occurring in both the structure and the track. A very accurate nonlinear dynamic analysis program (BRIE) was previously implemented by the authors, to study the seismic response of railway bridges. A peculiar behavior was detected for conventional bridges, due to the vehicle-track-bridge interaction, with important implications regarding serviceability. The observation of such results suggests that seismic isolation could turn out to be effective in reducing not only structural damage, but also the risk of service loss, although very few applications are presently made all over the world. In this paper the seismic behavior of a railway bridge equipped with seismic isolation/dissipation devices is investigated. It is a typical bridge of a the new Italian high speed railway line under construction. Reference is made to only one type of devices, having elasto-plastic behavior, while the parameters characterising the response of such devices (threshold force, post-yield stiffness) is varied. Although only one case is analyzed and a more comprehensive study is needed, the actual advantages coming from seismic isolation in comparison with conventional design of railway bridges are highlighted and some indications on the optimal choice of the behavioral parameters are obtained. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Isolation (Chemistry) KW - Seismicity KW - Serviceability KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512774 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779885 AU - Shinozuka, M AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - DEVELOPMENT OF BRIDGE FRAGILITY CURVES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 249-256 AB - This paper presents preliminary results of an on-going research on bridge fragility curve development focusing on (1) development of empirical fragility curves utilizing bridge damage control obtained from the past earthquakes, particularly the 1994 Northridge earthquake, (2) development of analytical fragility curves, on the basis of dynamic analysis, (3) the issues of hypothesis testing and confidence intervals of these fragility curves, and (4) demonstration, on the basis of dynamic analysis, of effective use of a protective system for fragility enhancement using a representative bridge in the Memphis area. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridges KW - Dynamic resistance KW - Empirical methods KW - Protective coatings KW - Risk analysis KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512781 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779889 AU - Dolce, M AU - Marnetto, R AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - SMA DEVICES FOR SEISMIC ISOLATION OF BRIDGES: DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOR PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 313-333 AB - Shape Memory Alloys, for their peculiar properties, have a great potential in the field of passive seismic protection of structures. The MANSIDE (Memory Alloys for New Seismic Isolation DEvices) project is aimed at exploiting this potential, through comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies. MANSIDE is funded by the European Commission, within the BRITE-EURAM program. It has started on December 1995 and will end on March 1999. It has lead to the conceptual design, the implementation and the experimental testing of a family of devices for seismic isolation and passive energy dissipation of buildings and bridges. In the proposed paper the main experimental results on the mechanical behavior of some selected shape memory elements are shown. The conceptual design of a family of energy dissipating devices having full re-centering and high energy dissipation capabilities, as well as high resistance to large strain cycle fatigue and great durability, are described. The experimental behavior of the devices is shown by the results of the cyclic tests on the devices and of shaking table tests on scaled frame models. Finally the applicability to bridges is demonstrated by an example. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridges KW - Dissipation KW - Durability KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Seismicity KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512785 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779891 AU - De Luca, A AU - Faella, G AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - MODELING OF ELASTOMERIC DEVICES IN THE DYNAMIC LINEAR AND NONLINEAR RANGE PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 351-369 AB - A hysteretic model able to simulate the behavior of elastomeric devices for seismic base isolation is presented. The model is an extension of the Wen's model which has been modified in order to introduce a dependency of some coefficients on the achieved shear deformation, so that the shape of the hysteretic cycles of the high damping rubber device is reproduced with suitable precision at all amplitude of deformation. A comparison with experimental data from shaking table tests and with other typical modelings (equivalent viscous model and Bouc-Wen's model) has been carried out to prove the adequacy and advantages of the proposed model. The comparison has shown a satisfactory agreement between the numerical simulation provided by the proposed model and the experimental response both for low and for high deformations, thus overcoming the drawbacks typical of the hysteretic models existing to date. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Deformation KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Elastomers KW - Seismicity KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512787 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779893 AU - Braga, F AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - HIGH DAMPING ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS (HDEB) EXPERIMENTAL TESTS AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 387-406 AB - In this paper is an outline of a huge test program carried out at the Laboratory of Testing Materials and Structures of the DiSSG of the University of Basilicata, at Potenza, is given. About 500 high damping elastomeric bearings (HDEB) for seismic isolation were tested, and the mechanical and hysteretical characteristics of both new and artificially aged bearings were evaluated. Three different groups (A, B, C) of devices were tested, each group being relevant to a different compound based on a different elastomer (olefinic, dienic and nitrilic base). For each group of devices, 24 different specimen types were tested, whose differences are relevant to dimensions, shape (circular or square), primary and secondary shape factor. These characteristics do not change from one group to another, so that immediate comparisons among the different compounds can be made. In this paper the peculiar characteristics of the three compounds studied are briefly described, comparing them with the corresponding characteristics of the natural rubber. Then, the geometric characteristics of all the bearings are illustrated (dimension, shape, thickness and number of elastomeric layers, thickness of steel shims, primary and secondary shape factor). Finally, the types of test performed on the specimens as well as the test equipment and set up are described. Particular attention is devoted to the accelerated aging procedures, used to evaluate the durability of compounds and devices. The preliminary results obtained during the aging tests are briefly exposed and discussed. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Bridge bearings KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Durability KW - Elastomers KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512789 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779870 AU - Braga, F AU - Calvi, G M AU - Pinto, P E AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - ITALIAN AND EUROPEAN GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF ISOLATED BRIDGES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 3-12 AB - In the past few years official Guidelines have been issued in Europe and in Italy to regulate the design of (passively) isolated bridges. Explicitly covered is the use of elastomeric and elasto-plastic elements. The design philosophy aims at ensuring adequate protection with respect to two Limit-States or Performance Levels: the first one being the limit of fully elastic response, the second one being a state where the structure is still undamaged while the isolating elements are close to their ultimate deformation. Capacity design measures are adopted to ensure the protection of the structural parts even for larger-than-anticipated seismic events. Detailed requirements on the behavior of the isolating elements so that they can reliably fulfill their protective role are given. Modelling, methods of analysis and verification criteria complete the content of the Guidelines. Aspects requiring improved definition are discussed in the conclusions of the paper. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridges KW - Design capacity KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastomers KW - Elastoplasticity KW - Isolated footings KW - Performance tests KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512766 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779872 AU - Stanton, J F AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - THE 1997 AASHTO SEISMIC ISOLATION GUIDE SPECIFICATION PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 31-46 AB - AASHTO published it first Seismic Isolation Guide Specification in 1991. In 1995, the need for updating the original document became obvious, and the newly-formed Seismic Committee T-3 was charged with the task of the updating. A special Task force was appointed to do the job, and the work was completed by February 1997. The new Guide Specification has been balloted by AASHTO and has been accepted. This paper discusses some of the issues addressed by the new document. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Design standards KW - Documents KW - Manuals KW - Seismicity KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512768 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779874 AU - Kelly, J K AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS FOR APPLICATION IN BRIDGES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 73-88 AB - The use of seismic isolation technology is increasing worldwide, and when elastomeric isolators are used they are designed by simple linear elastic methods that have been verified by laboratory testing and by finite element analysis. As code requirements for isolated structures have evolved, equivalent static design procedures have been replaced by nonlinear dynamic analysis, and it has proved very difficult to accurately model the mechanical characteristics of high-damping rubber isolators. Some of the problems will be discussed here. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bearings KW - Bridges KW - Dynamic tests KW - Elastomers KW - Finite element method KW - Linear elasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512770 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779871 AU - Constantinou, M C AU - Whittaker, A S AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - SEISMIC PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR BRIDGES IN THE UNITED STATES: STATE-OF-THE-ART AND STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 13-27 AB - The use of seismic isolation and passive energy dissipation hardware for bridge applications has gained widespread acceptance in all seismic regions in the United States. Much research and the development of guidelines has accompanied the marked upswing in isolation-related construction. This review paper presents information on the state of the art and state of practice of seismic protective systems for bridges in the United States. Current and recently completed research and studies on system and component behavior are summarized, and the impact of this work on the newly revised AASHTO Guide Specification for Seismic Isolation of Bridges is identified. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Applications KW - Bridges KW - Dissipation KW - Energy absorption KW - Protection KW - Seismic prospecting KW - State of the art studies KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512767 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779873 AU - Mellon, D AU - Post, T AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - CALTRANS BRIDGE RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 57-72 AB - Since the first application of isolation technology by Caltrans on the Sierra Point Overhead Bridge in 1985, the State of California has exercised limited use of new technologies such as seismic isolation and energy dissipation in bridge applications. However, in recent years, the unusual and complex design issues presented by the California Toll Bridge Retrofit Program have produced several large scale retrofit projects employing isolation, damping, and lock-up devices. These existing and proposed applications as well as related research, including the Seismic Response Modification Device (SRMD) Testing Program at the Univeristy of California, San Diego and the "Caltrans/FHWA Testing at ETEC", will be presented. In addition to the above mentioned technologies, this paper will cover Caltrans' research and trial installations of alternative column casing such as composites and wire wrap for bridge column retrofit. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Applications KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Damping capacity KW - Design KW - Dissipation KW - Energy absorption KW - Research KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Seismicity KW - Technology KW - Wire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512769 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779875 AU - Ciampi, V AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - A METHODOLOGY FOR THE DESIGN OF ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICE FOR THE SEISMIC PROTECTION OF BRIDGES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 89-104 AB - The present work aims at establishing design criteria for a rational use of the elastic-plastic devices employed for the seismic protection of bridge structures. The proposed target is attained via an energy based approach which is formulated as an optimum problem. An appropriate non dimensional index, related to both dissipated and input energy, is assumed as a measure of the optimum performance of the device, which is constrained to comply with service and ultimate conditions of the structure. Preliminary numerical results, concerning single degree of freedom systems, show that it is possible to construct optimal design graphs that depend on only two constitutive parameters of the device: yield force and elastic stiffness. Further curves are also given which allow to perform on a "a posteriori" check of both the relevant structural response quantities and the damage level suffered by the device. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridges KW - Dissipation KW - Elastic analysis KW - Energy KW - Energy absorption KW - Plastics KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Stiffness KW - Structures KW - Yield stress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512771 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779869 AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE U.S.-ITALY WORKSHOP ON SEISMIC PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR BRIDGES PY - 1998/11/03 SP - 430 p AB - The workshop consisted of presentation of 13 U.S. and 11 Italian papers which focused on research and the application of seismic protective systems for bridges, and the state-of-the-art and practice in bridge seismic isolation and energy dissipation in the two countries. Presentations were also made on the related subjects of: active control systems applications; the use of other advanced technologies for improving the seismic performance of bridges including the use of composites and rocking-column concepts; and the development of bridge fragility curves applicable to the performance of bridges with protective systems. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Bridges KW - Control system applications KW - Dissipation KW - Energy absorption KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Technology KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512765 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00779876 AU - Medeot, R AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research TI - ENERGY DISSIPATION AS A TECHNOLOGICAL ANSWER TO HIGHLY DEMANDING DESIGN PROBLEMS PY - 1998/11/03 SP - p. 107-126 AB - The spontaneous idea that most commonly comes to mind to seismic engineer practitioners is that of interpreting an earthquake in terms of forces and deformation induced upon the structure. Actually, forces and displacements are but a mere manifestation of a seismic attack rather than its very essence. An earthquake is an energy phenomenon against which defense strategies must be organized duly accounting for this intrinsic nature. The paper illustrates how the use of energy concepts makes it possible to delineate an anti-seismic design strategy that takes into account the type of structure and yields maximum advantage in terms of existing hardware. It also presents a highly demanding retrofit project in which this design approach is being used. U1 - Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for BridgesMultidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research CouncilColumbia University, New York, NY StartDate:19980427 EndDate:19980428 Sponsors:Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo University, NY; Federal Highway Administration; the National Group for Defense Against Earthquakes of the Italian National Research Council KW - Demand KW - Design KW - Dissipation KW - Earthquakes KW - Energy absorption KW - Force KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Technological forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/512772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760495 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1997 SN - 0160498309 PY - 1998/11/01 SP - 325 p. AB - This is an annual report containing analyzed statistical data on motor fuel; motor vehicles; driver licensing; highway-user taxation; State highway finance; highway mileage; Federal aid for highways; highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government; select tables/charts from the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey; and international data. This report has been published since 1945. KW - Annual reports KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - International KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - States KW - Statistics UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/hs97/hs97page.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01541428 AU - Ramey, G Ed AU - Oliver, Russell S AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rapid Rehabilitation/Replacement of Bridge Decks PY - 1998/11//Final Report SP - 349p AB - The Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) has over 4,830 m (3 miles) of major interstate bridges (3 to 5 lanes wide with approximately 55,740 m² (600,000 ft²) of deck) near downtown Birmingham with significant levels of deck cracking and deterioration. The rehabilitation or replacement (R/R) of these decks is obviously a matter of great concern because of the enormous cost and potential for disruptions of traffic. The objective of this research work was to identify the most viable rapid bridge deck rehabilitation or replacement (R/R) options which can be implemented under staged construction/concurrent traffic conditions. The objective was achieved by analyzing and synthesizing the results of a review of the literature, a mail questionnaire survey to all State DOT's in the U.S., telephone discussions with DOT bridge and maintenance engineers in over half the states in the U.S., in-person meetings with select personnel of the ALDOT from hands-on bridge maintenance and inspection personnel to bureau chiefs of the primary player bureaus, site visits to the Birmingham bridges, discussions and meetings with bridge deck product industry representatives, and site visits to four states to observe and discuss their rapid bridge deck rehabilitation practices. Execution of this work led to the following conclusions and recommendations: (1) A study should be immediately initiated to investigate and decide on the best means of meeting the excessive interstate traffic load through Birmingham. (2) Immediately initiate a study to determine the remaining fatigue/service life of the Birmingham interstate bridge support girders. (3) If results of the girder remaining fatigue study indicate a remaining life of 15 - 25 years then execute a structural condition assessment program to determine if the decks are sufficiently sound to rehabilitate via overlay. (4) Use an AL79 bridge near Birmingham which is scheduled to be taken out of service in 1999 to help determine the state and best course of action for the Birmingham bridges. (5) Place and monitor the performances of four candidate deck replacement! rehabilitation "test sections" described in the report. (6) If the results of girder remaining fatigue life study and the deck assessment program indicate rehabilitation via overlay, then place and monitor the performances of two candidate deck overlay "test sections". (7) Immediately expand the scope of study to begin implementing the above recommendations. KW - Alabama KW - Bridge decks KW - Highway bridges KW - Literature reviews KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - http://www.eng.auburn.edu/files/centers/hrc/930-376.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1326343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01015067 AU - Floyd, Joe W AU - Montana State University, Billings AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Perceptions of Highway Maintenance in Montana in 1998: The Results of a Telephone Survey PY - 1998/11//Final Report SP - 73p AB - Trained interviewers at the Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing Laboratory at Montana State University, Billings completed 1,005 interviews with randomly selected adult residents of Montana between October 10th and October 28th, 1998 for the purposes of obtaining the perceptions the respondents held about the maintenance of interstate and state highways in Montana and comparing those perceptions to perceptions held by the respondents to a 1996 survey on the same topic. For the purposes of the survey, highway maintenance was divided into eight categories: winter maintenance, maintaining a smooth highway surface, maintenance of roadsides, maintenance of signs, debris removal, rest stop maintenance, striping maintenance, and winter road conditions reports. When respondents were asked to rate the current state of each of these activities on a 1 to 4 scale where 1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good and 4 = excellent, signage was rated highest with a mean of 3.02, winter roadway information was rated second at 2.86, rest stop maintenance third at 2.81, striping fourth at 2.78, debris removal and winter maintenance fifth at 2.72 and 2.71, roadside maintenance sixth at 2.67 and smoothness of road surfaces last at 2.31. There was a significant change in only one of these ratings from 1996 to 1998: the rating of surface smoothness decreased from 2.40 to 2.31. When respondents were asked how important each of these activities were to them on a scale of 1 to 4 where 1 = not important, 2 = somewhat important, 3 = important, and 4 = very important, winter maintenance was rated most important with a mean importance rating of 3.55, followed by striping maintenance (3.44), winter roadway information (3.37), surface smoothness (3.34), debris removal and signage (3.31), rest stop maintenance (3.20) and roadside maintenance (3.00). The importance ratings for winter maintenance, winter roadway information, and debris removal decreased significantly from 1996 to 1998 while the importance rating for roadside maintenance increased significantly. When respondents were asked to think about the allocation of Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) resources and assign a resource priority of low (1), medium (2), moderately high (3), or very high (4) to each activity, winter maintenance received the highest resource priority rating (3.53) followed by winter roadway information and striping (3.32), surface smoothness (3.17), debris removal (3.08), rest stop maintenance (3.06), signage (3.03) and roadside maintenance (2.66). The resource priorities assigned to striping, surface smoothness, rest stop maintenance, signage, and roadside maintenance all increased significantly from 1996 to 1998. Finally, these ratings were combined into a composite variable for each of the maintenance activities. The composite variable provides an indication of the level of attention and resources the respondents believed each maintenance activity should receive from MDT. KW - Debris removal KW - Highway maintenance KW - Interstate highways KW - Interviewing KW - Montana KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Public opinion KW - Ratings KW - Resource allocation KW - Road weather information systems KW - Roadside KW - Roadside rest areas KW - State highways KW - Strategic planning KW - Striping KW - Surveys KW - Traffic signs KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/publications/docs/surveys/maint_1998.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/771579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00987697 AU - GIS/Trans, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION CASE STUDIES IN GIS - CASE STUDY 5: SANDAG'S MULTIPLE SPECIES/HABITAT CONSERVATION PROGRAMS AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1998/11 SP - 16 p. AB - Planning for transportation facilities in a region that has nearly 200 threatened or endangered species is a major challenge for the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG). Many conflicts arise from pressing demands to accommodate growth while at the same time preserving natural habitats. The region has launched a massive effort to complete multiple jurisdiction, multiple habitat, and multiple species conservation programs. These programs are responsible for the development and management of extensive biological and land management databases. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was chosen as the best method for maintaining and analyzing these data. These databases are invaluable for transportation planners. They can use them to make decisions of where transportation facilities can be built and determine what mitigation options are available. By maintaining continuous and comprehensive habitat conservation programs, the region's transportation planners have access to timely and accurate environmental data. KW - Case studies KW - Conservation KW - Databases KW - Decision making KW - Endangered species KW - Environmental impacts KW - Geographic information systems KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Land use planning KW - San Diego (California) KW - San Diego Association of Governments KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban growth UR - http://media.tmiponline.org/clearinghouse/gis/sandag/sandag.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00942337 AU - McGowen, P AU - Reynolds, A AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COATS TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM ONE VOLUME TWO - CONDITIONS AND PERFORMANCE (DRAFT REPORT) PY - 1998/11 SP - 54 p. AB - This document summarizes the efforts to evaluate the conditions and performance of the transportation systems within the Northern California / Southern Oregon Rural Intelligent Transportation Systems Areawide Travel and Safety Improvement Project (COATS). The goal of this report is to develop a comprehensive list of challenges, their estimated magnitude and their geographic area of focus. In order to accomplish this the Western Transportation Institute, Montana State University: 1) Identified challenges based on literature, data analysis, the Technical Memorandum Two: Traveler Needs Survey, and steering committee input; 2) Collected and analyzed data; and 3) Estimated the magnitude and potential geographic area of focus. This report details the challenges identified, data collected, analysis procedures, and results. Challenges, analysis and results are presented for the following areas: safety, non-recurring congestion, freight movement, incidence response, mobility, tourism, and environmental impacts. KW - Analysis KW - California KW - California/Oregon Advanced Transportation Systems (COATS) KW - Data collection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Geography KW - Incident management KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - Mobility KW - Needs assessment KW - Oregon KW - Performance KW - Rural areas KW - Tourism KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic safety KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00942338 AU - Cuelho, E AU - Gill, A AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COATS TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM ONE VOLUME ONE: REVIEW OF LEGACY SYSTEMS PY - 1998/11 SP - 95 p. AB - The objectives of the California/Oregon Advanced Transportation Systems (COATS) project include: identifying rural transportation problems, matching potential ITS-related solutions to these problems and determining feasible ways to implement these solutions. To carry out these objectives, investigations of technical, institutional, planning, maintenance, operations, phasing, cost, and deployment issues will be considered. This report attempts to summarize existing transportation systems and planned transportation improvements within the COATS corridor and include them in geographic information systems (GIS) maps, thereby completing Tasks 2.1, 2.2 and 2.5. These tasks, again, are to review local and statewide Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) plans and programs (Task 2.1), inventory ITS and Other Local Systems (Task 2.2) and to establish geographic areas of focus (Task 2.5). By reviewing and documenting local and statewide efforts, redundancy among the various projects can be reduced. Although the name of this report is the Review of Legacy Systems, the term "Legacy" does not imply that only existing transportation systems/projects/programs are included. The Review of Legacy Systems report also contains information regarding planned transportation systems/projects/programs. Planned projects are those in which money has been allocated. The Western Transportation Institute (WTI) at Montana State University (MSU) surveyed appropriate project participants to identify and inventory existing systems and planned programs. These existing and planned programs fall into one of two categories: advanced technology related programs/projects or traditional programs/projects. The advanced technology-related programs/projects were divided into the seven following categories. 1) Traveler Safety and Security; 2) Emergency Services; 3) Tourism and Travel Information Services; 4) Public Traveler Services/Public Mobility Services; 5) Infrastructure Operations and Maintenance Systems; 6) Fleet Operations and Maintenance; 7) Commercial Vehicle Operations. The traditional programs/projects were divided into three main categories: infrastructure, emergency medical services and transit services. Included in the infrastructure category were rail, air, marine and intermodal facilities, as well as safety rest areas and commercial vehicle operations. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Air travel KW - California KW - California/Oregon Advanced Transportation Systems (COATS) KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical services KW - Fleet management KW - Geographic information systems KW - Improvements KW - Infrastructure KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - Intermodal facilities KW - Legacy systems KW - Maintenance KW - Maps KW - Mobility KW - Operations KW - Oregon KW - Public transit KW - Railroads KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Safety and security KW - Technology KW - Tourism KW - Travelers KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00921769 AU - Gucunski, N AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DESIGN GUIDE FOR ULTRA THIN WHITETOPPING (UTW) PY - 1998/11 SP - 54 p. AB - Concrete overlay of deteriorated asphalt pavements (whitetopping) has been a viable alternative to improve the pavement's structural integrity for over six decades. The thickness of such overlay usually exceeds five inches. In the last few years, however, a newer technology has emerged which is commonly known as Ultra Thin Whitetopping (UTW). UTW is a construction technique, which involves placement of a thinner (than normal) thickness ranging from 2 to 4 inches. The application of UTW has been targeted to restore/rehabilitate deteriorated asphalt pavements with fatigue and/or rutting distress. Study of UTW was initiated by the construction of the first experimental project on an access road to a landfill in Louisville, Kentucky in 1991. This rather successful project was complemented by a series of experimental projects by many state and local agencies. There have been more than 170 UTW projects constructed from the early 1990's and many investigators published papers/articles on the performance of these experimental projects. As a natural outcome of experimental observations, a need for a thorough and comprehensive (theoretical) understanding of UTW system is felt amongst researchers and experimentalists. In order to gain an insight into the contribution of the many variables in a UTW pavements system (i.e., thickness of UTW, asphalt concrete (AC) and base layers; stiffness moduli of UTW, AC and base layers; size of UTW panels; UTW-AC interface; load transfer; etc.), there have been a few research endeavors. The intent of this research study is to identify and address important factors that contribute to the performance of the UTW pavement system. It is also the goal of this research to present an interim design procedure fine tuned by further observation of UTW systems. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete overlays KW - Construction KW - Deterioration KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Load transfer KW - Modulus KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Rutting KW - Stiffness KW - Thickness KW - Ultra-thin whitetopping KW - Whitetopping UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18500/18589/PB2002100682.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/706837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00821158 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRUST FUND PRIMER PY - 1998/11 SP - 13 p. AB - This primer is designed to provide basic information about the Highway Account of the Highway Trust Fund (HTF). It describes how the fund works, its sources of revenue, what the balances are, funding levels, and budgetary constraints on spending levels. It does not address, in any detail, the Mass Transit Account of the HTF. The primer is designed as a handy reference tool, in a "question and answer" format, covering frequently asked questions concerning the HTF. It provides a solid foundation for common discussion regarding the current status and future outlook for the HTF as implementation of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) progresses. KW - Budgeting KW - Constraints KW - Expenditures KW - Financing KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highways KW - Revenues KW - Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/primer98.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5900/5962/primer98.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/712651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00814055 AU - Maher, A AU - Gucunski, N AU - Khouri, W AU - Yanko, W AU - Rutgers University, Piscataway AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF IMPROVED COMPACTION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY PY - 1998/11 SP - 78 p. AB - The objective of this study was to review the existing and new vibratory roller equipment and technology for improved compaction of subgrade, base, and surface course in the state of New Jersey. A comprehensive literature search was conducted covering all available U.S. and international sources for review of existing systems and identification of new equipment and/or new compaction technology to improve the current practice of the New Jersey Department of Transportation on compaction of different layers of roads and highways, including recycled materials. The report consists of the following: An introduction to the history of compaction efforts and an objective to the present study is first presented. Subsequently covered are the general theories behind compaction characteristics of different soils, techniques used for compaction in road construction, and a review of existing compaction equipment. The current state of compaction practice in the state of New Jersey and other states in the country with similar types of soil conditions is then outlined. Next, an updated state of the practice and relevant equipment technology in Canada, Europe, Japan and other countries are explored. Finally, a detailed presentation of the state-of-the-art in technology and equipment used in compaction works and description of a new compactor for use in asphalt pavement construction are presented. Extensive supporting materials including relevant specifications and guidelines are presented in the appendices. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Canada KW - Compaction KW - Compactors KW - Construction equipment KW - Europe KW - Guidelines KW - Japan KW - Literature reviews KW - New Jersey KW - Road construction KW - Rollers KW - Soil compaction KW - Specifications KW - State of the art KW - State of the practice KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Technology KW - United States KW - Vibratory equipment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18400/18486/PB2002100225.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/681386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00805897 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-COVERAGE COLLISION WARNING: HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH NEEDS. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1998/11 SP - 3 p. AB - As part of the U.S. Department of Transportation's Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) program, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) investigated the human factors research needs for integrating in-vehicle safety and driver information technologies into usable systems that provide manageable information to the driver. This investigation included a workshop in December 1997 for IVI stakeholders (i.e., universities, automotive manufacturers, vendors, and contractors) and a preliminary assessment of infrastructure and in-vehicle requirements. This flyer summarizes the identified human factors research needs for a full 360-degree collision warning coverage, one of five configurations of in-vehicle safety and driver information systems. A complete review of the research needs for all five configurations can be found in the final report (FHWA-RD-98-178). These configurations were developed based on (1) identified safety and driver information systems and functions; (2) a thorough literature review of past research and research gaps related to these in-vehicle systems; and (3) combining logical groups of basic and advanced safety and driver information functions in passenger cars, commercial trucks, and transit vehicles such as buses. Each candidate configuration was meant to provide clear safety benefits to the driver as well as a solid technical foundation for the system configurations for the IVI. The goal of the configuration described in this summary report is to provide full collision warning coverage for the three vehicle types. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Infrastructure KW - Light vehicles KW - Literature reviews KW - Needs assessment KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Research KW - Traffic safety KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Trucks KW - Warning systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/98185/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00805896 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF OLDER DRIVER FREEWAY NEEDS AND CAPABILITIES. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1998/11 SP - 5 p. AB - This Technical Summary announces the completion of a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study that is fully documented in a separate report (FHWA-RD-95-194) of the same title. Limited-access highways and the Interstate highway system have been largely responsible for greatly increasing the mobility and safety enjoyed by the American driving population. However, as the driving population ages, it is not known if the requirements for a driver using the freeway system are compatible with the capabilities of older drivers. The purpose of this study was to identify the problems experienced by older drivers on freeways and to recommend further research to make freeway driving more compatible with the needs and capabilities of older drivers. Seven problem identification activities were performed. These were task analysis, focus group discussions, computerized accident analysis, hard-copy accident analysis, American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) survey, travel diary study and research recommendations. KW - Abilities KW - Aged drivers KW - American Association of Retired Persons KW - Computers KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash reports KW - Focus groups KW - Freeways KW - Highways KW - Needs assessment KW - Problem identification KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Surveys KW - Task analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel diaries KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/98162.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806056 AU - Dunn, Curt AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCOPING EDGE DRAINS WITH AN OPTICAL CAMERA PY - 1998/11 SP - n.p. AB - In general the edge drains are in good condition both structurally and internally. The sediment material that has occurred in most of the edge drains, in the first two years of service is continuing to decrease in amount and is not presenting any performance problems. KW - Edge drains KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pipe culverts KW - Plastic pipe UR - http://www.state.nd.us/dot/materials/research_project/ND9407final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806061 AU - Dunn, Curtis AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DOWEL BAR RETROFIT FOR LOAD TRANSFER PY - 1998/11 SP - n.p. AB - Project IM-6-029(022)186 Patchroc 10-60 Section: Approximately 24% of the retrofitted joints containing Patchroc 10-60 Patch Mix are experiencing at least one construction related distress. Joints are g\registering an average load transfer of 57%. 3U18 Section: Approximately 50% of the retrofitted joints containing specified 3U18 Patch mix is experiencing at least one construction related distress. Joints are registering an average load transfer of 38%. Project IM-8-029(003 022: Approximately 15% of the retrofitted joints containing Patchroc 10-60 patch mix are experiencing at least on construction related distress. Joints are registering an average load transfer of 91%. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Distress KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806064 AU - Dunn, Curt AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODIFIED CHIP SEAL SURFACE TREATMENT VS. CONVENTIONAL CHIP SEAL SURFACE TREATMENTS PY - 1998/11 SP - n.p. AB - Second annual report includes a summary of research team findings on the performance of the experimental seal coat test sections. KW - Chip seals KW - Performance evaluations KW - Seal coating KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806071 AU - Dunn, Curt AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING SNOWPLOWABLE REFLECTIVE PAVEMENT MARKERS FOR EFFECTIVE DELINEATION PY - 1998/11 SP - n.p. AB - The installation process of the Stimsonite Markers went moderately well. Some of the contractor's equipment was not operational. Some of the installed markers appeared to have excess amounts of epoxy applied around them and on the reflectors themselves. KW - Marking materials KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Raised road markings KW - Snowplows UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806066 AU - Dunn, Curt AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHITETOPPING AN EXISTING ASPHALT PAVEMENT WITH POLYOLEFIN FIBER ENRICHED PCC PY - 1998/11 SP - n.p. AB - The polyolefin fiber concrete is experiencing cracking, but the cracks are tight. The cracks encountered appear to be concentrated near areas associated with larger joint spacings. The general consensus of the research team was the whitetopping test sections are performing well. KW - Concrete KW - Cracking KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavements KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Spacing KW - Whitetopping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00800243 AU - Newton, T AU - Anderson, N AU - Hatheway, A AU - University of Missouri, Rolla AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF INNOVATIVE GEOPHYSICAL METHODS FOR SUBGRADE INVESTIGATIONS IN KARST TERRAIN PY - 1998/11 SP - 35 p. AB - Geophysical surveys were conducted for the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) by the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Missouri-Rolla to determine the most probable cause or causes of ongoing subsidence along a distressed section of Interstate 44 in Springfield, Missouri. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and reflection seismic quickly assessed roadway and subsurface conditions with nondestructive, continuous profiles. The GPR proved to be of useful utility in defining upward-propagating voids in embankment fill material. The reflection seismic survey established the presence of reactivated paleosinkholes in the area. These were responsible for swallowing the fill material as water drained through the embankment. On the basis of interpretation of these data, MoDOT personnel were able to drill into the voids that had developed beneath the pavement (as a result of washing out of the fine-grained material of the embankment fill), and to devise an effective grouting plan for stabilization of the roadway. KW - Air voids KW - Embankments KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Grouting KW - Karst KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Sinkholes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Springfield (Missouri) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsidence (Geology) UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/Ri97028/RDT98-004_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/666424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00795341 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEM CAPABILITIES: HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH NEEDS PY - 1998/11 SP - 2 p. AB - As part of the U.S. Department of Transportation's Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) program, the Federal Highway Administration investigated the human factors research needs for integrating in-vehicle safety and driver information technologies into usable systems that provide manageable information to the driver. This investigation included a workshop in December 1997 for IVI stakeholders (i.e., universities, automotive manufacturers, vendors, and contractors) and a preliminary assessment of infrastructure and in-vehicle requirements. This flyer summarizes the identified human factors research needs for advanced traveler information system (ATIS) capabilities, one of five configurations of in-vehicle safety and driver information systems. A complete review of the research needs for all five configurations can be found in the final report (FHWA-RD-98-178). The ATIS configuration includes basic collision warning technologies, basic traveler information devices, and driver comfort and convenience devices. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Human factors KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Research KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/pdfs/98-186.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/8000/8300/8381/98-186.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00791491 AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 35-KM/H BROADSIDE CRASH TEST OF A 1994 CHEVROLET C2500 AND A VALMONT INDUSTRIES SLIP AWAY LIGHTING STANDARD: FOIL TEST NUMBER 97S012 PY - 1998/11 SP - 88 p. AB - This report contains the test procedures followed and test results from one broadside crash test between a Chevrolet C2500 pickup truck and a Valmont Industries Slip Away lighting standard. This lighting standard is currently used on the National Highway System (NHS) in several states. The test was conducted at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The crash test will provide simulation engineers with data that will aid in the development and validation of finite element models of a pickup truck impacting a common roadside safety device. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) supplied a calibrated SIDH3 dummy for the test. The target test speed for the test was 35 km/h and the target test weight, including the SIDH3 dummy, was 2,080 kg. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Lighting columns KW - Pickup trucks KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/97s012/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00791493 AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 35-KM/H BROADSIDE CRASH TEST OF A 1994 CHEVROLET C2500 AND THE FOIL 300K RIGID POLE: FOIL TEST NUMBER 97S016 PY - 1998/11 SP - 86 p. AB - This report contains the test procedures followed and test results from a broadside crash test between a Chevrolet C2500 pickup truck and the FOIL instrumented 300K rigid pole. The crash test will provide simulation engineers with data that will aid in the development and validation of a finite element side-impact model of a 2,000-kg pickup truck. The test was conducted at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) supplied a calibrated SIDH3 dummy for the test. The target test speed for the test was 35 km/h and the target test weight, including the SIDH3 dummy, was 2,080 kg. Previous crash tests using similar impact conditions between a Chevrolet C2500 pickup truck and Valmont Industries slip away light standard produced lower head injury values. The results from the broadside crash tests with a slip away lighting standard can be found in the reports FHWA-RD-98-032 and FHWA-RD-98-054. KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Pickup trucks KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00791495 AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 35-KM/H BROADSIDE CRASH TEST OF A 1994 CHEVROLET C2500 AND A VALMONT INDUSTRIES SLIP AWAY LIGHTING STANDARD: FOIL TEST NUMBER 98S003 PY - 1998/11 SP - 89 p. AB - This report contains the test procedures followed and the test results from one broadside crash test between a Chevrolet C2500 pickup truck and a Valmont Industries Slip Away lighting standard. This lighting standard is currently used on the National Highway System (NHS) in several states. The test was conducted at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. This was a repeat test of the previously conducted FOIL test number 97S012. During test 97S012, the instrumented dummy fell over during vehicle acceleration. The test needed to be repeated in order to obtain useful dummy data. The results from this broadside crash test are similar to the results from an identical crash test conducted at 50 km/h. The results from the 50-km/h test and the previously conducted FOIL test can be found in the reports FHWA-RD-98-054 and FHWA-RD-98-032, respectively. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Lighting columns KW - Pickup trucks KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/98s003/index.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5400/5482/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00791494 AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 50-KM/H BROADSIDE CRASH TEST OF A 1994 CHEVROLET C2500 AND THE FOIL 300K RIGID POLE: FOIL TEST NUMBER 97S017 PY - 1998/11 SP - 92 p. AB - This report contains the test procedures followed and test results from a broadside crash test between a Chevrolet C2500 pickup truck and the FOIL instrumented 300K rigid pole. The test was conducted at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) supplied a calibrated SIDH3 dummy for the test. The target test speed for the test was 50 km/h and the target test weight, including the SIDH3 dummy, was 2,080 kg. The results from a similar test, conducted at 35 km/h, can be found in the report FHWA-RD-98-081. In both tests, the extensive wrap around the 255-mm-diameter rigid pole led to contact between the dummy's head and the rigid pole. The crush profile, electronic data, and high-speed film from these tests will aid computer simulation engineers in developing and validating side-impact finite element models of pickup trucks. KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Pickup trucks KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00791492 AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 50-KM/H BROADSIDE CRASH TEST OF A 1994 CHEVROLET C2500 AND A VALMONT INDUSTRIES SLIP AWAY LIGHTING STANDARD: FOIL TEST NUMBER 97S015 PY - 1998/11 SP - 89 p. AB - This report contains the test procedures followed and test results from one broadside crash test between a Chevrolet C2500 pickup truck and a Valmont Industries Slip Away light standard. This lighting standard is currently used on the National Highway System (NHS) in several states. The test was conducted at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The crash test will provide simulation engineers with data that will aid in the development and validation of finite element models of a pickup truck impacting a common roadside safety device. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) supplied a calibrated SIDH3 dummy for the test. The target test speed for the test was 50 km/h and the target test weight, including the SIDH3 dummy, was 2,080 kg. The results from this broadside crash test are similar to the results from an identical crash test conducted at 35 km/h (FHWA-RD-98-032). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Lighting columns KW - Pickup trucks KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/97s015/index.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5400/5479/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648505 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789198 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROLE OF DRIVER HEARING IN COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATION: AN EVALUATION OF THE FHWA HEARING REQUIREMENT PY - 1998/11 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) currently requires that all commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers have a specified minimum level of hearing to drive in interstate commerce. This tech brief summarizes an FHWA study of the same title that evaluates the validity of the current CMV driver hearing requirements and the ability to hear as a critical requirement for driving. The study sought to answer many of the questions concerning truck driver hearing, noise exposure, and hearing-critical tasks. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Hearing loss KW - Hearing-critical tasks KW - Hearings KW - Noise KW - Physical condition KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10113/tb99-001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650826 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789197 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF LOCAL/SHORT HAUL OPERATIONS ON DRIVER FATIGUE: FOCUS GROUP SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS PY - 1998/11 SP - 3 p. AB - Researchers sought to determine if fatigue is an equally important factor in influencing the safety of local/short haul truck operations as it is in influencing the safety of long-haul commercial vehicle operations. Accordingly, researchers conducted focus groups in eight cities, across five states. The purpose of these sessions was to gain an understanding of the general safety concerns related to the local/short haul trucking industry and specifically, if fatigue is a safety-critical issue in local/short haul trucking. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Focus groups KW - Short haul KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10112/tb99-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00789816 AU - Sukley, R AU - Bartoski, T A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CORROSION INHIBITING CONCRETE ADMIXTURES PY - 1998/11 SP - 71 p. AB - This report evaluates the use of corrosion-inhibiting admixtures for constructability and workability when used along with epoxy coated rebar. Deicing agents contain chloride ions that corrode the steel reinforcement. An epoxy-coated rebar has been used since the 1970s, however the epoxy coating controls the problem only to an extent. Corrosion of the steel reinforcements still occurs. As a result, the Department is interested in the performance of corrosion-inhibiting concrete admixtures. Two manufacturers, Sika Corporation and W.R. Grace Concrete Products, supplied corrosion-inhibiting concrete admixtures to be tested for their workability, constructability, placement, and performance. According to the contractor's personnel and the Department's inspectors, there were no workability, constructability or placement problems with the corrosion-inhibiting admixtures. Periodic checks have been made since construction, and the two test bridges appear to be performing well. KW - Admixtures KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Constructability KW - Corrosion KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Workability UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16200/16226/PB2000103120.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/647968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00789144 AU - Way, R W AU - McGennis, R B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUPERPAVE FOR SENIOR MANAGERS - PARTICIPANT MANUAL PY - 1998/11 SP - 35 p. AB - These course materials were developed for the National Highway Institute by the National Asphalt Training Center II of the Federal Highway Administration. The objective of this educational program is to briefly discuss the Superpave Mix Design System and how it is being implemented. It is intended to highlight the main issues for senior management personnel. This manual contains copies of the slides to be used as reference throughout the two hours of discussion. KW - Asphalt KW - Education KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Mix design KW - Slides KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Superpave KW - Visual media UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9100/9139/007933.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/647677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00783658 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DYNAMICS OF TANK-VEHICLE ROLLOVER AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR ROLLOVER-PROTECTION DEVICES PY - 1998/11 SP - 72 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to outline requirements for cargo tank rollover-protection devices, typically affixed to the top of tank vehicles, which are meant to protect manhole covers, valves and other tank openings during rollover events. The project was analytical in nature. Conventional vehicle simulations were used to examine the dynamics of the rollover of tank vehicles up to the point of crash impact. Additional computer-based analyses were then used to broadly characterize the force-deflection qualities required of rollover-protection devices to be effective in such events. This report begins with a discussion of the background for and philosophy of the project. Two technical sections follow which address the dynamics of tank-vehicle rollover and the implied requirements for protection devices, respectively. The final section of the main text presents conclusions and recommendations. Other technical materials are appended. KW - Cargo handling KW - Deflection KW - Force KW - Impacts KW - Protection KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Tank trucking KW - Tank trucks KW - Tank vehicles KW - Truck crashes UR - https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/1264/91799.0001.001.pdf UR - https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/1264 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769501 AU - Roop, S S AU - Warner, J E AU - Rosa, D AU - Dickinson, R W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE RAILROAD SYSTEM OF TEXAS: A COMPONENT OF THE STATE AND NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE PY - 1998/11 SP - 434 p. AB - Railroads continue to play an important role in the Texas transportation system. This study addresses the potential for implementing a rail planning process in the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The study is documented in three reports, produced in coordinated and parallel efforts by the Center for Transportation Research and the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI). This report documents the work performed by TTI, whereby a rail planning framework is presented which formalizes the planning process and presents the key elements as a series of discrete and logical steps. These steps may be used to guide TxDOT in the formation of goals, identification of issues and affected parties, selection of appropriate analytical methodologies, location of data sources, and implementation of results. The report also presents an in-depth discussion of several key issues facing transportation agencies. These include rail line abandonment, intermodal service planning, and urban rail rationalization. A discussion of the Texas rail system covers the Class I railroads, shortline railroads, Amtrak, and the Mexican rail system. KW - Abandonment KW - Amtrak KW - Class I railroads KW - Intermodal services KW - Mexico KW - Planning KW - Railroads KW - Short line railroads KW - State departments of transportation KW - Texas KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769468 AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1995 HONDA ACCORD LX BROADSIDE COLLISION WITH A NARROW FIXED OBJECT: FOIL TEST NUMBER 98S007 PY - 1998/11 SP - 100 p. AB - This report contains the test procedures, test setup and test results from the last of three broadside crash tests conducted at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL), located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) enlisted FHWA to aid in the development of laboratory test procedures to be used in an amended version of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 201. Four previous crash tests with a Honda Accord LX and the FOIL 300K instrumented rigid pole (test numbers 97S003, 97S004, 97S005, and 97S006) produced a test methodology for conducting broadside vehicle crash tests of dynamic side-impact head protection systems (e.g., air bags). Once the test procedures were established, these three additional broadside crash tests were conducted to demonstrate the practicality and feasibility of the new test procedures. The three vehicles used for these tests were a 1994 Ford Explorer XLT, a 1994 Toyota pickup truck, and a 1995 Honda Accord LX (this test). This test also included investigating child occupant kinematics. A 6-year-old child dummy was placed in the rear seat of the struck side of the vehicle. KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (Foil) KW - Fixed objects KW - FMVSS 201 KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Side air bags KW - Side crashes KW - Test procedures UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21648/PB99130312.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769433 AU - Belella, P AU - Millar, D AU - Sharma, S AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST CROSS-CUTTING STUDY COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS - ROADSIDE PY - 1998/11 SP - 29 p. AB - The Commercial Vehicle Operations - Roadside report discusses the findings and conclusions exclusively from Field Operational Tests (FOTs) of roadside Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO). The technologies demonstrated by the FOTs discussed in this report include Global Positioning System (GPS), Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC), License Plate Recognition (LPR), Weigh In Motion (WIM), Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS) and Downhill Speed Information Systems (DSIS). The FOTs considered in this report include: Tranzit Xpress Systems, Advantage I-75 Mainline Automatic Clearance Project, Wisconsin/Minnesota Automatic Out-Of-Service, Oregon Green Light Commercial Vehicle Operations Test, Heavy Vehicle License Plate/Crescent, Idaho Out-Of-Service, Dynamic Downhill Truck Speed Warning System Test, International Border Crossing Tests and Automated Mileage and State Line Crossing Operational Test. The report findings are organized in the categories of impact, user response, technical lessons learned and institutional challenges and resolutions. This report highlights the successes and problems these tests encountered while attempting to develop the technologies appropriate to effectively automate commercial vehicle administrative processes. KW - Automatic license plate readers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Dedicated short range communications KW - Downhill speed information systems KW - Field tests KW - Global Positioning System KW - Impact studies KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Road weather information systems KW - Roadside KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/99036/fotroadside.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11522/fotroadside.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16675/PB2000104483.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763243 AU - Fernando, E G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PROFILE-BASED SMOOTHNESS SPECIFICATION FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAYS PY - 1998/11 SP - 164 p. AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is implementing smoothness specifications based on profilograph testing as part of its construction quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) program. To improve upon the existing test method, TxDOT sponsored a research project with the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) to develop a smoothness specification for asphalt concrete overlays based on the current generation of profiling equipment which offer better accuracy and repeatability than the profilograph. To develop this specification, researchers evaluated the relationship between pavement profile and predicted overlay life assuming reflection cracking as the primary failure mechanism. This relationship is evaluated in two steps. First, the effect of surface profile on predicted dynamic loads is determined by vehicle simulation. Then, the effect of dynamic load variability on predicted pavement life is analyzed. This work led to the development of a relationship between the predicted change in pavement life associated with the placement of the overlay, dynamic load variability, and the fracture parameter, n, of the asphalt overlay mixture. Using this relationship, the study developed two categories of evaluation procedures that are applicable for the range of overlay thicknesses and treatments generally used in Texas. Test methods falling under Group A evaluate the contractor's performance based on the change in profile before and after the overlay. These methods are intended for thin overlays (<63 mm) where no surface preparations are planned or where only spot level-ups are specified. Under these conditions and where a reasonable doubt exists that smoothness requirements based on final profile may be achieved, the Group A test methods can be used as options in lieu of dropping the smoothness specification or using the straightedge to check the surface smoothness on these projects. Test methods falling under Group B evaluate the contractor's performance based on the final surface profile. This report documents the development work conducted during the study. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Construction KW - Dynamic loads KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Profilographs KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Service life KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Surface profile (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Texas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21700/21781/PB99140907.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763220 AU - Allen, D I AU - Stamatiadis, N AU - Graves, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION DATA, INCLUDING MONTHLY AND SEASONAL ADT FACTORS, HOURLY DISTRIBUTION FACTORS AND LANE DISTRIBUTION PY - 1998/11 SP - 140 p. AB - This report documents the development of monthly and seasonal ADT (average daily traffic) factors for estimating AADT (annual average daily traffic). It appears that seasonal factors can estimate AADT as well as monthly factors, and it is recommended that seasonal factors be used. Hourly distribution factors were also developed in this study. These are to be used in life-cycle costing analyses for calculating queue lengths in estimating user delay costs. In this study, a comparison was made between automatic vehicle classification counters and manual counts. For the type of equipment used, automobiles were overestimated, pickup trucks were underestimated, and Type 9's were also underestimated. Lane distribution factors were developed in this study. The factors were developed as a function of ADT and percent of trucks. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Average daily traffic KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Hourly KW - Lane distribution KW - Manual traffic counts KW - Monthly KW - Seasons UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21877/PB99146318.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497246 ER - TY - SER AN - 00763099 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION EVALUATION OF EPOXY-COATED, METALLIC-CLAD AND SOLID METALLIC REINFORCING BARS IN CONCRETE PY - 1998/11 SP - 4 p. AB - This technical summary announces the key findings of a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title (FHWA-RD-98-153). The study, conducted from 1993 to 1998, developed and tested cost-effective "new breeds" of organic, inorganic, ceramic, and metallic coatings, as well as metallic alloys that can be utilized on or in steel reinforcement for embedment in portland cement concrete. Briefly, it was found that Type 316 stainless-steel reinforcing bars should be considered at the design stage as a potential method for obtaining a 75- to 100-year design life. However, due to the significant cost of these bars, their use should be limited to marine substructures, tunnels and bridges where road closures cannot be economically made. The research supports the continued use of epoxy-coated reinforcing bars as a corrosion-protection system for bridge decks, and recommends that cracks in the concrete be repaired to optimize the epoxy-coated bar life. KW - Alloys KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Corrosion resistant steel KW - Costs KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Metal coatings KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Service life KW - Stainless steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500520 ER - TY - SER AN - 00763100 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REHABILITATION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE COMPONENTS BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS PY - 1998/11 SP - 4 p. AB - This technical summary announces the key findings of a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title (FHWA-RD-98-189). The study summarized here evaluates the condition of prestressed concrete bridges subjected to corrosive environments, evaluates commonly used conventional repair methods in a 4-year laboratory monitoring program, and makes recommendations on design and repair of prestressed concrete bridges so as to reduce the susceptibility to corrosion of these structures. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763092 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BASIC COLLISION WARNING AND DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEMS: HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH NEEDS. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1998/11 SP - 2 p. AB - As part of the U.S. Department of Transportation's Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) program, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) investigated the human factors research needs for integrating in-vehicle safety and driver information technologies into usable systems that provide manageable information to the driver. This investigation included a workshop in December 1997 for IVI stakeholders and a preliminary assessment of infrastructure and in-vehicle requirements. This Summary Report summarizes the identified human factors research needs for basic safety and information systems, one of five configurations of in-vehicle safety and driver information systems. Each candidate configuration was meant to provide clear safety benefits to the driver as well as a solid technical foundation for the system configurations for the IVI. The goal of the configuration described in this Summary Report is to provide basic collision warning and driver information capabilities to passenger cars, commercial trucks, and transit vehicles such as buses. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Human factors KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Research KW - Transit buses KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/pdfs/98-184.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/8000/8300/8354/98-184.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763094 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED ITS CAPABILITIES IN TRANSIT VEHICLES: HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH NEEDS. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1998/11 SP - 2 p. AB - As part of the U.S. Department of Transportation's Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) program, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) investigated human factors research needs for integrating in-vehicle safety and driver information technologies into usable systems that provide manageable information to the driver. This investigation included a workshop in December 1997 for IVI stakeholders and a preliminary assessment of infrastructure and in-vehicle requirements. This Summary Report summarizes the identified human factors research needs for integrated in-vehicle systems for transit vehicles, one of five configurations of in-vehicle safety and driver information systems. Each candidate configuration was meant to provide clear safety benefits to the driver as well as a solid technical foundation for the system configurations for the IVI. The goal of the configuration described below is to provide an integrated set of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies for drivers of transit vehicles. KW - Driver information systems KW - Human factors KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Research KW - Transit buses KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/pdfs/98-188.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10300/10399/98-188.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763093 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED CAPABILITIES IN HEAVY VEHICLES: HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH NEEDS. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1998/11 SP - 2 p. AB - As part of the U.S. Department of Transportation's Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) program, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) investigated the human factors research needs for integrating in-vehicle safety and driver information technologies into usable systems that provide manageable information to the driver. This investigation included a workshop in December 1997 for IVI stakeholders and a preliminary assessment of infrastructure and in-vehicle requirements. This Summary Report summarizes the identified human factors research needs for integrated in-vehicle systems for Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO), one of five configurations of in-vehicle safety and driver information systems. Each candidate configuration was meant to provide clear safety benefits to the driver as well as a solid technical foundation for the system configurations for the IVI. The goal of the configuration described in this Summary Report is to provide an integrated set of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies for drivers of commercial or heavy vehicles. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver information systems KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human factors KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Research KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/98187.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762992 AU - Sukley, R AU - Howrylak, C AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FIBER COLUMN WRAP SEISMIC RETROFIT SYSTEM PY - 1998/11 SP - 33 p. AB - The TYFO-S FIBRWRAP System incorporates high strength composite fibers and epoxy resin to strengthen concrete columns, especially for seismic retrofit projects. The manufacturer, R.J. Watson, Inc., explains that its product is economical and easy to install. The objective of this final report is to evaluate the performance, durability, and cost effectiveness of using the TYFO-S FIBRWRAP System. A four span, composite steel, I-Beam and multi-Girder Bridge in Lackawanna County on SR 0084 was selected as a test site for seismic retrofit. The site was constructed in August 1993, and has performed satisfactorily with no deterioration noticeable, although no seismic activity has been recorded in the test site area. The TYFO-S FIBRWRAP System is recommended for further use by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation as a standard special provision. KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Composite wraps KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Epoxy resins KW - Fiber composites KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retrofitting UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21662/PB99130684.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762991 AU - Koller, W C AU - Hirosky, W AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIBER REINFORCED TREMIE CEMENT CONCRETE STREAMBED PAVING INVESTIGATION PY - 1998/11 SP - 71 p. AB - This research project evaluated the use of fiber reinforcement in tremie cement concrete placed in 5 culverts under I-90 in Erie County, Pennsylvania. The fiber reinforced tremie concrete was inspected for 3 years of performance. The overall performance was equal to conventional reinforced Control Culvert and placement is easier and quicker with significant cost savings. KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Culverts KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Performance evaluations KW - Savings KW - Streambeds KW - Tremie concrete UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21663/PB99130692.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762966 AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Turnbull, K AU - Lindquist, E AU - Middleton, D AU - Balke, K AU - Lomax, T AU - WEBB, J AU - Rilett, L AU - Sunkari, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS A&M ITS RESEARCH CENTER OF EXCELLENCE NARRATIVE SUMMARY REPORT: FISCAL YEAR 1997-98 PY - 1998/11 SP - 20 p. AB - This report summarizes the accomplishments of the Texas A&M Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Research Center of Excellence (RCE) during Fiscal Year 1997-98. During Fiscal Year 1997-98, the Texas A&M ITS RCE continued work on 20 projects funded by five sponsors. The report is organized in two sections. Section 1 describes key findings from the active projects over the last year. Section 2 identifies products and presentations completed during the fiscal year. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Bus priority KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Impacts KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Paratransit services KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - Scheduling KW - Technology integration KW - Technology transfer KW - Texas A&M University KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Travel demand management KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - United States-Mexico Border KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21686/PB99133886.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760593 AU - Chraibi, I AU - Ferraro, T AU - Hagelin, C AU - Issa, D AU - Schang, S AU - Stoffle, B AU - Zokovitch, J AU - Turner, P AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1998 FLORIDA OBSERVATIONAL MOTORCYCLE HELMET USE STUDY PY - 1998/11 SP - 84 p. AB - In 1997, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) State Safety Office contracted with the Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) of the University of South Florida to conduct a second statewide observational helmet-use survey. The objectives of this research were to determine motorcycle helmet use rates on Florida roadways, and second, to estimate the level of novelty helmet use among motorcycle occupants. The study findings allow the FDOT Safety Office to monitor statewide compliance with Florida's helmet law and compare use rates to previous as well as future results. This is particularly important given strong efforts to repeal the State's motorcycle helmet law in recent Legislative sessions. The research results also provide insight to the FDOT for use in developing public information and education programs that promote safe motorcycling in Florida. The report is presented in five chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction. Chapter 2 presents the information collected during the literature review, including observational surveys conducted by other states, as well as Florida, and a discussion of current helmet laws and regulations. Chapter 3 details the research methodology, including survey sampling plan and instrument design, surveyor training, and data collection methods and schedule. Chapter 4 summarizes the results of the observational surveys and presents these results graphically. Chapter 5 includes the research conclusions and recommendations. KW - Compliance KW - Florida KW - Literature reviews KW - Motorcycle helmets KW - Recommendations KW - State laws KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21362/PB99113367.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760589 AU - Kranc, S C AU - Romano, F AU - Ethier, S AU - Wilmot, J AU - Deavers, R AU - Kromolicki, J AU - Rabens, G AU - Cowell, C AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF DRAINAGE STRUCTURES, PHASE I AND II PY - 1998/11 SP - 54 p. AB - Experiments were conducted on several types of hydraulic structure models important to highway drainage, including curb inlets and culverts. The hydraulic performance of inlets was examined by measuring inlet flow as a function of total curb flow for various slope conditions. Using standard transfer relationships, these data have been converted to full scale predictions of performance and efficiency. The effect of entrance spacing on culvert end section performance was investigated for scale models, but found not to be of special importance for design purposes. Similar methods were used to examine the performance of a proposed 6:1 mitered end section. Results indicate that this type of end section is comparable in performance to the 4:1 end section now in use. A second part of this report is concerned with a description of two demonstration models developed for the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), intended to be used for instructional purposes by FDOT personnel. One model was developed to demonstrate elementary concepts of open channel flow and a second model was constructed to demonstrate inlets used for drainage in pavement-curb configurations. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Curb inlets KW - Drainage structures KW - End sections KW - Hydraulics KW - Performance KW - Scale models KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760576 AU - Arockiasamy, M AU - AMER, A AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDIES ON CARBON FRP (CFRP) PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE COLUMNS AND PILES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT PY - 1998/11 SP - 294 p. AB - The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using concrete piles pretensioned with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) tendons. The study reviews the available literature on mechanical properties of CFRP reinforcement, durability of FRP rods and tendons, service and ultimate load, and time dependent behavior of FRP reinforced concrete columns, existing models on confined concrete reinforced with steel ties and hoops, and pile driving. An experimental program was carried out to study the durability of CFRP tendons exposed to air, seawater and alkaline solutions for different time duration. The ultimate strength analysis of CFRP reinforced concrete slender columns was made utilizing the moment magnification method and the CFRP stress-strain characteristics. An experimental investigation on the ultimate load behavior of eight CRFP reinforced concrete slender columns was carried out and the results compared with the theoretical values. An analytical and experimental investigation was made on the long term behavior of CFRP reinforced concrete beams and columns under sustained loading. Four concrete beams and four concrete columns were subjected to sustained uniform load intensity for two years. A method to predict the total deformations of CFRP reinforced concrete members at any time is proposed considering the instantaneous and time dependent deformations. The feasibility of using pretensioned concrete piles with CFRP tendons in marine environment was examined based on analytical and experimental studies. Prior to fabrication and driving the test piles, an investigation of the pile driving site and equipment was made in order to determine the pile driving stresses using the wave equation analysis. The design, instrumentation, fabrication and driving of pretensioned concrete piles with CFRP tendons were carried out successfully in the study. The pile driving test results of the CFRP pretensioned concrete piles are discussed and compared with those of the concrete piles pretensioned with steel. The load deformation characteristics of the concrete columns are established for different CFRP hoop spacing based on testing eleven concrete column specimens. The strength enhancement due to the CFRP hoops is evaluated using a proposed stress vs. strain model for confined concrete. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Columns KW - Deformation KW - Deformation curve KW - Durability KW - Experiments KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Marine environment KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Pretensioning KW - Tendons KW - Testing KW - Ultimate strength UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21442/PB99118739.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760517 AU - Khorashadi, A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF RAMP TYPE AND GEOMETRY ON ACCIDENTS PY - 1998/11 SP - 123 p. AB - Accident rates (fatal, fatal plus injury, total, wet, and dark) were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) methods. The analyses were intended to look at the systematic differences in accident rates between ramps of different design, stratified by whether a ramp was in a rural or urban area, as well as whether it was an on-ramp or an off-ramp. Finally, a series of ANCOVA models was run, again stratified by rural/urban and on/off-ramp status, which included the measured ramp traffic volume as a covariant, and ramp configurations were noted to assess the differences between pairs of ramp configurations with respect to accident rates. The statistical analysis of accident data and findings are presented along with the findings of other literature to provide an update to a previously published report entitled "The Effect of Ramp Type and Geometry on Accidents" (1966), second edition, R.A. Lundy, published by the Traffic Department, Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, State of California. KW - Analysis of covariance KW - Analysis of variance KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Geometric design KW - Off ramps KW - On ramps KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Rural areas KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760487 AU - Amodei, R AU - Bard, E AU - Brong, B AU - Cahoon, F AU - Jasper, K AU - Manchester, K AU - Robey, N AU - Schneck, D AU - Stearman, B AU - Subramaniam, S AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ATLANTA NAVIGATOR CASE STUDY PY - 1998/11 SP - 163 p. AB - The Atlanta metropolitan region was the location of one of the most ambitious Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) deployments in the United States. This deployment included several individual projects - a Central Transportation Management Center (TMC), six Traffic Control Centers (TCCs), one Transit Information Center (TIC), the Travel Information Showcase (TIS), and the extension of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) rail network and the new high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes on I-85 and I-75. The Atlanta Centennial Olympic Games and Paralympic Games created a focus for these projects. All of these systems were to be brought on line in time for the Olympic Games. This report presents the findings of the NAVIGATOR Case Study and documents the lessons learned from the Atlanta ITS deployment experience in order to improve other ITS deployments in the future. The Case Study focuses on the institutional, programmatic, and technical issues and opportunities from planning and implementing the ITS deployment in Atlanta. The Case Study collected data and information from interviews, observations, focus groups, and documentation reviews. It presents a series of lessons learned and recommendations for enabling successful ITS deployments nationwide. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Case studies KW - Deployment KW - Driver information systems KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority KW - Olympic games KW - Paralympic games KW - Planning KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760482 AU - Amodei, R AU - Bard, E AU - Brong, B AU - Cahoon, F AU - Jasper, K AU - Manchester, K AU - Robey, N AU - Schneck, D AU - Stearman, B AU - Subramaniam, S AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1996 ATLANTA CENTENNIAL OLYMPIC GAMES AND PARALYMPIC GAMES EVENT STUDY PY - 1998/11 SP - 314 p. AB - The Atlanta metropolitan region was the location of one of the most ambitious Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) deployments in the United States. This deployment included several individual projects - a Central Transportation Management Center (TMC), six Traffic Control Centers (TCCs), one Transit Information Center (TIC), the Travel Information Showcase (TIS), and the extension of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) Rail network and the new high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes on I-85 and I-75. The 1996 Atlanta Centennial Olympic Games and Paralympic Games created a focus for these projects. All of these systems were to be brought on-line in time for the Olympic Games. This report presents the findings of the 1996 Olympic and Paralympic Games Events Study - a compilation of findings of system performance, the benefits realized, and the lessons learned during their operations over the events period. The study assessed the performance of the various Travel Demand Management (TDM) plans employed for Olympic Games traffic management. This intermodal system performance and benefits assessment also presents recommendations for other major special-event host cities and ITS deployments, based on the lessons learned from the Atlanta Centennial Olympic Games transportation operations. KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Olympic games KW - Paralympic games KW - Special events KW - Traffic control KW - Transportation operations KW - Travel demand management UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9100/9113/2kv01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760458 AU - Durvasula, P K AU - Smith, B L AU - Turochy, R E AU - Brich, S C AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PENINSULA TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT COMMISSION ROUTE DEVIATION FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1998/11 SP - 73 p. AB - Many urban transit providers are faced with the problem of declining ridership on traditional fixed route services in low density suburban areas. As a result, many fixed route services in such areas are not economically viable for the transit provider. Ridership levels on such routes could be increased by adding more flexibility to the fixed route structure by replacing the fixed route with a route deviation service. Another reason transit providers are turning to route deviation is because the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) required that certain disabled persons receive complementary paratransit services at a nominal cost. This meant that public transportation providers were suddenly faced with the challenge of providing traditional fixed-route transit service while also serving individuals with disabilities. As a result of these issues, research was conducted to demonstrate the technical feasibility of operating a route deviation bus service in a suburban area. The Peninsula Transportation District Commission (Pentran) provided a case study setting. The objectives of the research were to develop a decision support system (DSS) for route deviation services that will operate within a geographic information system (GIS) and to investigate route deviation design parameters. Such a DSS was developed and tested using two of Pentran's 13 routes. The results of the study are promising and demonstrate the technical feasibility of providing route deviation service under certain conditions. The prototype DSS can be used as the foundation for developing a full-fledged route deviation scheduling software that Pentran can use to implement such a service. KW - Americans with Disabilities Act KW - Bus routes KW - Case studies KW - Decision support systems KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fixed route services KW - Geographic information systems KW - Paratransit services KW - Peninsula Transportation District Commission (Virginia) KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit KW - Ridership KW - Route deviation KW - Scheduling KW - Software KW - Suburbs KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/99-r11.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21618/PB99129066.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760450 AU - THOMAS, S AU - Becker, P AU - Pinza, M R AU - Word, J Q AU - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MYCOREMEDIATION OF AGED PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON CONTAMINANTS IN SOIL PY - 1998/11 SP - 59 p. AB - There are several treatments available for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory (MSL) and the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducted a 4-month experiment to compare the efficacy of three different biological approaches - mycoremediation, bioremediation, and enhanced bacterial remediation - used under open environmental exposure to treat three excavated, aged oil-contaminated soils stored at the WSDOT Maintenance Yard, Bellingham, Washington. At the end of the experiment, the results were not conclusive in distinguishing the outcome of the various treatments; none appeared to meet the prescribed criterion for success. The inconclusive nature of the chemical results is largely attributable to the unexpected heterogeneity of the test soils; that is, there was extremely patchy distribution of contaminant within test mounds, and extreme variability of initial contaminant level among test mounds within each soil type. Another important factor was that the petroleum hydrocarbons in the soils under study were found to be very weathered; oils in this condition could require a longer time period for remediation than that required for fresh, unweathered oils. This report contains the results of the study of mycoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and other contaminants in soil and other substrata. Mycoremediation employs selected, cultured fungal mycelia to remove/degrade environmental contaminants. KW - Contaminants KW - Mycoremediation KW - Petroleum KW - Soil remediation KW - Soils UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/464.1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21497/PB99121154.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759177 AU - Brooks, E W AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESERT VARNISH: ROCKY POINT VIADUCT PY - 1998/11 SP - 25 p. AB - In 1995, the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) sprayed the reinforced shotcrete slope stabilization project near Port Orford on US 101 with Permeon, a rock coloring material also called desert varnish. The application colored the shotcrete to a weathered-looking dull brown, masking its gray-white concrete appearance. Some weathering in the last three years has changed the color. Water and mud running from the above cliff have added white and brown streaks. Also, wind and salt air erosion have faded some of the coloring. The test area is still darker than the control section which received no application. The value of the desert varnish appears to be marginal. If the three-year trend continues, the salt air and strong winds will discolor the entire treatment. KW - Aesthetics KW - Color KW - Desert varnish KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Shotcrete KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Visual intrusions KW - Weathering UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21460/PB99119109.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759181 AU - Cashin, N AU - Dane County Department of Human Services AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DANE COUNTY COORDINATED SPECIALIZED TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PY - 1998/11 SP - 138 p. AB - This project presents a collaborative effort between the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), the Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services, and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Center for Transportation Education and Development. This project researched and tested the feasibility and effectiveness of a brokerage model as a coordinating mechanism for meeting the transportation needs of the elderly, persons with disabilities, and clients of a variety of county programs. The Dane County Department of Human Services implemented the project, which included: Medical Assistance recipients from income-eligibility programs, child protection, and federal SSI and SSDI; Public Health clients; seniors in nutrition programs, adult day-care, and users of the County senior group transportation services; persons with disabilities in supported employment, user-side-subsidy and other ride-to-work assistance programs; Economic Assistance and Work Services clients; and clients receiving a variety of family services. In the last phase of the project, southwestern Dane County was focused on, since it resembles many Wisconsin counties in that it is primarily rural, has several small municipalities, and low population density. The brokerage model tested was intended to include rural-urban linkages, and to be flexible, affordable, simple, marketable, and easily customized. The conclusions of this project are as follows: (1) Barriers to coordination were identified; (2) The size of the brokerage limits the amount of participation by agencies and organizations; (3) Software development must occur in very close communication; (4) Not every activity, service or program can be coordinated; (5) Broad participation in the short and long range local planning process is needed; (6) Roles and responsibilities need to be specifically defined; and (7) Successful brokerage depends on direct, rapid and clear communication between all parties involved. KW - Aged KW - Brokerage KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Contracting KW - Coordination KW - Dane County (Wisconsin) KW - Disabled people KW - Effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Long range planning KW - Low income groups KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Needs assessment KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Rural areas KW - Short range planning KW - Short term planning KW - Small towns KW - Software KW - Transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21383/PB99114084.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759167 AU - jian-xiang, Zhang AU - Zhang jian-xiang AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEOCONFERENCING PHASE 1: PRE-PILOT TEST REPORT PY - 1998/11 SP - 162 p. AB - This phase of the project entailed research into the impacts experienced by other organizations that have deployed videoconferencing technology (VCT). Clearly, the study shows that videoconferencing offers much promise for communications between geographically remote parties. There is little doubt that the use of videoconferencing (particularly with features such as shared documents, whiteboard, etc.) will increase as the technology improves and bandwidth limitations are overcome. Additional usage for VCT is sure to develop, as the use of the technology becomes more commonplace. Field interviews and observations provided an insight to how this VCT really helped the companies and organizations to reduce travel costs and enhance effective and efficient use of time. The "Buyers' Guide" has been designed in an effort to provide a future user of VCT with a useful methodology for buying videoconferencing equipment, either room system units or desktop units. The researcher believes that this report provides the necessary background tools to make educated purchasing decisions. KW - Communications KW - Cost control KW - Cost reduction KW - Effectiveness KW - Equipment KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Productivity KW - Purchasing KW - Technological innovations KW - Time savings KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Videoconferencing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21436/PB99118457.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759164 AU - Boyer, S R AU - Ksaibati, K AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALTS IN SURFACE TREATMENTS PY - 1998/11 SP - 135 p. AB - The application of surface treatment (chip seals) is a highly economical highway maintenance option. Surface treatments offer protection against deterioration caused by traffic and weather. There are several material types that are used in surface treatments. A few years ago, the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) started using polymer modified asphalt in surface treatments. Modifying the asphalt results in a significant increase in materials cost. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the long term performance of polymer modified emulsion in surface treatments. This objective was subsequently expanded to include the overall performance of other surface treatments in Wyoming. Such evaluation is beneficial in determining the cost effectiveness of the various materials utilized in surface treatments. This study identified the most effective aggregate and binder combinations. These findings should help WYDOT in selecting materials for use in surface treatments. KW - Aggregates KW - Binders KW - Chip seals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway maintenance KW - Long term KW - Materials selection KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Surface treating KW - Surface treatments KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538777 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757953 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washer, G AU - Fuchs, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BETTER LOAD RATINGS THROUGH NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 41-44 AB - This article describes the test and evaluation of two state-of-the-art prototype nondestructive evaluation systems that, in comparison with theoretical calculations, provide a much more accurate measure of a bridge's load-carrying capacity. The testing of these new technologies was conducted this summer (1998) in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transportation and public Facilities in Juneau, Alaska. These prototypes were developed under the FHWA Research and Development Program in Nondestructive Evaluation. KW - Alaska KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridges KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway capacity KW - Load carrying capacity KW - Load limits KW - Nondestructive tests KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/better.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542253 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757955 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cox, D O AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN FREEWAY RENEWAL PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 49-52 AB - FHWA examines the national issue of finding cost-effective and customer-sensitive methods to reconstruct freeway pavements. Details of a partnership between FHWA, the Transportation Research Board, and the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) are provided. The partnership had two basic goals: (1) find a solution for I-710 and, in the process, identify the critical issues and provide a model for solving urban freeway problems, and (2) pioneer a new way of doing business within the highway community. KW - California KW - Freeways KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Reconstruction KW - Transportation Research Board KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/urban.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542255 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757951 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Smith, K H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE GREAT RIVER ROAD CELEBRATES 60 YEARS PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 33-35 AB - This article recounts the chronological history of the Mississippi River scenic route. Sections include: 1939-1951: Feasibility Studies; Scenic Route, Not a Parkway; 1954-1970: Planning Studies and Initial Route Markings; 1974-1983: Development of the Great River Road; 1976: Federal Guidelines; State and Federal Routes; 1990s: National Scenic Byways Program. KW - Federal government KW - History KW - Mississippi River KW - Rivers KW - Scenic highways KW - State government UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/great.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542251 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757954 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Sorenson, J AU - Terry, E AU - Mathis, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTAINING THE CUSTOMER-DRIVEN HIGHWAY PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 45-48 AB - FHWA's Office of Program Quality Coordination recently conducted a national quality improvement review of highway maintenance and construction operations to find ways to minimize traffic backups and travel delays caused by maintenance and rehabilitation projects. KW - Customers KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic delays KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/customer.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542254 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757952 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chong, S-L AU - Yao, Y AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTING OF THE PERFORMANCE OF MOISTURE-CURED URETHANES ON NEW STEEL PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 36-40 AB - To reduce the costs of maintaining steel bridges and their coatings, the use of climate-tolerant coatings has become necessary to ensure extended painting seasons and coating lives. In the last decade, the FHWA has been involved in the study of such coatings and has identified several durable products that are now being used widely in the country. These coatings comply with the regulations established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which continues to lower the allowable amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from industrial and maintenance coatings. This article reports the performance of moisture-cured urethanes on new steel surfaces. KW - Coating performance KW - Coatings KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests KW - Metal bridges KW - Moisture barriers KW - Organic compounds KW - Paint KW - Paint testing KW - Steel bridges KW - Urethane UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/laboratory.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542252 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757950 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wilbur, T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ITS METROPOLITAN MODEL DEPLOYMENT INITIATIVE PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 28-31 AB - The recent opening of model deployment projects in Seattle, San Antonio, Phoenix, and New York City are the culmination of an initiative, jointly sponsored by FHWA and the Federal Transit Administration, that began in October 1996. KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Metropolitan areas KW - New York (New York) KW - Phoenix (Arizona) KW - San Antonio (Texas) KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/its.cfm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16615/PB2000104420.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542250 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757946 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Betsold, R J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE OF RESEARCH PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 5-8 AB - The impacts of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) will be widely felt. It will transform the research and technology program as we know it today. Partnerships will be a new focal point as funding increasingly is provided directly to state and local officials. The partnerships in funding brought about by TEA-21 will require working together, thinking strategically, setting priorities, continuing education for transportation professionals, and making decisions that are in the best interest of the nation. KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Local government KW - Partnerships KW - Research KW - State government KW - Technology KW - Transportation KW - Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century KW - Transportation research KW - Transportation technology UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/state.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542246 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757948 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McDaniel, S W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE SEVEN HABITS OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE MARKETERS PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 15-24 AB - Based on research and consulting projects the author has done through the years and from his own observations of companies' marketing practices, he put together a list of seven key success factors for marketing. These are: (1) They are Customer-Oriented; (2) They know what's happening; (3) They focus; (4) They are different; (5) They communicate; (6) They grow; and (7) They build customer relationships. KW - Customer service KW - Effectiveness KW - Market development KW - Marketing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/seven.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542248 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757947 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cagle, J I AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MARKETING: HELPING TO DEVELOP THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM FOR THE 21ST CENTURY PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 9-14 AB - This article explains how and why FHWA's new four regional "resource centers" will have a marketing specialist whose responsibilities include determining "what the customer needs are so that new technology can be developed...". Examples of state transportation market campaigns (Minnesota, Texas) are discussed. KW - 21st century KW - Marketing KW - Minnesota KW - Texas KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/marketing.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757949 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Jones, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WE'RE ON THE EVE OF CONSTRUCTION PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 25-27 AB - FHWA takes the lead in the critical last step before construction -- the acquisition of the necessary land and other property rights -- to protect the rights of property owners and displaced persons and to protect the public's interests. KW - Construction projects KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Property acquisition KW - Real property KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/eve.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542249 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757945 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wykle, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEA-21 SUPPORTS FHWA'S STRATEGIC GOALS PY - 1998/11 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - p. 2-4 AB - The author, FHWA Administrator, explains how the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) moves us towards a 21st century transportation system. KW - Laws and legislation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States Congress UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98novdec/tea.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542245 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00789115 AU - Kulash, D J AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - LEGAL AND REGULATORY BARRIERS TO BETTER INTERNATIONAL INTERMODAL TRANSPORT PY - 1998/10/28 SP - p. 69-83 AB - This paper examines how the U.S. regulatory system for transport evolved, particularly features of that system that affect intermodal transport. It concludes by sketching a few areas of pending change that may pose opportunities for improved intermodal freight transport between Europe and the United States. It represents the second step of a dialogue between European and U.S. leaders, which began with a forum in Washington, DC, in October 1997, seeking improved intermodal freight service between these two regions. U1 - Toward Improved Intermodal Freight Transport in Europe and the United States: Next StepsEuropean Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway AdministrationMunich, Germany StartDate:19981119 EndDate:19981120 Sponsors:European Commission, Directorate General VII (Transport); U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Intermodalism and Federal Highway Administration KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - International KW - Legal factors KW - Regulatory constraints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00811171 AU - Stoddard, A T AU - Donahue, C AU - Leigh, Scott & Cleary, Incorporated AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIX COUNTY RURAL TRANSIT FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT PY - 1998/10/15 SP - 179 p. AB - This document is the Final Report for a rural transit needs assessment and feasibility study. The study included the six counties of Juab, Millard, Piute, Sanpete, Sevier, and Wayne in central Utah. The study was undertaken by the Utah Department of Transportation for the Six County Association of Governments. Transit service within the six counties is limited to programs provided by senior centers and Bethpage Mission, which serves clients with developmental disabilities. The study found a significant level of public transportation need within the six county area that is currently unmet. Several service alternatives were evaluated and specific recommendations are provided for implementing public transit service within the area. The alternatives were evaluated based on estimates of operating costs, capital costs, and demand. Consideration was also given to how well the alternatives met the goals and objectives which were established for the area. The recommendations include consolidation of the existing transportation vehicles and services under Transit Coordinator working for the Six County Association of Governments. Public transit should be started in several of the larger communities, including Richfield, Nephi, and Manti/Ephraim. The second service to be implemented should be a regional service connecting these communities with Utah County. Cost estimates, responsibilities, and implementation steps are included for the recommended services. KW - Aged KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Capital costs KW - Cost estimating KW - Demand KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Implementation KW - Needs assessment KW - Operating costs KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit KW - Rural areas KW - Rural transit KW - Strategic planning KW - Utah UR - http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=3496804550098863 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/679792 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458599 TI - TRANSLINK AB - TransLink is an outgrowth of the various programs at the Texas Transportation Institute, including the FHWA ITS Research Center of Excellence. TransLink focuses on linking the various elements of the transportation system together to form a single, integrated, cooperative transportation management system. TransLink takes a systems approach to surface transportation management. TransLink includes a computer traffic laboratory to support office-based research, and a Roadside Equipment laboratory which uses field hardware. TransLink projects have included: (1) Roadside Equipment Laboratory Houston Emergency Services Workshop; (2) Using PDAs for Traffic Surveillance Data Collection; (3) Wireless ITS and Wireless Application Protocols; (4) Using Personal Digital Assistants for TSP Data Collection; (5) Train Detection and modifying pedestrian and traffic signals, applications now being used in College Station and Houston; and (6) Hardware-in-the-Loop for using simulation models with traffic control equipment, applications in use in many areas. KW - Cooperation KW - Emergencies KW - Equipment KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Integrated systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Laboratory tests KW - Management KW - Research projects KW - Roadside KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transportation planning KW - Wireless communication systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226810 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458598 TI - Operational Review of Specialty Vehicle AB - The objectives of this study were to: (1) Perform a preliminary needs assessment for Specialty Vehicles; (2) Perform a baseline comparison of the ALERT system with conventional police vehicles; (3) Develop a set of potential enhancement to the ALERT system with the goal of making the performance of the driver-vehicle unit safer and more efficient; and (4) To develop interface recommendations and lessons learned for law enforcement in-vehicle information systems. The draft final design recommendations and lessons learned for the ALERT System and for law enforcement in-vehicle information systems have been completed. KW - Alertness KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Law enforcement KW - Needs assessment KW - Recommendations KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Special purpose vehicles KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226809 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458597 TI - Benefit Assessment of Intelligent Vehicle Systems AB - This project developed needed tools and methodologies to assess the safety and other benefits of intelligent vehicle services. KW - Benefits KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Methodology KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548300 AU - Hall, Kevin D AU - Williams, Stacy G AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Superpave Mix Designs for Arkansas PY - 1998/10//Final Report SP - 56p AB - Superpave, an asphalt concrete mixture design procedure developed under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), is to be implemented state-wide in Arkansas in 1998. The Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) sponsored TRC-9604, Superpave Mix Designs for Arkansas, to investigate potential impacts of Superpave implementation on current mix design practice. Aggregates currently used in Arkansas for hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) appear to be acceptable for use in Superpave. It is recommended that AHTD retain (and slightly refine) existing specifications for aggregate source properties, and adopt Superpave specifications for aggregate consensus properties. Recommended adoption of Superpave gradation specifications may result in significant reductions in the use of sand-sized aggregates in HMAC, particularly natural (rounded) sands. HMAC volumetric analysis in Superpave is similar to current AHTD methods, with two notable differences — the method for calculating voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA), and the definition of the dust proportion ("fines to asphalt ratio"). It is recommended that AHTD adopt Superpave specifications in both instances. It is also recommended that AHTD refine its method for estimating the moisture sensitivity of an HMAC mixture (where it currently uses the Marshall stability test) to reflect current Superpave methodology — the use of the split-tensile strength to determine the effect of moisture on the mix. Overall, the transition from traditional Marshall based mix design to Superpave is certainly feasible, and can be accomplished using current Arkansas aggregates. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Arkansas KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Mix design KW - Moisture sensitivity KW - Specifications KW - Superpave KW - Tensile strength KW - Voids in mineral aggregate UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%209604.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103596 AU - Overman, John H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Phase 2 Environmental Site Investigation Procedures and Technologies for Property Transfer and PS and E Development (Revised June 1999) PY - 1998/10//Research Report SP - 132p AB - The purpose of this project is to provide the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) with an improved procedure for conducting environmental site investigations at various stages during transportation infrastructure development. The project seeks to identify modern assessment technology, procedures, and regulatory requirements that can be incorporated into a new TxDOT site assessment procedure. The major tasks for this project include a review of current literature for the procedural and regulatory aspects of conducting site investigations; a review of the technological and geophysical investigative tools used in site investigations; the development of a procedure for conducting site investigations; and a provision for training TxDOT engineers and planners in the use and application of the procedure. The project will enable TxDOT to incorporate the use of investigation techniques and procedures into right-of-way and design manuals and to promote a better understanding of the site investigation process to TxDOT divisions and districts. KW - Contaminants KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Location KW - Policy making KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Pollutants KW - Project management KW - Technological innovations KW - Texas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/15000/15700/15761/PB2000100697.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103194 AU - Rush, Julie AU - Penic, Michael AU - Parsons Brinckerhoff AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - KPMG Peat Marwick TI - Integrating ITS and Traditional Planning: Lessons Learned. I-64 Corridor Major Investment Study PY - 1998/10 SP - 65p AB - The paper describes some of the planning techniques used to analyze the need for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) as part of a corridor study conducted for the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). The I-64 Study is one example of where a traditional planning study was modified to incorporate specific analytical and modeling procedures necessary to evaluate ITS improvements. The purpose of this paper is to provide ideas and suggestions on how one might integrate ITS and traditional planning practices. KW - Highway safety KW - Integrated systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lessons learned KW - Mobility KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16640/PB2000104447.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062323 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PA-0119 South Transportation Improvement Project, Between Blairsville and Homer City, Indiana County : environmental impact statement PY - 1998/10//Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00972209 AU - Byrne, R J AU - Cotton, D AU - Porterfield, J AU - Wolschlag, C AU - Ueblacker, G AU - Golder Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION MONITORING OF SOIL NAIL WALLS (REVISED EDITION) PY - 1998/10 SP - 568 p. AB - This revised version of SA-96-069 incorporates primarily clarification and format changes received in the project workshops. However, the basic design and construction procedures are unchanged from the original. The long-term performance of soil nail walls has been proven after 20 years of use in Europe and the United States. The purpose of this manual is to facilitate the implementation of soil nailing into the American transportation design and construction practice and to provide guidance for selecting, designing, and specifying soil nailing where it is technically suited and economically attractive. A comprehensive review of current design and construction methods has been made and the results compiled into a guideline procedure. The intent of presenting the guideline procedure is to ensure that agencies adopting soil nail wall design and construction follow a safe, rational procedure from site investigation through construction. This manual is practitioner oriented and includes: descriptions of soil nailing concept and applications; summary of experimental programs and monitoring of in-service walls; recommended methods of site investigation and testing; recommended design procedures for both Service Load Design (SLD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD); worked design examples; simplified design charts for the preliminary design of cut slope walls; wall performance monitoring recommendations; discussion on practice and quality control of shotcrete application in soil nailing; discussion of contracting procedures and guidance on the preparation of soil nail design and construction; presentation of procedures for determining the structural capacity of nail head connectors and wall facings, including demonstration calculations. This manual is intended to be used by civil engineers who are knowledgeable about soil mechanics and structural engineering fundamentals and have an understanding of the principles of soil-reinforcement technology and earthwork construction. KW - Construction KW - Contracting KW - Design KW - Design charts KW - Embankments and retaining walls KW - Guidelines KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Manuals KW - Monitoring KW - Quality control KW - Service load design (Sld) KW - Shotcrete KW - Site investigation KW - Soil nailing KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/697041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00780333 AU - Bowler, C P AU - Wilson, E M AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mountain-Plains Consortium TI - ROAD CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AUDIT FOR INTERSTATE RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1998/10 SP - 172 p. AB - Traffic control alternatives associated with reconstruction projects on a rural interstate have been investigated in this research. Slab replacement projects, milling/resurfacing projects, and traffic controls in the vicinity of interstate ramps were analyzed. The recommendations obtained from a national focus group assisted in development of the Road Construction Safety Audit (RCSA) process. The RCSA process evaluates the traffic control plan (TCP), traffic control devices and strategies before an interstate work zone is established on the roadway. This process consists of six steps and a series of checklists used in the planning stage of a TCP to contrast interstate work zone traffic control alternatives while considering issues of the roadway and project. Checklists for slab replacement projects, milling/resurfacing projects and traffic control in the vicinity of interstate ramps were developed as part of this research. The key to the RCSA process and checklists is to ensure that major safety considerations of the project have not been overlooked, and alternatives devices and/or strategies have been considered. This report was originally published in two volumes as MPC Report No. 98-98 Volume 1 and Volume 2; both volumes are included in this publication. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Interstate highways KW - Planning KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Reconstruction KW - Rural areas KW - Safety audits KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21369/PB99113441.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21370/PB99113458.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/509265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00800208 AU - Consolazio, G R AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 4D DRIVE-THROUGH VISUALIZATION OF I-280 FOR REVIEW OF PROPOSED SIGNING PY - 1998/10 SP - 39 p. AB - The primary objective of this work was to produce a simulated 4D drive-through of a portion of highway (I-280 through Newark, New Jersey) for which proposed traffic-generator signing had to be reviewed. A 4D visualization was produced that combined 3D geometry rendering with the time element. Using the simulated drive-through, reviewers (from New Jersey Department of Transportation traffic engineering) were able to see the signing from the point of view of a driver traveling along the roadway at normal traffic speeds. Potential problems regarding excessive density of signing, inadequate sight distances for signing, etc. could then be identified prior to installation of the signs. The 3D geometrical model of the roadway, shoulders, signs, intersecting bridge structures, and other objects of significance was constructed based on available data such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and video log information. In addition to the I-280 visualization, a second visualization of the exit ramp connecting I-280 to Route 21 in Newark, New Jersey was also constructed. However, whereas GPS data were used heavily in modeling of I-280, no such data were available for the exit ramp because it was in the early stages of construction at the time that the visualization was being prepared. Therefore, the 3D model of the Rt. 21 ramp had to be built using only construction plans. The goal of the Rt. 21 ramp visualization was to visualize what the project might look like once construction was completed. In general, this type of visualization can be used during public hearings to more clearly educate and inform the public regarding the impact of proposed construction projects. Once the 3D geometrical models for this project were created, simulated 4D (3D space + time) drive-throughs of the scenes, including proposed signing, ramps, etc. were constructed. Each simulation was generated as a series of movie frames which were then compressed into digital "software" movies that could be easily played back at the correct speed, or which could be used to produce videotapes of the simulation. KW - Global Positioning System KW - Interstate highways KW - Newark (New Jersey) KW - Off ramps KW - Plans (Drawings) KW - Signs KW - Simulation KW - Traffic engineering KW - Videotapes KW - Visualization UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/FHWA-NJ-1999-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/666389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00921760 AU - Consolazio, G R AU - Chung, J H AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE IMPACT SIMULATION FOR CURB AND BARRIER DESIGN. VOLUME 1 - IMPACT SIMULATION PROCEDURES PY - 1998/10 SP - 77 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to perform computer simulations of vehicle-curb and vehicle-berm impacts, to characterize the behavior of a wide range of vehicle types after such impacts, and to produce design and evaluation trajectory data for use by New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) engineers. The impact simulations performed involved a wide variety of vehicle types and several different curb and berm configurations (profiles) that are typical of those in use in the state of New Jersey. Simulation results from this research, primarily in the form of vehicle bumper trajectory plots, were produced to supplement existing curb-impact vehicle trajectory databases. Vehicle trajectory data of this type is typically used to determine appropriate set-back distances for guide rails (railings) that are located near curbs. Such railings must be positioned so that vehicles impacting curbs do not overshoot the top of railings placed nearby. Due to the wide variety of curb and berm profiles used in New Jersey and due to the even wider variety of vehicle types traveling our roadways, a large number of impact simulations were performed for this project in an attempt to cover an adequate spectrum of possible impact scenarios. Six different vehicle types - including vehicles ranging from compact cars to minivans and sport utility vehicles - were simulated impacting several different curb and berm profiles. In addition, for each vehicle and curb combination, the impact simulations were performed for several different impact angles and impact speeds. To account for possible variations in vehicle suspension characteristics (e.g. suspension stiffness), a range of vehicle suspension values were used for each vehicle simulated. After performing the impact simulations using suspension values at both ends of the chosen range of values, an envelope of possible vehicle trajectories was generated from the simulation results. The research approaches employed in this project consisted of using numerical simulation techniques to perform vehicle impact analysis. These techniques were the highway vehicle object simulation model (HVOSM) method and the finite element analysis (FEA) method. The HVOSM system represents a vehicle as a relatively small number of discrete objects, each having lumped mass and inertial properties, and each being connected to other parts of the vehicle through links. Vehicle and tire properties for use in the HVOSM simulations were obtained from several different sources available in research literature. In the FEA method, a fundamentally different approach is used. Rather than representing the vehicle by a small number of "lumped" objects, the FEA approach is to model the vehicle as a large collection of very small pieces. Each element accounts for only a very small portion of the vehicle and the properties of each element represent the properties (e.g. tire stiffness, steel stiffness, etc.) of that small portion of the vehicle. These elements are then linked together into a large model, of tens of thousands of elements. KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Berms KW - Compact automobiles KW - Computers KW - Curbs KW - Finite element method KW - Guardrails KW - Highway vehicle object simulation model KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - New Jersey KW - Simulation KW - Sport utility vehicles KW - Suspension systems KW - Vans KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18500/18584/PB2002100677.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/706828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806936 AU - Vipulanandan, C AU - O'Neill, M W AU - University of Houston AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPLORE STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNIQUES IN IDENTIFICATION, HANDLING, NEUTRALIZING, AND DISPOSING OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ENCOUNTERED ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AND ANALYZE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE TECHNIQUES VERSUS THEIR COST PY - 1998/10 SP - 370 p. AB - This study involved an extensive literature review to collect information on case studies on site remediation, environmental site characterization, remedial technologies, regulations and specifications. Sixty cases have been documented and analyzed. Popular treatment methods for hazardous wastes and petroleum substances have been identified with cost. A well integrated Hazardous Waste Management Plan has been developed. Four cases representing various stages of construction were identified and flow charts with sequence of actions for contaminated site investigation and remediation have been developed. Methods of environmental site characterization, sampling and waste analyses have been summarized. Federal and state regulations and other specifications related to contaminated sites and underground storage tanks have been discussed. Training requirements for workers have been summarized. This handbook, with a chapter on "Quick Reference," will be a guidance document to the Texas Department of Transportation engineers on procedures for identifying/handling hazardous wastes/petroleum substances at construction/acquisition sites. KW - Case studies KW - Construction sites KW - Contaminants KW - Handbooks KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Literature reviews KW - Petroleum KW - Regulations KW - Site investigation KW - Soil remediation KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Storage tanks KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806449 AU - McKeen, R Gordon AU - Lenke, Lary R AU - Pallachulla, Kiran Kumar AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MITIGATION OF ALKALI-SILICA REACTIVITY IN NEW MEXICO PY - 1998/10 SP - 29 p. AB - Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) occurs when reactive silica in aggregates chemically reacts with alkaline components of Portland cement forming ASR gel. So long as the internal relative humidity of concrete exceeds 80%, the gel absorbs water and swells, damaging the concrete. In the summer of 1997, the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department (NMSHTD) Research Bureau initiated an experiment to develop data for use in specifying methods to eliminate ASR damage in Portland cement concrete. The project was conducted by the Materials Research Center, ATR Institute at the University of New Mexico (UNM). The approach was a cooperative effort involving UNM, NMSHTD Research Bureau and Materials Lab Bureau, representatives of industry (FMC Corporation, Western Mobile/La Farge) and researchers from New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. Two randomized, full-factorial analysis of variance experiments were designed and conducted to assess the effects of additives (fly ash and lithium nitrate) on expansion due to ASR. Expansion was measured using the Test Method AASHTO T 303 for accelerated testing. Test results were used as a basis for development of guidelines for use in proportioning concrete mixtures that will not exhibit ASR distress in field concrete. The criteria developed during the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) set limits on laboratory measured expansion that correlates with acceptable field performance. This experiment developed quantitative results for New Mexico concrete materials that meet the SHRP criteria. Based on use of the guidelines developed from these tests and the SHRP criteria, the research demonstrates ASR can be eliminated in New Mexico. Eliminating ASR will extend the life of concrete structures, such as bridges and pavements, significantly. Based on estimates by the Bridge Design Section, 20 bridges per year are built, 1/2 to 3/4 of these replacing bridges due to ASR related distress. Using average numbers it is estimated that one rehabilitation and one replacement of the bridge will be eliminated by preventing ASR distress over a 100 year bridge life. Present values are $0.7 and $0.4 million for replacement and rehabilitation, respectively. Summing these values for 10 to 15 bridges per year produces $11 to $16.5 million in annual savings. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Expansive concrete KW - Fly ash KW - Guidelines KW - Lithium nitrate KW - Mitigation (Chemical reactivity) KW - Mix design KW - New Mexico KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Service life KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Research/NM97MSC05MitigationAlkaliSilicaReactivityNM.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806069 AU - Horner, Ron AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SNOW MANAGEMENT BY THE USE OF SNOW FENCE SYSTEMS PY - 1998/10 SP - n.p. AB - Installation of the snow fence systems to date went well. Maintenance forces were very efficient in installing the systems. Due to the extremely mild 97\98 winter season, the performance of the snow fence systems could not be adequately evaluated. KW - Performance evaluations KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow fences KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806068 AU - Dunn, Curt AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AS A REHABILITATION OPTION FOR OVERLAYING AN EXISTING ASPHALT ROADWAY PY - 1998/10 SP - n.p. AB - Construction of the whitetopping test sections went well with only minor difficulties. There appears to be no significant difference in the construction between each section except that construction times became slightly longer as the sections got thicker. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete overlays KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Whitetopping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798965 AU - Hulse, M C AU - Dingus, T A AU - Mollenhauer, M A AU - Liu, Y AU - Jahns, S K AU - Brown, T AU - McKinney, B AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS: IDENTIFICATION OF THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF ALTERNATIVE INFORMATION DISPLAY FORMATS PY - 1998/10 SP - 187 p. AB - This report is one of a series produced as part of a contract designed to develop precise, detailed, human factors design guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO). The goals of the work covered in this report were to: (1) identify information format alternatives for ATIS devices for both private drivers and CVO applications, and (2) identify research issues that must be addressed in order to develop effective information format guidelines. To achieve these goals, and to make the greatest progress possible toward the ultimate project goal of guideline development, the project developed the strategy of turning the current state of knowledge into tools applicable to any ATIS design. Four primary design-decision tools were developed. These tools are intended to help either professional or nonprofessional human factors designers make appropriate tradeoff decisions in designing effective ATIS displays. The four tools are: (1) Sensory Modality Allocation, (2) Trip Status Allocation, (3) Display Format Allocation, and (4) Display Location. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Decision making KW - Decision support systems KW - Design KW - Formatting KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/96142/96142.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19200/19222/PB2002105194.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/665937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00794708 AU - Avent, R R AU - Mukai, D AU - Structural Damage Control, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAT-STRAIGHTENING REPAIRS OF DAMAGED STEEL BRIDGES: A TECHNICAL GUIDE AND MANUAL OF PRACTICE PY - 1998/10 SP - 268 p. AB - The purpose of this manual is to provide comprehensive guidelines on heat straightening repair techniques for damaged steel bridge members. The manual is designed to be used in conjunction with a multimedia instructional computer program and video produced as part of this project. The manual is divided into three parts. Part I provides a background and overview of the heat-straightening process. The introductory chapter defines the fundamental types of damage amenable to heat-straightening repair. Chapter 2 describes the basics of heat straightening including: Why heat straightening works, types of heats, basic damage and heating patterns, equipment and its use and practical considerations. Chapter 3 describes methods of assessing, planning and conducting successful repairs along with common mistakes to avoid. Part II is a technical guide to heat straightening directed primarily to engineers. Chapters 4-6 provide details on the effects of heating on material properties of steel, behavior of flat plates and response of rolled shapes subjected to heat straightening. Chapter 7 provides technical information on damaged composite beams and proper methods to repair them. Chapter 8 addresses axially loaded members and Chapter 9 discusses local damage. For all cases the proper heating patterns are used and the response is measured. Results are illustrated graphically and methods are given for predicting behavior. Chapter 10 deals with fables about heat straightening and counters these with facts. Part III contains guides, specifications and reference material. A concise engineering guide to heat straightening is given in Chapter 11. A set of recommended specifications is given in Chapter 12 for selecting a heat straightening contractor as well as technical specifications which can be incorporated into a contract. Finally, a glossary, list of nomenclature, and bibliography are given in Chapters 13-15. KW - Bridge members KW - Damage (Bridges) KW - Equipment KW - Glossaries KW - Guidelines KW - Heat KW - Manuals KW - Repairing KW - Specifications KW - Steel KW - Straightening KW - Technical reports UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov////bridge/hs17007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/653889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00789910 AU - Solaimanian, M AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE CAPE SEAL PROCESS AS A PAVEMENT REHABILITATION ALTERNATIVE PY - 1998/10 SP - 96 p. AB - A 1-year research project was conducted to evaluate the Cape seal process as a pavement rehabilitation technique. During the course of this research project, most of the Cape seal projects that have been constructed within the state were visited as part of the evaluation. Projects documented during the visits included both successes and failures. Of the failed projects, most of the problems could be attributed to the underlying chip seal failing as a result of aggregate loss or insufficient chip seal-pavement bond. As part of this investigation, the researchers performed a series of laboratory tests. Specifically, permeability tests, shear tests, and loaded wheel tests were performed on laboratory-made Cape seal specimens. Permeability tests were also conducted using field cores. The results indicated that the permeability of microsurfacing does not exceed that of typical hot mix asphalt overlays. If properly constructed, microsurfacing can result in a permeability lower than that associated with coarse hot mix asphalt concrete mixes. The shear tests were performed in a repeated mode at 58 deg C, a typical hot pavement temperature for Texas. The tests indicated that debonding failure most often occurs at the interface of the chip seal and the underlying pavement, rather than at the interface of the chip seal and the microsurfacing. However, partial movement of the microsurfacing and the chip seal - though not as severe as the first mode discussed - could be observed. Excellent performance was observed for microsurfacing specimens under loaded-wheel tests. However, specimens prepared as Cape seals failed after a limited number of cycles. This finding indicates that the test setup is not well suited for the chip seal/microsurfacing combination (i.e., it is not necessarily indicative of a bad mixture). This is the case because of the very smooth frictionless surface of the specimen mounting plate under the chip seal. However, the test underscores the significance of a good bond between the chip seal and the underlying layer. Based on the field observations and the laboratory results, a set of guidelines are provided that can improve Cape seal performance. KW - Bonding KW - Chip seals KW - Debonding KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Microsurfacing KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Shear tests KW - Slurry seals KW - Texas UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/1788_S.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/15000/15700/15775/PB2000100802.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00789908 AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Abdelghany, A S AU - KRAAN, M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROVIDING ADVANCED AND REAL-TIME TRAVEL/TRAFFIC INFORMATION TO TOURISTS PY - 1998/10 SP - 16 p. AB - Advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) analyze and communicate information that can enhance travel efficiency, alleviate congestion, and increase safety. In Texas, tourists (i.e., tripmakers unacquainted with the state) constitute an important user group for ATIS. Given that tourism represents a sizable industry and, consequently, has an enormous impact on the state's economy, technology that enhances the tourist's experience can help sustain this sizable industry. However, such enhancement requires that traveler guidance be adequately provided. While tourists provide the principal users for this study, the development of ATIS is best accomplished by a comprehensive ATIS development approach that considers all possible user types. In this study, a synthesis of pertinent ATIS implementation and field tests, including methodologies for evaluating systems/technologies, was performed. Interviews with district-level staff in Texas were conducted to define the focus issues and the target users within each locality. On-location surveys were conducted and statistically analyzed according to the specific information needs of users. The study identified candidate systems/technologies that match the information needs, technical regulations, legal constraints, and compatibility with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) standards and systems in Texas. Possible public and private sector roles and cost/benefit analyses were performed to identify the leading candidate system/technology alternatives. The study provides recommendations for developing the identified systems and for making necessary guidelines that could facilitate implementation. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Technology KW - Texas KW - Tourists UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/1744_S.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/15000/15900/15921/PB2000101714.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00783660 AU - Dresley, S C AU - Lacombe, A AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE OF INFORMATION AND INFORMATION SERVICES PY - 1998/10 SP - 51 p. AB - This report describes and, where possible, quantifies the value of information and information services for transportation agencies. It evaluates the various means of accessing information and looks at the important role of the information professional. In 1994, the Transportation Research Board Committee A5001 on the Conduct of Research addressed the need to improve recognition of the value of information, information services, and information professionals. As a result, the Federal Highway Administration initiated a project overseen by a panel of technical experts to: 1) determine the value of information and information services and 2) identify strategies for promoting information programs (included in this report as an appendix). This report documents how information services help transportation agencies operate more efficiently and effectively. Based on an extensive literature search and interviews with public and private-sector experts, it shows that the value of information can be measured in terms of: 1) reduced costs of agency research, technology development, and operations; 2) quicker implementation of innovations and time savings; and 3) more effective decision making at all levels of the agency. The support of top management is also an indicator of the value information and information services hold within an organization. This report documents that information services are of significant value to transportation agencies. It also identifies a number of areas where existing programs and resources need to be strengthened. Recommendations for the Federal Highway Administration and its partners include: taking the lead in building consensus on information issues and developing a national transportation information policy; developing a national marketing action plan to raise awareness of the value of information, educate management on the need for information services, and promote information programs in transportation agencies; and developing a comprehensive inventory of all transportation information resources and programs available nationwide. KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Information management KW - Information services KW - Inventory KW - Management KW - Marketing KW - Operations KW - Organizations KW - Professional personnel KW - Public information programs KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Research KW - Technology KW - Value UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21900/21925/PB99148967.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6400/6411/voireport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00783657 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING HIGHWAY SAFETY AT BRIDGES ON LOCAL ROADS AND STREETS PY - 1998/10 SP - 41 p. AB - This pamphlet is intended as a general guide to effective, low-cost methods of improving and enhancing bridge and bridge approach safety. Technical safety information such as bridge standards, crash-worthy approach rail systems and their attachment to the bridge rail, highway and bridge width, and development of highway alignments can be found in the material listed in the references. The guidance and information included in this pamphlet are based on actual situations and common existing bridge and roadway features identified through national reviews. Some of the information provided in this pamphlet reflects a type of cost-effective improvement that can be made as a temporary measure before a bridge and/or bridge approach is reconstructed to current standards. Nationally bridges and bridge approaches have been identified as one of the leading locations for severe, single-vehicle crashes. In situations where it is considered inappropriate to reconstruct the bridge or some element of the bridge to current standards, temporary improvements, while not resolving a substandard condition, can significantly contribute to improving highway safety. KW - Alignment KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge railings KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash locations KW - Crashworthiness KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Roads KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Streets KW - Width UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/98083/98083.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769499 AU - Thompson, M K AU - Breen, J E AU - KREGER, M E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INDICATIONS ABOUT THERMAL GRADIENT MAGNITUDES FROM FIELD STUDIES OF CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1998/10 SP - 32 p. AB - Three years of continuous thermal data from three concrete box girder bridges and one concrete box girder pier are compiled into a single study. The data are used to draw conclusions about trends in thermal gradient magnitudes and shapes. The maximum gradients from the data are compared to AASHTO recommended design gradients. Statistically appropriate design gradient magnitudes are then selected from the data. Conclusions concerning the effects on thermal gradient magnitudes from cross-section shape, asphalt topping, and motor traffic are presented. KW - Box girder bridges KW - Design KW - Field studies KW - Magnitude KW - Temperature gradients UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22100/22193/PB99167413.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765900 AU - Blower, D AU - Campbell, K AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATALITIES AND INJURIES IN TRUCK CRASHES BY TIME OF DAY PY - 1998/10 SP - 17 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) currently is considering proposals to change the regulations governing the hours-of-service (HOS) of commercial truck drivers. The purpose of the present report is to provide information on the distribution of crashes, injuries, and fatalities by time of day and to measure the consequences of truck crashes by time of day, both to truck occupants and to other road users. Older sources of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) data are used to illustrate the relative risk of day and night travel. About 20% of all fatal crashes and fatalities and 10% of all injuries involving a long-haul truck (tractor pulling at least one trailer) occur between midnight and 6 a.m. Crashes at night tend to be more severe, with about 435 injuries per thousand crashes between midnight and 6 a.m., compared with 320 injuries per thousand for the remainder of the day. There are about three times as many fatalities per thousand crashes midnight-6 a.m. Truck travel estimates by hour of the day are not currently available. Using exposure data classifying night as 9 p.m. to 6 a.m., truck travel during that period is associated with a relative risk about twice that of the rest of the day. Truck driver fatigue in single-vehicle fatal crashes is a significant factor. Driver fatigue and alcohol use in nontruck drivers also form a significant component of the higher risk of night travel. Almost 40% of the nontruck drivers in multiple-vehicle crashes with trucks between midnight and 3 a.m. had used alcohol, compared with 2.7% of the truck drivers. Fatigue was also coded more often for nontruck drivers than for truck drivers in multiple-vehicle crashes. KW - Crash exposure KW - Daytime crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Injuries KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Nighttime crashes KW - Periods of the day KW - Risk analysis KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Time of crashes KW - Truck crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763219 AU - ANDERSON, P AU - Koehler, K AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CABINET'S ANNUAL ASSESSMENT OF CUSTOMER NEEDS AND SATISFACTION PY - 1998/10 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this study was to continue the efforts begun in 1997 to monitor Kentucky public opinion regarding the quality of the highway system and also include a portion to measure satisfaction with the current drivers' license and registration renewal processes. Kentucky's 1998 public opinion is compared to data collected in 1997 to gage Kentucky's progress over the past year, and is compared to the NQI Survey done on the national level to show how Kentuckians' opinions compare to those nationwide. KW - Driver licensing KW - Highways KW - Kentucky KW - Public opinion KW - Registrations KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21839/PB99144024.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763230 AU - Zambrano, F AU - Finklea, D AU - Chang, S-H AU - Castano-Pardo, A AU - Scullion, T AU - Burke, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDING AND PERSONNEL ALLOCATION METHODS USED BY A STATE TRANSPORTATION AGENCY PY - 1998/10 SP - 228 p. AB - Too often, attempts to improve efficiencies in an organization's operations are offset by unexpected, concomitant changes in related activities of the organization. In a state transportation agency, implementation of changes in maintenance, construction, operations, planning, and finance need to be accomplished with as "global" a view as possible so that negative, induced impacts do not arise. To better anticipate how changes in overall agency performance are related to particular efforts to improve efficiency, this research study was undertaken to examine several aspects of the Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT's) endeavors to produce an optimum resource allocation to implement its agency's policies, plans, and programs. Ideally, a comprehensive analytical approach would encompass each and every activity/function in which the DOT could achieve an improved level of efficiency. However, limitations of time/budget for the research project necessitated that the scope be truncated to a manageable level. Specifically, four particular aspects of TxDOT activities were identified for inclusion in the analysis: program efficiencies in construction and maintenance; interactions between budgeting and planning; centralized and decentralized functions and responsibilities; and outsourcing and in-house activities. In conducting the analysis, attention was focused upon some of the critical interactions that occur in geographical (district level as compared to headquarters level), chronological, and functional dimensions. A set of analytical procedures illuminate the relationships between and among the four modular parts of the study. Although the goal of the study was to produce the results for an "optimum allocation of resources", the procedures developed are better suited for use in decision making to improve the process of overall resource allocation in TxDOT rather than to describe a specific mathematical or static "optimum". KW - Contracting out KW - Decentralization KW - Decision making KW - Financing KW - Maintenance KW - Mobility KW - Pavement management systems KW - Personnel KW - Resource allocation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Texas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21851/PB99145096.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763209 AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Valdes, D M AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Tassoulas, J AU - Williams, J C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED ARTERIAL AND FREEWAY OPERATION CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR IVHS ADVANCED TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: PROJECT SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1998/10 SP - 12 p. AB - This study focuses on traffic congestion, primarily that occurring on freeway corridors in metropolitan areas. Lack of coordination in the operation of various components of the system is often a major source of inefficiency, resulting in greater delays to motorists than what might be achievable with the existing physical infrastructure. Inefficiency owing to a lack of coordination may be the result of jurisdictional issues in terms of different entities having operational responsibility for different parts of the system. Typically, the respective control settings for the various subsystems in a freeway corridor are not designed to operate together in an integrated way. The consequences are particularly acute when incidents occur and where there is an attendant loss of capacity, accompanied by possible redistribution of flows; moreover, the control settings along likely diversion paths are not designed to react to accommodate the unfolding situation. The main objective of the study is to improve corridor network management by coordinating the various control elements in a freeway corridor, for both recurrent and nonrecurrent congestion situations. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Arterial highways KW - Coordination KW - Freeways KW - Integrated systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21854/PB99145237.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762969 AU - Turner, S AU - Stockton, W R AU - James, S AU - Rother, T AU - Walton, C M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS BENEFITS: REVIEW OF EVALUATION METHODS AND REPORTED BENEFITS PY - 1998/10 SP - 82 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to summarize the reported benefits of deployed intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and the evaluation methods used to quantify these ITS benefits. A better understanding of the actual or expected benefits of ITS will allow the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to make prudent ITS deployment and operating decisions. The authors present several evaluation frameworks that have been used to evaluate and quantify ITS benefits. Many of these frameworks are based on the five primary ITS goals (e.g., system efficiency/capacity, mobility, safety, environmental impacts, and economic productivity) identified in the National ITS Architecture. The authors concluded that the existing National ITS Architecture framework could serve as the basis for TxDOT's ITS evaluation methodology, with some adaptation for TxDOT's statewide goals, deployment strategy, and other considerations. This report also provides a synthesis of the reported benefits for the priority user services identified in TxDOT's ITS Deployment Strategy. The authors found that reported benefits for similar ITS user services ranged widely (e.g., reductions in travel time ranged from 7 to 48% for ramp metering), presumably due to different pre-existing traffic conditions and ITS implementation details. The wide range in reported ITS benefits without accompanying data on pre-existing conditions made it difficult for the research team to accurately predict expected ITS benefits in Texas. The authors concluded that a careful re-examination of selected ITS evaluations may be necessary. The authors also recommend the development of an evaluation plan that could be used by TxDOT and the research team to fill gaps in existing ITS benefits knowledge. KW - Benefits KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact studies KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - National ITS Architecture KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/1790-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21693/PB99134173.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762968 AU - Glenn, T L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUGGESTED GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING AND REVIEWING TOLL ROAD FEASIBILITY STUDIES IN TEXAS: PROJECT SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1998/10 SP - 44 p. AB - This is the final summary report from a research study focusing on the process of preparing and evaluating feasibility studies for private toll road projects in Texas. State legislation requires that the sponsors of a proposed toll road project submit a feasibility study to the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The financial viability of a proposed project, as documented in the feasibility study, must be considered by the Texas Transportation Commission as part of the approval process. This study was undertaken to examine the issues associated with toll road feasibility studies, the approaches being used in other states, and possible procedures TxDOT can use in determining whether a proposed private toll road project will be financially viable. This report describes the toll road project proposal process in other states, as well as information required from investment banks and rating agencies. The report presents suggested guidelines for preparing toll road feasibility studies, reviewing submitted feasibility studies, and examining the financial viability of private toll roads in Texas. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Texas KW - Toll roads UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21494/PB99121121.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762937 AU - Osegueda, R A AU - MELCHOR-LUCERO, O AU - Carrasco, C J AU - Ashur, S AU - Garcia-Diaz, A AU - University of Texas, El Paso AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED ROUTE EVALUATION OF OVERWEIGHT/OVERSIZE VEHICLES PY - 1998/10 SP - 653 p. AB - The Motor Carrier Division (MCD) of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) typically issues more than 45,000 permits each month for oversize and/or overweight vehicles. The current procedure for attending permit requests for superheavy vehicles is entirely manual and requires hundreds of man-hours. This report documents the efforts to implement a procedure for the automated route evaluation for overweight/oversize vehicles. The procedure uses a network representation of the On-system roads according to TxDOT base maps to identify bridges on the vehicle's route. The bridges' adequacy, in terms of clearances and weight restrictions, are evaluated. The weight capacities of the bridges are determined according to Texas Administrative Code requirements and/or through Bridge Load Formulae. Description of the operation of the system for routing, as well as for bridge management applications are included. KW - Automation KW - Bridge capacity KW - Clearances (Bridges) KW - Geographic information systems KW - Load limits KW - Oversize vehicles KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Routing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497017 ER - TY - SER AN - 00760598 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CARGO SECUREMENT STANDARD PY - 1998/10 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) participated in an international research program organized by the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators (CCMTA) to evaluate cargo securement regulations and industry practice. As a result of this multi-year, international research program, the FHWA and other agencies responsible for establishing and enforcing cargo securement regulations have identified areas in which current cargo securement regulations could be improved to further reduce the likelihood of cargo securement-related accidents, and to make the requirements easier to understand, use, and enforce. The research provides the safety agencies and industry partners with a sound technical foundation to support the development of a uniform North American Cargo Securement Standard. The CCMTA published a series of 19 research reports covering each testing module and summarizing the research project as a whole. This Tech Brief outlines the research, findings, and subsequent recommendations. KW - Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators KW - Cargo securement KW - North America KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10115/tb98-005.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10115/tb98-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498743 ER - TY - SER AN - 00760599 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERCLOS: A VALID PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURE OF ALERTNESS AS ASSESSED BY PSYCHOMOTOR VIGILANCE PY - 1998/10 SP - 4 p. AB - This Tech Brief summarizes an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) study titled "Evaluation of Techniques for Ocular Measurement as an Index of Fatigue and as the Basis for Alertness Management." The study was funded in part by the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Office of Motor Carriers and managed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The project's goal was to evaluate the validity and reliability of several drowsiness-detection measures and technologies in a controlled laboratory setting, and to analyze the effects of alerting stimuli on drivers' alertness levels. Of the drowsiness-detection measures and technologies evaluated in this study, the measure referred to as "PERCLOS" was found to be the most reliable and valid determination of a driver's alertness level. PERCLOS is the percentage of eyelid closure over the pupil over time and reflects slow eyelid closures ("droops") rather than blinks. A PERCLOS drowsiness metric was established in a 1994 driving simulator study as the proportion of time in a minute that the eyes are at least 80% closed. FHWA and NHTSA consider PERCLOS to be among the most promising known real-time measures of alertness for in-vehicle drowsiness-detection systems. The results of this research support the development of a "first-ever" real-time drowsiness detection sensor that would measure the percentage of eyelid closure over the pupil, over time (i.e., PERCLOS). KW - Alertness KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10114/tb98-006.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51369/tb98-006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760588 AU - Cook, R A AU - Bloomquist, D AU - Kalajian, M A AU - Cannon, V A AU - ARNOLD, D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MECHANICAL DAMPING SYSTEMS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL MAST ARMS PY - 1998/10 SP - 138 p. AB - Several mast arm failures have been observed in Florida and other states from fatigue caused by wind-induced vibrations. An economical method to mitigate the effects of wind induced vibration on these types of structures is to install mechanical damping systems directly on the mast arm. These devices limit the amplitude and duration of vibrations resulting in an increase in the design life of the structure. This report describes the development and testing of several different damping devices for cantilevered mast arm structures. Prototype damping devices were tested on an 11.3 m (37 ft) mast arm constructed in the Structures Laboratory at the University of Florida. Successful devices were then field tested on several different lengths of mast arms (11.0 m to 21.4 m) to determine the effectiveness over the full range of installations. The optimum device developed was relatively insensitive to the natural frequency of the mast arm and consists of a tapered steel tube, weight and spring system. KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Damping devices KW - Field tests KW - Mast arms KW - Prototype tests KW - Signal supports KW - Traffic signals KW - Vibration KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760580 AU - Bloomquist, D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PERMEABILITY TESTING DEVICE FOR PAVEMENT BASE MATERIAL PY - 1998/10 SP - 153 p. AB - This report describes the design, construction and initial field tests of a device capable of measuring the insitu permeability of base, subgrade, and subbase material. The insitu permeability device consists of a trailer mounted probe that is hydraulically pushed into the ground. Located at the end of the probe is a 1.74 cm cylindrical porous element. Once inserted, water is forced out through the element and either constant or falling head permeability tests can be conducted. The trailer is ballasted with twin polyethylene water tanks and is equipped with hydraulic leveling jacks. A coring device and portable generator are also included. Results to date indicate a trend may exist between standard laboratory and this insitu permeability test. Thus, the Florida Department of Transportation plans to conduct extensive field tests on a variety of new and existing pavement bases in order to develop a correlation between pavement performance and insitu permeability. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Field tests KW - Future research KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement performance KW - Permeability KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Testing equipment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21200/21236/PB99106650.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760518 AU - Moore, R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVER-EMBANKMENT ACCIDENTS ON RURAL 2-LANE CONVENTIONAL HIGHWAYS PY - 1998/10 SP - 13 p. AB - This report identifies factors which might be related to vehicles going over the roadway embankment, locations of over-embankment accidents, and roadway/roadside characteristics where these accidents occur. Recommendations which might reduce the potential for over-embankment accidents are provided. The scope of this research was limited to rural 2-lane conventional highways. It was determined that only 11% of the over-embankment accidents occurred at concentrated locations [less than 0.5 mi (0.8 km) apart]. Most of these locations had numerous curves with little or no shoulders and trees or water in the roadside environment. Countermeasures that might reduce the potential for over-embankment accidents in general include installing new guardrail, lengthening existing guardrail, extending embankment guardrail near cut-slope areas and burying guardrail into the cut-slope, providing additional signing and striping, improving the shoulder, installing rumble strips, installing audible edge stripes, or cleaning up the roadside environment to provide a clear recovery area. Individual locations should be investigated to determine whether a safety project is warranted and to determine what countermeasures, if any, should be applied. KW - Audible warning devices KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash locations KW - Edge lines KW - Guardrails KW - Highway curves KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside improvement KW - Rollover crashes KW - Rumble strips KW - Rural highways KW - Striping KW - Traffic signs KW - Two lane highways UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21700/21716/PB99137085.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759254 AU - Sinha, K AU - Peeta, S AU - Sultan, M AU - Poonuru, K AU - Richards, N AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ITS TECHNOLOGIES ON THE BORMAN EXPRESSWAY NETWORK PY - 1998/10 SP - 198 p. AB - The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is currently implementing several components of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). This includes a mini Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) implemented on a 3-mi (5-km) stretch of the Borman Expressway to evaluate advanced non-intrusive sensor systems and the associated communication infrastructure for the installation of a full-scale ATMS on the 16-mi (26-km) stretch of the Borman Expressway. Potential specific ITS technologies that are either being implemented or are being considered include pre-trip information, en-route information, variable message signs, and Hoosier Helpers. It is expected that the implementation of various ITS technologies on the Borman Expressway will result in improved traffic flow, lower travel times, higher average speeds, and improved safety and environment. This study evaluated the impacts of these ITS technologies on mobility, air quality, and safety on the Borman Expressway and its vicinity: (1) Mobility - The performance of various ITS components under normal and incident conditions for the Borman Expressway Evaluation Network were simulated and the results were compared with the corresponding scenarios in the absence of these technologies. The results suggest that the network can accommodate the vehicles that divert from the Borman Expressway, indicated by the decrease in the overall network average travel time with increase in market penetration of information. Hence, providing en-route route diversion information to some users can result in significant benefits in terms of travel time savings and congestion alleviation. (2) Air Quality - The performance of various ITS components under normal and incident conditions for the Borman Expressway Evaluation Network were simulated and the resulting HC, CO, and NOx emissions were compared with the emissions under a do-nothing scenario. The same network was used for air quality impact evaluation that was used for evaluating the mobility impacts of ITS. The results obtained from the simulation experiments indicated that significant improvement in air quality can be achieved by effective implementation of various ITS technologies under normal and incident conditions. One important trend observed from the results of these experiments was that the magnitude of reduction in mobile emissions was highest under incident conditions with link closure, and lowest under normal peak-hour conditions. (3) Safety - By testing the hypothesis that secondary crashes may take place as a direct result of primary incidents or traffic congestion, safety impacts were evaluated. Logistic regression modeling was used to predict the likelihood (risk) of a primary incident being followed by a secondary crash, using the "best" combination of primary incident characteristics. The resulting models suggested that the likelihood of a secondary crash occurring increases with an increase in the primary incident clearance time and with the involvement of a car, semi, or truck. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Air quality KW - Expressways KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Indiana KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mobility KW - Performance KW - Regression analysis KW - Secondary crashes KW - Simulation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Travel time UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21394/PB99114993.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759204 AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Vederey, J R AU - Gagnon, J S AU - PCS/Law Engineering AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME III - ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF FIELD TEST DATA PY - 1998/10 SP - 196 p. AB - This report is one of a series of reports prepared as part of a recent study sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) aimed at updating the state of the art of the design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation of continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavements. The scope of work of the FHWA study included the following: (1) Conduct of a literature review and preparation of an annotated bibliography on CRC pavements and CRC overlays; (2) Conduct of a field investigation and laboratory testing related to 23 existing inservice pavement sections to evaluate the effect of various design features on CRC pavement performance, to identify any design or construction related problems, and to recommend procedures to improve CRC pavement technology; (3) Evaluation of the effectiveness of various maintenance and rehabilitation strategies for CRC pavements; and (4) Preparation of a Summary Report on the current state of the practice for CRC pavements. Each of these four items is addressed in a separate report. This report, Volume III in the series, presents the results related to the field investigations of selected CRC pavement sections. Also, a summary of data collected to date (1992) for the 83 GPS-5 test sections is presented. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Pavement performance KW - State of the art reports KW - Test sections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21500/21599/PB99128282.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759205 AU - Gagnon, J S AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Tayabji, S D AU - PCS/Law Engineering AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME V - MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF CRC PAVEMENTS PY - 1998/10 SP - 75 p. AB - This report is one of a series of reports prepared as part of a National Pooled Funds study administered by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) aimed at updating the state of the art of the design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation of continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavements. The scope of work of the study included the following: (1) Conduct a literature review and preparation of an annotated bibliography on CRC pavements and CRC overlays; (2) Conduct a field investigation and laboratory testing related to 23 existing inservice pavement sections to evaluate the effect of various design features on CRC pavement performance, to identify any design or construction related problems, and to recommend procedures to improve CRC pavement technology; (3) Evaluate the effectiveness of various maintenance and rehabilitation strategies for CRC pavements; and (4) Prepare a Summary Report on the current state of the practice for CRC pavements. This report, Volume V in the series, presents the results related to CRC pavement distress and procedures for repair of CRC pavements. Because the most troublesome problems with CRC pavements are punchout distresses and distresses associated with steel rupture, more emphasis is placed on repairs of these distresses. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing KW - State of the art reports UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21601/PB99128308.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759202 AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Korovesis, G T AU - Stephanos, P J AU - Gagnon, J S AU - PCS/Law Engineering AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME I - SUMMARY OF PRACTICE AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1998/10 SP - 234 p. AB - This report is one of a series of reports prepared as part of a recent study sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) aimed at updating the state-of-the-art of the design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation of continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavements. The scope of work of the FHWA study included the following: (1) Conduct of a literature review and preparation of an annotated bibliography on CRC pavements and CRC overlays; (2) Conduct of a field investigation and laboratory testing related to 25 existing inservice pavement sections to evaluate the effect of various design features on CRC pavement performance, to identify any design or construction related problems, and to recommend procedures to improve CRC pavement technology; (3) Evaluation of the effectiveness of various maintenance and rehabilitation strategies for CRC pavements; and (4) Preparation of a Summary Report on the current state of the practice for CRC pavements. Each of these four items is addressed in a separate report. This report, Volume I in the series, presents an annotated bibliography on CRC pavements. Each publication included in the bibliography is identified as belonging to one of the following categories: Design, Construction, Maintenance and Rehabilitation, Performance Evaluation, CRC Overlays, and Research Underway. KW - Bibliographies KW - Concrete overlays KW - Construction KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Research KW - State of the art reports UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21500/21598/PB99128274.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759203 AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Stephanos, P J AU - Gagnon, J S AU - Zollinger, D G AU - PCS/Law Engineering AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME II - FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF CRC PAVEMENTS PY - 1998/10 SP - 288 p. AB - This report is one of a series of reports prepared as part of a recent study sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) aimed at updating the state of the art of the design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation of continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavements. The scope of work of the FHWA study included the following: (1) Conduct a literature review and prepare an annotated bibliography on CRC pavements and CRC overlays; (2) Conduct a field investigation and laboratory testing related to 25 existing inservice pavement sections to evaluate the effects of various design features on CRC pavement performance, to identify any design or construction related problems, and to recommend procedures to improve CRC pavement technology; (3) Evaluate the effectiveness of various maintenance and rehabilitation strategies for CRC pavements; and (4) Prepare a summary report on the current state of the practice for CRC pavements. Each of these four items is addressed in a separate report. This report, Volume II in the series, presents the details related to the field investigations of selected CRC pavement sections and data analysis. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Pavement performance KW - State of the art reports KW - Test sections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21600/21600/PB99128290.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759186 AU - Sadek, Adel W AU - Smith, B L AU - McGhee, C C AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR REAL-TIME FREEWAY TRAFFIC ROUTING: VOLUME II PY - 1998/10 SP - 40 p. AB - Real-time traffic flow routing is a promising approach to alleviating congestion. Existing approaches to developing real-time routing strategies, however, have limitations. This study explored the potential for using case-based reasoning (CBR), an emerging artificial intelligence paradigm, to overcome such limitations. CBR solves new problems by reusing solutions of similar past problems. To illustrate the feasibility of the approach, the research team developed and evaluated a prototype CBR routing system for the interstate network in Hampton Roads, Virginia. They generated cases for building the system's case-base using a heuristic dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model designed for the region. Using a second set of cases, the research team evaluated the performance of the prototype system by comparing its solutions with those of the DTA model. The research team found that CBR has the potential to overcome many of the limitations to existing approaches to real-time routing and a CBR routing system is capable of producing high-quality solutions with reasonable case-base size. In addition, the research team found that real-time traffic flow routing will likely lead to significant user cost savings. KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Case based reasoning KW - Decision support systems KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mitigation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prototypes KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Routing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/99-r10.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21402/PB99115289.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759183 AU - Brich, S C AU - Fitch, G M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A RESIDENCY-LEVEL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TO SUPPORT PRIORITY APPLICATIONS PY - 1998/10 SP - 41 p. AB - The primary responsibility of the Geographic Information Systems Lead Unit (GLU) of the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) is to develop and implement the department's geographic information system (GIS). To fulfill this responsibility, the GLU developed a new GIS strategic plan that outlines six implementation strategies, one of which is the "Implementation of Priority GIS Applications." This strategy focuses on the operational requirements and the actions required to develop and maintain these applications. In an attempt to serve as a catalyst in the development and implementation of priority applications at the residency level, research was undertaken to identify and develop a set of applications: guardrail inventory, sign inventory, drop inlet inventory, railroad-highway grade crossing inventory, and a mowing area calculation. These applications served as GIS examples intended to provide VDOT with a better understanding of the methods required to collect the spatial and attribute data when developing similar applications. This report outlines the various methods used to collect the data and to define the associated accuracy requirements. The report also identifies the time expended in developing these applications. VDOT can use these methods to gauge the time required to develop similar applications on a statewide basis. KW - Accuracy KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Geographic information systems KW - Implementation KW - Inventory KW - Priority applications KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/99-r5.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21349/PB99113185.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759184 AU - Hoel, L A AU - Shriner, H W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATING IMPROVEMENTS IN LANDSIDE ACCESS FOR AIRPORTS PY - 1998/10 SP - 84 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to describe the elements that comprise airport access and develop a methodology for identifying and evaluating existing landside access performance and proposed improvements from a passenger perspective. The scope was limited to landside access service between approaches to the airport and the entrance to the terminal. A literature review and an investigation of Virginia state and metropolitan transportation agencies yielded the evaluation standards, guidelines, and methods currently used to identify and evaluate airport landside access performance and improvements. A national survey of U.S. airports determined the characteristics of the airport access service provided. Based on this information, factors relevant to evaluating landside access were identified. An access evaluation methodology was developed based on performance measures relating to cost, time, reliability, convenience, and quality. This methodology was demonstrated through investigation of landside access facilities at Richmond International Airport. Three conclusions were drawn. First, there is a lack of consistency in measuring airport access performance. Second, landside access to airports is a major concern at airports of all sizes, but there is no significant difference in reported access problems among large, medium, and small airports. Third, the methodology developed may be tailored to meet the needs of a specific airport. The study recommends that the Virginia Department of Transportation and the Virginia Department of Aviation incorporate the evaluation methodology into the access fund appropriations process; encourage Virginia airports to adopt the methodology as a step in the master plan process; and encourage nationwide use of the methodology by airport authorities, state departments of transportation, and the Federal Aviation Administration. KW - Airport access KW - Case studies KW - Convenience KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Methodology KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance indicators KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Recommendations KW - Reliability KW - Richmond International Airport KW - Surveys KW - Time KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/99-r7.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21358/PB99113276.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9800/9873/99-r7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759169 AU - King, D AU - David King AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT ARE THE "BEST PRACTICES" OF RURAL SUBAREA PLANNING? PY - 1998/10 SP - 182 p. AB - The research and analysis emphasis is placed mainly on rural areas and subareas of a state. Rural areas in each state have different data needs and priorities than their urban counterparts. This study intends to ease the research process of determining the best planning practices for those rural areas. Results and Findings: This section discusses the results and findings from a new survey. In January 1998, this project's Technical Advisory Committee developed a series of 12 specific questions designed to aid our research into the best planning practices for rural transportation planning. The analysis of the results begins with an aggregate view of their answers, on an overall nationwide basis. Suggested Steps to Create or Update a Rural Transportation Plan: This section details the steps a rural transportation planning commission should follow to either create a new transportation plan or update an existing one. It is a 15 Step process that begins with the formulation of a committed planning commission to getting the plan adopted and setting parameters for future updates to the plan. This section carefully explains the need for each step, how to go about completing that step and real-life examples and references for follow up. KW - Data collection KW - Modernization KW - Procedures KW - Rural areas KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21200/21233/PB99106619.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759171 AU - Tadros, M K AU - Khalifa, M A AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POST-TENSIONING ANCHORAGE IN CONCRETE I-GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1998/10 SP - 193 p. AB - This study includes the results from a combination of experiments as well as a strut-and-tie modeling analysis that investigated the optimization of the anchorage zone for the post-tensioning application in I-girder bridges. Four full-scale UN1100 post-tensioned I-girder specimens with the reduced anchorage blocks were produced and tested. Each specimen contains three nineteen-15.2 mm (6/10 in.) strand tendons. During the full-scale ultimate strength testing, the reduced anchorage blocks performed extremely well. Based on the testing and analytical results, the standard anchorage block size and reinforcing details for different I-girder sizes have been developed. KW - Anchorage block size KW - Anchorages KW - Full scale specimens KW - Girder bridges KW - Posttensioning KW - Prototype tests KW - Specimens KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759166 AU - Lima, P M AU - O'Laughlin, J B AU - Lima and Associates AU - PB Farradyne, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND STRATEGIES: TRAFFIC OPERATIONS CENTER OPERATIONS MANUAL PY - 1998/10 SP - 17 p. AB - The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) Traffic Operations Center (TOC) opened during 1995 in Phoenix. Procedures for its operation were developed on an informal basis and copies were maintained by each operator. In late 1997, the firms of Lima & Associates and PB Farradyne were retained to research existing programs in three states. This was done to determine if the procedures at the Phoenix TOC were adequate and whether additional procedures needed to be implemented. The team interviewed customers and staff members of the TOC and reviewed all policies then in place. Its findings were presented to the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). Using this information the TAC provided guidelines for development of a TOC Operations Manual. All TOC staff and each TAC member reviewed the manual draft. The end product has resulted in a comprehensive operations manual for daily use by the TOC staff and in an excellent training tool for new employees. KW - Arizona KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Incident management KW - Manuals KW - Traffic UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21420/PB99117137.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00758040 AU - Titus-Glover, L AU - Owusu-Antwi, E B AU - Hoener, T AU - Darter, M I AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PCC PAVEMENTS, VOLUME II: DESIGN FEATURES AND PRACTICES THAT INFLUENCE PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS PY - 1998/10 SP - 231 p. AB - A study has been conducted to evaluate and analyze portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements in order to develop recommendations for the design and construction of long-lived concrete pavements. It involved a detailed evaluation and analysis of the PCC pavement data in the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database using statistical techniques to determine the design features and construction practices that have a beneficial effect on long-term performance. The study focused on the development of practical recommendations that can be easily implemented by highway agencies to increase pavement life. This volume describes and provides information on design features and construction practices that improve pavement performance. A key focus was to develop canonical discriminant functions that can be used to discriminate between groups of pavements in the sense of being able to tell them apart. The pavements were grouped according to their performance classification, namely, above expectation, as expected, and below expectation. The canonical functions consist of linear combinations of the variables that describe and quantify the pavement design features, site conditions, and construction practices. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Roughness KW - Service life KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46545/FHWA-RD-98-127.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00758041 AU - Vogt, A AU - Bared, J G AU - Pragmatics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT MODELS FOR TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS: SEGMENTS AND INTERSECTIONS PY - 1998/10 SP - 179 p. AB - This report describes the collection, analysis, and modeling of accident and roadway data pertaining to segments and intersections on rural roads in the States of Minnesota (1985-1989) and Washington (1993-1995). The segments are on two-lane roads, and the intersections are three-legged and four-legged intersections of such roads, stop-controlled on the minor legs. Data were acquired from the Highway Safety Information System, photologs, construction plans, and State data bases. More than 1,300 segments and more than 700 intersections are included in the final samples on which the modeling is based. Variables collected include accident counts, traffic exposure, surface and shoulder width, Roadside Hazard Rating, number of driveways, channelization, horizontal and vertical alignments, intersection angles, speed limits, and commercial traffic percentage. Models of Poisson type, negative binomial type, and extended negative binomial type (the latter due to Shaw-Pin Miaou) are developed, and advanced statistical techniques are applied to assess the explanatory value of the models in the presence of Poisson randomness and overdispersion. The models derived from these data indicate that exposure and traffic counts are the chief highway variables contributing to accidents, but that surface and shoulder width, roadside conditions, and alignments are also significant, especially in the segment models. Unexpected behavior of intersection angle, Roadside Hazard Rating, number of driveways, and channelization in the intersection models is worthy of note. Despite the incompleteness of the data and uncertainties in the values of some variables, the quantity, quality, and variety of the data give the models both descriptive and predictive value. KW - Alignment KW - Channelization KW - Crash data KW - Crash exposure KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Driveways KW - Exposure KW - Forecasting KW - Four leg intersections KW - Four way intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Minnesota KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside hazards KW - Rural highways KW - Shoulder width KW - T intersections KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two lane highways KW - Washington (State) KW - Width UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/98133/ UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21805/PB99142713.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538502 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460729 TI - Seismic Vulnerability Study of the Highway and Other Surface Transportation Systems AB - No summary provided. KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Research projects KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Seismology KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228947 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458595 TI - Support Services for the Fhwa Human Factors Programs, Phase I AB - This contract provided support to FHWA's Human Factors Team to monitor off-site research contracts and conduct on-site research in the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) Human Factors Laboratory facilities. A significant portion of the off-site contract research involved Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) studies. These were in the areas of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS), and Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS). Likewise, a large portion of the on-site research involved ITS studies. These were in the areas of ATIS, IVIS, ATMS and the integration of in-vehicle information with information coming from outside of the vehicle. The major products of this effort were ITS-related research reports, inputs to ITS design guidelines and standards, and inputs to ITS-related traffic models. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Management information systems KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929874 AU - Labi, S AU - Fricker, J D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSING AND UPDATING INDOT'S TRAFFIC MONITORING SYSTEM FOR HIGHWAYS PY - 1998/09/30 AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) established a new emphasis in transportation system policy in the United States. This legislation mandated, among other requirements, the development and implementation of a Traffic Monitoring System for Highways (TMS) in each state. The Federal Register of December 1993 defines a TMS as a systematic process for the collection, analysis, summary and retention of roadway related person and vehicle data, including public transportation on public highways and streets. This study did not establish an entirely new TMS for the State of Indiana, but rather involved validation of existing procedures and resources, and recommendations for improving INDOT's current traffic monitoring program to a traffic monitoring system. Cost estimates have been provided for all recommendations that have been made. With the recommendations from this study, INDOT intends to streamline its overall data collection activities and to improve the accuracy, adequacy, and timeliness of data collection, processing and analysis. KW - Accuracy KW - Data collection KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Indiana KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Public transit KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Validation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313149 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765871 AU - Luo, Xue AU - Salgado, R AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC CONE PENETRATION TEST TO ASSESS THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SUBGRADE SOIL PY - 1998/09/30 SP - 144 p. AB - The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships between penetration resistance, dry density, moisture content, and resilient modulus of subgrade soils. The Dynamic Cone Penetration Tests (DCPTs) were conducted at eight sites. The nuclear gage and sand cone methods were used to estimate the dry density and moisture content of the subgrade soils. Disturbed soil samples were collected in the field. Atterberg limits and sieve analysis tests were conducted in the laboratory. For selected sites, laboratory DCPTs were performed in a 12-in. (30.5-cm) mold along the compaction curves, and unconfined compression tests were conducted on 2.8-in. (7.1-cm) samples. The contours of laboratory penetration index with respect to dry density and moisture content were developed. Based on this information, the relationships between laboratory penetration index, unconfined compression test results and resilient modulus were found. Based on the field test results and unconfined compression test results, the relationship between field penetration index, dry density, moisture content, and resilient modulus for sandy lean clay was also found for select soil types. A framework for further development of such correlations for different soil types is now in place, which should facilitate future research. KW - Atterberg limits KW - Compression tests KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Disturbed samples KW - Dry density KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Penetration resistance KW - Sand cone method KW - Sandy clays KW - Sieve analysis KW - Soil compaction KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21700/21783/PB99140923.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502335 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459474 TI - Evaluation of Radio & Microwave Technology for Motor Vehicle Safety Warning Systems, Phase II AB - No summary provided. KW - Microwave communication systems KW - Microwave detectors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Radio relay systems KW - Research projects KW - Vehicle safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227687 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459630 TI - Seismic Vulernability Study of the Highway and Other Surface Transportation Systems AB - No summary provided. KW - Ground transportation KW - Highways KW - Research projects KW - Seismicity KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00932056 AU - Partridge, B K AU - Alleman, J E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTED USING WASTE FOUNDRY SAND PY - 1998/09/25 SP - 201 p. AB - Over 9 million Mg of waste foundry sands (WFS) are produced annually in the United States as a by-product of the metal casting industry. The majority of WFS are deposited in restricted or sanitary waste landfills. Considerable savings are available to the metal casting industry through the development of reuse applications for their WFS and generators are often willing to provide WFS to a job site at no cost to the end user. Laboratory investigations have indicated that WFS from ferrous foundries can provide the necessary engineering properties for a highway embankment and that the Microtox (Trademark) bioassay test can be used to screen the toxicity of WFS to prevent a negative environmental impact. In 1996, the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) and Purdue University constructed a demonstration embankment using WFS. WFS and control embankments were instrumented to monitor geotechnical and environmental performance. Stockpile and job site 'grab' WFS samples were also tested. Detailed geotechnical results are presented in a companion report by Fox and Mast (1998). In general, results indicate that WFS can perform well as a structural fill with strength and deformation characteristics comparable to natural sand, but cannot be considered as freely draining. Environmental testing consisted of Microtox and Nitrotox bioassays, ion chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma testing for metals. Bioassay results indicate the WFS have not resulted in inhibitions (toxicity) higher than those expected from natural sands. Ion migration from the WFS into the foundry sand lysimeter was found, supporting bioassay data, but at concentrations below reuse regulatory criteria. Metal concentrations were generally below Indiana regulatory reuse Type III criteria and typically below Drinking Water Standards. Where metal concentrations in the wells exceeded regulatory criteria, exceedences appeared in both up- and down-gradient wells suggesting background metal concentrations as opposed to significant leaching from the WFS. The WFS did not result in a negative environmental impact on the site. State environmental regulatory agencies were the most frequently identified source of barriers to the beneficial reuse of WFS and reuse is further compounded by the lack of decision-based scientific tools such as life-cycle or risk-based analysis methods. The resultant liability exposure from state and federal regulations was the prevailing concern expressed by DOTs when considering using a regulated waste such as WFS. Furthermore, foundries often lack an organizational commitment to the reuse of their WFS as evidenced by the lack of both product quality control and a marketing strategy. To facilitate the use of WFS by INDOT, an Acceptance Criteria protocol based on the Microtox bioassay test was developed as part of this project. Additionally, a proposed 'Recurring Special Provision' for the use of WFS in embankment construction and a WFS stockpile random sampling protocol were developed. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Bioassay KW - Deformation KW - Demonstration projects KW - Embankments KW - Environmental impacts KW - Foundry sand KW - Laboratory tests KW - Metal concentrations KW - Random sampling KW - Regulatory constraints KW - Stockpiling KW - Strength of materials KW - Toxicity KW - Waste products UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21500/21526/PB99123291.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/724306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00789890 AU - Pant, P D AU - Ula, M S AU - Liu, Y AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES PY - 1998/09/14 SP - 142 p. AB - A methodology for assessing the effectiveness of access management techniques on suburban arterial highways is developed. The methodology is described as a seven-step process as follows: (1) establish the purpose of the analysis; (2) establish the measures of effectiveness (MOEs); (3) divide the arterial corridor into one or more subareas; (4) examine candidate access management techniques for each subarea; (5) perform analysis and determine MOEs for each subarea; (6) select the best access management technique(s) for each subarea; and (7) estimate MOEs for the whole corridor. The candidate access management techniques are divided into six groups: (1) signalized intersections; (2) unsignalized intersections and driveways; (3) medians; (4) left-turns; (5) right-turns; and (6) service road. Each group further consists of several access management techniques. A case study of subareas 1, 4, and 8 of US 27 Colerain Avenue in Cincinnati, Ohio was performed. The results showed that travel speed in some segments of the subareas had decreased and accident rates in some subareas had increased after the installation of traffic signals. It is recommended that the methodology developed in this study be used for planning and/or evaluation of access management techniques on suburban arterial highways. The adoption of the methodology would assist the Ohio Department of Transportation to maintain uniformity and consistency in the conduct of access management studies in the state. Additional recommendations concerning subareas 1, 4, and 8 of US 27 Colerain Avenue are made. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Cincinnati (Ohio) KW - Crash rates KW - Driveways KW - Left turns KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Medians KW - Right turns KW - Service roads KW - Signalized intersections KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic speed KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/15000/15900/15904/PB2000101670.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769496 AU - Billington, S AU - BARNES, R AU - BREEN, J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PRECAST SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN FOR STANDARD BRIDGE SYSTEMS PY - 1998/09/08 SP - 188 p. AB - The proposed substructure system described in this report has been developed to improve the aesthetics and reduce the construction time of the support structures for standard bridges. The form of the proposed substructures is highly attractive, and is a distinct improvement over many traditional short- and medium-span bridge substructures. The substructure system developed is particularly well-suited for precasting, although the geometric form could be cast-in-situ. Precasting would result in the increased use of high performance concrete in the substructures. The use of such concrete will bring improved durability since the high performance concrete is greatly resistant to ingress of moisture and chlorides. In addition, the greater compressive strength of the high performance concretes is utilized for reducing the handling weight and dead load of the substructure units. The bent cap units are more complex than traditional cast-in-place bent caps but appear feasible for plant production or large-scale, cast-on-site projects. The construction method proposed could shorten construction times on-site in certain applications. Shortened construction time, in turn, leads to important safety and economic advantages when traffic disruption or re-routing is necessary. Cost studies based on input from precasters and contractors indicate that if the proposed system (or one quite similar) is actually standardized and used on several projects, the direct costs will be competitive with costs of current designs for concealed bent cap substructures, while the on-site construction time could be reduced substantially. This reduction can have important economic and safety implications on some projects. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bents KW - Bridge substructures KW - Compressive strength KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Durability KW - High performance concrete KW - Precast concrete KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503402 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459079 TI - Fabric Reinforced Backfill Under Approach Slabs AB - The R1 reinforcement fabric used to wrap the select backfill failed to meet strength specifications but was not removed. A drop in height from the asphalt to the approach slab causes unnecessary dynamic impacting of the approach slab and bridge. Settlement has occurred in both the eastbound (experimental section) and the westbound control approach slabs with about 57% less in the experimental section. KW - Approach KW - Backfilling KW - Bridges KW - Control systems KW - Dynamics KW - Fabrication KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - North Dakota KW - Research projects KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453888 AU - Labi, Samuel AU - Fricker, Jon D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing and Updating INDOT's Traffic Monitoring System for Highways, Volume 1 - Main Report PY - 1998/09//Final Report SP - 397p AB - This study evaluates the existing resources and procedures of the Indiana Department of Transportation's (INDOT's) current traffic monitoring program, with the objective of transforming this program into a comprehensive Traffic Monitoring System for Highways (TMS/H). Reliable traffic data is a valuable input for studies and decision-making at various levels and in various phases of highway management including planning and design, finance and taxation, legislation and safety. The nature and scope of the various components comprising a TMS/H for any state were identified in available literature such as the Federal Register and Traffic Monitoring Guide. A complete inventory of the existing resources (personnel and equipment) and procedures used for field data collection and office-based data processing were compiled and evaluated for adequacy and/or accuracy and appropriateness by matching them with requirements stated in available literature to ensure compliance with ISTEA recommendations. In general, the existing traffic monitoring program was found to be adequate in meeting the needs of most management systems, with the exception of vehicle classification monitoring at sections having 'abnormal' traffic conditions. For the Continuous Count program, a large number of additional classification ATR stations are recommended while very few additional WIM sites are needed. All HPMS sample sections and NHS segments are covered under the existing program, although a lack of resources sometimes limits the frequency of data collection. Also, a new schedule for coverage counts is proposed to place greater emphasis on NHS roads and high-growth areas of the state. A new database system is recommended to effectively address data management issues. Also, documentation of field operations and office factoring procedures was carried out in this study. With the recommendations from this study, INDOT intends to streamline its overall data collection activities and to improve the accuracy, adequacy, timeliness, and delivery of data to the end-users. KW - Data collection KW - Highway design KW - Highway Performance and Monitoring System KW - Highway planning KW - National Highway System KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314238 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453807 AU - Labi, Samuel AU - Fricker, Jon D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing and Updating INDOT's Traffic Monitoring System for Highways, Volume 2 - Appendices B7 and C PY - 1998/09//Final Report SP - 156p AB - This study evaluates the existing resources and procedures of the Indiana Department of Transportation's (INDOT's) current traffic monitoring program, with the objective of transforming this program into a comprehensive Traffic Monitoring System for Highways (TMS/H). Reliable traffic data is a valuable input for studies and decision-making at various levels and in various phases of highway management including planning and design, finance and taxation, legislation and safety. The nature and scope of the various components comprising a TMS/H for any state were identified in available literature such as the Federal Register and Traffic Monitoring Guide.A complete inventory of the existing resources (personnel and equipment) and procedures used for field data collection and office-based data processing were compiled and evaluated for adequacy and/or accuracy and appropriateness by matching them with requirements stated in available literature to ensure compliance with ISTEA recommendations.In general, the existing traffic monitoring program was found to be adequate in meeting the needs of most management systems, with the exception of vehicle classification monitoring at sections having 'abnormal' traffic conditions. For the Continuous Count program, a large number of additional classification ATR stations are recommended while very few additional WIM sites are needed. All HPMS sample sections and NHS segments are covered under the existing program, although a lack of resources sometimes limits the frequency of data collection. Also, a new schedule for coverage counts is proposed to place greater emphasis on NHS roads and high-growth areas of the state. A new database system is recommended to effectively address data management issues. Also, documentation of field operations and office factoring procedures was carried out in this study.With the recommendations from this study, INDOT intends to streamline its overall data collection activities and to improve the accuracy, adequacy, timeliness, and delivery of data to the end-users. KW - Data collection KW - Highway design KW - Highway Performance Monitoring System KW - Highway planning KW - National Highway System KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314239 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01391866 AU - Walls, J AU - Smith, M R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Life-cycle cost analysis in pavement design: in search of better investment decisions PY - 1998/09 IS - FHWA/SA-98-079 SP - 107p KW - Accident costs KW - Construction site KW - Delay KW - Life cycle costing KW - Life cycle costs KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Operating costs KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Probability KW - Probability KW - Risk KW - Risk management KW - Road user costs KW - Traffic accident KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - User charges KW - Value of time KW - Value of time KW - Vehicle operating costs KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1159632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173827 AU - Metcalf, J B AU - Ray, T G AU - Shah, S C AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Louisiana's Statistically Based Quality Control and Acceptance Specifications for Asphaltic Concrete PY - 1998/09//Final Report SP - 103p AB - In 1971, the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development initiated a statistically based specification system for asphaltic concrete using historically generated data. A Materials Test Data (MATT) reporting system was also started to archive all materials and construction data. This data was used to validate the specifications in 1975 and 1979 and to adjust the specification requirements for asphaltic concrete. Since 1987, major specification changes have been made and there have been improvements in equipment and operational control. This study was therefore conducted to review asphalt quality in terms of the current specifications, to evaluate the effectiveness of the current requirements and to propose future directions for specification compliance judgement and acceptance procedures. A particular aspect was to be an evaluation of the "unknown sigma" approach. The study examines data for asphaltic concrete from the MATT system for the period 1987 to 1995. Quality was described in terms of the mean and standard deviation of the specification parameters affecting the payment for product. The proportion defective product to specification criteria was also estimated. This data is tabulated and graphed for Marshall stability, gradation, antistrip, density, and profile. The study also developed operating characteristic curves for each of these five parameters and revealed the complexity of some. On the basis of the current quality capabilities a selection of simpler but equally rigorous new specification compliance criteria were formulated. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Louisiana KW - Materials tests KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_315.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01128928 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Archived Data User Service (ADUS): An Addendum fo the ITS Program Plan PY - 1998/09//Final, Version 3 SP - n.p. AB - The Archived Data User Service (ADUS) describes the need for an Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Historical Data Archive and expands the National ITS Architecture to encompass the needs of the stakeholder groups of this user service. Many of these stakeholder groups previously had little or no involvement in the National ITS Architecture. ADUS requires ITS-related systems to have the capability to receive, collect, and archive ITS-generated operational data for historical, secondary, and nonreal-time uses. ADUS prescribes the need for a data source for external user interfaces and provides data products to users. The goal is the unambiguous interchange and reuse of data and information throughout all functional areas. ITS technologies generate massive amounts of operational data that are presently used primarily in real-time to effect traffic control strategies. Examples include the adjustment of ramp meter timing based on freeway flow conditions and the use of variable message signs (VMSs) to communicate traffic incidents to travelers. These data offer great promise for uses beyond the execution of ITS control strategies, such as applications in transportation administration, policy, safety, planning, operations, and research. In most cases, ITS-generated data are similar to data traditionally collected for these applications, but are much more voluminous in quantity and geographical and temporal coverage. ITS has the potential to provide data needed for planning, performance monitoring, program assessment, policy evaluation, and other transportation activities, including multimodal and intermodal applications. This user service describes the need for the collection, manipulation, retention, and distribution of data generated by ITS for use in other transportation activities. KW - Archived data user services KW - Data banks KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Highway operations KW - Information processing KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_pr/5224.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/888859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111756 AU - TML Information Services, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Commercial Driver License Effectiveness Study. Volume 1. Executive Summary PY - 1998/09//Volume I, Executive Summary SP - 44p AB - The CMVSA authorized the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to assist the 50 states and the District of Columbia, (herein after referred to as the 51 states) in implementing the Commercial Driver License (CDL) program by expending $61 million in CDL grant funds to meet the requirements established by Congress. This document is Volume I of a three-volume final report for the Commercial Driver License (CDL) Effectiveness Study project. Volume I provides an executive summary of the study. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licensing KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21700/21757/PB99139792.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105062 AU - Wooldridge, Mark D AU - Parham, Angelia H AU - Fitzpatrick, Kay AU - Nowlin, R Lewis AU - Brydia, Robert E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation and Modification of Sight Distance Criteria Used by TxDOT. Project Summary Report PY - 1998/09//Project Summary SP - 52p AB - Sight distance is an important consideration in roadway design, affecting many aspects of highway safety and operations. Ramp, interchange, and intersection designs are typically completed in tightly constrained spaces with many structural, earthwork, and roadway features present that may obstruct sight distance. These features are not easily moved; if consideration of sight distance constraints is not given early in the design process, designs may be compromised and a reduced level of safety may be encountered by the public on the completed roadway. After conducting a literature review of design criteria, three case studies of interchange ramps, and a thorough review of the TxDOT 'Design Division Operations and Procedures Manual', the authors recommended revisions for the manual. These revisions include material intended to clarify and extend the consideration of sight distance in roadway design. KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Manuals KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Sight distance KW - Texas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21700/21738/PB99137762.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104403 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Meeting the Customer's Needs for Mobility and Safety During Construction and Maintenance Operations: Model Traffic Management Program and Self Evaluation Guide PY - 1998/09 SP - 28p AB - The Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Office of Program Quality Coordination (OPQC) conducted a quality improvement review entitled Meeting the Customer's Needs for Mobility and Safety During Construction and Maintenance Operations between December 1997 and June 1998. As part of this review the OPQC review team (hereafter refer to as the Review Team) prepared a Model Work Zone Traffic Management Program to assist all transportation agencies in their continuous improvement efforts. This model program was developed by combining traffic management concepts reported in research studies and papers with the effective techniques currently being used by States to minimize motorist delays and enhance work zone safety. During the scanning portion of this review, the Review Team discussed these traffic management concepts and techniques with transportation officials in order to validate them. The Review Team concluded the key ingredients listed below are essential to any Traffic Management Program (TMP) if it is to be effective in minimizing motorist delays and enhancing work zone safety. While the model is idealistic, it is presented to provide transportation agencies with an effective tool for benchmarking. KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway traffic control KW - Lane closure KW - Mobility KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17800/17890/PB2001104937.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103325 AU - Peyrebrune, Henry L AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - Highway Performance Monitoring System Catalog. New Technology and Techniques PY - 1998/09 SP - 90p AB - The catalog on highway performance monitoring systems (HPMS) new technologies and technques is intended for use by: (1) State employees or contractors involved in the preparation of the HPMS submittal; (2) State employees or contractors involved in other data activities from which HPMS data are extracted; (3) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) field personnel involved in HPMS. KW - Catalogs KW - Highway engineering KW - Information technology KW - Performance monitoring KW - State highway departments KW - Technological innovations KW - Transportation engineering KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21477/PB99119851.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103282 AU - Lockheed Martin Federal Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS Physical Architecture PY - 1998/09 SP - 530p AB - The National ITS Architecture is a framework of physical elements on which ITS deployment, standards, and evaluation can be built. The framework consists of three layers: a transportation layer including functions required to implement ITS user services, a communication layer including identification of communication technologies and systems which will be used to exchange data required by the transportation layer, and an institutional layer which provides structure to the forces specifying requirements and deploying the architecture over time. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Communication systems KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Public transit KW - Systems analysis KW - Systems engineering KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16300/16343/PB2000103523.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103263 AU - Bush, Thomas D AU - Russell, Bruce W AU - Freyne, Seamus F AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - High Performance Concrete for Transportation Structures PY - 1998/09//Final Report SP - 62p AB - Use of high performance concrete has tremendous potential for improving economy and long term durability of structures. The State of Oklahoma has an abundance of high quality aggregates that are necessary for the production of high strength/high performance (HSHPC) concrete. This research report is intended to help the state harness the economic advantages of constructing Oklahoma's infrastructure with HSHPC. The research program systematically examined locally available materials to determine those most suitable for production of HSHPC in Oklahoma, and tested mixture designs to see the effects of interactions of those materials. The effects of changing cement source and type, fine aggregate grading, and coarse aggregate type and grading were studied. Concrete mixtures were tested where only a single material (for example, cement) was varied while all others were held constant. Materials included in the testing program were type I, II, and III cements from various suppliers, fine aggregates with two different fineness moduli, and four types of coarse aggrgegates in two gradings. A study was then conducted to examine the effects of varying total cementitious materials content, addition of supplementary cementitious material (Class C fly ash), and varying water to cementitious material ratio on properties of HSHPC. KW - Admixtures KW - Asphalt cement KW - Cement KW - Coarse aggregates KW - High performance concrete KW - High strength concrete KW - Structures KW - Transportation, hydraulic and utility facilities KW - Types of concrete UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21476/PB99119836.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103245 AU - Lockheed Martin Federal Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS Implementation Strategy PY - 1998/09 SP - 320p AB - Nationwide implementation of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) services will result from a multitude of individual deployment decisions by public agencies and the private sector. The National ITS Architecture creates the opportunity for interoperability across these diverse ITS deployments while preserving flexibility and choice for the many implementers. The architecture is implemented to achieve these benefits in three principal ways: (1) adaptation or development of consensus standards for transportation products based on architecture requirements, (2) development of regional architectures which interpret the national architecture and tailor it to support integrated regional ITS solutions, and (3) incremental deployment of architecture compatible systems. The Implementation Strategy defines a series of steps that encourage efficient deployment of architecture compatible systems. These include: Identification of basic building blocks that apply to most ITS deployments, Focus on near-term problems and the early deployments best suited to addressing those problems through the Intelligent Transportation Infrastructure initiative, Further encourage private sector participation in ITS deployment, Parallel advancements in the number of ITS services offered and the degree of system integration over time. Each of these steps are used to inform state and regional guidance as well as specific US DOT recommendations. This summary will highlight the main findings that are more fully developed and supported in the body of the Implementation Strategy document. KW - Automated highway systems KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automation KW - Communication and control KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Traffic control KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17000/17023/PB2000106872.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00987694 AU - GIS/Trans, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION CASE STUDIES IN GIS - CASE STUDY 2: PORTLAND METRO, OREGON, GIS DATABASE FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1998/09 SP - 16 p. AB - Portland Metro is one of the leading users of the Geographic Information System (GIS) in transportation planning. GIS is used in a wide range of activities including collation of data inputs to the travel forecasting model to perform spatial analyses, such as the measure of jobs-housing balance, and display model outputs on Metro's base map. This "Geo-centric" approach has resulted in many innovative applications of GIS to support modeling including activity-based models and the TranSims Travel Model Improvement Project. Metro is demonstrating how GIS can enhance travel forecasting modeling methods and techniques utilized in transportation and regional planning. KW - Case studies KW - Forecasting KW - Geographic information systems KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel KW - Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon KW - Urban transportation UR - http://media.tmiponline.org/clearinghouse/gis/metro/metro.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00987696 AU - GIS/Trans, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION CASE STUDIES IN GIS - CASE STUDY 4: MAINE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION STATEWIDE TRAVEL DEMAND MODEL PY - 1998/09 SP - 14 p. AB - The Maine Department of Transportation (Maine DOT) is in the process of developing a statewide travel demand model linked to a Geographic Information System (GIS). The travel demand model, based on the TRIPS modeling software, provides a standard forecast of statewide traffic growth that can be used to evaluate capital improvement projects and as input for air quality analysis. The Maine model is somewhat unique in that it addresses recreational travel patterns that lead to peak traffic and congestion during the summer tourist season. Development of the model required combining an initial, relatively simple statewide model with four existing models for Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs). GIS software, including ARC/INFO and ArcView, was instrumental for combining the existing model networks into a unified statewide model with common format and coding conventions. KW - Air quality management KW - Case studies KW - Geographic information systems KW - Maine KW - Maine Department of Transportation KW - Mathematical models KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Recreational trips KW - Software KW - Summer KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns UR - http://media.tmiponline.org/clearinghouse/gis/maine/maine.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00987695 AU - GIS/Trans, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION CASE STUDIES IN GIS - CASE STUDY 3: NCDOT - USE OF GIS FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1998/09 SP - 20 p. AB - Many state departments of transportation are starting to use the Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool to support a range of transportation decision-making processes. This case study explores the successful use of GIS as a key part of a new approach: "The Phased Environmental Approach," initiated by the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) as a pilot to improve its process for integrating environmental issues into the transportation System Planning Process. This project has established the ability of GIS to support a major change in NCDOT's systems planning process. Benefits highlighted throughout this case study regarding the use of GIS should not be viewed apart from the Phased Environmental Approach. KW - Case studies KW - Decision making KW - Environmental impacts KW - Geographic information systems KW - North Carolina KW - North Carolina Department of Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - http://media.tmiponline.org/clearinghouse/gis/ncdot/ncdot.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00987693 AU - GIS/Trans, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION CASE STUDIES IN GIS - CASE STUDY 1: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION OF GOVERNMENTS ACCESS PROJECT PY - 1998/09 SP - 16 p. AB - The Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) initiated an ambitious project called "ACCESS" with the goal to make Southern California the "most information accessible region in the world." Geographic Information System (GIS) technology was used as the core technology to support this decision-making framework. The ACCESS project provided local jurisdictions uninhibited access to many different data sources to encourage participation in the regional planning processes. ACCESS project has been recognized by agencies in the U.S. and abroad for its success in enhancing regional cooperation and participation. KW - Case studies KW - Data access KW - Decision making KW - Geographic information systems KW - Local government KW - Regional planning KW - Southern California KW - Southern California Association of Governments KW - Transportation planning UR - http://media.tmiponline.org/clearinghouse/gis/scag/scag.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00942343 AU - Harry, S R AU - Carroll, R W AU - Mounce, J M AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NORTHERN CALIFORNIA / SOUTHERN OREGON RURAL INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITS) AREAWIDE TRAVEL AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT. TASK 2.4 TRAVELER NEEDS SURVEY: VOLUME I PY - 1998/09 SP - 71 p. AB - Rural travelers may be more in need of timely information than those in urban areas due to dramatic weather changes and the remoteness of their travel. The combination of varied driving conditions and abundant off-road, commercial and recreational traffic produces an immediate and expanding need for increased traffic safety measures and information dissemination. This report focuses on the design, administration and analysis of a Traveler Needs Survey, conducted as part of the Northern California / Southern Oregon Rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Areawide Travel and Safety Improvement Project. The specific objectives of the survey were threefold. It was important to determine what types of information the rural traveler needs and wants, where the traveler would like information presented, and through what medium the traveler would like to see the information presented. This survey information will be useful, in part, for decisions as to what technologies, if any, could be applied to the roadway and surrounding areas to bring information to the traveler. The assessment instrument addresses the following areas of inquiry: safety concerns, pre-trip information, en-route information, trip planning, sources of information, communication mediums, funding options and demographics. KW - Administration KW - Analysis KW - California KW - Communication KW - Demographics KW - Design KW - En-route information KW - Financing KW - Information dissemination KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Oregon KW - Pre-trip information KW - Rural areas KW - Sources of information KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel surveys KW - Trip planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00932487 AU - Walsh, F M AU - Barrett, M E AU - Malina, J F AU - Charbeneau, R J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF VEGETATIVE CONTROLS FOR TREATMENT OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF PY - 1998/09 SP - 130 p. AB - Pollutants found in runoff from highways may cause toxic responses in receiving waters for some conditions and, in addition, are obstacles to obtaining water quality goals in the United States. This study investigated the capability of two vegetative controls -- grassed swales and vegetated buffer strips -- to treat highway runoff. A grassed swale was constructed in an outdoor channel to investigate the impacts of swale length, water depth, and season of the year on removal efficiency. Results indicate that swale length and water depth affect the removal of runoff constituents by swales, and that the removal efficiency can vary with the season of the year. Two vegetated strips treating highway runoff in the Austin, Texas, area were monitored to determine removal capabilities. The filter strips removed most constituents effectively and consistently, and the inclusion of filter strips is recommended in future highway design if conditions are appropriate and right-of-way is available. KW - Austin (Texas) KW - Buffer strips KW - Depth KW - Filtration KW - Grasses KW - Highways KW - Length KW - Marshes KW - Pollutants KW - Runoff KW - Seasons KW - Swales KW - Vegetation KW - Water KW - Water quality UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/2954_2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19400/19433/PB2002106914.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/724506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00921763 AU - Balaguru, P AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOPOLYMER FOR PROTECTIVE COATING OF TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURES PY - 1998/09 SP - 29 p. AB - Surface deterioration of exposed transportation structures is a major problem. In most cases, surface deterioration could lead to structural problems because of the loss of cover and ensuing reinforcement corrosion. To minimize the deterioration, various types of coatings have been tried over three decades with different degrees of success. For successful long-term performance, the coating material itself should be durable, should bond well to the patent surface, and be compatible with parent surface in terms of expansion or contraction during temperature changes. KW - Bonding KW - Coatings KW - Contraction KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Expansion KW - Geopolymers KW - Infrastructure KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Structures KW - Temperature UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18500/18585/PB2002100678.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/706831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00803653 AU - PEARCE, V AU - Subramaniam, S AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST CROSS-CUTTING STUDY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT: DETECTION, VERIFICATION, AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PY - 1998/09 SP - 26 p. AB - This report summarizes and interprets findings from Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Field Operational Test (FOT) projects in the field of incident management. The FOTs considered in this report include: Advanced Driver and Vehicle Advisory Navigation Concept, Alternate Bus Routing, Atlanta NAVIGATOR, Borman Expressway ATMS, Cellular Applied to Intelligent Transportation Systems Tracking and Location, During Incidents Vehicle Exit To Reduce Time, Faster And Safer Travel Through Traffic Routing and Advanced Controls, Multijurisdictional Virginia Live Aerial Video Surveillance System, San Diego Smart Call Box, TransGuide and TRANSCOM's System For Managing Incidents and Traffic. The FOTs discussed here involved a significant degree of partnership or teaming, often between public and private organizations. The analysis and results presented in this report are categorized as impacts, user response, technical lessons learned, institutional challenges and resolutions and cost to implement. The findings summarized from these projects will be helpful for ITS professionals to rapidly move to develop and deploy state-of-the-art incident detection, verification, and traffic management systems. This report highlights the successes and problems these tests encountered while attempting to develop the technologies and systems to support incident management. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Bus routes KW - Cellular telephones KW - Field tests KW - Incident detection KW - Incident management KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Operations KW - Public private partnerships KW - Routing KW - Smart call boxes KW - Surveillance KW - Technology KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Video cameras UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16621/PB2000104426.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9600/9655/4vs01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/667417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00821157 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EMERGENCY RELIEF MANUAL - FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAYS PY - 1998/09 SP - n.p. AB - The purpose of this manual is to provide program guidance and instructions on the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) emergency relief (ER) program. The manual provides information on policies and procedures for requesting, obtaining and administering ER funds. The manual covers only those criteria and procedures applicable to the ER program for Federal-aid highways, these being public highways other than those functionally classified as local roads or rural minor collectors. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Emergencies KW - Federal aid highways KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Manuals KW - Policy KW - Procedures UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/erm/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/713898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798963 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH NEEDS FOR THE INTELLIGENT VEHICLE INITIATIVE (IVI) PROGRAM. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1998/09 SP - 4 p. AB - This summary report summarizes the activities and results of a preliminary human factors review for the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) program. As part of the IVI program, the Federal Highway Administration funded a project to investigate the human factors issues for an IVI and identify human factors "research needs" that currently exist. The objective of the project was to help the United States Department of Transportation identify human factors work that needs to be done early in the life-cycle of the IVI program to ensure safe and well-engineered vehicles. This project was comprised of two major activities. First, a "Preliminary IVI Human Factors Technology Workshop" was conducted to draw together the stakeholders in the IVI program and define the technologies and the human factors issues that need to be considered in developing an IVI. Second, the project team investigated the preliminary infrastructure and human factors in-vehicle requirements for alternative configurations of an IVI. The data collected during the Human Factors IVI Workshop served as a basis for human factors research needs that were identified. KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent Vehicle Initiative KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Needs assessment KW - Research KW - Technology KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/7263.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/665935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00795338 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - JOINT SAWING GUIDELINES: THE WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY PY - 1998/09 SP - 4 p. AB - This report summarizes guidelines developed by the Federal Highway Administration to help define the most effective time frame in which to saw joints. Proper timing of joint sawing is essential to avoid excess raveling at sawcut edges that result from sawing too early, and uncontrolled cracking of the concrete slabs from sawing too late. The Window of Opportunity for sawing is usually several hours long. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Sawed joints KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00795228 AU - Gupta, J D AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL TO ASSESS COSTS OF OPENING A NEW OR CLOSING AN EXISTING OUTPOST OR COUNTY GARAGE PY - 1998/09 SP - 178 p. AB - With the changes in urban development patterns and technological advancements, many times, it is necessary to open a new or close an existing outpost or a garage to maintain highway network in an optimum fiscal way. However, the decision to open or to eliminate facilities creates severe monetary and personnel implications and needs proper consideration of all cost elements. A questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain information regarding methodologies used by various state departments of transportation to assess the cost impact of relocating garages. Replies received did not show any particular methodology or model being utilized for location of maintenance garages. Most states indicated using heuristic approach to justify opening or closing an existing maintenance garage. Snow and ice removal is the first priority among snowbound states in the safe maintenance of highway network. It uses a large percentage of the highway maintenance budget and is a major criterion in the location of a garage or outpost. It becomes a necessary condition in evaluation of the cost effectiveness of the maintenance operation. An existing Snowmaster computer program to assist in planning of snow and ice control was evaluated for its effectiveness. A field test in terms of dry run was performed to check the accuracy of the Snowmaster generated routes. A computer program to assess cost impact of network reassignment to maintenance facilities by redistricting was developed. A mathematical model was formulated to determine the cost of maintenance for comparison between different options. The mathematical model provides an excellent tool for comparison between any two scenarios. It takes snow and ice control activity together with the infrastructure cost and cost of vehicles and environmental treatment to generate total cost. The model facilitates in estimation of the resource needed to cater to the total maintenance needs associated to a highway network. KW - Computer programs KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Garages KW - Heuristic methods KW - Location KW - Maintenance facilities KW - Mathematical models KW - Ohio KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Routes and routing KW - Snow and ice control KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A44475571 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00791488 AU - Grant, A R AU - Bloomfield, J R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS PY - 1998/09 SP - 58 p. AB - The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD, 1988) provides a general outline for how Raised Pavement Markers (RPMs) should be used, but more specific information is required in order to produce a set of guidelines that are usable by a field traffic engineer. The Roadway Delineation Practices Handbook, produced by the Federal Highway Administration in 1994, gives more detailed instruction for some areas of RPM use (e.g., spacing and placement) but it is incomplete and is not presented in a clear, unambiguous manner. The present document is based on an extensive survey of the literature. Guidelines are presented for the use of RPMs on U.S. highways, with the core recommendations being extracted from the Roadway Delineation Practices Handbook (1994) and the MUTCD (1988). The guidelines also include a number of additional recommendations based on the work of other researchers. Several future research issues are also suggested. KW - Future KW - Guidelines KW - Literature reviews KW - Raised road markings KW - Recommendations KW - Research UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/97152/index.cfm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/97152/index.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31044/Guidelines_for_the_use_of_raised_pavement_markers_FHWA-RD-97.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760570 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK CRASH PROFILE: THE 1997 NATIONAL PICTURE PY - 1998/09 SP - 44 p. AB - This National Truck Crash Profile contains descriptive statistics about fatal and non-fatal (injury and property-damage-only) large truck crashes that occurred in 1997. The profile includes only some of the major aspects of truck crashes. The major sources of the data are the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), the General Estimates System (GES), and the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File. Highlights from the report are as follows: In 1997 there were 4,871 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 97,000 large trucks involved in injury crashes, and 342,000 large trucks involved in property-damage-only crashes. Large trucks in 1997 accounted for 9% of the vehicles involved in fatal crashes, 2% of those involved in injury crashes, and 4% of the vehicles involved in property-damage-only crashes. Sixty-three percent of the trucks involved in 1997 fatal crashes, and about 50% of those involved in non-fatal crashes were tractors pulling single semi-trailers. Less than 5% of the trucks involved in fatal and non-fatal crashes were transporting hazardous materials. In two-vehicle fatal crashes between a large truck and a passenger vehicle, less than 1% of the truck drivers had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.10 or greater. By contrast, 15% of passenger vehicle drivers in these fatal crashes with a truck had a BAC level of 0.10 or greater. Driver-related crash factors were coded for 28% of truck drivers involved in a fatal crash with a single passenger vehicle, while driver-related crash factors were coded for 80% of the passenger vehicle drivers involved in these crashes. A large majority of 1997 fatal and non-fatal truck crashes occurred in good weather, on dry road surfaces, during the day, and on weekdays. Other variables covered in the report include truck weight, driver age, safety belt use, and large trucks in 1997 fatal crashes by State. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - General Estimates System KW - Hazardous materials KW - Injuries KW - Motor carrier management information system KW - Property damage KW - Seat belts KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Time of crashes KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weather conditions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16900/16911/PB2000106073.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16900/16973/PB2000106460.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17200/17228/PB2001100421.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00783667 AU - Noonan, J AU - Shearer, O AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST CROSS-CUTTING STUDY: ADVANCE TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS PY - 1998/09 SP - 27 p. AB - Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) Cross-Cutting report summarizes and interprets the results exclusively of several Field Operational Tests (FOTs) that have traveler information components. The FOTs considered in this report include: Atlanta Kiosk, Genesis, Seattle Wide-Area Information For Travelers, TravInfo, TravLink, Trilogy, Atlanta Driver Advisory Service, Advanced Driver and Vehicle Navigation, Driver Information Radio Experimenting With Communication Technology, Herald II, Idaho Storm Warning System, TravTek, Travel-Aid and Transit En-Route Information. The analysis and results presented in this report are categorized as impacts, user response, technical lessons learned, institutional challenges and resolutions and cost to implement. The Traveler information systems faced a wide variety of institutional challenges. This report highlights the successes and problems these tests encountered while attempting to develop the technologies appropriate to establishing and implementing ATIS. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Costs KW - Field tests KW - Impacts KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/jpo99038/fotatis.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11519/fotatis.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16618/PB2000104423.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/6323.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00784525 AU - Popov, B N AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ECONOMICAL AND EFFICIENT METHOD FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE PY - 1998/09 SP - 177 p. AB - In situ corrosion studies were carried out on steel and galvanized steel rods embedded in concrete cylinders. The concrete samples were prepared with different contents of DCI and Rh222 inhibitors in the concrete mix. The corrosion testing was carried out in absence and presence of chlorides in the electrolyte using standard electrochemical methods. The results were compared with the corrosion studies performed on steel substrates and on galvanized steel in model solutions which simulated the rebar-concrete interface. A transient one dimensional mathematical model has been developed and used to predict the corrosion initiation time in a concrete cylinder. The model predictions are consistent quantitatively with experimental results reported in the literature. Extended model shows quantitatively the effect of oxygen and water diffusion on corrosion initiation time. As a result of the test program conducted during this project, it has been concluded that: (i) DCI and Rh222 inhibitors in absence of chloride ions in electrolyte are effective in passivating carbon steel reinforcement; concrete samples made with DCI and Rh222 passivated faster than those prepared with no inhibitor in the concrete mix, (ii) after 24 months of exposure (in absence of chlorides at the concrete interface), due to high pH at the rebar/concrete interface, a passive film also forms on the steel surface, (iii) the DCI and Rh222 inhibitors in the concentration range between 1.25 and 7 gal/cu yd (6.1 and 34.65 l/cu m) and 0.25 and 1 gal/cu yd (1.24 and 4.95 l/cu m), respectively, do not passivate the steel surface in the presence of chloride ions in the electrolyte; however, after 30 months of exposure in the model solution, the observed corrosion rates were lower for all samples prepared with inhibitors in the concrete mix; further studies (to be carried out for longer exposures than three years) will indicate the effectiveness of both inhibitors to protect the steel, and (iv) DCI and Rh222 inhibitors when used in the concrete mix in concentration range between 1.25 and 7 gal/cu yd (6.1 and 34.65 l/cu m) and 0.25 and 1.5 gal/cu yd (1.24 and 7.4 l/cu m), respectively, are not effective in decreasing the zinc corrosion rate in the presence and absence of chlorides at the concrete/electrolyte interface. KW - Chlorides KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Concrete structures KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion tests KW - Electrochemical corrosion KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Mathematical models KW - Reinforcing bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769502 AU - Parham, A H AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK OF SPEED MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES PY - 1998/09 SP - 248 p. AB - Speeding and speed control are often considered critical issues on residential and collector streets. Activities to reduce speed and volume on residential streets have recently been gathered under the term traffic calming. Speed management goes a step beyond traffic calming by looking at higher speed facilities such as arterials in addition to residential and collector streets. Integrating speed management techniques on residential, collector, and arterial streets can encourage traffic to use major roadways rather than residential streets and can address need on an areawide basis rather than for an isolated roadway or intersection. This Handbook provides practitioners with basic information regarding speed management techniques including descriptions, photographs, experiences of agencies that have used the techniques, and lessons that have been learned. KW - Arterial highways KW - Collector streets KW - Handbooks KW - Residential streets KW - Speed control KW - Speed management KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769460 AU - Stuart, K D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASTM TEST METHOD D 4867, EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVING MIXTURES PY - 1998/09 SP - 31 p. AB - The moisture sensitivities of 21 dense-graded asphalt pavements were predicted in 1987 using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Test Method D 4867, Effect of Moisture on Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures. Tests were performed on cores taken from the pavements. The air-void levels of the cores varied from pavement to pavement. In 1995 and 1996, cores were again taken from the pavements to ascertain whether the test method correctly predicted performance. Pavement distress surveys were also performed. The data indicated that air-void levels lower than 6.0% may not always allow the specimens to become sufficiently damaged in the laboratory test. The correlation between ASTM D 4867 and pavement performance was poor except for mixtures having air-void levels greater than 6.0%. Therefore, it is recommended that a 6.0% minimum air-void level be used when evaluating conventional, dense-graded asphalt paving mixtures for moisture sensitivity, even if lower air-void levels are typically obtained in the field after construction. This recommendation should also be valid for the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Test Method T 283, Resistance of Compacted Bituminous Mixture to Moisture-Induced Damage. Pass/fail criteria of 80% for the tensile strength retained ratio, 70% for the diametral modulus retained ratio, and 10% for visual stripping are recommended for conventional, dense-graded asphalt paving mixtures. Dense-graded sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) pavements were also included in the study. The 1987 laboratory test data indicated that the retained ratios of these mixtures can be significantly affected by losses in cohesion. The SEA binders themselves can be severely weakened by the conditioning processes used by ASTM D 4867. However, the performances of the SEA pavements provided no evidence that they were affected by a loss in cohesion. In this experiment, the performance of each SEA pavement was compared to the performance of an asphalt concrete control pavement. Pass/fail criteria for SEA mixtures could not be proposed due to the uncertainty of how the test data relate to pavement performance. KW - AASHTO T 283 KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Astm D 4867 KW - ASTM International KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dense graded asphalt KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Pavement performance KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Tensile strength KW - Test procedures UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21800/21801/PB99142663.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769431 AU - Boyd, S AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST CROSS-CUTTING STUDY EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION AND RESPONSE PY - 1998/09 SP - 12 p. AB - The Emergency Notification and Response report summarizes and interprets the results of two Field Operational Tests (FOTs) that included emergency notification and response system components. The tests included in this report are: Colorado Mayday and Puget Sound Help Me. These tests supplied technical lessons about the function of the emergency systems. The test evaluations solicited user responses regarding acceptance and ease of use of the systems through a series of focus groups. These tests encountered few institutional challenges. The report findings are organized in the categories of impact, user response, technical lessons learned, institutional challenges and resolutions, and cost to implement. This report highlights the successes and problems these tests encountered while attempting to develop the technologies appropriate to establishing and implementing emergency notification and response systems. KW - Costs KW - Emergency notification and response systems KW - Field tests KW - Focus groups KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/jpo99033/fotemergency.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11523/fotemergency.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16619/PB2000104424.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38700/38799/6326.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769432 AU - Belella, P AU - Millar, D AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST CROSS-CUTTING STUDY HAZARDOUS MATERIAL INCIDENT RESPONSE PY - 1998/09 SP - 17 p. AB - The Hazardous Materials Incident Response report summarizes and interprets the results of three Field Operational Tests (FOTs) that are evaluating systems for improving the accuracy and availability of HazMat information provided to emergency response personnel. The FOTs considered in this report are: Tranzit Express Systems, Tranzit Express Systems II and Operation Response. The report findings are organized in the categories of impact, user response, technical lessons learned, institutional challenges and resolutions, and cost to implement. The FOTs from which this report was drawn did not specifically address technical performance issues. The focus was on anecdotal evidence. The tests revealed several institutional challenges in the areas of motor carrier participation, privacy and enforcement, and jurisdictional concerns. This report highlights the successes and challenges that these tests encountered while attempting to develop the technologies appropriate for responding to HazMat incidents. KW - Costs KW - Field tests KW - Hazardous materials KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Incident management KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/jpo99035/fothazmat.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11525/fothazmat.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16620/PB2000104425.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769434 AU - Bellela, P AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST CROSS-CUTTING STUDY COMMERCIAL VEHICLE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSES PY - 1998/09 SP - 31 p. AB - The Commercial Vehicle Administrative Processes report summarizes and interprets the results of several Field Operational Tests (FOTs) conducted to evaluate systems that increase the efficiency of commercial vehicle administrative processes. The FOTs considered in this report include: Automated Mileage and Stateline Crossing Operational Test, Midwest Electronic One-Stop Shopping, Southwest Electronic One-Stop Shopping and Heavy Vehicle Electronic License Plate One-Stop Shopping. The FOTs taught several technical lessons regarding applications development, communications, and interface with legacy systems. Significant institutional challenges surfaced during these tests. The report findings are organized in the categories of impacts, user acceptance, technical lessons learned, institutional challenges and resolutions, and deployment. This report highlights the successes and problems these tests encountered while attempting to develop the technologies appropriate to effectively automate commercial vehicle administrative processes. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Automation KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Field tests KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16616/PB2000104421.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19600/19649/PB2002108540.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9700/9728/4v_01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769435 AU - Jasper, K AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST CROSS-CUTTING STUDY EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT USING ITS TECHNOLOGY PY - 1998/09 SP - 18 p. AB - The Emissions Management Using ITS Technology report summarizes and interprets the results of three Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Field Operational Tests (FOTs) that evaluated the use of emerging technologies to help authorities measure emissions and develop strategies to help control them. Two of these tests use similar technologies employing a remote infrared sensing device to analyze the carbon monoxide content of the exhaust of a vehicle. The other test used Light Detection and Ranging (a technology similar to radar) to measure the amount and character of pollution in the air. The FOTs considered in this report are: LIDAR, TDM/ED and R-TED. Institutional issues were not significant in these tests. The report findings are organized in the categories of impact, user response, technical lessons learned, institutional challenges and resolutions, and cost to implement. This report highlights the successes and problems these tests encountered while attempting to develop the technologies appropriate to measuring and reacting to vehicle emissions. KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Costs KW - Exhaust gases KW - Field tests KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Infrared detectors KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Laser radar UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/jpo99039/fotemissions.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11524/fotemissions.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16617/PB2000104422.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769424 AU - Smith, T E AU - Tayabji, S D AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE SPS-7 BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAYS EXPERIMENT: FINAL REPORT PY - 1998/09 SP - 61 p. AB - This report presents an assessment of the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) SPS-7 experiment. This report is intended to serve as background material for a meeting of State agencies to be held to review the status of the SPS-7 experiment. The four SPS-7 projects are described in detail and an assessment is provided on the availability and quality of data for these four projects. The scope of work for this study did not include data analysis. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data quality KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement performance KW - SPS-7 KW - Tables (Data) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16000/16047/PB2000102362.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765974 AU - Middleton, D AU - Montufar, J AU - Jasek, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS IN TEXAS PY - 1998/09 SP - 34 p. AB - The Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) conducted a one-year study for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to develop a statewide strategic plan for commercial vehicle operations (CVO). This report presents the strategic plan for commercial vehicle operations in Texas. To develop this plan, it was necessary for the research team to understand trucking activity; commodity movements; truck size, weight, and safety regulations; and administrative processes in the state. It was also important to investigate current advances in information and transportation technology and their potential applications in Texas. Several tasks were involved with the development of this plan, including a comprehensive literature review; an extensive analysis of commodity movements and trucking activity in the state; a CVO stakeholder survey; development of goals, objectives, and projects for the CVO plan; and a cursory evaluation of the safety and economic implications of the proposed ways to streamline motor carrier activities and administrative procedures in Texas. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commodity flow KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Literature reviews KW - Regulations KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22000/22074/PB99158867.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765975 AU - Middleton, D AU - Montufar, J AU - Jasek, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS IN TEXAS PY - 1998/09 SP - 144 p. AB - This report concludes a one-year project conducted for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to develop a statewide strategic plan for commercial vehicle operations (CVO). The report is divided into seven chapters which address the tasks that were defined at the outset of the project. The first chapter provides background information regarding the need for the strategic plan and its foundation. The second chapter presents the summary of a comprehensive literature review concerning strategic planning for CVO and other related topics. Chapter 3 describes the trucking activity in Texas in terms of fleet characteristics, the distribution of trucking activity, and commodity movements. Chapter 4 provides an overview of truck size and weight regulations and safety regulations, as well as current enforcement practices in the state. The next chapter presents an overview of current practices by government agencies and by motor carriers regarding administrative procedures in the state. Chapter 6 describes current advances in information and transportation technology. The proposed strategic plan for Texas is presented in Chapter 7. This plan includes the mission statement, long- and short-term goals and objectives, and the specific milestones, responsibilities, and funding opportunities for Texas. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Literature reviews KW - Regulations KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22000/22073/PB99158859.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765882 AU - Lucas, M J AU - Brehm, D AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RUBBER-MODIFIED ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - 1998/09 SP - 20 p. AB - The effective disposal of waste tires has become an increasing problem that will grow if something is not done to alleviate it. With this concern in mind, legislation has been passed to encourage the public and private sector to find ways to reuse tires. Other State DOTs have been incorporating waste tire rubber into many different asphaltic materials, primarily as a crack sealant. Some have experimented with adding ground tire rubber to asphaltic mixes in hope that it will solve the dilemma of growing waste tires and produce improved road surfaces. This report evaluated rubber-modified asphaltic concrete mix using the wet process in comparison to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation's standard ID-2 bituminous wearing mix. The wet process pre-blends the ground rubber into the liquid asphalt and then adds the rubber-modified asphalt to the aggregate. The control mix and the rubber-modified asphalt mix were compared over a performance period of 5 years, and the rubber-modified asphalt mix results were unfavorable. The rubber-modified asphaltic mix showed enhanced signs of wear and cracking, while the standard ID-2 mix showed normal wear and minor cracking. Therefore at this time, utilizing waste tires in rubber-modified asphalt concrete using the wet process is not recommended for use by the Department as an alternate roadway mix. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Scrap tires KW - Wear KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Wet process UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21900/21979/PB99152381.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765877 AU - Frantzen, J A AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIR OF THERMALLY CRACKED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS WITH FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITES PY - 1998/09 SP - 159 p. AB - The apparatus under development in this project is a structural component or beam fabricated from a fiber reinforced plastic composite (FRPC). The FRPC beam is a structural repair component intended to bridge a deteriorated thermal crack in full depth bituminous pavements or partial depth bituminous pavements over portland cement concrete. The bridging action provided by the FRPC beam is intended to minimize roughness through the repaired area for up to five years, eliminate reappearance of the deteriorated crack, and provide a controlled expansion crack that can be treated with standard sealing techniques. The apparatus is designed for maintenance use as a field expedient, semi-permanent repair using tools that are commonly available at the Area Maintenance level. Three FRPC beams were constructed for field trial in a thermally cracked, fully bituminous pavement on US-36 east of Hiawatha, Kansas. Each of the beams were instrumented with bonded metal foil strain gages and field installation by the Kansas Department of Transportation maintenance forces was done in August and September of 1997. The FRPC beams have been evaluated since installation and this evaluation will continue for up to five years from the date of installation. Evaluation of the beams has been accomplished through static load tests using the strain gage instrumentation and Falling Weight Deflectometer measurements. The FRPC beams have performed satisfactorily as of the date of writing. KW - Beams KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Composite materials KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Field tests KW - Kansas KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Static tests KW - Strain gages KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22000/22029/PB99155566.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00764643 AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Carlson, P J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL WARRANTS: GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING A TRAFFIC SIGNAL WARRANT ANALYSIS PY - 1998/09 SP - 66 p. AB - Traffic signals are one of the most restrictive forms of traffic control that can be used at an intersection. In order to ensure that the use of traffic signals is limited to favorable situations, a series of traffic signal warrants has been developed to define the minimum traffic conditions that must be present before signal installation can be considered. Installation of a traffic signal should not be considered if the traffic conditions do not meet the minimum criteria established by at least one of the warrants. The use of traffic signals and the related signal warrants can be complicated. The general public, elected and government officials, and even some practitioners, often misunderstand the signal warrants. Furthermore, there is no recent document that provides a step-by-step description of the warranting process. This document provides transportation officials with detailed information about conducting a traffic signal warrant analysis. It addresses many of the issues that have typically been left to interpretation and is intended to improve the consistency of the warranting process. KW - Analysis KW - Guidelines KW - Traffic signals KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21900/21974/PB99151581.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00764620 AU - Walls, J AU - Smith, M R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS IN PAVEMENT DESIGN - INTERIM TECHNICAL BULLETIN PY - 1998/09 SP - 121 p. AB - This Interim Technical Bulletin recommends procedures for conducting Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) of pavements, provides detailed procedures to determine work zone user costs, and introduces a probabilistic approach to account for the uncertainty associated with LCCA inputs. The Bulletin begins with a discussion of the broad fundamental principles involved in an LCCA. It discusses input parameters and presents simple examples of traditional LCCA in a pavement design setting. It discusses the variability and inherent uncertainty associated with input parameters, and provides recommendation on acceptable ranges for the value of time as well as discount rates. It explores the use of sensitivity analysis in traditional LCCA approaches. User costs are a combination of delay, vehicle operating costs, and crash costs. Each of these cost components is explored and procedures are presented to determine their value. Given the power and sophistication of today's computers and software, simulation techniques such as Monte Carlo are recommended for incorporating variability associated with LCCA inputs into final results. KW - Accident costs KW - Discount KW - Life cycle costing KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Operating costs KW - Pavement design KW - Risk analysis KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - User costs KW - Value of time KW - Vehicles KW - Work zones UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21386/PB99114365.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497646 ER -