KW - Energy conservation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Maintenance KW - Monitoring KW - Service life KW - Traffic signals UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=110 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232994 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464761 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 38-11. Changeable Message Sign Displays During Non-Incident, Non-Roadwork Periods AB -
KW - AMBER Alert KW - Portable equipment KW - Safety campaigns KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety KW - Variable message signs UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=115 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232993 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464760 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 38-15. Falling Weight Deflectometer Usage AB -
Falling Weight Deflectometers (FWDs) have been in use since the 1970s. These devices are used to measure pavement deflections in response to a stationary dynamic load, similar to a passing wheel load. The data obtained are used to evaluate the structural capacity of pavements for research, design, rehabilitation, and pavement management purposes. Currently, approximately 240 FWDs produced by four different manufacturers are in use in the
The purpose of state-level highway cost allocation studies (HCAS) is to determine the fair share that each class of road users should pay for the maintenance, operation, and improvement of highways, roads, and streets in the state. Through a comparison of user fees, these studies calculate current equity and may provide recommended adjustments to existing tax rates to bring about a closer match between payments and cost responsibilities for each vehicle class. Over thirty state governments have at some time conducted these studies to evaluate their system of state road user charges, fees and taxes. Studies vary in depth, scope, and methodology, and the attendant results have been mixed. This synthesis looks to assemble information on HCAS methodologies that have been proposed and used in order to compare and contrast the approaches taken by various states. The goal of the synthesis is to provide practitioners information so that they can improve their process of evaluating cost responsibilities.
KW - Cost allocation KW - Highway Cost Allocation Study KW - Highway maintenance KW - Improvements KW - Methodology UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=109 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232897 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464661 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 38-12. Alternative Contracting Methods to Facilitate Faster Construction and Reconstruction AB -Many departments of transportation utilize alternative contracting methods such as incentive/disincentives, increased disincentive, design-build, best value procurement, lane rental, and cost plus time (A + B) bidding. Alternative contracting methods are primarily used to drive project delivery and often result in aggressive schedules. Common concerns with the use of many alternative contracting techniques are the associated impacts of accelerating project delivery. The goal of this synthesis study is to provide a summary of the current state of practice for selecting and evaluating alternative contracting techniques that facilitate earlier construction completion. This work uses as a basis the AASHTO Primer on Contracting for the Twenty-first Century, Fifth Edition, 2006, and expands upon that work to include important elements and lessons learned from the states in selecting and evaluating alternative contracting methods to accelerate project completion. The study will include reported best practices for selecting and evaluating alternative contracting techniques. The consultant will document common elements and lessons learned in the selection and evaluation of the alternative contracting technique.
KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Contract administration KW - Contracting KW - Contracting out KW - Design build KW - Reconstruction UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=116 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232893 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460602 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 202. Guide to Benchmarking Operations Performance Measures AB - This study will develop a guide with procedures for benchmarking performance measures for systems operations and management. A panel has been formed and a sole source proposal has been requested. A contract is being negotiated. KW - Benchmarks KW - Guidelines KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Operations KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research projects KW - Systems UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1218 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228819 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460448 TI - Characterization of Voids and Other Subsurface Deficiencies by Geophysical Methods AB - Road crews and engineers working on maintaining Hawaii's roads, airfields and harbors are often faced with under-performing pavements that have deteriorated due to the presence of cavities, the loss of soil, or the settlement of loose or soft materials beneath. These types of problems tend to reoccur and turn into persistent and costly headaches unless they are identified and corrected properly. A major concern in this regard is the proper characterization of these subgrade deficiencies. In the past this was accomplished by drilling and excavation, which can be costly, ineffective and very disruptive to public transportation services. Today the same can be achieved more efficiently and economically with noninvasive geophysical techniques that require no removal of the pavement, drilling or excavating. FHWA and many other agencies and private companies have developed various types of equipment for precisely these types of applications. A variety of geophysical methods have been developed over the years and the associated equipment has become much more affordable and versatile. Although a number of contractors are available that can perform geophysical surveys, and some experience has been gained on a number of projects on the Big Island and elsewhere in Hawaii, the costs for such surveys tends to be quite substantial. Therefore, it makes more sense to develop an in-house capability through a research project such as this one, especially given recent technological advances that have made the required instrumentation much more user friendly. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and test a range of remote sensing techniques and instruments for use in Hawaii's unique geologic environment and to choose the most versatile one for implementation by the Department of Transportation. This will require further validation, testing and calibration once the optimum measuring technique and equipment have been selected. Field locations, such as Hilo Harbor where particularly severe problems have been reported, will be selected in conjunction with the Department of Transportation, FHWA and other interested parties to evaluate the effectiveness of available geophysical methodologies for problem conditions endemic to Hawaii's geologic environment. The ultimate goal is to make available a cost effective and practical means of detecting cavities and other subgrade deficiencies beneath roadways and other surfaces that has been calibrated for local conditions. KW - Cavities KW - Deterioration KW - Geophysical methods KW - Hawaii KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavements KW - Research projects KW - Soils KW - Subgrade materials KW - Underground cavities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01361245 AU - Schreffler, Eric AU - ICF International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Multi-Pollutant Emissions Benefits of Transportation Strategies PY - 2006/11/14 SP - 134p AB - The purpose of this report is to help transportation practitioners consider appropriate transportation strategies for reducing transportation-related emissions of concern. Specifically, this report provides a compendium of traditional and innovative transportation-related control strategies, and for each type of strategy, identifies effects on the following seven pollutants: CO, PM-10, PM-2.5, NOx, VOCs, SOx, and NH3. Strategies included are those that can be implemented by policy makers at a state or local level (Note: strategies that would require a change in federal law or federal action, such as new vehicle emissions standards, are not included). Although many strategies can be funded or implemented directly by transportation agencies (e.g., programs eligible for Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funding), others included in this document are more typically implemented by state air agencies (e.g., inspection and maintenance programs) or require state or local government implementation (e.g., land use policies, fuel tax increases). For each strategy, the document reports on the direction of emissions impacts (increase, decrease, neutral or uncertain) that typically are expected for each pollutant. It also includes calculations of emissions impacts for sample projects, based on real project examples, and identifies EPA guidance documents that should be referenced and sample methodologies for calculating impacts. KW - Air quality management KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Pollutants KW - State government agencies KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation policy UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/conformity/research/mpeb.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1127163 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464631 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on the Environment. Task 35. Water Quality Analyses for NEPA Documents: Selecting Appropriate Methodologies AB -In recent years there has been a significant and widespread increase in interest in the use of flat tolls, variable tolls, and other forms of road pricing, as a source of funding and as a means to manage congestion and provide additional traveler options. This includes many states and regions which have little prior experience with road pricing as well as areas that have well-established tolling programs. While interest has grown, there remains considerable uncertainty and misunderstanding among public officials and policymakers about the overall public opinion on charging for the use of roads. Much information has been gathered in recent years on the topic, often obtained as part of individual studies of particular projects or local polling in individual states or communities. For example, newspapers in
KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mechanistic design KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=111 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232896 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460449 TI - Highway Traffic Noise Analysis and Abatement Guidelines AB - The Highways Division of the Hawaii State Department of Transportation (HDOT) has been receiving requests from residents and legislators for relief from traffic noise in areas along roadways. The present noise policy addresses these requests with the statement HDOT does not have a program to implement Type II projects. Type II projects are proposed Federal or Federal-Aid highway projects to construct traffic noise abatement measures on existing highways and are not required by Federal law or regulations. Specific policies and procedures are needed for consistency in identifying traffic noise impacts and for the implementation of reasonable and feasible noise mitigation measures for these requests. HDOT's 1997 noise policy has to be reviewed and updated in order to allow for relief from traffic noise only when the prevailing noise conditions are substantially severe. The main goal of the present policy is to implement Title 23 Part 772 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (23 CFR 772) and the noise related requirements of the National Environmental Policy of 1969. It requires that a noise analysis is performed when potentially impacted receivers are present for Type I projects. Type I projects are Federal or Federal-Aid projects for the construction of a highway (1) on a new location, or (2) the physical alteration of an existing highway which significantly changes either the horizontal or vertical alignment, or (3) increases the number of through-traffic lanes. The present policy establishes the reasonable cost for providing noise mitigation to $35,000 or less per residence. Better procedures to determine reasonable and feasible, better procedures to determine locations to obtain noise measurements, definitions for significant changes in either horizontal or vertical alignment and for lane addition are needed. KW - Hawaii KW - Noise KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise impact model KW - Noise measurement KW - Research projects KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01386506 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center TI - Optimized sections for high-strength concrete bridge girders: effect of deck concrete strength PY - 2006/10 IS - FHWA-HRT-05-058 SP - 85p KW - Beam KW - Beams KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridge KW - Concrete bridges KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - High strength KW - High strength KW - Materials technology (asphalt/bitumen/concrete) KW - Strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/05058/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1154268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374504 AU - Walton, Jennifer R AU - Agent, Kenneth R AU - Pigman, Jerry G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Control Procedures for Emergency Responders PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 87p AB - The objective of this research was to develop a training course and handbook to guide on-scene emergency responders responsible for controlling traffic during a roadway crash and subsequent clearance. Traffic control is an essential component of incident response in order to move road users safely and expeditiously past or around a traffic incident, and to reduce the likelihood of secondary crashes. Emergency responders, with the exception of law enforcement, are provided limited or no training in traffic control but yet by nature of their job often have to perform such duties. There is a need to provide basic knowledge and requirements to on-scene responders in order to reduce traffic delays, secondary crashes, and injuries to those involved in response activities. Deliverables from the study efforts include workshop materials and a presentation suitable for use in training a wide range of incident responders. In addition, information from the presentation materials and the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" has been excerpted and condensed into a handbook titled "Guidelines for Emergency Traffic Control." KW - Emergency management KW - Emergency responders KW - First responders (Emergencies) KW - Handbooks KW - Highway traffic control KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/06/KTC_06_33_SPR_317_06_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01362830 AU - Gibby, A Reed AU - Starnes, Debra AU - Lumpkin, Thomas AU - Nevada Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Experimental Study on Installing Tilted Signs to Prevent Snow Accretion on Sign Surfaces PY - 2006/10//Interim Report SP - 19p AB - Snow accretion and snow cover on signs can decrease or obliterate the message of traffic signs thereby causing a variety of problems for motorists. Motorists could miss a sign message altogether or could become so distracted trying to read a partially obscured message that they neglect the proper navigation of their vehicles. A completely missed sign message could be mere inconvenience such as missing a destination or street name. In contrast, if motorists miss seeing a sign massage such as 'stop' or 'Do Not Enter,' serious and undesirable safety consequences can occur and may be, in fact, likely. From a field trip to Japan, an executive of the Nevada Department of Transportation discovered the use of tilted signs, which appeared to be effective in Japan. Consequently, this research project was initiated. The primary purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of the vertically tilted sign in reducing the snow accretion under Nevada conditions. The top of the sign faces was tilted vertically toward the motorists. The research tasks were: (1) Installation of ground-mounted signs at various vertical angles 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 degrees for three different directions-West, South and North; (2) Field evaluations that were documented with digital photographs during eight storms for two winters; and (3) Develop guidelines for when and how to install tilted sign. The major conclusion was that the amounts of snow accretion on a sign face decreases as the angle of tilt increases. KW - Highway safety KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Snow phenomena KW - Traffic signs UR - http://ntis.library.gatech.edu/handle/123456789/7843 UR - http://www.nevadadot.com/uploadedFiles/NDOT/About_NDOT/NDOT_Divisions/Planning/Research/RDT_06-008_Experimental_Study_Installing_Tilted_Signs_Prevent_Snow_Accretion_Sign_Surfaces.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1131106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01141009 AU - Demers, Alixandra AU - Lee, Earl E AU - Wojtowicz, Jeffrey M AU - Wallace, William A AU - List, George F AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) Implementation and Integration: Final Report PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 10p AB - The ATIS project was a $1.3 million effort sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration and the New York State Department of Transportation. The project began in March, 2003 and completed in May, 2007. The goal of the project was to create a real-time, probe-based traveler information system, including traffic-responsive path choice. In order to accomplish the goals, vehicles were equipped with GPS and wireless data connections and became traffic probes. Observations were collected from the probes as they traveled through the network, and these data were processed into traffic conditions on the network. This processing was done in “real time”, in time to provide information to the vehicles support decision making regarding path choices to avoid congestion. Two hundred probe vehicles were deployed in the Spring of 2005. The project was the first live demonstration of this concept, having moved the idea from the lab and simulation to the real world. The project received two awards from the Intelligent Transportation Society of New York and is a finalist for the 2007 Best of ITS award from the Intelligent Transportation Society of America. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Probe vehicles KW - Real time information UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30500/30593/14456.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/901198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01124969 AU - Medina-Chavez, Cesar Ivan AU - Won, Moon C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mechanistic-Empirical Data Collection Approach for Rigid Pavements PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 55p AB - This report summarizes the tasks performed for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Research Project 0-5445 “Project Level Performance Database for Rigid Pavements in Texas.” Other pavement databases have been evaluated and their successes and failures have been considered for the preparation of this database. It is intended that the information obtained for this study is fully useful for the validation and calibration of a mechanistic-empirical (M-E) model. A database structure has been proposed and data collection efforts have followed a methodology that will ensure the quality of the data. To address the M-E component, researchers reviewed the continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) design logic adopted in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) and performed sensitivity analysis. In the MEPDG, two design criteria were selected for CRCP performance—international roughness index (IRI) and punchouts. Because only punchouts were included in IRI prediction, punchouts represent the only structural distress analyzed in the MEPDG. Top-down cracking was adopted as the only mechanism for punchouts. Experience in Texas and Illinois indicate that there might be punchouts mechanisms other than top-down cracking. Sensitivity analysis was performed for key input variables to evaluate the reasonableness of the outputs from the MEPDG. The results indicated that zero-stress temperature, and the percent and depth of the longitudinal steel, have substantial effects on punchouts. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Data quality KW - Databases KW - International Roughness Index KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Punchouts KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Texas KW - Top-down cracking UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5445_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104828 AU - Jiang, Yi AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effectiveness and Criteria for Placement of Raised Pavement Markers (Synthesis Study) PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 45p AB - Raised pavement markers (RPM) are used in highway centerlines and edge lines as a traffic safety measure to provide more positive guidance for motorists in inclement weather and low light conditions. They have been widely applied by highway agencies as delineation treatments to improve driver preview distances. The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has installed RPMs on selected roadway sections primarily as position guidance devices in order to better guide drivers in night conditions. In Indiana, RPMs are installed on all interstate highways and multilane divided highways. However, RPMs are used on only a few of the Indiana’s two-lane highways. It was found that two-lane rural roads in Indiana experience relatively large number of fatal crashes. Thus, INDOT engineers would like to know if the safety on rural roads can be improved by placing RPMs on more two-lane highways. They would like to find out how effective the installed RPMs are in improving the safety of the motoring public. If the RPMs are effective, what criteria should be applied to identify the roadway sections and curves for RPM installations to improve safety? To address these questions and concerns, this synthesis study was conducted to search answers from the published literature and to identify and summarize the effectiveness of RPMs and the criteria for RPM placement. The objectives of this study were (1) to locate and assemble documented information on RPM applications; (2) to learn what practice has been used in other states for RPM applications; (3) to organize, evaluate, and document the useful information that is acquired; and (4) to provide recommendations on RPM applications based on the evaluated information. Currently, there is not a uniform guideline among state highway agencies for RPM placements on different types of highways. Some states install RPMs nonselectively on all state-maintained highways. Other states select roadways for RPM installations solely on the basis of traffic volumes or on the basis of several parameters, including roadway type, traffic volume, safety record, and horizontal curves. Moreover, RPM replacement cycles vary from state to state. Through this study, the information on RPM effectiveness was located, assembled, reviewed, and documented. KW - Center lines KW - Edge lines KW - Fatalities KW - Indiana KW - Raised road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic safety UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1758&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104386 AU - Barde, Amit AU - Parameswaran, Swathi AU - Chariton, Todd AU - Weiss, William Jason AU - Cohen, Menashi D AU - Newbolds, Scott AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Rapid Setting Cement-Based Materials for Patching and Repair PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 154p AB - The efficient repair and replacement of concrete pavements and bridge decks often requires a rapid setting material that can be placed, cured, and opened to traffic in a relatively short period of time. Frequently, temporary repairs are made using materials that are later found to be incompatible with the existing pavement, structures, and environment. This practice causes these materials to fail prematurely, frequently requiring re-repair. Research is needed to determine which rapid setting repair materials demonstrate the best behavior with rapid strength gain, low potential for cracking, and excellent durability. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of rapid setting cement-based repair materials that will be used in applications ranging from the patching of concrete pavements and bridge decks to the paving of critical intersections and pavements that can not be closed for extended period of time. Consideration was given to parameters such as rate of strength (stiffness) gain, volume stability, bond, and the environment the material can be placed in. It was observed that the repair materials investigated in this study show a wide range of properties. All of the materials tested had a long term compressive strength of over 4000 psi, a modulus of 3,000,000 psi, and set between 10 minutes and 2 hours. Results of the bond strength tests demonstrated higher bond strengths in shear than tension. In addition these materials showed greater variability in the tensile bond strength than they did in shear. The materials showed a wide range of unrestrained length change (as measured from the time of set) from materials that expanded to materials that shrank by as much as 800 με at 28 days. In addition to monitoring unrestrained length change, the restrained ring test was used to assess the cracking potential of these materials when they were restrained. While several materials exhibited expansion and no residual stress development, other materials demonstrated residual stresses that were nearly 75% of the tensile strength at 7 days. It is recommended that Table 5.1 be used for the selection of laboratory mixtures to investigate for use in the follow-up study on evaluating the field performance of joint repairs. KW - Bridge decks KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete structures KW - Early age (Concrete) KW - Maintenance KW - Rapid set materials KW - Shrinkage KW - Stiffness UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1740&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104365 AU - Corson, Lynn A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment and Selection of Stormwater Best Management Practices for Highway Construction, Retrofitting, and Maintenance PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 275p AB - The objectives of this research were: (1) Research existing data for structural and non-structural BMPs pertaining to the Phase II NPDES Stormwater Construction and Post-Construction Minimum Control Measures. Identify BMPs suitable for use in construction, reconstruction, rehabilitation and retrofitting activities along Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) roadways and facilties. (2) Give consideration to the Indiana geological and meteorological conditions and the INDOT resources available for maintenance of water quality BMPs. (3) Review documents on the INDOT Publications List and make recommendations regarding potential revisions and/or additions to the documents to adequately address the NPDES Stormwater Program requirements as they pertain to INDOT activities. KW - Best practices KW - Drainage KW - Environment KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Pollution control KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Runoff KW - Water quality management UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1745&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104338 AU - Tang, Yalan AU - Haddock, John E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of the Performance of Neat and Modified Asphalt Binders PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 131p AB - The Superpave binder specifications are performance-based criteria for binder selection for use in hot-mix asphalt mixtures. However, these specifications may not be applicable to modified binders. This research investigates the a new method for determining hot-mix asphalt mixing and compaction temperatures as well as the performance of neat (unmodified) and modified binders of the same performance grade. The first phase of the research focuses on determining mixing and compaction temperatures for hot-mix asphalt mixtures. Modified binders are shear rate and temperature dependent and the conventional methods of determining mixing and compaction temperatures can yield extreme results. The Zero Shear Viscosity theory is used as an alternative method to determine hot-mix asphalt mixing and compaction temperatures. The results reveal that the method is applicable to determining mixing and compaction temperatures for hot-mix asphalt mixtures containing modified binders, but additional work is needed in order to make the method applicable to neat binders. The second phase of the study investigates the performance of hot-mix asphalt mixtures containing neat and modified binders. Laboratory tests were performed on similar mixtures that contained neat and modified binders. Simple performance tests, such as accelerated rutting, flexural beam fatigue, and indirect tensile indicate that modified binders may contribute to improved hot-mix asphalt resistance to various distresses. Overall, performance-graded binders of the same grade appear to offer similar performance regardless of the high temperature at which the binder meets the high temperature specification. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Bituminous binders KW - Compaction KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mixing KW - Pavement distress KW - Superpave KW - Temperature UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1729&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01102151 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 11 Street bridges, Anacostia Freeway (I-295/DC295) to the Southeast/Southwest Freeway (I-695) : environmental impact statement PY - 2006/10//Volumes held: Draft(2v), F(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01099457 AU - Robinson, Brent AU - Suarez, Vinicio AU - Robalino, Pablo AU - Kowalsky, Mervyn J AU - Gabr, Mohammed A AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pile Bent Design Criteria PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 144p AB - This study was undertaken to review the design of pile bents by the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT). Research was performed to investigate current design methodologies and compare practice approach to other feasible and cost effective design methods. As such, two goals were pursued: i) enhancing the current equivalent frame model of the pile bents such that it fully considers the resistance of the soil around the piles, and, ii) adopting a comprehensive state of practice, which involves the integration of a comprehensive software and analytical solutions. It was also deemed important to study displacement limits imposed on bridge design and suggest improved limits based on the results from the soil/structural models. To achieve the study objectives, four bridge case studies provided by the NCDOT were modeled. The 3-D finite element modeling utilized two software packages: MultiPier and SAP 2000. MultiPier was used as a tool to specifically analyze piles and bridge bents. SAP2000 was used to verify the MultiPier model, and as a tool to evaluate proposed equivalent frame models. Results indicated that MultiPier is the most promising program, considering future NCDOT applications. This is mostly due to the built-in soil models and packaged features that include AASHTO load cases and load resistance factors modules. If, however, MultiPier is to be used as a design tool, some preprocessing would be needed to determine live loads. Postprocessors are also required for design of bent cap section reinforcement. The results from the 3-D verification analyses performed in SAP showed good agreement with the MultiPier results. Bridge models built to optimize the design (that is, to reduce the size of or number of the piles used as well as the cap section’s rebar and size) showed that cost savings may be realized using the nonlinear analysis approach. In order to achieve the objective of enhancing the current equivalent frame models, a method is proposed to calculate a Point of Fixity (POF) and equivalent frame height to better estimate moments, shears and displacements in bridge substructures. Based on this model, it is shown that NCDOT's current definition of POF is conservative. The proposed model yields results that are closer to results from nonlinear numerical analysis. Geotechnical and structural displacement limit states were investigated but it is clear that there is a lack in literature of well-defined limit states for both the super and sub structures. Preliminary limit state models are proposed to investigate allowable displacements due to opening of a gap between soil and pile and closing of expansion joints. KW - Bents KW - Bridge design KW - Design load KW - Expansion joints KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Load rating (Bridges) KW - North Carolina KW - Pile driving KW - Resistance tests KW - Structural supports UR - http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2005-19FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/859122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01088822 AU - Mitchell, G AU - Tolnai, M AU - Gokani, V AU - Picon, R AU - Yang, S AU - Klingner, R E AU - Williamson, Eric B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of Retrofit Vehicular Barriers Using Mechanical Anchors PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 250p AB - Retrofit barriers can be used to replace highway barriers damaged by vehicular collisions. The purpose of TxDOT Research Project 0-4823 is to develop retrofit designs of current TxDOT highway barriers using mechanical anchors. The retrofit designs should meet the TxDOT performance criteria for retrofit barriers as well as NCHRP Report 350 requirements. Investigators for this project developed an impact pendulum test setup to represent a surrogate vehicle for Test Level 3 of NCHRP Report 350. They also developed retrofit designs for T203 and T501 barriers using mechanical anchors. Using the impact pendulum, tests were conducted on stand-alone cast-in-place and retrofit T203 and T501 barrier specimens. A quasi-static test was also conducted on the retrofit T203 barrier design. These designs met TxDOT performance criteria and NCHRP Report 350 requirements for Test Level-3. Finite element models of the cast-in-place and retrofit T203 and T501 barrier specimens were developed using LS-DYNA, and they were validated using the pendulum impact tests. Using those models, vehicular crash simulations were conducted to NCHRP Report 350 Test Level-3 and Test Level-4 standards to predict the performance and robustness of the retrofit T203 and T501 barrier designs when subjected to large impact forces. The retrofit barriers with mechanical anchors, while slightly inferior in performance to the cast-in-place barriers, did meet AASHTO and TxDOT requirements for new construction and are suitable for implementation by TxDOT. KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Finite element method KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance KW - Retrofitting KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_4823_CT_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/849444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01055773 AU - Migliaccio, Giovanni Ciro AU - Shrestha, Pramen Prasad AU - Clarke, Michael AU - O'Connor, James T AU - Gibson, G Edward AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Final Report on Monitoring and Evaluation of SH-130 Project Construction PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 82p AB - This is the Final Report for Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Study 0-4661. This report provides an overview of the activities accomplished as a part of this study. Included in this overview are brief descriptions of each of the research products generated (Chapter 1), and a description of three efforts that were ongoing at the time that this study was terminated by TxDOT: Procurement Change Implementation Framework (Chapter 2); Project Performance Benchmarking (Chapter 3); and SH-130 Lessons Learned System (Chapter 4). Finally, this report presents some conclusions from the research (Chapter 5). KW - Benchmarks KW - Construction projects KW - Design build KW - Lessons learned KW - Procurement KW - Project delivery KW - Road construction UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_4661_5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01055107 AU - Klein, Lawrence A AU - Mills, Milton K AU - Gibson, David R P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Detector Handbook: Third Edition - Volume I PY - 2006/10//Third Edition SP - 288p AB - The objective of this Handbook is to provide a comprehensive resource for selecting, designing, installing, and maintaining traffic sensors for signalized intersections and freeways. It is intended for use by traffic engineers and technicians having responsibility for traffic sensors, whether in-roadway or over-roadway sensors. These two families of sensors have different characteristics and thus corresponding advantages and disadvantages that are discussed throughout the Handbook. Topics covered include sensor technology, applications, in-roadway sensor design, installation techniques, and maintenance. The sensor technology chapter discusses the operation and uses of inductive loop detectors, magnetic sensors and detectors, video image processors, microwave radar sensors, laser radars, passive infrared and passive acoustic array sensors, and ultrasonic sensors, plus combinations of sensor technologies. The sensor application topics address safety, operational performance, multimodal issues, and physical and economic factors that the practitioner should consider. Appendixes include research, background papers, and implementation guidance. The information contained in this Handbook is based on the latest research available on treatments and best practices in use by the surveyed jurisdictions. References are provided for the student, practitioner, researcher, or decision maker who wishes to learn more about a particular subject. KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Best practices KW - Design KW - Detectors KW - Handbooks KW - Infrared detectors KW - Installation KW - Laser radar KW - Loop detectors KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Maintenance KW - Microwave detectors KW - Sensors KW - Signalized intersections KW - Ultrasonic detectors KW - Video imaging detectors UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/06108/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/06108/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01055105 AU - Klein, Lawrence A AU - Mills, Milton K AU - Gibson, David R P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Detector Handbook: Third Edition - Volume II PY - 2006/10//Third Edition SP - 394p AB - The objective of this Handbook is to provide a comprehensive resource for selecting, designing, installing, and maintaining traffic sensors for signalized intersections and freeways. It is intended for use by traffic engineers and technicians having responsibility for traffic sensors, whether in-roadway or over-roadway sensors. These two families of sensors have different characteristics and thus corresponding advantages and disadvantages that are discussed throughout the Handbook. Topics covered include sensor technology, applications, in-roadway sensor design, installation techniques, and maintenance. The sensor technology chapter discusses the operation and uses of inductive loop detectors, magnetic sensors and detectors, video image processors, microwave radar sensors, laser radars, passive infrared and passive acoustic array sensors, and ultrasonic sensors, plus combinations of sensor technologies. The sensor application topics address safety, operational performance, multimodal issues, and physical and economic factors that the practitioner should consider. Appendixes include research, background papers, and implementation guidance. The information contained in this Handbook is based on the latest research available on treatments and best practices in use by the surveyed jurisdictions. References are provided for the student, practitioner, researcher, or decision maker who wishes to learn more about a particular subject. KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Best practices KW - Design KW - Detectors KW - Handbooks KW - Infrared detectors KW - Installation KW - Laser radar KW - Loop detectors KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Maintenance KW - Microwave detectors KW - Sensors KW - Signalized intersections KW - Ultrasonic detectors KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/06139/ UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/06139/ UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34800/34817/FHWA-HRT-06-139.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051964 AU - Pinjari, Abdul Rawoof AU - Eluru, Naveen AU - Copperman, Rachel B AU - Sener, Ipek N AU - Guo, Jessica Y AU - Srinivasan, Sivaramakrishnan AU - Bhat, Chandra R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Activity-Based Travel-Demand Analysis for Metropolitan Areas in Texas: CEMDAP Models, Framework, Software Architecture and Application Results PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 212p AB - This report describes the modeling and software enhancements of the earlier version of CEMDAP (the activity-travel simulator that simulates the detailed activity-travel patterns of the population) and presents the application results for the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) region. KW - Activity based analysis KW - Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area KW - Econometric models KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Software KW - Texas KW - Travel demand UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/4080_8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051963 AU - Walton, C Michael AU - Persad, Khali AU - Wang, Zhong AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Traveler Information to Improve Texas Transportation Network Operations in the Context of Toll Roads PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 151p AB - To repay bond debt for new toll roads, investors will depend on toll revenue, an uncertain source. Studies have found that traffic on toll roads is initially low, and grows slowly over time as motorists become aware of the time savings and other benefits of a toll road. Given this situation, this study was initiated by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to investigate the potential of using Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) to enhance the operations of both tolled and non-tolled roads. Enhanced diversion of traffic to toll roads would have two benefits: increase toll road usage, and reduce congestion on non-tolled roads. Evaluation of the dual benefits is the primary objective and the essence of this study. The research team first synthesized the state-of-the-art in ATIS implementations. Then a commuter survey was conducted in Austin, Texas to examine commuters' travel patterns, preferences and requirements on traveler information, and attitudes toward toll roads and ATIS implementation. Next, based on the survey results, a simulation case study was conducted on the transportation network of Austin, Texas using DYNASMART-P model. Finally, ATIS benefit cost analysis, implementation issues, technologies, funding opportunities, and potential business models were investigated. It was found that the impact of traveler information on a commuter’s route switching and toll road choice is positive. The simulation results indicate that providing traveler information could significantly increase toll road (SH 130) usage and toll revenue. As a result of a portion of traffic diverting to a toll road, the traffic operations on the non-tolled alternative route were improved. Deploying ATIS can be a very promising method to increase toll revenue and relieve traffic congestion on the non-tolled alternative route. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Attitudes KW - Austin (Texas) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Businesses KW - Case studies KW - Commuters KW - Consumer preferences KW - DYNASMART-P (Computer program) KW - Financing KW - Highway operations KW - Implementation KW - Route choice KW - Simulation KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Toll roads KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Travel patterns KW - Value of time UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5079_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051944 AU - Karpate, H S AU - Whitney, D P AU - Jirsa, James O AU - Fowler, D W AU - Wheat, H G AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of Fiber Composite Wrapped Columns and Beams in a Corrosive Environment PY - 2006/10//Research Report SP - 148p AB - The objective of this project is to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of fiber reinforced (FRP) composite wraps in preventing corrosion of reinforced concrete elements in severe environments. The experimental program was established to help determine if FRP wraps provide barriers against the transportation of chlorides into the concrete, or if impermeable wraps trap chlorides and moisture beneath the wrap and thereby accelerate the corrosion process. The focus of this report is on performance of 43 specimens that were removed from exposure testing 5 – 7 years. The specimens represent typical rectangular (beam) and cylindrical (column) elements in reinforced concrete bridges. Partially wrapped versus unwrapped elements were studied. Other parameters of interest in design and construction included: cast-in chlorides to represent specimens already exposed to a corrosive environment prior to wrapping, cracked versus uncracked elements, addition of corrosion inhibitors, and materials of repair for damage to concrete due to corrosion or the construction traffic prior to wrapping. Guidelines for use of these materials are developed using the results of the test program. KW - Beams KW - Chloride barriers KW - Chlorides KW - Columns KW - Composite wraps KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Fiber composites KW - Guidelines KW - Jacketing (Strengthening) KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Repairing UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_1774_4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051943 AU - Barrett, Michael E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stormwater Quality Benefits of a Porous Asphalt Overlay PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 33p AB - This project documents the impact of a porous asphalt overlay on the quality of highway stormwater runoff. A porous asphalt overlay, also known as a permeable friction course (PFC) or open graded friction course (OGFC), is a layer of porous asphalt approximately 50 mm (2 in.) thick which is often applied on top of conventional asphalt highways to enhance safety and reduce noise. The quality of stormwater runoff from a four-lane divided highway in the Austin, Texas area was monitored before and after the installation of a PFC. Observed concentrations of total suspended solids and pollutants associated with particulate material were much lower in the runoff from the PFC than that derived from the conventional asphalt surface. Concentration reductions were observed for total suspended solids (91 percent), total lead (90 percent), total copper (49 percent), and total zinc (76 percent). Concentrations of chemical oxygen demand and total Kjeldahl nitrogen were initially lower in the runoff from the PFC, but increased abruptly after about 6 months to concentrations that were similar to the concentrations in runoff from conventional pavement. Concentrations of dissolved constituents were not significantly different between the two pavement types. Observed concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were below the detection limit for both pavement types. KW - Austin (Texas) KW - Before and after studies KW - Chemical oxygen demand KW - Copper KW - Divided highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Nitrogen KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons KW - Runoff KW - Total suspended solids KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality KW - Zinc UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/4605_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051941 AU - Webb, Alba AU - Spinhirne, Jarett AU - Gadda, Shashank AU - Kimura, Yosuke AU - Gonzalez, Laura AU - Durrenberger, Cyril AU - McGaughey, Gary AU - Uribe, Sonia AU - Kockelman, Kara AU - McDonald-Buller, Elena AU - Allen, David AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Emission Control Strategies for the 8-Hour Ozone Standard in the Houston and Dallas Areas and A Pilot-Scale Study of In-Use Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Dump Trucks using a Portable Emissions Monitoring System (PEMS) PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 141p AB - Emissions that lead to the formation of ozone have distinctive temporal patterns, and the chemistry of ozone formation is non-linear and introduces time lags between emissions and ozone formation. As the transition is made between the 1-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and the 8-hour NAAQS, critical questions arise about the effectiveness of potential new mobile source control strategies for reducing 8-hour averaged ozone concentrations in Texas non-attainment areas. This project had two primary objectives. The first objective was to examine the relative effectiveness of potential new emission control measures, primarily from mobile sources, on 1-hour and 8-hour ozone concentrations and population exposure metrics in the Houston and Dallas areas. The second objective was to conduct a pilot-scale study to examine how portable emissions monitoring system (PEMS) technology can be used to characterize exhaust emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles and equipment during real-world driving conditions. The overall goal of the research was to provide a foundation for effective transportation and air quality policy decisions in eastern Texas. A total of 38 modeling simulations were conducted to examine a range of emission control strategies. This modeling indicated that even with reductions in on-road and non-road mobile source emissions greater than 40%, at least one monitor in each area is still predicted to remain in non-attainment. Given these challenges, it is recommended that the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) continue to investigate eligibility for Texas Emission Reduction Program (TERP) funding to reduce NOx emissions from on-road heavy-duty diesel vehicles and non-road equipment (particularly diesel construction equipment) and continue to pursue effective emission control strategies that can be adopted both locally and statewide to assist in obtaining regional NOx reductions. The pilot-scale PEMS study demonstrated the successful deployment of the Sensors, Inc. SEMTECH-D PEMS on single-axle and tandem-axle dump trucks during typical TxDOT operations. Idling accounted for the most significant fraction (20%–46%) of the duty cycle and had the highest average and median fuel-specific emission factors for all pollutants. TxDOT should continue to examine the idling practices of its dump trucks with respect to the impacts on both emissions and fuel consumption. Differences in emissions between non-idling modes of operation varied by pollutant. CO2 and NOx emissions were reasonably consistent between non-idling modes; CO and THC emissions exhibited greater variability with differences of a factor of two, or three in some cases. The range of NOx emission factors measured in this study showed very good agreement with emission factors measured through chassis dynamometer testing of the same engine types by Baker et al., (2004), and were well within the range of values reported in other studies. TxDOT should continue to characterize baseline emissions from other on-road and non-road equipment besides dump trucks during typical operations, as well as examine the effectiveness of new fuels and fuel additives and new after-market emission reduction technologies that will be emerging from TERP, the New Technology Research and Development (NTRD) Program, and similar state or national-scale incentive programs. KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Construction equipment KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Diesel engine exhaust gases KW - Dump trucks KW - Engine idling KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Houston Metropolitan Area KW - Hydrocarbons KW - National Ambient Air Quality Standard KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Nonattainment areas KW - Ozone KW - Portable Emissions Monitoring System KW - Simulation KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas Emissions Reduction Plan UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5191_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01049503 AU - Koltun, G F AU - Kula, Stephanie P AU - Puskas, Barry M AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Streamflow Statistics (StreamStats) Web Application for Ohio PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 62p AB - A StreamStats Web application was developed for Ohio that implements equations for estimating a variety of streamflow statistics including the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year peak streamflows, mean annual streamflow, mean monthly streamflows, harmonic mean streamflow, and 25th-, 50th-, and 75th-percentile streamflows. StreamStats is a Web-based geographic information system application designed to facilitate the estimation of streamflow statistics at ungaged locations on streams. StreamStats can also serve precomputed streamflow statistics determined from streamflow-gaging station data. The basic structure, use, and limitations of StreamStats are described in this report. To facilitate the level of automation required for Ohio’s StreamStats application, the technique used by Koltun (2003) for computing main-channel slope was replaced with a new computationally robust technique. The new channel-slope characteristic, referred to as SL sub 10-85, differed from the National Hydrography Data based channel slope values (SL) reported by Koltun (2003) by an average of -28.3%, with the median change being -13.2%. In spite of the differences, the two slope measures are strongly correlated. The change in channel slope values necessitated revision of the full-model equations for flood-peak discharges presented by Koltun (2003). Average standard errors of prediction for the revised full-model equations presented in this report increased by a small amount over those reported by Koltun (2003), with increases ranging from 0.7 to 0.9%. Mean percentage changes in the revised regression and weighted flood-frequency estimates relative to regression and weighted estimates reported by Koltun (2003) were small, ranging from -0.72 to -0.25% and -0.22 to 0.07%, respectively. KW - Automation KW - Channel slope KW - Flood discharge KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood peaks KW - Ohio KW - Slopes KW - Standard error KW - Statistics KW - Streamflow KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/1953 UR - http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5312/pdf/sir2006-5312.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/807187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01049324 AU - Dunn, Walter M AU - Latoski, Steven P AU - Bedsole, Elizabeth AU - Dunn Engineering Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Planned Special Events: Checklists for Practitioners PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 82p AB - This publication presents a total of six checklists on event-specific planning for planned special event travel management. These checklists follow the order in which the topics are presented in Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of the Federal Highway Administration handbook, Managing Travel for Planned Special Events. Each checklist provides common sequential steps for plans and activities that practitioners may use for all planned special events, regardless of the event or area type. However, considering that no two events have the same effect on surface transportation operations, each step incorporates several assessments designed to address the effects that planned special events may have on traffic, parking, pedestrian, and transit operations that are attributable to variables such as travel demand, road/site capacity, event operation, available resources, and external factors. Planned special event practitioners may apply these checklists to a specific planned special event to develop a customized "road map" of essential tasks required to manage transportation operations for the event. Because planned special events practitioners may have different requirements, these checklists have been created in MS Word and are designed to be adaptable to each user's needs. Therefore, users are encouraged to create copies of this document and modify them by reordering elements within each list or adding to them based on each practitioner's needs and experiences with the special event planning process. Each checklist is also colored differently for ease of navigation. It is the goal of this document to be an adaptable tool for practitioners, one which may be shared among stakeholders and other partners to facilitate coordination and buy-in. The checklist tools may also serve to guide interagency planning efforts as it will provide an overview to those stakeholders responsible for particular steps explaining how their activities fit into the overall planning process. The checklists are designed specifically to allow the users to move sections around to meet their needs. KW - Bus transit operations KW - Checklists KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interagency relations KW - Planning KW - Special events KW - Transportation operations UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/psechecklists/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/808516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01046449 AU - Russell, Henry G. AU - Miller, R A AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Tadros, M K AU - Henry G. Russell, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Compilation and Evaluation of Results from High-Performance Concrete Bridge Projects, Volume II: Appendixes PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 303p AB - In 1993, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated a national program to implement the use of high-performance concrete (HPC) in bridges. The program included the construction of demonstration bridges throughout the United States. In addition, other States have implemented the use of HPC in various bridge elements. The construction of these bridges has provided a large amount of data on the use of HPC. The first part of this project involved collecting and compiling information from each joint State-FHWA HPC bridge project and other HPC bridge projects. The compilation is available on a CD-ROM and includes information on the benefits of HPC, costs, structural design, specified concrete properties, concrete mix proportions, measured properties, associated research projects, sources of data, and specifications. Information from 19 bridges in 14 States is included. A summary of the compiled information is provided in this final report. The second part of this project involved a review of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) "Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing", the AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges," the AASHTO "Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications", and the AASHTO "LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications" for provisions that directly impact the use of HPC. The detailed review is included in this report. The third part of the project involved the development of proposed revisions to the AASHTO specifications where sufficient research results exist to support the revisions. Proposed revisions to 15 material specifications, 14 test methods, 30 articles of the standard design specifications, 17 articles of the LRFD design specifications, and 16 articles of the LRFD construction specifications are included in this report. In addition, a new materials specification for combined aggregates and a new test method for slump flow are proposed. Proposed revisions to the FHWA definition of HPC are also included. The fourth part of the project involved the development of specific recommendations for needed research where sufficient results do not exist to support needed changes in the specifications. Six research problem statements related to concrete materials and four research problems related to structural design are recommended. The final report associated with these appendices is "Compilation and Evaluation of Results from High-Performance Concrete Bridge Projects, Volume I: Final Report" (FHWA-HRT-05-056). KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges KW - AASHTO Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridges KW - Cast in place concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - High performance concrete KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Revisions KW - Specifications KW - Structural design KW - Test procedures KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/bridge/05057/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/bridge/05057/05057.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/806340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01046422 AU - Russell, Henry G. AU - Miller, R A AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Tadros, M K AU - Henry G. Russell, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Compilation and Evaluation of Results from High-Performance Concrete Bridge Projects, Volume I: Final Report PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 178p AB - In 1993, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated a national program to implement the use of high-performance concrete (HPC) in bridges. The program included the construction of demonstration bridges throughout the United States. In addition, other States have implemented the use of HPC in various bridge elements. The construction of these bridges has provided a large amount of data on the use of HPC. The first part of this project involved collecting and compiling information from each joint State-FHWA HPC bridge project and other HPC bridge projects. The compilation is available on a CD-ROM and includes information on the benefits of HPC, costs, structural design, specified concrete properties, concrete mix proportions, measured properties, associated research projects, sources of data, and specifications. Information from 19 bridges in 14 States is included. A summary of the compiled information is provided in this final report. The second part of this project involved a review of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) "Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing," the AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges," the AASHTO "Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications," and the AASHTO "LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications" for provisions that directly impact the use of HPC. The detailed review is included in this report. The third part of the project involved the development of proposed revisions to the AASHTO specifications where sufficient research results exist to support the revisions. Proposed revisions to 15 material specifications, 14 test methods, 30 articles of the standard design specifications, 17 articles of the LRFD design specifications, and 16 articles of the LRFD construction specifications are included in this report. In addition, a new materials specification for combined aggregates and a new test method for slump flow are proposed. Proposed revisions to the FHWA definition of HPC are also included. The fourth part of the project involved the development of specific recommendations for needed research where sufficient results do not exist to support needed changes in the specifications. Six research problem statements related to concrete materials and four research problems related to structural design are recommended. The appendixes for this volume appear in volume II: "Compilation and Evaluation of Results from High-Performance Concrete Bridge Projects, Volume II: Appendixes" (FHWA-HRT-05-057). KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges KW - AASHTO Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridges KW - Cast in place concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - High performance concrete KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Revisions KW - Specifications KW - Structural design KW - Test procedures KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/bridge/05056/05056.pdf UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/bridge/05056/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/806339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01046409 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Optimized Sections for High-Strength Concrete Bridge Girders―Effect of Deck Concrete Strength PY - 2006/10 SP - 93p AB - This report contains an evaluation of the effect of high-performance concrete on the cost and structural performance of bridges constructed with high-performance concrete bridge decks and high-strength concrete girders. Bridge designers and owners are the main audience. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Costs KW - Designers KW - Girders KW - High performance concrete KW - High strength concrete KW - Performance UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/05058/index.cfm UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/05058/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/806343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01046403 AU - Rajagopal, Arudi AU - Infrastructure Management and Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Comparison of Optical Gradation Analysis Devices to Current Test Methods ― Phase 1 PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 33p AB - Optical devices for gradation analysis are being developed to deliver accurate gradation results with, less labor, less consistency error, and greater reliability. The goal of this study was to conduct a review and develop comprehensive understanding of the existing technology for gradation analysis, and generate basic data to determine when and where such devices are appropriate from the standpoint of both economies and performance. Following a review of available optical devices, an optical device called Computerized Particle Analyzer (CPA) was selected for laboratory evaluation to determine its suitability for gradation analysis. This device has been designed to examine particles as they freely fall in front of a light source, while a sophisticated camera capable of making 10,000 scans per second captures images. Aggregate samples were collected from 46 different sources in Ohio. These sources included various sizes of limestone and gravel with varying amounts of crushed faces. Gradation tests were first performed according to the standard American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) procedure. The samples were then tested in CPA. Preliminary test results revealed that the CPA device has the potential to produce gradation results comparable to the traditional ASTM and AASHTO procedures. The device is capable of producing consistent and repeatable test data. It is computer-controlled and user-friendly. Two primary benefits noted during the evaluation are: (i) time savings, and (ii) generation of additional information. One gradation test can be completed in less than five minutes, compared to 30 to 60 minutes for the conventional procedure. More importantly, the same data can also be used to obtain additional information about elongation index and angularity. While the results so far show promise, a definitive determination of the suitability of the device for use in Ohio will require further research. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Angularity KW - Cameras KW - Computerized particle analyzer KW - Elongation index KW - Gravel KW - Image analysis KW - Limestone KW - Ohio KW - Optical devices KW - Sieve analysis KW - Time savings KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A123555870 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55815/FHWA-OH-2006-23.PDF UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55816/FHWA-OH-2006-23_EXEC_SUMMARY.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/805652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01045872 AU - Ashley, David B AU - Diekmann, James E AU - Molenaar, Keith R AU - American Trade Initiatives AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Risk Assessment and Allocation for Highway Construction Management PY - 2006/10 SP - 72p AB - In 2004, a team of representatives from the Federal Highway Administration, State highway agencies, industry, and academia visited Canada, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Scotland, and the United Kingdom. The purpose of this International Technology Scanning Program study was to identify practices that might be evaluated and applied in the United States to improve construction management. One significant scan finding was that the countries visited had an advanced awareness of risk assessment and allocation techniques that are just now evolving in U.S. highway agencies. This instructional report was developed as part of the scan team's implementation plan to raise awareness of risk management techniques and begin the process of incorporating risk management elements into the institutional structures of highway agencies. The report is designed to be used in conjunction with workshops on implementing risk management. KW - Canada KW - Construction management KW - Finland KW - Germany KW - Guidelines KW - International Technology Scanning Program KW - Netherlands KW - Risk allocation KW - Risk assessment KW - Risk management KW - Road construction KW - Scotland KW - Study tours KW - United Kingdom UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/riskassess/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/805704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044314 AU - Gibby, A Reed AU - Clewell, Roma AU - Nevada Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Wildlife Warning Systems and Other Countermeasures PY - 2006/10//Research Report SP - 32p AB - This report examines Nevada deer-vehicle collisions during 2000-2004. The research evaluates the effectiveness of animal warning systems and other countermeasures initiated to protect the motoring public and deer populations. The project also includes a literature review so promising, low cost countermeasures can be considered for field evaluation and countermeasures of higher cost can be recommended for integration into construction projects. A research technical panel, composed of employees of Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) and Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW), directed the research study. The Nevada highways with a high propensity for deer-vehicle collisions were US 93 north of Wells, Nevada, and I-80 in the vicinity of Pequop Summit. The literature review revealed only one 'effective' countermeasure, which was the wildlife grade separation. Six countermeasures of 'promise' were also identified: (1) wildlife grade separations with exclusionary fencing and vegetation, (2) deer crossing warning signs activated during migration, (3) deer crossing warning signs activated by presence of deer, (4) at-grade crossings with exclusionary fencing and warning signs, (5) roadside reflectors, and (6) roadway lighting. The recommended countermeasures for field evaluation were: (1) Construct and evaluate an overpass structure with exclusionary fencing and vegetation at a high collision location on US 93. An economic analysis revealed a Benefit-Cost Ratio of 2.6; (2) Install and evaluate an at-grade deer crosswalk with exclusionary fencing and escape gateways, deer-warning signs with flashers, sensors to detect animals, and painted cattle guards at a high collision location on US 93; and (3) Install and evaluate high-level luminaries on I-80, Pequop Summit using surplus luminaries. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Construction projects KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Deer-vehicle collisions KW - Economic analysis KW - Fences KW - Lighting KW - Literature reviews KW - Overpasses KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Research KW - Vegetation KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems KW - Wells (Nevada) KW - Wildlife UR - http://www.nevadadot.com/uploadedFiles/NDOT/About_NDOT/NDOT_Divisions/Planning/Safety_Engineering/Wildlife%20Warning%20Systems,%20Evaluation.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/804741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044299 AU - Carter & Burgess, Incorporated AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOT Lane Buffer and Mid-Point Access Design Review Report PY - 2006/10//Research Report SP - 75p AB - The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of buffer and midpoint access designs for concurrent flow, high occupancy toll (HOT) lanes that are either in operation or under study and recommended the preferred buffer and access designs for these facilities. HOT lanes are dedicated to transit, carpools and vanpools, but also allow solo drivers to use the facility for a toll when surplus capacity is available. With the application of a HOT lane facility, a single occupant vehicle (SOV) can choose to pay for the use of the surplus capacity in the lanes. Tolls are adjusted to assure that these lanes keep flowing even when the regular lanes are congested. The primary tasks completed for this report include: (1)Research on non-barrier-separated designs, locations and designs for access points, and enforcement measures through a literature review and survey of other state agency HOT and /or HOV lane designs; (2) Evaluation of the various design options including safety, cost, and performance; and (3) Documentation of the findings and design recommendations for future HOT lane facilities in the state of Washington. Based on the information gathered from existing and planned concurrent traffic flow, high occupancy vehicle (HOV) or HOT facilities, this report provides presents the following recommendations: (1) A preferred buffer width between a HOT lane and an adjacent general purpose lane of 4 feet, with a minimum recommended width of 2 feet if it is not feasible to provide a 4 foot buffer. (2) A continuous inside shoulder of 14 feet for enforcement and to serve as a breakdown lane, with a minimum 2-foot inside shoulder recommended to separate the travel lane from any barrier if the ideal width is not feasible. (3) Mid-point access location openings of 1,000 feet per lane change; with a minimum length of 500 feet. For a combined access (allowing both ingress and egress), the length of the access point should be at least 1,000 feet (twice the minimum acceptable lane change distance of 500 feet). KW - Access KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Carpools KW - Concurrent flow KW - Costs KW - Design KW - High occupancy toll lanes KW - Highway safety KW - Lane buffers KW - Literature reviews KW - Medians KW - Single occupant vehicles KW - Surveys KW - Tolls KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/651.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/804595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044289 AU - Oliphant, Ken AU - Jana Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Phase 1: Proof of Concept Validation of Methodology to Examine the Responsible Use of Recycle in Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Drainage Pipe PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 27p AB - The corrugated High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe industry would like to consider the responsible use of recycled materials in their pipe production and also in their pipe standards. However, one of the key concerns is what would be the effect of the recycled materials on the life of the HDPE corrugated pipe. Since the demonstrated long-term field failure mode for HDPE corrugated pipe is Slow Crack Growth (SCG), a test method has been developed for corrugated HDPE pipe samples that results in laboratory SCG failures that are the same as the field SCG failures. By applying the mathematical modeling techniques of the Rate Process Method (RPM) on laboratory SCG data obtained on pipe ring samples at multiple temperatures and multiple pressures, one can project the life of corrugated HDPE pipe. Once one knows the RPM performance of control HDPE corrugated pipe made by a pipe manufacturer, one can then determine the effect of recycled materials on life performance by conducting a similar RPM experiment on the same pipe produced with the recycled materials. This report will explain the pipe ring test method, compare SCG failure modes of laboratory data with field failures, describe use of RPM methodology on the laboratory SCG data, and compare RPM life projection of control HDPE corrugated pipe with RPM life projections of HDPE corrugated pipe made with recycled materials, to then determine the effect of recycled materials on life projections of HDPE corrugated pipe. KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Failure KW - High density polyethylene KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Pipe KW - Rate process method KW - Recycled materials KW - Service life KW - Slow crack growth KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A77007949 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55811/FHWA-OH-2006-20.PDF UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55812/FHWA-OH-2006-20_EXEC_SUMMARY.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044278 AU - Zwahlen, Helmut T AU - Oner, Erdinc AU - Suravaram, Kiran AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of ODOT Roadway/Weather Sensor Systems for Snow & Ice Removal Operations - Part V: Vehicular Speed Associated with Winter Pavement Conditions PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 184p AB - The major objective of the study was to develop a procedure to determine the level of service using the Road Weather Information System (RWIS) speed measurements. The procedure developed can be used by Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) to evaluate winter maintenance activities and for winter maintenance decision making. Average traffic speeds for five minute intervals were measured using NuMetrics road sensors and they were related to the pavement and driving conditions. In addition speed data from two other studies was used. The pavement conditions were determined by conducting surveys at rest area buildings using a questionnaire form. It was found that the average traffic speeds were significantly lower during a major snow event even when periodic plowing and salting was done. The average speeds decreased almost linearly for the period of the snow storm reached the minimum and then climbed back slowly towards higher speeds. The speeds appear to be a fairly sensitive measure to judge the condition of the pavement. The motorist judgments about the pavement condition and their perception of the safety of driving decreases during a rather severe winter storm which is mirrored in the speed decrease. It appears from the survey that about two thirds of the motorists judge the deterioration of the road conditions and the inadequate level of road maintenance during a winter storm as bad or moderately bad. The responses obtained for the car and the truck drivers are fairly close to each other indicating that both groups can judge bad road condition equally well. The observed road conditions appear to influence the drivers in terms of how they subjectively feel about the level of safety and stress experienced during driving in the winter storm. A simple procedure was developed for winter maintenance management to determine the condition of the road (freeways) based on the average speeds observed by the RWIS sensors. If the average winter speed of the traffic is equal or greater than the historical established wet/salted pavement speed, the level of service is considered adequate. According to the Swiss study, the wet/salted surface winter speeds are about 85% of the dry surface speeds for freeways and 96% for city streets. If the average winter speed is below the wet/salted surface speed, the level of service is considered inadequate. Any speed less than 50% of the wet/salted surface speed indicates fairly bad road conditions and an extremely inadequate level of service. It should be noted that the winter pavement conditions can be highly dynamic. Depending on the rate of accumulation of snow, frequency of the snow plowing, length of the snow plow route, the pavement condition can improve and deteriorate a number of times during a winter storm. The level of service can get worse even with maximum snow plowing and salting effort in a situation with a high rate of snow accumulation. The winter speeds observed as a percentage of the average dry surface speed can be correlated with the level of service. A relatively more fine graduation of the level of service as a function of the percentage of the average dry surface speed is proposed in the recommendations of the report. KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Driving conditions KW - Highway safety KW - Level of service KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Road weather information systems KW - Sensors KW - Snowplows KW - Snowstorms KW - Speed measurement KW - Surveys KW - Traffic KW - Traffic speed KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55813/FHWA-OH-2006-22.PDF UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55814/FHWA-OH-2006-22_EXEC_SUMMARY.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044262 AU - Nusairat, Jamal AU - Liang, Robert AU - Engel, Richard AU - E L Robinson of Ohio, Company AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of Rock-Socketed Drilled Shafts PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 398p AB - This project was aimed at evaluating and developing design methods for laterally loaded drilled shafts socketed in rock. Five lateral load tests on rock socketed drilled shafts with full range of instrumentation were conducted in Ohio. Detailed instrumentation included the use of vibrating wire strain gages, inclinometers, dial gages, and load cells. P-y curves representing site-specific lateral shaft-rock interaction were deduced from strain data. Field testing included the use of a borehole pressuremeter/dilatometer to obtain measurements that were correlated with rock mass strength and deformation parameters as well as with p-y curves. A comparison was made between the baseline p-y curves deduced from strain data of lateral load tests, the p-y curves predicted by using Reese’s interim criterion, and the p-y curves from the pressuremeter tests in rock. A new hyperbolic p-y criterion for rock is proposed based on the field test data and extensive theoretical work. Validation of the proposed p-y criterion of rock was carried out by comparing the predictions of shaft deflections and bending moments using the hyperbolic p-y criterion against actual lateral load tests results. Based on the findings of this study, a complete solution for the design of drilled shafts socketed in rock or intermediate geomaterials under lateral loads is provided. KW - Boreholes KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Drilled shafts KW - Field tests KW - Inclinometers KW - Lateral loads KW - Load cells KW - Load tests KW - Ohio KW - P-Y curves KW - Pressure gages KW - Rock mass KW - Rock sockets KW - Rocks KW - Strain gages UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A76795400 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042178 AU - Puppala, Anand J AU - Banavathu, Naik AU - Intharasombat, Napat AU - Qasim, Syed AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effects of Using Compost as a Preventive Measure to Mitigate Shoulder Cracking: Laboratory Studies PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 138p AB - Composting is a successful method of recycling organic waste material such as yard trimmings, municipal biosolids, and animal manure into stabilized materials that could be used for bioremediation, erosion control, landscaping, and roadside vegetation. The process of composting organic wastes is expanding rapidly in the United States since landfill spaces for disposal of organic wastes are becoming scarce and expensive. If not recycled, certain composts such as Dairy Manure would potentially contaminate streams and rivers through migration. Hence, it is essential to seek new application areas for composts. Compost materials, given their moisture affinity (hydrophilic), fibrous and low permeability characteristics, could provide stabilization of natural expansive subgrades by mitigating shrinkage cracking and covering subsoil surfaces. In order to verify this stabilization, a research study is being conducted. This study has two phases, laboratory and field to evaluate the effectiveness of compost treatments to soils. This research report summarizes the first phase results, which include geotechnical characteristics of Dairy Manure and Biosolids composts and compost manufactured topsoils (CMTs). A local expansive soil from Stephenville, Texas, was used as the control soil. Laboratory test results indicate that linear shrinkage strains are reduced and strength and swell strains are increased with compost amendments. Environmental assessments of using these materials are also addressed. Construction of test plots for the second phase investigations are described. Current field monitoring of the test plots will provide better assessments of CMTs to mitigate shoulder cracking in field conditions. KW - Biosolids KW - Compost KW - Cracking KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Fertilizers KW - Laboratory studies KW - Manufactured soil KW - Paved shoulders KW - Road shoulders KW - Shrinkage cracking KW - Soil amendments KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils KW - Topsoil UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4573-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042161 AU - Jitin, Arora AU - Tandon, Vivek AU - Nazarian, Soheil AU - University of Texas, El Paso AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Continuous Deflection Testing of Highways at Traffic Speeds PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 152p AB - Nondestructive testing devices have been utilized for the last 50 years to assess the structural condition and bearing capacity of existing or newly-constructed pavement systems. A variety of devices have been developed to measure the deformation (deflection) of a pavement due to an applied load. Currently, the most commonly-used nondestructive testing device is the Falling Weight Deflectometer. The Falling Weight Deflectometer is a stop and go (discrete testing) operation rather than a continuous testing operation. The discrete test points are assumed to be representative of a specified length of the pavement under investigation. The stop and go process increases testing time and operational cost and creates an unsafe working environment due to traffic interruptions. To measure deflection profiles at or near highway speeds, various national and international research efforts have taken place in the last decade. However, the status, reliability, operational speed and cost, and limitations of the developed systems are unknown. The main objective of this research project was to summarize the state-of-the-art of continuous deflection measurement systems. Another objective of this study was to propose a specification for an ideal device, if the existing devices do not meet the needs of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The results of the findings and ways to incorporate that device in the TxDOT’s pavement management systems are reported here. KW - Continuous measurement KW - Deflection tests KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Instruments for measuring deformation or deflection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Rolling wheel deflectometers KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042158 AU - Anderson, Keith W AU - Uhlmeyer, Jeffrey S AU - Pierce, Linda M AU - Weston, Jim AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wear Resistant Pavement Study PY - 2006/10//Post Construction and Performance Report SP - 113p AB - This report documents the construction of three special pavement test sections on I-90 east of Spokane, Washington. The test sections included ultra-thin and thin whitetopping, Modified Class D open graded asphalt concrete, and micro/macro surfacing treatment. The majority of the project was built with a ½-in. Superpave mix. The test sections were built to assess their potential as mitigation measures for studded tire wear. Initial data collected on the sections indicate a rate of rutting of 1.8 mm per year on the whitetopping, 2.2 mm per year on the Modified Class D and Superpave sections, and 2.6 mm per year on the micro/macro surfacing section. Extensive cracking was noted in the section of whitetopping with a 3-in. thickness. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Data collection KW - Durability KW - Macro-surfacing KW - Micro-surfacing KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement cracking KW - Rutting KW - Spokane (Washington) KW - Studded tires KW - Superpave KW - Test sections KW - Thin whitetopping KW - Ultra-thin whitetopping KW - Wear KW - Whitetopping UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/657.1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38600/38639/657.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042153 AU - Demos, George Paul AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Discount Rate on Pavements for the Colorado Department of Transportation PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 38p AB - This report provides information on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) as applied to the Colorado Department of Transportation's (CDOT's) roadways. It describes the methodology CDOT uses to select discount rates to be used in LCCA calculations. It also summarizes pavement selection terminology for deterministic and probabilistic LCCA procedures. The discount rate is a major input for calculating an LCCA, which is used in selecting pavement types or rehabilitation strategies. KW - Colorado KW - Deterministic analysis KW - Discount KW - Discount rates KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement management systems KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://www.dot.state.co.us/Publications/PDFFiles/discountrate.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042150 AU - Goldbaum, Jay AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Long-Term Warranties for the Colorado Department of Transportation Pilot Projects PY - 2006/10//Interim Report SP - 159p AB - The Colorado construction communities, bonding agents, and the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) have a variety of concerns regarding the use of long-term warranties on CDOT projects. Many of these concerns can only be answered by studying the two pilot projects containing long-term performance warranties recently constructed by CDOT. This report summarizes the use of long-term warranties in Europe and across the United States. In addition, the report reviews the relevant construction, specifications, project selection guidelines, and bonding of these pilot and control projects. The report represents the baseline information needed to guide the CDOT task force in the use of long-term warranties. KW - Bonds KW - Colorado KW - Construction projects KW - Europe KW - Long term warranties KW - Pavement performance KW - Pilot projects KW - Road construction KW - United States UR - http://www.dot.state.co.us/Publications/PDFFiles/Longtermwarranties.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042073 AU - Liu, Richard AU - Chen, Xuemin AU - Li, Jing AU - Guo, Lianhe AU - Yu, Jingyan AU - University of Houston AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating Innovative Sensors and Techniques for Measuring Traffic Loads: Final Report PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 158p AB - To evaluate weigh-in-motion (WIM) sensors and techniques for measuring traffic loads, a WIM system standard is introduced. Available WIM sensors in the market such as load cell, bending plate, and piezoelectric sensor, etc. are reviewed. Then a remote WIM system is designed and installed to conduct the evaluation of sensors. The designed system can be accessed remotely and is capable of conducting data acquisition for multiple sensors. With the acquired field data, a pavement deflection load determination algorithm is developed, and the results are compared with the integration algorithm. The analysis shows that pavement deflection can be used for a vehicle's weight measurement. Furthermore, the result is helpful for the nondestructive WIM system design. The Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor is also evaluated in this research. Compared to piezoelectric sensors, FBG sensors offer a simpler and more explicit load determination algorithm, and the life span of the sensors is longer. However, it is necessary to build a sensor holder for the FBG sensor. In addition to the evaluation of regular WIM sensors, an innovative WIM sensor was developed in this project. It is an active sensor based on the perturbation theory of microwave resonant cavity. The microwave signal generated by a circuit is coupled into the sensor, and the returned signal is measured to determine the load applied to the sensor. The lab test results show the microwave WIM sensor can weigh the load to very high accuracy. KW - Bending plate KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Fiber optics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load cells KW - Measurement KW - Perturbation theory KW - Piezoelectric sensors KW - Sensors KW - Traffic loads KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4509-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042051 AU - Strong, Christopher AU - Kumar, Manjunathan AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Evaluation of Yield-To-Pedestrian Channelizing Devices: Final Report PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 97p AB - This report analyzes motorist and pedestrian behavior to determine the effectiveness of yield-to-pedestrian channelizing devices (YTPCD) in improving pedestrian safety. YTPCD are placed on the centerline of a roadway in advance of marked crosswalks to remind motorists of the necessity of yielding to pedestrians. Behavioral data were collected at five sites in each of four different community types (urban, suburban, small city and college town) before and after installation of those devices. Sites included crosswalks at unsignalized intersections and mid-block locations, with and without the devices, to measure both direct and potential spillover effects. Data were analyzed with respect to three hypotheses: whether motorists were more likely to yield to pedestrians, whether pedestrians were less likely to yield to motorists (implying greater pedestrian security), and whether pedestrians were more likely to use crosswalks. The analysis generally showed statistically significant support for all three hypotheses, suggesting improvements in pedestrian safety. The effects were more evident at intersections than at mid-block crossings, and did not appear to be related to community type. Spillover effects were comparable at intersections, but less pronounced at mid-block crossings. The report recommends consideration of YTPCD where local design conditions and pedestrian safety concerns warrant, and provides recommendations for future research. KW - Behavior KW - Crosswalks KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Intersections KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Traffic channelization KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Yielding UR - http://www.wti.montana.edu/ForceDownloadHandler.ashx?name=4W0968_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042050 AU - Miller, John S AU - Hoel, Lester A AU - Dalton, Taylor F AU - McCray, Danielle R AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Defining Effective Regional Planning in Virginia PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 49p AB - One of the most visible mechanisms for considering major transportation investments is the regional long-range transportation plan (LRP) (also referred to as the urbanized long-range transportation plan). With a typical cost of $3 to $5 million, Virginia’s Transportation Planning Research Advisory Committee has asked how to assess the effectiveness of such plans. This study addressed this question by synthesizing the views of 16 planning professionals regarding what constitutes an effective plan and testing one aspect of their definition of effectiveness—implementation—with Virginia data. Interviewees represented regional planning districts, local public works or transportation departments, and a professional association. The data were used to examine the link between 25 years of LRPs and the corresponding highway investment programs for the Hampton Roads region. The interviewees defined planning effectiveness in three ways: the elements a plan contains, the objectives achieved by actions taken as a result of the plan, and the barriers the plan overcomes. An effective plan contains a vision statement, a link to land use in local comprehensive plans, a list of prioritized projects, a statement addressing how the community wants to grow, modal tradeoffs, accurate information, and measurable goals. An effective plan implements projects, garners support from local decision makers and the public, uses travel demand models appropriately, and considers alternatives. An effective plan moves past obstacles such as imperfect coordination, inadequate funding, and the federal requirement that plans be financially constrained. Because the interviewees generally indicated that a major measure of effectiveness is whether the LRP is implemented, the extent to which the regional LRP influenced the allocation of funds to specific projects in the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) Six-Year Improvement Program (SYIP) was examined. This implementation was measured in four ways in the Hampton Roads area: (1) percentage of LRP projects implemented, (2) number of implemented projects appearing in an SYIP prior to the LRP, (3) percentage of implemented projects started before the LRP was superseded by a successive LRP, and (4) for any given LRP, percentage of projects that appeared in a previous LRP. First, of the 664 projects proposed in the five LRPs studied, about 28% were implemented in an SYIP. Second, of 85 projects appearing in an SYIP from the four most recent LRPs, only 5 had appeared in an SYIP prior to the LRP; thus, for the universe of built projects, the LRP is influential. Third, 66% of implemented projects started while the current LRP was in effect. Fourth, of the 934 projects that appeared in an LRP, 61% had appeared in a previous LRP. Conclusions are that regional long-range planning effectively influences which projects are chosen but not if these projects are delivered; the relevance of any given LRP is limited by the fact that there is a large backlog of unbuilt projects; and LRPs are gradually becoming programming documents where a small proportion of projects are selected for investment but the selections are undertaken in the short term. KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Effectiveness KW - Financing KW - Hampton Roads (Virginia) KW - Interviewing KW - Investments KW - Land use KW - Long range planning KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mode choice KW - Performance measurement KW - Regional planning KW - Testing KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/07-r8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/797619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042049 AU - Park, Byungkyu (Brian) AU - Won, Jongsun AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Simulation Model Calibration and Validation: Phase II: Development of Implementation Handbook and Short Course PY - 2006/10//Final Contract Report SP - 26p AB - A previous study developed a procedure for microscopic simulation model calibration and validation and evaluated the procedure via two relatively simple case studies using three microscopic simulation models. Results showed that default parameters were unacceptable while calibrated parameters were able to replicate field conditions. Consequently, the study recommended that microscopic simulation models be calibrated and validated before they were used for any evaluations and analyses. A technical review panel determined that the previously developed procedure might not be readily adoptable by Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) traffic engineers due to its extensive use of advanced statistical tools and a lack of hands-on case study material. In addition, the proposed procedure needed to be tested with complex network conditions such as urban arterial networks and congested freeway systems. Consequently, it was concluded that what is now needed is (1) a handbook for simulation model calibration and validation that can be easily used by VDOT engineers, and (2) tests of the procedure for various network conditions. The purpose of this project was to develop a handbook for simulation model calibration and validation for VDOT traffic engineers to use for their simulation work and to develop and conduct a hands-on short course to instruct them in the use of the handbook. This study recommended the following: (1) VDOT traffic engineers should calibrate and validate microscopic simulation models by using the enhanced procedure (i.e., multiple performance measures-based procedure) before using them for any engineering applications to ensure reliable results provided for better decision-making. (2) When VDOT traffic engineers conduct microscopic simulation model calibration and validation, multiple performance measures collected for multiple days should be used to obtain more reliable results. (3) Additional hands-on short courses should be offered to expose the procedure to more VDOT traffic engineers and possibly others including consultants who would work for VDOT in the future. VDOT’s Learning Center and UVA Center for Transportation Studies Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) are possible avenue to offer such short courses. (4) The handbook should be distributed to VDOT traffic engineers who currently use or plan to use microscopic simulation models for engineering applications. In addition, the prototype program and hands-on short course material (Park, 2006) should be accessible to VDOT traffic engineers. KW - Calibration KW - CORSIM (Traffic simulation model) KW - Handbooks KW - Microscopic traffic flow KW - Microsimulation KW - Optimization KW - Performance measurement KW - Short courses KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic engineers KW - Validation KW - VISSIM (Computer model) UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/07-cr5.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37358/07-cr5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/797625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042047 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the AutoFlagger in Virginia PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 15p AB - The AutoFlagger consists of a stop/slow paddle and supplemental signs and lights mounted on a trailer that can be operated by remote control. The AutoFlagger is classified as an automated flagger assistance device (AFAD), which is a portable traffic control system that assists a flagger operation for short-term lane closures on two-lane highways. The primary benefit is to enhance the safety of flaggers by removing them from the roadway and moving traffic while also maintaining positive control of traffic approaching the work zone. Another important benefit is that under certain conditions, one flagger can control traffic, thereby allowing the second flagger to perform other duties. Two AutoFlagger units were purchased by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), and the deployment of the units was recorded and the comments by the users were described. Other AFAD systems used by other state departments of transportation were also reviewed. The AutoFlagger was successfully deployed by two VDOT area headquarters. Various AFADs have been used by several state departments of transportation effectively. The Federal Highway Administration’s interim approval of AFADs requires maintenance of an inventory of locations where the AFADs are used. VDOT field offices should purchase AFADs when they have determined that such a device will effectively aid them in doing more with less staff and/or improving the safety of flaggers. They should also evaluate their effectiveness, including the supplemental signing, and send the evaluation results to VDOT’s Traffic Engineering Division. After reviewing this information, VDOT’s Traffic Engineering Division should decide how VDOT will use AFADs. KW - Autoflagger KW - Evaluation KW - Flaggers KW - Highway maintenance KW - Lane closure KW - Portable equipment KW - Traffic lanes KW - Two lane highways KW - Virginia KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/07-r12.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37359/07-r12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/797622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042040 AU - Mukhopadhyay, Anal K AU - Ye, Dan AU - Zollinger, Dan G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Moisture-Related Cracking Effects on Hydrating Concrete Pavement PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 172p AB - Hydrating concrete pavement is typically subjected to both moisture and temperature-induced stresses that drive cracking mechanisms at early concrete ages. Undesirable cracking resulting from these mechanisms plays a key role in both short- and long-term performance of most concrete pavement systems. Short-term performance is heavily dependent upon curing quality and construction weather while curling and warping behavior can have both short- and long-term consequences. The focus of this report is primarily on the short-term perspective and how moisture profile and curing quality effects are involved in warping behavior and ultimately delamination cracking and spalling distress. Based on this perspective, mathematical models were developed for the calculation of moisture and temperature profiles to help investigate the effect of different combinations of climate, construction, and materials on the development of the moisture and temperature profiles and their subsequent effects on early-aged cracking. These models appear as nonlinear time-dependent partial differential equations and are solved by the finite element method simultaneously that involves both backward and forward calculation. Using measured test data, moisture diffusivity and thermal conductivity were back-calculated to facilitate accurate modeling of moisture and temperature flows in hardening concrete. On the whole, the calculated moisture and temperature profiles using the moisture diffusivity and thermal conductivity models corresponded to the measured data. Spalling typically occurs at random cracks and occasionally at joints subjected to high delamination stresses during and shortly after construction. The incidence of this distress type is strongly correlated to pre-existing horizontal delaminations that occur within 25 mm of the pavement surface and can later grow into a spall due to a variety of causes. The cause of the shallow, horizontal delaminations that occur within the top 25 mm of the pavement surface is primarily from early-age nonlinear shrinkage strains in addition to temperature variations through slab depth. Thus, the factors of the most importance are those related to the effectiveness of the curing medium in minimizing moisture loss during the hydration of the concrete and the bond strength between the aggregate and the paste. By increasing the effectiveness of the curing system, moisture gradients near the surface are substantially reduced and delamination stress minimized. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Backcalculation KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Cracking KW - Delamination KW - Diffusivity KW - Finite element method KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Spalling KW - Temperature KW - Thermal expansion KW - Warping UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-1700-6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042039 AU - Park, Byungkyu (Brian) AU - Won, Jongsun AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Microscopic Simulation Model Calibration and Validation Handbook PY - 2006/10//Final Contract Report SP - 174p AB - Microscopic traffic simulation models are widely used in the transportation engineering field. Because of their cost-effectiveness, risk-free nature, and high-speed benefits, areas of use include transportation system design, traffic operations, and management alternatives evaluation. Despite their popularity and value, the credibility of simulation models falls short due to the use of default parameters without careful consideration. Improper model parameters prevent simulation models from accurately mimicking field conditions, limiting their ability to aid decision-making. Therefore, the user needs to pay more attention to fine-tune each model that they are using by calibrating the parameters inside the model. To summarize, we can define calibration as the adjustment of model parameters such that the model’s output more closely represents field conditions. The intention of this handbook is to outline and explain the calibration and validation procedure for the parameters controlling human and vehicle characteristics for CORSIM and VISSIM. KW - Calibration KW - CORSIM (Traffic simulation model) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Experimental design KW - Genetic algorithms KW - Handbooks KW - Microscopic traffic flow KW - Microsimulation KW - Optimization KW - Traffic simulation KW - Validation KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - VISSIM (Computer model) UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/07-cr6.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37357/07-cr6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042033 AU - Puppala, Anand J AU - Intharasombat, Napat AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Studies to Address the Use of Compost to Mitigate Shoulder Cracking PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 38p AB - Compost materials have proven to be beneficial in mitigating shrinkage cracking at a Stephenville, Texas, site. However, the results are only valid for one soil type and related environmental conditions. In order to extend and verify the effectiveness of compost amendments in multiple soil types and climatic regions, an implementation study was conducted at three distinct test sites located in Lubbock, Bryan, and Corpus Christi regions, representing Panhandle Plains, Prairies & Lakes, and Gulf Coast regions of the state, respectively. Two locally available composts were considered for soil amendments at each site. A total of three test plots were constructed; one with no compost cover that served as a control plot and two with select compost amendments as covers. A compost amendment ratio of 20% by dry weight of soil was utilized in the previous research project. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected from embedded moisture and temperature sensors, digital image surface cracking studies, surficial erosion surveys, and visual observations of paved shoulder cracking and vegetation growth. This data was analyzed with statistical comparison t-test, which indicated that both Dairy Manure and Biosolids compost amendments at Stephenville were yielding effective performance. Analysis of data from the new sites showed that both Biosolids Compost and Cotton Burr Compost amendments provided soil property improvements. Other compost plots, in particular those used in Bryan, did not provide satisfactory results due to lack of vegetation at the site, which resulted in high erosion and desiccation cracking. Composts that provided satisfactory performance were recommended for top soil treatments to control cracking on pavements. A few other recommendations include immediate seeding after CMT construction and use of a field compaction density equivalent to a lesser value of either 80-85% of standard Proctor maximum dry density or a bulk dry density of 87 pcf. These recommendations are made to enhance vegetation growth in order to control erosion and crack formation in subsoils and adjacent pavements. KW - Biosolids KW - Bryan (Texas) KW - Climatic regions KW - Compost KW - Corpus Christi (Texas) KW - Cracking KW - Data collection KW - Erosion KW - Field studies KW - Lubbock (Texas) KW - Paved shoulders KW - Recycled materials KW - Road shoulders KW - Soil amendments KW - Stephenville (Texas) KW - Subsoil KW - Swelling soils KW - Temperature sensors KW - Vegetation UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/5-4573-01-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01037213 AU - Dye Management Group, Incorporated AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Workflow Optimization PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 20p AB - The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DOT&PF) evaluated the preconstruction process workflow. The primary focus of the research project was to determine whether work flows between different sections efficiently; identify any gaps, problems, bottlenecks, or rework due to current workflow practices; assess whether the transfer of information between sections occurs in a consistent format, and if there are any inconsistencies that result in rework; and identify whether there are standardized technologies and tools used to generate preconstruction project work products in different sections and regions. Overall, the research project found that current business practices and the use of supporting technology do not result in rework or inconsistency as internal work products flow between different functions. The research does not provide information from which to determine whether there would be business benefits to DOT&PF from changes to the process, organizational roles, or technologies used for project delivery. The principal focus for the research is work flow between sections. KW - Business practices KW - Information management KW - Optimization KW - Preconstruction KW - Project management KW - Workflow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/794262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01037206 AU - Middleton, Dan AU - Venglar, Steven AU - Quiroga, Cesar AU - Lord, Dominique AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strategies for Separating Trucks from Passenger Vehicles: Truck Facility Guidebook PY - 2006/10//Product SP - 78p AB - The purpose of the Truck Facility Guidebook is to assist Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) engineers in understanding and replicating the process used by researchers to determine the need for truck treatments. This Guidebook provides criteria to assist TxDOT in choosing among the three types of truck facilities: 1) lane restrictions, 2) dedicated truck lanes, and 3) exclusive truck roadways. The Guidebook primarily focuses on the third type, exclusive truck roadways, and guides users through a nine-step process to determine the need for these facilities. The nine steps are as follows: (1) Acquire truck and non-truck volume; (2) Predict future truck and non-truck volume; (3) Determine desired level of service; (4) Determine number of truck roadway lanes; (5) Acquire crash data and estimate crash costs; (6) Determine initial construction cost; (7) Determine costs of delay and fuel consumption; (8) Determine user perspectives and other measures of acceptability; and (9) Total all benefits and costs. KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Exclusive truck roadways KW - Handbooks KW - Lane restrictions KW - Needs assessment KW - Strategic planning KW - Truck facilities KW - Truck lanes UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4663-P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01037205 AU - Liu, Wenting AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVECHECK: Integrating Deflection and Ground Penetrating Radar Data for Pavement Evaluation PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 104p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has used both Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technology for over 10 years to provide structural information about its pavements. With the current systems, GPR data are processed independently of the FWD analysis. The GPR data are processed with the COLORMAP analysis system, and the FWD data are processed with MODULUS 6.0. There is substantial synergy in combining the analysis capabilities of both systems. In Project 0-4495 an integrated software package called PAVECHECK was developed to merge the FWD and GPR data together with digital video images of surface condition. The new feature in this analysis is that point-specific layer thickness estimates from the GPR can be used within the layer backcalculation process. Most of the features of the existing COLORMAP and MODULUS programs have been incorporated into PAVECHECK. This report provides a user's manual for the new program. This report is accompanied by a CD which contains the software and several test data sets. The data set named Annex is used throughout this report to demonstrate the features of PAVECHECK. This system has tremendous potential to assist TxDOT engineers with future forensic and pavement rehabilitation studies. The PAVECHECK framework can also serve as a basis for future pavement layer database efforts and for documenting and evaluating the performance of research test sections. KW - Backcalculation KW - COLORMAP (Computer program) KW - Computer program documentation KW - Data integration KW - Data merging KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Layer moduli KW - MODULUS (Computer program) KW - PAVECHECK (Computer program) KW - Pavement layers KW - Sets KW - Software KW - Thickness KW - Video images UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036798 AU - Cuelho, Eli AU - Mokwa, Robert AU - Akin, Michelle AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Preventive Maintenance Treatments of Flexible Pavements: A Synthesis of Highway Practice PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 103p AB - An extensive literature review was conducted to synthesize past and ongoing research related to highway pavement maintenance and preservation techniques. The literature review was augmented with a web-based email survey that was distributed to all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and 11 Canadian provinces, for a total of 62 recipients. The literature review and survey results provide interesting qualitative overviews of the state-of-the-practice of preventive maintenance treatments, and how these treatments are instigated, managed, and accessed by transportation department personnel throughout North America. This report focuses on studies that quantified the performance of various preventive maintenance treatments, including the effect these treatments have on pavement performance. The study indicates that ranges of reported life expectancies for treatment systems vary widely, as does reported unit costs. The lack of conclusive quantitative data is attributed to variations in the many aspects of treatment systems. Additional research is needed to quantify and enhance our understanding of the short and long-term effects that treatment systems have on highway pavement surfaces. State- or region-specific research is critically important to ensure that funds are wisely used for extending the life of a pavement section or for repairing ailing pavement surfaces. KW - Canada KW - Flexible pavements KW - Literature reviews KW - Long term KW - Pavement performance KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Service life KW - Short term KW - State of the practice KW - Surveys KW - United States UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/prevent_maint/final_report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45832/final_report54.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036772 AU - Bonneson, James A AU - Zimmerman, Karl H AU - Pratt, Michael P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Red-Light-Running Handbook Workshop Series: Year 2 Summary Report PY - 2006/10//Implementation Report SP - 18p AB - A recent analysis of Texas crash data indicated that there are about 121 fatal crashes each year in Texas that are attributable to red-light violations. It was also found that about 37,702 red-light-running-related crashes occur each year in Texas. These crashes have a societal cost to Texans of about $2.0 billion dollars each year. Engineering and enforcement countermeasures have been shown to reduce red-light violations, related crashes, or both by at least 10 to 30%. If even a 10% reduction in crashes were obtained by the use of one or more countermeasures, Texas motorists could save $140 million annually. This report describes the activities undertaken to conduct a series of intersection safety workshops. The focus of the workshop is on countermeasures intended to treat intersections with frequent red-light violations and related crashes. The activities undertaken include developing the workshop training materials, identifying the workshop venues, scheduling the workshops, encouraging attendance by city and county engineers, conducting workshops, and administering a course evaluation form. A ten-workshop series was completed during the project. The course evaluations completed by the participants indicate a high degree of satisfaction with the course content and format. Recommendations are made regarding the need for additional research to quantify the effect of some engineering countermeasures. KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Handbooks KW - Red light running KW - Signalized intersections KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violations KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036676 AU - Zhou, Fujie AU - Hu, Sheng AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Integrated Asphalt (Overlay) Mixture Design, Balancing Rutting and Cracking Requirements PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 162p AB - The focus of this project is to develop an integrated hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture design method which balances both rutting and cracking requirements. The Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test (HWTT) and Overlay Tester (OT) devices were used to evaluate the rutting and cracking resistance of HMA mixtures, respectively. Eleven mixtures commonly used in Texas were designed following the current Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) mixture design process and then evaluated under the HWTT and the OT. It was found that the Dense-Graded and Superpave mixtures designed following current TxDOT mixture design procedures were rut resistant, but generally not crack resistant. However, all three Stone-Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures were both rut and crack resistant. These observations are consistent with the past experience and field performance. The balanced design procedure proposed in this project recommends minor changes to TxDOT’s current mixture design procedure. Seven mixtures including dense-graded and Superpave mixtures were used to verify and demonstrate this balanced mixture design approach. It was found that a balanced HMA mixture could always be designed providing the aggregates used were not highly absorptive. Statistic analyses on the OT results showed that Performance-Grade (PG) of asphalt binder, effective asphalt content in volume (VBE), film thickness (FT), and surface area (SA) had significant impact on crack resistance of mixtures. Note that the influence of asphalt absorption by aggregates was included in the VBE and FT. The influence of air void content was not significant on crack resistance. Similarly, statistic analyses indicated that the following factors had significant influence on rutting resistance: 1) PG, 2) voids in the mineral aggregate, 3) FT, 4) SA, and 5) air void content. Additionally, the minimum and maximum asphalt contents for different mixtures to pass the cracking and rutting criteria were recommended based on extensive laboratory testing results. The recommended values were preliminarily verified by field performance data from IH20, WesTrack, and National Center for Asphalt Technology test track. Furthermore, a simplified version of the balanced HMA mixture design procedure was also proposed. Instead of volumetric design, trial asphalt contents for different mixtures were recommended for performance evaluation in the simplified mixture design procedure. The procedure was verified in two case studies. KW - Aggregates KW - Air void content KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Cracking KW - Film thickness KW - Hamburg wheel tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Performance grade KW - Rutting KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Superpave KW - Volumetric design UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-5123-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036482 AU - Freeman, Thomas J AU - Uzan, Jacob AU - Zollinger, Dan G AU - Park, Eun Sug AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sensitivity Analysis of and Strategic Plan Development for the Implementation of the M-E Design Guide in TXDOT Operations - Volume 1 and Volume 2 PY - 2006/10//Technical Report SP - 636p AB - In this project, researchers conducted an extensive sensitivity analysis of the new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide, the development of default input files, and a review of current procedures to develop an implementation strategy and justification of the new pavement design guide. The sensitivity analysis was conducted for the primary design modules, for each level of input data (e.g., Level 1, 2, and 3). The objective of the sensitivity analysis was to determine to what degree the input parameters affect the performance of the initial design. In addition to the sensitivity analysis, the Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT's) current pavement design approach was reviewed and contrasted to the design guide to determine what additional tests or other changes will be needed for the implementation of the new design guide. Initial input materials parameters and regional calibration values were developed using available materials information and pavement performance data in TxDOT and research projects. KW - Calibration KW - Implementation KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793260 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01035888 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Geospatial Information Technologies for Asset Management: A Peer Exchange PY - 2006/10 IS - E-C108 SP - 78p AB - Transportation asset management is a data-intensive process and data integration is a fundamental component to improve integrated decision making. The evolution of geographic information systems and spatial technologies is providing powerful mechanisms for developing asset management decision-making products. However, many agencies are struggling with the development of these spatial products on an enterprise basis. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) Transportation Asset Management Committee (ABC40) and Spatial Data and Information Science Committee (ABJ60) hosted a peer exchange to investigate state and local agency applications of spatial technologies for asset management activities and to identify ongoing issues and research directions. Six state and local transportation agencies were selected based on their leadership and progress in the application of spatial technologies towards asset management. These six agencies were the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; the City of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; the Kansas Department of Transportation; the New York State Department of Transportation; the New York State Thruway Authority; and the North Carolina Department of Transportation. Prior to the peer exchange, agency participants completed an extensive questionnaire on their uses of spatial technologies, their history of implementation, and perceived benefits and issues. The peer exchange participants focused on three major issue areas in moving spatial technology applications to the next level: managing change, data integration, and communication. Upon a thorough discussion of these issues, the peer participants identified research to address three areas of interest: temporal issues, symbology, and data and visualization models. The roles of national organizations in sharing best practices and in promoting standards and open data architectures were also discussed. This circular contains the presentations of the perspectives of the six agencies, a summary of agency responses to the questionnaire, and a summary of the major issues and research directions for the future. U1 - Geospatial Information Technologies for Asset Management: A Peer ExchangeTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationKansas City,Missouri,United States StartDate:20051030 EndDate:20051031 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities KW - Asset management KW - Best practices KW - Change management KW - Communication KW - Data architecture KW - Data integration KW - Decision making KW - Edmonton (Canada) KW - Future research KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geospatial technology KW - Kansas Department of Transportation KW - New York State Department of Transportation KW - New York State Thruway Authority KW - North Carolina Department of Transportation KW - Peer exchange KW - Questionnaires KW - Standards KW - Symbols KW - Transportation planning KW - Visualization UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/158020.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793039 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464280 TI - Right of Way Methods and Tools to Control Project Cost Escalation AB -
Construction project cost escalation from planning to construction is a fundamental problem facing the transportation industry. NCHRP Report 574, Guidance for Cost Estimation and Management for Highway Projects During Planning, Programming and Preconstruction, focuses on the general issue of project cost escalation and identified the production of accurate and precise right-of-way cost estimates as one of the primary strategies to help control project cost escalation. It provides a guidebook that contains methods and tools for state departments of transportation to use to develop, track and manage highway project cost estimates in order to achieve estimates with greater consistency and accuracy throughout the long-range transportation planning, priority programming, and preconstruction phases of project development. It does not, however, provide an in-depth treatment of methods and tools necessary to implement a specific strategy related to estimating and managing right-of-way costs. While increases in project cost estimates over the course of project development may be caused by any number of factors, NCHRP Report 574 indicates that 1) increases in the cost of right-of-way is a significant factor in overall project cost escalation; 2) the manner in which state departments of transportation currently develop, track, and manage cost estimates for right-of-way can be improved; 3) that management practices can be modified to address cost estimate consistency and accuracy throughout the entire project development process; and 4) specific guidance on how to implement more effective methods of developing, tracking and management right-of-way estimates is needed. The objectives of this research are twofold: 1) to further refine right-of-way cost estimate and management methods and tools, with a focus on methods and tools that would be useful in the planning process, and 2) provide specific guidance to state departments of transportation on how to implement such methods and tools in practice.
KW - Construction projects KW - Cost escalation KW - Cost estimating KW - Planning methods KW - Project management KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Tracking systems UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2656 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01152590 AU - Ariyasajjakorn, Donlawit AU - Mirmiran, Amir AU - Sumner, Emmett A AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Review of NCDOT Practices for Analyzing Overhang Falsework PY - 2006/09/29/Final Report SP - 44p AB - The proper design and detailing of bridge overhang falsework is an important part of the bridge construction process. Improper analysis and design of the falsework system can result in complete falsework system failure, excessive overhang formwork deflections and high locked-in lateral bending stresses in the supporting girders. This could lead to unexpected construction expenses and long construction delays. In an effort to avoid potentially serious problems with the overhang falsework, the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) provides an extensive review of the detailed drawings and calculations submitted for each bridge project. In an effort by the NCDOT to produce standardized details for bridge overhang falsework, a need to review the current analysis and design procedures adopted by the department was identified. The objective of this research project was to provide an independent review to ensure that the analysis procedures and the design assumptions integrated into the current guidelines are in compliance with basic engineering principles and the latest ACI and AASHTO specifications. Discussions with design consultants and contractors were included as a part of the independent review. To assist with the independent review a spreadsheet program for the analysis and design of overhang falsework systems was developed utilizing the current NCDOT design and analysis provisions. It was concluded that the NCDOT analysis and design guidelines were in compliance with basic engineering principles and the current ACI and AASHTO design specifications. Additional observations, recommendations and conclusions were developed as a part of this study and are included within this report. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Detailing KW - Falsework KW - North Carolina UR - http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2004-13FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/913553 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460353 TI - Northwest Region Traffic Management Center Design AB - Work with Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT) Traffic and Consultant Liaison Offices to develop a request for proposals to hire a consultant to perform 30% design of a new NW Region Traffic Management Center (TMC). Investigate issues related to building a new TMC including collocating with the Washington State Patrol. Coordinate efforts among the NW Region and Urban Corridors Office. Provide technical guidance in the consultant selection. KW - Guidelines KW - Highway corridors KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Research projects KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic flow KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01081196 AU - Hlivia, Joseph W AU - Nulton, Diane M AU - Zimmerman, Gregory F AU - Frenette, Gary L AU - McCormick Taylor, Incorporated AU - EnviroScience, Incorporated AU - Dewberry-Goodkind, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Streamlined Approach to Section 7 Consultation for Federally Endangered Mussels – Literature, Process Review and Best Management Practices Findings Report PY - 2006/09/25/Final Report SP - 852p AB - The focus of this research report is to identify and recommend mechanisms that will expedite PennDOT’s approach to the Endangered Species Act Section 7(a)(1) consultation process for mussels. Nine mussel species are federally listed by the USFWS as endangered in Pennsylvania. Future transportation construction or maintenance projects over, or in close proximity to, waterways within PennDOT Districts will continue to be viewed as potential impacts to these mussel species. This report describes how other state transportation departments proceed through the Section 7 process, provides documentation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) currently used by PennDOT and others, targets the expedition of delivery of Pennsylvania transportation projects and activities, and identifies mechanisms to reduce the time and cost spent per project in consultation with the USFWS. Outreach to other state Department of Transportation (DOT) agencies experiencing similar endangered species issues was conducted and accomplished by collecting information on potential benchmarking “targets” (state DOTs that also go through the Section 7 consultation process for federally listed freshwater mussel species or similar aquatic species). A summary of the information learned from the project partner interviews related to BMPs is presented. This includes a discussion of how many individual mussels are typically found in Pennsylvania populations (based on past projects) as compared to other states and how state heritage (or similar) databases that other states have in place benefits their consultations/hinder PennDOT’s consultation efforts. Discussions about how PennDOT conducts the process including their internal and external communications protocol relating to Section 7 consultations are documented. Details on the steps that PennDOT takes that go above and beyond what other states typically do for similar projects as uncovered by the benchmarking process are provided. A comparison of what the USFWS requires in Pennsylvania as related to what other state DOTs are preparing in their Biological Assessments (BAs) is made. Engineering and construction practices that have been investigated are those that are applicable to the typical bridge types that are used to cross typical Pennsylvania streams where threatened and endangered mussels are encountered. Six engineering and construction BMPs were identified by PennDOT to be investigated in detail. The information contained in this report provides a framework for the Department to evaluate procedures used by others and to determine if they are applicable for use on projects in Pennsylvania. KW - Benchmarks KW - Best practices KW - Biological assessment KW - Bridges KW - Endangered species KW - Endangered Species Act KW - Environmental protection KW - Mussels KW - Pennsylvania KW - State departments of transportation KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/840377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044294 AU - Schneider, Gary AU - Redd, Larry AU - Young, Rhonda AU - Tomasini, Michael AU - R&S Consulting, LLC AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility of a Next-Generation Intemodal Rail-Truck Transport System for the Western I-80 Corridor: Engineering, Economic, Environmental, Safety and Security Policy Considerations PY - 2006/09/25/Final Report SP - 212p AB - Interstate 80 is one of the heaviest traveled east-west freight corridors in the nation. Each day approximately 5,000 - 7,000 trucks travel I-80 across Wyoming and Nebraska. Ninety-five percent of these trucks have neither an origin nor a destination in Wyoming. Within 15 years the number of trucks on Interstate 80 is projected to double. Given this level of truck traffic, the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) will need to significantly increase funding (and perhaps divert funding from other highways) to maintain I-80 pavement in its current condition. This study evaluated alternatives for managing the projected growth in truck traffic across Wyoming as well as across the western I-80 corridor. A simulation model was developed to analyze the costs and benefits of pavement alternatives such as material changes, additional capacity and strategies to divert trucks from I-80 to rail. This simulation model utilizes equations based on traffic data, pavement data, cost data, construction inflation and safety data. Funding scenarios and constraints are also included in the simulation model. Preliminary analysis indicates that substantial benefits would result from diverting as little as 20 percent of trucks from I-80 to rail using an innovative "land ferry" concept. However, this would require increasing Union Pacific Railroad's rail capacity by approximately 1,400 mi on their central corridor. The study recommends: (1) WYDOT develop a long-term strategy for managing I-80 and (2) support private sector efforts to divert freight from highways to rail. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Financing KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Interstate highways KW - Modal diversion KW - Pavements KW - Policy KW - Railroad capacity KW - Railroad transportation KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation corridors KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking KW - Union Pacific Railroad KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/804815 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01462461 TI - SmartCure System AB - The proposed study consists of development of a SmartCure system to evaluate curing conditions during paving and to provide reliable and realistic guidelines on proper curing. The System consists of measuring components connected to a laptop computer operating a Windows® based software program. KW - Asphalt curing KW - Curing and setting agents KW - Guidelines KW - Laptop computers KW - Microsoft Windows KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1230682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457317 AU - Bender, David AU - MarketLine Research AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Motor Carrier Services Customer Satisfaction Assessment PY - 2006/09/22/Executive Summary SP - 18p AB - This report summarizes by truck operator segment and Motor Carrier Services (MCS) enforcement zone perceptions of MCS performance in enforcing federal and South Dakota trucking regulations. It is intended to assess progress following the investment of significant time and resources in response to a 2003 assessment of MCS services. MCS management took several actions in response to the first assessment’s research findings. This follow up assessment objectively measures and documents the impact these actions have had on customer segments. The study includes opinions of 456 randomly selected truck operators residing within 64 of 66 South Dakota counties. Equal representation is reflected in the three operator segments and across the four enforcement zones. Fifty-nine Motor Carrier Services inspectors and officers participated in the study. Key objectives that guided both the qualitative (stakeholder interview & focus group) and quantitative (telephone interview) components of this research were to: assess perceptions regarding the importance of motor carrier enforcement services and satisfaction with their delivery within the trucking industry and the South Dakota Highway Patrol’s Motor Carrier Services unit; identify underlying causes or factors that shape these perceptions; assess the effectiveness of changes made in response to the 2003 MCS customer satisfaction assessment; and identify opportunities for business improvements that will enable the trucking industry and regulatory agencies to strengthen collaboration while maintaining highway safety. KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Law enforcement KW - Law enforcement personnel KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance measurement KW - Size and weight regulations KW - South Dakota KW - South Dakota Highway Patrol Motor Carrier Services KW - State government agencies KW - Surveys KW - Traffic patrol KW - Traffic regulations KW - Trucking UR - http://www.sddot.com/business/research/projects/docs/SD2005-15_Executive_Summary.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076693 AU - Warn, Gordon P AU - Whittaker, Andrew S AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Coupled Horizontal-Vertical Behavior of Elastomeric and Lead-Rubber Seismic Isolation Bearings PY - 2006/09/22/Technical Report SP - 247p AB - This report presents an analytical and experimental investigation of the coupled horizontal-vertical response of elastomeric and lead-rubber bearings focusing on the influence of lateral displacement on the vertical stiffness. Component testing was performed with reduced scale low-damping rubber (LDR) and lead-rubber (LR) bearings to determine the vertical stiffness at various lateral offsets. The numerical studies included finite element (FE) analysis of the reduced scale LDR bearing. The results of the experimental and FE investigations were used to evaluate three analytical formulations to predict the vertical stiffness at a given lateral displacement. The results of simulations performed with three components of excitation were used to evaluate an equivalent linear static (ELS) procedure for the estimation of the vertical load due to the vertical ground shaking. References, tables, and figures are included; the four accompanying appendices can be found in PDF on an accompanying CD-ROM. KW - Base isolation KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake shaking KW - Elastomeric bearings KW - Equivalent linear static design for restrainers KW - Finite element method KW - Lateral displacement KW - Lead rubber bearings KW - Resistance (Mechanics) KW - Seismicity KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815531 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573778 TI - Operations Support for Concrete Pavement Roadmap AB - This is a continuation of the Concrete Pavement Road Map administrative/operations support activity funded by Federal Highway Administration and several States under the State Planning and Research Transportation Pooled Fund program. The ongoing support is being provided by Iowa State University's National Concrete Pavement Technology Center under a task order for an Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity contract. The contract calls for support services to enable efficient execution of the Concrete Pavement Road Map research and technology plan that was developed in conjunction with stakeholders through nationwide workshops held in 2002 through 2005. The support work consists primarily of (1) collection of research information, progress reports, etc.; (2) coordination of the Road Map research activities, people, and collaborating organizations; (3) communications (presentations, newsletters, Web site, etc.); and (4) implementation of research products. These activities help close the above gap by making people aware of advances. Also, the Concrete Pavement Road Map research projects themselves address many of the gaps that were identified in all the other focus areas. KW - Concrete Pavement Road Map KW - Concrete pavements KW - Coordination KW - Information dissemination KW - Technical assistance KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036464 AU - Stanley, Laura Michelle AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Haptic and Auditory Interfaces as a Collision Avoidance Technique During Roadway Departures and Driver Perception of These Modalities PY - 2006/09/20 SP - 234p AB - Roadway departure fatalities accounted for 55% of all roadway fatalities in the United States in 2003. In an effort to reduce the number of roadway departures, many transportation agencies have introduced static rumble strips using physical alterations of the roadway surface in shoulder and/or centerline sections of the roadway. Recently, more advanced technology has been developed in the form of in-vehicle advanced lane departure warning systems that automatically detect the vehicle's lane position and warn of possible roadway departures. These systems are currently showing their value in some commercial trucks in Europe, and are now available in some U.S. passenger cars. Two critical factors will govern their ultimate success: (1) their ability to warn the driver in an effective and timely manner to make the correct action, and (2) their success in gaining driver trust and acceptance. The primary goal of this research was to better understand basic human factors principles of haptic and auditory interfaces as a collision avoidance technique during run-off-road and head-on collisions and driver perception of these modalities. In this simulator study, 15 participants received alerting cues in three sensory modalities; haptic (seat vibration), auditory ("rumble strip" sound), and combined auditory and haptic sensory warnings. A preliminary psychophysical study was conducted to determine appropriate and comparable intensities of the warning modalities. The results of this study determined that the haptic modality produced significantly faster reaction times than both the auditory and combination modalities. The auditory modality produced significantly more maximum steering response than the haptic and combination condition. Drivers perceived the haptic modality to be the least annoying with least interference, while the combination modality was the most preferred in benefit of driving, most likely to purchase, level of trust, level of appropriateness, level of urgency, and overall preference. Haptic (seat vibration) warnings demonstrate promise as an alerting strategy over auditory and combination modalities in reducing roadway departures. With a decrease in reaction time, less erratic steering responses, and relatively advantageous perceptions from drivers, haptic warnings have the potential to better assist drivers in returning to the lane more quickly and safely. KW - Acceptance KW - Auditory perception KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Frontal crashes KW - Human factors KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Reaction time KW - Rumble strips KW - Steering response KW - Tactile perception KW - Vibration KW - Warning devices UR - http://www.wti.montana.edu/ForceDownloadHandler.ashx?name=4W0767_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793126 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549304 TI - Seismic Design of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil (GRS) Bridge Abutments with Flexible Facing AB - Geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) systems, in which the soil mass is reinforced in layers with a polymeric geosynthetic (e.g., strips, grids, or sheets) and, in most typically used systems, the layered reinforcement is fixed to facing elements that constitute the outer wall, have over the past several decades been used to construct retaining walls, embankments, slopes, and shallow foundations. GRS systems may have rigid or flexible facings; the latter entail use of dry-stacked modular concrete blocks, timber members, large rocks, gabions, or other segmental materials. Experience has demonstrated that GRS systems, particularly those with flexible facing, offer a low-cost, easily constructed, and structurally reliable alternative to conventional designs in many applications. An application that has gained increasing interest in recent years is bridge abutments, where GRS system advantages can include enhanced tolerance of differential foundation settlement, greater adaptability to low-quality backfill, and faster and technically less demanding construction methods. Full-scale tests and some in-service demonstration projects have confirmed these advantages, but the lack of rational, reliable design and construction guidelines for GRS bridge abutments impedes wider adoption of this promising technology. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 556: Design and Construction Guidelines for Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Bridge Abutments with a Flexible Facing, provides guidelines for static loading conditions. To facilitate their acceptance by engineering practitioners, the design methods presented in that report adopt the format and methodology of guidelines issued by the National Highway Institute, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and other organizations. To advance this new technology, especially in seismically active regions, it is essential to develop a rational design method and associated construction guidelines for GRS bridge abutments that address seismic loads and the dynamic interaction of GRS abutments with the bridge superstructure. This research aims at developing such guidelines. The research will build on current seismic design methods for GRS segmental walls, which can be divided into two categories: pseudo-static methods and displacement methods. Design methods in both categories have been developed for situations where the self-weight of the soil is the predominant load; these methods are not intended to apply specifically for GRS bridge abutment walls where the top surface is generally subject to large, sustained, and often eccentric loads. The research will include shake-table testing and dynamic finite-element parametric analysis. The research results will supplement the guidelines presented in NCHRP Report 556 to represent a comprehensive basis for application of GRS systems with flexible facing in bridge abutments. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Flexible structures KW - Foundation soils KW - Foundations KW - Geosynthetics KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Segmental construction KW - Seismicity KW - Settlement (Structures) UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=346 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339620 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464667 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 38-01. Quality Assurance in Design-Build Projects AB - The intent of this synthesis is to capture the various ways in which quality assurance is handled in design-build projects. The synthesis will identify different approaches and models, and best practices recognizing the differences in each of the different delivery methods. The synthesis will also address how the core principles of quality assurance can be satisfactorily addressed in design-build projects. Information will be gathered through literature review, survey of state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) and major design-build companies (that are used by the State DOT and contractors) and selected interviews. The questionnaire should have basic definitions. The target for the questionnaire at the DOTs should be the appropriate person with responsibilities for QA in Design-Build. This person will be identified through a preliminary survey of each DOT, perhaps to members of the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Construction, Design, and Materials (or SCOH), or AASHTO Design Build Committee, or the TRB Task Force. As well, there may a short paper survey of the TRB Task Force on Design Build, at their next meeting. The report may include illustrative case studies of different practices. KW - Best practices KW - Contractors KW - Design build KW - Quality assurance KW - Road construction KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=106 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232899 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01462871 TI - Using Falling Weight Deflectometer Data with Mechanistic-Empirical Design and Analysis AB - In spite of the rapid advances in computing technology and power during last decade, the procedures for routine backcalculation and interpretation of Falling Weight Deflectometer data has seen little change. A significant percentage of most State Highway Agencies (SHA) pavement activities relate to rehabilitation of existing pavements and the effective use of nondestructive field testing, such as FWD testing, for the evaluation of in-service pavements will be key to an efficient approach. One of the objectives of this project is to review the current state of the practice and art in routine backcalculation of FWD data and develop recommendations for advancing FWD data analysis and interpretation, particularly in relevance to the rehabilitation procedures in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) developed under the NCHRP 1-37A project. This project will also develop best practices guideline for analyzing and interpreting FWD data for project level analyses with particular emphasis on the effective and efficient use of FWD data with the MEPDG. Phase I of this study has been completed and a draft report is available. Phase II, the final phase, of the study is currently under way with a project completion date of July 31, 2010. KW - Analysis KW - Empirical methods KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231095 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460143 TI - Rural Transportation Research (New England Technology Institute) AB - The objective of this Grant is to conduct research in four areas: rural transportation issues definition and refinement, rural transportation: safety and health, the application of information technology to rural mobility and system connectivity, and transportation investment and rural settlement patterns. KW - Information dissemination KW - Information technology KW - Mobility KW - Research projects KW - Rural areas KW - Rural transportation KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228359 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458428 TI - Outdoor Exposure of Test Panels for One-Coat Research Project AB - No summary provided. KW - Durability KW - Panels KW - Research projects KW - Service life KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01152604 AU - Line, Daniel E AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Monitoring the Effects of Highway Construction in the Sedgefield Lakes Watershed PY - 2006/09/15/Final Report SP - 33p AB - This report summarizes the results of a water quality monitoring project to document the effects of the construction of the I40 bypass around Greensboro on the water quality of residential lakes in the Sedgefield and King’s Mill communities. Automated monitoring equipment were installed at 4 locations downstream of the highway corridor in the drainage area to the Sedgefield lake, while in the King’s Mill community, automated equipment was installed upstream and downstream of the corridor. At each monitoring site, discharge was monitored continuously and samples of stream discharge collected on a flow-proportional basis throughout the project. All samples were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), total solids, and turbidity, while selected samples were also analyzed for nitrogen and phosphorus forms. A recording raingage was also maintained for all of the monitoring period in the Sedgefield lakes watershed and in-situ measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and pH were made periodically at each site. Monitoring data at all sites documented increases in sediment loading and turbidity following the start of highway construction, although to different extents. The greatest increase in sediment loading and turbidity occurred at the upstream site on the Tilly tributary. For this site, which was located just downstream of the highway corridor, about 60% of the sediment load during construction was associated with two tropical storm systems that occurred in September 2004. At this time the highway was particularly susceptible to erosion because more than 20 ft of fill had recently been added to bring the road surface to near grade and the sideslopes were not vegetated yet. Increases in sediment loading and turbidity at the other sites during highway construction were less severe and more like what would be expected. Mean turbidity levels during construction at all sites downstream of highway construction were greater than 50 ntu. Limited monitoring of temperature, specific conductance, DO, and pH for all six sites showed that highway construction had little, if any, effect on these parameters, except possibly temperature, which appeared to increase at Tilly-up and King’s Mill-down, but this was not confirmed at the other sites. There was not enough samples analyzed for nitrogen and phosphorus to compare pre- to during-construction, but the data indicated that their levels in samples of stream discharge were sufficient to support nuisance aquatic growth in downstream lakes. KW - Environmental monitoring KW - Road construction KW - Runoff KW - Sediments KW - Water quality UR - http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2004-26FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/913356 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460075 TI - LTPP Products Online AB - The objective of the project is to provide for the development, maintenance, operation, and enhancements for the LTPP-Products.com website for five (5) years, with a 24 hours a day, 7 days a week level of service. Additional stand-alone, non-web enabled, applications are anticipated to be required in support of the LTPP program. KW - Computer online services KW - Development KW - Electronic commerce KW - Information dissemination KW - Information technology KW - Level of service KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Online information systems KW - Research projects KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - http://www.ltpp-products.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228291 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460074 TI - LTPP - Distress Viewer and Analyzer Software (Online) AB - Diva is a software application that can assist in analyzing distress information by graphically displaying distress data. The distress data can be displayed to show a time series/time history of a pavement section under evaluation. DIVA provides two report types data table and graph. The data table report can be exported to Excel. Also, the program displays a current trend line and a variability (standard error) band. The application can analyze several survey sections at the same time. The application can help SHA as a review tool prior to data entry into any Pavement Management System (PMS) to examine the data collected; DIVA can be run to compare the surveys results against all previous surveys and review any abnormalities. Trend discrepancies can be evaluated for possible explanations such as: (1) maintenance or rehabilitation activities; or (2) differences in interpretation. Diva can be used by states to check distress data to calibrate the AASHTO Design guide. Diva can also be used to review variability in PMS distress data and to lessen the impact of that variability on Pavement Management systems. KW - Computer online services KW - Electronic commerce KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Research projects KW - Time series UR - http://www.ltpp-products.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228290 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463189 TI - Computer-Based Guidelines for Concrete Pavements - HIPERPAV III AB - HIPERPAV (HIgh PERformance concrete PAVing) is a comprehensive, yet user-friendly software program which incorporate a set of guidelines for the proper selection of design and construction variable to minimize early-damage to concrete pavement. The objectives of this research project are to enhance the moisture transport modeling in the HIPERPAV software, and to add additional software features in order to further improve the software program. The moisture model study primarily covers the following content: 1) Literature review and evaluation of moisture transport models for concrete materials and pavements; 2) Development of a moisture transport model; 3) Mathematical solution for the moisture transport model using the one-dimensional finite difference method; 4) Programming of the moisture transport model using FORTRAN® and VBA® coding; 5) Sensitivity analysis of the effects of model parameters, environmental and construction conditions on the moisture transport, and critical stresses and strengths; 6) Validation of the moisture transport model: 7) Incorporation of the moisture transport model into the HIPERPAV software. KW - Computer aided design KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231414 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464884 TI - Bridge Deck Design Criteria and Testing Procedures AB - New deck systems, such as steel grid and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) on stringers and floor beams, were introduced in recent years and are now finding increased use because of their lighter weight and ability to increase live load capacity without the need for costly superstructure and substructure strengthening. Because these decks differ from conventional decks, different criteria must be stipulated for their design to ensure serviceability and performance. Also, different testing procedures may be required to evaluate and validate deck designs. Current design criteria are based on limited analytical and experimental studies that might disregard some key factors associated with the design of these new systems. Also, current testing procedures may provide appropriate guidance relative to conventional bridge decks but may not adequately address the design elements or materials used in newly developed deck systems. In spite of their potential benefits, the use of new and innovative bridge decks is hampered by the lack of adequate information on their design criteria and appropriate testing procedures for deck evaluation. Research is needed to identify the factors that influence strength, durability, and long-term performance of bridge decks and to recommend rational design criteria and testing procedures applicable to a variety of decks. These criteria and procedures will provide highway agencies with the information necessary for evaluating bridge deck options and making rational decisions regarding their acceptance and use. The objectives of this research are to recommend design criteria and testing procedures for bridge decks. These criteria and procedures shall be prepared in a format suitable for consideration and adoption by the American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) as part of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. The research shall be limited to steel grid decks, decks using any fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials, and other innovative bridge decks on stringers and/or floor beams. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Loads KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete bridges UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=292 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1233117 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460511 TI - Administrative Support Group for Concrete Pavement (CP) Road Map AB - Iowa State University (ISU) will provide the administrative support services necessary to initiate and practively sustain the CP Road Map research program. ISU will support the work of the Executive Advisory Committtee, the research track leaders, and sustaining organizations to ensure coordination and integration across research track lines. KW - Administrative and managerial personnel KW - Coordination KW - Iowa State University KW - Project management KW - Research management KW - Research projects UR - http://www.cproadmap.org/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228728 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549588 TI - Research Program Design---Administration of Highway and Transportation Agencies. Measuring Performance among State DOTs: Sharing Good Practices -- Construction Project Cost and Schedule AB - The objective of this study was to conduct a comparison of state departments of transportation (DOTs) regarding construction project cost and schedule performance. Anonymous comparison of 9 states' experience enabled identification of 28 best practices of high-performing organizations with respect to a selected set of key performance indicators. The indicators selected represent a model for performance monitoring within a DOT. KW - Best practices KW - Comparison studies KW - Construction projects KW - Information technology KW - Project costs KW - Project management KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2484 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339742 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460513 TI - Design and Assemble a Website on Security and Surveillance Technologies for Bridges And Tunnel AB - This study will develop an interactive website on available security and surveillance technologies. KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Research projects KW - Security KW - Surveillance KW - Technology KW - Tunnels KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228730 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458397 TI - Development of Performance Criteria for Retroreflective Sheeting used for Traffic Control Signs AB - No summary provided. KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research projects KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033987 AU - Christensen, Donald W AU - Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stone Matrix Asphalt Specification and Implementation PY - 2006/09/08/Final Report SP - 63p AB - This report documents activities performed as part of Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (Penndot) "Project 040109: Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Specification and Implementation". This project consisted of two primary tasks: to assist the Department in evaluating and refining its SMA Specification, and to develop and deliver a series of training courses on SMA mix design and construction. Six training courses on SMA were delivered in various locations throughout the commonwealth in April 2006. The courses were in general successful, receiving very favorable evaluations for most aspects of course content and instruction. Some changes were made in the course outline and materials to improve the pace of the course and to make it more interesting. This report includes all deliverables discussed in the project documents: this Draft Final Report, the revised training materials, deliverables from Phase I of the project and the current Draft SMA Specification. KW - Course content KW - Mix design KW - Pennsylvania KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01052319 AU - Bremser, Sharon AU - Larson, Barry AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I90/94 Fiber Backbone Network and Spurs Buildout (Phase II) PY - 2006/09/05/Final Report and Local Evaluation SP - 17p AB - The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) received 36 strands of dark fiber located on I-94 right of way, running the entire length of the corridor in Wisconsin. This was the result of a right of way exchange WisDOT executed in 2000. Although the fiber / conduit system wasn’t operational since it didn’t have any optical or electronic equipment attached, it provided the department a possibility of constructing an ITS fiber optic backbone network at relatively low cost. A study was done in 2001-2002 to determine WisDOT ITS communication transport needs, to develop conceptual level alternative network designs, and to identify likely capital and operating and maintenance (O&M) costs to construct and operate an ITS fiber backbone network. This was followed by a Phase I design –construction pilot project in 2003, building an operational network segment between Madison and Milwaukee. Following the successful completion of that project, WisDOT decided to proceed with the design – construction of an ITS fiber optic backbone along the entire I-94 corridor, contingent on securing the necessary capital funding, and a sustainable revenue stream to operate and maintain the system. It was thought that ITS Integration Funding would be available for the design – construction project. However, limited state match funding had precluded submitting grant requests for funding to proceed. In early 2004, FHWA approved the use of the asset value of the I-94 located WisDOT fiber as in-kind match for ITS fiber optic backbone projects. Subsequent to that decision, WisDOT requested and received a FFY2004 ITS Integration earmark to proceed with the project. Also, WisDOT had executed long term fiber exchange agreements with the University of Wisconsin System, and the Wisconsin National Guard, that would provide WisDOT with revenue streams sufficient to operate and maintain a backbone network. The Phase II project was begun in the Fall of 2004 and was completed in late 2005. The WisDOT has an operational ITS fiber optic backbone running the entire length of the I-94 corridor from the Illinois border to the Minnesota border. The backbone has thirteen major add/drop nodes or connection points, and five signal regeneration facilities that also can serve as connection points to the backbone. This discussion describes the evolution of the WisDOT ITS fiber optic backbone, what the project set out to do and what was accomplished, and provides the Local Evaluation Report. KW - Communication systems KW - Conduits KW - Fiber optics KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Wisconsin Department of Transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14355.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811504 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460354 TI - Traffic Simulation Lab AB - There are four objective for this project. The first is to increase the availability of courses in the area of traffic flow simulation modeling, thus increasing the number of people trained in the use of simulation models and increasing the number of qualified staff available to both public agencies and the private sector. The second is to decrease the time and cost required by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), PSRC, and other jurisdictions to apply simulation models for a wide range of traffic analysis within the state and region. The third is to perform specific simulation analysis for WSDOT, PSRC, and other agencies participating in the simulation lab. The fourth objective of this project is to provide the analytical capabilities required to improve simulation model functionality. KW - Education and training KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Laboratory tests KW - Research projects KW - Simulation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic flow KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228570 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458346 TI - Develop A Typology for Speeding Related Crashes AB - The purpose of this study is to utilize the various crash databases (i.e., FARS, GES, and HSIS) to provide crash analysis to determine the concentration of the speed related crashes and to identify relevant crash characteristics most often associated with such crashes. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Research projects KW - Speed and delay studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547511 AU - Tran, Nam H AU - Hall, Kevin D AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Projected Traffic Loading for Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 269p AB - A new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) has been developed under National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 1-37A. Pavement design procedures recommended for use in MEPDG represent a total departure from those procedures currently used. Among significant improvements, MEPDG requires new traffic inputs for estimating the magnitude, configuration and frequency of the loads that are applied throughout the pavement design life. The primary objectives of this study are to develop traffic inputs for initial implementation of MEPDG and a procedure for updating these inputs in the future. Classification and weight data collected at 55 WIM stations in Arkansas were used in this study. Quality control checks were performed to ensure accurate interpretation of the data. Several stations had substantial missing data. For some stations, unexpected changes in vehicle class distribution were found, or the WIM scales were not working properly. A sensitivity analysis performed in this study showed that the effects of “bad” data on the pavement design were significant. Thus, only “good” traffic data were used to develop statewide traffic inputs for MEPDG. Based on another sensitivity analysis performed in this study, statewide vehicle class distribution factors and axle load spectra should be used instead of default values in the MEPDG software. Default or user-defined values for other traffic inputs, except for annual average daily truck traffic, should be used unless specific information is obtained. It is also recommended that the statewide traffic inputs be updated every three years unless no significant changes are observed in the future. KW - Arkansas KW - Data collection KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Quality control KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Traffic loads KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%200402.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01531739 AU - Weymouth, Thomas Sandy AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Characterization Techniques for Beneficial Use of Underutilized Slag Materials PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 285p AB - Wisely using byproduct materials in beneficial use applications such as highway construction is becoming more important in the United States as virgin materials are depleted and landfill capacity declines. Slags are byproducts of the steel and iron industries found in the Midwestern United States. Historically, many of these materials have historically been used in construction applications, but methods for characterizing their environmental risk are limited. This research considers a series of steps used to identify whether a particular slag poses an environmental or human health risk. The first step involves identifying the appropriate use of the material. The second step involves identifying the site-specific parameters such as precipitation rates and expected pH conditions. The third step involves characterizing the material with a set of leaching procedures that test the material under the range of expected site-specific conditions. The majority of this research focused on this characterization step. The final step involves fate and transport modeling of the appropriate leaching data to identify the ultimate constituent concentrations expected at a receptor. Three steelmaking slags, an ironmaking slag, and one submerged arc welding slag were obtained to identify and verify testing methods that could be utilized to characterize these and other similar byproduct materials. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Health hazards KW - Leaching KW - pH value KW - Precipitation (Meteorology) KW - Road construction KW - Slag UR - http://rmrc.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/p10final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1316416 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01386185 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chong, S - AU - Yao, Yanjie TI - Are two coats as effective as three? [testing of bridge coatings] PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 32-8 KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Coating KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Paint KW - Paint KW - Prevention KW - Steel bridge KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/06.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1153946 ER - TY - SER AN - 01386184 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Larsen, D M AU - Ranck, F N AU - McFadden, J TI - Low cost, high return [roadway improvements] PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 18021 KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Kentucky, USA KW - Road improvement KW - Road safety KW - Road safety (engineering and vehicles) KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility distance KW - Visibility distance UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1153945 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01386183 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Opiela, K S AU - Sant, B M AU - Childers, J A TI - Turning young drivers into survivors [safety at work zones] PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 12-7 KW - Adolescent KW - Adolescents KW - Behavior KW - Construction site KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Road safety KW - Road safety (human factors) KW - Young adults KW - Young driver UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1153944 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01386182 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Benedict, K TI - High-tech in the far west [data collection at rest stop inspections] PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 8-11 KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Highway maintenance KW - Iowa, USA KW - Road maintenance KW - Roadside KW - Roadside KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Service area KW - Transport management and Security UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1153943 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01386181 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Redmon, T AU - Zegeer, C TI - In step with safety [protecting pedestrians] PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 2-7 KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Highway safety KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian facilities KW - Pedestrians KW - Planning KW - Planning KW - Road safety KW - Road safety (engineering and vehicles) KW - Traffic safety KW - Usa UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1153942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01352637 AU - Hall, J W AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Achieving Safety Benefits Sooner Rather Than Later - A Before and After Study of US 550/NM 44 PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 33p AB - The traditional approach for reconstructing rural highways in the United States has been to subdivide roads into 5-10 mile segments, and to successively redesign and reconstruct these segments. As a result, a 50-mile highway might require 5 to 10 years to completely rebuild, thus leading the public to conclude that roads are always under construction, with the completion of one project coinciding with the start of the next. More critically, the expected project benefits, including reduced road-user costs, enhanced safety, and economic development are delayed. In a significant departure from this practice, the New Mexico Department of Transportation utilized innovative financing, design, and construction practices to reconstruct a 118-mile section of a two-lane highway to a four-lane highway over a period of three years. The department estimates that it would have taken over 20 years to reconstruct this road using their standard procedures. The prolonged project would have cost more and benefits would have been postponed. This research examines the actual safety benefits resulting from the reconstruction of this extended roadway segment, finding some unexpected results. It also evaluates the safety consequences of the expedited construction process, which minimized the duration of traffic disruption and potential for work zone crashes, while providing the public with a safer road in three, rather than 20, years. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash data KW - Divided highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway safety KW - New Mexico KW - Reconstruction KW - Road construction KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States Highway 550 UR - http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Research/NM04MSC01US_550BeforeAfter2006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1117073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01341107 AU - McCarthy, William L AU - Seaworthy Systems, Incorporated AU - New York State Energy Research and Development Authority AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NYC Private Ferry Fleet Emissions Reduction Technology Study and Demonstration PY - 2006/09 SP - 543p AB - The objectives of this project were to characterize the vessels that comprise the New York City (NYC) harbor private ferry fleet, select technologies with the potential to reduce exhaust constituents, and to demonstrate selected technologies on representative vessels to determine their effectiveness. In order to complete these objectives it was first necessary to characterize the NYC harbor private ferry fleet with regard to vessel type, passenger capacity, installed power, propulsion system, fuel, fuel consumption, operating profile and emissions signature. It was determined that the ferry fleet and its subsequent emissions could effectively be classified according to the scheduled routes and modes of operation. The routes were classified as short, intermediate and long haul with single leg distance being the determining factor. Additionally, three different modes of ferry operation were identified: cruise, push, and maneuvering. KW - Air quality management KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Ferry operations KW - Ferry service KW - Fleet management KW - Fuel consumption KW - New York (New York) KW - Pollutants KW - Vessel traffic control KW - Water traffic KW - Water transportation UR - http://www.nyserda.org/publications/Report06-15FerryVesselReport-web.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1103055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01153612 AU - Jauregui, David V AU - Tian, Yuan AU - Jiang, Ruinian AU - New Mexico State University, Las Cruces AU - New Mexico Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Photogrammetry Applications in Routine Bridge Inspection and Historic Bridge Documentation PY - 2006/09 SP - 35p AB - This study explored the use of digital close-range photogrammetry for routine bridge inspection and historic bridge documentation. The major objective of the research was to evaluate the feasibility of photogrammetry for these two bridge engineering applications. Results of the study indicated that photogrammetry provides sufficient accuracy and is a non-contact, inexpensive, and practical measurement option. The research was divided into two photogrammetry projects. In the first project, photogrammetry techniques were employed in the geometry measurement of a simple-span prestressed concrete bridge. The bridge was measured and evaluated according to routine bridge inspection guidelines. PhotoModeler, a consumer-grade photogrammetry software program, was used to process the images for measurements of vertical clearance, lateral clearance, deck width, and structure length. The comparison between photogrammetric and hand measurements showed minor differences with the percentage error ranging from 0.06% to 1.43%. In the second project, a historic non-composite, steel girder bridge was selected for documentation. Three-dimensional models of the bridge in elevation and of the pier were developed using PhotoModeler. Dimensions obtained from the models were compared with the design drawings which showed that the photogrammetry measurements differed by 0.23% to 8.00%. Two-dimensional, orthographic photographs (ortho-photos) were also developed in PhotoModeler and edited with AutoCAD to provide scaled elevation drawings of the bridge. KW - Bridges KW - Digital photogrammetry KW - Documentation KW - Girder bridges KW - Historic bridges KW - Inspection KW - Orthophotographs KW - Photogrammetry KW - PhotoModeler Pro (Computer program) KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Three dimensional models UR - http://www.nmshtd.state.nm.us/upload/images/Research/NM04STR01PhotogrammetryApplicationsHistoricBridges_2006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/914973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01149201 AU - Nassif, Hani AU - Issa, Layla AU - Najm, Husam AU - Davis, Joe AU - Rutgers University, Piscataway AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Simple Bridge Security Inspection PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 47p AB - Bridges are among the most visible targets for terrorists since their destruction will have an immediate as well as long-term economical and psychological impact on the nation. Enhancing bridge security is key to improving homeland security and it entails several steps including on-site assessment, analysis of different security components, and implementing some mitigation measures that will enhance bridge security. Current guidelines for bridge security assessment are insufficient. Several sessions were initiated by the FHWA, AASHTO, and ASCE to provide Federal and State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) with general guidelines for safety and security assessment of bridges. Literature review of bridge security showed that there is a need to develop methods to identify critical bridges for security hazards and to provide engineering standards and guidelines for bridge security design to reduce their vulnerability to attacks. In particular, there is a need to better understand structural response of key components of a bridge to mitigate collapse, loss of life, and disruption of traffic. A simple bridge security checklist was developed to provide on-site assessment of bridge security. The developed checklist was implemented on a Tablet PC and applied to various bridge case studies to assess their vulnerability and security risk. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Risk assessment KW - Security UR - http://www.nj.gov/transportation/refdata/research/reports/FHWA-NJ-2006-011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/911532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01124970 AU - Prozzi, Jolanda P AU - Victoria, Isabel Cristina AU - Torres, Gerald AU - Walton, C Michael AU - Prozzi, Jorge A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidebook for Identifying, Measuring and Mitigating Environmental Justice Impacts of Toll Roads PY - 2006/09 SP - 58p AB - In 2004 the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) funded the Center for Transportation Research at the University of Texas at Austin to develop a methodology to evaluate the environmental justice (EJ) impacts of toll roads given four scenarios: (a) the construction of new toll road(s), (b) converting existing non-toll roads to toll roads, (c) the tolling of capacity enhancements (e.g., additional main lanes or frontage roads to existing facilities), and (d) the conversion of planned non-toll roads to toll roads upon completion. This guidebook describes an EJ evaluation methodology (EJEM) to identify, measure, and mitigate EJ concerns associated with the four defined toll road scenarios relative to non-toll roads. KW - Environmental justice KW - Evaluation KW - Handbooks KW - Impact mitigation KW - Impacts KW - Low income groups KW - Methodology KW - Minorities KW - Toll roads UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5208_P2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104921 AU - Frosch, Robert J AU - Bice, Jacob B AU - Erickson, Jared B AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Investigation of a Concrete Deck Designed by the AASHTO Empirical Method: The Control of Deck Cracking PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 231p AB - Cracking in concrete bridge decks can result in increased susceptibility to deterioration. As cracks provide direct routes for the ingress of deleterious elements to the reinforcement and superstructure, cracking can lead to reduced service lives for bridge structures. Several factors affect the extent of cracks which develop in bridge decks; however, relatively few are within the control of the designer. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of design parameters on the performance of bridge decks with respect to cracking and to develop simple design tools that are appropriate for both steel and nonmetallic reinforcement. This research was conducted in two phases. The first phase consisted of a field investigation of four bridges which incorporated different design elements to determine the in-service performance of bridge decks. Bridges were instrumented, monitored, and crack mapped. In the second phase of the research, a simple, finite element model was developed and calibrated against data from the field investigation and laboratory studies conducted by others. A parametric study was then conducted using this method to evaluate the effects of a range of design variables on the resistance to crack formation and the width of cracks that subsequently formed. Based on the results of the parametric study, it was determined that the amount and spacing of reinforcement in the deck directly influenced the extent of cracking that developed. It is recommended that the amount of reinforcement provided be sufficient to prevent localized yielding at cracks in the case of steel reinforcement and to prevent fatigue failure when FRP reinforcement is considered. Simple design equations are provided for the amount and spacing of reinforcement for both steel and FRP reinforcement to control cracking in bridge decks KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete bridges KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Failure KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shrinkage KW - Structural deterioration and defects KW - Temperature KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1711&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104350 AU - Celaya, Brandon J AU - Haddock, John E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of Coarse Aggregate Strength for Use in Stone Matrix Asphalt PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 72p AB - Stone Matrix Asphalt is a gap-graded hot-mix asphalt mixture composed of a coarse aggregate skeleton and a binder-rich mortar. The mixture type was first introduced to the United States in 1991, with one of the first test sections placed on I-70 near Richmond, Indiana. To help control the selection of coarse aggregate, the Indiana Department of Transportation specified a maximum Los Angeles Abrasion loss value of 30 percent. An investigation into the coarse aggregate specifications for use in Stone Matrix Asphalt was completed in this study. Emphasis was placed on evaluating various tests that may be useful is specifying coarse aggregates, and to develop a test or set of tests and specifications. Finally, the validity of the current 30 percent Los Angeles Abrasion loss value as requirement for coarse aggregate selection was determined. A survey of state agencies revealed a large variation in the Los Angeles Abrasion values currently specified. Laboratory testing revealed that the Micro-Deval test is a good compliment to the Los Angeles Abrasion test. The Micro-Deval test presents an added benefit as it includes the presence of water. Of the four tests investigated, aggregate degradation during compaction was the most accurate method for predicting coarse aggregate performance of the four tests. A combination of the Los Angeles Abrasion, Micro-Deval, and aggregate degradation tests was even more accurate in predicting coarse aggregate performance. KW - Abrasion KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Degradation failures KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Indiana KW - Los Angeles Abrasion Test KW - Paving materials KW - Stone matrix asphalt UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1748&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104033 AU - Anderson, Keith W AU - Uhlmeyer, Jeffrey S AU - Pierce, Linda M AU - Weston, Jim AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of a Portland Cement Concrete Pavement with Carpet Drag Finish PY - 2006/09//Post Construction and Performance Report SP - 63p AB - This report documents the construction of a section of portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) on I-5 in the vicinity of Federal Way, Washington. The project included the use of a carpet drag finish on the PCCP. Use of the carpet drag finish is a departure from the tined finish that is normally used by the Washington State Department of Transportation. Initial data were collected on pavement wear, ride, and friction resistance to develop a baseline for comparison over time and with other projects that use different finishing techniques such as tining. The project will be monitored for a period of five years to measure the performance of the carpet drag finish with respect to wear, ride, friction resistance, and potentially noise. KW - Carpet drag KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Friction KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Ride quality KW - Tire/pavement noise KW - Wear UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/637.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01099558 AU - Rasdorf, William J AU - Hummer, Joseph E AU - Harris, Elizabeth Allison AU - Immaneni, Venkata Pavan K AU - Yeom, Chunho AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Designing an Efficient Nighttime Sign Inspection Procedure to Ensure Motorist Safety PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 273p AB - The major objective of this study, conducted for the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT), is to provide a road sign replacement simulation that NCDOT can use to optimize the management of signs. To create the simulation, the research team modeled the performance of NCDOT sign inspectors, determined sign retroreflectivity performance with age, and determined external factors that affect sign performance. Research assistants accompanied NCDOT sign crews during nighttime sign inspections. During these inspections, signs needing replacement were identified and noted by the research team. Replacement reasons included low retroreflectivity (either caused by natural decay or vandalism), knockdown, and damage. The following day, the research team measured the retroreflectivity and noted the age of the signs from the previous night’s inspection. Using the field data, the research team evaluated inspector performance and developed retroreflectivity deterioration rates over time, vandalism rates and sign damage rates over time. It was found that a linear curve typically best describes expected sign deterioration, however the R2 values were usually less than 0.5 for the trend lines between age and retroreflectivity. The field study damage rate was found to be about 2.37% of inspected signs per year. A second investigation, based on cost data, enabled the study team to determine an overall annual sign replacement rate of 6.9%. Sign inspectors left very few signs in the field with a retroreflectivity value below 20. Across all five NCDOT Divisions visited as part of the study, 89% of signs were replaced with Type III sheeting, just over 10% short of the NCDOT goal of 100% Type III replacement. The road sign replacement simulation used combinations of these rates generated from the field study to simulate several sign management scenarios. In the simulation, higher costs for sign management generally resulted in a lower number of signs below the standard. However, in the long run for four of the scenarios, increasing the sign management costs by only 10% resulted in a 50% decrease in the number of signs below the standard. Other Departments of Transportation and agencies can also use the simulation if the state or local sign retroreflectivity deterioration, inspection performance, and damage rates are available. KW - Flaw detection KW - Inspection KW - Night visibility KW - North Carolina KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflectivity KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Sign sheeting KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs UR - http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/FinalReport_2005-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/857471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01090255 AU - Rotter, Naomi G AU - McKnight, Claire E AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark TI - Medical Review Case Reporting at MVC PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 61p AB - To deal with a problem of underreporting of high risk and/or unsafe drivers to its Driver Review Bureau, the Motor Vehicle Commission of New Jersey sought to understand the state of practice in other driver licensing agencies with regard to medical review procedures and particularly both internal and external referral processes. This research, through literature review and an in-depth phone interview of heads of driver safety units, medical review units or managerial personnel in seventeen driver licensing agencies in the United States identified a series of procedures that link to high referral rates. Typically, states with high referral rates tend to ask specific questions regarding health at the time of initial application for license and at renewal. They also trained their customer service or counter personnel in observational techniques to identify applicants with potential medical problems that could make them unsafe drivers, mandatory physician reporting of specific medical conditions was another strategy that led to higher referral rates. Interviewees stressed the importance of obtaining accurate information and good relationships with the medical and law enforcement communities. Another area for increasing referrals is better integration of accident reporting information and medical review units. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Best practices KW - Driver licenses KW - Health care KW - High risk drivers KW - Medical records KW - Medical services KW - New Jersey KW - Reports KW - State motor vehicle departments UR - http://www.nj.gov/transportation/refdata/research/reports/FHWA-NJ-2007-013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/850035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01088891 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement Preservation Compendium II PY - 2006/09 SP - 96p AB - Since the release of the original Pavement Preservation Compendium in September 2003, there have been great initiatives taken by the State departments of transportation, industry, and the Federal Highway Administration to advance the message of pavement preservation as one of several effective asset management tools. Even though the philosophy of pavement preservation has shown wide acceptance, there are still many challenges to be overcome before pavement preservation becomes standard practice. The concept of pavement preservation is at the crossroads. The articles and references presented in this compendium are a continuation of the activities to date. This compendium and other technology sharing materials serve as valuable resources for providing insight into advancements in the pavement preservation program technology and techniques. The articles cover partnerships, economics, pavement management systems, and pavement preservation in various states. KW - Asset management KW - Economic impacts KW - Partnerships KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Preservation KW - States KW - Technology UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30800/30894/FHWA-IF-06-049.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/849404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01055767 AU - Kuhn, Jeffrey A AU - Zornberg, Jorge G AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Suction and Effect of Cracking in Highly Plastic Clay PY - 2006/09//Technical Report SP - 176p AB - A study was conducted to determine field suction values as well as the effect of cracking on the hydraulic properties of compacted highly plastic clays. This investigation consisted of an experimental program involving a series of instrumented soil column tests on highly plastic clay prepared under controlled compaction conditions and subjected to evaporation, infiltration, and a second evaporation stage. During both evaporation and infiltration stages, water content and suction profiles were measured. Analysis was conducted using the results of the experimental program to determine the effect of cracking on the hydraulic properties of the soil. This analysis indicates that cracking has a significant effect on the soil-water retention curve and the hydraulic conductivity of the compacted highly plastic clay under unsaturated conditions. The results of this analysis allow determination of field suction values and depth of moisture fluctuation. This study is complimented with slope stability analyses, evaluation of the recurrence rate of failures, and an overview of site visits conducted in this study. KW - Clay KW - Compacted clays KW - Cracking KW - Field studies KW - Hydraulic properties KW - Plasticity index KW - Slope failure KW - Slope stability KW - Soil column tests KW - Soil suction KW - Soil water KW - Water retention curve UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5202_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01055129 AU - Hassiotis, Sophia AU - Khodair, Yaser AU - Roman, Eugenia AU - Dehne, Yousef AU - Stevens Institute of Technology AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Integral Abutments PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 196p AB - An integral bridge is a single or multiple-span structure that is cast monolithically to its abutments. Stub abutments supported on a single row of vertical piles create a flexible connection that can accommodate the longitudinal displacements of the superstructure. The primary purpose of using integral abutments is the elimination of deck-movement joints and bearings that have been found expensive to maintain. This research project is centered on the evaluation of integral abutments as a design alternative to the use of bearings in medium-length highway bridges. It includes: 1) an extensive literature search; 2) the instrumentation of Scotch Road Bridge in Trenton, N.J. to obtain strain data on the piles, displacement and rotation data on the abutment, soil-pressure data on the abutments and the MSE wall, and strain data on deck connection; and 3) a finite element model of the system. The end result is the recommended design procedure for integral abutments of highway bridges. Integral abutments have been found to be a safe alternative design. A step-by-step design procedure for piles to withstand the horizontal thermal loading is included. KW - Design methods KW - Displacement (Structural) KW - Earth pressure KW - Field studies KW - Finite element method KW - Highway bridges KW - Horizontal loads KW - Instrumentation KW - Integral abutments KW - Jointless bridges KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical models KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Rotation KW - Strain (Mechanics) UR - http://www.nj.gov/transportation/refdata/research/reports/FHWA-NJ-2005-025.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01046437 AU - Thiem, Leon T AU - DeRotto, Michael J AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Performance of Hydrodynamic Separator Units PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 90p AB - A sampling plan was developed to analyze the effectiveness of stormwater treatment units in treating typical roadway runoff. This plan was used to investigate the overall performance of two hydrodynamic separators (manufactured by Stormwater 360®) in Rhode Island. The units were installed at two sites. SITE 1 is located on Charles Street in North Providence and SITE 2 is located on Garfield Avenue in Cranston. Their effectiveness in treating roadway runoff was measured through automatic and manual grab sampling. Eleven storms, which include one winter and ten non-winter, were sampled. Stormwater samples were analyzed for Total Suspended Solids (TSS), total cadmium, total copper, total iron, total lead, total zinc and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH). Several problems with the automatic samplers were noticed during several storms. In some cases, effluent samples were collected before influent samples and a mass balance between inflow and outflow could not always be achieved. Only a limited number of storms and samples were analyzed. In addition, instrumentation errors occurred during several storm events. As a result, no conclusions could be reached on the overall efficiency of the Vortechs® system at both sites. KW - Cadmium KW - Copper KW - Cranston (Rhode Island) KW - Effluents KW - Field performance KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Hydrodynamic separators KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Instrumentation errors KW - Iron KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Providence (Rhode Island) KW - Rhode Island KW - Runoff KW - Storms KW - Stormwater treatment units KW - Total suspended solids KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/805658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044296 AU - Griffin, Kathleen A AU - Pletscher, Daniel H AU - University of Montana, Missoula AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Potential Effects of Highway Mortality and Habitat Fragmentation on a Population of Painted Turtles in Montana PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 76p AB - Highways and other road systems can present problems to wildlife populations though direct mortality and indirectly by reducing landscape connectivity by creating significant barriers to movement. These impacts can lead to fragmented populations, alteration of animal behavior, lowered population sizes and, thus, lowered population viability for some species. This research examined the potential effects of human-caused fragmentation on a population of western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii) in northwestern Montana. Two studies were conducted: 1) a Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) study to examine survival and movement rates and 2) road mortality surveys to examine the number of road kills and the potential affect on the population. Together these studies help to determine the overall affect of the highway on the population and on the landscape level connectivity of the population. In a 6.4-km (4-mile) stretch of Highway 93 in the Ninepipe/Ronan area, a total of 1,040 turtles were killed from 2002 to 2004. Three priority areas were identified where road mortality levels were very high; the 2 kettle ponds split by the highway and the area near the scenic turnout at Beaverhead Lane. Typically, overwinter survival rates were very high (0.8 - 0.9) and summer survival rates were lower (0.8 – 0.4) when turtles were more likely to be moving and encountering the highway. Annual apparent survival rates were between 0.85 and 0.13 and would not be sustainable in a closed population. These survival rates are confounded with permanent emigration. During the drought, turtles moved off the study site to refugia habitats indicating a larger regional population (i.e., not a closed population), thus, maintaining connectivity across the landscape is essential in order to sustain viable populations in the future. A review of available fencing methods used in herpetofauna-highway interaction projects is provided in Appendix A. An experiment to examine the effectiveness of flashing material as a barricade on low fencing was conducted (Appendix B). Turtles were able to climb fencing material that did not have a flashing barrier. Therefore, incorporating fencing as a barricade or to direct turtles to crossing structures needs to take into account the climbing ability of the turtles. Ultimately, the information in this report can be used to guide design and placement of wildlife crossing structures during the Highway 93 reconstruction project. KW - Barricades KW - Fences KW - Fragmentation KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highways KW - Landscape design KW - Montana KW - Mortality KW - Road kill KW - Survival KW - Turtles KW - Wildlife KW - Wildlife crossings UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/turtle/final_report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45813/final_report34.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/804742 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041358 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Larsen, Dean M AU - Ranck, Fred N AU - McFadden, John TI - Low Cost, High Return PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - pp 18-21 AB - Improving roadway safety is one of the Federal Highway Administration's most vital goals, and meeting it requires not only focusing on interstates and National Highway System highways but also addressing safety concerns on local roads in communities across the country. Reducing the number of highway fatalities and implementing safety improvements are ongoing challenges for local agencies dealing with modest budgets that limit personnel, equipment, and other resources for constructing and maintaining roadway modifications. To improve safety, local agencies need access to best practices that are within their budgets and tailored to their needs. This article describes efforts in Kentucky to improve safety on rural roads under the State's Safety Circuit Rider (SCR) pilot program. The Kentucky SCR program is a mobile outreach campaign providing face-to-face workshops on transportation-related safety for local government staff. The SCR focuses on 3 areas: 1) reducing run-off-the-road collisions with fixed objects; 2) intersection collisions; and 3) collisions involving pedestrians. The counties involved with SCR in Kentucky have seen marked improvement in safety and fewer injuries/fatalities. KW - Best practices KW - Crash causes KW - High risk locations KW - Intersections KW - Kentucky KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Safety Circuit Rider (Kentucky) KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/796120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041351 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chong, Shuang-Ling AU - Yao, Yuan TI - Are Two Coats as Effective as Three? PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - pp 32-38 AB - Until the late 1970s, virtually all steel bridges in the United States were protected from corrosion by paint systems that consisted of 3 to 5 thin coats of alkyd paint containing toxic lead and chromate. Because the majority of the steel bridges in the interstate system were built between 1950 and 1980, many outlasted their useful service lives. Often, harsh environments and exposure to roadway deicing chemicals (salts) intensify the effects of the natural aging process. Nearly 20 years ago, research led to the current standard, which is a 3-coat system of zinc-rich primer/epoxy/polyurethane paint. Many states use the 3-coat paint system as the preferred method of protection. A new class of coating systems consisting of a zinc-rich primer topcoated with fast-dry, high-build polyaspartics, polyurethane, or polysiloxane promises anti-corrosive results comparable in some situations with the 3-coat systems. These 2-coat systems eliminate the intermediate epoxy layer, so that painting a steel overpass can be completed overnight. When application specifications are followed, 2-coat systems can reduce labor as well, increasing worker productivity and decreasing the overall cost of coating applications. This article discusses how, in order to assess the performance of these new 2-coat systems, the Federal Highway Administration recently conducted a series of lab and outdoor tests that compared the performance of 11 rapid deployment, 2-coat paint systems with that of traditional 3-coat systems. KW - Anticorrosion coatings KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Coatings, fillers and paints KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosive materials KW - Maintenance practices KW - Metal bridges KW - Protective coatings KW - Structural deterioration and defects KW - Zinc rich paint UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/06.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/796123 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041346 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Benedict, Keven TI - High-Tech in the Far West PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - pp 8-11 AB - Recent sales figures indicate that 14.9 million personal digital assistants (PDAs) were shipped in 2005 worldwide. Some businesses are now discarding traditional paper forms and filing practices for more efficient mobile tools and disk storage methods. The result could be long-term savings in overhead costs and resources, improved accuracy in data collection and reporting, and expedited work performance. State governments are also taking advantage of the potential of PDA devices. In March 2005, the Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) launched a PDA pilot program aimed at helping the agency achieve enterprise application integration. As part of a long-term effort to improve business practices, ITD managers have decided to introduce PDAs and specialized software to field inspectors in a pilot program that would help achieve the agency's goal of implementing programs that use the latest technological innovations. This article describes the pilot program, aimed at providing mobile hardware and software to ITD's Maintenance Section to facilitate the collection and distribution of data on the maintenance of rest areas across the State's 6 regional districts. KW - Business practices KW - Data collection KW - Highway maintenance KW - Idaho KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Personal communication devices KW - Personal digital assistants KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/796079 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041320 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Opiela, Kenneth S AU - Sant, Bradley M AU - Childers, James A TI - Turning Young Drivers into Survivors PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - pp 12-17 AB - In 2004, work zone crashes caused more than 1,000 deaths and nearly 50,000 injuries. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) estimates that highway construction will increase to meet new capacity demands and deal with deteriorating highway infrastructure. The number of teenage drivers is also increasing, both in absolute numbers and as a proportion of the driving population. At the same time, motor vehicle crashes kill more teenagers than any other cause, with 32% of fatalities among 15-20 year olds being due to traffic crashes. In 1999, the U.S. Congress requested that the U.S. Department of Transportation create a work zone safety awareness and training campaign targeting young drivers. The result was an FHWA partnership with the American Road and Transportation Builders Association to develop and launch a safety campaign entitled Turning Point: Roadway Work Zone Safety for New Drivers. This article describes the new safety initiative, which uses an interactive CD-ROM training tool, a safety video, a Web site, and collateral products to help teenage drivers focus on obtaining the knowledge and skills they need to safely navigate the Nation's growing number of work zones. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - High risk locations KW - Safety campaigns KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/796081 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041308 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Berman, Daniel J TI - Recycling from Rhodes to Reefs PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - pp 22-31 AB - In the early 1980s, the Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) approved replacement of the Old Jamestown Bridge, built in 1940, which had weathered the storms of Narragansett Bay for 66 years while carrying Route 138 over the west passage of the Bay to link Jamestown and North Kingstown. Although construction of the new Jamestown-Verrazzano Bridge was completed in 1992, the Old Jamestown Bridge was not removed until 14 years later. During the intervening years, removal of the old bridge remained a condition of the permit granted by the U.S. Coast Guard for construction of the new structure. In 2003, the Coast Guard ordered RIDOT to remove the old bridge due to safety concerns. Because removal of the old span remained a commitment under the environmental impact statement for the new bridge, RIDOT was legally obligated to proceed. This article describes how, in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act, RIDOT dealt with the environmental impacts of removing the old span and how it identified and evaluated alternatives for the ultimate disposition of the old bridge materials. Ultimately, the debris from the old bridge will be reused to create fish habitats. KW - Demolition KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Highway bridges KW - Historic bridges KW - Old Jamestown Bridge (Rhode Island) KW - Rhode Island KW - Service life KW - State departments of transportation KW - Waste disposal UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/05.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/796122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041293 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Redmon, Tamara AU - Zegeer, Charles V TI - In Step With Safety PY - 2006/09 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - pp 2-7 AB - Pedestrian deaths, which account for 11% of all roadway deaths nationwide, are a growing concern in the United States. In fact, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has made reducing pedestrian fatalities a critical focus area within the Nation's overal safety goals. As part of a new FHWA goal to reduce pedestrian fatalities by 10% by the year 2008, an effort was made to identify cities with high fatality rates. FHWA analyzed national highway safety data to determine where concerted efforts could address 1 or more of the agency's 3 safety emphasis areas: roadway departures, intersections, and pedestrians. Focus cities and states, with higher pedestrian fatality rates than the national averages, were identified. Along with other efforts, FHWA partnered with the Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC), a nonprofit program of the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, to address the need for developing pedestrian safety plans by creating a guide for state and local governments on how to develop and implement action plans. This article provides an overview of the final guide developed, entitled How to Develop a Pedestrian Safety Action Plan (FHWA-SA-05-12), completed in 2006. The guide, coupled with newly available technical assistance and training, provides the tools to help states, cities, and local governments address the challenge of ensuring the safety of pedestrians in the roadway environment. FHWA and PBIC created the guide for use by engineers, planners, traffic safety and enforcement professionals, public health and injury prevention professionals, and decisionmakers responsible for improving pedestrian safety at the state and local jurisdiction levels. KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Guides to information KW - Injury causes KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/796076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01039109 AU - Freyssinier, Jean Paul AU - Bullough, John D AU - Rea, Mark S AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Documentation of Semi-Permanent High-Mast Lighting for Construction PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 75p AB - This report documents the first-time use by New York State of semi-permanent, high-mast pole-mounted fixtures used to illuminate nighttime road work construction and maintenance. This illumination approach was used along a three-mile stretch of Interstate 90 in Albany, NY, as an alternative to the more common portable light towers. The Lighting Research Center documented the high-mast lighting system and its performance in terms of construction work quality, safety, visibility (for workers and drivers), and economics; conducted photometric measurements on site; and developed recommendations for further refinement and optimization of the approach. The high-mast lighting system was found to have performed well and as intended. The installation provided a level of illumination sufficient for performing the maintenance and construction activities at the site, with few shadows and relatively low glare. The high-mast lighting system probably provided a higher level of safety than the portable light towers for several reasons, including better illumination and uniformity on the task for both workers and motorists; reduced risk of injury due to the elimination of daily lighting equipment setup and removal; and reduced exposure to fumes and noise from generators. Despite the higher total cost of the high-mast lighting system, the economic and societal benefits may be considerable. This lighting approach probably allowed the I-90 construction project to be shortened, leading to a significant reduction of traffic delays for motorists. KW - Albany (New York) KW - Costs KW - Drivers KW - Economic benefits KW - Economics KW - Fumes KW - High mast lighting KW - Highway maintenance KW - Lighting KW - Measurement KW - Night KW - Noise KW - Performance KW - Photometry KW - Portable equipment KW - Quality of work KW - Recommendations KW - Road construction KW - Road construction workers KW - Semi-permanent KW - Social benefits KW - Traffic delays KW - Visibility KW - Work zone safety UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/portal/page/portal/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/spr_c-05-06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01038321 AU - Lambert, James H AU - Linthicum, Alexander S AU - Wadie, Shadi M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comparison of Virginia's Multimodal Transportation Corridors Using Cost and Demographic Analyses PY - 2006/09//Final Contract Report SP - 67p AB - This effort was performed in support of VTrans2025, Virginia’s long-range multimodal transportation plan, and the VTrans2025 Multimodal Advisory Committee. The effort develops a preliminary approach to evaluating multimodal and highway-only corridor plans and policies when the projects comprising the plans and policies are not yet clearly defined. The effort compares Virginia’s eleven multimodal transportation corridors using two sources of data: (1) cost, and (2) demographic. With the cost analysis, the report seeks to compare the corridors using capital cost estimates from four readily available sources of data: multimodal agency plans, a highway needs assessment, a statewide highway plan, and MPO/PDC long-range transportation plans. The cost analysis highlights the challenges of preparing and comparing cost estimations, including the nonuniformity of assumptions about constituent projects and overlapping or noncontiguous jurisdictions. The results of the cost analyses suggest needs for the consideration of operations and maintenance costs in comparing corridors, and a consideration of whether the benefits of particular multimodal initiatives in corridors might be equivalent to those of particular highway-only initiatives. With the demographic analysis, population density studies within each of the corridors suggest several corridors have densities that might readily support non-automobile modes. The results of the demographic analyses suggest extending the approach to study accessibility metrics by mode and addressing which spatial scales—local, regional, and statewide—are appropriate for various questions of investment policy. The recommendations identify opportunities for improving coordination among government and stakeholder organizations that are engaged in cost and benefits analyses for long-range multimodal transportation planning. Cost-benefit analysis of major transportation projects is required by the recent Transportation Act of the Commonwealth of Virginia. KW - Accessibility KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Demographics KW - Highway planning KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Policy KW - Stakeholders KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/07-cr3.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37350/07-cr3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/794890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01038306 AU - Shankar, Venky AU - Shyu, Ming-Bang AU - Sittikariya, Sittipan AU - Sikder, Saiyid AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Evaluation Testbeds — An Assessment of Safety Project Prioritization in the WSDOT 12 Program PY - 2006/09//Research Report SP - 112p AB - This study examines the feasibility of Bayesian and data envelopment techniques for robust identification of safety priorities in the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) improvement program. Findings indicate that the methods employed in this study have potential for reliable predictions and identification of safety needs. A case study dataset of high accident locations was used to make this assessment. KW - Bayesian analysis KW - Case studies KW - Crash locations KW - Data analysis KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/654.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/794982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01038303 AU - Dailey, Daniel J AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Use of Weather Data to Predict Non-Recurring Traffic Congestion PY - 2006/09//Technical Report SP - 26p AB - This project demonstrates the quantitative relationship between weather patterns and surface traffic conditions. The aviation and maritime industries use weather measurements and predictions as a normal part of operations, and this can be extended to surface transportation. Data from two data mines on the University of Washington campus were combined to evaluate the quantitative relationship between freeway speed reduction and rain fall rate as measured by Doppler radar. The University of Washington’s Atmospheric Science department maintains an archive of Nexrad radar data, and the Electrical Engineering department maintains a data mine of 20-second averaged inductance loop data. The radar data were converted into rainfall rate, and the speed data from the inductance loop speed traps were converted into a deviation from normal performance measure. The deviation from normal and the rainfall rate were used to construct an impulse response function that can be applied to radar measurements to predict traffic speed reduction. This research has the potential to accomplish (1) prediction of non-recurring traffic congestion and (2) prediction of conditions under which incidents or accidents can have a significant impact on the freeway system. This linkage of weather to traffic may be one of the only non-recurring congestion phenomena that can be accurately predicted. This project created algorithms and implementations to correlate weather with traffic congestion. Furthermore, it may provide a means for traffic management to determine where and when to proactively place resources to clear incidents. KW - Doppler radar KW - Forecasting KW - Highway traffic control KW - Nonrecurrent congestion KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic speed KW - Weather forecasting KW - Weather radar UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/655.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/794935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01038292 AU - Lambert, James H AU - Joshi, Nilesh N AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Benefits Estimates of Highway Capital Improvements with Uncertain Parameters PY - 2006/09//Final Contract Report SP - 33p AB - This report warrants consideration in the development of goals, performance measures, and standard cost-benefit methodology required of transportation agencies by the Virginia 2006 Appropriations Act. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has begun to implement a quantitative methodology as an aid to prioritizing highway construction projects in four categories: interstate, primary, urban, and rural. The methodology adopts fifteen quantitative metrics including level of service (LOS), volume-to-capacity ratio, traffic flow, intermodal access, crash rate, emergency route access, heavy truck usage, unemployment rate, environmental issues, right-of-way use, use of alternative transportation modes, bridge sufficiency rating, and cost-effectiveness. The results of the methodology are used by executive review teams to negotiate, interpret, and support decisions regarding the selection of construction projects for funding in a $1.8 billion construction program. This report describes an effort to extend the current prioritization methodology via modeling and uncertainty analysis of the risk reductions, benefits, and costs that are expected of candidate construction projects. The report (1) develops monetized estimates of benefits in several categories including crashes avoided, travel time saved, fuel uses avoided, and emissions avoided; (2) compares the estimates of benefits to the estimates of project costs, representing the uncertainty of the results as numerical intervals; and (3) compares the results to the results of the prioritization methodology that is currently in use. The major contribution of the report is the assembly of existing and new methods of benefits assessment via an interval analysis of uncertainty that enables a prioritization to proceed with sparse data on a large number of potential projects. With the interval analysis of uncertainty, a decision maker is provided with a sound basis to recommend that more data are needed or that existing available data are sufficient to distinguish among the potential projects. The developed methodology is demonstrated with project data from VDOT’s Northern Virginia District using a database of performance criteria of 53 candidate projects ranging in cost from $2 million to $130 million. A prototype of a prioritization software was developed along with the report for the support of future analyses. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Capital improvements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Financing KW - Level of service KW - Pollutants KW - Road construction KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel time KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/07-cr4.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37349/07-cr4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/794882 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01036919 AU - Tighe, Susan Louise AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - Paper 5: Assignments with Purpose: Using LTPP for Educating Tomorrow's Engineer PY - 2006/09 SP - pp 111-141 AB - The overall scope of this paper involves a university perspective on how the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program can be used to educate and train skilled engineers in the pavement sector. Building on a presentation at the 2003 Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, this paper first presents a context for using the LTPP data. In formulating and addressing the use of the data, the following main points are discussed: education and training using LTPP, development of assignments with purpose, discussion of using LTPP to develop pavement research themes, and conclusions. The paper is directed primarily at academics. However, it does have relevance to the public and private sectors, as it directs assignments that will result in highly qualified people and potential leaders in the field of pavement engineering. It also recognizes the competing demands that face academics, so the assignments are intended to be straightforward and are designed for academics with limited preparation time. Overall there is a need to produce intelligent engineers with good problem-solving skills. Thus, the primary focus is to encourage independence and creativity through inquiry-based learning. In summary, the basic premise of this paper is that good design, construction, and maintenance of long-life pavements can be realized most effectively in education and training through inquiry-based learning with LTPP. KW - Education and training KW - Engineers KW - Inquiry based learning KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/ltpp/pubs/06109/06109.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793741 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01036918 AU - Smith, James Trevor AU - Tighe, Susan Louise AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - Paper 4: Assessment of Overlay Roughness in the LTPP--A Canadian Case Study PY - 2006/09 SP - pp 91-110 AB - This paper studies asphalt pavement overlay performance in the Canadian environment. It investigates the impact of asphalt overlay thickness, climatic zone, and subgrade type on the progression of roughness as described by the International Roughness Index (IRI). Data from the Canadian Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program test sites were analyzed. Through the investigation, pavement factors that significantly impact overlay performance in the Canadian environment can be identified. Data collected over the first 13 years of study were used to show national and provincial roughness trends from 53 test sites. The IRI data were statistically summarized (mean, standard deviation) for each category by the age of the overlay section. Using the summarized data, regression analysis was used to determine an equation that best describes the progression of roughness. Two-factor analysis of variance was used to determine any significant differences within specific categories. The results of the regression analysis were compared to the Canadian Strategic Highway Research Program (C-SHRP) LTPP data to confirm the validity of the roughness progression equations. Results show that overlay thickness and climatic zones significantly impact roughness, while subgrade type has little influence on the IRI values. The roughness progression equations achieved squared correlation coefficients (R²) between 0.93 and 0.39, demonstrating the accuracy of the model equations. KW - Accuracy KW - Analysis of variance KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Canada KW - Canadian Long Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Canadian Strategic Highway Research Program (C-SHRP) KW - Case studies KW - Climatic regions KW - Data analysis KW - Equations KW - International Roughness Index KW - Pavement performance KW - Regression analysis KW - Roughness KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Validation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/06109/06109.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793738 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01036917 AU - McDonald, Mark P AU - Crowley, Larry G AU - Turochy, Rod E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - Paper 3: Investigation of Seasonal Variation in Pavement Friction Using the DataPave 3.0 Database PY - 2006/09 SP - pp 61-89 AB - The nature of seasonal variations in highway skid resistance is investigated through use of the DataPave 3.0 friction data. The investigation is approached using the first principle of the conservation of energy. Two common theories explaining seasonal variation in skid resistance are considered, one stating that the seasonal variations in skid resistance occur as snowfall removal operations increase microtexture, which is then worn away throughout the summer. The other states that seasonal variations are caused by seasonal differences in pavement temperature. This research also demonstrates a methodology that can be adapted to analyze general multivariate statistical systems and specifically the DataPave pavement structural data. The study uses visually oriented observational study techniques to assess the validity of the hypothesized factor structure in the data and to express it visually. After the visual analysis, structural equations modeling is used to express the structure numerically. The results indicate that snowfall did not organize the data; however, temperature did begin to organize the data. This suggests a temperature effect on skid resistance and indicates that seasonal variations in pavement friction depend on factors not related to surface texture. Using the developed model, monthly adjustments for skid numbers were calculated and compared with those used by the Virginia Department of Transportation. This comparison showed significant agreement between the developed model and in-place practices. KW - DataPave (Computer program) KW - Friction KW - Microtexture KW - Pavements KW - Seasonal variations KW - Skid resistance KW - Structural equation modeling KW - Temperature KW - Theory KW - Validation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/06109/06109.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793734 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01036916 AU - Ganesan, Venkatesa Prasanna Kumar AU - Stoffels, Shelley M AU - Arellano, Janice AU - Morian, Dennis A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - Paper 2: Use of LTPP Data to Verify the Acceptance Limits Developed for PennDOT Pavement Distress Data PY - 2006/09 SP - pp 31-59 AB - State transportation agencies use various methods of pavement data collection. The major methods are manual, film-based, semiautomated, and automated collection. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program has used both the manual method and the Pavement Distress Analysis System (PADIAS) film-based survey for its pavement data collection. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) replaced its former manual method with a semiautomated method. The project team at the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute developed a quality assurance plan for PennDOT for pavement data collection and rating. Initial acceptance limits were developed by the project team with the assistance of PennDOT. The manual distress data are compared with the PADIAS 4.2 distress data. This paper also summarizes the PennDOT quality assurance plan. The sources of variability affecting surface distress are also discussed. In this paper, the LTPP distress data are used to verify the PennDOT acceptance limits. The findings indicate that the proposed limits may require modification. Two types of modifications are attempted with the LTPP data, providing input to PennDOT's future decisions. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Data collection KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation KW - Percent within limits KW - Quality assurance UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/06109/06109.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793728 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01036915 AU - Oliveira de Souza, Ricardo AU - Neto, Silvrano Dantas AU - Muniz de Farias, Marcio AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - Paper 1: Statistical Analysis Between Roughness Indices and Roughness Prediction Model Using Neural Networks PY - 2006/09 SP - pp 1-29 AB - This paper presents an analysis between the International Roughness Index (IRI) and the standard deviation of longitudinal roughness, as well as a neural network study developed to predict the critical level of roughness. Measured longitudinal profiles available in the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program database were used. A total of 207 pavement sections in 42 States of the United States were used to do this analysis. Using a suitable software, the IRI and the standard deviation of longitudinal roughness values were computed for every longitudinal pavement profile measured. Afterwards, there values were used in regression analysis and a high correlation was found between them (R² = 0.93). Neural network analysis correlated the IRI-computed values with the type of subgrade soil, pavement structure (layer thickness), climate, and traffic data of 157 pavement sections. The neural network could forecast the IRI with an extremely high correlation factor (R² = 0.99). Besides, the neural network provided a sensitivity analysis indicating the relative contribution of factors related to the structural number (49%), climate (31%), and traffic (20%). Multivariate linear and nonlinear statistic regressions were also performed to predict IRI, but no correlation was found. KW - Climate KW - Correlation analysis KW - International Roughness Index KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Longitudinal profile (Pavement roughness) KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Neural networks KW - Pavement structure KW - Regression analysis KW - Roughness KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Standard deviation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Structural number (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Traffic data UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/06109/06109.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036914 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - Improving Pavements With Long-Term Pavement Performance: Products for Today and Tomorrow. Papers from the 2003-2004 International Contest on Long-Term Pavement Performance Data Analysis PY - 2006/09 SP - 160p AB - This report is a compilation of award-winning technical papers from the Third Annual International Contest on Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Data Analysis 2003-2004. KW - Data analysis KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/06109/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/06109/06109.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036750 AU - Baker Engineering & Energy AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Various Types of Bridge Deck Joints PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 111p AB - Each year numerous bridge deck joints must be replaced and/or repaired in the Arizona State Highway System Inventory. Certain types of bridge deck joints have failed prematurely or required extensive repairs within a very short time after installation. This is due in part, but not limited to, poor design, poor quality materials, improper engineering, faulty installation, and poor concrete quality. This has become a great concern in maintaining the state highway system, not to mention the enormous cost of replacing and/or repairing bridge deck joints. This also causes great inconvenience to the motoring public due to traffic control and closures required on an already congested highway system. Although considerable research has been conducted in this area, most of the work deals with bridges built in other climates. The desert Southwest imposes some unique performance requirements. The area is arid, experiences large daily temperature changes, and high ultraviolet exposure. The northern portion of the state is also subjected to cold temperatures, and ice and snow control (salt and cinders) measures. The performance of bridge deck joint seals in Arizona has been evaluated and joint seal designs developed for the unique Arizona conditions. The initial research has discovered that the primary cause for bridge deck problems is in the various initial installation steps. The research is developing tools for construction and inspection to assure the deck joints are properly installed. KW - Arid land KW - Arizona KW - Bridge decks KW - Deserts KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Joint sealers KW - Joint sealing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Performance UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ510.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/792988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036681 AU - Eisele, William L AU - Wilner, Hannah T AU - Bolin, Michael J AU - Stockton, William R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidebook for HOV to HOT Lane Adaptation: HOT START Software User's Guide PY - 2006/09 SP - 82p AB - This guidebook describes the High-Occupancy/Toll STrategic Analysis Rating Tool (HOT START) program that was developed for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to provide a tool to aid in analyzing key issues related to converting a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane to a high-occupancy/toll (HOT) lane. The tool includes three broad categories of factors to consider, including facility considerations, performance considerations, and institutional considerations. The HOT START program was developed in Visual Basic.NET®, and it is designed to be easily tailored to local needs. This guidebook walks the user through an example including key screen shots to guide the user. Three appendices provide additional detail of the analysis tool including factor definitions, scoring the factors, and factor interaction effects. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Handbooks KW - High occupancy toll lanes KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway facilities KW - Screen shots KW - Software KW - Texas KW - Visual Basic UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4898-P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036678 AU - Thompson, Gary AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of the Bailey Method for the Design and Analysis of Dense-Graded HMAC Using Oregon Aggregates PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 44p AB - Historically Oregon has specified gradations for dense-graded hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) using a combination of broadband limits and recommended “ideal” gradations. The recent adoption of SuperPave™ and Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) technology has created new criteria for selecting gradations. This study evaluated a method of gradation design and analysis called the Bailey Method. The method uses specific ratios developed for aggregates in Illinois. The research involved using the Bailey Method to design and evaluate Oregon specific aggregate blends. Specimens were compacted and tested using the gradations developed under the Bailey Method. Finally, rut testing was performed on those mixture specimens. The study recommended that a modified Bailey Method analysis should be used as an additional tool to develop and select trial blends for the design of dense-graded mixes. The study noted that the Bailey Method design process led to extremely fine mixes not common in Oregon. Additional sieves were recommended to be included to allow for the development of additional ratios. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Bailey method KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Illinois KW - Mix design KW - Oregon KW - Rutting KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Superpave UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/InvestBaileyMethod.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/40000/40500/40536/InvestBaileyMethod.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036613 AU - Hallmark, Shauna L AU - Veneziano, David AU - McDonald, Tom AU - Graham, Jerry AU - Bauer, Karin M AU - Patel, Rushi AU - Council, Forrest M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - Safety Impacts of Pavement Edge Drop-offs PY - 2006/09 SP - 144p AB - The research described in this report focuses on the magnitude and severity of collisions caused by pavement edge drop-off -- a type of run-off-road collision, evaluates federal and state guidance regarding when edge drop-offs should be addressed, and provides measures for the quantity and depth of edge drop-offs on representative rural two-lane roadways in the United States. This information is necessary and required for states and counties to determine economic benefits from addressing pavement edge drop-offs, to understand the importance of this aspect of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan, and to subsequently focus the limited maintenance resources necessary to mitigate this roadway problem. KW - AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Depth KW - Dropoffs (Pavements) KW - Economic benefits KW - Edge drop-offs KW - Highway factors in crashes KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Improvements KW - Measurement KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Rural highways KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways KW - United States UR - http://www.aaafoundation.org/pdf/PEDO_report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56000/56069/PEDO_REPORT.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036483 AU - Council, Forrest M AU - Harkey, David L AU - BMI-SG AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Safety Information Systems International Scan: Strategy Implementation White Paper PY - 2006/09//White Paper SP - 64p AB - Safety data provide the key to making sound decisions on the design and operation of roadways, but deficiencies in many States' safety databases do not allow for good decision making. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) sponsored a scanning study of how agencies in the Netherlands, Germany and Australia develop and use traffic safety information systems. That scan produced a report that included recommendations for advancing safety themes in the areas of strategy, efficiency, and utility. This current report is the result of a follow-on effort to build on the scan team's final report and draft implementation plan by reviewing in detail the strategies suggested, providing action-related details to some of the critical strategies, and adding new strategies to help reach the team's goals. Although strategies related to both crash data and other safety data such as roadway inventory and traffic volumes are included in this paper, more emphasis is placed on the latter because more effort has traditionally been spent on improving crash data. The five critical strategies detailed here include: (1) increase support for both safety programs and safety information systems from top-level administrators in State and local transportation agencies; (2) improve safety data by defining good inventory data and institutionalizing continual improvement toward established performance measures; (3) improve safety data by making it easier to collect, store, and use; (4) improve safety data by increasing the use of critical safety analysis tools, which themselves require good data; and (5) improve and protect safety data by storage and linkage with critical nonsafety data. Discussion and action items are presented for each strategy, along with recommendations concerning which government agency potentially could be responsible for implementing the recommendation and a priority ranking of the proposed recommendations based on input from a review panel. KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Data linkages KW - Data storage KW - Databases KW - Implementation KW - Information systems KW - Inventory KW - Recommendations KW - Safety data KW - Strategic planning KW - Study tours KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/06099/index.cfm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38000/38023/FHWA-HRT-06-099.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01035655 AU - Finley, Melisa D AU - Trout, Nada D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Facilitation of the Implementation of Mobile and Short Duration Maintenance Operations Guidelines PY - 2006/09//Implementation Report SP - 12p AB - Recently, as part of Project 0-4174, Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) researchers developed maintenance traffic control plans (TCPs) for select mobile and short duration operations, as well as guidelines for choosing whether protection vehicles (i.e., trail and shadow vehicles) are needed based on roadway type, roadway volume, and posted speed limit. The objective of this implementation project was to facilitate the adoption of these procedures by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) districts as a means of increasing the safety of mobile and short duration maintenance operations. To do this, researchers gathered input concerning these procedures from TxDOT personnel in five TxDOT districts. Based on the input received, researchers made revisions to the draft mobile and short duration maintenance TCPs and protection vehicle guidelines. In addition, researchers created and revised color-coded maps for each district that visually depict the protection vehicle guidelines. KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Mobile operations KW - Shadow vehicles KW - Short duration maintenance operations KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic control plans KW - Work zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01035642 AU - LaForce, Robert AU - Yeh and Associates, Incorporated AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I 70 Glenwood Canyon Overlay with Trinidad Lake Asphalt/Steel Slag Hot Mix Asphalt PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 83p AB - In 2001, the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) overlaid twelve miles of I 70 in Glenwood Canyon with a unique asphalt mix design that utilized a traditional Performance Graded Binder blended with Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA) and traditional aggregate blended with steel slag aggregate. This is the first project where CDOT has incorporated TLA in the mix design. There are many natural deposits of asphalt found around the world; Trinidad Lake is the most famous and has the largest commercial deposit of natural asphalt in the world. This study was designed to evaluate the performance of a pavement containing Trinidad Lake Asphalt blended with a polymer modified asphalt (PG 76-28) in combination with a very hard and angular steel slag under Colorado weather and traffic conditions. Two of three test sections experienced premature failure along the longitudinal construction joint and that failure appears to have been due to inadequate densities along the longitudinal joint rather than due to the mix design. The pavement performed well in all of Test Section 3, and in Test Sections 1 and 2 in areas away from the longitudinal joint. The use of Trinidad Lake Asphalt and steel slag to enhance performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) looks promising; however, further evaluation is warranted to address the poor joint performance and heavy smoke caused by the necessity for high mixing and placement temperatures. KW - Asphalt modifiers KW - Colorado KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Mix design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymers KW - Steel slag KW - Test sections KW - Trinidad asphalt UR - http://www.dot.state.co.us/Publications/PDFFiles/tla.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01035640 AU - Wilmot, Chester G AU - Modali, Naveen AU - Chen, Bin AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Modeling Hurricane Evacuation Traffic: Testing the Gravity and Intervening Opportunity Models as Models of Destination Choice in Hurricane Evacuation PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 60p AB - The test was conducted by estimating the models on a portion of evacuation data from South Carolina following Hurricane Floyd, and then observing how well the models reproduced destination choice at the county level on the remaining data. The tests showed the models predicted destination choice on the remaining data with similar accuracy. The Gravity Model predicted evacuation to friends or relatives in 110 different counties with an average error of 1.55 evacuations over all destinations, while the corresponding error for the Intervening Opportunity Model (IOM) was 1.64. For evacuation to hotels or motels in 70 different counties, the Gravity Model gave an average error of 1.48 evacuations and the IOM an average error of 1.50. However, when the IOM was modified to make the sequencing of opportunities sensitive to the direction of evacuation relative to the path of the storm, the modified IOM performed slightly better than the Gravity Model with average errors of 1.55 and 1.43 evacuations to friends and relatives, and motels and hotels, respectively. The transferability of the Gravity Model for evacuations to friends and relatives was also tested in this study by applying the model estimated on the Hurricane Floyd data in South Carolina to data from Hurricane Andrew in Louisiana. Transferability was tested by comparing the trip length frequency distributions from the two data sets, the similarity of friction factors from models estimated on each data set, and the ratio of the Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) of destination predictions of a locally-estimated model to a transferred model on the Andrew data. No significant statistical difference was found between the trip length frequency diagrams or the sets of friction factors at the 95% level of significance. The ratio of RMSEs on the Andrew data was 0.67, indicating that the average error of a locally-estimated model was 67% that of the transferred model. KW - Evacuation KW - Gravity models KW - Hurricane Andrew, 1992 KW - Hurricane Floyd, 1999 KW - Hurricanes KW - Louisiana KW - Opportunity models KW - Origin and destination KW - Root mean square error KW - Testing KW - Traffic KW - Transferability KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip length UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/fr_407.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034019 AU - Sukhwani, Rajni AU - Little, Dallas N AU - Masad, Eyad A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sensitivity of HMA Performance to Aggregate Shape Measured Using Conventional and Image Analysis Methods PY - 2006/09//Technical Report SP - 36p AB - There is a consensus among researchers and practitioners that aggregate shape properties affect performance, but a debate has arisen over the ability of the current tests to quantify these properties. Recent studies show image analysis techniques to be rapid and provide detailed information on the different shape properties. However, there is a need to compare the results from the image analysis methods with those from conventional tests based on Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) performance. The focus of this project is on the evaluation of the sensitivity of HMA performance to aggregate properties measured using conventional and image analysis methods. Wavelet image analysis is used to measure texture. Image analysis methods based on the changes in the gradient on a particle boundary, and the difference between a particle radius in a certain direction and that of an equivalent ellipse are used to quantify angularity. Form is quantified by a method that evaluates the changes in particle radii with a fixed incremental change in the central angle. Researchers measured the performance of HMA mixes with different aggregates using the asphalt pavement analyzer (APA), Hamburg wheel tracking device (HW), and dynamic modulus test (DM). In general, the results show that the image analysis methods used in this project had a better correlation with performance than the conventional methods. KW - Aggregate shape KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt Pavement Analyzer KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Image analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Sensitivity KW - Texture KW - Wavelets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457315 AU - Infrasense, Incorporated AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility of Using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for Pavements, Utilities, and Bridges PY - 2006/08/31/Executive Summary SP - 9p AB - The objective of the project was to evaluate the feasibility and benefit of using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for the evaluation of pavements, bridges, and utilities. The evaluation was carried out through a literature review, a survey of SDDOT personnel, a survey of the use of GPR by other state agencies, a series of demonstration projects, a cost/benefit analysis, and a utilization plan. The literature review and surveys indicated that the most common and effective transportation applications of GPR are for pavement thickness and bridge deck condition evaluations. The demonstration projects focused on these two applications, and on geotechnical applications for fault detection and evaluation of subgrade moisture content. The bridge deck evaluation showed that the GPR technology worked well for determining corrosion-induced delamination in overlaid decks with slab-on-girder construction, but was less effective on one-way slab bridges. The pavement evaluations, conducted on two AC and one PCC section, demonstrated the ability to accurately measure and plot pavement layer thickness. The subgrade moisture evaluation showed good correlation between GPR and boring data, and demonstrated the ability of GPR to map out variations of subgrade moisture content. The fault evaluation did not produce positive results, due to the attenuation caused by the high clay content in South Dakota soil. A cost-benefit analysis has been conducted for different scenarios shows benefit/cost ratios range from 1.98 for the bare deck delamination evaluation (GPR vs. sounding) to 113 for thickness quality assurance of new pavement. The analysis also shows the tradeoffs between using outside consultants vs. doing the work in-house. A utilization and equipment plan recommends that SDDOT initially use consultants for the lower volumes of startup work, and then move into owning and operating equipment and analyzing data when then volume increase warrants the additional investment. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Condition surveys KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement layers KW - South Dakota KW - Thickness UR - http://www.sddot.com/business/research/projects/docs/SD2005-05_Executive_Summary.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457307 AU - Infrasense, Incorporated AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility of Using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for Pavements, Utilities, and Bridges PY - 2006/08/31/Final Report SP - 132p AB - The objective of the project was to evaluate the feasibility and benefit of using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for the evaluation of pavements, bridges, and utilities. The evaluation was carried out through a literature review, a survey of SDDOT personnel, a survey of the use of GPR by other state agencies, a series of demonstration projects, a cost/benefit analysis, and a utilization plan. The literature review and surveys indicated that the most common and effective transportation applications of GPR are for pavement thickness and bridge deck condition evaluations. The demonstration projects focused on these two applications, and on geotechnical applications for fault detection and evaluation of subgrade moisture content. The bridge deck evaluation showed that the GPR technology worked well for determining corrosion-induced delamination in overlaid decks with slab-on-girder construction, but was less effective on one-way slab bridges. The pavement evaluations, conducted on two AC and one PCC section, demonstrated the ability to accurately measure and plot pavement layer thickness. The subgrade moisture evaluation showed good correlation between GPR and boring data, and demonstrated the ability of GPR to map out variations of subgrade moisture content. The fault evaluation did not produce positive results, due to the attenuation caused by the high clay content in South Dakota soil. A cost-benefit analysis has been conducted for different scenarios shows benefit/cost ratios range from 1.98 for the bare deck delamination evaluation (GPR vs. sounding) to 113 for thickness quality assurance of new pavement. The analysis also shows the tradeoffs between using outside consultants vs. doing the work in-house. A utilization and equipment plan recommends that SDDOT initially use consultants for the lower volumes of startup work, and then move into owning and operating equipment and analyzing data when then volume increase warrants the additional investment. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Condition surveys KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Implementation KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement layers KW - Thickness UR - http://www.sddot.com/business/research/projects/docs/SD2005-05_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076706 AU - Werner, Stuart D AU - Taylor, Craig E AU - Cho, Sungbin AU - Lavoie, Jean-Paul AU - Huyck, Charles K AU - Eitzel, Chip AU - Chung, Howard AU - Eguchi, Ronald T AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDARS 2 Methodology and Software for Seismic Risk Analysis of Highway Systems PY - 2006/08/31/Special Report SP - 123p AB - The Risk of Earthquake Damage for Roadway Systems (REDARS) 2 report provides the basic framework and a demonstration application of the Seismic Risk Analysis (SRA) methodology and its modules. It also describes results from six years of work to update the methodology, program this methodology into a public-domain software package, and test and document this software. The main modules of the REDARS 2 SRA methodology include hazards, components, system and economic. The northern Los Angeles, California highway system is used as a demonstration application of the SRA methodology. Eleven appendices are provided in PDF on the included CD-ROM. References, tables and many figures supplement the text as well. KW - Bridges KW - Calibration KW - Closures KW - Damage (Bridges) KW - Damage (Pavements) KW - Demonstration projects KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Emergency response time KW - Fragility KW - Hazards KW - Infrastructure KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Methodology KW - Natural disasters KW - Risk assessment KW - Seismicity KW - Software KW - Tunnels KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044279 AU - Ooi, Phillip S K AU - Sandefur, K G AU - Archilla, A R AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Correlation of Resilient Modulus of Fine-Grained Soils with Common Soil Parameters for Use in Design of Flexible Pavements PY - 2006/08/31/Final Report SP - 125p AB - Three-parameter models have been used in the past to represent the effects of confining and shear stresses on the value of resilient modulus. A new generation of such models allows better characterization of the variation of resilient modulus at low deviator stress. These models can be extended to incorporate the effects of soil type, soil structure and the soil physical state (combination of molding water content and dry unit weight) by relating the three parameters to explanatory variables consisting of common soil parameters. These three-parameters models were examined for compacted cohesive soils based on the results of 78 resilient modulus tests on low and high plasticity silts from the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Non-linear ordinary least squares method was used to estimate the model parameters. The results indicate that the new generation models not only provide a better fit than the older models, but they also provide a reasonable fit to the data that can capture the effects of stress state, soil type, soil structure and the soil physical state quite effectively. Based on this study, the Ni et al. (2002) model is recommended for use in design of flexible pavements on compacted cohesive subgrades on Oahu. Some tropical residual soils can undergo irreversible changes upon drying. One of the soils sampled had a relatively high natural water content. As a secondary objective, this soil was tested at three different stages of drying: first at its natural or "in situ" state, second after ovendrying the soil; and third after drying the soil to approximately half its natural water content. This material can be regarded as three different soils corresponding to the various stages of drying. One surprising observation is that the resilient modulus decreased with increasing degree of drying. However, drying the soil appears to increase the influence of confining stress suggesting that the soil behaves more granular. Also, the greater the degree of drying, the more sensitive is the resilient modulus to changes in deviatoric stresses. KW - Cohesive soils KW - Deviatoric stress KW - Drying KW - Fine grained soils KW - Flexible pavements KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Oahu (Hawaii) KW - Ordinary least-squares KW - Oven drying KW - Pavement design KW - Plasticity KW - Residual soils KW - Shear stress KW - Silts KW - Soil structure KW - Soil types KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803648 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463056 TI - A Guide to Emergency Quarantine and Isolation Controls of Roads in Rural Areas AB - TThere are new concerns about the vulnerability of U.S. agriculture to the deliberate introduction of animal and plant diseases (referred to as agro-terrorism), detailed by the Homeland Security Council-led interagency working group in several of the national planning scenarios laid out in Homeland Security Presidential Directive/HSPD-8 National Preparedness. Transportation agencies are being called on to prepare for their roles in the National Incident Management System (NIMS), which provides "a consistent nationwide approach for federal, state, tribal, and local governments to work effectively and efficiently together to prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents, regardless of cause, size, or complexity." Response to agro-terrorism or other biological outbreaks of food contamination or animal disease often requires immediate (within hours) isolation and/or quarantine of potentially infected areas. Researchers indicate that the economic impact of the outbreak is a function of the time it takes to enforce a quarantine and eradicate or control the infection. It is essential that emergency quarantine and isolation controls be available that can be implemented immediately at the local level. Traditional methods of containment (i.e., posting law enforcement officers to control travel) are not feasible in many potentially affected areas; thus, more innovative methods are needed that can be implemented in partnership with law enforcement, military (Active, Reserve, and Guard), the private sector, transportation agencies, and others at the local and state levels. Quarantine or isolation of even a limited area could involve many roads and could need to be in place for weeks to months. While federal support for the longer duration may arrive in a few days, vector control (i.e., containment of damages) requires an effective locally implemented response within hours. There is a need to develop or identify emergency quarantine and isolation controls for road networks (e.g., all roads in a 3- to 6-mile radius of a feed lot) in a short time frame (e.g., 6 to 12 hours). Although a typical state DOT usually has on hand enough signs and barricades to close and detour one route in a county, it would be hard pressed to close two or three roads in the same county. It is doubtful that any county has enough signs and barricades to quarantine and isolate all the county roads in a 3- to 6-mile radius. The objective of this research is to establish recommended practices and procedures for emergency quarantine and isolation controls for local and state roads. The research will focus on quarantine and isolation controls that are related to identified containment areas and need to be established within a suitable time frame. There is a need to be able to implement recommendations with minimal resources typical for a rural region. This project is primarily concerned with agricultural outbreaks (e.g., foot-and-mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, plant rusts) where a rural county does not have the law-enforcement resources to respond quickly. The panel recognizes the research product may be adaptable for application to other disasters and non-rural areas. KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency response time KW - Guidelines KW - Lane closure KW - Local transportation KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Research projects KW - Roads KW - State highways UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=641 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231281 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463010 TI - Intelligent Soil Compaction Systems AB - Compaction of embankment, subgrade, and base materials is a significant portion of state highway construction budgets and is critical to the performance of highway pavements. Heterogeneity of earth materials, variability in equipment and operators, and difficulty in maintaining uniform lift thickness and prescribed moisture content combine to make desired earthwork compaction difficult to achieve. Current quality-control and quality-assurance testing devices--such as the nuclear gage, the dynamic cone penetrometer, the stiffness gauge, and the lightweight falling weight deflectometer--are typically used to assess less than one percent of the actual compacted area. In addition each of these testing devices measures values unique to the device. Intelligent soil compaction has the potential to improve infrastructure performance, reduce costs, reduce construction duration, and improve safety. Intelligent soil compaction involves: (a) continuous assessment of mechanistic soil properties (e.g., stiffness, modulus) through compaction-roller vibration monitoring; (b) continuous modification of roller vibration amplitude and frequency, and (c) an integrated global positioning system to provide a complete GIS-based record of the earthwork site. Research findings in Europe and in the United States have shown that soil stiffness and modulus can be assessed through vibration of the compaction roller drum and that continuous monitoring, feedback, and automatic adjustment of the compaction equipment can significantly improve the quality of the compaction process. Standard specifications for the application of intelligent compaction systems in the United States are needed. Such specifications should build on existing specifications and experience gained in Germany, Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, Japan, and other countries. The objectives of this research are to determine the reliability of intelligent compaction systems and to develop recommended construction specifications for the application of intelligent compaction systems in soils and aggregate base materials. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Budgeting KW - Construction KW - Earthwork KW - Embankments KW - Europe KW - Highways KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Penetrometers KW - Quality assurance KW - Soil compaction KW - Stiffness KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - United States UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=672 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076672 AU - Thevanayagam, S AU - Martin, G R AU - Nashed, R AU - Shenthan, T AU - Kanagalingam, T AU - Ecemis, N AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Liquefaction Remediation in Silty Soils Using Dynamic Compaction and Stone Columns PY - 2006/08/28/Technical Report SP - 101p AB - The objective of this report is to introduce a rational analysis procedure and design guidelines for liquefaction hazards mitigation in saturated sands and non-plastic silty sands using Dynamic Compaction (DC) and Vibro-Stone Columns (SC). A numerical model was developed to simulate the densification processes during both techniques through quantifying pore pressure generation due to vibrations caused by successive impacts on the ground surface or repeated insertions of a vibratory probe into the ground. The effects of site-specific conditions such as hydraulic conductivity, fines content, etc., were quantified for a range of energy contents delivered to the soil at a specific spacing. Based on the results, design charts and design guidelines for liquefaction mitigation in silty soils using DC and SC are provided. Design procedures and design examples are also included. KW - Compaction KW - Deep dynamic compaction KW - Densification KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Hazard mitigation KW - Hydraulics KW - Liquefaction KW - Numerical modeling KW - Pore pressure KW - Saturated soils KW - Silty sands KW - Silty soils KW - Soil compaction KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815532 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460663 TI - Guide for Multistate Transportation Operations Programs AB - Multistate transportation operations programs (MSTOPs) have proven vital to the reliability and security of key interstate corridors. Weather information, emergency operations, goods movement, homeland security, and traveler information have been substantially enhanced through interstate relationships and partnerships that typically engage the transportation and public safety communities. MSTOPs also offer an institutional framework for coordinating and collaborating on regional operations across state borders and multijurisdictional planning. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) recognizes that support and further development of MSTOPs will have significant state, regional, and national benefits. An AASHTO guide on MSTOPs will demonstrate their importance and provide guidance on forming and sustaining them. The objective of this research project is to develop a guide for multistate transportation operations programs that is suitable for adoption by AASHTO. KW - Emergency transportation KW - Highway corridors KW - Incident management KW - Interstate highways KW - Research projects KW - Security KW - Surveillance KW - Traffic incidents KW - Transportation operations KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=840 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228881 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549305 TI - Scour at Bridge Foundations on Rock AB - Current methodology for scour prediction around bridge foundations considers rock as either "erodible" or "non-erodible." Equations for scour in sand are used to predict the scour depth in erodible rock. As a consequence, predictions of scour in rock frequently overestimate the extent and depth of scour so that founding elevations for piers and abutments on rock are established at levels that require very expensive and difficult excavation. Some rock types degrade very rapidly to produce a highly erodible combination of soil and rock fragments (e.g., compacted shales absorb moisture, swell, and disintegrate). Available scour prediction methods do not permit differentiation among rock types that behave in fundamentally different ways. Scour in fractured or degradable rock is affected by the properties of intact pieces of rock, as well as by the discontinuities in the rock strata. Hydrodynamic forces caused by highly turbulent flow around bridge piers and abutments may remove weakened layers to expose relatively intact rock. These new surfaces may deteriorate in-between flow events and then be susceptible to erosion during the next flood event. Other rock types decompose very slowly so that during the design life of a bridge, intact pieces of rock remain essentially unaltered. Scour in such rock types takes place by plucking, dislodgment, and displacement of rock fragments, especially when large pressure differences are generated around piers and abutments. An improved methodology for estimating the rate and design depth of scour in rock over the service life of a bridge is needed. Guidelines that address design issues as well as site-investigation sampling and testing protocols are needed to assist practitioners in applying the methodology. Also, construction guidelines are needed to promote practices that minimize the potential for scour in rock. The objectives of this research are to develop: (a) a methodology for estimating the time rate of scour and the design scour depth of a bridge foundation on rock, and (b) design and construction guidelines for application of the methodology. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Deterioration KW - Erosion KW - Hydrodynamics KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Rocks KW - Scour UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=728 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076714 AU - Buckle, Ian G AU - Constantinou, Michael C AU - Diceli, Mirat AU - Ghasemi, Hamid AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Seismic Isolation of Highway Bridges PY - 2006/08/21/Special Report SP - 171p AB - More than 200 bridges have been designed or retrofitted in the United States using seismic isolation in the last 20 years, and more than a thousand bridges around the world now use this cost-effective technique for seismic protection. Intended to supplement AASHTO’s Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design (1999), this manual presents the principles of isolation for bridges, develops step-by-step methods of analysis, explains material and design issues for elastomeric and sliding isolators, and gives detailed examples of their application to standard highway bridges. Design guidance is given for the lead-rubber isolator, the friction-pendulum isolator, and the Eradiquake isolator, all of which are found in use today in the United States. Guidance on the development of test specifications for these isolators is also given. KW - Base isolation KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Elastomeric isolation KW - Friction KW - Highway bridges KW - Infrastructure KW - Lead rubber bearings KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismicity KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Transportation infrastructure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076668 AU - Song, Jianwei AU - Liang, Zach AU - Lee, George C AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Review of Current NDE Technologies for Post-Earthquake Assessment of Retrofitted Bridge Columns PY - 2006/08/21/Technical Report SP - 95p AB - The major objective of this report is to evaluate various nondestructive testing/evaluation (NDE) technologies for use on bridge columns that have been retrofitted with FRP-type jackets. Suitable and/or potentially suitable techniques for practical applications are identified, and promising techniques that could benefit from additional research prior to use in engineering applications are assessed. For each technology, the inherent physical principles and application characteristics are analyzed and their advantages and disadvantages are compared to determine whether each method could be used to detect damage and defects in the jacketed bridge columns. The most promising NDE methods are identified and corresponding application procedures are then presented. This report focuses solely on the application of NDE technologies to bridge columns, and therefore, recommendations and conclusions may differ from those discovered for other applications. KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Impact echo tests KW - Infrastructure KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Polymer fibers KW - Retrofitting KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815542 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458394 TI - Accelerated Performance Testing on the 2006 NCAT Pavement Test Track AB - The primary objectives of the pooled fund project described herein will be: (1) Constructing 200 ft test sections on the existing 1.7 mile NCAT test oval that are representative of in-service roadways on the open transportation infrastructure; (2) Applying a design lifetime of truck traffic in the 2 years following construction; (3) Assessing/comparing the functional and structural field performance of trafficked sections on a regular basis via surface and subsurface measures;(4) Validating the M-E approach to pavement analysis and design using both surface and subsurface measures; (5)Calibrating new and existing M-E approaches to pavement analysis and design using pavement surface condition, pavement load response, precise traffic and environmental logging, and cumulative damage; (6) Correlating field results with laboratory data; and (7)Answering practical questions posed by research sponsors. For example, can an innovative mix design utilized in one state be implemented in another sponsor's practice using locally available aggregates? Will a specific material source provide for a safe roadway surface if adopted for widespread use? If not, what maximum percentage will work? KW - Accelerated tests KW - Empirical methods KW - Mix design KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pavement performance KW - Research projects KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226605 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458340 TI - Informational Guide (or Report) 0n Non-Conventional or Alternative Intersection Treatments AB - The objective of this research projects are to: (1) conduct research and develop an informational guide that should provide as a minimum, selection procedures for treatment types, or suggestions for design and safety, operations, and pedestrian accommodations; and (2) develop marketing materials in the form of TechBriefs and traffic animation videos. KW - Design KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - Intersections KW - Research projects KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033127 AU - Smith, K L AU - Titus-Glover, L AU - Rao, S AU - Von Quintus, H L AU - Stanley, M AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of SMA Pavement and SMA Application Guidelines PY - 2006/08/16/Final Report SP - 100p AB - The objective of this research project was to provide a comparative cost analysis of pavements constructed using stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures versus those built with Wisconsin Department of Transportation's (WisDOT’s) conventional hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures, based on parallel life-cycles (inclusive of any required maintenance) and resultant performance. The research entailed a thorough evaluation of SMA and conventional HMA mixture performance on Wisconsin highways, collection and review of SMA and conventional HMA unit costs, and full-scale life-cycle costing to determine the cost-effectiveness of SMA pavements. Performance analysis, consisting of Pavement Distress Index (PDI) and International Roughness Index (IRI) threshold-based life projections combined with survival analysis techniques, resulted in SMA and HMA overlay service life estimates when placed on three groups of like pavements: (1) low-volume asphalt pavements on U.S./State routes, (2) high-volume jointed reinforced concrete (JRC) pavements on Interstate/U.S. routes, and (3) moderate-volume JRC pavements on U.S./State routes. Based on the results of the performance analysis, pavement life-cycle models were developed for SMA and HMA overlays corresponding to each group. Using the life-cycle models and historical-based best estimates of pay item unit costs, deterministic and probabilistic life-cycle cost analyses (LCCAs) were conducted. For group 1 overlay applications, SMA was found to be more cost-effective than conventional HMA, leading to the recommendation that SMA mixture use under this scenario be considered on a case-by-case basis. For group 2 and 3 overlay applications, the reverse was observed, with HMA found to be more cost-effective. However, a similar recommendation for SMA use under these scenarios was given, based on indications that the SMA overlays examined in the study were placed on rougher (possibly more deteriorated) pavements. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - International Roughness Index KW - Life cycle costing KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Service life KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Unit costs KW - Wisconsin UR - http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/53454/SMA%2520Final%2520ReportCompiled_Submitted%25208-16.06.pdf UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/04-06sma-f.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/789534 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458403 TI - MCNP Simulations of Neutron Chloride Detector, II AB - No summary provided. KW - Chloride content KW - Chlorides KW - Detectors KW - Neutrons KW - Research projects KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226614 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463020 TI - Manual for Emulsion-Based Chip Seals for Pavement Preservation AB - Emulsion-based chip seals are the most commonly used chip seal type in the United States; they are frequently used as pavement preservation treatments on flexible pavements. Their primary purpose is to seal fine cracks in the underlying pavement's surface and prevent water intrusion into the base and subgrade. Because chip seals are not expected to provide additional structural capacity to the pavement, benefits ideally are accrued by their application early in a pavement's life before a great degree of distress is exhibited. Although a large body of research is available on chip-seal design practices (as documented in NCHRP Synthesis 342: Chip Seal Best Practices), chip-seal design in the United States remains empirical in nature--based on experience and judgment. Chip-seal design processes that consider the surface condition of existing pavement, traffic volume, environment, and other relevant factors in determining the characteristics and applications rates of aggregates and binder have not been widely used in the United States. In spite of their apparent benefits, the use of chip seals for pavement preservation in the United States is hampered by the lack of nationally accepted guidance on their design and construction and appropriate specifications and testing procedures for constituent materials. Research is needed to identify the factors that influence chip-seal design and performance and to develop a manual that documents design and construction practices and delineates necessary testing and specifications. Such a manual will provide highway agencies with the information necessary for designing and constructing long-lasting chip seals and preserving pavements. The objective of this research is to develop a Manual for the Design and Construction of Emulsion-Based Chip Seals for Pavement Preservation. The Manual shall be prepared in a format suitable for consideration and adoption by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The research shall be limited to the application of chip seals to asphalt-surfaced pavements. KW - Asphalt KW - Best practices KW - Binders KW - Chip seals KW - Emulsions KW - Emulsions KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pavements KW - Preservation KW - Rheological properties UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=386 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231245 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01557218 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning. Task 67. Best Practices in Using Programmatic Investment Strategies in Statewide Transportation Plans AB - As State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) continue to grapple with budget shortfalls and the need to address competing issues such as maintenance/preservation of the system versus capacity expansion, more effort is being directed towards the creation of programmatic investment strategies, which in level of detail are between a policy plan and a list of projects. A number of states now employ a long term programmatic investment strategies as a tool to guide STIP decisions and create a greater link between Department goals and policies and future project selection. The objective of this project is to identify the various methods by which such strategies are assembled, i.e, prioritizing needs to revenue, asset and resource allocation, and subsequent decisions on investment level per infrastructure area. Further research is required to examine if a standard set of best practice is available and to ascertain how such strategies have been implemented, both at the planning and programming level and through the project development and operational processes within each respective DOT. KW - Asset management KW - Best practices KW - Investments KW - Maintenance practices KW - Resource allocation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1281 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346878 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01557217 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning. Task 68. Implications of New 8-Hour Control Strategy Development on Transportation Programs, Policies, and Projects AB - This report is designed to support transportation agencies in identifying and evaluating candidate strategies for implementation under the new 8-hour ozone standard. Few studies have been conducted to determine which control strategies are better suited to reducing emissions of ozone precursors over the longer timeframe. This report provides information on tropospheric (ground-level) ozone formation and factors affecting ozone concentrations, the effects of advances in emissions control technology on future emissions rates, and the effectiveness of transportation strategies in reducing motor vehicle emissions and 1-hour and 8-hour ozone concentrations in a typical urban area. KW - Air quality management KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Ozone KW - Pollutants KW - Urban areas UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1282 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01354644 AU - Little, Michael AU - Rahall Appalachian Transportation Institute AU - West Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Endangered Species Identification Along Corridors in WV Using GIS PY - 2006/08/11/Final Report SP - 81p AB - Since the late 19th century, the exploitation of oil, gas, timber, and mineral resources in Appalachia has been associated with the production of an extensive transportation system and with a concurrent decline in the environmental quality of aquatic systems. This project will establish the infrastructure for a web delivered, interactive mapping system developed from satellite imagery and integrated with Geographical Information Systems that will locate all endemic, threatened, or endangered species relative to transportation systems in West Virginia. The project will incorporate a detailed case study along the proposed Corridor H of the Appalachian Highway System to establish the interactive mapping system criteria and processes, The case study will also address the authentication of a specific rare Appalachian fish as an endangered species or a rare hybrid developed as a result of previous transportation related environmental disturbances in this area. The Cheat minnow, Rhinichthys bowersi, is a rare fish that has been reported almost exclusively from streams in the Monongahela River system of West Virginia and Pennsylvania. The status of the Cheat minnow is currently controversial. There have been reports that the Cheat minnow has unique genetic characters, is reproductively isolated from other minnows, has a limited distribution, and should be considered a valid species. KW - Appalachian Region KW - Aquatic life KW - Case studies KW - Endangered species KW - Environmental quality KW - Fishes KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mapping KW - Transportation corridors KW - Watersheds KW - West Virginia UR - http://www.njrati.org/wp-content/plugins/research_projects/reports/TRP%2099-10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1118265 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01462768 TI - Evaluation of State Highway Agency Adoption of Practices for Implementing Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design AB - A survey was administered to the state highway agencies to acquire information need to develop a synthesis on the status of Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) implementation in the USA. The information will be used to gage where the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Design Guide Implementation Team (DGIT) can best direct their efforts to aid the states in MEPDG implementation. KW - Implementation KW - Mechanistic design KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Research projects KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1230991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034012 AU - Wayson, R L AU - MacDonald, J M AU - Martin, A AU - Goldian, H AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Simulation Modeling of Railroad Noise to Assist in Environmental Documentation Preparation PY - 2006/08/10/Final Report SP - 28p AB - This report describes and includes software for the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Rail Noise Model. The model is capable of modeling noise from most types of typical rail vehicles, point sources, and area sources. Diffraction effects, such as from a sound barrier, can also be calculated using the software. The software is a simulation model that computes Leq, Lmax, Lpercentile, and Ldn for a user defined scenario. The user can include objects to model in a heads-up digitizing format using the mouse or may type coordinates directly into the model. Spreadsheets also allow additional information to be added in a user-friendly fashion. Results can then be stored or printed to be used in environmental documentation for projects that include rail sources. KW - Diffraction KW - Environmental documentation KW - Locomotives KW - Noise KW - Noise models KW - Railroads KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Spreadsheets KW - Stationary sources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790436 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458404 TI - Pavement Marking Demonstrations Projects: State of Alaska and State of Tennessee AB - No summary provided. KW - Alaska KW - Demonstration projects KW - Marking materials KW - Pavements KW - Research projects KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076709 AU - Cho, Sungbin AU - Huyck, Charles K AU - Ghosh, Shubharoop AU - Eguchi, Ronald T AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - ImageCat, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDARS Validation Report PY - 2006/08/06/Technical Report SP - 133p AB - This report represents the results of an extensive review and evaluation of the Seismic Risk Assessment (SRA) methodology for highway systems documented in Werner et al. (2000). The research team evaluated the efficacy of all key modules in the REDARS (Risk of Earthquake Damage for Roadway Systems) software program. The modules included bridge damage or fragility, post-earthquake traffic state, transportation, and economic loss. The reader should note that the version of REDARS evaluated in this study has since been updated based largely on the conclusions and recommendations of this report. Some of the key recommendations identified in the study include: 1) uncertainty factors in the bridge fragility module, 2) additional events – beyond the 1994 Northridge earthquake – should be incorporated in the validation and/or calibration of the different loss modules, 3) further investigation of the traffic state model, particularly, in the relationship between link importance and duration of bridge closure should be conducted, 4) the travel demand model should be enhanced so that congestion level becomes a critical factor in establishing demand, 5) a more realistic post-earthquake route choice model should be developed, and 6) other significant cost items should be included in future enhancements of REDARS. KW - Bridges KW - Calibration KW - Closures KW - Damage (Pavements) KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Fragility KW - Infrastructure KW - Northridge Earthquake, January 17, 1994 KW - Pavement design KW - Risk assessment KW - Route choice KW - Seismicity KW - Software KW - Street closure KW - Traffic state estimation KW - Transportation networks KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815534 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01557234 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning. Task 66. Improved Methods for Assessing Social, Cultural, and Economic Effects of Transportation Projects AB - The objective of this project is to review practice in state Departments of Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) that are using information about the human environment earlier in the transportation planning process and synthesize effective approaches. In addition, identify existing or emerging community and social impact assessment practices to develop indicators of quality of life (QOL) to be employed in the CIA process. These cross-cutting indicators should include information about the human environment such as community cohesion, impacts to housing and employment, cultural resources, aesthetic values and the availability or access to public facilities and services. These components of QOL will be translated into a measurement tool using a variety of data sources that will serve to develop a baseline assessment of a community from which projections of effects can be made. The report includes a description of current state DOT and MPO practices in assessing transportation impacts on the human environment; examples of indicators or criteria that contribute or detract from QOL; a baseline set of QOL measures that can be derived from typical data sources; and a description of the uses of QOL indicators in assessing transportation impacts on communities. KW - Cohesion KW - Economic factors KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Quality of life KW - Social factors KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation projects UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1280 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346894 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01557220 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning. Task 63. Making North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) Work for Transportation AB - Census data historically have been reported using the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System. The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) was introduced in 1997 to address a need for a new, more rational approach to tallying industrial classes of workers. There are several differences between NAICS and SIC that make a straightforward comparison difficult. NAICS is based on how products and services are created, while SIC focuses on what is created. The main objective of this report is to analyze the differences between demographic survey data and establishment-based data when they are reported in the same NAICS categories. Specifically, the research focuses on the mismatch between the two databases for the category "Management of Companies and Enterprises". KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Management KW - North American Industrial Classification System KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1277 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346880 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01557216 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning. Task 62. Best Practice Methodology for Calculating Return on Investment (ROI) for Transportation Programs and Projects AB - No summary provided. KW - Best practices KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Return on investment KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1276 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346876 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464593 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on the Environment. Task 25. Modification and Amendment of Environmental Permits on Design-Build Projects AB -Although a limited number of Design-Build (D/B) projects have been undertaken nationwide, it appears that there is significant interest in this technique to facilitate more expeditious project delivery and to better manage cost with respect to the Departments of Transportation's (DOT's) overall capital budget. D/B has been implemented for complex, high cost projects which, in most cases, have involved significant environmental impacts. This task will develop guidance on appropriate methods for insuring environmental commitments are carried forward once the primary responsibility for the project is transferred from the DOT to the D/B entity.
KW - Capital investments KW - Design build KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental permits KW - Environmental policy KW - Permits KW - Project management UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1297 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01035656 AU - Babusci, Michael AU - Ticatch, Joel AU - Bickar, Scott AU - Schneeberger, John AU - Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Safety Corridor Signing and Enforcement Program PY - 2006/08/02/Final Report SP - v.p. AB - In 2004 the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PENNDOT) decided to revamp their safety corridor signing program. The new Safety Corridor Signing Program included three major changes from the existing program. Language was introduced in a state transportation bill that permitted the doubling of fines for moving violations issued in a designated safety corridor. Secondly, the four "Enforcement Themes" used in the previous program were eliminated and a single series of signs that warned motorist they were entering a Designated Safety Corridor and that all fines will be doubled were erected was adopted. Thirdly, PENNDOT contracted with Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas (PB) to evaluate motorist behavior before and after the installation of the signs (and the onset of the enhanced enforcement) to determine if the program was making an impact on motorist behavior. Quantitative Traffic Data (vehicle volumes, vehicle speeds, vehicle classifications, vehicle gaps, and citation history) were captured upstream, midstream, and downstream of the enforcement zones during three distinct time intervals: (1) before the enhanced enforcement program began (pre-enforcement), (2) within one month after enforcement began (short-term enforcement), and (3) approximately six months after enforcement began (long-term enforcement). Qualitative data was captured by video taping vehicles and motorist behavior during peak periods for all three periods and by interviewing state police enforcement officers who were responsible for patrolling the corridors. Changes in driver behavior were evaluated in six corridors over the course of the study. This paper presents the results of the study and makes recommendations for future Safety Corridor Signing Programs. PENNDOT plans to use the results of this study to evaluate the possibility of expanding the pilot program in an effort to combat unsafe driving behaviors. KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway corridors KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Moving violations KW - Signs KW - Traffic data UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076704 AU - Ho, Tom AU - Donikian, Roupen AU - Ingham, T J AU - Seim, Chuck AU - Pan, Austin AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Seismic Retrofitting Guidelines for Complex Steel Truss Highway Bridges PY - 2006/08/01/Special Report SP - 174p AB - This manual collects and summarizes the state-of-the-art practice to date, for retrofitting steel truss bridges on the highway system within the United States. These guidelines are based on and are supplementary to the Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures Part 1: Bridges, developed by MCEER, to be published by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in 2006. Seven chapters on the technical application of these guidelines are contained, including an introduction; retrofitting philosophy and process; screening and prioritization; structural analysis; design parameters; evaluation of members, connections and subsystems; and retrofit measures. Three additional chapters provide case studies, a glossary, references, and a bibliography. KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic hazards KW - Seismicity KW - State of the practice KW - Structural analysis KW - Subsystems KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01626534 AU - de Cerreño, Allison L C AU - New York University, New York AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State Arterial Highway System Peer City Study PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 111p AB - Addressing state highways within urban areas is a challenge for New York State, New York City and Buffalo. Drawing upon experiences from around the United States, this report explores how specific issue areas – maintenance responsibilities, planning & programming, design & construction, traffic signals, funding, enforcement, and transfers of title & ownership – are addressed in other cities and states. A great deal of variation exists among these city/state pairs. However, there are several notable practices (and potentially precedent) identified that are relevant for New York State and the cities of New York and Buffalo should the cities and state seek to better coordinate their efforts or state highways and/or rationalize the existing state arterial highway system. To aid in implementation of the findings, the research results shall be provided to the Policy & Strategy Division at the New York State Department of Transportation for use in discussions furthering the concept of corridor management within urban areas. KW - Arterial highways KW - Best practices KW - Buffalo (New York) KW - Case studies KW - Cities KW - Financing KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway planning KW - Integrated corridor management KW - New York (New York) KW - Ownership KW - State highways KW - States KW - Urban areas UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-04-03%20Final%20Report-State%20Arterials%20Peer%20City%20Study_Aug%202006_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1453691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469541 AU - Ramseyer, Chris C AU - Kiamanesh, Roozbeh AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mechanically Activated Fly Ash For Blended Cement PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 122p AB - This research is designed to determine the effect of the mechanically activated fly ash on fresh concrete properties and the ultimate strength of the hardened concrete. Six types of fly ash that are locally available in the state of Oklahoma were used in this research. The activation of the fly ash was performed with a modified ball mill to increase the hydration reaction rate of the fly ash particles. Two primary variables were studied in this research; Grinding duration and the percentage of fly ash as a portion of cementitious material. The fly ash was ground for 30 and 120 minutes. The ground fly ash was used as a cementitious material in the concrete in various proportions; 20, 40, and 60% of the weight. The strength of each mix was compared with plain Portland cement concrete and the concrete samples with unground fly ash to determine any changes. The results of this study show that the concrete with higher proportions of fly ash has higher workability, although the strength of the samples decreases in most cases if high volume of fly ash is used. However, the results indicate that grinding the fly ash can mechanically activate the particles and not only improve the strength of the samples with high proportions of fly ash, but also increase the strength higher than traditional Portland cement concrete. KW - Blended cement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Fly ash KW - Fresh concrete KW - Grinding KW - Hardened concrete KW - Oklahoma KW - Properties of materials KW - Strength of materials KW - Time duration KW - Workability UR - http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/p-r-div/spr-rip/library/reports/rad_spr2-i2201304-fy2010-rpt-final-ramseyer.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379850 AU - Sharma, Bhavna AU - Robertson, Ian N AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Debonding Failure of Fiber Reinforced Polymers PY - 2006/08//Research Report SP - 108p AB - The use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is becoming more common in the construction industry for repair and retrofitting of concrete structures. The material has many advantages for an externally retrofitted member. Research into FRP has found that the typical failure modes are premature debonding or delamination, rupture of the FRP, and failure at the anchorage point. Debonding failure occurs when the FRP is no longer adhered to the member due to a crack or separation of the fiber-matrix and bond interface resulting from increased strain in the strip. Through varying the substrate material strength and surface preparation, this thesis investigates the FRP-concrete interface to develop a better understanding of FRP debonding behavior. KW - Concrete bridges KW - Debonding KW - Failure analysis KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Retrofitting KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - http://www.cee.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/UHM-CEE-06-03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01322430 AU - Knauer, Harvey S AU - Pedersen, Soren AU - Reherman, Clay N AU - Rochat, Judith L AU - Thalheimer, Erich S AU - Lau, Michael C AU - Fleming, Gregg G AU - Ferroni, Mark AU - Corbisier, Christopher AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA Highway Construction Noise Handbook PY - 2006/08//Draft Report SP - 185p AB - The John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Acoustics Facility (VCAF), in support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Natural and Human Environment, has developed the Highway Construction Noise Handbook (the Handbook). The Handbook provides guidance to U.S. state transportation agencies in measuring, predicting, and mitigating highway construction noise and developing noise criteria. In order to help users predict construction noise, the Handbook includes the User’s Guide for the FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM). This Handbook, which is accompanied by a CD-ROM, reflects substantial improvements and changes in the way highway construction noise has been addressed since the 1977 publishing of the FHWA Special Report, Highway Construction Noise: Measurement, Prediction and Mitigation. This updated Handbook, and the companion CD-ROM, address both acoustical and non-acoustical issues associated with highway construction noise. While it is understood that both similarities and differences exist between construction-related noise and construction-related vibration, the focus of the Handbook and CD-ROM is confined to noise-related issues. KW - Acoustics KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Noise KW - Road construction KW - Traffic noise UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34300/34369/DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-06-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1082781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160534 AU - Bakhadyrov, Izzat AU - Williams, Treffor AU - Orth, Joseph AU - Maher, Ali AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Windows-based PDAs for Emergency Service Patrol PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 35p AB - The New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) Traffic Operations South had a need for efficient paperless case data entry solutions for their Emergency Service Patrol (ESP) personnel, to capture and collect traffic incidence assistance data. Currently, the paperless data entry system has been developed and implemented in the NJDOT Traffic Operations South ESP Team. The system uses Windows-based personal digital assistants (PDAs) by Hewlett-Packard and custom developed software to collect the field data in the electronic format and then upload it into the centralized database for analysis and reporting. NJDOT Traffic Operations North ESP team requires the customization and integration of the similar solution into its infrastructure. NJDOT Traffic Operations South ESP team requires observation of its paperless data entry system for one year, in order to identify system bottlenecks, develop solutions for them and investigate various ways to improve system features, such as multimedia databases, integration with GPS/GIS, advanced reporting/alarm capabilities, etc. KW - Data collection KW - Data entry KW - Freeway service patrols KW - Highway operations KW - Personal digital assistants KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic patrol UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/138-RU9091.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01146827 AU - Rouphail, Nagui M AU - Foyle, Robert S AU - Cunningham, Christopher M AU - Fain, Shannon J AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NCDOT Level of Service Software Program for Highway Capacity Manual Planning Applications PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 141p AB - The Transportation Planning Branch (TPB) of the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) desired a user-friendly tool for determining highway capacity and service volumes for freeways, multilane highways, arterials, and two-lane highways based upon the specific conditions present in North Carolina for use in planning applications. The tool developed in this project is based upon the methodology and theory presented in the 2000 Highway Capacity Manual, with default values established specifically for North Carolina conditions across the three regions of the state. The tool includes a unique graphical interface and plot of the measure of effectiveness against average annual daily traffic. This tool allows for various planning scenarios to be examined in an efficient, yet accurate manner, both visually and numerically. Additionally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis on the input parameters was carried out. The analysis showed that four inputs had high sensitivity, eleven inputs had medium sensitivity, and six inputs had low sensitivity. NCDOT’s future data collection efforts can be expanded and targeted to include information on the most sensitive inputs to enhance future planning analysis efforts by establishing documented default values on these inputs. KW - Arterial highways KW - Freeways KW - Graphical user interfaces KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Level of service KW - Multilane highways KW - North Carolina KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Software KW - Transportation planning KW - Two lane highways UR - http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2003-12FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/907061 ER - TY - SER AN - 01120548 JO - NHTS Brief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National Household Travel Survey: Travel Characteristics of New Immigrants PY - 2006/08 SP - 4p AB - Predicting future growth in travel has traditionally depended on key characteristics: household income, family size, autos owned, driving ability, and employment. With the aging population (baby boomers) and a sizeable influx of new immigrants in the U.S., the normal distribution of key population characteristics used to forecast travel demand is changing. Although the data shown in this brief are for the nation, immigration is concentrated both regionally and in major metropolitan areas. The travel differences of new immigrants go beyond higher average workers per household, longer distances to work, and lower rates of vehicle ownership. While total household trip rates are higher for new immigrants due to higher household size, individually, new immigrants make fewer trips—about 5 trips a week less than U.S. born. In addition, a higher proportion of their travel is work and work-related. As compared to the U.S. born population, new immigrants are also more dependent on transit and walking for all their daily travel and much less likely to drive alone. Another important insight about differences in commute patterns is the high use of carpools by Hispanic commuters, especially men. Especially for travel demand forecasting, growing immigration has both policy and planning implications as states and local areas develop travel forecasts and plan new transportation programs. Since immigrants are more transit dependent and have higher auto occupancies, transportation initiatives focused on HOV lanes and transit development can also benefit from understanding the travel behavior of this growing portion of the U.S. population. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Carpools KW - Forecasting KW - Highway travel KW - Immigrants KW - Public transit KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Travel surveys KW - Travel time KW - Trip length KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Work trips UR - http://nhts.ornl.gov/briefs/Immigrant%20Travel.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/879148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01115359 AU - Celaya, Manuel AU - Nazarian, Soheil AU - Zea, Manuel AU - Tandon, Vivek AU - University of Texas, El Paso AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of NDT Equipment for Construction Quality Control of Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements PY - 2006/08//Technical Report SP - 165p AB - The focus of the study has been to evaluate the utility of seismic methods in the quality management of the hot mix asphalt layers. Procedures are presented to measure the target field moduli of hot mix asphalt (HMA) with laboratory seismic methods, conduct field tests with the Portable Seismic Pavement Analyzer (PSPA) in the field, validate the results in the laboratory with seismic tests on extracted cores and determine the design modulus from measured values. This report contains the results of an effort to address the issues related to the implementation of the recommended methods and devices in the day-to-day operation of the pavement community (in general) and pavements managed by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Ten sites throughout Arizona with different pavement conditions and structures were tested between August and December 2005. The results are summarized in this report. Based on the results presented, the combination of the lab and filed seismic methods is a viable tool for the quality management of HMA layers and can be easily implemented by ADOT. In addition, performing the simplified laboratory and field tests along with more traditional tests may result in a database than can be used to smoothly unify the design procedures with pavement evaluation. KW - Arizona Department of Transportation KW - Construction KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Quality control KW - Seismic methods KW - Testing equipment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30700/30788/AZ574.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/874624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104908 AU - Iyer, Ananth AU - Hoeck, Michael AU - Thompson, Amanda AU - Dandgaval, Kailas AU - Bohorquez, Jairo AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INDOT Customer Service PY - 2006/08//Final REport SP - 74p AB - This study focuses on the flow of customer complaints to the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) central office and districts, their handling within the INDOT system and the customer experienced lead time. The processes were examined based on customer segments, complaint type, and district of origin. Detailed data analyses for specific transactions within the INDOT system were used to document the process. In addition, as per the study advisory committee suggestions, a tracking of transactions flow using a paper system was used to reconcile archived data. Although lead time metrics were developed at both the central office and district level, the lack of data linkage between these units creates the possibility for disparate reporting between the two offices. The data analysis suggests the need for creating some fundamental structuring of the complaint handling process between INDOT central office and the districts. KW - Advisory groups KW - Communication and control KW - Complaints KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Customer service KW - Indiana KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Lead time KW - Tracking systems UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1722&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104903 AU - Iyer, Ananth AU - Sommer, Svenja AU - Thompson, Amanda AU - Mikals, Justina AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Indiana Furniture Supply Chain PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 69p AB - An initial survey assessing overall supply chain issues was reviewed with twenty Indiana wood products companies. A longer follow up survey accompanied by in-person interviews, assessed more specific supply chain issues, and was reviewed with ten Dubois County wood products companies. From this, a supply chain map of major suppliers and customers located both inside and outside of Indiana was developed. The research also attempted to capture the industry trends and characteristics in a formal model, to explore the impact of Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) projects on the competitiveness of the industry. KW - Furniture KW - Imports KW - Indiana KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Lumber KW - Shipping KW - Supply KW - Supply chain management KW - Transportation costs KW - Wood products UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1721&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104392 AU - Hashad, Mostafa F AU - Sharma, Surabhi AU - Nies, Loring F AU - Alleman, James E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Study of Salt Wash Water Toxicity on Wastewater Treatment PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 48p AB - This research effort focused on evaluating the toxicity of the saline waste water generated from washing of Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) deicing trucks and to study the feasibility of discharging it into wastewater treatment plants. Performance of activated sludge treating wastewater under varying levels of salt concentration was studied by measuring the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), activated sludge oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and Turbidity. For the COD tests, wastewater was tested with salt concentrations ranging from 0 mg/L – 1500 mg/L. Within this range there is no impact of salt on COD stabilization, suggesting that the microorganisms are not adversely impacted by salinity in this range. Turbidity tests were conducted for salt concentrations of 0 - 10,000 mg/L. Below a concentration of 3000 mg/ L salt did not have any significant impact on the turbidity. Concentrations above 3000 mg/L aided in flocculation of particles and resulted in faster settling of colloidal solids and reduction in turbidity. Another component of the study was to examine the fate and chemistry of ferric ferro/ferri cyanide, an anti-caking complex that is added to deicing salt. Although, the complex form of cyanide is harmless, in the presence of sunlight it can dissociate to form free cyanide that is highly toxic. Deicing salts collected from INDOT’s West Lafayette and Lafayette Facilities were tested for total and amenable cyanide levels. Lafayette road salt had high levels of cyanide that could lead to violation of pretreatment standards on cyanide, if this salt wash water is discharged to wastewater treatment plant. Respirometry was used for the impact assessment of variable salt concentrations on the biological performance of a low strength activated sludge samples for a POTW using a static liquid – gas flow (GFS) respirometer with salt concentrations varying from 0 – 10% . Generally, positive effect in oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was noticed on low salt concentrations up to 2% and a sharp decrease thereafter. A salt concentration of 6% resulted in a 50% decrease in respiration rate of the tested activated sludge. Further studies should involve the effect of saline shock loads in the specific ammonia uptake rate (SAUR) and specific nitrate uptake rate (SNUR) in addition to the final effluent quality. KW - Chemical oxygen demand KW - Chemicals KW - Deicing KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Indiana KW - Maintenance practices KW - Seawater KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Snow and ice control KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1734&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104380 AU - Black, William R AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Freight Flows of Indiana PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 590p AB - Using data primarily from the 1997 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) this report develops a series of models for estimating the production and attraction of 41 different SCTG commodity groups for 145 geographic units in the United States; 92 of these are the counties of Indiana. This is followed by the calibration of fully-constrained gravity models for the flow of these commodities. Using modal share data from the CFS the generated traffic is divided between the various modes. This project looked primarily at the highway sector and used digital representations of these networks for traffic assignment purposes. A very detailed Indiana digital road network was merged with a USDOT digital highway planning network. New cost metrics were developed for each modal assignment . Productions and attractions were forecasted and the models and assignments were rerun for 2015 and 2025. A chapter on implementation suggests how the results of the project can be used for planning and policy development. Appendices include productions and attractions for the 145 areas, computer program code for the major software developed, national modal share data by commodity, and distance decay curves for the different commodities. KW - Commodities KW - Commodity Flow Survey KW - Freight traffic KW - Highway transportation KW - Indiana KW - Regional planning KW - Software packages KW - State highway departments KW - State highways KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.in.gov/indot/files/2006_Commodity_Flow_Study.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104358 AU - Bethel, James S AU - van Gelder, Boudewijn H W AU - Cetin, Ali Fuat AU - Sampath, Aparajithan AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Corridor Mapping Using Aerial Lidar Technique PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 94p AB - With properly designed LIDAR control, assessment of 3D as-builts is attainable with an average over-all horizontal (planimetric) error of 0.324 ft (9.9 cm). Specifically, with an RMS error of 0.284 ft (8.7 cm) in Northing, and 0.255 ft (7.8 cm) in Easting. The average over-all vertical (height) error is 0.003 ft (0.1 cm) with a 0.108 ft (3.3 cm) RMS error. Lidar recognizable control (2m x 2m chevrons) was spaced at approximately 200m parallel to the direction of the axis of the project corridor, and at 60m sideway intervals. The project corridor was about 6 km long. Least Squares Image matching software was developed. The internal accuracy proved to be 0.027 ft (8mm). The strip width was approximately 111m and overlap between the Lidar strips changes from 55 to 90m sideways. Each flight line was flown twice in opposite directions showing 55 % overlap in two strips and 75 % in other two. The overall conclusion about the usage of Lidar aerial surveys for corridor mapping projects is that this technique is an efficient, cost cutting alternative to classical terrestrial and aerial survey techniques. However, at this point of the research it is felt that the design of the LiDAR control plays a critical role to the success of the deployment of aerial LiDAR surveys. Augmentation of ground-based LiDAR and classical surveys proves necessary because of shielding of the airborne laser signals (e.g. underpasses). Comparison of the Lidar based model against the photogrammetric model obtained from low flying aerial photography (helicopter) should be made once the latter model becomes available. KW - Accuracy KW - Aerial surveying KW - Dropoffs (Pavements) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Laser radar KW - Mapping KW - Pavement distress KW - Paving KW - Transportation corridors UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1744&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01088830 AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Caldas, Carlos AU - Moulvi, Nadeem A AU - Piepmeyer, Zach AU - Liang, Liang AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Electronic Appraisal Development Study PY - 2006/08//Technical Report SP - 86p AB - The acquisition of Right-of-Way is one of the major tasks involved in most of the highway projects. It is a highly complicated process requiring multiple stages, various participants, and large amounts of data and information. It is the duty of the state Departments of Transportation to ensure that the property owner is fully compensated for the loss of land and resulting damages incurred due to the acquisition of his/her land. This involves valuation of the property being acquired. Normally, an independent fee appraiser is hired by a state Department of Transportation to determine the compensation that must be paid to the property owner. There is a substantial divergence in values of the appraised properties that are similar in nature by two different fee appraisers. A variety of factors are responsible for these inconsistencies. In spite of the recent technological advances made by the states, the problems still persist. The objective of this research is to develop an Electronic Appraisal System (EAS) that is capable of capturing, transmitting, storing, managing, and analyzing the appraisal data, thereby improving the appraisal process and reducing the likelihood of inconsistent appraisal values. A prototype of the proposed EAS has been developed to demonstrate the applicability and features of the new system. KW - Appraisals KW - Compensation (Land owners) KW - Electronic data KW - Information systems KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Valuation UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/9_1523_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/849443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01080858 AU - Ismart, D AU - Frawley, William AU - Plazak, D AU - Williams, K AU - Matherly, D AU - Fendrick, M AU - Spiller, N AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safe Access Is Good for Business PY - 2006/08 SP - 16p AB - The purpose of this document is to assuage business owners' fears that a change in access (e.g., removal or relocation of a driveway(s), restriction in turning movements, etc.) as the result of an adjacent roadway improvement project is not "the" wholly determinant influence on the continuing success of that business. Construction aside, access changes are unlikely, on their own merits, to negatively impact a business. One of the goals of roadway corridor improvement projects is to clean up the sometimes cluttered distribution and alignments of sidestreet and driveway access points such that property access "order" is developed where chaos existed, and concurrently, throughput traffic delay is reduced and safety is improved. The entire corridor benefits such that customers will be enticed to use it. Improvements through access management practices can be "win-win" for both the properties, and the through traffic in a corridor. The success (or failure) of a business is dependent on a host of other, more prominent factors, including the business plan, the demand for the product, the quality of the product, local competition, price, customer service, well-trained, courteous employees, and other competitive factors. Absent something hugely impacting, like the total relocation of the adjacent street away from the business (i.e., a bypass) or construction of a view-limiting berm or noise walls, a change in access is a short-term (i.e., construction) impact at best, and upon completion, may indeed actually provide a boon to the business strip in terms of corridor enhancement. Loyal customers will learn the new access patterns. New customers may be enticed to shop now in the newly revamped corridor. They, along with future customers who on their own merits will seek out the product, will assume the new access patterns were "status quo" all along. This document is intended as a companion product of the FHWA video of the same name. Agencies are encouraged to show the short video at public meetings, and make copies of the document available as take-home products that reinforce the key message. CDs containing both the video and the document may be requested free of charge. Additionally, the video and the document may also be viewed and downloaded online at www.accessmanagement.gov or .info. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Alignment KW - Businesses KW - Commercial strips KW - Driveways KW - Highway corridors KW - Impacts KW - Improvements KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/amprimer/access_mgmt_primer.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/840006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01075739 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US Highway 93 Ninepipe/Ronan Improvement project: environmental impact statement PY - 2006/08//Volumes held: Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/835133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01055121 AU - Balaguru, P N AU - Arafa, Mohamed AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Geopolymer Coating Demonstration Project for I-295 Scenic Overlook PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 13p AB - This report presents the background information, application procedure, and final outcome of a demonstration project carried out to prove the viability of coating an existing 300 ft parapet wall with inorganic (Geopolymer) coating. This wall, located at the Scenic Overlook on I-295 South near Trenton, N.J. (mile post 58.5), was coated with Geopolymer tinted with pigments. The wall surface was pressure washed before applying the coating. This was the only surface preparation that was needed before the application. Before the coating was applied, a number of “small patch” applications on the backside of the wall were made to gain approval by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. The oldest patch was more than 18 months old when the wall was coated. Self cleaning and de-polluting characteristics of the coating are being investigated under a project funded by the National Science Foundation. KW - Coatings KW - Demonstration projects KW - Geopolymers KW - Graffiti proof materials KW - Parapets KW - Pressure washing KW - Walls UR - http://www.nj.gov/transportation/refdata/research/reports/FHWA-NJ-2005-021.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051960 AU - Caldas, Carlos H AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Kockelman, Kara M AU - Persad, Khali R AU - Chung, Eugene J AU - Medina, Doris V AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TxDOT Guidebook for Right-of-Way Valuations and Negotiations PY - 2006/08 SP - 30p AB - In fiscal year 1999, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, 2003b) reported that the federal government spent nearly one billion dollars on right-of-way (R/W) acquisition. Because valuations and negotiations can have such a large impact on a project’s overall success, they are becoming particularly vital parts of the right-of-way acquisition process. Successful R/W valuations and negotiations depend on three criteria: time management, cost containment, and a good relationship with the public. However, it is difficult to achieve all three objectives at once because of the complex nature of the process. While project plans, surveys, and construction have relatively finite timelines, condemnation proceedings often make property acquisition last longer than expected or desired (NCHRP, 2000). Furthermore, a series of complex statutes, rules, and regulations creates additional challenges. Given the significance of R/W acquisition and its numerous challenges, it is crucial to evaluate and undertake effective strategies for successful valuations and negotiations. In order to facilitate effective R/W valuation and negotiation by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and its agents, this guidebook presents guidelines and documents recommended practices. Also, these guidelines are based on various reviews of the literature, research on the R/W process, analysis of databases, and interviews. They are intended for use by TxDOT’s R/W agents and outside consultants. KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Labor negotiations KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Recommendations KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Valuation UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5379_P2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051959 AU - Persad, Khali AU - Walton, C Michael AU - Wang, Zhong AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation Issues and Strategies for Deployment of Traveler Information Systems in Texas PY - 2006/08 SP - 56p AB - This research product provides in-depth analysis of the benefits and costs of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) deployment to enhance toll road operations in Texas, the implementation issues of ATIS, and funding opportunities for ATIS implementations. A case study of cost-benefit analysis was conducted using the Austin transportation network. The evaluation results show that ATIS deployment proposed in a previous simulation study is cost-effective. A practical framework for ATIS implementation was developed. In general, Texas traffic management centers (TMCs) are capable of providing the traveler information desired by the public. The funding opportunities for ATIS deployment are generally from the public sector. The funding opportunities from the private sector are very limited and need substantial marketing effort. Several business models are reviewed. It was found that most TMCs in Texas are using the Public-Centered Operations model. There is significant scope left for private sector involvement. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Austin (Texas) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Businesses KW - Case studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deployment KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - Private enterprise KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas KW - Toll roads KW - Traffic control centers UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5079_P3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051958 AU - Harrison, Robert AU - Schofield, Mike AU - Loftus-Otway, Lisa AU - Middleton, Dan AU - West, Jason R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing Freight Highway Corridor Performance Measure Strategies in Texas PY - 2006/08//Technical Report SP - 86p AB - This one-year scoping study examined the current status of highway Freight Performance Measure (FPM) implementation in the United States for possible implementation within the Texas Department of Transportation’s (TxDOT's) division of transportation, planning, and programming. A review of current FPM work revealed several state and federal initiatives and led the team to work closely with American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) staff in determining Texas-based FPM data for the state. The study sponsored a FPM workshop, in which federal initiatives were presented together with study findings on current performance-based work. This report presents a review of current FPM work, details the ATRI-FHWA study currently underway, presents some early ATRI data on Texas highways, explores the potential interface between FPM corridor work and the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) urban performance indices, and finally, makes recommendations for TxDOT on future FPM research and implementation in the state. KW - American Transportation Research Institute KW - Freight transportation KW - Interstate transportation KW - Performance measurement KW - Texas KW - Transportation corridors KW - Trucking KW - United States KW - Workshops UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5410_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051955 AU - Hodges, Mark AU - Prozzi, Jolanda P AU - Perez-Ordonez, Alejandro AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Manual for the Computation of the Disaggregate County-Level Truck Flows and Explanation of Model Calibration PY - 2006/08 SP - 89p AB - Truck data are critical to transportation planning in any region. Intercity and interstate truck flows have an important impact on traffic volumes, the mix of traffic, and experienced level of congestion on the state-maintained infrastructure. In Technical Report 0-4713-R1 entitled “Development of Sources and Methods for Securing Truck Travel Data in Texas”, a multinomial logit approach was proposed to estimate county level truck travel data from the publicly available 1997 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) and IMPLAN data over the short term. Although not a required research product, the modeling approach was considered very useful to the Texas Department of Transportation. The objective of this manual is to explain how to use the calibrated multinomial logit (MNL) models to generate disaggregate county-level truck flows for Texas and to present a detailed explanation of the required steps to calibrate the MNL models in the future. KW - 1997 Commodity Flow Survey KW - Calibration KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Multinomial logits KW - Texas KW - Traffic flow KW - Truck traffic UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_4713_01_P3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051953 AU - Yildirim, Yetkin AU - Dossey, Terry AU - Fults, Kenneth W AU - Trevino, Manuel AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Winter Maintenance Issues Associated with New Generation Open-Graded Friction Courses PY - 2006/08//Technical Report SP - 128p AB - The improved ride quality and other possible safety benefits associated with New Generation Open-Graded Friction Course (NGOGFC) or Porous Friction Course (PFC) pavements—better friction, lower noise, less splash and spray, higher visibility, reduced hydroplaning, and reduced nighttime surface glare in wet weather conditions—have made them highly attractive to engineers and contractors in the last 3 decades. Nevertheless, the durability problems and performance and maintenance issues exhibited by NGOGFCs under winter weather conditions, especially the fast formation of black ice, have prevented their widespread use. Recent research has investigated new preventive methods and materials for handling these winter maintenance issues and improving durability in NGOGFCs. In 2005, the Center for Transportation Research (CTR) conducted an online survey of different districts within the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to gather information on NGOGFCs and in 2004–2005 CTR conducted lab and field experiments to test the methodology for detecting black ice formation on NGOGFCs. This report presents the findings of the CTR survey results and research. KW - Black ice KW - Durability KW - Friction course KW - Glare KW - Hydroplaning KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Porosity KW - Ride quality KW - Spray control KW - Traffic noise KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_4834_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051942 AU - Prozzi, Jolanda P AU - Siegesmund, Peter AU - Harrison, Robert AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimating Truck Travel Data for Texas PY - 2006/08//Technical Report SP - 30p AB - In 2004, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) awarded the Center for Transportation Research at the University of Texas at Austin an implementation project that was to explain how to use the calibrated multinomial logit (MNL) models to generate county-level truck flows for Texas and to present a detailed explanation of the required steps to calibrate the MNL models in the future. MNL models were developed as part of a TxDOT research project 0-4713 entitled "Development of Truck Travel Database in Texas: Identifying Sources and Methodology." Specifically, the research team was tasked with (a) embedding the MNL models into Microsoft Excel, (b) using the newly released 2002 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) data for Texas to populate a truck travel database, (c) developing step-by-step instruction materials on using the MNL models embedded in Excel, and (d) piloting the instruction materials by providing training to district and Transportation Planning and Programming (TPP) personnel on its use. The instruction materials were piloted during a one-day workshop on August 25, 2006, at TxDOT’s Riverside facility. This report documents the information presented to the workshop participants. KW - 2002 Commodity Flow Survey KW - Databases KW - Estimating KW - Instructional materials KW - Microsoft Excel (Software) KW - Multinomial logits KW - Texas KW - Training KW - Travel data KW - Trucking KW - Workshops UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_4713_01_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051939 AU - Caldas, Carlos H AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Kockelman, Kara M AU - Persad, Khali R AU - Medina, Doris V AU - Chung, Eugene J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Synthesis of Best Practices in Right-of-Way Valuations and Negotiations PY - 2006/08 SP - 87p AB - Providing good service to the public is a principal goal of governmental agencies, a goal that is particularly challenged by right-of-way (R/W) acquisition delays and complications. Due to the complex nature of the R/W acquisition process, it is difficult to simultaneously maintain time projections, low costs, and good rapport with property owners. This research project identifies and summarizes best practices, as well as processes differences, legal aspects, and influence factors related to R/W valuations and negotiations. This synthesis of elements will be used as a guideline for R/W agents and outside appraisers to use in order to conduct effective R/W valuations and negotiations. This report is organized into eight chapters. Chapter 1 presents the report’s introduction, statement of purpose, methodology, and organization. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the R/W acquisition process, highlighting the valuation and negotiation processes. Chapter 3 performs a review of the pertinent laws and statutes including federal and state laws, and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice. Chapter 4 summarizes and discusses the Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT’s) Property Owner Satisfaction Survey, and Chapter 5 analyzes the factors that influence possession type. Chapter 6 analyzes the results of the TxDOT R/W Personnel Survey and Chapter 7 gives an overview of the valuation and appraisal processes. This chapter also includes the guidelines and best practices for valuations. Chapter 8 presents an overview of the negotiation process and offers guidelines and best practices for negotiating with property owners. Finally, Chapter 9 presents the conclusion of the research. KW - Appraisals KW - Best practices KW - Federal laws KW - Guidelines KW - Labor negotiations KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Right of way (Land) KW - State laws KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Valuation UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5379_P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01051938 AU - Hebner, Robert AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TxDOT Strategic Plan for Hydrogen Vehicles and Fueling Stations PY - 2006/08//Technical Report SP - 13p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Hydrogen Vehicles and Fueling Stations Strategic Panel investigated the situation background (including TxDOT, state of Texas, and national), the state of technology, and implementation drivers, and subsequently provided a near-term plan with a portfolio of medium- to long-term implementation options. The resulting Strategic Plan addresses particular aspects such as viable public and private partnerships and funding mechanisms, comparative feasibility of infrastructure siting, fuel transport and generation, and the full range of economic and social costs and benefits of transitioning to a “hydrogen economy.” The Strategic Plan was structured to enable maximum flexibility and adaptability to accommodate a rapidly changing environment. KW - Costs KW - Economic benefits KW - Financing KW - Hydrogen economy KW - Hydrogen fueling stations KW - Hydrogen fuels KW - Implementation KW - Infrastructure KW - Public private partnerships KW - Social benefits KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology assessment KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5590_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/811307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01047575 AU - Knauer, Harvey S AU - Pedersen, Soren AU - Reherman, Clay N AU - Rochat, Judith L AU - Thalheimer, Erich S AU - Lau, Michael C AU - Fleming, Gregg G AU - Ferroni, Mark AU - Corbisier, Christopher AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Construction Noise Handbook PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 175p AB - The John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Acoustics Facility (VCAF), in support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Natural and Human Environment, has developed the Highway Construction Noise Handbook (the Handbook). The Handbook provides guidance to U.S. state transportation agencies in measuring, predicting, and mitigating highway construction noise and developing noise criteria. In order to help users predict construction noise, the Handbook includes the User's Guide for the FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM). This Handbook, which is accompanied by a CD-ROM, reflects substantial improvements and changes in the way highway construction noise has been addressed since the 1977 publishing of the FHWA Special Report, Highway Construction Noise: Measurement, Prediction and Mitigation. This updated Handbook, and the companion CD-ROM, address both acoustical and non-acoustical issues associated with highway construction noise. While it is understood that both similarities and differences exist between construction-related noise and construction-related vibration, the focus of the Handbook and CD-ROM is confined to noise-related issues. KW - Acoustics KW - CD-ROM KW - Computer program documentation KW - FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model KW - Handbooks KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Road construction KW - Sound level UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/handbook/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/807069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01045881 AU - Juran, Ilan AU - Komornik, Uri AU - Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composite Piles under Vertical Loads PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 97p AB - Composite piles have been used primarily for fender piles, waterfront barriers, and bearing piles for light structures. In 1998, the Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC) undertook a waterfront rehabilitation project known as Hudson River Park. The project is expected to involve replacing up to 100,000 bearing piles for lightweight structures. The corrosion of steel, deterioration of concrete, and vulnerability of timber piles has led ESDC to consider composite materials, such as fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP), as a replacement for piling made of timber, concrete, or steel. Concurrently, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated a research project on the use of FRP composite piles as vertical load-bearing piles. A full-scale experiment, including dynamic and static load tests on FRP piles was conducted at a site provided by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey at its Port of Elizabeth facility in New Jersey, with the cooperation and support of its engineering department and the New York State Department of Transportation. The engineering use of FRP-bearing piles required field performance assessment and development and evaluation of reliable testing procedures and design methods to assess short-term composite material properties, load-settlement response and axial-bearing capacity, drivability and constructability of composite piling, soil-pile interaction and load transfer along the installed piling, and creep behavior of FRP composite piles under vertical loads. This project includes: (1) Development and experimental evaluation of an engineering analysis approach to establish the equivalent mechanical properties of the composite material; (2) Static load tests on instrumented FRP piles; and (3) Analysis of Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) and Pile Integrity Tester (PIT) test results using the Case Pile Wave Analysis Program (CAPWAP) and the GRL Wave Equation Analysis of Piles program GRLWEAP to establish the dynamic properties of the FRP piles. The dynamic and static loading tests on instrumented FRP piles conducted in this project demonstrated that these piles can be used as an alternative engineering solution for deep foundations. The engineering analysis of the laboratory and field test results provided initial data basis for evaluating testing methods to establish the dynamic properties of FRP piles and evaluating their integrity and drivability. Design criteria for allowable compression and tension stresses in the FRP piles were developed considering the equation of the axial force equilibrium for the composite material and assuming no delamination between its basic components. However, the widespread engineering use of FRP piles will require further site testing and full-scale experiment to establish a relevant performance database for the development and evaluation of reliable testing procedure and design methods. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing piles KW - CAPWAP (Computer program) KW - Composite piles KW - Constructability KW - Creep KW - Design methods KW - Dynamic tests KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Field tests KW - GRLWEAP (Computer program) KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Mechanical properties KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil pile interaction KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Static tests KW - Stresses KW - Test procedures KW - Vertical loads UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/04107/04107.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/805716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044265 AU - Coifman, Benjamin A AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Columbus Metropolitan Freeway Management System (CMFMS) Effectiveness Study: Part 2 - The After Study PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 372p AB - A Freeway Management System (FMS) employs various tools to manage a freeway to increase throughput and reduce delay without additional lanes. The FMS acquires data from the roadway and processes these data to identify and respond to problems. If some aspects of the data are unreliable, then the response decisions will likely be faulty. This study evaluates the performance of the first phase of the Columbus Metropolitan Freeway Management System (CMFMS) along roughly 14 mi (22.5 km) of I-70 and I-71. The system became operational at the end of 2001. The tools developed and the evaluation are intended to both provide a better understanding of the operation of the facility and to help guide future investments in the CMFMS and other FMSs. The initial objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the CMFMS. In the course of the evaluation this effort developed calibration tools and performance measures that should also prove useful for ongoing operations. The study specifically develops a suite of performance monitoring tools both to assess the performance of instrumented freeways and the reliability of the surveillance system. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the given traffic monitoring system for practitioners, allowing them to optimize the system. In the course of this work the author integrated information from many sources to meet multiple objectives for system management and monitoring. Although presented in the context of the Columbus system, the tools should be generalizable to most freeway surveillance systems. KW - Columbus (Ohio) KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway management systems KW - Loop detectors KW - Performance measurement KW - Ramp metering KW - Surveillance KW - Traffic KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic surveillance UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A77080135 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01043047 AU - Sankar, Param AU - Jeannotte, Krista AU - Arch, Jeffrey P AU - Romero, Marcelino AU - Bryden, James E AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Work Zone Impacts Assessment - An Approach to Assess and Manage Work Zone Safety and Mobility Impacts of Road Projects PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 184p AB - This Guide is designed to help transportation agencies develop and/or update their own procedures for assessing and managing the work zone impacts of their road projects throughout the different program delivery stages. Understanding work zone impacts is critical to developing effective work zone transportation management plans (TMPs) that provide for safety, mobility, and quality in maintaining, rehabilitating, and rebuilding the nation's highways. The primary intended audience for this Guide is transportation agency staff, including technical staff (planners, designers, construction/traffic engineers, highway/safety engineers, etc.); management and executive-level staff responsible for setting policy and program direction; field staff responsible for building projects and managing work zones; and staff responsible for assessing performance in these areas. This document also provides support to agencies in their efforts to implement the recently updated work zone regulations. In September 2004, the FHWA published updates to the work zone regulations at 23 CFR 630 Subpart J. The updated rule is referred to as the Work Zone Safety and Mobility Rule (Rule) and applies to all State and local governments that receive Federal-aid highway funding. Transportation agencies are required to comply with the provisions of the Rule by October 12, 2007. The changes made to the regulations broaden the former Rule to better address the work zone issues of today and the future. The Rule provides a decision-making framework that facilitates comprehensive consideration of the broader safety and mobility impacts of work zones across project development stages, and the adoption of additional strategies that help manage these impacts during project implementation. The Rule requires agencies to develop an agency-level work zone safety and mobility policy to support systematic consideration and management of work zone impacts across all stages of project development. Based on the policy, agencies will develop processes and procedures to support implementation of the policy. These include procedures that address work zone impacts assessment, work zone data, work zone training, and process reviews. The Rule also calls for the development of project-level procedures to help agencies assess and manage the work zone impacts of individual projects. While the Rule does not require a specific work zone impacts assessment process/procedure, it recommends that agencies develop and implement systematic procedures to assess work zone impacts in project development, and to manage safety and mobility during project implementation. This document is the last of four guidance documents developed on the Rule, and provides a general approach for conducting work zone impacts assessment and management, as well as many examples of the approaches currently being used by transportation agencies. KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway projects KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Mobility KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Road construction KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/resources/final_rule/wzi_guide/index.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25200/25212/wzi_guide.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042097 AU - Wang, Yinhai AU - Zheng, Jianyang AU - Zhang, Guohui AU - TransNow, Transportation Northwest AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comprehensive Evaluation on Transit Signal Priority System Impacts Using Field Observed Traffic Data (Phase One) PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 57p AB - To improve the level of Community Transit (CT) services, the South Snohomish Regional Transit Signal Priority (SS-RTSP) project has been launched. To understand the overall benefit of this project, the SS-RTSP system (phase one) was tested and evaluated after the completion of the hardware and software installations on the 164th Street SW street corridor in Snohomish County, Washington State. In this study, impacts of the SS-RTSP system on both transit and local traffic operations were quantitatively evaluated based on field observed data. A simulation model was also built and calibrated to compute measures of effectiveness that cannot be obtained from field-observed data. With the simulation model and field observed data, the impacts of the SS-RTSP system on both transit and local traffic operations were quantitatively evaluated. Our evaluation results showed that the SS-RTSP system introduced noticeable benefits to transit vehicles, with insignificant negative impacts to local traffic on cross streets. The overall impact of the SS-RTSP system on local traffic of the whole intersection was net benefit. To improve the performance of the current SS-RTSP system, more transit vehicles can be enabled for transit signal priority (TSP) eligibility. The average number of granted TSP trips was only 16.96 per day per intersection during the test. Considering that negative impacts of the SS-RTSP on local traffic were not significant, more transit trips can be granted with proper TSP treatment to generate more benefits from the SS-RTSP system. Also, near-side bus stops were found to introduce extra transit delays when TSP was on under certain conditions. Our recommendation is that the TSP treatment of extended green may be disabled at intersections with near-side bus stops to avoid introducing negative impacts on transit vehicles. KW - Bus priority KW - Bus stops KW - Evaluation KW - Impact studies KW - Intersections KW - Public transit KW - Signalization KW - Simulation KW - Snohomish County (Washington) KW - Traffic KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Transit signal priority KW - Transit vehicle operations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26800/26842/TNW2006-10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042068 AU - Dailey, Daniel J AU - TransNow, Transportation Northwest AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Use of Weather Data to Predict Non-Recurring Traffic Congestion PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 19p AB - This project will demonstrate the quantitative relationship between weather patterns and surface traffic conditions. The aviation and maritime industries use weather measurements and predictions as a normal part of operations, and this can be extended to surface transportation. While it is generally asserted that there is a causal relationship between weather and transportation systems delays, this relationship has not been quantified in a way that allows the effect on surface transportation systems to be predicted. This research has the potential to accomplish two very important things: (1) prediction of non-recurring traffic congestion and (2) prediction of conditions under which incidents or accidents can have a significant impact on the freeway system. This linkage of weather to traffic may be one of the only non-recurring congestion phenomena that can be accurately predicted. This work will create algorithms and implementations to correlate weather with traffic congestion. Furthermore, it may provide a means for traffic management to place resources proactively to clear incidents. KW - Algorithms KW - Crashes KW - Highway traffic control KW - Measurement KW - Nonrecurrent congestion KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic incidents KW - Weather KW - Weather forecasting UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26800/26841/TNW2006-11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042055 AU - Graybeal, Benjamin A AU - PSI, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Material Property Characterization of Ultra-High Performance Concrete PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 186p AB - In the past decade significant advances have been made in the field of high performance concretes (HPC). The next generation of concrete, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), exhibits exceptional strength and durability characteristics that make it well suited for use in highway bridge structures. This material can exhibit compressive strength of 193 megapascals (MPa) [28 kilopounds per sq in. (ksi)], tensile strength of 9.0 MPa (1.3 ksi), significant tensile toughness, elastic modulus of 52.4 gigapascals (GPa) (7,600 ksi), and minimal long-term creep or shrinkage. It can also resist freeze-thaw and scaling conditions with virtually no damage and is nearly impermeable to chloride ions. This report presents the results from a large suite of material characterization tests that were completed in order to quantify the behaviors of a commercially available UHPC. The characteristics of this UHPC under four different curing regimes were captured. This study focused on strength-based behaviors (e.g., compressive and tensile strength), long-term stability behaviors (e.g., creep and shrinkage), and durability behaviors (e.g., chloride ion penetration and freeze-thaw). KW - Chlorides KW - Compressive strength KW - Creep KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - High performance concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Properties of materials KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials KW - Tensile strength UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/06103/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042048 AU - Graybeal, Benjamin A AU - PSI, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Structural Behavior of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Prestressed I-Girders PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 104p AB - In the past decade significant advances have been made in the field of high performance concretes (HPC). The next generation of concrete, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), exhibits exceptional tensile and compressive strength characteristics that make it well suited for use in highway bridge structures. Prestressed highway bridge girders were cast from this material and tested under flexure and shear loadings. These American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Type II girders contained no mild steel reinforcement, forcing the UHPC and its internal passive fiber reinforcement to carry all secondary tensile forces within the girder. These tests demonstrated that UHPC can carry all shear forces normally demanded of a prestressed I-girder and can also significantly enhance the flexural capacity of the girder. Based on this research, a basic structural design philosophy for bridge I-girder design is proposed. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridges KW - Compressive strength KW - Design KW - Fiber reinforcement KW - Flexure KW - Girders KW - High performance concrete KW - I-girders KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear loading KW - Structural behavior KW - Tensile strength UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/06115/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/06115/06115.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042044 AU - Tabler, Ronald D AU - Tabler and Associates AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Three-Dimensional Roughness Elements for Snow Retention PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 190p AB - The objective of this study was to develop a practical and economical method of retaining snow along roadsides in order to reduce icing caused by blowing snow. Although multiple rows of conventional 4-ft snow fence could serve this purpose, it was hypothesized that a three-dimensional array of elements might be more effective and aesthetic, and might prove to be more economical. An idea leading to the research reported here was for tetrapodal elements constructed from 2" x 4" lumber, and this was later expanded to include the development and testing of tubular, wire frame-supported plastic netting. The study consisted of developing, testing, and comparing these alternative roughness elements. Conclusions from this study are as follows: The 3-ft-tall tetrapod developed in this study is an efficient design that minimizes costs for materials and labor. Tetrapods are the most costly element to fabricate and install and the physical structure of tetrapods presents a potential collision hazard to errant vehicles. Tank baffles are effective in collecting snow, but their cost is approximately twice that of tetrapods. Snow snakes are significantly less costly than tetrapod arrays, and their cost per unit volume of snow storage is comparable to that of conventional snow fence of equal height installed on wood or steel posts. The primary advantages of snow snakes over conventional snow fences are their unobtrusive appearance, and the fact that they present no hazard to errant vehicles. They also promote the reestablishment of vegetation by increasing soil moisture, providing shade, and by providing protection from wind and grazing animals. Snow snake drifts in medians would also help to restrain vehicles that would otherwise cross over into oncoming traffic. KW - Blizzards KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Roadside KW - Roughness KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow fences KW - Snow retention KW - Snow snakes (Roadside equipment) KW - Tank baffle systems KW - Testing KW - Tetrapodal elements KW - Three-dimensional array of elements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042041 AU - Turner, John P AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Time Domain Reflectometry for Monitoring Slope Movements PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 59p AB - A study of time domain reflectometry (TDR) was conducted for application to monitoring of highway slopes. Laboratory shear tests were carried out in an attempt to develop a correlation between shear displacement and TDR signals from grouted cables in sand deposits. Laboratory tests were also conducted to evaluate the potential use of air-dielectric, or hollow, coaxial cable for measuring groundwater elevations and for combined measurements of groundwater and slope movements. Grouted cables were installed at roadway landslide sites at four locations in Wyoming and monitored for periods ranging from one to six and a half years. Results of laboratory shear tests demonstrate that cable deformation is sensitive to boundary conditions and that it is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain consistent, repeatable results. Each test yielded a significantly different relationship between cable signal and shear deformation. It is concluded that no reliable correlation can be established for laboratory test conditions. Hollow-cable TDR was found to provide a quick and reliable method for determining groundwater elevations and is recommended for field implementation. Four landslide sites were instrumented with coaxial cable for TDR monitoring and slope inclinometer readings. Results are presented and discussed in detail. TDR readings are compared to slope inclinometer readings at each site. Based on the lab and field testing results, it is concluded that TDR can be cost-effective and useful method for monitoring the occurrence and depth of slide planes when applied appropriately. TDR is not sufficient to establish the magnitude of slope deformation. Recommendations are given for continuing implementation by Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) of TDR for slope monitoring. KW - Coaxial cables KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Landslides KW - Measurement KW - Shear displacement KW - Shear tests KW - Slope deformation KW - Slope stability KW - Time domain reflectometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042037 AU - Westbrook Associated Engineers, Incorporated AU - E80 Plus Constructors, LLC AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impact of Railcar Weight Changes on Bridges of the State of Wisconsin-Owned Railroad System PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 77p AB - Bridges on the state-owned Wisconsin railroad system are reaching their original design capacity due to increased railroad car weight limits. The condition of a majority of these railroad bridges has created additional concern. This report is the result of a railroad bridge assessment study commissioned by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation to determine the impact of 286,000-pound (286 kip) railcars (on state-owned railroad system bridges). The objective of the study was to evaluate a sample number of bridges by inspecting their current condition, determining their load carrying capacity, estimating their remaining useful life, and make repair and retrofit recommendations, to facilitate the heavier cars. Twenty-six sample bridges were evaluated. These are comprised of three steel bridges, one concrete bridge, twenty timber bridges and two bridges with combined timber and steel spans. These bridges were located on both the Milwaukee and the Monroe subdivisions of the Wisconsin & Southern Railroad Company. It was found that overall there is a need to perform a sizable amount of maintenance, repair and capital construction work to prepare the project bridges for sustained 286 kip operations. The rating analysis suggests that many of the timber trestle bridges will not be able to carry sustained 286 kip rail car traffic without accelerated deterioration of the structures. Deficiencies in the standard timber trestle bridges already present at the current load levels will be aggravated by 286 kip railcar loads. The steel and concrete bridges rated are adequate for carrying 286 kip railcar traffic. The study notes that the sample of steel and concrete bridges may not be representative of the remaining bridges in the Wisconsin & Southern inventory, and that further evaluation should be performed. Inspections of the project bridges found that, while conditions varied widely, overall the condition of the bridges was fair to poor. Several years of deferred maintenance were evident, particularly amongst those bridges on the Monroe Subdivision. The steel bridges included in the study were found to be in fair to good condition with a lesser number of defects per bridge. Over the next 5 years, $2.93 million will be required to bring the study bridges up to a condition that can sustain continuous 286 kip operations. Extrapolating that value to the entire state-owned rail system indicates as much as $24.2 million is needed to upgrade all bridges. KW - Concrete bridges KW - Impact KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad bridges KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroad traffic KW - Steel bridges KW - Weight KW - Wisconsin KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/05-13railweight-f1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01039124 AU - French, Lloyd J AU - French, Millie S AU - French Engineering, LLC AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stratification of Locally Owned Roads for Traffic Data Collection PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 37p AB - In Pennsylvania, there are over 72,000 mi roadways owned by 2,565 municipalities that are not on the Federal-aid system, and are classified as local roads. Currently, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) does not have a systematic approach to monitoring the traffic volumes on this portion of the highway system to produce estimates of vehicle-miles traveled (VMT). Federal guidelines such as the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) Field Manual and Traffic Monitoring Guide (TMG) are of some benefit but provide the most complete and detailed guidance for higher class facilities. This research project aimed to determine a sampling method to collect the data required to produce VMT estimates on local roads owned by municipalities. The proposed research methodology built upon (1) the guidance contained in the TMG and HPMS Field Manual; (2) the experiences of others as discovered through a survey of state DOTs; (3) and an extensive literature search, to develop a plan specific to the circumstances facing PennDOT. It was designed to be feasible within the resources PennDOT has available to devote to local road monitoring, and to provide a foundation of data upon which VMT estimates could be made at the county level for each urban/rural code. The end result was a plan that contained 7,171 count stations spread proportionally over 152 strata. KW - Cities and towns KW - Data collection KW - Guidelines KW - Literature reviews KW - Local roads KW - Pennsylvania KW - Roads KW - State departments of transportation KW - Statewide KW - Surveys KW - Traffic counting stations KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01039078 AU - Thomas, Andrea AU - Linsenmayer, Kim AU - Casey, Patrick AU - CTC & Associates LLC AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Synthesis of Best Practices for Eliminating Fogging and Icing on Winter Maintenance Vehicles PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 118p AB - Windows and mirrors on snowplow trucks often become covered with snow, ice, fog and frost during winter storms, obscuring the operators' field of vision and raising safety concerns. The Clear Roads winter maintenance pooled fund research program sought to address these problems through this research project. The objective was to compile the most effective designs, technologies, materials and practices for keeping snowplow glass and mirror surfaces clean of winter precipitation inside and out. To gather information for this synthesis, the researchers completed a literature search of existing research, phone interviews with winter maintenance professionals, and two Web-based surveys. More than 200 winter maintenance professionals from 30 states and five foreign countries responded to the surveys. The study identified a number of strategies that agencies across the country have used to address icing and fogging problems and recommended opportunities for additional research and product testing by state agencies. Successful strategies highlighted in the report include heated mirrors (for addressing icing on mirrors); the improved heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems on newer trucks (for addressing interior fogging and exterior icing); winter-grade wipers (for addressing buildup on wipers); and plow deflectors and plow flaps (for addressing blow-over that leads to windshield icing). KW - Best practices KW - Deicing KW - Fog KW - Frost KW - Heated mirrors KW - Heating, cooling and ventilation equipment KW - Highway safety KW - Icing KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Plow flaps KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Snow KW - Snowplows KW - Visibility KW - Windows (Vehicles) KW - Windshield wipers KW - Windshields KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winter windshield wipers UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/06-22anti-fogging.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01038308 AU - Cable, James K AU - Morud, Jennifer L AU - Tabbert, Toni R AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Composite Pavement Unbonded Overlays: Phase III PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - v.p. AB - In recent years, thin whitetopping has evolved as a viable rehabilitation technique for deteriorated asphalt cement concrete (ACC) pavements. Numerous projects have been constructed and tested, allowing researchers to identify the important elements contributing to the projects' successes. These elements include surface preparation, overlay thickness, synthetic fiber reinforcement usage, joint spacing, and joint sealing. Although the main factors affecting thin whitetopping performance have been identified by previous research, questions still existed as to the optimum design incorporating these variables. The objective of this research is to investigate the interaction between these variables over time. Laboratory testing and field testing were conducted to achieve the research objectives. Laboratory testing involved shear testing of the bond between the portland cement concrete (PCC) overlay and the ACC surface. Field testing involved falling weight deflectometer deflection responses, measurement of joint faulting and joint opening, and visual distress surveys on the 9.6-mile project. The project was located on Iowa Highway 13 extending north from the city of Manchester, Iowa, to Iowa Highway 3 in Delaware County. Variables investigated include ACC surface preparation, PCC thickness, slab size, synthetic fiber reinforcement usage, and joint spacing. This report documents the planning, construction, and performance of each variable in the time period from summer 2002 through spring 2006. The project has performed well with only minor distress identification since its construction. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Field tests KW - Iowa KW - Joint sealing KW - Joint spacing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Planning KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Shear tests KW - Thickness KW - Whitetopping UR - http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/reports/composite_unbonded_overlay.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44400/44454/composite_unbonded_overlay.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/794602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01038307 AU - Fernando, Emmanuel G AU - Musani, Dilip AU - Park, Dae-Wook AU - Liu, Wenting AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Effects of Tire Size and Inflation Pressure on Tire Contact Stresses and Pavement Response PY - 2006/08//Technical Report SP - 288p AB - Recent years have seen an increase in the number of permitted oversized and overweight loads on Texas highways. The motor carrier industry uses a number of tire sizes in transporting oversized and overweight loads. Tire inflation pressures for these transports are often higher than those used for regular line hauling to match the higher wheel loads of the overweight truck or trailer. In evaluating the structural adequacy of pavements to applied wheel loads, existing practice typically assumes the tire pressure to be uniform over the contact area with magnitude equal to the inflation pressure. This analysis ignores the differences in tire footprints among various tire types. To determine the effects of these differences, researchers investigated existing procedures for predicting pavement response to applied surface tractions at the tire-pavement interface. A specific objective was to establish how tire contact stresses may be modeled in existing layered elastic programs to better approximate the effects of non-uniform tire contact pressure distributions, and account for differences in tire construction, tire load, and tire inflation pressure on predicted pavement response. To this end, researchers assembled a data base of measured tire contact stresses and performed a comparative evaluation of methods for representing tire contact pressure distributions in existing models to predict performance-related pavement response variables. A computer program called TireView was developed that provides estimates of tire contact area as a function of tire type, tire load, and tire inflation pressure and predicts the stress distribution at the tire-pavement interface based on polynomial interpolations of measured tire contact stresses in the data base. A method for predicting pavement response using layered elastic analysis is proposed that is based on the predicted tire contact area. Alternatively, the predicted tire contact pressure distribution from TireView may be used in a finite element program for applications where a more rigorous analysis is desired. KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Finite element method KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Size KW - Texas KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4361-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/794990 ER - TY - SER AN - 01036923 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - LTPP Data Analysis: Optimization of Traffic Data Collection for Specific Pavement Design Applications PY - 2006/08 IS - FHWA-HRT-06-111 SP - 4p AB - The Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program conducted a study to establish the relationship between the traffic data collection effort, including the combination of traffic data acquisition technologies and length of time coverage, and the variability in predicted pavement life using the "Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide" (M-E PDG). For the study, researchers used extended-coverage weigh-in-motion (WIM) data from the LTPP Standard Data Release (SDR) 16.0 to simulate a wide range of traffic data collection scenarios. This resulted in the development of two specific products: (1) Guidelines for the type, amount, and quality of traffic data input required for particular design situations considering the sensitivity of the pavement design process to the variability in traffic load input; and (2) Directions for future traffic data collection efforts to address both LTPP and State agency collection needs for pavement design applications. This TechBrief contains further discussion of the study findings and conclusions. KW - Data collection KW - Guidelines KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Service life KW - Traffic data KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/06111/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/06111/06111.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036746 AU - DeWitt, Gary L AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Precast Concrete Paving Panels: The Colorado Department of Transportation Region 4 Experience, 2000 to 2006 PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 35p AB - Beginning with a pilot project in December 2000, the Colorado Department of Transportation, Region 4 (northeast corner of Colorado), pursued the use of precast concrete panels as a means to speed repair of concrete pavements. The outcome of the repair techniques occurring within 8 to 9 hours has provided a means to minimize traffic disruption at peak traffic hours. A description of construction concerns and techniques is included. While a high success rate has occurred with thicker panel depths (8 in. and above), shallower panel depths (7 in. and below) have had a higher failure rate than was expected. Panels have been installed in high traffic areas principally I-25 north of Denver. Additional sites with fewer panels have been installed on US Hwy 287 north of Fort Collins and US Hwy 85 near Greeley. Implementation led to the following conclusions: Repairing concrete pavement with precast concrete paving panels is recommended as a means to minimize traffic disruption during peak hours. The precast concrete panel depth should be 8 in. and above. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Denver (Colorado) KW - High volume roads KW - Panels KW - Precast concrete KW - Repairing KW - Thickness KW - Traffic delays UR - http://www.dot.state.co.us/Publications/PDFFiles/Precastconcretepanels.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036615 AU - Cooley, L Allen AU - Brumfield, Jimmy W AU - Burns Cooley Dennis, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASR Benchmark Workshop PY - 2006/08//Draft Final Report SP - 31p AB - A two and one-half day ASR Benchmarking Workshop was held between June 6 and 8, 2006 as part of the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA’s) effort to develop elements for an alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) Program. The need for this facilitated workshop was born out of the recently passed legislation entitled Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The objective of this workshop was to gather expert and stakeholder input regarding a comprehensive program of further development and deployment activities addressing techniques available presently and in the very near future to prevent and mitigate ASR. A total of 74 participants attended the workshop. Participants were from academia, industry, State Departments of Transportation, government agencies, and the host agency FHWA. Organization of the workshop was designed to bring forward presently available information regarding the state of technology, challenges faced with preventing and mitigating ASR and the methods that can be deployed in the field. Four topics were addressed during the discussion group sessions at the workshop: 1) ASR test methods and identification techniques; 2) ASR prevention in new construction and current specifications; 3) ASR mitigation in existing concrete; and 4) how do we approach the inventory of structures and pavements. This report provides a summary of discussions from each of the breakout groups as well as the recommended elements for the ASR program as discussed by the assembled group. KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Benchmarks KW - Challenges KW - Concrete KW - Deployment KW - Development KW - Inventory KW - Mitigation strategies KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Procedures KW - Structures KW - Technology KW - Test procedures KW - Workshops UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/asrbench.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01035653 AU - Eisele, William L AU - Frawley, William E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recommended Access Management Guidelines for Texas PY - 2006/08//Technical Report SP - 140p AB - This report documents the research performed during this two-year research project to provide recommendations for the use of access management techniques on state roadways in Texas. In the first year of the project, the research team focused on developing a matrix of guidelines for the application of different access management techniques for various roadway access classifications. The access management treatments for which recommended guidelines are presented include access spacing, corner clearance, median treatments, auxiliary lanes, alternate left-turn treatments, access separation at interchanges, frontage roads, and the use of traffic impact analyses for site development. The matrix allows the user to identify critical threshold criteria for the application of each access management technique for each roadway access classification. In the second year of the project, the matrix has been revised. The revised matrix and supporting information is presented in this document. The guidelines presented in this report will be valuable for state transportation professionals for use on new and retrofit projects as a toolbox of techniques for managing access to all state roadways―thus preserving the intended use of these facilities. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Auxiliary lanes KW - Corner clearance KW - Frontage roads KW - Guidelines KW - Interchanges KW - Left turns KW - Median treatments KW - Medians KW - State highways KW - Texas KW - Traffic impact analysis UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4141-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01035632 AU - Richard, C M AU - Campbell, J L AU - Brown, J L AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Task Analysis of Intersection Driving Scenarios: Information Processing Bottlenecks PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 219p AB - The purpose of this report is to identify the information processing bottlenecks that drivers face in specific intersection driving scenarios. These bottlenecks represent situations in which drivers may become overloaded by driving demands, which could result in drivers conducting important driving tasks in improper fashion or skipping certain tasks altogether. To identify and characterize information processing bottlenecks, this report presents a series of task analyses to determine key functions performed by drivers as they approach and navigate through different intersection scenarios. The focus of this task analysis is on identifying the underlying information processing elements, including the perceptual, cognitive, and psychomotor subtasks associated with each individual driving task. Seven distinct driving scenarios were investigated in the task analysis, and each scenario was successively separated into segments, tasks, and subtasks/information processing elements. The scenarios included in the analysis were: (1) left turn on green light, (2) left turn on yellow light, (3) straight on yellow light, (4) straight on green light, (5) right turn on green light, (6) right turn on red light, and (7) stop on red light. Appendix A discusses in detail the equations and assumptions associated with the development of the vehicle timing/dynamics calculations performed for each of the seven driving scenarios included in the effort. KW - Behavior KW - Driver workload KW - Drivers KW - Driving demands KW - Human information processing KW - Intersections KW - Psychomotor ability KW - Task analysis UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/06033/index.cfm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31200/31216/FHWA-HRT-06-033.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01035631 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - ITS Applications for Coordinating and Improving Human Services Transportation, A Cross-Cutting Study: Improving Service for the Transportation Disadvantaged PY - 2006/08 SP - 68p AB - Older adults, persons with disabilities, and individuals with lower incomes frequently do not have access to transportation or their access to transportation is limited. These populations, called “transportation disadvantaged,” need flexible yet dependable routes and schedules, easily understood traveler information, low-cost fares that are easy to understand, and transportation that is safe and secure. This report highlights technologies that improve accessibility for the transportation disadvantaged. A special emphasis is placed on those technologies that improve coordination of agencies, services, functions, or modes because coordination can result in greater efficiency and service delivery improvements. One of the greatest challenges to implementing technologies is that of coordinating the goals and functions of multiple agencies. Obstacles to coordination include different rules and standards among the various agencies, different funding streams, and limited guidance. A technology solution that enables coordination among different agencies can lead to long-term organizational efficiencies not possible with a manual system for coordination. This report profiles six diverse sites that have successfully deployed intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies to improve transportation options for the transportation disadvantaged. While these agencies have used different approaches, based on their needs and in-house capabilities, all have emphasized the importance of coordination and flexibility in providing service. Based on their experiences, these agencies have many lessons to share, including the following: Technologies should be phased in incrementally, ironing out the problems with each technology before adding another layer of complexity; Training of staff, operators, drivers, and users is crucial to allay apprehensions and ensure complete and accurate use of the system; Regular meetings between system providers, subcontractors, policy makers, special interest groups, and agency managers allow stakeholders to share problems and ideas and to build consensus; ITS technologies produce a massive amount of data, and a commitment to data quality is essential; and It is important to be a “smart client” for vendor-supplied software, assessing the vendor’s longevity and integration capability, avoiding excessive modifications of the software’s functionality, and insisting on on-site training and support. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Coordination KW - Data quality KW - Driver training KW - Fares KW - Human services KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Itinerary KW - Low income groups KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Safety and security KW - Stakeholders KW - Training KW - Transportation disadvantaged persons UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14140.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14140_files/14140.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034028 AU - Janssen, Donald J AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Concrete Pavement Technology Development and Testing: Volume II—Field Evaluation of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) C-203 Test Sites (Freeze-Thaw Resistance) PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 47p AB - Field test sections were constructed during 1992 as part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) investigation of the frost resistance of concrete. The first freeze-thaw-related deterioration expected for pavement concrete exposed to de-icing salt would be salt scaling. Unfortunately, the test sections constructed in Ohio were diamond-ground between construction and the first visit of the monitoring team. The diamond-ground surface did not deteriorate over time. Internal deterioration of the Ohio test sections was either not detected or was believed to be caused by a mechanism other than freeze-thaw. Freeze-thaw deterioration was not noticed, either, in the Minnesota test sections (not exposed to deicing salts), though freeze-thaw tests conducted on specimens cut from the test sections 6 years after construction showed significantly different performance than specimens prepared and tested at the time of test section construction. For both the Ohio and Minnesota test sections, only 6 years of winter exposure would not be adequate to evaluate potential long-term performance thoroughly. Though the Ohio sections have been overlaid, making further monitoring impossible, the Minnesota sections are still exposed. Additional monitoring of these sections is recommended, along with providing salt exposure to the sections to determine their resistance to salt scaling. The D-cracking mitigation study indicated that in many cases the D-cracking returned after 6 years, independent of the mitigation technique tried. Additional testing would be required to make further evaluations. KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Deicing KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Life cycle costing KW - Minnesota KW - Ohio KW - Rapid chloride permeability test KW - Road construction KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Test sections UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pccp/pubs/02083/02083.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034018 AU - Mallela, Jagannath AU - Titus-Glover, Leslie AU - Yu, H Thomas AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Concrete Pavement Technology Development and Testing: Volume III—Field Evaluation of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) C-205 Test Sites (High-Performance Concrete) PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 69p AB - This research study, sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, summarizes the field performance of eight high-early-strength (HES) concrete patches between 1994 and 1998. The patches were constructed under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) between June 1991 and July 1992 and were located in five States (Arkansas, Illinois, Nebraska, New York, and North Carolina) using existing State construction practices. The patches were constructed mainly with Type III cement, four different types of coarse aggregate, and three different types of fine aggregate. Similar types of air entraining admixtures, water reducers, and set accelerators were used at all except the North Carolina site. The patches were located in areas with varying environmental and traffic conditions. The performance criterion of interest was durability. Durability of the HES concrete was quantified over a period of 7 years using various indicators including compressive strength, static elastic modulus, rapid chloride permeability, and asphalt concrete (AC) impedance. The HES patches were also examined visually to locate any material- or durability-related distresses. This report discusses in detail the effects of climate and material properties on the HES concrete durability. Some of the results of interest include the effect of water reducer type, curing method, and aggregate type on long-term durability. The report also presents comparisons of the rapid chloride permeability and AC impedance test results and the rate of strength gain for the mixes evaluated. Overall, the HES patches performed well with no obvious signs of deterioration. However, the results were not conclusive because the performance-monitoring period was relatively short. There is a need for further research in the areas of long-term HES concrete mechanical properties and durability. KW - Admixtures KW - Arkansas KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bulk modulus KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Fine aggregates KW - High early strength concrete KW - Illinois KW - Life cycle costing KW - Nebraska KW - New York (State) KW - North Carolina KW - Patching KW - Rapid chloride permeability test KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Water reducing agents UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pccp/pubs/02084/02084.pdf UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pccp/pubs/02084/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034016 AU - Yu, H Thomas AU - Mallela, Jagannath AU - Darter, Michael I AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Concrete Pavement Technology Development and Testing: Volume IV—Field Evaluation of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) C-206 Test Sites (Early Opening of Full Depth Pavement Repairs) PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 51p AB - The objective of this study was to monitor and evaluate the performance of experimental full-depth repairs made with high-early-strength (HES) materials placed under Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) project C-206, "Optimization of Highway Concrete Technology". The C-206 full-depth repair experiment was conducted to demonstrate and validate the technologies that allow early opening of full-depth portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement repairs to traffic and to document the information needed to apply this technology. The experimental factors for the full-depth repair experiment included material type, strength at opening, and repair length. A total of 11 different HES concrete mixes with opening times ranging from 2 to 24 hours were evaluated at 2 field sites [U.S. I-20, Augusta, Georgia (GA) and State Route 2, Vermilion, Ohio (OH)]. The scope of this study included 5-year monitoring of SHRP C-206 full-depth experiment sections, analyzing the data, and revising the guidelines for early opening of full-depth PCC pavement repairs as needed. The monitoring program consisted of annual visual distress surveys to monitor the development of cracking, faulting, and spalling. The annual surveys were conducted from the fall of 1994 through the fall of 1998. The results of this evaluation showed that full-depth repairs made with HES PCC can provide good long-term performance; however, adverse temperature conditions during installation can cause premature failures. Extremely high PCC temperatures during curing should also be avoided. The fatigue damage due to early opening is negligible, especially for repairs of 3.7 m or shorter. Within the range of strength evaluated under SHRP C-206, the strength at opening could not be correlated to performance. Based on the results of this evaluation, no changes are recommended to the opening criteria suggested in the SHRP C-206 manual of practice. KW - Admixtures KW - Augusta (Georgia) KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - High early strength concrete KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Spalling KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Vermilion (Ohio) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/02085/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/02085/02085.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034010 AU - Boyd, Stephen R AU - Krauss, Paul D AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Concrete Pavement Technology Development and Testing: Volume V—Field Evaluation of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) C-206 Test Sites (Bridge Deck Overlays) PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 80p AB - Two types of concrete overlays silica fume concrete (SFC) and latex-modified Type III portland cement concrete (LMC-III) were installed ant tested as part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) Project C-206: Optimization of Highway Concrete Technology—Bridge Deck Overlays. The two different overlay types were chosen for their ability to fill two different needs: use of SFC as a long-term, low-permeability overlay; and use of LMC-III as a high early-strength concrete when traffic had to be restored after as little as 24 hours. This report summarizes the 5-year study to evaluate the long-term performance of the overlays. Evaluation and comparison of SFC and LMC-III overlays were performed at four locations. The test sites were in Ohio and Kentucky. Each location included SFC and LMC-III overlays on opposite directions of a bridge structure. All overlays were installed in 1992. This study evaluated the overlays each year between 1994 and 1998. All overlays had high initial bond strengths, and the bond strengths remained high over the study period when tested away from delaminations. The overlays were generally rated as good condition in 1998, after 6 years of service, though some individual sites were rated as fair due to extensive cracking. Though good performance was achieved from both SFC and LMC-III overlays, the service life of the overlays tended to vary based on the site location. Generally, cracking and delamination of the overlays tend to increase with time. Typically, all overlays should be inspected biannually for cracking and delamination and routine maintenance, including consideration of crack and delamination repairs to extend the service life of the SFC and LMC-III overlays. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Delamination KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - High early strength concrete KW - Kentucky KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Ohio KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Service life KW - Silica fume KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Traffic UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/02086/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/02086/02086.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034007 AU - Tashman, Laith AU - Nam, Kitae AU - Papagiannakis, Tom AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Influence of Tack Coat Construction Factors on the Bond Strength between Pavement Layers PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 83p AB - This study investigated the influence of several factors on the adhesive bond provided by the tack coat at the interface between pavement layers. These factors included the surface treatment, curing time, residual application rate, and coring location. Three tests were performed for measuring the bond strength between an existing hot mix asphalt (HMA) and a new HMA overlay, namely the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Shear Tester, the UTEP Pull Off Test, and the Torque Bond Test. Testing involved a CSS-1 type emulsion as the tack coat. The results from the three tests were statistically analyzed. Generally, milling provided a significantly better bond at the interface between the existing surface and the new overlay. Curing time had a minimal effect on the bond strength. The results indicated that the absence of tack coat did not significantly affect the bond strength at the interface for the milled sections, whereas it severely decreased the strength for the non-milled sections. The results also showed that increasing the residual rate of tack coat did not significantly change the bond strength at the interface. Lastly, the coring location was found to be an insignificant factor. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Curing time KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Milling KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Shear strength KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tack coats KW - Testing UR - http://www.ce.wsu.edu/TRAC/Publications_Reports/WA-RD_645_1.pdf UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/645.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034001 AU - Goodrum, Paul M AU - Kari, Fady AU - Smith, Adam AU - Slaughter, Ben AU - Jones, Chris N AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Analysis of the Direct and Indirect Costs of Utility and Right-of-Way Conflicts on Construction Roadway Projects PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 198p AB - Utility conflicts are unfortunately a common occurrence on many roadway projects. This report examines the frequency and severity of utility conflicts both within and outside of Kentucky. Understanding which type of utility conflicts most likely occur and the potential magnitude of their costs when will help the Cabinet better understand the risk of utility conflicts on future projects. The report details a series of five case studies that quantified the direct and indirect costs of utility conflicts on previous projects. The report also reports on the result of a national survey of 45 state utility directors (out of a possible of 50) throughout the U.S. regarding their perception on the frequency and severity of utility conflicts within their state. The survey analyses also examined the impact of state best practices on the perceived frequency and severity of utility conflicts. Finally, the report outlines a comprehensive roadmap for the Cabinet in order to avoid utility conflicts on future roadway projects. KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Kentucky KW - Public utilities KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road construction KW - Surveys KW - Utility conflicts UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/06/KTC_06_19_SPR_293_05_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033996 AU - French, Lloyd J AU - French, Millie S AU - French Engineering, LLC AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Benefits of Signal Timing Optimization and ITS to Corridor Operations PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 175p AB - Traffic signals are one of the primary constraints on corridor capacity in the highway/arterial network. The extent to which through traffic is impeded is heavily dependent on the quality of the signal timings. Poor signal timings can result in significant congestion that could otherwise be avoided, or at the very least minimized. The results of congestion typically include driver delay and frustration, increased air pollution, wasted fuel, and lost productivity. The concept of traffic signal optimization is one that has received significant attention from the research community. It is recognized that timing traffic signals in corridors is a multi-objective problem, in which optimizing the solution to one variable can often work to the detriment of another. As such, for any given problem, there are numerous alternatives which can be generated for consideration. To that end, improved algorithms and optimization procedures are constantly being developed, each aimed at providing analytical tools or field equipment that if implemented, will improve travel conditions on the major corridors without serious detriment to the minor traffic flows. The purpose of this research was to develop and use the Sim Traffic microsimulation model in the assessment of signal timing alternatives on a congested corridor. The simulation model was used to assess four signal timing alternatives to improve operations in the congested corridor of S. R. 0021 between Daniel Drive and Santa Maria Drive/Uniontown Mall drive in South Union Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania. Findings of the engineering analysis and simulation surprisingly indicated that the benefits of progression provided by coordination were far outweighed by the costs incurred through the reduction of flexibility at the critical two-intersection system at the Cherry Tree Lane and Matthew Drive intersections when semi-actuated control with a fixed cycle length was imposed, unless the capacity-problems at the two-intersection system were resolved. This research made contributions both in the development of a methodology to accomplish such a project, and in the actual engineering analysis of signal timing alternatives for the corridor. KW - Fayette County (Pennsylvania) KW - Highway corridors KW - Intersections KW - Microsimulation KW - Optimization KW - Semi traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033995 AU - Krauss, Paul AU - Mallela, Jagannath AU - Aho, Brian AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Concrete Pavement Technology Development and Testing: Volume I—Field Evaluation of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) C-202 Test Sites (Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)) PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 185p AB - This study consists of continued field evaluations of treatments to four pavements suffering from distress due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR). One set of treatments was evaluated on existing pavements in Delaware, California, and Nevada that already showed ASR-related distress. Two of the existing pavements were located in relatively dry environments, while the third (in Delaware) was located in a moderately wet environment. The fourth site, in New Mexico, consisted of treatments on newly constructed pavements built with known reactive aggregates. At the Nevada site, the pavement was treated with methacrylate (HMM), silane, linseed oil, or lithium hydroxide. The Delaware site used only lithium hydroxide, while the California site used only methacrylate. The test sections in New Mexico consisted of pavement that contained admixtures as ASR inhibitors. There were two rates of addition of lithium hydroxide, a 25% replacement of cement with combinations of Class C and F fly ashes, and a high-range water reducer (HRWR). This evaluation showed that, unfortunately, none of the treatments were significantly beneficial to pavements with moderate to advanced ASR damage. The methacrylate sealer was effective when applied to a bridge deck and extended the pavement service life 3 to 5 years or more when applied in two to three coats. The results indicate that, regardless of the treatment, upward moisture migration from the subgrade to the bottom of the pavement is sufficient to support continued ASR even in dry desert climates. Preliminary results from the New Mexico test sites show that Class F ash, LOMAR (HRWA), or blended Class C and Class F ash may improve resistance to ASR distress. However, Class C ash can make deterioration much worse. Careful selection of the fly ash is necessary when attempting to mitigate known reactive aggregate. Continued monitoring of this test site is recommended. KW - Admixtures KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Bridge decks KW - California KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Delaware KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Life cycle costing KW - Linseed oil KW - Lithium hydroxide KW - Nevada KW - New Mexico KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Rapid chloride permeability test KW - Reactive aggregates KW - Service life KW - Silane KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test sections UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/02082/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/02082/02082.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033980 AU - Poole, Toy S AU - USAE Research and Development Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guide for Curing of Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, Volume II PY - 2006/08 SP - 170p AB - Information on the current state of knowledge of curing hydraulic-cement concrete and on current curing practice was gathered by means of a literature review and a review of current standard guidance. From this information a draft guide for curing hydraulic-cement concrete pavements was developed. Draft guidance was based around type of curing used (water added, water retention by sheet, or curing compound) and around temperature effects. As a result of review by the project technical advisory panel, additional information was gathered from existing sources on several subjects. Laboratory studies were conducted on topics for which information was needed but not currently available. The result of the investigation was a set of guidelines that focused particularly on attention to details of moisture retention and temperature immediately after placing (initial curing period) and on details of selection of materials for final curing and determining when to apply final curing. Test methods for evaluating application rate of curing compound and effectiveness of curing were also reported. A separate report (FHWA RD-02-099 "Guide for Curing of Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, Volume I") has been written that captures the details of the recommended guidance. That report is intended to be the principal technology transfer medium. KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Evaporation reducers KW - Guidelines KW - Hydraulic cement KW - Laboratory studies KW - Literature reviews KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Temperature UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/05038/05038.pdf UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/05038/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033214 AU - Taylor, Peter C AU - Graf, Luis A AU - Zemajtis, Jerzy Z AU - Johansen, Vagn C AU - Kozikowski, Ronald L AU - Ferraris, Chiara F AU - CTLGroup AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Identifying Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials: Volume I—Final Report PY - 2006/08//Final Report SP - 159p AB - Unexpected interactions between otherwise acceptable ingredients in portland cement concrete are becoming increasingly common as cementitious systems become more and more complex and demands on the systems are more rigorous. Such incompatibilities are exhibited as early stiffening or excessive retardation, potential for uncontrolled early-age cracking, and unstable or unacceptable air void systems. A number of test methods have been reviewed to assess their usefulness in detecting incompatibility early to help prevent problems with pavements in the field. A protocol has been developed to allow product manufacturers, concrete producers, contractors, and owners to monitor their materials and concrete systems. The protocol is phased to allow relatively simple field tests to provide early warnings of potential problems and then central laboratory tests to support and confirm the field work. This is the first of two volumes. The other volume in this series is: Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) HRT-06-080, "Identifying Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials: Volume II—Test Protocol." KW - Admixtures KW - Air voids KW - Cementitious materials KW - Contractors KW - Cracking KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Incompatibility KW - Industries KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Slag KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30500/30551/06079.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/789908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033213 AU - Taylor, Peter C AU - Graf, Luis A AU - Zemajtis, Jerzy Z AU - Johansen, Vagn C AU - Kozikowski, Ronald L AU - Ferraris, Chiara F AU - CTLGroup AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Identifying Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials: Volume II—Test Protocol PY - 2006/08 SP - 83p AB - Unexpected interactions between otherwise acceptable ingredients in portland cement concrete are becoming increasingly common as cementitious systems become more complex and demands on the systems are more rigorous. Examples of incompatibilities are early stiffening or excessive retardation, potential for uncontrolled early-age cracking, and unstable or unacceptable air void systems. Several test methods have been reviewed to assess their usefulness in early detection of incompatibility, and thus prevent pavement field problems. A protocol has been developed to allow product manufacturers, concrete producers, contractors, and owners to monitor materials and concrete systems. The protocol has two phases: relatively simple field tests to provide early warnings of potential problems and central laboratory tests to support and confirm the field work. KW - Air voids KW - Cement KW - Cementitious materials KW - Contractors KW - Cracking KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Incompatibility KW - Industries KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Slag KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Test protocol UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/06080/06080.pdf UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/06080/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/789918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033135 AU - Bligh, Roger AU - Miaou, Shaw-Pin AU - Lord, Dominique AU - Cooner, Scott AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Median Barrier Guidelines for Texas PY - 2006/08//Technical Report SP - 106p AB - Cross-median crashes are typically violent collisions with a high probability of multiple serious injuries and deaths. Previous research has shown that while cross-median crashes are not as common as other types of median-related crashes, they have a fatality rate that is disproportionately high. Many of these severe crossmedian crashes can be prevented with adequate barrier protection. However, the decision of whether or not to use a median barrier should take into account the overall changes in the characteristics of median-related crashes that will result, including the frequency and severity of barrier impacts. There is a need for an analysis of the characteristics of median-related crashes and an investigation into the use of median barriers to identify changes to current standards, specifications, and procedures for median barrier need, selection, and placement that will result in the highest practical level of safety. Under this project, new guidelines were developed to assist highway engineers with the evaluation of median barrier need such that the highest practical level of median safety can be achieved. The recommended guidelines are based on analysis of median-related crashes in Texas. The crash data were used to develop crash statistical models for the various types of median-related crashes. Based on the estimates derived from the frequency and severity models and crash costs used by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), an economic analysis of median barrier need was performed. Guidelines for installing median barriers on divided, access-controlled freeways were developed as a function of average annual daily traffic (AADT) and median width. Guidance based on mean cross-median crash rate was also developed to assist engineers with evaluation of median barrier need on existing highway facilities. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cable barriers KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Guidelines KW - Highway engineers KW - Highway facilities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Median barriers KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4254-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/789537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033133 AU - Huijser, Marcel P AU - McGowen, Patrick T AU - Camel, Whisper AU - Hardy, Amanda AU - Wright, Patrick AU - Clevenger, Anthony P AU - Salsman, Lloyd AU - Wilson, Terry AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Animal Vehicle Crash Mitigation Using Advanced Technology, Phase I: Review, Design and Implementation PY - 2006/08//Final Report - Phase I SP - 292p AB - Animal-vehicle collisions affect human safety, property and wildlife. The number of these types of collisions has increased substantially over the last decades. This report describes the results of a project that explored the prospects for a relatively new mitigation measure to reduce animal-vehicle collisions: animal detection systems. Animal detection systems use high tech equipment to detect large animals when they approach the road. Once a large animal is detected, warning signs are activated urging drivers to reduce the speed of their vehicles, be more alert, or both. Lower vehicle speed and increased alertness may then lead to fewer and less severe collisions with such animals as deer (Odocoileus sp.), elk (Cervus elaphus) or moose (Alces alces). This report documents Phase I of the project (October 1999 - December 2005). The report identifies existing animal detection system technologies and their vendors; describes the selection of two experimental detection systems and their installation at two field sites; documents the experiences with planning and design, installation, operation and maintenance; documents test results on the reliability of the two systems; documents system acceptance; and provides advice for the future development and application of animal detection systems. KW - Alertness KW - Animal detection systems KW - Animal vehicle collisions KW - Crashes KW - Deer KW - Design KW - Dynamic warning signs KW - Elk KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highway safety KW - Installation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Moose KW - Road kill KW - Speed KW - Technological innovations KW - Ungulates KW - Warning signs KW - Wildlife UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/AnimalVehicle.pdf UR - http://www.wti.montana.edu/ForceDownloadHandler.ashx?name=428563_Final_Report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/40000/40500/40538/AnimalVehicle.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/789535 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01462872 TI - Synthesis on the Use of Geosynthetics in Pavements and the Development of a Roadmap to Geosynthetically-Modified Pavements AB - The objective of this synthesis is to provide a comprehensive reference to the pavement design engineer by presenting state-of-the-art and practice, and a strategic plan in the use of geosynthetics in design and construction of permanent (paved) roadways. The synthesis aims to improve our understanding of the advantages of geosynthetic products and disadvantages that may arise from their improper selection and installation, challenges that face pavement engineers in their use of such products at the various stages from design to construction to rehabilitation. KW - Geosynthetics KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Research projects KW - Road materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457311 AU - Hyman, William A AU - Zeitlin, Jim AU - Radin, Harley AU - Snellgrove, Shawn AU - Page, Edward AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Wireless Technology for Field Applications PY - 2006/07/31/Research Report SP - 92p AB - The South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) has many field applications that require data transfer with the state’s computer network. These field applications include Road Weather Information Systems, the Maintenance Decision Support System, Automated Traffic Recorders, Weigh-in-Motion, Construction Management, Right-of-way Acquisition, Megatraks Fuel Consumption Reporting System, and Pavement Distress Identification. Phone lines are used for the vast majority of these applications. Monthly phone bills are high and so is the cost of upgrading phone lines. Furthermore, the time required to transfer data is often slow. If data resides on a laptop, rather than transfer data by phone, staff will often carry the laptop into an area or maintenance office for uploading, or they may use broadband services at home or, if traveling, in motels. This study examined the wireless communication and related requirements of the field applications listed above. Then a detailed examination of wireless technology was conducted. Wireless technology included personal, local, metropolitan and wide area networks (WPAN, WLAN, WMAN, and WWAN) and different generations of U.S. and overseas technology. Many other technologies were examined including Dedicated Short Range Communications, satellite communications; meteor burst communications, and extended range RF. A determination was made regarding whether each wireless technology was available in South Dakota, whether the data rates were sufficient, and if other characteristics could meet needs. Then for each set of requirements for each field application, alternative wireless solutions were identified and four recommendations were made to conduct pilot demonstrations. The project panel decided not to proceed with the recommended pilots for a variety of reasons. Instead SDDOT sought to identify additional field applications that might benefit from wireless communications and selected a traffic signal maintenance management application. Changes in the wireless market in South Dakota precluded carrying out this application in a timely fashion. Among the findings of the study were that many applications require a range of 20 to 40 miles -- possibly more with coverage expressed in square miles ranging from 400 to 1600 and under some circumstances 5625. Among the recommendations was a suggestion that the State upgrade the bandwidth of the wireline connections between the offices and headquarters to take advantage of high Wi-Fi data rates. Another recommendation was to implement a test bed for wireless communications. KW - Data communications KW - Needs assessment KW - South Dakota Department of Transportation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technology assessment KW - Telecommunications KW - Wide area networks KW - Wireless communication systems KW - Wireless LANs UR - http://www.sddot.com/business/research/projects/docs/SD2005_03_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225391 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01548861 TI - Guidance for the Use of Alternative Traffic Analysis Tools in Highway Capacity Analyses AB - The objective of this research is to develop materials for inclusion in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), to provide guidance on the use of alternative models including simulation for highway capacity analysis purposes. The scope of the project will include all facility types included in the HCM. The final product of the project will be recommended revisions and additions to be included within the HCM to assist analysts in using simulation models for highway capacity analysis purposes. KW - Guidelines KW - Highway capacity KW - Methodology KW - Performance evaluations KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic simulation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=841 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1336333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033988 AU - Amirkhanian, Serji N AU - Putman, Bradley J AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laboratory and Field Investigation of Temperature Differential in HMA Mixtures Using an Infrared Camera PY - 2006/07/26/Final Report SP - 62p AB - Segregation in asphalt pavements has been identified as one of the most common and costly problems in the industry. Two types of segregation have been identified in asphalt pavements: aggregate segregation and thermal segregation. This paper deals with the latter. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) is produced and placed at high temperatures (e.g., 155 – 163°C and 140 – 155°C, respectively). If the temperature of the asphalt mat is not consistent (i.e., there are cold spots), then the pavement will eventually show signs of distress in the locations of the cold spots. This type of damage is called temperature differential damage (TDD). The objective of this study was to utilize an infrared camera to identify thermal segregation in asphalt pavements during construction and identify the possible causes of the temperature differentials. Several asphalt paving projects, in the field, were evaluated in this study. The projects were selected so as to include multiple variables potentially affecting the degree of thermal segregation: mixture type, paving equipment, haul duration, and time of day (nighttime vs daytime paving). Upon completion of the study, a field guide was developed that, when coupled with the use of an infrared camera, would assist in identifying thermal segregation and potential process modifications that could prevent, or minimize the problem. Additionally, the locations where thermal segregation was present at the time of construction were recorded using a global positioning system (GPS). This will allow for monitoring of these areas for distress related to TDD throughout the life of the pavement. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Field studies KW - Global Positioning System KW - High temperature KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Infrared detectors KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pavement distress KW - Paving KW - Road construction KW - Segregation (Aggregates) KW - Temperature differential UR - http://www.ces.clemson.edu/t3s/scdot/pdf/projects/SPR%20626_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01122956 AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Contracting Framework Fostered by Highways for LIFE PY - 2006/07/21 SP - 99p AB - Much of America’s transportation infrastructure is reaching the end of its design life and needs to be reconstructed. At the same time, traffic levels and the resulting congestion levels continue to increase steadily. These two factors combined pose a significant challenge to State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). In response to this challenge, FWHA is developing, identifying and promoting new methods to reconstruct highways and bridges safer, faster, and better. One promising method is the use of alternative contracting procedures. FHWA has been working over the past 10 years on evaluating alternative contracting procedures under the SEP 14 program. These procedures, which include performance contracting, incentives/disincentives, and Best Value awards, have resulted in time/cost savings and improved contract management. Performance contracting is an approach where a private contractor is responsible for achieving a defined set of goals, and where performance goals are specified instead of methods. Using a performance contracting approach will allow State DOTs to define and communicate to contractors specifically what they want to achieve in their construction projects. The construction contractors should share the risks and rewards as a project partner, and defined performance goals and measurement methodologies will provide a basis for applying incentives and disincentives. The objective of this effort was to quickly develop a performance contracting framework for a typical reconstruction/rehabilitation project. Performance contracting is becoming more and more prevalent in today’s society, and this framework document should help to encourage its successful application in the transportation construction industry. The framework is provided as a tool for owner agencies wanting to implement performance contracting for their construction projects, and it includes recommended processes and sample materials for: Project Selection; Performance Goals; Measurement Methodology (and associated incentive/disincentive fee structure); Sample Enhanced Low Bid and Best Value Awards; and SEP-14 Applications. The Framework is meant to be used as a reference guide. It should help owner agencies to accelerate the solicitation development process, and help them to avoid common obstacles and pitfalls. KW - Best value method KW - Contracting KW - Disincentives KW - Highways for LIFE KW - Incentives KW - Performance based specifications KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/construction/contracts/pubs/framework/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hfl/framework/framework.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/884545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036457 AU - Battelle AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of the MAYDAY/9-1-1 Field Operational Test PY - 2006/07/19/Final Evaluation Report SP - 89p AB - A field operational test (FOT) of the MAYDAY/9-1-1 was conducted by Battelle in association with the Melcher Group. The evaluation included an acceptance test on the voice routing system, Telematics Service Providers Emergency Call Routing Service (TSPECRS); an analysis of Automatic Crash Notification/Advanced Automatic Crash Notification (ACN/AACN) data routing; soliciting feedback from the users of the voice and data routing systems; and identification of potential deployment issues. This evaluation report documents the process, results, and issues encountered in this FOT, from which lessons learned can be drawn to provide guidance for the future deployment of this or a similar system. KW - 911 Emergency Telephone System KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automatic crash notification KW - Data routing KW - Deployment KW - Emergency communication systems KW - Field tests KW - Lessons learned KW - Mayday technologies KW - Voice routing systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14297.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14297_files/14297.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793094 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460144 TI - Center for Transport and Regional Development AB - SAFETEA LU 5504 Center for Transportation Advancement and Regional Development. The Center shall provide training, information and professional resources for small metropolitan and rural regions to pursue innovative strategies to expand the capabilities, capacity and effectiveness of a region's transportation network, including activities related to freight projects, transit system upgrades, roadways, bridges and intermodal transfer facilities and operations; assist local officials, rural transportation and economic development planners, officials from state departments of transportation and economic development, business leaders and other stakeholders in developing public-private partnerships to enhance their transportation systems; and promote the leveraging of regional transportation planning with regional economic and business development planning to assure that appropriate transportation systems are created. KW - Economic development KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Regional development KW - Research projects KW - Rural areas KW - Rural development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228360 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01557219 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning. Task 65. Best Practices for Incorporating Commodity Flow Survey and Related Data into the MPO and Statewide Planning Processes AB - Freight movement and the implications of future growth in freight due to global trends in trade is a significant transportation issue to local, regional, and state transportation planning agencies. The Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) conducted by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau is the primary public data source on commodity movements in the U.S. To date, the CFS has been conducted five times, in 1993, 1997, and 2002. However, each time the CFS has been conducted the sample size has been reduced by half; from 200,000 shipments in 1993, to 100,000 in 1997, to 50,000 in 2002. Based on prior research paper submissions to the TRB, there appears to exist a wide body of researchers and practitioners that have experience using CFS data in a variety of formats. The principal goal of this project would be to catalogue previous studies and research efforts that have used CFS data, and document how the CFS was enhanced to meet those users needs, and develop a "how to guide" for future users of the CFS. This CFS "users guide" would also discuss the best practices for CFS data enhancements for various categories of planning projects. KW - Best practices KW - Commodity flow KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Planning methods UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1279 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346879 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549313 TI - Performance-Based Analysis of Geometric Design of Highways and Streets AB - The objective of this project is to develop a guide for performance-based analysis of geometric design throughout the development of a project. The guide should identify existing tools for estimating performance and illustrate their use. Further, the guide should describe additional tools or enhancements to existing tools needed for estimating performance and a plan for developing them. KW - Geometric design KW - Highway safety KW - Literature reviews KW - Manuals KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Performance based specifications UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=414 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339629 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573564 TI - National Surface Transportation Safety Center of Excellence AB - Section 5309, Centers for Surface Transportation Excellence: Promote and support strategic national surface transportation programs and activities related to the work of State departments of transportation in the areas of environment, surface transportation safety, rural safety, and project finance. KW - Environmental control KW - Finance KW - Safety KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01031571 AU - Laman, Jeffrey A AU - Pugasap, Kongsak AU - Kim, WooSeok AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Monitoring of Integral Abutment Bridges PY - 2006/07/12/Final Report SP - 293p AB - The project described in this report involved the instrumentation of bridge 109 on the new I-99 extension in central Pennsylvania and continued monitoring and collection of engineering bridge response data at the three previously instrumented bridges and a weather station. The development of a bridge 109 numerical model and evaluation of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) Integral Abutment (IA) Design Spreadsheet was completed. Detailed instrument descriptions and installation of each bridge 109 instrument are provided in this report. Bridge response data are presented for bridges 203, 211, and 222, composed of longitudinal abutment displacements, abutment earth pressures, abutment and girder rotations, H-pile bending moments about the weak axis and axial forces, girder strains, and approach slab strains. Four 3-dimensional numerical models were developed to predict IA bridge response for bridges 203, 211, 222, and 109. Comparison between observed bridge response and predicted bridge response is presented and discussed. Finally, evaluation of the PennDOT IA Design Spreadsheet was performed to provide suggested program improvements for all four instrumented bridges. Comparison of predicted bridge response based on the PennDOT IA program and the original design to observed bridge response is also presented and discussed. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Girder bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Jointless bridges KW - Monitoring KW - Pennsylvania KW - Spreadsheets KW - Weather stations UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/PSU-2004-07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787523 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464705 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on the Environment. Task 29. Best Practices Library from the Environmental Stewardship Practices in Construction and Maintenance Compendium AB - The objectives of this National Cooperative Highway Research Project (NCHRP) 25-25 Task 29 were to create and test a process for identifying best practices from the Compendium Environmental Stewardship Practices, Procedures, and Policies for Highway Construction and Maintenance and to establish recommended procedures for updating the Compendium on an ongoing basis. This report describes the development of an evaluation process, the observations of the two Working Groups that applied the test process to two sections of the Compendium and the outcomes of their effort. This report also describes the potential value that this process could deliver in the way of a library of screened Best practices, a methodology for linking the vetted sections to the AASHTO Center for Environmental Excellence's online Compendium and a protocol for keeping the Compendium current. KW - Best practices KW - Environment KW - Environmental impacts KW - Library operations KW - Maintenance practices KW - Road construction KW - Stewardship UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1301 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232937 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458416 TI - Development of a National Asphalt Pavement Roadmap AB - No summary provided. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Development KW - Guidelines KW - Pavements KW - Research projects KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226627 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463026 TI - Improved Framework and Tools for Highway Pricing Decisions AB - This research project will develop a decision-making framework that includes descriptions and evaluation of methods and analytical tools for establishing pricing policies and practices and for predicting their impacts on travel behavior and congestion. This will identify gaps and develop improved methods and analytical tools to fill those gaps. The project will also provide improvements for travel-demand forecasting methods employed to support pricing decisions for new capacity and congestion management. The results should be packaged in two volumes: the first containing the decision-making framework and the second focusing on improvements to travel-demand forecasting methods and analytical tools. KW - Congestion management systems KW - Infrastructure KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Pricing KW - Research projects KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Travel demand management UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=933 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231251 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460613 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 222. Evaluation of the Field Implementation of the Flashing Yellow Arrow Permissive Left-Turn Indication AB - This study will evaluate the effectiveness of FYA-permissive indication field installations. This study will be expedited by employing the contractor (Kittelson) that successfully completed the earlier NCHRP project. KW - Field studies KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Left turn lanes KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research projects KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1237 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01123010 AU - Hughes-Oliver, Jacqueline M AU - Heo, Tae-Young AU - McDonald, Shannon AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Moorman, Kizer and Reitzel, Incorporated AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Spatial Editing and Validation Process for Short Count Traffic Data PY - 2006/07/07/Final Report SP - 57p AB - The Traffic Survey Unit (TSU) manages 40,000 traffic monitoring stations, of which 25,000 are updated annually. These counts obtained by TSU play a crucial role in allocation of resources for the maintenance, upgrade, and expansion of traffic infrastructure. The need for reliable, edited, and validated traffic count data is well acknowledged by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The research reported here addressed this need by developing a statistically defensible approach to achieving spatial continuity of traffic counts as part of the editing and validation process. The deliverables include geographic information system (GIS)-formatted data that programmatically identify portable traffic counter (PTC) stations that have anomalous counts. Also provided is information for creating traffic continuity maps. Identification of problem areas is quick and reduces the burden on North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) staff. As such, the project will significantly improve the process of validating traffic counts by increasing the accuracy of reported counts, by reducing the time delay between data collection and reporting, and by making it easy to provide customized reports of traffic counts to NCDOT departments and customers. KW - Accuracy KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Data editing KW - Geographic information systems KW - Maps KW - Spatial analysis KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic distribution KW - Traffic volume KW - Validation UR - http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2002-09FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/884742 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464658 TI - Evaluation of CIP Reinforced Joints for Full-Depth Precast Concrete Bridge Decks AB - The use of precast concrete systems to expedite construction of bridge decks is gaining more acceptance as engineers strive to reduce the traffic delays caused by bridge construction projects. A recent scanning tour jointly sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, the Federal Highway Administration, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program identified promising new precast concrete systems. Each system uses precast elements that are brought to the construction site ready to be set in place and quickly joined together. A concrete closure pour completes the deck connection and ties the individual units together in a manner that is intended to emulate monolithic behavior. Depending on the system, the connections are either transverse (across the width of the bridge) or longitudinal (along the length of the bridge). Examples of these systems include a French precast slab superstructure with overlapping looped reinforcement that extends into the longitudinal cast-in-place (CIP) connections, a Japanese full-depth deck panel system with similar looped reinforcement in the transverse CIP connections, and a Japanese full-depth deck flange system with similar looped reinforcement in the longitudinal CIP connection. Additionally, other deck connection details may be identified for development through this research. To implement promising new systems, design guidelines and standard details for the deck connections need to be established. The new connections need to avoid the cracking problems reported with some connections used in the United States. The guidelines need to address durability and provide designers with a method of evaluating the load-resistance capacities of the connections. The connections should be tested for fatigue performance and evaluated for seismic resistance. Critical goals include minimizing the required connection depth to accommodate the loop bar while ensuring concrete cover, achieving durable materials properties for the CIP concrete, and preventing moisture from penetrating the interface between the precast and CIP concrete. The objective of this project is to develop guidance for the design and construction of durable cast-in-place (CIP) reinforced concrete connections for precast deck systems that emulate monolithic construction.KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Cracking KW - Failure KW - Precast concrete KW - Traffic delays UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=291 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232890 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573259 TI - Long-Term Pavement Performance Data Collection Activities North Atlantic Region – 2012 AB - This contract collects pavement performance data at Long-Term Pavement Performance test sections throughout the United States and Canada. KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - North Atlantic Region KW - Pavement performance KW - Test sections KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366338 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573258 TI - Long-Term Pavement Performance Data Collection Activities, Western Region – 2012 AB - This contract collects pavement performance data at Long-Term Pavement Performance test sections throughout the United States and Canada. KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement performance KW - Test sections KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366337 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573256 TI - Long-Term Pavement Performance Data Collection Activities Fugro AB - This contract collects pavement performance data at Long-Term Pavement Performance test sections throughout the United States and Canada. KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement performance KW - Test sections KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366336 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573257 TI - Long-Term Pavement Performance Data Collection Activities, North Central Region – 2012 AB - This contract collects pavement performance data at Long-Term Pavement Performance test sections throughout the United States and Canada. KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - North Central Region KW - Pavement performance KW - Test sections KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366334 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01566100 TI - LTPP and Other Test Section Management and Evaluation AB - Since 1989, in support of the Strategic Highway Research Program, Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) has constructed more Special Pavement Study (SPS) Test Sections than any other highway agency in the United States. In 2006, most SPS test sections were covered up with new construction or pavement preservation. Although this completed the end of the 15-20 year life cycle, all data collection was completed prior to construction or rehabilitation. This study completes the analysis of the collected data and publishes it in a series of research reports. They will complete a forensic analysis on all Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) data to include profile analysis, falling weight deflectometer, and distress analysis. The forensic analysis will document the performance range of various pavements. KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Arizona KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Preservation KW - Service life KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1357051 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01560769 TI - Pavement Surface Properties Consortium: A Research Program AB - The objective of the proposed pool fund is to establish a research program focused on enhancing the level of service provided by the roadway transportation system through optimized pavement surface texture characteristics. The initial focus of the program will be the application of inertial and laser-based equipment for measuring these properties Other questions and issues will be identified in cooperation with the pool fund participants. An interactive project solicitation process will be used to request feedback from all participants. KW - Highway transportation KW - Inertial measurement units KW - Laser road profilers KW - Level of service KW - Pavements KW - Research program KW - Texture UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/371 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351332 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01484675 TI - Effectiveness of Chip Sealing and Microsurfacing on Pavement Serviceability and Life AB - Microsurfacing and chip seal are two of many preventive maintenance techniques used to retard pavement deterioration and prolong pavement life. Chip seal may be applied in one application; or two applications, known as double chip seal. Microsurfacing is a thin surface that is cold-applied. The paving mixture is composed of polymer-modified asphalt emulsion, 100 percent crushed aggregate, mineral filler, water and other additives. For many years, microsurfacing and chip seal have been assumed to be cost effective preventive maintenance techniques; however, a study is needed to validate this assumption and to provide further direction concerning optimal timing of these treatments as a function of pavement distress. The objective of the Effectiveness of Chip Sealing and Microsurfacing on Pavement Serviceability and Life project is to statistically determine the cost effectiveness of using chip seal or microsurfacing as a preventive maintenance technique. KW - Chip seals KW - Deterioration KW - Microsurfacing KW - Microsurfacing (Surface treating) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1253392 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01461004 TI - LTPP Studies - Western Regional Support Contract AB - The objective of this contract is to provide the LTPP Western Region Coordination Office with technical, non-personal services in support of the development and conduct of LTPP studies. The scope includes: (1) collection of site specific data from the LTPP test sections within the region; 2) the coordination of data collection efforts of other contractors and highway agencies; 3) quality control of data; 4) data reduction, processing, and transmitting into the Information Management System; and 5) limited analysis and/ or summarization of data. The LTPP program requires extensive coordination among FHWA staff, LTPP contractors, and participating State/Provincial highway agencies. KW - Data collection KW - Information management KW - Information systems KW - Long range planning KW - Pavement performance KW - Quality control KW - Quality control KW - Research projects KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1229222 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460997 TI - LTPP Studies - North Central Regional Support Contract AB - The objective of this contract is to provide the LTPP North Central Region Coordination Office with technical, non-personal services support of the development and conduct of LTPP studies. The scope includes: 1) the collection of site specific data from the LTPP test sections within the region; 2) the coordination of data collection efforts of other contractors and highway agencies; 3) quality control of data; 4) data reduction, processing, and transmitting the into the Information Management System; and 5) limited analysis and/ or summarization of data. The LTPP program requires extensive coordination among FHWA staff, LTPP contractors, and participating State/Provincial highway agencies. KW - Data collection KW - Information management KW - Pavement performance KW - Quality control KW - Quality control KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1229215 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460996 TI - LTPP Studies - North Atlantic Regional Support Contract AB - The objective of this contract is to provide the LTPP North Atlantic Region Coordination Office with technical, non-personal services in support of the development and conduct of LTPP studies. The scope includes: 1) the collection of site specific data from the test sections within the region; 2) the coordination of data collection efforts of other contractors and highway agencies; 3) quality control of data; 4) data reduction, processing, and transmitting the Information Management System; and 5) limited analysis and/or summarization of data. The LTPP program requires extensive coordination among FHWA staff, LTPP contractors, and participating State/Provincial highway agencies. KW - Data collection KW - Information management KW - Pavement performance KW - Quality control KW - Quality control KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1229214 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460995 TI - LTPP Studies - Southern Regional Support Contract AB - The objective of this contract is to provide the LTPP Southern Region Coordination Office with technical, non-personal services in support of the development and conduct of LTPP studies. The scope includes: collection of site specific data from the LTPP test sections within the region; 2) the coordination of data collection efforts of other contractors and highway agencies; 3) quality control of data; 4) data reduction, processing, and transmitting inot the Information Management System; and 5) limited analysis and/ or summarization of data. The LTPP program requires extensive coordination among FHWA staff, LTPP contractors, and participating State/Provincial highway agencies. KW - Data collection KW - Information management KW - Pavement performance KW - Quality control KW - Quality control KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1229213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493710 AU - Center for Transportation Research and Education AU - National Concrete Pavement Technology Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strategic Plan for Improved Concrete Pavement Surface Characteristics PY - 2006/07 SP - 79p AB - In order to achieve desired pavement surface characteristics, the following needs and gaps need to be addressed: determine how changes in one surface characteristic affect, either beneficially or detrimentally, other characteristics of the pavement; determine the long-term surface and acoustic durability of different textures; and develop, evaluate, and standardize new data collection and analysis tools. An overall strategic and coordinated research approach to the problem must be developed and pursued to address these needs and gaps. The strategic plan presented in this report provides a 10-year guiding framework for the research, technology transfer, and implementation of the most cost-effective methods of designing, building, measuring, and maintaining optimal concrete pavement surface characteristics. Forty problem statements are presented in this plan, representing an investment of between $27 and $56 million in research. The proposed research is organized into seven subtracks and presented in a recommended sequence, as follows: Innovative and Improved Concrete Pavement Surfaces; Tire-Pavement Noise; Concrete Pavement Texture and Friction; Safety and Other Concrete Pavement Surface Characteristics; Concrete Pavement Profile Smoothness; Synthesis and Integration of Concrete Pavement Surface Characteristics; and Technology Transfer and Implementation of Concrete Pavement Surface Characteristics Research. The following products and benefits are anticipated to result from the work outlined in the surface characteristics strategic plan: clearer understanding of the relationship between pavement texture and surface characteristic performance levels; fully field-tested and validated concrete pavement designs and construction methods that produce consistent surface characteristics that meet or exceed highway user requirements for tire-pavement noise, friction/ safety, smoothness, splash and spray, light reflection, rolling resistance, and durability; and high-speed, continuous measurement equipment and procedures for measuring texture, noise, friction, smoothness, splash and spray, rolling resistance, and other key surface characteristics. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Optimization KW - Pavement design KW - Plan implementation KW - Ride quality KW - Smoothness KW - Strategic planning KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Technology transfer KW - Texture KW - Tire/pavement noise UR - http://www.cptechcenter.org/publications/surface_characteristics_plan.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469543 AU - Ramseyer, Chris C AU - Giebler, Jason D AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of High Performance Concrete in Oklahoma Bridge Decks PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 333p AB - An investigation was performed to develop four different high performance concrete (HPC) mixtures for the Oklahoma Department of Transportation’s (ODOT’s) 2004 Innovative Bridge Research and Construction (IBRC) project funded by the Federal Highway Administration. These HPC mixtures are designed to achieve a greater durability than normal concretes with an emphasis on the shrinkage developed. These mixtures were developed by studying the effects of air entrainment, cementitious materials content, water to cementitious materials (w/cm) ratio, supplemental cementitious materials, fiber reinforcement, and a shrinkage-reducing admixture. Additionally, a large focus of this investigation was developed in the aggregate blend used in the concretes. This study was performed by conducting a separate study of the validity of the Shilstone method of blending aggregates. The research consisted of two parts: a laboratory and a field investigation. The laboratory investigation consisted of an initial system of batching matrices and a succeeding empirical study to develop the four mixtures required. The field investigation consisted of test slabs for the HPC mixtures and actual bridge construction where the University of Oklahoma investigators served as consultants and additional tests were taken to further characterize the mixtures. Based on the results found in these investigations, conclusions and recommendations were made on the local materials and practices used in the HPC mixture. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Blends KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Durability KW - Expansive concrete KW - High performance concrete KW - Oklahoma UR - http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/p-r-div/spr-rip/library/reports/fhwa-ok1003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237843 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01388892 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Amparano, G AU - Morena, D A TI - Marking the way to greater safety [traffic signs, signals and pavement marking] PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 52-60 KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Conspicuity KW - Highway traffic control KW - Improvement KW - Pavement marking KW - Road markings KW - Road safety (engineering and vehicles) KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic management KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/08.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1156658 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01388891 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Do, A H AU - Harkey, D L TI - Living to tell the tale [preventing pedestrian and cyclist accidents] PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 28-33 KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Crash analysis KW - Cyclist KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Road safety KW - Road safety (engineering and vehicles) KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1156657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01388876 AU - Hummer, J E AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Toole, J L AU - Patten, R S AU - Schneider, R J AU - Green, J S AU - Hughes, R G AU - Fain, S J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center TI - Evaluation of safety, design, and operation of shared-use paths: final report PY - 2006/07 IS - FHWA-HRT-05-137 SP - 153p KW - Bicycle path KW - Bikeways KW - Cyclist KW - Cyclists KW - Design guide KW - Design guide KW - Footpath KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Level of service KW - Level of service KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Road design KW - Road safety KW - Road safety (engineering and vehicles) KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Walkways KW - Width KW - Width UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/pedbike/05137/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1156642 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01388500 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Colyar, J AU - Stribiak, J J AU - Jacobson, L AU - Nelson, L Y TI - Ramping up ramp measurement PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 34-9 KW - Access road KW - Access roads KW - Exit KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interchange KW - Interchanges KW - Ramp metering KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic capacity KW - Traffic management KW - Usa UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/05.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1156266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380379 AU - Jacobs Civil Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Highway Reconnaissance/Scoping Report. Arroyo Seco Road. Los Padres National Forest, Monterey County, California PY - 2006/07 SP - 109p AB - This Reconnaissance and Scoping Report for California Forest Highway (FH) 129 Arroyo Seco Road, has been prepared as a guide for the Public Lands Highway (PLH) agencies, including the U.S. Forest Service, the California Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. These three agencies are responsible for administering the PLH program in California, a highway planning, design, and construction program authorized by the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users. Reconnaissance is accomplished to determine the general condition of the existing highway, purpose and need for improvements, recommended level of improvements and viability of the proposed project. FH 129 begins at the intersection with CR-G16 and proceeds westerly 5.35 miles over CR- 3050 to the entrance to the Arroyo Seco Campground. The roadway is owned and maintained by Monterey County. The route is functionally classified as a minor collector serving the Los Padres National Forest. According to the Forest Service data, 75% of the traffic is Forest related. The principle Forest resource served is recreation. This report documents only what was observed during a single-day field review of the FH 129 roadway. The intent was to use this information as a starting point for a scoping document and further discussions with the other agencies involved with the planning and maintenance of these facilities. No detailed field investigations, such as surveys, field inventories, or traffic modeling, have been performed, but rather a cursory review of this project. This reconnaissance effort and report should help the PLH agencies to determine whether or not the project continues in the program and, if so, when it should be scheduled. The report also serves as a starting point for project development activities. KW - Condition surveys KW - Field studies KW - Forest roads KW - Improvements KW - Los Padres National Forest (California) KW - Project scoping KW - Public land KW - Reconnaissance UR - http://www.jacobsaz.com/Projects/Arroyo/Arroyo_Seco-Scoping.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01357306 AU - Shaffer, S J AU - Christiaen, A C AU - Rogers, M J AU - National Transportation Research Center, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of Friction-Based Pavement Methods and Regulations PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 133p AB - Pavement surface characteristics contribute to several important driving-related factors, among which are: (1) Surface integrity, which can contribute to tire damage and/or reduced vehicle control due to suspension interaction with large scale road irregularities. This is also known as pavement distress. (2) Pavement friction, for which a minimum must be provided to ensure sufficient traction for safe vehicle braking, cornering, lateral maneuvering and forward acceleration. (3) Splash from heavy trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) during wet driving conditions, for which a maximum allowable level is needed to prevent obscuring the visibility of other road users. (4) Noise from pavement/tire interaction, for which a minimum is sought to prevent either hearing damage or a negative impact on residential property value. The coarse texture, including grooving; the fine texture, including morphology, distribution and physical characteristics of the aggregate; the degree of porosity; and the interaction of the contacting surface with the tire compound and tread pattern all play a role in the latter three factors. Further, the top layer’s resistance to wear and compaction, and the characteristics of the underlying structure also influence the durability of the pavement. Future pavement design is expected to make use of tools to optimize this combination of factors as a function of the relative importance assigned to each one as well as for the economic road construction and maintenance. As such, State and local jurisdictions should have means to first monitor or estimate pavement characteristics, and second, to base decisions regarding actions required when certain values are measured or certain pre-established thresholds are exceeded. To assist with these efforts and with the planning for future research and development (R&D) needs, a compilation of the current methods (procedures and acceptability criteria) and related regulations used to characterize pavement friction and qualify pavement condition is needed. The objectives of the project presented herein include: (1) Investigate procedures used to evaluate pavement conditions; (2) Determine the criteria, if any, used to qualify pavement conditions (3) Identify, amongst those used, whether they are based on friction or not; and (4) Characterize the actions required based on the specific values of the criteria used. KW - Friction course KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement grooving KW - Porosity KW - Texture KW - Tire/pavement noise UR - http://www.ntrci.org/ntrci-24-2006-009 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1122734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01356787 AU - Hag-Elsafi, Osman AU - Kunin, Jonathan AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Monitoring and Structural Integrity Evaluation of Coeymans Creek Bridge for Superload Crossing PY - 2006/07 SP - 53p AB - Monitoring and structural integrity evaluation of Coeymans Creek Bridge for superload permit trucks are discussed in this report. The superloads were boiler modules carried on 16-axle trailers, driven by one or two tractors/power units during the bridge crossing. The bridge is an integral abutment structure consisting of eleven prestressed concrete box-beams with a composite concrete deck. Approval of the superload permits was based on an engineering analysis, which recommended crossing of the bridge in two configurations. The first required a crabbed trailer to be towed across the bridge and the second called for a trailer to be driven in a diagonal crossing fashion. Crabbing, steering a trailer wheels to remain parallel to the bridge centerline during the crossing, was recommended for moves of gross weights exceeding 1775 kN (400 kips) and diagonal crossing was recommended for those lighter than 1775 kN (400 kips). The low rating of the structure and the unusually heavy loads motivated the need for investigating actual stress levels in the bridge beams during the superload moves. There was also interest in comparing the two recommended crossing patterns and investigating the level of fixity provided by the integral abutments. The beams were instrumented and strain data were collected during four of the moves. Analysis of the collected data indicated that the stresses in the beams remained below that which would have caused cracking and that, for this bridge, crabbing had no clear benefits over diagonal crossing. The analysis also indicated that the bridge has good transverse load distribution and a significant level of end fixity provided by the integral abutments. Additional load testing was conducted using two dump trucks loaded with sand. The testing included crossing the structure in two configurations, at six designated locations on the deck. The objective of the testing was to investigate the behavior of the structure due to trucks crossing in a straight fashion, and study how this behavior compares to that due to the superloads. The results from the monitoring and testing indicated that the highest load distribution on the beams remained the same (about 14 percent), regardless of the magnitude of the load on the bridge or the crossing pattern. KW - Coeymans Creek Bridge KW - Highway bridges KW - Jointless bridges KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Monitoring KW - New York (State) KW - Overweight loads KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural integrity KW - Superloads KW - Transverse load distribution UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/sr148.pdf?nd=nysdot UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1122470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160535 AU - Boile, Maria AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Empty Intermodal Container Management PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 130p AB - This research analyzes the empty marine container accumulation problem specific to the region of NY/NJ. An elaborate literature review is performed. Critical factual documentation is presented and subsequently the empty container logistics are presented. The factors affecting accumulation and the complex relationships between players and stakeholders involved are discussed. A mapping of the movement of containers at a global, regional and local level, with a focus on the movement and accumulation of empty containers is presented. The relative merits and limitations of addressing the problem at a regional and local level are critically discussed and analyzed. A conceptual decision making procedure based on empirical goal setting is presented. Key efforts and projects, which if implemented have the potential to increase the efficiency of the current system and reduce the overall costs associated with moving and storing empty containers are outlined. KW - Containers KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Economic efficiency KW - Empty containers KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Literature reviews KW - Logistics KW - Management KW - Marine terminals KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/FHWA-NJ-2006-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01158173 AU - Jauregui, David AU - White, Kenneth R AU - Cook, Wesley AU - Moon, Hyunsik AU - New Mexico State University, Las Cruces AU - New Mexico Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Documentation of Bridge Condition Using QuickTime Virtual Reality PY - 2006/07 SP - 66p AB - In bridge inspection, the “condition rating” assigned to a structural component represents the outcome of a subjective comparison of the member’s current physical condition to its as-built condition. This evaluation is made with the aid of the various definitions of structural condition provided in the Recording and Coding Guide published by the Federal Highway Administration(FHWA) and based on National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS). Since a “condition rating” is usually assigned based on a visual assessment of the bridge by inspectors with varying levels of training, experience and background, the evaluation is quite biased and photographic support is needed. QuickTime Virtual Reality (QTVR) provides the capability of generating and managing an interactive high-resolution photographic record that allows bridge engineers detailed visual access to the physical condition of the bridge components in electronic format. This digital record of the bridge provides inspectors, engineers, and supervisory staff a very useful tool for planning, conducting, and reviewing the results of a field inspection. In this report, the equipment and procedures for using QTVR for documenting bridge condition is provided. KW - Condition surveys KW - Digital images KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Photographs KW - Virtual reality UR - http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Research/NM04STR05DocumentationBridgeConditionQTVR2006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01155840 AU - Helmicki, Arthur J AU - Hunt, Victor J AU - Swanson, James A AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Objective Condition Assessment of Damaged or Deteriorated Bridges in Ohio PY - 2006/07 SP - 141p AB - The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) currently maintains an inventory of 14,957 bridges across the state. Of these, by far the largest proportion, 6,335, are steel girder/beam bridges with reinforced concrete decks. In accordance with the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS), the ODOT Office of Structural Engineering is tasked with the responsibility of rating these structures in order to determine their safe live load carrying capacity. The main objective of this research is to nondestructively field test and evaluate ten (10) damaged/deteriorated, low-rated bridges in order to determine load carrying capacity. All test bridges were selected from the Ohio state inventory in conjunction with input from the ODOT Office of Structural Engineering. A detailed field test plan was developed for each test bridge and included modal testing, truckload testing, and calibrated FE modeling in order to derive accurate, objective load ratings. A secondary objective was to further streamline the field testing and assessment procedures. Specifically, the actual time for a 32-channel modal typical 3-span, 2 lane, 250 foot steel-stringer bridge was reduced to less than one workday for each test. This included test setup and teardown. The benefits of this research to ODOT have been the development of techniques, equipment packages, and a personnel team with the expertise necessary to implement rapid, rigorous, quantitative assessments of critical structures around the state. In addition to these procedures and expertise, deliverables included detailed reports of findings for each of the bridges in the test set. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridges KW - Condition surveys KW - Deterioration KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Inspection KW - Load factor KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Ohio UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A85826195 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/916452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01152955 AU - Krugler, Paul E AU - Chang-Albitres, Carlos M AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - List of Tier-One Pavement Sites and Summary of Data and Information Supporting Selection PY - 2006/07 SP - 81p AB - This report includes basic information about each of the pavement sections nominated by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) district offices as pavements that had performed extraordinarily well. The districts were asked to consider all types of flexible pavements when making nominations, including overlays of concrete pavement. Pavement performance level was to take into consideration the pavement design, traffic loading, and environmental and geologic conditions. The districts were given no specific criteria for assessing performance success. The geographic distribution of these nominated pavements is shown in the report. The nomination forms provided by the districts are included in Appendix A. Several pavements were nominated verbally during research team visits to the districts. No nomination forms are available for those pavements. It is anticipated that two additional tier-one pavement sites will be selected by TxDOT to improve representation of high traffic, full-depth flexible pavements in the database to be developed. Pavement Management Information System (PMIS) data for the nominated pavements were obtained with much-appreciated assistance from Bryan Stampley, Craig Cox, and Ahmed Eltahan of the Construction Division. This information was obtained for 2004, 2005, and 2006. Condition, ride, and distress pavement evaluation scores are displayed in Table 2, 3, and 4, respectively, for these three years. Roadway maintenance expenditure information for these three years is summarized in Table 5. The information included in this product summarizes the data used by the research team to make tier-two pavement recommendations to the project monitoring committee. In addition to the performance data included herein, the research team also heavily considered verbal descriptions of historical performance and the opinions of experienced district personnel obtained during the site visits. A final but important consideration was that the selected group of pavements should be representative of all flexible pavement types and include all geographic areas of Texas. KW - Databases KW - Flexible pavements KW - Information systems KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement test sections KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/914484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01152603 AU - Stone, John R AU - Han, Yang AU - Ramkumar, Rajit AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Carolina Forecasts for Truck Traffic PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 198p AB - North Carolina has experienced significant increases in truck traffic on many of its highways. Yet, current NCDOT project-level highway traffic forecasts do not appropriately capture anticipated truck traffic growth. NCDOT methods forecast total traffic AADT based on historical trends and assume base year and future year truck percentages are the same. Also, NCDOT determines the growth factor of historical AADT traffic data by looking only at the first year and the last year ignoring intermediate year traffic data. This research recommends that traffic for dual axle (Dual) trucks and tractor trailer (TTST) trucks be separately forecast using an average growth factor (AGF) method that uses all available data and calculates growth factors year by year and averages them for the historical trend. The results of this research propose statistical methods to separately estimate growth factors for light vehicles (Cars), Duals and TTSTs. In this study Cars represent FHWA vehicle classes 1-3, Duals 4-7 and TTSTs 8-13. The methods have modest data requirements based on NCDOT traffic counts and VTRIS on-line traffic data. Statistical guidelines include mean AGFs and confidence intervals to help refine the estimates for growth factors by vehicle class and highway type. Case study examples demonstrate the methods and guidelines for Interstate, US, and NC highways. Other issues are explored including the effects of increased truck traffic on highway level of service and pavement design. KW - Highway design KW - Level of service KW - North Carolina KW - Pavement design KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Truck traffic UR - http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2004-11FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/913357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01144538 AU - Sukley, Robin AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Polyethylene Snap-Tite Pipe Liner PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 21p AB - The objective of this research project was to evaluate the process and performance of lining an existing pipe culvert with a polyethylene pipe liner. The pipe liner used in this project is called Snap-Tite pipe liner. This process, referred to as pipe lining, was sought as an alternative to the conventional removal and replacement methods due to the fact that it is cost effective, minimizes disruptions to the traffic flow and has fewer possible impacts upon the environment. This project was located at SR 4018, Segment 50 Offset 800 in Erie County. In addition to adding the pipe liner, the liner was extended approximately 12 feet on the inlet side of the culvert so as to align the pipe with the stream and allow for flattening of the existing slope. The performance of the liner was monitored for buckling through yearly inspections for 4 years. Very little buckling was reported and a provisional special provision will be generated for Department use. KW - Culvert pipe KW - Evaluation KW - Linings KW - Pipelines KW - Polyethylene pipe UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30900/30954/1999-051_HDPE_Pipe_Liner_Final_Report_1_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/904473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01135390 AU - Hughes-Oliver, Jacqueline M AU - Heo, T Y AU - McDonald, S AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Spatial Editing and Validation Process for Short County Traffic Data PY - 2006/07 SP - 387p AB - The Traffic Survey Unit (TSU) manages 40,000 traffic monitoring stations, of which 25,000 are updated annually. These counts obtained by TSU play a crucial role in allocation of resources for the maintenance, upgrade, and expansion of traffic infrastructure. The need for reliable, edited, and validated traffic count data is well acknowledged by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The research reported here addressed this need by developing a statistically defensible approach to achieving spatial continuity of traffic counts as part of the editing and validation process. The deliverables include GIS-formatted data that programmatically identify PTC stations that have anomalous counts. KW - Covariance KW - Geographic information systems KW - Maps KW - Spatial analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic counting stations KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic distribution KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/892211 ER - TY - SER AN - 01108730 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Carpenter, Samuel H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fatigue Performance of IDOT Mixtures PY - 2006/07//Research Report IS - 07-007 SP - 47p AB - The fatigue characteristics of an HMA mixture are an integral element of the structural design of a pavement containing asphalt concrete. There are a number of models that have been developed to express the fatigue behavior of an HMA as a function of mixture composition. These models are presented and the shortcomings are discussed relative to the IDOT tensile strain model of the form K1(1/ε)K2. Two sets of IDOT mixtures were investigated for this study: (1) The first was a general, pre-Superpave selection of IDOT mixtures. (2) The second was a set from the Extended Life Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement ELHMAP project, representing Superpave mixtures and rich bottom binder (RBB) mixtures. The fatigue model coefficients of these tests are examined and suggestions relative to acceptable coefficients for IDOT use are made, specifically: (1) K2 = 3.5 to include all mixtures tested. (2) K2 = 4.0 to include nearly ninety percent of mixtures tested. (3) K2 = 4.5 for the average value of mixtures tested. The test results clearly indicate the interrelationship between K1 and K2 that must be observed to avoid significant errors in fatigue life prediction given that all models in current use have a constant K2 regardless of the K1 value calculated from mixture variables. The testing also examined the Fatigue Endurance Limit (FEL) of these two data sets which shows that binder type may influence the limit, but in no cases was a strain below 70 micro-strain required to get an extraordinarily long fatigue life. The effect of the RBB mixtures on fatigue resistance was positive but marginal. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Illinois KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Types of pavements by material UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/FHWA-ICT-07-007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/867554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108678 AU - Staples, Barbara L AU - Mitretek Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National Costs of the Metropolitan ITS Infrastructure: Updated with 2005 Deployment Data PY - 2006/07//Working Paper SP - 22p AB - The purpose of this report, "Working Paper National Costs of the Metropolitan ITS Infrastructure: Updated with 2005 Deployment Data," is to update the estimates of the costs remaining to fully deploy Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) infrastructure elements in the 75 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. Updates to this working paper coincide with the results from tracking the deployment of the integrated ITS infrastructure in the United States. To date, deployment tracking results are available for 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2005. The initial version of the working paper (dated September 1999) was written to update the FHWA 1995 cost estimate and to develop estimates of the investments that must still be made using the 1997 deployment tracking results. Deployment tracking results from 1999, 2000, 2002, and 2004 were incorporated into the first, second, third, and fourth revisions of this paper (dated August 2000, July 2001, October 2003, and October 2005, respectively) with the majority of the updates contained within the addendum to the original document. With the 2005 deployment tracking data available, the national deployment cost estimate can be updated again. As with the fourth revision, the new cost estimate is documented here as a standalone report. Details on the methodology for developing estimates, and how costs and quantities were derived can be found in the original and previous three versions of the working paper. The results show that progress is being made toward deployment of ITS infrastructure elements. Over the past eight years the percent of capital expended has more than doubled. Approximately 35% of the needed capital costs, or $206 million has been expended per large metropolitan area through 2005. This value represents an additional 20.3% increase from the 1997 expenditures of 14.7%. The total national capital cost expended for the 75 largest metropolitan areas is $15.5 billion. The total national capital cost/investment remaining is $28.7 billion. KW - City planning KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Infrastructure KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Program management KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14323.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14323_files/14323.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/868577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104252 AU - Gulen, Sedat AU - McCabe, George AU - Rosenthal, Ira AU - Wolfe, Samuel E AU - Anderson, Virgil L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Wildlife Reflectors in Reducing Vehicle Deer Collisions on Indiana Interstate 80/90 PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 47p AB - The Indiana Department of Transportation is committed to reducing vehicle-deer collision incidents on the Indiana Interstate I-80/90 as well as on the other roads. Very few of the studies to reduce vehicle-deer collisions incorporated any sound and complete statistical design. Some states (California, Colorado, Maine, Ontario-Canada, Washington State and Wyoming) have found that the use of wildlife reflectors did not reduce vehicle-deer collisions. However, some other states (British Columbia-Canada, Iowa, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington State and Wisconsin) found that the use of wildlife reflectors did reduce vehicle-deer collisions. The main objective of this experimental study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Reflectors in reducing vehicle-deer collisions. The experimental design uses one-mile long road sections for each combination of reflector colors (red and blue/green), reflector spacing (30 m and 45 m), reflector design (single and dual reflectors), and median (one with and one without reflectors). In this design there are sixteen treatment combinations. A complete set of treatment combinations is called a replicate and the design had two replicates. Two one-mile control sections were placed at each end of each replicate. Data for the peak months of April, May, October and November was used in the data analyses. Poisson Regression models were used to analyze the data. No statistically significant differences among reflectors combinations or between reflectors and controls were found. When comparing all combined reflector sites with all combined control sites, the Poisson Regression Analyses indicate that the difference between the Poisson Mean (μ) of the all reflectors sections and all the control sections is statistically significant. The use of reflectors provides an expected reduction in deer-vehicle collisions of 19% with 95% confidence limits of 5% to 30%. Maximum reduction is associated with 100 ft spacing regardless of the reflector color, median with or without reflectors, single or double reflectors. The cost effectiveness of this reduction will be behind any decision to use reflectors to reduce vehicle-deer collisions. KW - Animal vehicle collisions KW - Animals KW - Deer KW - Highway safety KW - Indiana KW - Poisson distributions KW - Poisson ratio KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Undomesticated living things KW - Wildlife UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1728&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104237 AU - Reisert, James A AU - Bowman, Mark D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fatigue of Older Bridges in Northern Indiana due to Overweight and Oversized Loads Volume 1: Bridge and Weigh-In-Motion Measurements PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 141p AB - This report is the first of a two-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to evaluate the fatigue behavior of steel highway bridges on the extra heavy weight truck corridor in Northwest Indiana. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the type and magnitude of the loads that travel along the corridor and then assess the effect of those loads on the fatigue strength of the steel bridge structures on the corridor. This volume presents the results of the experimental field study conducted to evaluate the load and load effects on one steel bridge structure on the corridor. A weigh-in-motion (WIM) system was installed near the bridge structure to evaluate the loads that would cross over the bridge being monitored. Strain values were monitored on two spans of the ten-span continuous bridge being evaluated. Comparisons were then made between strain measurements in particular girders and strain values predicted using the measured truck axle weights. The WIM data indicated that 15% of the Class 9 trucks and 26% of the Class 13 trucks travel heavier than their respective legal limits. Extreme weights of more then 200,000 lbs were observed. In spite of the heavy truck loads being carried, it was found that less than 1 percent of the trucks induce a strain range that exceeds the variable amplitude fatigue limit of the fatigue critical details in the structure being monitored. Lastly, it was found that three-dimensional analytical models provide the best agreement between predicted and measured strain values in the bridge. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue limit KW - Fatigue strength KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Indiana KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1726&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104236 AU - Chotickai, Piya AU - Bowman, Mark D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fatigue of Older Bridges in Northern Indiana due to Overweight and Oversized Loads. Volume 2: Analysis Methods and Fatigue Evaluation PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 251p AB - This report is the first of a two-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to evaluate the fatigue behavior of steel highway bridges on the extra heavy weight truck corridor in Northwest Indiana. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the type and magnitude of the loads that travel along the corridor and then assess the effect of those loads on the fatigue strength of the steel bridge structures on the corridor. This volume presents the results of the experimental field study conducted to evaluate the load and load effects on one steel bridge structure on the corridor. A weigh-in-motion (WIM) system was installed near the bridge structure to evaluate the loads that would cross over the bridge being monitored. Strain values were monitored on two spans of the ten-span continuous bridge being evaluated. Comparisons were then made between strain measurements in particular girders and strain values predicted using the measured truck axle weights. The WIM data indicated that 15% of the Class 9 trucks and 26% of the Class 13 trucks travel heavier than their respective legal limits. Extreme weights of more then 200,000 lbs were observed. In spite of the heavy truck loads being carried, it was found that less than 1 percent of the trucks induce a strain range that exceeds the variable amplitude fatigue limit of the fatigue critical details in the structure being monitored. Lastly, it was found that three-dimensional analytical models provide the best agreement between predicted and measured strain values in the bridge KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue limit KW - Fatigue strength KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Indiana KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1805&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01099606 AU - Alberti, Marina AU - Coe, Stefan AU - Jiang, Yan AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Operational Remote Sensing Solutions for Estimating Total Impervious Surface Areas PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 26p AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) commissioned this research, conducted by the Urban Ecology Research Laboratory (UERL) at the University of Washington, to assist in effectively designing and managing operational, maintenance, and improvement activities within the context of the many growth management and clean water regulations and ordinances in Washington State. The goals of this study were to: 1) implement a classification scheme for mapping the percentage of total impervious surfaces due to different types of transportation infrastructure based on satellite imagery, 2) develop and assess a remote sensing methodology for detection of road impervious surface area (RISA) and the fraction of RISA compared to the total impervious surface area (TISA) and 3) make recommendations on the imagery best suited for identifying impervious surfaces related to transportation infrastructure. The results of this analysis have important implications regarding the use of remote sensing to determine the contribution of impervious surface from transportation infrastructure at regional scales. Higher resolution satellites, while more visually appealing, do not necessarily provide a net benefit in terms of accuracy that may justify their added expense. Our results indicate that, in most cases, Landsat performed as well if not better than the higher resolution SPOT imagery for determining regional scale roadway impervious surface area. The problem with using high resolution data for extracting road footprints at regional scales lies in the difficulty and cost of gathering a comprehensive set of imagery for the entire area of interest. Furthermore, extracting road footprints from high resolution imagery is a difficult proposition. Our findings recommend using digital imagery with other GIS data that can serve as a proxy for road footprints. Transportation rights-of-ways taken from vector parcel data were highly effective at limiting the area that could be considered as road. Using this in combination with Landsat impervious surface data proved to be an accurate and relatively simple way to estimate road impervious surface area. We recognize that not all areas are covered by the detailed parcel datasets used in this analysis. To fill these gaps, a simple predictive road impervious surface area model was developed using a combination of data developed and gathered for this project. Linear regression was used to build the model and road impervious surface area extracted from test sites was used as the independent, or predicted, variable. The predictors, or independent variables, used in the model were total impervious surface (as measured by Landsat or SPOT), urban area background, and total road length measured using readily available GIS transportation data. All three independent variables were significant with a 95% confidence interval and the model as a whole was significant at the 99% level. KW - Digital images KW - Estimating KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highways KW - Imagery KW - Infrastructure KW - Landsat satellites KW - Mapping KW - Moisture barriers KW - Remote sensing KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/653.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/859235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01088890 AU - Yildirim, Yetkin AU - Stokoe, Kenneth H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis of Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device Results in Relation to Field Performance PY - 2006/07//Technical Report SP - 90p AB - This project was conducted to determine the correlation of field performance to Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device (HWTD) testing results. The HWTD measures the combined effects of rutting and moisture damage by rolling a steel wheel across the surface of an asphalt concrete specimen that is immersed in hot water. Three designs (Superpave, CMHB-C, and Type C) and three aggregate sources (siliceous gravel, sandstone, and quartzite) were used for this study. The test sections, including nine different mixture designs, were constructed on IH-20 in Harrison County to observe the performance of the overlays under real traffic conditions. Field performance was observed through visual pavement condition surveys and nondestructive tests for 4 years. This research report summarizes the nondestructive test results and visual pavement condition surveys in the fifth year of this study. Several different measurements were used for this research, including the International Roughness Index (IRI), field rut depth, falling weight deflectometer (FWD), and portable seismic pavement analyzer (PSPA). Finally, traffic data analysis was used to compare the HWTD results and field rutting. There were no stripping problems observed in the field or lab specimens. Thus similar types of deformation patterns were assumed for both the lab specimens and field test sections. At the end of the study, it was found that the average ratio between wheel pass/ESALs can be assumed to be 37 for the specific mixes utilized for this particular research project. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Portable seismic pavement analyzer KW - Roughness KW - Rutting UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_4185_5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/849362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01079126 AU - Kludt, K AU - Brown, J L AU - Richman, J AU - Campbell, J L AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Human Factors Literature Reviews on Intersections, Speed Management, Pedestrians and Bicyclists, and Visibility PY - 2006/07//Integrative Report SP - 278p AB - This report summarizes the development and content of a compendium and summary of human factors research supporting the Integrated Program for the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model and Safety Research project. The report is a comprehensive and easy-to-use resource that summarizes the accumulated human factors knowledge and practices that are relevant to human cognition, perception, and behavior in the areas of intersections, speed management, pedestrians and bicyclists, and visibility of traffic control devices and materials. It is intended for use by both human factors and nonhuman factors participants (i.e., engineers, designers, program managers) in addressing general safety areas, including driver behavior at intersections, and in developing tools and procedures for intersection design. KW - Bicycle travel KW - Bicycling KW - Cyclists KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors engineering KW - Interactive Highway Safety Design Model KW - Intersections KW - Literature reviews KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Pedestrians KW - Speed KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic speed KW - Visibility UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/06034/index.cfm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35400/35419/06034.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/838610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059078 AU - Walker, Hollis N AU - Lane, D Stephen AU - Stutzman, Paul E AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Petrographic Methods of Examining Hardened Concrete: A Petrographic Manual. Revised 2004 PY - 2006/07//Revised Edition SP - 353p AB - This manual provides a comprehensive discussion of equipment and techniques that have been found useful in performing petrographic examinations of hardened concrete and its constituent materials. It includes an introduction and chapters on equipment; general initial procedures; cracks; preparation of specimens; voids (including determination of the air-void system); determination of volumetric proportions of constituents; examination with the stereomicroscope; the water-cementitious materials ratio; alkali-aggregate reactions; cementitious materials; and examinations with the petrographic, polarizing/epifluorescence, and scanning electron microscopes. An extensive reading list, glossary, and five appendixes are included. KW - Air voids KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Cementitious materials KW - Concrete KW - Cracking KW - Manuals KW - Petrography KW - Scanning electron microscopes KW - Specimen preparation KW - Stereomicroscopes KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Volumetric analysis KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pccp/pubs/04150/04150.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01047567 AU - Iteris, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Regional ITS Architecture Guidance: Developing, Using, and Maintaining an ITS Architecture for Your Region. Version 2.0 PY - 2006/07 SP - 260p AB - The Regional Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Architecture Guidance Document is written for those involved in the development, use, or maintenance of regional ITS architectures. It describes a process for creating a regional ITS architecture with supporting examples of each product and discusses mainstreaming ITS into the planning and project development processes. This update expands upon the topics of Using and Maintaining a regional ITS architecture. KW - Handbooks KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Planning KW - Project development KW - Regional ITS architecture UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/regitsarchguide/raguide.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13598.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/807021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01047563 AU - Zhang, Zhongjie AU - Tao, Mingjiang AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stability of Calcium Sulfate Base Course in a Wet Environment PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 96p AB - Blended Calcium Sulfate (BCS) is fluorogypsum (FG), an industrial by-product, blended with lime or limestone. Approximately 90,000 metric tons (100,000 tons) of FG are generated annually in the United States, posing a serious problem for environmental disposal. The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LA DOTD) has been using BCS in pavement construction over the last 15 years. While this material has performed satisfactorily after construction, its moisture sensitivity has concerned LA DOTD engineers because it has presented construction difficulty in wet environments. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the strength deterioration of BCS in a wet environment, and find ways to eliminate or reduce such deterioration by stabilizing BCS with various suitable cementitious agents. This study was divided into two major parts: laboratory and field tests. Laboratory tests were conducted to identify factors that significantly affect the strength development of raw BCS and to seek a suitable stabilization scheme for ameliorating water susceptibility of raw BCS. The effectiveness of each stabilization scheme was evaluated from the perspective of water resistance, strength, and volumetric expansion incurred by stabilization. Laboratory tests also investigated the resilient modulus and permanent deformation characteristics of stabilized BCS. Samples tested in the laboratory included ones both molded in the laboratory and cored at the test section of the Pavement Research Facility (PRF) test site at the Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC). The field test program included two parts: (1) building a full-scale test section at the PRF site according to proposed construction specifications; and (2) evaluating the performance of stabilized BCS base courses through in-situ tests, such as DCP, FWD, and DYNAFLECT to characterize their strength and structural properties. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) with a grade of 120 was used to stabilize BCS to improve its water resistance in this study. Portland cement, lime, and fly ash were also used as additives to GGBFS with different proportions to improve the properties of GGBFS-stabilized BCS. The results from this study indicate that moisture content controlled the strength of raw BCS, although other factors such as dry unit weight also influenced the result. Curing conditions affect the strength of raw BCS through the change of moisture content in the material. The loss and regaining of strength is generally a reversible process and the presence of free water among gypsum crystal particles is the reason for this phenomenon. BCS stabilized by 10 percent 120-grade GGBFS by volume can serve as a good pavement base. It achieved a fairly higher stiffness and a structural layer coefficient of 0.30 can be used for pavement design purpose. The tentative construction specifications (Appendix A) used in the study proved to be adequate for the field construction. Therefore, it can be used with minor modification for future projects. Researchers recommend that the LA DOTD consider building several field test sections in different traffic and environmental conditions using the GGBFS-stabilized BCS as pavement base course. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Base stabilization (Pavements) KW - Calcium oxide KW - Calcium sulfates KW - Cement KW - Compressive strength KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Granulated slag KW - Laboratory tests KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture sensitivity KW - Rutting KW - Stiffness KW - Test sections UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2007/fr_419.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/807047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044283 AU - Smith, Erika B AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility of Whitetopping in Connecticut PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 43p AB - The experience of whitetopping in Connecticut is limited mainly to a literature search, a research proposal and construction specification, and the construction process of a specific state project. To date, whitetopping has not been installed in Connecticut. This report, however, is intended to be used as a reference for future consideration of placement of whitetopping in Connecticut and elsewhere. KW - Connecticut KW - Construction specifications KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Literature reviews KW - Rutting KW - Shoving (Pavements) KW - Ultra-thin whitetopping KW - Whitetopping UR - http://www.ct.gov/dot/LIB/dot/documents/dresearch/CT-2234-F-06-5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/804818 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041364 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Jones, Crystal AU - Sedor, Joanne TI - Improving the Reliability of Freight Travel PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - pp 45-51 AB - American businesses and households depend on the reliable movement of goods, with U.S. freight carriers moving more than 19 billion tons of products in 2002, worth some $13 trillion. Trucks carried about 60% of the tonnage and 70% of the value. As demand for goods and services increases, so will the amount of truck traffic on U.S. highways. Manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and fleet operators consider reliability and other characteristics of the transportation network when choosing the best method to deliver raw materials to the factory and finished goods to customers. With the recent adoption of just-in-time management approaches, manufacturers and distributors are even more dependent on efficient shipment of goods, making a reliable freight transportation system that much more indispensable. The Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Office of Freight Management and Operations is responsible for advancing programs, policies, and initiatives that improve the Nation's highway freight system. This article provides an overview of the FHWA Freight Office's Freight Performance Measurement initiative to monitor and measure the performance of the U.S. freight system. The goal of the project is to determine how effectively the surface transportation network is accommodating the increasing demand for reliable freight movement and meeting the demands and expectations of its users. KW - Carriers KW - Freight handling KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Logistics KW - Reliability KW - Supply chain management KW - Trucking KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/07.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795990 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041334 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Colyar, James AU - Stribiak, Jason J AU - Jacobson, Leslie AU - Nelson, Lisa Y TI - Ramping up Ramp Management PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - pp 34-39 AB - From rural towns to major metropolitan areas, traffic congestion is a growing problem throughout the United States. An increasingly important approach is to manage the roadway system more efficiently, maximizing the capacity of existing infrastructure. State and local departments of transportation are turning to a comprehensive approach using multiple management strategies that incorporate advanced technologies such as intelligent transportation systems to reduce congestion and improve safety. States have also successfully deployed other strategies such as improving incident management, traveler information, traffic surveillance/detection, and advanced traffic signals. However, freeway ramps which serve the important purpose of connecting high-speed, limited-access freeways and help to lower speeds on surface streets are often overlooked when it comes to ramp management strategies. This article describes a new Federal Highway Administration publication, the Ramp Management and Control Handbook, which compiles best practices from around the country to help traffic managers and designers maximize the effectiveness of their on- and off-ramps. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Freeway management systems KW - Highway engineering KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/05.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795863 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041332 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Shanks, Nancy TI - Saving Colorado's Berthoud Pass PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - pp 40-44 AB - The Berthoud Pass Highway (U.S. 40) climbs through the Arapaho National Forest in Colorado between the ski resort communities of Winter Park to the north and the towns that lie along I-70 to the south. In the mid-1990s, officials at the Colorado Department of Transportation determined that the road through the pass needed to be upgraded for several reasons. The tight curves, steep switchbacks, and narrow pavement made travel treacherous. From a safety perspective, with minimal shoulders, the highway offered few safe zones where drivers could pull over or recover from errors. Old highway cuts from past years were eroding, causing rock and mudslides in the summer and icy spots in the winter. With these safety concerns, and others related to environmental protection and the minimization of work zone delays in mind, this article describes how the project team assigned to reconstruction of the Pass not only provided a safer, modern mountain corridor but also improved water quality, reduced erosion, and took steps to protect local wildlife in their road construction planning and design. KW - Berthoud (Colorado) KW - Colorado KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Mountain roads KW - Road construction KW - Scenic highways KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/06.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795948 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041295 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Do, Ann Hong AU - Harkey, David L TI - Living to Tell the Tale PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - pp 28-33 AB - Nationally, 725 bicyclists and 4,641 pedestrians were killed in traffic crashes in 2004, accounting for more than 12% of all traffic fatalities in the United States. An additional 68,000 pedestrians and 41,000 bicyclists were reported injured as a result of traffic crashes involving motor vehicles. Reducing the number of traffic crashes that involve pedestrians and bicyclists requires knowledge of the actions that lead up to the incidents. Traditionally, data contained in electronic crash files at State departments of transportation provides facts about where and when crashes occurred and who was involved. However, the files often do not include an adequate level of detail about the sequence of events that led up to the crashes, and that information is needed before practitioners can select appropriate safety countermeasures. A new version of software product and the subject of this article is the Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT) 2.0 and is designed to help State and local pedestrian and bicycle coordinators, planners, transportation engineers, highway safety researchers, and health and safety officials develop and analyze databases that contain the information they need to select countermeasures. It is hoped that PBCAT 2.0 will fill the aforementioned gap and improve walking and biking safety. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury causes KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Software packages KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795845 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01041291 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Amparano, Felix AU - Morena, David A TI - Marking the Way to Greater Safety PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - pp 52-60 AB - The older driving population in the United States has grown continually and is expected to increase even more as the baby-boom generation reaches retirement. The capabilities essential for safe driving--visual, cognitive, and physiological--undergo changes with age. These changes can influence the safety of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. The U.S. Department of Transportation and State departments of transportation (DOTs) recognize the importance of continued mobility to seniors. Several state DOTs have already taken specific steps to improve delivery of enhanced visual information that is helpful for maintaining safety for aging drivers. This article discusses the transportation impacts that can be expected as a result of the aging of baby boomers and the overall increase in the elderly U.S. population in general. The modifications that must be made reflect the growing realization that not only seniors, but everyone, sooner or later, will benefit from better, safer roadways. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Baby boomer generation KW - Demographics KW - Mobility KW - Physiological aspects KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/08.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795991 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01038983 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kolb, Elizabeth TI - Composting Roadkilled Deer PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - pp 14-17 AB - With State departments of transportation (DOTs) working to improve traffic flow and mobility, U.S. roadways are moving an ever increasing volume of people and goods at greater speeds and at all hours of the day and night. One consequence of this seemingly endless flow of cars and trucks is that an estimated 1.5 million deer-vehicle collisions occur each year nationwide. Collisions between deer and vehicles result in thousands of human injuries and millions of dollars in property damage, as well as countless animal deaths. While researchers continue to study and implement solutions such as wildlife crossing structures to help minimize crashes, transportation and environmental experts at the New York State DOT (NYSDOT) are looking at an alternative method of disposing the deer carcasses. Traditional methods, including "natural" disposal by offroad decomposition, pit burial, rendering, and landfill disposal, are being slowly replaced by an environmentally and aesthetically preferable approach that entails composting the deer carcasses with wood chips. This article describes and discusses this alternative, which NYSDOT researchers have found provides a financial benefit and an opportunity to recycle materials such as asphalt millings, wood chips, and roadkill, which are readily available within the realm of highway work. KW - Crashes KW - Deer KW - Deer-vehicle collisions KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - New York (State) KW - Road kill KW - State departments of transportation KW - Waste disposal KW - Wildlife UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795823 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01038979 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Saunders, Michael T TI - Bridging the Financial Gap with PPPs PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - pp 2-13 AB - Private sector contribution to public transportation dates to the beginning of road construction in the United States. Many of the earliest major roadways were private toll roads. Now, again, after a protracted time in the shadows of publicly financed and built projects, private sector involvement in highway construction is making a comeback through public-private partnerships (PPPs). A number of transportation officials believe that PPPs will be increasingly important in the future, since traditional funding sources are not keeping pace with infrastructure investment needs and continuously growing public demand for travel. This article provides an in-depth overview of PPPs, which serve to bridge the gap between traditional transportation projects financed from fuel taxes and other highway user fees and private sector projects that build, own, and operate a transportation facility with minimal public involvement. KW - Business practices KW - Contracting KW - Design build KW - Financing KW - Infrastructure KW - Private enterprise KW - Public administration KW - Public private partnerships KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel demand UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795782 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01038976 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kulbacki, Michael AU - McCauley, Bert AU - Moler, Steve TI - An Orphaned Highway PY - 2006/07 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - pp 18-27 AB - Despite its renown and significance to the local economy, the Beartooth Highway (U.S. Route 212) in Wyoming and Montana has suffered neglect over the years. Even though the Beartooth carries visitors to the Nation's oldest national park (Yellowstone) and zigzags through 3 national forests, 3 counties, and 2 states, no government agency has claimed ownership of large segments of the roadway through much of its history, earning it the nickname the "orphaned highway." However, since the mid-1990s the FHWA Federal Lands Highway Division (FLHD) has worked with the National Park Service, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service, the Montana Department of Transportation, and other partners on a major initiative to resolve the highway's ownership and maintenance issues. This article provides an overview of this initiative, the goal of which is to repair and upgrade substandard sections of the Beartooth Highway to meet current State highway standards so that relevant counties or states can adopt portions of the Highway within their boundaries, thereby ensuring long-term stewardship. KW - Beartooth Highway KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway planning KW - Maintenance management KW - Montana KW - National Park Service KW - Scenic highways KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Wyoming KW - Yellowstone National Park UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06jul/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01038312 AU - Li, Jianhua AU - Muench, Stephen T AU - Mahoney, Joe P. AU - Pierce, Linda M AU - Sivaneswaran, Nadarajah AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PCCP Models for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Decision-Making PY - 2006/07//Final Research Report SP - 89p AB - The majority of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements have far exceeded their original design lives and have carried several times the traffic loading originally anticipated. WSDOT is undertaking a major effort to identify both rehabilitation and reconstruction projects to improve its PCC pavements. This project was performed to estimate WSDOT's concrete pavement performance. The current PCC pavement conditions were thoroughly analyzed. Two major groups of concrete pavement deterioration models were systematically studied: HDM-4 and NCHRP 1-37A. NCHRP 1-37A models proved to be more suitable for WSDOT conditions. The calibrated faulting and roughness models are able to present the typical performance of WSDOT PCC pavements. These models can be used to assist WSDOT in developing a plan for rehabilitating or reconstructing these pavements. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Decision making KW - Deterioration KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Traffic loads UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/588.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/794942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01038283 AU - Knapp, Keith K AU - Witte, Adrian AU - Midwest Regional University Transportation Center AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strategic Agenda for Reducing Deer-Vehicle Crashes PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 23p AB - In October 2005 approximately 65 people involved with or interested in the reduction of deer-vehicle crashes (DVCs) attended the “Deer-Vehicle Crash Reductions: Setting a Strategic Agenda” conference. The primary objective of this meeting was for the attendees to collaborate and brainstorm strategic agenda action items for DVC reduction research and data collection, funding, partnership building, and technology transfer and education. A focus group was created to discuss each of these subject areas, and the content of this report is a summary of those discussions. Each group was initially asked to identify the concerns/problems they thought should be resolved to help reduce DVCs overall and specifically within their subject area. They were then asked to provide goals/objectives that could be achieved within their subject area during the next three to five years, along with the strategic agenda action items that could help accomplish these goals/objectives. Each group provided a list of concerns/problems, goals/objectives, and strategic agenda action items. These lists are provided in this document. The focus area of each group was different and in some cases their strategic agenda action items were very specific. In other cases, however, similar suggestions were provided from more than one group. Multiple agenda item suggestions show strong support for their inclusion within the strategic agenda by many of the meeting attendees. Four common themes or categories were generally identified among the strategic agenda action items. The first group of action items will help facilitate and guide intra- and inter-agency coordination with respect to the DVC problem. The second group of action items will increase the general awareness of the DVC issue by effectively and efficiently providing the correct message to a wide range of audiences. The third group action items will encourage the consistent collection of DVC-related data, and the fourth group promotes the development, evaluation, and implementation of potential and existing DVC countermeasures. All the action items are provided in this document to assist those individuals and groups interested in advancing the reduction of DVCs. KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Deer KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Focus groups KW - Partnerships KW - Research KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.deercrash.com/papers/agenda.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/794691 ER - TY - SER AN - 01036924 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Quantification of Smoothness Index Differences Related to LTPP Equipment Type PY - 2006/07 IS - FHWA-HRT-06-064 SP - 4p AB - The Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program conducted a research project recently to (1) compare International Roughness Index (IRI) values obtained by different inertial profilers, (2) investigate data collection characteristics and compare profile data collected by the different inertial profilers, and (3) investigate the factors that contribute to differences in IRI values for data obtained from the LTPP profilers and Dipstick®. That analysis indicated good agreement in the IRI values among the different inertial profilers used in the LTPP program. This indicates that the IRI values in the LTPP database can be used to analyze roughness progression at test sections without any adjustments to the IRI values obtained by the different profilers. This TechBrief provides further discussion of the project findings and recommendations. KW - Data collection KW - Dipstick KW - Equipment KW - Equipment tests KW - Inertial profilers KW - International Roughness Index KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement performance KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/06064/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/06064/06064.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036799 AU - Crossett, Joe AU - Secrest, Craig AU - TransTech Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Costs Related to Compliance with Federal Environmental Laws: Case Studies in the Federal-Aid Highway Program PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 101p AB - Projects to build or preserve transportation infrastructure sometimes affect human and natural environmental quality. Federal environmental laws such as the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) require the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) to consider and address mitigation of the environmental impacts of Federal-aid transportation projects. This study responds to a request by the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Transportation, Treasury, Housing, and Urban Development, the Judiciary, District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies that requires the FHWA "to determine the costs associated with the environmental process on a representative sample of projects." The purpose of the study is to establish a comprehensive definition of state DOTs' environmental costs, including mitigation and documentation costs as described in the Congressional request, and use it to gather best available data on complete environmental costs for a set of case studies that represent the kinds of projects routinely undertaken by state DOTs. The study is based on detailed interviews and information provided by practitioners at selected state DOTs, including Arizona DOT, Florida DOT, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Maryland State Highway Administration, Montana DOT, New Jersey DOT, Oregon DOT, Utah DOT, Washington DOT, and Wisconsin DOT. KW - Arizona Department of Transportation KW - Case studies KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Environmental mitigation KW - Environmental policy KW - Federal aid highways KW - Federal laws KW - Florida Department of Transportation KW - Interviewing KW - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet KW - Maryland State Highway Administration KW - Montana Department of Transportation KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - New Jersey Department of Transportation KW - Oregon Department of Transportation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Utah Department of Transportation KW - Washington State Department of Transportation KW - Wisconsin Department of Transportation UR - http://nepa.fhwa.dot.gov/ReNEPA/ReNepa.nsf/All+Documents/AD3B902A775A2FCB85257219000DF2F1/$FILE/FINALAppA.TransTechReport10.23.06.doc UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55700/55756/FHWA_2006_COSTS-FED_ENV_REGS.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036456 AU - Von Quintus, Harold L AU - Simpson, Amy L AU - Eltahan, Ahmed A AU - Fugro-BRE, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rehabilitation of Asphalt Concrete Pavements: Initial Evaluation of the SPS-5 Experiment--Final Report PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 209p AB - The SPS-5 experiment, entitled "Rehabilitation of Asphalt Concrete Pavements," is one of the key experiments of the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program. The objective of this experiment is to determine the relative influence and long-term effectiveness of different rehabilitation techniques (including overlay thickness, material, and surface preparation) and site conditions (traffic, pre-existing pavement condition, and climatic factors) on performance. This report documents the first comprehensive review and evaluation of data completeness and availability from the SPS-5 experiment. Eighteen SPS-5 projects have been identified. At each site there are nine cone test sections. Some SPS-5 projects also have various supplemental sections. 210 test sections are included in the SPS-5 experiment. The data availability and completeness were good overall for the SPS-5 experiment with two exceptions: traffic and materials test data. These data deficiencies need to be addressed before a comprehensive analysis of the SPS-5 experiment is conducted. Both of these data elements must be collected in order for the SPS-5 experiment to meet the expectations for calibrating and validating mechanistic models. The majority of the SPS-5 data that were collected were at level E. Required experiment design factors were compared with the actual experiment design for the large majority of the design factors and can be characterized as good to excellent when comparing designed versus constructed. One project had yet to be constructed and materials testing and data processing still needed to be completed. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Design factors KW - Experimental roads KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Missing data KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Specific Pavement Studies (LTPP) KW - Test sections UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/01168/01168.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036454 AU - Richter, Cheryl A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Seasonal Variations in the Moduli of Unbound Pavement Layers PY - 2006/07 SP - 282p AB - The in situ moduli of unbound pavement materials vary on a seasonal basis as a function of temperature and moisture conditions. Knowledge of these variations is required for accurate prediction of pavement life for pavement design and other pavement management activities. The primary objective of this study is to advance the rational estimation of seasonal variations in backcalculated pavement layer moduli using data collected via the Seasonal Monitoring Program of the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program. Principal components of this endeavor included: evaluation of the moisture predictive capabilities of the Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model (EICM); development of empirical models to predict backcalculated pavement layer moduli as a function of moisture content, stress state, and other explanatory variables; and trial application of the models developed to predict backcalculated moduli for unbound pavement layers. This investigation yielded two key findings. First, it provided the impetus for developing EICM Version 2.6 by demonstrating the practical inadequacies of EICM Versions 2.0 and 2.1 when applied to the prediction of in situ moisture content, and then demonstrated that substantial improvement in the moisture predictive capability of the EICM had been achieved in Version 2.6. Second, the research identified fundamental discrepancies between layer moduli backcalculated using linear-layered elastic theory and the laboratory resilient modulus test conditions. Other important findings included (1) variation in moisture content is not always the most important factor associated with seasonal variations in pavement layer moduli, and (2) a model form that fits linear elastic backcalculated moduli reasonably well. The overall accuracy of the modulus predictions achieved in the trial application of the predictive models was not fully acceptable. Several avenues for further research to improve upon these results are identified. KW - Backcalculation KW - Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model KW - Future research KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement layers KW - Seasonal Monitoring Program (LTPP) KW - Seasonal variations UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/ltpp/pubs/04079/04079.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46936/Seasonal_Variations_in_the_Moduli_of_Unbound_Pavement_Layers.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036452 AU - Cackler, E Thomas AU - Harrington, Dale S AU - Ferragut, Theodore AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of U.S. and European Concrete Pavement Noise Reduction Methods PY - 2006/07//Part 1, Task 2 SP - 101p AB - This document contains the results of Part 1, Task 2 of the ISU-FHWA project entitled "Concrete Pavement Surface Characteristics Project." It addresses the noise issue by evaluating conventional and innovative concrete pavement noise reduction methods. The first objective of this task was to determine what if any concrete surface textures currently constructed in the United States or Europe were considered quiet, had long-term friction characteristics, could be consistently built, and were cost effective. Any specifications of such concrete textures would be included in this report. The second objective was to determine whether any promising new concrete pavement surfaces to control tire-pavement noise and friction were in the development stage and, if so, what further research was necessary. The final objective was to identify measurement techniques used in the evaluation. The Part 1, Task 2 evaluation reported herein included (1) examination of conventional concrete pavement noise reduction methods used in the United States; (2) identification of promising new concrete pavement surfaces to control tire-pavement noise and friction in Europe; and (3) initial consistent field measurements of tire-pavement noise and friction with respect to texture. The evaluation concludes that (a) careful construction practices in the United States for artificial turf and burlap drag, longitudinal tining, and diamond grinding can be used to initially control noise (99/100-104/105 dBA) and provide adequate initial friction; (b) the noisiest pavements (>104/105 dBA) should be rehabilitated immediately, with no new noisy pavements constructed; (c) to achieve the quietest concrete pavements (<99/100 dBA), innovative solutions such as exposed aggregate and pervious concrete, need to be advanced; and (d) more study is necessary to understand the change of noise and texture characteristics over time and to increase consistency. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Diamond grinding KW - Europe KW - Field studies KW - Friction KW - Innovation KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Pavement grooving KW - Rolling contact KW - Texture KW - United States UR - http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/reports/surface_characteristics_i.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01035641 AU - Chavez, Eric AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hot Mix Asphalt Voids Acceptance - Review of QC/QA Data 2000 Through 2004 PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 140p AB - This report analyzes the Quality Control/Quality Assurance (QC/QA) data for hot mix asphalt using voids acceptance as the testing criteria for the years 2000 through 2004. Analysis of the overall quality of the hot mix asphalt (HMA) is accomplished by reviewing the Calculated Pay Factor Composite (CPFC) and Incentive/Disincentive Payments (I/DP). Analysis of each of the test elements: asphalt content, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), air voids, mat density, and joint density is presented in tables, figures, and reports. Various data groupings are used to evaluate the data including: year, region, and grading. The specification and the projects are performing reasonably well. Over the five-year time period more projects have received incentive payments than disincentive payments. The average pay over the five years is 1.00848. The quality levels in the individual elements are at reasonable levels. Over the five-year time period the VMA element has the best quality levels with an average of 95.00. Mat density has the next best results with an average of 92.89. Air voids and percent asphalt are third and fourth with average quality levels of 90.41 and 89.86. Joint density testing has been a requirement beginning in 2003. The pay factor for this element is just under 1.0 but is expected to increase as contractors gain experience in this area. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt content KW - Calculated pay factor composite KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Incentives KW - Joint density KW - Mat density KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Testing KW - Voids in mineral aggregate UR - http://www.dot.state.co.us/Publications/PDFFiles/Voids2006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034025 AU - Johnson, Peggy A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing Stream Channel Stability at Bridges in Physiographic Regions PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 157p AB - The objective of this study was to expand and improve a rapid channel stability assessment method developed previously by Johnson et al. to include additional factors, such as major physiographic units across the United States, a greater range of bank materials and complexities, critical bank heights, stream types and processes, sand bed streams, and in-channel bars or lack of bars. Another goal of this study was to tailor Thorne's reconnaissance method for bridge inspection and stability assessment needs. Stream-bridge intersections were observed across the United States to develop and test the stability assessment method. Site visits were conducted at 57 stream-bridge intersections in 14 physiographic regions and subregions. Data collected and included in the report include locations and global positioning system (GPS) coordinates of the bridges, the physiographic Province, land use, stream classification, bed and bar material, percent of sand in the bed material, controls in the banks or on the bed, bank vegetation, bank material, bank height, and any erosion-related characteristics. Variability in stream types and common characteristics within each of the physiographic regions also were described. Thirteen indicators were identified for the stability assessment method. For each indicator, a rating of poor, fair, good, or excellent was assigned. An overall rank was obtained by summing the 13 ratings. To address sensitivities of various stream types to the indicators and rankings, the appropriate ranges of rankings were determined for three categories of stream channels. Each of the 57 stream-bridge intersections also was described in terms of lateral and vertical stability. Finally, a simplified version of Thorne's stream reconnaissance field sheets is presented for collecting data for the stream stability assessment and to provide a record of conditions at each visit. KW - Banks (Waterways) KW - Bridges KW - Channel stabilization KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Data collection KW - Global Positioning System KW - Hydraulics KW - Land use KW - Maintenance KW - Physiography KW - Scour KW - Stream stability KW - Stream-bridge intersections UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/hydraulics/05072/05072.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25100/25165/fhwahrt05072.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034024 AU - Hummer, J E AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Toole, J L AU - Patten, R S AU - Schneider, R J AU - Green, J S AU - Hughes, R G AU - Fain, S J AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared-Use Paths―Final Report PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 161p AB - Shared-use paths are becoming increasingly busy in many places in the United States. Path designers and operators need guidance on how wide to make new or rebuilt paths, and on whether to separate the different types of users. The current guidance is not very specific; it has not been calibrated to conditions in the United States, and does not accommodate the range of modes found on a typical U.S. path. The purpose of this project was to develop a level of service (LOS) estimation method for shared-use paths that overcomes these limitations. The research included the development of the theory of traffic flow on a path, an extensive effort to collect data on path operations, and a survey through which path users expressed their degree of satisfaction with the paths shown in a series of videos. Based on the theory developed and the data collected, the researchers developed an LOS estimation method for bicyclists that requires minimal input and produces a simple and useful result. Factors involved in the estimation of an LOS for a path include the number of times a typical bicyclist meets or passes another path user, the number of those passings that are delayed, the path width, and whether the path has a centerline. The method considers four other types of path users besides the adult bicyclists for whom the LOS is calculated―pedestrians, joggers, child bicyclists, and skaters. KW - Bicycles KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Level of service KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety KW - Shared-use paths KW - Skating KW - Traffic flow KW - Trails KW - Width UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/pedbike/05137/ UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/pedbike/05137/05137.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033128 AU - Patten, R S AU - Schneider, R J AU - Toole, J L AU - Hummer, J E AU - Rouphail, N M AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Shared-Use Path Level of Service Calculator—A User’s Guide PY - 2006/07//User's Guide SP - 67p AB - Shared-use paths are becoming increasingly busy in many places in the United States. Path designers and operators need guidance on how wide to make new or rebuilt paths and whether to separate the different types of users. The current guidance is not very specific, has not been calibrated to conditions in the United States, and does not accommodate the range of modes found on a typical U.S. path. The purpose of this project was to develop a level of service (LOS) estimation method for shared-use paths that overcomes these limitations. The research included the development of the theory of traffic flow on a path, an extensive effort to collect data on path operations, and a survey during which path users expressed their degree of satisfaction with the paths shown on a series of videos. Based on the theory developed and the data collected, the researchers developed an LOS estimation method for bicyclists that requires minimal input and produces a simple and useful result. The method requires only four inputs from the user: One-way user volume in the design hour, mode split percentages, trail width, and presence or absence of a centerline. Factors involved in the estimation of an LOS for a path include the number of times a typical bicyclist meets or passes another path user and the number of those passes that are delayed. The method considers five types of path users when calculating adult bicyclists’ LOS, including other adult bicyclists, child bicyclists, pedestrians, runners, and in-line skaters. This report provides step-by-step instructions on how to use the LOS procedure and spreadsheet calculation tool, which can be downloaded from the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center Web site at www.tfhrc.org. Other products of the effort include FHWA-HRT-05-137 "Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared-Use Paths: Final Report", which documents the research and the spreadsheet calculation tool and is the basis of FHWA-HRT-05-139 "Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared-Use Paths" TechBrief. KW - Calculators KW - Center lines KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Inline skaters KW - Level of service KW - Pedestrians KW - Procedures KW - Runners KW - Shared-use paths KW - Spreadsheets KW - Traffic flow KW - Trail width KW - Trails KW - User guides (Software) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/pedbike/05138/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/789738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033125 AU - Liu, Richard AU - Li, Jing AU - Chen, Xuemin AU - Ekbote, Aditya AU - Xing, Huichun AU - Wang, Ying AU - University of Houston AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of a New Generation of FCC Compliant NDT Devices for Pavement Layer Information Collection: Technical Report PY - 2006/07//Technical Report SP - 28p AB - To comply with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules on the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) devices, the first stage of the project has investigated methodologies to avoid FCC banned frequency bands, and developed a hybrid GPR system that utilizes two separate frequency bands, DC-960MHz and 3.1GHz-8.5GHz. The detailed information of this system can be found in the reports 0-4820-1 and 0-4820-2 of this project. This report will concentrate on the air launching version of the pulse GPR, including new air launching antenna design, signal processing, and subsurface layer information extraction from GPR raw data. A lot of lab tests have been performed. Field tests have been conducted on TTI Annex, FM2818, Texas Avenue, and SH21 in College Station and Bryan, respectively. The measured results agree with the real cases very well. The developed GPR system is able to collect pavement layer information accurately and in real time. The system is completely ready for implementation. KW - Bryan (Texas) KW - College Station (Texas) KW - Data collection KW - Dielectric properties KW - Field tests KW - Frequency bands KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Laboratory tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement layers KW - Radar antennas KW - Raw data KW - Signal processing KW - Thickness KW - U.S. Federal Communications Commission UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4820-3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/789536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032978 AU - Loulizi, Amara AU - Flintsch, Gerardo W AU - McGhee, Kevin AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of the In-Place Hot-Mix Asphalt Layer Modulus for Rehabilitation Projects Using a Mechanistic-Empirical Procedure PY - 2006/07//Final Contract Report SP - 25p AB - This project evaluated the procedures proposed by the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) to characterize existing hot-mix asphalt (HMA) layers for rehabilitation purposes. Thirty-three cores were extracted from nine sites in Virginia to measure their dynamic moduli in the lab. Falling-weight deflectometer (FWD) testing was performed at the sites because the backcalculated moduli are needed for the Level 1 procedure. The resilient modulus was also measured in the lab because it is needed for the Level 2 procedure. A visual pavement rating was performed based on pavement condition because it is needed for the Level 3 procedure. The selected cores were tested for their bulk densities (G sub mb) using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T166 procedure and then for their dynamic modulus in accordance with the AASHTO TP62-03 standard test method. Then the cores were broken down and tested for their maximum theoretical specific gravity (G sub mm) using the AASHTO T-209 procedure. Finally an ignition test was performed to find the percentage of binder and to reclaim the aggregate for gradation analysis. Volumetric properties were then calculated and used as input for the Witczak dynamic modulus prediction equations to find what the MEPDG calls the undamaged master curve of the HMA layer. The FWD data, resilient modulus data, and pavement rating were used to find the damaged master curve of the HMA layer as suggested for input Levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively. It was found that the resilient modulus data needed for a Level 2 type of analysis do not represent the entire HMA layer thickness, and therefore it was recommended that this analysis should not be performed by Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) when implementing the design guide. The use of Level 1 data is recommended because FWD testing appears to be the only procedure investigated that can measure the overall condition of the entire HMA layer. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Backcalculation KW - Binders KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Master curves KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Test procedures KW - Virginia KW - Volumetric analysis UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/07-cr1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032954 AU - Done, Robert S AU - Data Methods Corporation AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dyed Diesel Education and Enforcement PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 28p AB - The Internal Revenue Service and the state of Arizona allow diesel used for farm, construction, or other off-road use to be purchased tax-free. This tax-free diesel must be dyed red to identify it as off-road diesel and fuel suppliers must report their sales of dyed diesel on a monthly basis. The on-road use of dyed diesel deprives Arizona of highway tax revenue and in August, 2002, the Arizona Department of Transportation initiated federally funded education and enforcement efforts to decrease inappropriate (i.e., on-road) use of dyed diesel. Using data collected during a project by the Arizona Department of Transportation, this study examines the effect of education and enforcement efforts on dyed diesel violations. Education and enforcement efforts were found to have a statistically significant effect on reducing dyed diesel violations in pickup trucks. KW - Air quality violations KW - Arizona KW - Data collection KW - Diesel fuels KW - Diesel trucks KW - Dyed diesel KW - Education KW - Fuel taxes KW - Internal Revenue Service KW - Law enforcement KW - Pickup trucks KW - Revenues KW - Tax-free UR - http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/statepubs/id/3601/rec/1 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032948 AU - Liu, Richard AU - Li, Jing AU - Chen, Xuemin AU - Ekbote, Aditya AU - Xing, Huichun AU - Wang, Ying AU - University of Houston AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of a New Generation of FCC Compliant NDT Devices for Pavement Layer Information Collection - Test Procedure and Facility PY - 2006/07//Technical Report SP - 20p AB - To comply with FCC rules on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) devices, it is necessary to fully understand the test procedures and facilities for EM radiation measuring. This report introduces the procedures and facilities for radiation spectrum measurements. The developed GPR system is measured under the similar conditions. The test results demonstrate that the developed GPRs are able to comply with FCC rules. The impacts of FCC rule on the Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) GPR are more serious, because FMCW GPR transmits continuous sinusoidal waves, and the limitation on emission level would definitely decrease its penetration depth. KW - Dielectric properties KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Measurement KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement layers KW - Penetration depth KW - Sinusoidal waves KW - Test procedures UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4820-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032941 AU - Liu, Richard AU - Chen, Yuanhang AU - Chen, Xuemin AU - Li, Jing AU - Sun, Wei AU - University of Houston AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation of Laser Device for Highway Speed Macro-Texture Measurement PY - 2006/07//Technical Report SP - 26p AB - In project 7-3969, the researchers had successfully developed a new, cheaper high speed texture laser for texture data collection. Based on the project 7-3969, 15 laser-based units which are capable of measuring pavement macro-texture at highway speed are delivered in this project. Compared with the old laser device developed in Project 7-3969, the new version developed in this project has significantly reduced the size, weight, and noise levels, and has improved the standoff distance, measurement range and accuracy. In this report, the laser triangulation method is briefly reviewed. Then, the improvement over the old laser device and the calibration procedures are also presented. KW - Accuracy KW - Data collection KW - Equipment KW - Highways KW - Lasers KW - Macrotexture KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Pavements KW - Position sensitive devices KW - Speed KW - Triangulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032936 AU - Sobanjo, John O AU - Florida State University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GPS/GIS Inspection and Analysis Tools for Highway Construction PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 99p AB - This study investigated the application of modern technologies to highway construction inspection. A pilot roadway construction project was utilized to demonstrate some of the methodologies developed during the study. A review and brief analysis of contract documents indicated that the Global Positioning System (GPS) could be used to locate and measure over 90% of the Florida Department of Transportation's (FDOT's) approximately 4,500 standard pay items (English Units) during the construction process. For the pilot project, a few items were measured in the direct pay item units. During the study, three types of GPS receivers were evaluated: low cost or recreational GPS ($150 - $400 price range); mapping grade GPS ($3000 - $4000 price range); and the Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS receivers (typically more than $45,000 plus subscription costs). The mapping grade GPS would be recommended based on cost and two additional criteria: spatial modeling of the inspected pay item; and the accuracy of quantity estimated from the spatial data captured. Based on a comparison with the quantities measured using the construction inspector's traditional manual methods during the pilot project study, the mapping grade GPS, specifically, the Trimble's GeoXT GPS receiver, estimated same quantities with less than 3% error. The GPS receiver also reduced the time of quantity measure by over 80%. The ESRI's ArcGIS was utilized as well as custom written computer programs to develop the GPS/GIS tools. A computer interface was developed between the GPS/GIS tools and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO's) SiteManager, allowing data transfer between the GPS and the SiteManager's Daily Work Report Module. The Bentley's Construction Inspector program was also successfully demonstrated on the pilot project, using asphalt pay items, with the development of various Microsoft VB.Net application extension programs (dlls), along with a daily work report of construction. It was observed during the study that the current project development procedures at FDOT would enhance the application of modern technologies as demonstrated in this study, particularly the following attributes: GIS-ready drawings generated from the Microstation; use of the project survey control points as base stations for differential GPS corrections; and the availability of the GEOPAK's Quantity Manager. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Inspection KW - Methodology KW - Pay items KW - Road construction UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_CN/FDOT_BD543_08_rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032934 AU - Clower, Terry L AU - Weinstein, Bernard L AU - University of North Texas, Denton AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impacts of Toll Roads on the Regional Economy: Suggested Measures PY - 2006/07//Technical Report SP - 42p AB - In this report, we examine the type of metrics that can be employed in evaluating the economic, development, and fiscal impacts of toll roads. We have drawn these metrics from the literature of analyses and case studies of toll and non-toll facilities. Where the literature does not address a specific metric for a relevant impact, we suggest one. These metrics will be used in later components of this research project to assess impacts realized by selected case studies of local and regional economies from the construction and operation of toll facilities in Texas in urban, suburban, and rural settings. The impacts of toll roads are, in many instances, similar to other highway facilities. However, the impacts of toll roads are differentiated by ongoing toll facility operations, more limited access points in most toll facility designs, and the pace of facility development. The nature and magnitude of any impacts are also affected by the location of the toll facility in urban, suburban, or rural settings. There is little in the literature to suggest that the adaptation of open lanes to managed toll lanes has more than a marginal impact on ancillary property development or other development impacts. KW - Development impacts KW - Economic impacts KW - Literature reviews KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Regional economics KW - Texas KW - Toll facilities KW - Toll roads UR - http://www.unt.edu/cedr/tollroadimpacts.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01030779 AU - Paaswell, Robert E AU - Rouphail, Nagui M AU - Baker, Robert F AU - Kamga, Camille AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Identification of Traffic Control Devices for Mobile and Short Duration Work Operations PY - 2006/07//Final Report SP - 101p AB - This report documents and summarizes the study "Identification of Traffic Control Devices for Mobile and Short Duration Work Operations," for the New Jersey Department of Transportation. The study was conducted in three tasks: 1. Literature Search, 2. Evaluation Criteria and Analysis, and 3. Identify Guidelines to Eliminate Driver Inattentiveness, and Design Alternative Strategies and Techniques for Traffic Control. The study was conducted by two groups: the Region 2, University Transportation Research Center, City College of New York and the Institute for Transportation Research and Education, North Carolina State University. Working papers were completed for each of these tasks. The objective of this research project is to study mobile and short duration work zone safety with particular attention to the identification of work zone safety devices, information systems for the improvement of safety and reduction of congestion, and implementation of innovative techniques to reduce delays and crashes due to work zones. The research approach includes a literature search to identify the potential technologies and information systems for mobile and short duration work operations. Potential technologies and information systems were identified from the Transportation Research Board and National Cooperative Highway Research Program reports, international sources, Strategic Highway Research Program reports, other State DOT correspondence, and manufacturers and vendors. Recommendations are made to fabricate and implement the Balsi Beam with the assistance of Caltrans and the FHWA on selected short duration work zones and implement "Bright Zone Signs and Beacon Wear Safety Vests" to improve work safety and visibility in work zones. KW - Driver information systems KW - Innovation KW - Literature reviews KW - Portable traffic signs KW - Safety vests KW - Short duration maintenance operations KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25000/25088/index.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01030763 AU - Liu, Richard AU - Chen, Yuanhang AU - Ekbote, Aditya AU - Sun, Wei AU - Chen, Xuemin AU - Li, Jing AU - Chopra, Pankaj AU - University of Houston AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Vehicle-Mounted Measuring Devices for Non-Contact Thickness and Uniformity Measurement of Thermoplastic Pavement Marking Material PY - 2006/07//Technical Report SP - 68p AB - In this project, the researcher successfully developed a highway speed vehicle-mounted thermoplastic pavement marking material (TPMM) thickness measurement device based on the research results in Project 0-4882, Refinement of a Non-Contact Method to Determine the Thickness and Uniformity of Application for Thermoplastic Pavement Marking Material. The device can be used in routine Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) project monitoring practice. In Project 0-4882, a compact, lightweight pushcart laser device was successfully developed for measuring TPMM thickness. In comparison with the laser device developed in Project 0-4882, two new versions of vehicle mount laser thickness measurement devices have been developed in this project. The first new version, a point laser device, uses three synchronized point laser units to solve the inaccuracy problem caused by the slope of the road. The second new version, a scanning laser device, was developed based on the auto-synchronized laser scanning principle. This new scanning device can scan in the transverse direction and measure the average cross-section TPMM thickness. Since the scanning laser covers an area wider than the TPMM, the driver doesn't need to strictly follow the stripe, and the measurement accuracy will be increased on a bumpy or sloping road. In this report, the laser triangulation and auto-synchronized scanning laser method is briefly reviewed. Then, the specifications of the laser devices and field test results are presented. KW - Accuracy KW - Field tests KW - Laser scanning KW - Lasers KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mixture uniformity KW - Non-contact measurement systems KW - Road marking materials KW - Specifications KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Thickness KW - Triangulation KW - Vehicle body parts UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-5882-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01030758 AU - Alvarez, Allex E AU - Martin, Amy Epps AU - Estakhri, Cindy K AU - Button, Joe W AU - Glover, Charles J AU - Jung, Sung Hoon AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Synthesis of Current Practice on the Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Porous Friction Courses PY - 2006/07//Technical Report SP - 86p AB - Open-graded friction courses (OGFC), or porous friction courses (PFC) as defined by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), are a special gap-graded asphalt mixture characterized by a large interconnected air void content. In general, the voids content is at a minimum of 18%. Similar mixtures [porous asphalt (PA)] with voids contents as high as 25% are successfully applied in Europe. These interconnected voids make these mixtures highly permeable with the capacity to reduce tire-pavement noise. These characteristics are associated with the following advantages that can be obtained from the use of PFC as a surface layer: safety improvements, economic benefits, and environmental benefits. On the other hand, the following aspects are identified as disadvantages of PFC: reduced performance, high construction costs, winter maintenance issues, and limited structural contribution. Substantial efforts have been undertaken to correct previous failures in OGFC, and significant advances have been made since the 1990s with respect to mixture performance and service life. This report summarizes the current state of the practice related to mixture design methods (proposed by different U.S. and international agencies and institutions), construction, maintenance, and performance of surface courses using OGFC and PA identified from a worldwide literature review. In addition, the report presents a synthesis of the relevant aspects related to the current practice and application of PFC in Texas based on the interviews conducted with selected TxDOT districts. The report represents the baseline for a research project aimed to improve the PFC mixture design method using advanced research tools and develop guidelines for construction and maintenance of PFC. In this project, special efforts will be directed to address functionality in terms of permeability and noise reduction, and durability in terms of moisture damage and aging potential. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Construction costs KW - Economic benefits KW - Friction course KW - Gap graded aggregates KW - Highway safety KW - Literature reviews KW - Mix design KW - Moisture damage KW - Noise reduction KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Permeability KW - Porous pavements KW - Road construction KW - Service life KW - State of the practice KW - Traffic noise KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-5262-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01030751 AU - Folliard, Kevin J AU - Thomas, Michael D A AU - Fournier, Benoit AU - Kurtis, Kimberly E AU - Ideker, Jason H AU - Transtec Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interim Recommendations for the Use of Lithium to Mitigate or Prevent Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) PY - 2006/07//Interim Report SP - 94p AB - Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a significant durability problem that has resulted in premature deterioration of various types of concrete structures in the United States and throughout the world. Although several viable methods exist to prevent ASR-induced damage in new concrete structures, very few methods mitigate further damage in structures already affected by ASR-induced expansion and cracking. Lithium compounds have been recognized for more than 50 years as effectively preventing expansion caused by ASR, and there has been renewed interest in recent years in using lithium compounds as either an admixture in new concrete or as a treatment of existing structures. This report is intended to provide practitioners with the necessary information and guidance to test, specify, and use lithium compounds in new concrete construction, as well as its use in repair and service life extension applications. This report replaces the previous report ("Guidelines for the Use of Lithium to Mitigate or Prevent ASR," Folliard, et al., 2003) and includes significant changes, especially those related to recommendations for testing and specifying lithium compounds. This report provides a basic overview of ASR, including information on mechanisms, symptoms of ASR damage in field structures, mitigation approaches, test methods, and specifications. A comprehensive summary of lithium compounds is provided, including information on their production, availability, and use in laboratory concrete studies and field applications (including a range of case studies). Guidelines for using lithium compounds as an admixture in new concrete and for treating existing structures suffering from ASR-induced damage are presented, including information on how to assess the efficacy of lithium compounds in laboratory tests. Some basic information also is provided on the economics of using lithium both in new concrete and as a treatment for existing structures. A summary of conclusions is included and identifies several technical and practical issues that should be considered for future laboratory studies and field applications. KW - Admixtures KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Case studies KW - Economics KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lithium compounds KW - Recommendations KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pccp/pubs/06073/06073.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787644 ER - TY - SER AN - 01030748 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Protocol to Identify Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials PY - 2006/07 SP - 6p AB - The subject of this TechBrief is the report, "Identifying Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials, Volume II," FHWA-HRT-06-080. The findings presented in the report are summarized in this TechBrief by addressing the following questions: What is incompatibility of concrete materials? What has changed? What is happening? How do I prevent these problems? The aim of the project was to develop a protocol that would enable users to assess whether a given combination of materials used to make concrete for pavements is likely to exhibit incompatibility in a given environment. KW - Compatibility (Materials) KW - Concrete KW - Environment KW - Materials selection UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/concrete/06082/06082.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01030747 AU - Walubita, Lubinda F AU - Martin, Amy Epps AU - Jung, Sung Hoon AU - Glover, Charles J AU - Park, Eun Sug AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of Calibrated Mechanistic Fatigue Analysis with Aging Effects PY - 2006/07//Technical Report SP - 196p AB - The work contained in this report constitutes Phase II of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Project 0-4468. Phase I is documented in Reports 0-4468-1 and 0-4468-2. The primary objective of Phase II was to provide additional laboratory validation and sensitivity analysis of the calibrated mechanistic with (CMSE) and without (CM) surface energy measurements fatigue analysis approaches recommended in Report 0-4468-2. The second objective was to provide a better understanding of the binder-mixture relationships and effects of binder oxidative aging on both mixture fracture properties and fatigue life (N sub f). The third objective was to explore the possibility of establishing a surrogate fatigue test protocol based on the CMSE approach. These objectives were achieved through fatigue characterization of additional hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) mixtures with different mix-design parameters and materials under varying laboratory aging exposure conditions. Analysis of the results indicated that the CMSE approach provides a promising and rational methodology for fundamentally characterizing the fatigue resistance of HMAC mixtures. The results obtained were reasonable and exhibited low statistical variability. Compared to the CMSE, the simplified CM approach has a reduced laboratory test program and analysis time, but it is less versatile. For the materials and test conditions considered in the project, N sub f was observed to be dependent on both mix-design parameters and material properties. Generally, an increase in binder content improved the mixture fracture properties and N sub f. The results further indicated that binders and mixtures do stiffen due to oxidative aging and that the N sub f decline is characteristic of each mixture type. The application of Miner's cumulative damage concept also provided a fundamentally promising basis for quantifying N sub f decline as a function of both aging and traffic loading effects and should be explored further. With respect of CMSE laboratory testing, although the repeated direct-tension test provided the best correlation with CMSE N sub f predictions, the tensile strength test was preliminarily proposed as the surrogate fatigue test protocol based on practicality and simplicity. However, additional validation of the CMSE and CM approaches together with the surrogate fatigue test protocols and software development are recommended. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binder content KW - Cumulative damage KW - Direct tension tests KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fracture properties KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Oxidation KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Tensile strength KW - Test protocol KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787646 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030143 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sprague, C Joel TI - Study of the Cost-Effectiveness of Various Flexible Pavement Maintenance Treatments PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 45-53 AB - Debate over the various treatments for extending the life of deteriorated flexible pavements has taken place for several decades. Yet, there is little consensus on the relative merits of each treatment. Thus, there has been an on-going need for objective performance information on the various available treatments. Recently, the Greenville County, South Carolina, Department of Public Works facilitated a comprehensive review of pavement performance under the county's pavement maintenance program. The review provided the potential to independently quantify the relative benefits of various maintenance techniques, including in-place cold mill recycling, full-depth patching, and paving fabric--all followed by an asphalt overlay--as well as the use of only an asphalt overlay. This paper presents the tabulation of data for the 1997-1998 maintenance year that included maintenance of 370 roads. The data includes the pavement condition at time of maintenance, the selected pavement maintenance technique and associated costs, and the recent condition of the maintained roads. Using all available information, an evaluation of the data was made to assess the post-maintenance pavement performance and the cost-effectiveness of the various treatments used. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Benefits KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Greenville County (South Carolina) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving fabrics KW - Tables (Data) UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786919 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030142 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bell, Lansford C AU - Dlesk, Ryan TI - Outsourcing Maintenance Management: A Field Perspective PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 3-13 AB - A research project was conducted by Clemson University for the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) to examine the relative merits of outsourcing highway maintenance activities as opposed to performing those activities with in-house forces. The research project examined the costs associated with maintenance work performed within the state for 20 maintenance-related activities in FY 2003-2004. The unit costs for activities including drain pipe installation, mowing, sign installation, and full-depth patching were found to be about the same. Some activities--drainage structure replacement, guardrail installation, and raised pavement marker installation--were difficult to compare because projects of major magnitude were let to contract whereas smaller magnitude projects were performed in-house. Then too, some activities were performed exclusively either by contract or in-house in FY 2003-2004. The research methodology also included workshops conducted in all seven SCDOT district offices to examine subjective field perspective factors that impact local decisions as to whether or not it is appropriate to outsource various maintenance activities. District personnel cited equipment availability, local contractor expertise, SCDOT inspection and contract administration capabilities, seasonal work fluctuations, and the need for immediate SCDOT response to specified problems among their decision factors. Workshop participants also suggested that improvements be made to the outsourcing contracts to give them more leverage with respect to specification conformance. Because other state transportation agencies may encounter similar difficulties in fully executing cost comparisons, it is suggested that outsourcing policy decisions be based upon a thorough examination of the equally important subjective field perspectives discussed in this paper. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Contracting out KW - Costs KW - Highway maintenance KW - South Carolina Department of Transportation KW - Subjective assessment KW - Workshops UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786916 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030141 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Beard, Jared AU - Clarke, Richard TI - Equipment Quality Improvement Measures: Large Truck Fleet PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 185-196 AB - This paper discusses the findings of a Quality Improvement Team (QIT) established by the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) to evaluate the utilization and efficiency of the UDOT large truck fleet. The fleet is heavily utilized during winter months when snow removal operations require the use of all available resources. During summer months the demands on the fleet are not as great and some trucks are used very little or not at all. The QIT examined different alternatives to increase the utilization of large trucks during summer months while maintaining the level of service (LOS) provided for snow removal operations during the winter months. One important outcome of the study was the development of a snow removal model. The model provides instant feedback on the LOS that can be expected due to any changes made to snow removal resources. The QIT examined many alternatives and two offered promise to help achieve the goals of the QIT. The first alternative is to identify areas where efficiency can be improved, and reduce the overall size of the fleet. The second alternative is to create a partnership with other state government agencies to "share" equipment. The second alternative is promising as many other state agencies utilize equipment heavily in the summer and very little during the winter. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Economic efficiency KW - Fleet management KW - Fleet size KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Shared use equipment KW - Snow removal KW - Summer KW - Utah Department of Transportation KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786939 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030140 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bucyk, Nick AU - Lali, Moh TI - Evolution of Highway Maintenance Outsourcing in Alberta, Canada PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 14-25 AB - In 1995, Alberta Transportation and Utilities took its first steps of many to outsource the highway maintenance work. This work covered all summer and winter maintenance of the provincial highway network. The department overcame many challenges as it changed its role from delivering the service to managing the delivery of the service by private sector. From day one, the industry and the department began to work together on forming a relationship of understanding from each other's point of view. This relationship was referred to as "partnering" and it would prove to be beneficial for day to day operations and in the future contracts. Following the outsourcing and prior to the next round of tendering, the department along with the industry conducted a major reengineering of the existing maintenance process. The group undertook a thorough review of all the maintenance specifications and contract requirements in an effort to identify the risk and allocate it where it could be best managed. During this period the department also sold its maintenance shops and increased its responsibility by assuming approximately 15,000 km of secondary highways from local municipalities. All of these changes were incorporated into the contracts prior to the second round of retendering. As a result of these changes there were significant savings. The department is now about to embark on its third round of retendering. Maintaining a level playing field for all contractors, creating a competitive bidding atmosphere, dealing with increased public expectation and issues on environment and insurance are just a few of the items that were reviewed in this round. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Alberta Transportation KW - Competitive bidding KW - Contracting out KW - Environmental protection KW - Highway maintenance KW - Insurance KW - Maintenance management KW - Partnerships KW - Risk allocation UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786917 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030139 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pisano, Paul A AU - Huft, David L AU - Stern, Andrew D TI - Deployment of Maintenance Decision Support Systems for Winter Operations PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 79-90 AB - The art and science of road maintenance during adverse winter conditions has long been hampered by a lack of true integration of weather information into operations. Beginning in 1999, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) began to study this deficiency with its Surface Transportation Weather Decision Support Requirements (STWDSR) effort. The results clearly showed that road maintenance personnel desire better, more specific weather forecast information, which could improve the productivity and efficiency of winter maintenance practices and ultimately lead to improved mobility and a safer driving environment. Beginning in 2000, the FHWA convened a team of national laboratories and created a stakeholder group of interested personnel from state departments of transportation (DOTs), private-sector weather service providers and academia. With guidance from the stakeholder community, the laboratories combined state-of-the-art weather forecasting capabilities with computerized winter maintenance rules of practice. This was the genesis of the winter Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS) prototype. This prototype underwent several development cycles and three seasons of field demonstrations and evaluations--two in Iowa and one in Colorado. By 2004, MDSS technologies were mature enough for interested private-sector companies to begin to incorporate MDSS features into their product lines and begin to provide services to state DOTs. At this point, the FHWA MDSS effort transitioned from prototype enhancement to a focus on technology transfer to both the private sector and the states. Based on the national MDSS effort, as well as related activities, a group of eight states (led by South Dakota DOT) initiated a pooled-fund study in 2002 to develop and implement an operational version of MDSS for their agencies. The study has focused upon refinement, validation, and wide-scale deployment of sustainable MDSS technology, as demonstrated in a successful operational testing period over the 2004-2005 winter. Based on these complementary efforts, it is clear that the MDSS presents a valid and viable operational strategy, but not without its development and deployment challenges. This paper details strategies for the continued evolution of MDSS technologies into the marketplace as well as advancement of the state of the practice of winter maintenance. Details of the pooled-fund MDSS project are presented as one success story of deployment. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Decision support systems KW - Deployment KW - Field tests KW - Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS) KW - Pooled funds KW - State of the practice KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786928 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030138 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Demko, Joseph S AU - Reck, Nate TI - PennDOT's Roadside Spray Future with RoSA PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 57-66 AB - This paper describes the Roadside Spray Application (RoSA) developed for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT). The purpose of this web-based geographic information system (GIS) application is to assist PennDOT's district roadside specialists in managing and coordinating herbicide spray activities along state highways throughout the state of Pennsylvania. The outputs from this application are GIS mapping and summary reports to manage the 2- and 3-year maintenance spray cycles in each county. In the past, this roadside vegetation management function was exclusively in a paper media. Consequently, the district roadside specialists developed maintenance spray maps and summary reports manually. Now, the RoSA application produces the maps and reports while handling various spraying operations (tank mix, injection, and end result) and providing additional layers of information (water features, guide rail, government properties, and boundaries, etc.) for managing the roadside integrated vegetation management (IVM) program. RoSA provides a centralized database for the maintenance and operations of the roadside IVM program. RoSA is a web-based spatial application built using Microsoft's .NET development technology. This was the first application built by PennDOT's GIS Division using this new technology. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Geographic information systems KW - Herbicides KW - Maintenance management KW - Mapping KW - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation KW - Reports KW - Roadside KW - Spraying KW - State highways KW - Vegetation KW - Web-based systems UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786926 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030137 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Liu, Vincent TI - Waterborne Traffic Paint Performance in Utah Based on Retroreflectivity PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 217-231 AB - The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) performed a study to collect pavement marking retroreflectivity data that will provide a better understanding of the impact on waterborne traffic paint of exposure to traffic and other road activities. In 2002, UDOT upgraded its waterborne traffic paint specification to adopt the newest durable waterborne paint technology. In the same year, UDOT began a 3-year study to determine when roads of low, medium, and high average annual daily traffic (AADT) should be repainted based on the retroreflectivity values of the new paint. The failure criterion for the paint is a retroreflectivity value of 100 millicandelas per square meter per lux (mcd/m²/lx), which is a commonly used value in practice. Several state routes were selected for collecting retroreflectivity data throughout the duration of the study. A mobile retroreflectometer was used to collect retroreflectivity readings periodically from the time of initial roadway painting until the time of assumed paint failure. The results of the study established a better understanding of pavement marking deterioration and provided a guideline on waterborne traffic paint failure projection for the department. Combined study year 1 and 2 data revealed that paint retroreflectivity failure occurs between 8 to 17 months after painting, depending on the AADT of the road. This improvement is a result of the change in paint formulation and application. The study also illustrates some other factors that could affect the life of paint, for example, winter activities. As this study progresses, further data collection will be performed, and UDOT will use the results to improve its current pavement marking practices. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Failure KW - Performance KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road markings KW - Specifications KW - Traffic paint KW - Utah Department of Transportation KW - Water-based paints KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786941 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030136 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Finley, Melisa D AU - Ullman, Brooke R TI - Practices to Improve the Safety of Mobile and Short-Duration Maintenance Operations PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 199-216 AB - The "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" (MUTCD) provides basic principles that govern the design and use of traffic control devices in work zones. In addition, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has three mobile and 15 short-duration traffic control plans that can be used by TxDOT personnel to decide what types of traffic control devices are needed for these operations. In some cases, these traffic control plans have subtle differences. In addition, since these traffic control plans were not all created at the same time there are some inconsistencies. Due to the subtle differences and inconsistencies among the TxDOT traffic control plans, as well as the need to adapt the information in the MUTCD and TxDOT traffic control plans to specific situations, it is difficult for maintenance personnel (who are not engineers) to make decisions about which traffic control devices are needed on a day-to-day basis for mobile and short duration maintenance operations. In addition, the everyday definitions of mobile and short-duration operations used among TxDOT maintenance personnel are not consistent. With this in mind, researchers examined the terminology currently used to define mobile and short-duration operations and recommended changes, developed maintenance traffic control plans for select mobile and short-duration operations, and developed guidance for choosing whether protection vehicles are needed based on roadway volume (average daily traffic) and posted speed limit. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Average daily traffic KW - Decision making KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Mobile maintenance operations KW - Shadow vehicles KW - Short duration maintenance operations KW - Speed limits KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786940 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030135 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jurgens, Roy AU - Chan, Jack AU - Falls, Lynne Cowe TI - Winter Performance Measures in Alberta, Canada PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 91-102 AB - Performance measurement is a vital component of asset management, which is used in planning and programming to identify assets that are under or over performing and to assess overall performance. As part of the move to asset management, Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation has implemented performance-based planning and monitoring of the provincial highway network. Furthermore, since Alberta is a winter province, a clear suite of performance measurement tools is required for snow and ice control. Traditionally agencies have measured inputs or outputs, but none of the existing measures address effectiveness. Standards are in place for times to correct pavement to a certain condition after a storm ends, yet monitoring of these standards is not done consistently across the province or summarized for others to see. This paper presents the results of a project to develop winter performance measures that are outcome based for a large rural highway network. This paper includes results of an extensive pilot project which was carried out in the winter of 2004-2005 on approximately 300 km of Highway 2 from Calgary to Edmonton. The pilot project evaluated the use of several factors for performance measure development. These measures included the good, fair, and poor ratings provided by maintenance contractors and reported for public use through the provincial motor association, collision and run-off-the-road incidents, and vehicle speed and volume distributions during storm events. Categorization of storm events was a further subject of study. The paper concludes with recommendations for further work for the winter of 2005-2006. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Alberta KW - Future research KW - Performance measurement KW - Pilot projects KW - Recommendations KW - Snow and ice control KW - Storms KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786930 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030134 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pilson, Charles C AU - Love, Lacy D AU - Brandenburg, Jennifer P TI - Statewide Implementation of a Maintenance Management System in North Carolina PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 117-134 AB - The North Carolina Department of Transportation recently implemented a maintenance management system (MMS) across the state. This effort coincided with the implementation of a new financial management information system (FMIS) to which the MMS is interfaced. The MMS is developed and supported by Agile Assets, Inc., and the FMIS is the R/3 system from SAP. The objectives of the MMS implementation included planning based on the condition survey results, programming, and budgeting using ideal, baseline, and dynamic annual plans, resource management and task-based scheduling to support the acquisition of work history at a high level of detail including the linear reference, as well as considerable monitoring and evaluation through numerous reports. The paper primarily describes the main implementation project and basic operation of the new system, but also offers insights and hindsight based on experiences since "Go Live." The MMS system utilizes data at two major levels. For the strategic planning level, all actual work quantities and expenditures returned from the FMIS are summarized by cost center, county, highway functional class, and budget category. These are used in conjunction with the condition survey results to create internal models predicting the condition of the highway system for any level of spending. The models can then be used to perform incremental benefit cost optimization for various user selected subsets of the network and on various budgets to determine answers to an array of strategic planning and budgeting questions. These analyses generate efficient frontiers for cost and level of service and also allow for the creation of annual plans and budgets for field units against which more detailed planning can be performed. These plans can be maintained and monitored on a continuous basis. At the more tactical level, scheduling and recording of work history takes place at a task level. All actual work quantities and expenditures returned from the FMIS are linked to individual tasks set up in the MMS. These tasks are essentially individual jobs of a specified activity type and at a specified location. The result is that the work history can be queried for any point or segment of a road. This has the immediate benefit of providing up to date, accessible work history for all field personnel but it also provides the ability to make this information available to other management systems. One of the most important is the pavement management system. With regard to the rolling out of the system into production, some of the training and post-roll out support issues are discussed and some recommendations made. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Budgeting KW - Financial management KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance management KW - North Carolina Department of Transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Work history UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786933 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030133 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Evans, Diana TI - Ohio Department of Transportation Road Grip Tester Project PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 103-113 AB - The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) has initiated a process to create a system that detects, records, reports, and disseminates informational data regarding low grip areas on roadway surfaces. A Road Grip Tester (RGT) system measures road surface friction by utilizing an existing hydraulic system to deploy and retract a wheel that is located in the front of the drive axle underneath the vehicle or using a wheel mounted to a tow hitch at the rear of the vehicle. In normal, dry conditions a graphical display in the cab of the vehicle will show green lights (along with a corresponding numerical value). As the surface loses friction (e.g., wet or snowy conditions), more lights are displayed and the color changes from green to yellow; the numerical value changes (decreases) as well. As the road becomes snow covered, even more lights are displayed and the color changes to red. The numerical value decreases even further. The intent of the system is to serve as an early alert and advance notification system for road conditions before, during, and after a winter event. The RGT provides the ability to detect deteriorated pavement surface conditions associated with winter weather that are otherwise not visibly evident. The system provides information allowing ODOT maintenance forces to detect the presence of black ice on pavement surfaces and prompt immediate treatment where needed. It also provides real-time information to detect the rapidly changing conditions associated with winter maintenance activities. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Black ice KW - Friction KW - Graphical displays KW - Icing KW - Icy roads KW - Ohio Department of Transportation KW - Real time information KW - Snow KW - Surface condition KW - Testing equipment KW - Warning systems KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786931 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030132 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McCullouch, Bob G AU - Lee, Joo Hyoung AU - Kang, Wonjin AU - Leung, Michelle AU - Belter, Dennis TI - Using a Statewide Wireless Data Network for Maintenance Activities PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 171-184 AB - Automated vehicle location (AVL) technology is a well-known technology that first gained use in the trucking industry. It has moved into Indiana Department of Transportation (IDOT) operations and is primarily used in tracking winter operations. However, other maintenance uses are being tried. Wireless data communication is needed with this technology. Commercially available systems primarily use cellular or short-range (10 to 20 mi) wireless data communications. The cellular option is costly due to the monthly service charges and is unreliable in some remote areas. The other option does not provide enough coverage range for some district operations. So a research project was performed through the Joint Transportation Research Program at Purdue University to determine the viability and practicality of an AVL system that utilizes a statewide data communications system primarily used by the state police. The advantages of this approach are (1) there are no monthly data communications costs, (2) the system is owned by IDOT, and (3) the system utilizes existing equipment. This paper looks at a cost comparison with the other AVL options, explains the required hardware, describes the software and reports developed, and describes field tests that were performed. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Computers KW - Field tests KW - Highway maintenance KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Maintenance management KW - Software KW - Winter maintenance KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786938 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030131 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ray, David TI - Four Leadership Principles to Help Transportation Professionals PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 154-167 AB - This paper provides officials with practical leadership examples and a model to use people skills for results. The four leadership principles in this model are: Vision, Empowerment, Teamwork, and Customer focus. Using these four principles, managers lead staff toward a common vision for customer satisfaction. Transportation features illustrated in a road model tell this story. The organization's vision becomes a billboard, clearly in front of us to move toward. Leaders use the vision principle just like a billboard to make their visions stand out, tell a story, and communicate simply. Traveling down this road, transportation professionals provide their people a foundation of empowerment on which to ride. Examples of empowerment are discussed such as employee annual work plans and empowering the workforce with hiring their managers. Teamwork keeps travelers on this road. This guardrail is made up of total quality management to focus on meeting and exceeding the customers' expectations. Examples are given how effective teams use problem solving processes. The last guardrail to keep them on the road is customer focus. Customer focus sets direction for business decisions. Surveys identify priorities for improvement with a goal to improve organizational performance as measured on the district's balanced scorecard. A transportation professional leader does not drive their people down this road, but instead, gives people a means to succeed on their own. The people part of these leadership principles will get you there. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Cooperation KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Customer service KW - Employee empowerment KW - Leadership KW - Maintenance management KW - Professional personnel KW - Total quality management UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786936 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030130 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shatnawi, Shakir AU - Marsh, Rob AU - Hicks, R Gary AU - Zhou, Haiping TI - Pavement Preservation Strategy Selection in California PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 29-44 AB - The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) has embarked on an ambitious program for pavement preservation and has established a pavement preservation task group (PPTG) to handle activities related to this program. One of the sub-groups is charged with improving the pavement preservation strategy selection process for both asphalt and portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. This paper describes the pavement preservation strategy selection process currently used by Caltrans for flexible pavements. It identifies the many factors that are considered in the process of selecting an appropriate maintenance treatment for a pavement. These factors include pavement age and condition, traffic levels, expected future plans, as well as available funding and agency policy. For a properly constructed new pavement, typical pavement preservation treatments include those to delay the onset of distresses or to slow down the progress of the distresses. As the pavement ages, the pavement may become a candidate for routine and contract maintenance (e.g., crack sealing, grinding, seal coats, or thin hot mix overlays), minor or major rehabilitation, and eventually reconstruction. Determining the appropriate maintenance treatment, based on the pavement condition index of the existing pavement and cost-effectiveness of the treatment, also depends on the timing of the treatment. Once a pavement has been identified for pavement maintenance, a specific treatment is selected to address the specific distress mechanism for the pavement. The most important factors considered when choosing a maintenance treatment include the following: Will the treatment address the distresses present? Can the required preparation for the treatment be carried out? Is the treatment cost-effective? Can the treatment be applied before the situation being addressed changes? A discussion of the basic steps in the pavement preservation strategy selection process is presented in this paper. These steps include the following: (1) Assess the existing pavement conditions: the pavement distress mechanisms are identified from field pavement surveys along with the use of a field distress identification manual; (2) Determine the feasible treatment options: the "feasibility" is determined by a treatment's ability to address the functional and structural condition of the pavement while also meeting any future needs; at this stage, the primary purpose of selecting feasible treatments is to determine if the identified maintenance treatments work for the pavement conditions; and (3) Analyze and compare the feasible options with each other: the feasible options are further compared in terms of cost, life expectancy of the treatment, and extended pavement life benefits due to treatment; to determine cost-effectiveness of each treatment, a life cycle or other cost-effectiveness measure should be made. This paper also addresses proposed changes to the selection process to include treatments for PCC pavements and to include a more detailed cost-effectiveness approach using life-cycle cost analysis. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - California KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Flexible pavements KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement preservation KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786918 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030129 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Michael, James AU - Thom, Kellie TI - MS4 Permit Compliance: Maintenance Operations Activities PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 67-76 AB - This paper discusses the practical approach that the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) Metro District has taken to implement the Environmental Protection Agency's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Phase II Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems permit compliance activities for maintenance operations. To comply with these worthwhile environmental goals within a limited operations budget, technology, effective communications, shared goals and coordinated planning, effective education efforts, and rigorous project planning have been critical to a successful program. The best management practices involving maintenance operations include ongoing inspection and maintenance of drainage infrastructure, materials management, and compliance with correct operation processes within such areas as street sweeping and tunnel washing. In each of these areas, Mn/DOT is expected to perform to a certain level and to document its activities. Global positioning satellite and geographic information systems (GIS) technology have been used to identify in place drainage infrastructure and to document work that was needed--repairs or periodic cleaning. Effective communication between maintenance operations personnel and water resources personnel allows for clear understanding of resources available, shared inventory and management data, establishing GIS mapping to determine drainage infrastructure project priorities based on type of system, work needed, and proximity to special waters, as well as documentation of completed projects. While many agencies have taken actions to become compliant with the NPDES requirements, Metro District's efforts are a powerful example of how to be compliant with limited resources and reap other environmental and operational benefits. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Best practices KW - Budget constraints KW - Compliance KW - Drainage structures KW - Environmental protection KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mapping KW - Materials management KW - Minnesota Department of Transportation KW - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System KW - Permits KW - Strategic planning KW - Street cleaning KW - Tunnel cleaning UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786927 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030128 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Adams, Teresa M AU - Smith, Janille TI - Synthesis of Measures for Highway Maintenance Quality Assurance PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - pp 135-153 AB - Many transportation agencies are dealing with constrained budgets and reduced funding for maintenance by establishing formal programs to evaluate maintenance priorities. One approach is to relate highway maintenance to highway performance through maintenance quality assurance (MQA). MQA programs help decision makers understand maintenance conditions, set priorities, and document the relationship between dollars spent and outcomes. There are guidelines to assist agencies in the creation of MQA programs, but few resources to guide the selection of quantitative measures. This paper presents a synthesis of MQA measures used by 26 state transportation agencies. States are interested in communicating with others about using MQA programs to justify budgets, account for maintenance expenditures, and evaluate spending and allocations for maintenance. This paper presents a set of terms essential to MQA. These terms define the relevant concepts of MQA and are used to facilitate discussion about maintenance measuring. By considering a terminology and synthesis of the measures used in MQA, agencies can create better MQA programs, improve existing programs, improve dialogue, and target future development of MQA programs. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Budgeting KW - Definitions KW - Highway maintenance KW - Quality assurance KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786934 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030127 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Maintenance Management 2006: Presentations from the 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management Conference PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C098 SP - 248p AB - This electronic circular contains papers presented at the 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management Conference. The report includes papers on outsourcing, pavements, roadside, winter operations, bridges, maintenance management systems, quality assurance, equipment, work force development, traffic services, and safety. The objective of the maintenance management conference series is to provide a forum every three to four years for the exchange of new ideas and developments in the maintenance and operations management of transportation facilities. U1 - 11th AASHTO-TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCharleston,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20060716 EndDate:20060720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Contracting out KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavements KW - Quality assurance KW - Roadside KW - Winter maintenance KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/157602.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01030126 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Steiner, Ruth L TI - Linking Transportation and Land Use: A Peer Exchange PY - 2006/07 IS - E-C100 SP - 55p AB - This electronic circular contains the proceedings of a national land use peer exchange that took place July 12-13, 2005, in Boston, Massachusetts. The peer exchange was designed to facilitate an open exchange of information on land use experiences, successes, new activities, issues and concerns, and topics that need further research. The report includes descriptions of ongoing land use activities, the types of land use activities in which agencies have been successful, new activities that agencies may be interested in pursuing in the near future, and obstacles to the successful coordination of land use and transportation activities. The report also presents the results of both the discussion and written responses of participants in the peer exchange. U1 - Linking Transportation and Land Use: A Peer ExchangeTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationBoston,Massachusetts,United States StartDate:20050712 EndDate:20050713 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Coordination KW - Land use KW - Peer exchange KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec100.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01152606 AU - Cook, Thomas J AU - Lawrie, Judson J AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Benchmarking for North Carolina Public Transportation Systems PY - 2006/06/30/Final Report SP - 198p AB - The North Carolina Department of Transportation, Public Transportation Division (NCDOT/PTD) requested recommendations for a benchmarking process for public transportation systems. This request was driven by the need to ensure that transit systems meet the needs of their communities, that they do so efficiently and effectively, and that they offer a variety and quality of services that meet the public demand. In addition, the request reflects NCDOT’s overall desire to provide good stewardship of local, state and federal public funding dollars. Performance measurement is a precursor to benchmarking, and involves objective measurements of an organization’s activities for comparison and improvement. Performance measures are of most value when they can be compared to something else. Benchmarking is a process of identifying standards against which appropriate comparisons can be made. This research study built upon the findings from the recent NCDOT research study performed by ITRE, “Use of Performance Standards and Measures for Public Transportation Systems” (1). That study looked at the development of performance measures for North Carolina transit systems and their possible use in allocating transit funding. This study built upon those performance measures in order to incorporate effective standards or benchmarks. The project was aimed at providing three primary products: (1) A set of selected benchmarks for public transit systems, particularly efficiency and effectiveness benchmarks that are commonly used by other transit systems and funding agencies, and including benchmarks that specifically relate to important customer satisfaction factors identified as part of the study. (2) A recommended benchmarking process and Guidebook that can be used by public transit systems in North Carolina to measure their performance and to then institute steps to improve any areas of low performance. (3) A set of minimum statewide standards that would be used by NCDOT/PTD to provide incentives and disincentives that would encourage public transit systems to steadily improve performance. In addition, an Internet listserv was created that will provide an effective communications method for sharing and disseminating information on, and questions about, benchmarking activities and best practices. KW - Benchmarks KW - North Carolina KW - Performance measurement KW - Public transit KW - Standards UR - http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2005-12FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/913584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036749 AU - Amsden, Michael AU - Huber, Tom AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bicycle Crash Analysis for Wisconsin Using a Crash Typing Tool (PBCAT) and Geographic Information System (GIS) PY - 2006/06/30/Final Report SP - 77p AB - Successful efforts have been made over the past three decades in Wisconsin to reduce the number of crashes and fatalities related to bicycle-vehicle crashes. However, a more complete understanding of these crashes was necessary in order to continue to decrease the number of serious and fatal crashes. This comprehensive crash analysis takes the first and most important step of "typing" bike-motor vehicle crashes for 2003. This report goes on to analyze these crashes in more depth and identifies commonalities between these crashes and crash characteristics, specifically related to traffic conditions, roadway attributes, and the users involved in the crashes. The approach used in conducting the report included the use of the Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT, version 2.0b) and a geographic information system (GIS). PBCAT was considered effective and constructive. However, each crash record's diagram had to be evaluated by viewing it on microfiche which elongated the evaluation process. The GIS process was also found to be a worthwhile and an essential step. By pinpointing and geocoding the location of crashes, other data files having these reference points, could be cross-referenced. A methodology that explains this process was developed as part of this study and is available in the form of a mini-manual. The report and analysis found that the largest concentration of bike-motorist crashes occurred at intersections on urban arterial streets―94% of them were reported in urban areas while 66% occurred at intersections. Rural crashes represented only 6% of all crashes in the state, but almost 80% were on roads with 55 mph posted speeds. The fatal crash rate based on bicycle miles traveled was almost twice as high in rural areas as in urban areas. Four out of the top five crash types indicated that the motorist made the critical error. Nearly 65% of the top 10 crash types indicated motorist error as the primary error. The detailed analysis of roadway characteristics pointed to low crash rates (based on volume of traffic) for both the local road and state highway systems in rural areas. The wider the travel lanes the lower the crash rate for local rural roads and state highways. Crash rates were the lowest on state highways with five foot paved shoulders compared to all other two-lane highways. Finally, crashes related to sidewalks, paths and crosswalks adjacent to streets accounted for a surprising 28% of all of the state's crashes. Motorist driving out from both sign an signal-controlled intersections were by far the most common crash types in this group. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crash typing analysis KW - Crashes KW - Crosswalks KW - Driver errors KW - Fatalities KW - Geographic information systems KW - Intersections KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT) KW - Rural highways KW - Sidewalks KW - Signalized intersections KW - Speed KW - State highways KW - Wisconsin UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/05-18bicycle-f.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034021 AU - Cross, Brad AU - Panahshahi, Nader AU - Vaughn, Brent AU - Petermeier, David AU - Siow, Yuen AU - Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of Select LRFD Design Factors Through Instrumentation of Bridge Bearings PY - 2006/06/30/Final Report SP - 349p AB - Tests on twelve bridges (six along Interstate 55 and six along Interstate 70/270) were performed to determine the validity of certain provisions for calculating bearing forces in the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and the Load Factor Design (LFD) Bridge Specifications. The bridges were selected to be typical of Illinois interstate highway bridges while maintaining a range of parameters to study. These bridges were instrumented on their beam webs with three strain gage rosettes installed on each beam to measure shear stresses caused by loads. Short term tests with a loaded truck in specified locations were performed. Dynamic tests at highway speeds were also completed. Finite element models were also developed and compared to the test results. Long term data to determine the loading trends for these bridges was gathered to compare predicted extreme loads to those computed in LRFD and LFD. Two provisions in particular were investigated since they were judged to have a heavy influence on the design shears: the shear distribution factor, and the design loadings. In the case of distribution factors, the study indicates the LRFD provisions give better approximations of the actual distribution of loads. Results show that for extreme loadings indicate that the shears determined by the LFD Specification were exceeded in up to five of the twelve bridges studied, with the maximum value exceeding the design shear by 91%. The 75-year design shears were lower than the LRFD Specification in all but one case. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge design KW - Design load KW - Dynamic tests KW - Finite element method KW - Highway bridges KW - Illinois KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Load transfer KW - Shear stress KW - Specifications KW - Strain gages KW - Truck loads UR - http://www.dot.il.gov/materials/research/pdf/prr152.exe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790148 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01557210 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning. Task 69. Peer Review Sessions to be Amended into NCHRP 8-36(53) AB - This task summarizes key issues discussed during the three peer exchanges held under NCHRP 8-36(B) Task 69: 1) Public-Private Partnerships, 2) Analysis of Work Assignments and Performance in External Positions Funded by State DOTs and 3) Disaster Response Issues in Transportation Planning. The task is complete and the reports have been sent to AASHTO. Links to the three reports and the presentation are provided belowPeer Exchange No. 1: http://www.trb.org/NotesDocs/NCHRP08-36(69)01_FR.pdf Public Private Partnerships, (Jocelyn Hoffman and Patricia G. Hendren of Cambridge Systematics, with Mecator Advisors, LLC). Peer Exchange No. 2: http://www.trb.org/NotesDocs/NCHRP08-36(69)02_FR.pdf. Analysis of Work Assignments and Performance in External Positions Funded by State DOTs (Patrticia G. Hendren of Cambridge Systematics, with Wayne Kober). Peer Exchange No. 3: http://www.trb.org/NotesDocs/NCHRP08-36(69)03_FR.pdf. Disaster Response Issues in Transportation Planning<: (Jocelyn Hoffman and Patricia G. Hendren of Cambridge Systematics, with Russell Henk, Texas Transportation Institute). A PowerPoint http://www.trb.org/NotesDocs/NCHRP08-36(69)_Presentation.pdf. Presentation summarizing the three peer exchanges is also available. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Peer review KW - Public private partnerships KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1283 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346870 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01462963 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 219. Testing American Traffic Marking Systems on the Spanish (AETEC) Traffic Marking Wear Simulator AB - This study will select representative samples of American pavement marking materials and have them tested on the AETEC Traffic Marking Wear Simulator in Madrid, Spain. KW - Marking materials KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pavements KW - Research projects KW - Spain KW - Traffic paint KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1234 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231188 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464886 TI - Application of LADAR in the Analysis of Aggregate Characteristics AB - The properties of composite materials, including portland cement concrete (PCC) and hot mix asphalt (HMA), depend on the aggregate characteristics of shape, volume, angularity, surface texture, specific surface area, and volumetric gradation. These characteristics also affect aggregate use in unbound applications such as pavement base and subbase courses used in highway construction. Recent research by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has demonstrated how mathematical analysis carried out on a wide range of complex aggregate shape data enables both calculation of aggregate characteristics of interest and prediction of their effects on the properties of composite materials. The success of this type of analysis depends on precise and accurate three-dimensional (3-D) measurements of aggregate particles. High-resolution LADAR (Laser Detection and Ranging) has the potential to meet this need. LADAR is a device consisting of a photon source, a photon detection system, a timing circuit, and optics for both the source and the receiver. LADAR, within its resolution limits, is potentially faster, cheaper, and more accurate than competing methods of determining the shape, angularity, and texture of aggregate particles such as x-ray computed tomography. Recently, 2.5-D methods using laser scanning (e.g., the Laser-Based Aggregate Analysis Scanning System described in NCHRP Project 4-30A) have been tried. Although these methods can qualitatively distinguish between different kinds of aggregates, they cannot provide the full 3-D measurements of aggregate particles from which their quantitative characteristics can be calculated. This project's results will complement and extend those of NCHRP Project 4-30A, "Test Methods for Characterizing Aggregate Shape, Texture, and Angularity." NCHRP Project 4-30A documented the current state of the art of aggregate characterization, and identified and evaluated promising test methods. This project's objective is to develop and evaluate a LADAR system capable of precise and accurate measurement of the aggregate characteristics of shape, volume, angularity, surface texture, specific surface area, and volumetric gradation. The LADAR system will be applicable to aggregate in each of three size categories, coarse (2 in. to No. 4), fine (No. 4 to No. 200), and microfine (P200), and will be suitable for routine use in research, central, and field laboratories for PCC and HMA mixture design and quality control and acceptance (QC/QA). KW - Aggregates KW - Composite materials KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laser radar KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Particles KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road construction UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=867 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1233119 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463013 TI - Production of the First Edition of the Highway Safety Manual AB - An extensive and ground-breaking initiative is underway to develop a Highway Safety Manual (HSM). Development of the HSM was initiated by a Transportation Research Board Joint Subcommittee (now Task Force) and supported by 6 NCHRP projects totaling more than $3 million. The HSM will focus on knowledge and tools relevant to the safety profession and will quantify the safety effects of decisions in planning, design, operations, and maintenance. It will serve a role for safety analysis similar to that which the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) serves for traffic operational analysis. The HSM will target practitioners on the front-line of daily decision making within state highway agencies, as well as local organizations such as municipal agencies and Metropolitan Planning Organizations. The objective of this project is to prepare the first edition of the HSM in a form ready for publication in both printed and electronic format. KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Operations KW - Planning KW - Research projects KW - State highway departments UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=462 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231238 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460109 TI - Pavement Technology Review and Evaluation AB - This committee, acting through the National Research Council, will review and evaluate pavement technologies under research, development, and deployment by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). As part of its effort over the three-year duration of the project, the committee will convene an annual public forum (meeting) that will feature presentations from and discussions with researchers engaged on specific aspects of the FHWA pavement technology program. The committee will also prepare reports, including letter reports, containing the committee's evaluations, including assessments of the potential utility of the technologies under investigation by researchers; suggested mechanisms to enhance the effectiveness of various FHWA activities to promote technology deployment and encourage the trial and implementation of successful technologies among user groups; identification and prioritization of additional research needs; and suggestions for future pavement technology program development and enhancement. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Pavement performance KW - Research and development KW - Research projects KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology assessment UR - http://www8.nationalacademies.org/cp/projectview.aspx?key=48707 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033136 AU - Gunaratne, M AU - Mraz, A AU - Randeniya, D AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation and Validation of High-Speed Multi-Function System for Automated Pavement Condition Survey PY - 2006/06/15/Final Report SP - 138p AB - The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has developed and validated a multi-functional survey vehicle (MPSV) for rapid and automated collection of pavement condition data using its imaging subsystem and identification of hazardous conditions using its inertial subsystem. During the first phase of the study, an efficient technique was developed to filter out noise present in the pavement crack images, by using intensity measurements obtained from a standard grayscale target. The results from the initial phases of the study can be used to (1) minimize the effect of noise on digital images of pavement cracks, (2) improve the accuracy of evaluation of pavement cracks based on digital images, and (3) determine the optimum conditions for most accurate crack evaluation. The inertial measurement unit (IMU) subsystem of the MPSV also plays a vital role because of its capability for rapid and automatic collection of roadway geometrical data such as cross-slopes, curvatures and grades. It was also seen that the cross-slope data acquired by the IMU subsystem of the MPSV were generally repeatable and accurate on asphalt pavements, with respect to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Hence the investigators believe that the MPSV is well-equipped for statewide implementation of automated cross-slope and super-elevation measurements. Furthermore, the investigators also recommend that the MPSV is adequate for automated project-level evaluation of roadway curvature. KW - Accuracy KW - Condition surveys KW - Cross-slope KW - Curvature KW - Evaluation KW - Highway grades KW - Imaging systems KW - Inertial measurement units KW - Multi-functional survey vehicle KW - Noise (Communications) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Precision KW - Superelevation KW - Validation UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_SMO/FDOT_BD544_11_rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/789559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01029248 AU - American Bus Association AU - Department of Energy AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Commercial Bus Emissions Characterization & Idle Reduction: Idle & Urban Cycle Test Results PY - 2006/06/14 SP - 24p AB - This report summarizes the results of emissions testing conducted on six motor coaches with engines between model years 1997 and 2004. Each bus was tested while idling and also while driving in simulated low-speed urban traffic. For both idle and urban driving each bus was also tested with and without the air conditioning system on. The intent of this test program was to evaluate the potential effects of idle restriction polices on coach buses, particularly when coaches are forced to circulate in urban traffic to maintain appropriate cabin temperatures if restricted from idling and unable to park. While it would be preferred for motorcoaches to park when waiting for passengers to return from an excursion, a lack of dedicated motorcoach parking and driver facilities often forces motorcoach drivers to keep the vehicle running in order to maintain cabin temperature comfort. The major findings of this testing include: I - Emissions - (1) All of the tested buses emitted significantly more NOx when driving in simulated urban traffic than when idling with the bus stationary. For older coaches NOx doubled – increasing by 200 grams/hour (g/hr) on average when driving compared to idling. For newer coaches the increase in NOx emissions from urban driving compared to stationary idling was 40%. (2) If a coach bus is forced to circulate in traffic to maintain appropriate cabin temperatures, rather than idling while stationary, it will emit up to 22 pounds of excess NOx emissions annually for only one hour per day of circulating. For older coaches, NOx emissions from one hour of circulating are equivalent to NOx emissions from two hours of stationary idling. (3) NOx emissions generally increased when the air conditioning was on compared to when it was not on. (4) For both idling and urban driving, as well as with and without air conditioning, the two newest buses (2004 engines) produced significantly less NOx than the four older buses. This is consistent with more stringent EPA emissions standards for the engines in these buses compared to the engines in the older buses. II - Fuel Use - (1) All of the tested buses used significantly more fuel when driving in simulated urban traffic than when idling with the bus stationary. For all buses fuel use at least doubled when driving compared to idling – increasing by 1 gallon per hour or more. (2) If a coach bus is forced to circulate in traffic to maintain appropriate cabin temperatures, rather than idling while stationary, it will use up to 375 gallons more fuel in a year for only one hour per day of circulating. (3) For all buses fuel use increased when the air conditioning was on compared to when it was not on, both when idling and when driving. In this test program the increase was less during urban driving than while idling, but the relatively low ambient temperatures during the testing mean that the results are probably not fully reflective of actual summer results in many parts of the country. (4) For both idling and urban driving, as well as with and without air conditioning, the two newest buses (2004 engines) generally used less fuel than the four older buses. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Bus drivers KW - Bus transit KW - Buses KW - Driving simulators KW - Engine cycle KW - Engine idling KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor fuels KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Parking KW - Passenger compartments KW - Policy KW - Pollutants KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transit UR - http://www.busesoverdrive.org/files/motorcoach_idling_study.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042036 AU - Solaimanian, Mansour AU - Stoffels, Shelley M AU - Hunter, Darin A AU - Morian, Dennis A AU - Sadavisam, Suriyanarayanan AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Superpave In-Situ/Stress Strain Investigation, Volume I: Final Report PY - 2006/06/13/Final Report SP - 132p AB - The Superpave mix design system was one of the major products of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). While implementation of this new technology began in the mid-1990s, a major question that has remained to be addressed was whether constructed Superpave pavements would meet design expectations. Furthermore, with the emergence of improved mechanistic-empirical performance prediction models, actual pavement response and performance data were needed to calibrate and validate such models. To address these concerns, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) initiated a major five-year research program with Penn State entitled "Superpave In-Situ Stress/Strain Investigation" (SISSI). The main objectives achieved under the SISSI project included instrumentation of several pavements throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, direct measurement of the response of Superpave asphalt pavement sections to vehicle loading and environment, direct evaluation of distresses developed in pavements using Superpave mixes, and collection of the data for validation of mechanistic-empirical design models and validation of the integrated climatic models for pavement design. The work included an extensive effort toward instrumenting eight pavement sites throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Instrumentation took place during pavement construction to minimize interference to common and normal paving operations. Four of the selected sites were full-depth new construction or reconstruction. The project resulted in the collection of a vast amount of diverse data, on which various types of preliminary analyses have been conducted. Several potential uses exist for these data, including investigating the relationship between the observed performance of the placed Superpave mixes and the properties of the materials used in these mixes. The data can also be used toward the calibration and validation of the models used in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide, including the Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model. Volume I of this report is the Final Report; Volume II presents additional data as appendices. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Calibration KW - Construction KW - Data collection KW - Instrumentation KW - Mechanistic design KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Mix design KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Pennsylvania KW - Road construction KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Stresses KW - Superpave KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042035 AU - Solaimanian, Mansour AU - Stoffels, Shelley M AU - Hunter, Darin A AU - Morian, Dennis A AU - Sadavisam, Suriyanarayanan AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Superpave In-Situ/Stress Strain Investigation, Volume II: Appendices PY - 2006/06/13/Final Report SP - 380p AB - The Superpave mix design system was one of the major products of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). While implementation of this new technology began in the mid-1990s, a major question that has remained to be addressed was whether constructed Superpave pavements would meet design expectations. Furthermore, with the emergence of improved mechanistic-empirical performance prediction models, actual pavement response and performance data were needed to calibrate and validate such models. To address these concerns, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) initiated a major five-year research program with Penn State entitled "Superpave In-Situ Stress/Strain Investigation" (SISSI). The main objectives achieved under the SISSI project included instrumentation of several pavements throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, direct measurement of the response of Superpave asphalt pavement sections to vehicle loading and environment, direct evaluation of distresses developed in pavements using Superpave mixes, and collection of the data for validation of mechanistic-empirical design models and validation of the integrated climatic models for pavement design. The work included an extensive effort toward instrumenting eight pavement sites throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Instrumentation took place during pavement construction to minimize interference to common and normal paving operations. Four of the selected sites were full-depth new construction or reconstruction. The project resulted in the collection of a vast amount of diverse data, on which various types of preliminary analyses have been conducted. Several potential uses exist for these data, including investigating the relationship between the observed performance of the placed Superpave mixes and the properties of the materials used in these mixes. The data can also be used toward the calibration and validation of the models used in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide, including the Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model. Volume I of this report is the Final Report; Volume II presents additional data as appendices. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Calibration KW - Data collection KW - Field tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Mechanistic design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Pennsylvania KW - Properties of materials KW - Road construction KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Stresses KW - Superpave KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/798171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01152602 AU - Gergely, Janos AU - Bledsoe, Joshua E AU - Tempest, Brett Q AU - Szabo, Iosif F AU - University of North Carolina, Charlotte AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Concrete Diffusion Coefficients and Existing Chloride Exposure in North Carolina PY - 2006/06/07/Final Report SP - 150p AB - The present project focused on the diffusion coefficients of ten concrete mixes used in North Carolina bridge structures, and on the chloride loading rates present in the different climatic and environmental regions of the state with respect to the mitigation policies and structural condition of bridges in North Carolina. In order to determine the diffusion coefficients of the selected mixes, ponding tests were performed for 12 months. These results were then correlated with rapid chloride permeability tests, and later with bulk diffusion and rapid migration test results. Furthermore, as a possible alternative to the potentiometric titration, a rapid chloride test kit was also evaluated to determine the chloride content of concrete powder samples. A survey was sent out to highway and bridge maintenance personnel in the six geographic regions considered (Coastal, Manteo, Triad, Triangle, Piedmont and Mountain regions), requesting information with regards to deicing material type and frequency/quantity of application on bridges/roads. To supplement this information, 28 bridges were sampled, focusing on bridge decks and pier caps/abutments for inland bridges; and footings, columns and decks for coastal bridges. An attempt was also made to develop a corrosion model using chloride surface concentrations, estimated diffusion coefficients, and age of structure. This model was also calibrated using historic data developed for a few coastal bridges. KW - Bridges KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Diffusion coefficients KW - North Carolina KW - Rapid chloride penetration test UR - http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2004-12FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/913552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01079072 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Finding of No Significant Impacts and Programmatic Section 4(f) Evaluation for Broadway Viaduct Improvements, Council Bluffs, Iowa, Pottawattamie County PY - 2006/06/07 SP - v.p. AB - This document contains the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Environmental Assessment for the proposed alternatives to maintain, improve, or replace the Broadway Viaduct, Council Bluffs, Iowa. The project would also improve the viaduct approaches to the intersections at 16th Street and Broadway and at 8th Street and Broadway. The FHWA has determined that this project will not have any significant impact on the human and natural environment and that an Environmental Impact Statement is not required. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Council Bluffs (Iowa) KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Improvements KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/838896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01030744 AU - Gagarine, Nicolas AU - Mekemson, James R AU - Nemmers, Charles J. AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing IRI vs. PI as a Measurement of Pavement Smoothness PY - 2006/06/07/Final Report SP - 63p AB - A pavement smoothness specification that allows either the International Roughness Index (IRI) or Profile Index (PI) to measure pavement smoothness would be advantageous to both industry and the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT). This brief study provides for MoDOT an understanding of the relationship between IRI and PI, an analysis comparing the two systems, and a review of potential specifications, and offers a "smoothness adjustment table" that would fit into Section 502.15.3 of the Missouri specifications. Furthermore safeguards against the potential manipulation of the data within both IRI and PI systems are discussed. With proper certification procedures for equipment and operators and a random verification program on the measurement of smoothness, it is unlikely that the state DOT will encounter a problem with systematic alterations of inertial profiling data. Sample specifications from the Connecticut DOT, the Ohio DOT, and the Minnesota DOT are included in the report as they are good examples of specifications that MoDOT may wish to use as a pattern for its specification. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - International Roughness Index KW - Measuring methods KW - Pavements KW - Profile index KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Surface profile (Pavements) UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/Ri06003/or06017.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787661 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01462917 TI - Temporary Bridging to Avoid or Minimize Impacts to Waters and Wetlands During Highway Construction AB - Road construction work, especially bridge construction, may have impacts on the value and function of waters and wetlands. Construction projects over waterways frequently involve traffic detours or temporary construction access consisting of rip rap and culverts built into or completely across a stream. Because these methods discharge fill, they are subject to environmental permitting. An alternative construction practice is to use temporary bridging, such as floating or prefabricated bridging, or built-in-place structures. Using current methods, state DOTs expend significant resources on environmental permitting and compensatory mitigation. If the use of temporary bridging is practicable in avoiding or minimizing impacts, there is an opportunity to protect the environment and reduce costs. The objective of this study is to develop a Guide for selecting and using temporary bridging for traffic detours or construction access, in order to avoid or minimize the environmental impacts of roadway construction over or adjacent to rivers, wetlands, and other waters of the United States. KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Construction sites KW - Detours KW - Environmental impacts KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Research projects KW - Road construction KW - Water KW - Wetlands UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=765 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231141 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01620667 TI - Local Highway Agency Safety Guides AB - National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 17-18(3) is developing a series of guides to assist state highway agencies with reducing fatalities in targeted emphasis areas. However, almost 40 percent of the over 42,000 fatalities occur on local roads that are not part of the state highway system. Many local highway agencies do not have access to professional engineering staff on a full-time basis and rely on the Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) centers, American Public Works Association (APWA), NACE, and other associations for technical assistance. A Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) analysis of 2003 local road fatalities reveals the following fatality concerns: On rural local roads, curves and non-signalized intersections; head-on fatalities on higher class local roads; crashes with trees, primarily in the south and east; and proportionately higher alcohol, safety belts, and speeding driver issues. On urban local roads, curves are a concern but not as significant as that found in rural areas; intersections, both signalized and non-signalized are concerns; tree crashes again not as significant as rural areas; pedestrians; and alcohol, safety belts, and speeding but not as significant as rural areas. In addition, the density of fatalities per 100 miles of local roads is significantly lower than that occurring on state highways, primarily because the traffic volumes are lower. Thus, the emphasis must be placed on low cost, cost effective countermeasures to impact these concerns on a wide scale basis. The guides being developed under Project 17-18(3) are primarily designed for use by state highway agencies and local highway agencies that have in-house engineering staffs. Several of the guides include a large number of countermeasures, some of which are beyond the scope of activities that easily undertaken by local agencies. There is a need to develop guides in a format, with a limited number of cost effective, low cost strategies, that can readily be used by local highway agencies. The objective of this project is to develop guidance documents and a plan to assist local highway agencies in reducing injury and fatal crashes on local roads. KW - Alcohol effects KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Intersections KW - Rural areas KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - Traffic volume UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=4281 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441998 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463017 TI - Geometric Design of Driveways AB - The design of driveways has benefited from little comprehensive research and no national design guidance since the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) publication, An Informational Guide for Preparing Private Driveway Regulations for Major Highways, was published in 1959. Since that time, roadway design, function, and volumes have changed as have vehicle design and many other aspects of the roadway environment. Driveways, especially busy commercial drives, can have a significant impact on the adjacent roadway. Good driveway design should facilitate smooth vehicle egress and ingress to and from the roadway and should also provide for pedestrians and bicyclists. Driveway design needs to account for roadway functional class or driveway usage to better accommodate varying roadway environments, community needs, and existing conditions. There is currently little guidance on this issue. The Draft Guidelines for Accessible Public Rights-of-Way, disseminated by the U.S. Access Board for public comment in 2001, provides specific guidelines for such elements as minimum width, cross slope, grade, curb ramps, directionality, and edge conditions at the intersection of sidewalks and driveways to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act. These guidelines are based on pedestrian needs and do not comprehensively address safe and efficient vehicle movements near driveways. Recommendations are needed to accommodate accessibility concerns as well as safe and efficient vehicle use of the driveway. The objective of this research is to develop recommendations for geometric design of driveways. The recommendations will be useful to state departments of transportation and local governments in preparing driveway design standards and practices that consider standard engineering practice and accessibility needs and provide for safe and efficient travel by motorists, pedestrians, and bicyclists on the affected roadway. KW - Accessibility KW - Bicycles KW - Design KW - Driveways KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Intersections KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pedestrians KW - Sidewalks UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=415 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231242 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549315 TI - Transportation Cost Implications of New Development AB - New large-scale development often occurs where the in-place transportation infrastructure cannot accommodate the ensuing growth in traffic and congestion. Consequently, transportation infrastructure improvements must be made to improve access and mitigate congestion. Typically, development occurs in stages as incremental improvements are made to the surrounding infrastructure to improve access to developing areas and accommodate increased traffic generated by those areas. Impacts may also spill over to adjoining areas and neighborhoods. When an area is improved, it often induces new incremental development over time. Eventually, the transportation system may become overburdened because of the continued growth and constrained financial resources for further improvements. While it is common practice to do an impact study before any new development, there is no recognized guide for predicting how development will expand and change over time, and how that will impact transportation needs. There is a need to help local planners, transportation engineers, decision makers, and the public predict cumulative transportation costs in newly developing areas associated with induced development and to identify sources of revenue to address these costs. The objective of this study is to develop a planning guide for (a) predicting cumulative transportation costs in newly developing areas associated with incremental and induced development over time and (b) identifying sources of revenue to respond to that development. This effort will result in a report that documents effective methodologies to estimate the transportation infrastructure costs necessary to accommodate and support new development of various types with guidance and suggestions for how to apply the methodologies and analysis tools to real-world situations. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Development KW - Infrastructure KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=935 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339631 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463009 TI - Criteria for Restoration of Longitudinal Barriers AB - Transportation agencies expend resources to ensure that all longitudinal barriers meet the safety performance guidelines to which they were constructed. Barrier systems are damaged by a wide variety of activities and factors, including minor crashes, snow plowing, mowing operations, and deterioration due to environmental conditions. Such damage may or may not be repaired by maintenance forces. For example, snowplows often bend W-beam guardrails and sometimes bend or break the posts. Even seemingly insignificant barrier damage or deterioration may compromise a barrier's safety performance. With limited maintenance budgets, state highway agencies often have large backlogs of needed safety-feature repairs. These agencies cannot afford to repair damage that does not alter a barrier's safety performance, but significant barrier damage must be repaired to provide adequate protection for the motoring public. Unfortunately, in the absence of objective criteria for determining when repair is not required, highway agencies may be held to the unachievable standard of maintaining all safety features in as-built condition to avoid tort liability. Therefore, there is a need for objective, quantitative criteria in the form of guidelines for assessing damage and deterioration and determining when a longitudinal barrier requires repair or can remain in service. The objective of this project is to develop guidelines to assist maintenance personnel in identifying the levels of damage and deterioration to longitudinal barriers that require repairs to restore operational performance. The guidelines will assist the user in identifying longitudinal barriers and their components that require replacement or repair. Quantitative-based guidelines should be developed for semi-rigid and flexible barrier systems. The project should focus on longitudinal barriers within the length-of-need. It is expected that the study may include mathematical analysis, simulation, or full-scale crash testing to develop a correlation between the various levels of damage and deterioration and the degree of operational degradation to different types of barrier systems. Interactions between various types of damage and deterioration should also be considered. Key analysis findings developed under this project need to be validated. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deterioration KW - Flexible structures KW - Guidelines KW - Longitudinal strength KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Research projects UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=696 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231234 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01462944 TI - Time-Related Incentive and Disincentive Provisions in Highway Construction Contracts AB - State departments of transportation are under increasing pressure to reduce the duration of highway construction projects. This pressure stems from the desire to reduce traffic delays and other inconveniences to the traveling public. To reduce the duration of construction projects, many state highway agencies have turned to the use of time-related incentive and disincentive contract provisions. There is a need to better understand the use of time-related incentives and disincentives in highway construction contracts. Specifically, the following needs to be determined: (1) The type of time-related incentive and disincentive contract provisions used in highway construction contracts and the extent to which they are used. (2) The success of time-related incentive and disincentive contract provisions. (3) Criteria used to determine when time-related incentive and disincentive contract provisions are appropriate and criteria to select the most appropriate provisions. (4) Methods used to determine the dollar amount of the time-related incentives and disincentives. (5) The effects of time-related incentives and disincentives on project The objective of this research is to develop recommendations for effective use of time-related incentive and disincentive provisions in highway construction contracts. KW - Construction KW - Highways KW - Incentives KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - State departments of transportation KW - Time duration KW - Traffic delays UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=276 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231169 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01462943 TI - LRFD Metal Loss and Service-Life Strength Reduction Factors for Metal-Reinforced Systems in Geotechnical Applications AB - Transportation agencies use a variety of metal-reinforced systems in geotechnical applications, including soil and rock reinforcements, ground anchors, and tiebacks. These systems support retaining walls and soil and rock slopes and stabilize roadway cuts and fills. The precise conditions governing the deterioration of these systems are uncertain, but corrosion is known to have an impact on their service life. Engineers, faced with the task of allocating budgets to rehabilitate aging facilities, need reliable techniques for assessing corrosion and estimating metal loss. Service-life estimates for new systems need to be improved, and consideration of metal loss in their design needs to be consistent with the reliability-based approach adopted in the AASHTO LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) Bridge Design Specifications. The current LRFD specifications do not adequately address factors that affect the service life of metal-reinforced systems, particularly with respect to the effects of climate, soil environment, metallurgy, and installation details. Calibration of the resistance factors for metal-reinforced systems requires data describing their subsurface environment, metal type (metallurgy), level of corrosion protection afforded to the system, and the prevailing mechanisms of their corrosion (e.g., uniform galvanic action, localized pitting, stress cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, microbial, and stray currents). The corrosion studies conducted by National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) since the early 1900s are well documented. However, the data obtained from these long-term monitoring programs--that used weight-loss measurements on mild, carbon-based steel coupons embedded within fill-type soils--have limited applicability to modern metal-reinforced systems. The research proposed here will include field investigations employing new technologies for corrosion assessment and nondestructive testing (NDT) of the metal-reinforced systems. These technologies allow the effects of different factors to be assessed within a relatively short timeframe for systems installed within fills, in-situ soils, and rock. Further, development of appropriate resistance factors that may be calibrated for LRFD requires quantification of the uncertainties associated with the reliability of estimates of service life that account for the potential loss of section from corrosion. These uncertainties can arise from modeling errors and the measurement of soil/rock input parameters as well as from relationships between the intended service life, soil environment, climate, installation details (including corrosion protection afforded to the system), methods of sampling and testing backfills or native soils, and modeling errors. The results of this project will address a strategic objective of the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures (HSCOBS): to fully implement LRFD through enhanced specifications for improved structural performance. The objectives of this project are to (1) assess and improve the predictive capabilities of existing computational models for corrosion potential, metal loss, and service life of metal-reinforced systems used in retaining structures, highway cuts and fills, and other applications; (2) develop methodology that incorporates the improved predictive models into an LRFD approach for the design of metal-reinforced systems; and (3) recommend additions and revisions to the AASHTO LRFD specifications to incorporate the improved models and methodology. KW - Deterioration KW - Metals KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Research projects KW - Retaining walls KW - Rocks KW - Service life KW - Slope stability KW - Soils UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=727 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231168 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01460146 TI - Needs of the Delta Regional Authority AB - The Delta Regional Authority (DRA) is a federal-state partnership serving a 240-county/parish area in an eight-state region. Led by a Federal Co-Chairman and the governors of each participating state, the DRA is designed to remedy severe and chronic economic distress by stimulating economic development and fostering partnerships that will have a positive impact on the region's economy. The DRA helps economically distressed communities to leverage other federal and state programs that are focused on basic infrastructure development and transportation improvements, business development and job training services. Under federal law, at least 75 percent of funds must be invested in distressed counties and parishes and pockets of poverty, with 50 percent of the funds earmarked for transportation and basic infrastructure improvements. The U.S. Department of Transportation has been involved in a number of activities that relate to the Delta region. For example, in 1995, the Department published a report entitled "Linking the Delta Region with the Nation and the World". This report was the result of an investigation by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), on progress achieved in transportation and employment in the lower Mississippi Delta region. More recently, the FHWA conducted a number of studies of highway corridors in the Delta region as part of the Economic Development Highways Initiative, which was established as part of the 2000 DOT Appropriations Act. KW - Delta region KW - Economic development KW - Improvements KW - Infrastructure KW - Mississippi River Delta KW - Regional development KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1228362 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01458430 TI - Dynamic Transportation and Land Use Modeling AB - No summary provided. KW - Dynamics KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Research projects KW - Transportation engineering KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1226641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01079129 AU - Barbaresso, James AU - Sherman, Sam AU - Scott, Brian AU - Iteris AU - SRF Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Operations Center Concepts for South Dakota PY - 2006/06/01/Final Report SP - 105p AB - This report summarizes research findings, conclusions and recommendations associated with the Development of Traffic Operations Center Concepts for South Dakota. The research objectives included the following: (1) Identify functionality needed to support traffic operations within South Dakota and in coordination with bordering states. (2) Assess traffic operations functions, systems, and processes currently employed or planned by state and local agencies in South Dakota. (3) Develop a strategic deployment plan – including descriptions of capabilities, identification of needed resources and infrastructure support, and estimates of costs and benefits – for establishing and maintaining traffic operations control functionality appropriate to South Dakota’s needs. The research team identified appropriate traffic operations functions based on input from stakeholders. Those functions provided the basis for the development of a traffic operations center (TOC) concept for South Dakota. The TOC concept includes a statewide TOC in Pierre and regional TOCs in Sioux Falls and Rapid City. Virtual TOC capabilities will be added to allow access to traffic operations functions by remote users and partner agencies. A strategic deployment plan and set of recommendations for improvements in traffic operations were developed by the research team. The deployment plan calls for traffic operations projects to be phased over a ten year period. Recommendations included the establishment of an organizational framework to support traffic operations, development of formal traffic operations plans and procedures, expansion of Intelligent Transportation System capabilities, deployment of the proposed TOC concept, and establishment of an annual budget for traffic operations. A key recommendation was to establish an interim TOC at the State Radio Dispatch Center in Pierre before the winter of 2006-2007. This recommendation was presented as a result of the need for greater collaboration between SDDOT and SDDPS during regional and statewide emergencies, such as the blizzard of November 2005. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Highway operations KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - ITS deployment KW - Regional planning KW - Snowstorms KW - South Dakota KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic control centers KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.sddot.com/business/research/projects/docs/SD2005-04%20Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/836578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044298 AU - Barbaresso, James AU - Sherman, Sam AU - Scott, Brian AU - Iteris AU - SRF Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Operations Concepts for South Dakota PY - 2006/06/01/Executive Summary SP - 17p AB - This report summarizes research findings, conclusions and recommendations associated with the Development of Traffic Operations Center Concepts for South Dakota. The research objectives included the following: (1) Identify functionality needed to support traffic operations within South Dakota and in coordination with bordering states. (2) Assess traffic operations functions, systems, and processes currently employed or planned by state and local agencies in South Dakota. (3) Develop a strategic deployment plan – including descriptions of capabilities, identification of needed resources and infrastructure support, and estimates of costs and benefits – for establishing and maintaining traffic operations control functionality appropriate to South Dakota’s needs. The research team identified appropriate traffic operations functions based on input from stakeholders. Those functions provided the basis for the development of a traffic operations center (TOC) concept for South Dakota. The TOC concept includes a statewide TOC in Pierre and regional TOCs in Sioux Falls and Rapid City. Virtual TOC capabilities will be added to allow access to traffic operations functions by remote users and partner agencies. A strategic deployment plan and set of recommendations for improvements in traffic operations were developed by the research team. The deployment plan calls for traffic operations projects to be phased over a ten year period. Recommendations included the establishment of an organizational framework to support traffic operations, development of formal traffic operations plans and procedures, expansion of Intelligent Transportation System capabilities, deployment of the proposed TOC concept, and establishment of an annual budget for traffic operations. A key recommendation was to establish an interim TOC at the State Radio Dispatch Center in Pierre before the winter of 2006-2007. This recommendation was presented as a result of the need for greater collaboration between SDDOT and SDDPS during regional and statewide emergencies, such as the blizzard of November 2005. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Budgeting KW - Emergencies KW - Highway operations KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Pierre (South Dakota) KW - Procedures KW - Rapid City (South Dakota) KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Sioux Falls (South Dakota) KW - South Dakota KW - Stakeholders KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.sddot.com/business/research/projects/docs/SD2005-04_Executive_Summary.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/804664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547515 AU - Hall, Kevin D AU - Beam, Steven AU - Lee, Meng AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AASHTO 2002 Pavement Design Guide Design Input Evaluation Study PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 246p AB - Many highway agencies use American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) methods for the design of pavement structures. Current AASHTO methods are based on empirical relationships between traffic loading, materials, and pavement performance developed from the AASHO Road Test (1958-1961). The applicability of these methods to modern-day conditions has been questioned; in addition, the lack of realistic inputs regarding environmental and other factors in pavement design has caused concern. Research sponsored by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program has resulted in the development of a mechanistic-empirical design guide (M-E Design Guide) for pavement structural analysis. The new M-E Design Guide requires over 100 inputs to model traffic, environmental, materials, and pavement performance to provide estimates of pavement distress over the design life of the pavement. Many designers may lack specific knowledge of the data required. A study was performed to assess the relative sensitivity of the models used in the M-E Design Guide to inputs relating to Portland cement concrete (PCC) materials in the analysis of jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCP) and to inputs relating to Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) materials in the analysis of flexible pavements. For PCC, a total of 29 inputs were evaluated; the three pavement distress models (cracking, faulting, and roughness) were not sensitive to 17 of the 29 inputs. All three models were sensitive to 6 of 29 inputs. Combinations of only one or two of the distress models were sensitive to 6 of 29 inputs. For HMA, a total of 8 inputs were evaluated for each of two HMA mixtures; the three primary distress models (rutting, fatigue cracking, and roughness) were not sensitive to 6 of the 8 inputs. Distress models exhibited sensitivity to only design air voids and effective binder content. These data may aid designers in focusing on those inputs having the most effect on desired pavement performance. KW - Air voids KW - Binder content KW - Concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Input data KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Sensitivity analysis UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%200302.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457316 AU - Barbaresso, James AU - Sherman, Sam AU - Scott, Brian AU - Iteris AU - SRF Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Operations Concepts for South Dakota PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 105p AB - This report summarizes research findings, conclusions and recommendations associated with the Development of Traffic Operations Center Concepts for South Dakota. The research objectives included the following: (1) Identify functionality needed to support traffic operations within South Dakota and in coordination with bordering states; (2) Assess traffic operations functions, systems, and processes currently employed or planned by state and local agencies in South Dakota; (3) Develop a strategic deployment plan – including descriptions of capabilities, identification of needed resources and infrastructure support, and estimates of costs and benefits – for establishing and maintaining traffic operations control functionality appropriate to South Dakota’s needs. The research team identified appropriate traffic operations functions based on input from stakeholders. Those functions provided the basis for the development of a traffic operations center (TOC) concept for South Dakota. The TOC concept includes a statewide TOC in Pierre and regional TOCs in Sioux Falls and Rapid City. Virtual TOC capabilities will be added to allow access to traffic operations functions by remote users and partner agencies. A strategic deployment plan and set of recommendations for improvements in traffic operations were developed by the research team. The deployment plan calls for traffic operations projects to be phased over a ten year period. Recommendations included the establishment of an organizational framework to support traffic operations, development of formal traffic operations plans and procedures, expansion of Intelligent Transportation System capabilities, deployment of the proposed TOC concept, and establishment of an annual budget for traffic operations. A key recommendation was to establish an interim TOC at the State Radio Dispatch Center in Pierre before the winter of 2006-2007. This recommendation was presented as a result of the need for greater collaboration between SDDOT and SDDPS during regional and statewide emergencies, such as the blizzard of November 2005. KW - Deployment KW - Highway operations KW - Incident management KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Recommendations KW - South Dakota KW - South Dakota Department of Transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic control centers UR - http://www.sddot.com/business/research/projects/docs/SD2005-04%20Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01351696 AU - Pelphrey, Jordan AU - Higgins, Christopher AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Calibration of LRFR Live Load Factors Using Weigh-In-Motion Data PY - 2006/06//Interim Report SP - 137p AB - The Load and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) code for load rating bridges is based on factors calibrated from structural load and resistance statistics to achieve a more uniform level of reliability for all bridges. The liveload factors in the LRFR code are based on load data thought to be representative of heavy truck traffic nationwide. However, the code allows for recalibrating liveload factors for a jurisdiction if weigh-in-motion data of sufficient quality and quantity are available. The Oregon Department of Transportation is implementing customized liveload factors based on the analysis described in this report. The relatively low liveload factors obtained in the Oregon calibration are a logical outcome of the regulatory and enforcement environment in Oregon. KW - Bridges KW - Calibration KW - Live loads KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Oregon KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/40000/40500/40539/LiveLoadFactors.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1114748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01158175 AU - Fish, Marc AU - Day, Krystle AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Geotechnical GIS for Subsurface Characterization with Three Dimensional Modeling Capabilities PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 30p AB - The New Hampshire Department of Transportation initiated this research to develop a geographical information system (GIS) that visualizes subsurface conditions three dimensionally by pulling together geotechnical data containing spatial references. It incorporates several geotechnical projects ranging in size from a fairly small roadway project to a much larger roadway by-pass project. The research procedure encompassed taking subsurface data housed on one of the Department’s computer servers and exporting the data as text delimited files into a GIS running a 3D modeling extension. A statewide GIS layer was created to access all the available subsurface data so existing data in close proximity to new projects could easily be recognized. The GIS utilizes the data to observe the existing subsurface conditions three dimensionally. By observing where the least confident data was located, the 3D modeling extension helped to determine where and how many additional explorations were needed to adequately map the subsurface conditions to a defined level of confidence. For each project, soil and bedrock surfaces were identified and the bedrock surface was exported into a CAD system where project cross sections were drawn depicting the bedrock depths along the new roadway centerline. The results of the research indicated that a GIS containing existing subsurface data running a 3D modeling extension could adequately map bedrock surface elevations with a minimal amount of additional subsurface explorations. It also demonstrates how new and existing soil density and bedrock surface elevation data can easily be observed three dimensionally on a computer screen. KW - Bedrock KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Soil density KW - Soil mapping KW - Spatial referencing KW - Subsurface conditions KW - Subsurface data KW - Three dimensional displays KW - Visualization UR - http://www.nh.gov/dot/org/projectdevelopment/materials/research/projects/12323v2.htm UR - http://www.nh.gov/dot/org/projectdevelopment/materials/research/projects/documents/FHWA-NH-RD-12323V-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01158150 AU - Espinosa, Judith M AU - Knoebel, Geri AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - New Mexico Department of Transportation, Guide to Context Sensitive Solutions PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 117p AB - Context sensitive solutions (CSS) are being implemented by the New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) in its transportation planning and project delivery processes. The NMDOT seeks to incorporate CSS methodologies and techniques into its planning, design, construction, and maintenance of New Mexico transportation projects. This "Guide to Context Sensitive Solutions" can be used by NMDOT for uniformity in implementation of these processes as well as training. KW - Community impact assessment KW - Context sensitive solutions KW - Implementation KW - New Mexico Department of Transportation KW - Project delivery methods KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation projects UR - http://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Research/NM05DSG01GuideContextSensitiveSolutions2006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01156617 AU - Hopkins, Tommy C AU - Beckham, Tony L AU - Sun, Liecheng AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Characteristics and Engineering Properties of the Soft Soil Layer in Highway Soil Subgrades PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 101p AB - The objective of this research was to examine the conditions and characteristics of soil subgrades that had been stabilized using mechanical compaction. Goals of the study are to identify and examine the engineering properties and behavior of the “soft layer’ of material observed at the top of untreated, highway pavement soil subgrades. Alternative methods of preventing, or mitigating, the development of the soft layer are discussed. Evidence is presented that shows that a soft layer of soil frequently develops at the top of untreated, highway soil subgrades. Data are presented that show strengths obtained from mechanical compaction are largely destroyed when untreated compacted soils are exposed to moisture. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of compacted clayey soils initially are high but become small when exposed to saturation. In situ CBR values measured at the tops of untreated subgrades, where mechanical compaction was the only means used to stabilize the soil subgrade, were smaller than unsoaked and soaked laboratory Kentucky CBR values. At the 85th percentile test value, the laboratory KYCBR value of compacted, unsoaked clayey specimens was 11.5 while the CBR value of soaked specimens was 3.0. For comparison, the in situ CBR value of untreated subgrades at the 85th percentile test value, as shown in this study, was only 2. Using a bearing capacity model, based on limit equilibrium of layered media, bearing capacity analyses of flexible pavement sections were performed. The analyses show that when the in situ CBR is equal to or below 3, the pavement was unstable, i. e., the factor of safety against failure was 1.0 or below. However, when the in situ CBR value was 6, or greater, the pavement was generally stable and the factor of safety was 1.5, or greater. Chemical admixture stabilization of soil subgrades is the most effective means of maintaining large CBR values during construction and throughout the life of the pavement. In situ CBR values at the 85th percentile of tests performed on the tops of soil subgrades treated chemically with lime kiln dust, hydrated lime, and portland cement and that had been in place for 8 to 15 years were 24, 27, and 59, respectively. At the 85th percentile test value, in situ CBR values of chemically treated subgrades were about 12 to 30 times larger than the in situ CBR value of 2 of untreated subgrades. KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Clay soils KW - Kiln dust KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Soft soils KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/06/KTC_06_13_SPR_270_03_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/917392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01143746 AU - Pretorius, Pierre AU - Anderson, Susan AU - Akwabi, Kwasi AU - Crowther, Brent AU - Ye, Queenie AU - Houston, Nancy AU - Easton, Andrea Vann AU - Kimley-Horn and Associates, Incorporated AU - Booz Allen Hamilton AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interview and Survey Results: Assessment of the State of the Practice and State of the Art in Evacuation Transportation Management PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 80p AB - Much of what is known about evacuations is based on preparations for incidents, such as hurricanes, for which there is advance warning. With advance warning, evacuations can be planned and managed using procedures and systems that have been developed as a result of extensive and methodical pre-planning. This approach, however, does not adequately support management of incidents when there is no advance warning or when conditions are changing rapidly. Evacuations in response to these types of incidents tend to be monitored, but not well managed. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recognized the importance of and need for new tools and processes to help agencies plan for and manage evacuations where there is little or no advanced warning. Consequently, the FHWA initiated a project to assess the state of the practice and state of the art in evacuation transportation management. The purpose of this report is to document emergency evacuation plans and practices employed by transportation management organizations in several large metropolitan areas in the United States. This document discusses specific practices with regard to management through the use of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and related traffic management tools such as CCTV cameras, Dynamic Message Signs (DMS), Highway Advisory Radio (HAR), 511 systems, websites, interconnected traffic signal systems, High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes, and traffic signal priority for transit. Interview results for 14 public and private transportation agencies from five large metropolitan areas are documented in this report. KW - 511 (National Travel Information Number) KW - Bus priority KW - Closed circuit television KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency management KW - Evacuation KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway advisory radio KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Interviewing KW - Local government agencies KW - Metropolitan areas KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the art KW - State of the practice KW - Surveys KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Transit priority KW - Transportation management KW - United States KW - Variable message signs UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop08016/fhwahop08016.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30500/30545/fhwahop08016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/904091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01126251 AU - Richardson, David N AU - Lusher, Steven Michael AU - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Calibration of the CoreLok Method for Determination of Missouri Aggregate Specific Gravities PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 38p AB - Specific gravity and absorption are fundamental aggregate properties needed for hot-mix asphalt (HMA) and portland cement concrete (PCC) mix design and/or volumetric determinations. The Missouri Department of Transportation utilizes the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standard test methods T 84 (for fine aggregates) and T 85 (for coarse aggregates) to determine these important properties. Criticisms of these procedures are the subjective nature of determining when the aggregates have reached the saturated, surface-dry (SSD) condition (especially T 84) and the substantial amount of time needed to complete the tests. The CoreLok method addresses these criticisms in that it is an objective and faster method for determining aggregate specific gravities. Oven-drying the aggregates to a constant mass is the only sample preparation necessary; there is no need to soak the aggregates for an extended period of time or to obtain the SSD condition in order to complete the test. Apart from sample preparation, the two-part test procedure takes approximately 30 minutes. However, working with dry aggregate poses its own problems and errors are introduced. Therefore to account for these errors, regression analyses were performed to calibrate or “correct” the CoreLok method test results to associated T 84/85 values. KW - AASHTO Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing KW - Aggregates KW - Calibration KW - Coarse aggregates KW - CoreLok KW - Fine aggregates KW - Specific gravity KW - Test procedures UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/Ri06017/or06016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/887337 ER - TY - SER AN - 01120550 JO - NHTS Brief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National Household Travel Survey: Rising Fuel Cost - A Big Impact PY - 2006/06 SP - 4p AB - Transportation accounts for almost 70 percent of all petroleum used in the U.S., and private (passenger) vehicle travel accounts for 82 percent of all vehicle miles of travel. Recent increases in the cost of motor fuel are raising questions about the impact of higher fuel prices on the economy and the daily travel of Americans. If U.S. households continue to drive at the same rates, they will pay more than double in annual motor fuel expenditures this year compared to five years ago. The type of vehicle driven has a significant impact on the amount of money paid at the pump. Fuel expenditures for the average passenger car are approximately 24 percent less than the average sports utility vehicle (SUV) or pick-up truck. Pick-ups and SUVs are less fuel-efficient and are driven more miles on average. People living in rural areas are impacted more than people living in urban areas. Rural drivers tend to drive more, and often own less fuel efficient vehicles than urban drivers. KW - Economic impacts KW - Expenditures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Highway travel KW - Prices KW - Rural areas KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicles by weight UR - http://nhts.ornl.gov/briefs/Rising%20Fuel%20Costs--A%20Big%20Impact.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/879152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108446 AU - Pretorius, Pierre AU - Anderson, Susan AU - Akwabi, Kwasi AU - Crowther, Brent AU - Ye, Queenie AU - Houston, Nancy AU - Easton, Andrea Vann AU - Kimley-Horn and Associates, Incorporated AU - Booz Allen Hamilton AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Operational Concept: Assessment of the State of the Practice and State of the Art in Evacuation Transportation Management PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 71p AB - Much of what is known about evacuations is based on preparations for incidents, such as hurricanes, for which there is advance warning. With advance warning, evacuations can be planned and managed using procedures and systems that have been developed as a result of extensive and methodical pre-planning. This approach, however, does not adequately support management of incidents when there is no advance warning or when conditions are changing rapidly. Evacuations in response to these types of incidents tend to be monitored, but not well managed. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recognized the importance of and need for new tools and processes to help agencies plan for and manage evacuations where there is little or no advanced warning. Consequently, the FHWA initiated a project to assess the state of the practice and state of the art in evacuation transportation management. The purpose of this document is to outline a concept of operations for transportation management during a no-notice emergency evacuation. This report will illustrate how agencies interact with each other, what information is shared, and how transportation systems are effectively managed during disasters. The concept of operations is intended to address who, what, when, where, why, and how the transportation management system needs to operate during a major no-notice event or disaster requiring evacuation. A high level description of activities that occur during each phase of the evacuation process is provided. KW - Bus transit operations KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency management KW - Evacuation KW - Highway operations KW - Public transit KW - State of the art KW - State of the practice KW - Transit vehicle operations KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop08020/fhwahop08020.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30500/30546/fhwahop08020.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/868345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104918 AU - Labi, Samuel A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Geometric Characteristics of Rural Two-Lane Roads on Safety PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 239p AB - The study investigated the safety effects of geometric and other roadway characteristics of rural two-lane roads by collecting and analyzing data and developing crash prediction models, crash reduction factors (CRFs), and cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs). On the basis of these results, and the existing inventory of roads and their geometric deficiencies, physical and monetary needs assessments were carried out under alternative budgeting and crash costing scenarios for the rural two-lane state highway network. It was found that influential crash factors at such roads include section length, traffic volume, lane width, shoulder width, pavement condition, average horizontal curve radius, and grades of vertical slopes. For county roads, additional influential variables are shoulder type, driveway density, and the presence of speed limit posting. The percentage reduction in crashes due to the various safety countermeasures was found to vary by crash severity type, highway class, level of deficiency, and the extent to which the deficiency is addressed. CRFs were developed for lane and shoulder widening, minor realignment and earthworks that increase horizontal curve radius or to decrease in vertical curve slope, pavement friction enhancement (for rural major collectors and minor arterials) and pavement condition improvement (for rural principal arterials). CERs were developed for each countermeasure, crash type and road functional class. CERs are useful for safety project evaluation particularly when INDOT/LTAP seeks to compare the safety benefit per dollar across mutually exclusive safety countermeasures at a specific problem area, or when a specific area suffers from multiple safety problem types and can therefore receive many different countermeasures only a few of which can be funded. For rural two-lane state highway sections that are deficient-but-not-necessarily-hazardous and both-hazardous-and-deficient sections, it was found that $530 million and $55 million, respectively, would be needed to address the engineering safety needs. Given an annual expenditure of $1M over a 5-year period, approximately 170 crashes (translating to $8-15 million, depending on crash costing method) could be saved. If the annual expenditure is increased to $2M over the same period, approximately 240 crashes (translating to $12-26 million) could be saved. The study results also suggest that there seems to exist a ceiling of effectiveness for engineering safety countermeasures, and therefore non-engineering countermeasures such as safety education and enforcement are also vital to further reduce crashes related to drivers, vehicles, and the driving environment. Implementation of the study would involve application of the study products for safety management at both state and local levels to make cost-effective decisions that will reduce highway crashes and thereby accrue the secondary and indirect benefits of increased mobility, enhanced geriatric driving, reduced tort liability, and enhanced economic productivity. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash reduction factors KW - Fatalities KW - Highway geometrics KW - Indiana KW - Needs assessment KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1709&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104374 AU - Krishnan, Anand AU - Mehta, Jihesh K AU - Olek, Jan AU - Weiss, William Jason AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Technical Issues Related to the Use of Fly Ash and Slag During Late-Fall (Low Temperature) Construction Season PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 358p AB - The potential for scaling of concrete pavement containing fly ash is one of the durability concerns which imposes restrictions on the use of fly ash in paving applications in Indiana during the period of low temperatures (e.g., the late fall construction season). These restrictions increase the cost of paving projects, and occasionally, results in seasonal cement shortages. The objective of this study was to develop a better understanding of the scaling mechanism through a series of laboratory tests that focused on the role of material properties and length and temperature of curing in controlling scaling. Additionally, an attempt was made to simulate field conditions in the laboratory and to relate these results with performance of concrete pavement. Concrete mixtures were prepared with two different slumps using material combinations that had previously shown high susceptibility to scaling. These mixtures were used to study the influence of the length of moist curing and drying periods on scaling of fly ash concrete, exposed to normal and low early-age temperatures. The scaling studies were supplemented with microstructural and chloride ion penetration tests to assist in the interpretation of these results. To study the influence of temperature of curing, fresh properties and scaling were measured for low temperature cast and cured specimens. To understand the behavior of actual pavement constructed in late fall, large size insulated specimens were prepared at low temperature in the laboratory, for scaling and other relevant studies. In relating laboratory scaling results to field performance, wide differences have been observed indicating severity of laboratory scaling test (ASTM C672). Extensive literature review and telephone survey was conducted to collect information regarding field scaling performance of pavements with supplementary cementitious materials. Based on above information and further laboratory studies, five main parameters are suggested to resolve the apparent discrepancies between laboratory results and field observations. Simultaneously, a risk analysis approach was used to determine the probability of scaling in Indiana. It was determined that probability of initiation of scaling for a typical pavement is only 0.5%. It was further concluded that, for replacement levels 20-25%, fly ash can be used to produce scaling-resistant concrete during late fall paving season for climatic conditions similar to that encountered in Indiana. KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Reactions in concrete KW - Road construction KW - Scaling (Concrete) KW - Slag KW - Thermal properties KW - Waste products UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1730&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104366 AU - Li, Xuejun AU - Whalen, Timothy M AU - Bowman, Mark D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fatigue Strength and Evaluation of Sign Structures. Volume 2: Sign Structure Inspection Manual PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 64p AB - This report is a two-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to evaluate the fatigue behavior of sign structures and, based on that evaluation, to recommend an inspection plan that can be effectively used to detect and minimize possible deterioration due to wind induced loadings of sign structures. The study included a number of signs that are commonly used in Indiana: single-mastarm and double-mastarm cantilever sign structures, box-truss sign structures, tri-chord sign structures, and monotube sign structures. Sign structures with typical dimensions and details were selected as prototypes for each of the various types of sign structures in the study and were subjected to various wind loading environments. The predicted fatigue behavior of the sign structures was used to identify the types of signs and the structural details that were most susceptible to fatigue damage. This information was used to develop an inspection guideline that provides information on where to look during an inspection for fatigue damage. An inspection plan was formulated by using a crack propagation analysis to evaluate crack growth under the most critical wind loading environment. Based on these analyses, an inspection period of four years was recommended for single and double mastarm cantilever sign structures (Class A) and an eight year inspection cycle was recommended for box-truss, tri-chord, and monotube sign structures. KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue strength KW - Remaining life analysis KW - Service life KW - Structural deterioration and defects KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs KW - Wind KW - Wind shear UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2572&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104349 AU - Li, Xurjun AU - Whalen, Timothy M AU - Bowman, Mark D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fatigue Strength and Evaluation of Sign Structures. Volume I: Analysis and Evaluation PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 133p AB - This report is a two-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to evaluate the fatigue behavior of sign structures and, based on that evaluation, to recommend an inspection plan that can be effectively used to detect and minimize possible deterioration due to wind induced loadings of sign structures. The study included a number of signs that are commonly used in Indiana: single-mastarm and double-mastarm cantilever sign structures, box-truss sign structures, tri-chord sign structures, and monotube sign structures. Sign structures with typical dimensions and details were selected as prototypes for each of the various types of sign structures in the study and were subjected to various wind loading environments. The predicted fatigue behavior of the sign structures was used to identify the types of signs and the structural details that were most susceptible to fatigue damage. This information was used to develop an inspection guideline that provides information on where to look during an inspection for fatigue damage. An inspection plan was formulated by using a crack propagation analysis to evaluate crack growth under the most critical wind loading environment. Based on these analyses, an inspection period of four years was recommended for single and double mastarm cantilever sign structures (Class A) and an eight year inspection cycle was recommended for box-truss, tri-chord, and monotube sign structures. KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue strength KW - Remaining life analysis KW - Service life KW - Structural deterioration and defects KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs KW - Wind KW - Wind shear UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1732&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01088788 AU - Folliard, Kevin J AU - Barborak, Ryan AU - Drimalas, Thano AU - Du, Lianxiang AU - Garber, Sabrina AU - Ideker, Jason AU - Ley, Tyler AU - Williams, Stephanie AU - Juenger, Maria AU - Fournier, Benoit AU - Thomas, Michael DA AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Preventing ASR/DEF in New Concrete: Final Report PY - 2006/06//Technical Report; Final Report SP - 254p AB - The state of Texas has been widely impacted by materials-related distress in various transportation structures. This distress has been mainly attributed to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and delayed ettringite formation (DEF) and has been commonly referred to by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) as “premature concrete deterioration.” In response to these problems, TxDOT has aggressively sought to prevent cases in new concrete structures by implementing new ASR specifications (initially as TxDOT Special Provision to Item 421). The specifications, and updates since, require contractors to address ASR through prescriptive options (e.g., 20–35 percent Class F fly ash) or performance testing. The research detailed in this report was performed in support of this new specification, with the intention of improving upon the initial specification efforts and increasing the service life of transportation applications. This report summarizes the overall findings of TxDOT Project 0-4085, “Preventing ASR and DEF in New Concrete.” This research project was 4 1/2 years in duration, with an emphasis on both laboratory and field evaluations. The work was performed at the Concrete Durability Center (CDC) at The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin). The main objectives and goals of this project can be summarized as follows: 1. Understand the underlying mechanisms behind ASR and/or DEF; 2. Review available test methods for aggregate reactivity and for preventive measures and recommend test method(s) to prevent ASR and/or DEF in new concrete; 3. Develop specification and guidelines to prevent ASR and/or DEF in new concrete; 4. Identify and implement strategies for preventing ASR and/or DEF, with emphasis on prudent use of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs); 5. Develop protocol for evaluating the cause, extent, and future potential for damage owing to ASR and/or DEF in existing concrete structures; 6. Transfer knowledge and experience gained from this project to TxDOT practice to increase the service life of transportation structures. KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Chemical reactivity KW - Concrete KW - Delayed ettringite formation KW - Prevention KW - Strategic planning KW - Supplementary cementing materials KW - Test procedures KW - Texas UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_4085_5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/849365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01088758 AU - Prozzi, Jolanda AU - Harrison, Robert AU - Prozzi, Jorge A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Defining and Measuring Rural Truck Traffic Needs in Texas PY - 2006/06//Technical Report SP - 83p AB - In 2002 the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) contracted with the Center for Transportation Research (CTR) at The University of Texas at Austin and Texas Tech University to provide evidence of the truck volume and pavement damage associated with major rural truck traffic generators in Texas. It was felt that given increased funding shortfalls for the maintenance and modernization of rural infrastructure, TxDOT staff responsible for rural infrastructure will benefit from a better understanding of the rural truck trip generators in these areas that impact rural infrastructure. The objectives of the first year (2003) report were to highlight the factors that result in greater demands on rural roads, describe the condition of the existing rural road system in Texas, provide evidence of the impacts of increased demand for trucking on rural roads, and highlight the role of rail in rural areas before concluding the report. This report documents the research conducted in the second year of the study and provides information on major rural stakeholder views concerning the impacts of rural truck traffic, presents a methodology to estimate equivalent damage factors to allow for the calculation of truck pavement impacts, and finally presents a methodology to prioritize and policy options to address rural transportation concerns. KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavement damage KW - Pavement performance KW - Policy KW - Rural highways KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas KW - Traffic loads KW - Traffic measurement KW - Truck traffic UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_4169_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/849223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01079065 AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Machemehl, Randy B AU - Piepmeyer, Zach AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Comprehensive Plan for PMIS Functionality Enhancements and Pavement-Related Databases in TxDOT PY - 2006/06//Technical Report SP - 18p AB - The objective of pavement management is to maintain or improve the condition of the pavement network and to maximize the performance of the network while keeping the costs to a minimum. Project 0-4186 was executed to develop a comprehensive plan to guide the cradle-to-grave monitoring and management of pavements so that adequate and accurate data can be made available to enhance pavement management and other activities related to the better engineering of pavements in Texas. The research was conducted as a joint effort between the Center for Transportation Research (CTR) at the University of Texas at Austin and the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI). Research Report 0-4186-3 provides the details of the comprehensive plan developed under Project 0-4186. KW - Databases KW - Optimization KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/838837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01075695 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 11 Street bridges, Anacostia Freeway (I-295/DC295) to the Southeast/Southwest Freeway (I-695) : environmental impact statement PY - 2006/06//Volumes held: Draft(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/835089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01075567 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Syracuse Road, 1000 West to 2000 West, Davis County : environmental impact statement PY - 2006/06//Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/834961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01046216 AU - Bradshaw, Aaron S AU - Baxter, Christopher D P AU - University of Rhode Island, Narragansett AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations--Lessons Learned on the Central Artery/Tunnel Project PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 58p AB - Five contracts from the Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T) project in Boston, MA, were reviewed to document issues related to design and construction of driven pile foundations. Given the soft and compressible marine clays in the Boston area, driven pile foundations were selected to support specific structures, including retaining walls, abutments, roadway slabs, transition structures, and ramps. This report presents the results of a study to assess the lessons learned from pile driving on the CA/T. This study focused on an evaluation of static and dynamic load test data and a case study of significant movement of an adjacent building during pile driving. The load test results showed that the piles have more capacity than what they were designed for. At the site of significant movement of an adjacent building, installation of wick drains and preaugering to mitigate additional movement proved to be ineffective. Detailed settlement, inclinometer, and piezometer data are presented. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Central Artery/Tunnel Project KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Driven piles KW - Inclinometers KW - Lessons learned KW - Load tests KW - Marine clays KW - Piezometers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile foundations KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Structural movement UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/05159/05159.pdf UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/geotechnical/05159/05159.pdf UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/geotechnical/05159/05159.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/806371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01045505 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Portable FWD (Prima 100) for In-Situ Subgrade Evaluation PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 125p AB - Subgrade soil characterization measured in terms of resilient modulus, M sub R, has been a prerequisite for pavement design. For new pavement design, M sub R is obtained by conducting repeated load triaxial tests on reconstituted/undisturbed cylindrical specimens, employing American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T-307 test protocol. Because of the complexities encountered with the test, in-situ tests would be desirable, if reliable correlation can be established. Subgrade characterization for rehabilitation selection, however, in-situ tests are the norm than the exception. The focus of this study is to investigate the viability of Prima 100, a Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer (PFWD), for direct testing of subgrade with the objective of estimating resilient modulus, via a correlation between M sub R and PFWD modulus (E sub PFWD). Thirteen as-built subgrade sections reflecting typical subgrade soil materials in Mississippi, were selected and tested for elastic modulus employing a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD), followed by PFWD. In-situ unit weight and moisture were measured using a nuclear device. Soil samples collected from those sections were subjected to repeated load triaxial test (AASHTO T307) and to other routine laboratory tests for classification purposes. The first step in analyzing the data was to authenticate the Prima elastic modulus, which was accomplished by establishing an acceptable relation between Prima modulus and FWD modulus (E sub FWD). A statistically significant relation between M sub R and E sub PFWD and was derived, though three other explanatory variables emerged in the model equation. Since moisture and density of in-situ material rarely match those prescribed in the repeated load test sample, those two attributes were included in the model. A third variable, which was soil-related (namely, PI/P sub 200), emerged to account for the range of soil types, and intentionally retained in the model equation. A similar, but abbreviated version of the model was also derived, deleting the soil-related variable. An investigation of the significance of unit weight and moisture on the Prima modulus resulted in a correlation equation between E sub PFWD and those two variables. An exclusive program, PFWDSUBGRADE was developed to analyze Prima modulus and calculate resilient modulus. The program, in addition to calculating station-by-station resilient modulus, relying on what is known as “cumulative difference” technique, delineates ‘homogeneous’ subsections of the project, outputting mean and standard deviation of the resilient modulus for each homogeneous section. A graphical plot of resilient modulus of each station is another output of the program. KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Mississippi KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Standard deviation KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - http://www.gomdot.com/Divisions/Highways/Resources/Research/pdf/Reports/InterimFinal/SS179.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44568/State_Study_179_-_Portable_FWD__Prima_100__for_In-Situ_Subgrade_Evaluation.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/804965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044280 AU - Maynard, Brian AU - Castrataro, Nicholas AU - Johnson, William AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Soil Mix and Plant Materials for Washington Bridge PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 93p AB - Stress resistant plants and lightweight growing substrate mixtures were developed for use on roofs for environmental, economic, and aesthetic benefits as greenroofs. The goal of this study was to evaluate different greenroof plant and substrate combinations to determine if extensive greenroof technology could be modified for low-cost reduced-maintenance bridge and roadside planters designed for the Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT). Ten plant taxa: "Allium schoenoprasum" L., "Delosperma aberdeenense" (L.) Bolus., "Drosanthemum hispidum" (L.) Schwant., "Jovibarba hirta" (L.) Opiz. 'Emerald Spring' (Syn. "Sempervivum hirta" L.), "Orostachys iwarenge" Hara. (Syn. "Orostachys boehmeri" Makino; "Sedum boehmeri" L.), "Sedum hispanicum" L. 'Immergraunch', "Sedum japonicum" Sieb., "Sedum spurium" Bieb. 'John Creech', "Sempervivum" L. var. Specialty Blend, and "Talinum calycinum" Engelm., and three growing substrate mixtures suitable for greenroofs: Growing Substrate 1 (GS1; 10% field soil, 10% compost, and 80% Hydrocks™), Growing Substrate 2 (GS2; 20% compost and 80% Norlite), and Growing Substrate 3 (GS3: 40% field soil, 20% compost, and 40% Hydrocks™) were evaluated in mesocosms for use in concrete planters for bridge-top plantings. Plant area, plant height, growing substrate water content, temperature, nutrition, and weediness were used for comparison. "A. schoenoprasum D. aberdeenense, D. hispidum, S. hispanicum 'Immergraunch', S. japonicum" were replaced due to winter injury or lodged stems. These five taxa were replaced with "Allium senescens" (Schrad.) Reg. var. glaucum., "Hylotelephium cyaneum" (Rudolph) H. Ohba. (Syn. "Sedum cyanum" Rudolph) 'Rose Carpet', "Sedum kamtschaticum" Fisch. 'Weihenstephaner Gold', "Sedum lineare' Thumb. 'Golden Teardrop', and "Sedum stenopetalum" Pursh. Plants growing in GS2 or GS3 had similar area and height increases and water content, while those growing in GS1 yielded the least increases over two growing seasons. GS2 had less weed growth, greater porosity, and higher nutrient levels than GS3. KW - Bridges KW - Compost KW - Green roofs KW - Low cost KW - Maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Nutrition KW - Plants KW - Porosity KW - Rhode Island KW - Roadside flora KW - Soils KW - Substrates (Waterways) KW - Temperature KW - Weeds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/804155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01044275 AU - Rajagopal, Arudi AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing Pavement Performance Prediction Models and Decision Trees for the City of Cincinnati PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 42p AB - This report presents the details of a study conducted to develop pavement performance prediction models and decision trees for various families of pavements, using the data available with the City of Cincinnati. Required data were acquired from the city’s pavement inventory database. The road network was divided into two classifications namely, major roads and minor roads. These roads were further grouped based on their structural makeup. Statistical regression models were developed for each group. A decision tree was developed to suggest appropriate maintenance and rehabilitation activities based on the condition of the pavement. The city engineers can use these models in conjunction with their pavement management system to predict the future condition of the highway network in Cincinnati and to implement cost effective pavement management solutions. Using the methodology developed in this study, the engineers can also further improve the accuracy of the models in the future. KW - Cincinnati (Ohio) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Databases KW - Decision trees KW - Engineers KW - Major road KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Minor roads KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A76699550 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/804816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042196 AU - West, Randy C AU - Moore, Jason R AU - National Center for Asphalt Technology AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating Georgia DOT's Compaction Requirements for Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixes PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 42p AB - This study determined a compactive effort for Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) mixes with the Superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) that would match a 50-blow Marshall compactive effort using aggregates and mix designs common in Georgia. SMA mix designs were prepared with five aggregate sources using a 50-blow Marshall compaction and 50, 75, and 100 gyrations with an SGC. Optimum asphalt contents from the mix designs were compared. Aggregate breakdown from each of the compactive efforts was analyzed. Laboratory rutting tests were conducted on each mix design using the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA). The results of the laboratory mix designs indicated that 35 gyrations in the SGC, on average, provided the same density as Marshall compaction. The number of gyrations required to achieve the same density as the Marshall hammer for the SMA mix designs with the five aggregates varied inversely with the L.A. abrasion. Using 50 gyrations, the optimum asphalt contents for the SMA mixtures were reduced 0.1 to 0.5 percent compared to compaction with the Marshall hammer. Aggregate breakdown was slightly less with the SGC than with the Marshall hammer. APA tests showed that the mix designs were not sensitive to asphalt content. Testing of plant-produced SMA mixtures confirmed that 34 gyrations in the SGC yielded equivalent specimen densities to the Marshall compaction. Based on the results from the laboratory and field mixes, 50 gyrations with the SGC is recommended to replace 50-blow Marshall compaction for SMA mix designs in Georgia. KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt Pavement Analyzer KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Los Angeles Abrasion Test KW - Marshall compaction KW - Mix design KW - Rutting KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Superpave UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42900/42990/2036.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042164 AU - Amekudzi, Adjo Akpene AU - Dixon, Karen AU - Georgia Tech Research Corporation AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Georgia Guidebook for Pedestrian Planning PY - 2006/06 SP - 147p AB - The purpose of this guidebook is to help assist municipalities, counties, regional entities, and other public and private entities in safe pedestrian planning. The guidebook reviews pedestrian prioritization procedures, discusses potential funding sources for pedestrian improvement projects, reviews current pedestrian laws in the State of Georgia, and provides information on how to improve the safety and usability of pedestrian facilities. KW - Financing KW - Georgia KW - Handbooks KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian laws KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Planning KW - State laws KW - Strategic planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42900/42995/2034_GA_Ped_Guide_FINAL.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01042157 AU - Hauer, Ezra AU - Felsburg, Holt and Ullevig, Incorporated AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Countermeasures with Promise (CWIP) - Left Turn Protection PY - 2006/06 SP - 67p AB - An important task in road safety management is to monitor where accidents occur on the road system and to assess whether safety at the high-accident sites can be cost-effectively improved. The weak point of the customary process is that the list of high-accident sites is prepared without considering what countermeasures, if any, could apply at the sites on the list. An alternative approach is the "Countermeasures with Promise" (CWiP) process, which involves choosing countermeasures known to be effective and then seeking sites where these could be implemented to best effect. The countermeasure chosen for examination in this study was that of changing left-turn phasing at a signalized intersection to protected phasing. The target accidents were those involving left-turning vehicles. Several ranked lists were produced. The next step should be to forward the ranked lists to the Colorado Department of Transportation offices with jurisdiction over signalized intersections. Those intersections near the top of the lists which are presently without full left-turn protection should be considered for full protection implementation. KW - Countermeasures KW - Exclusive phasing KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Left turn phase KW - Safety management KW - Signalized intersections UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2006/countermeasures.pdf/at_download/file UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/803108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01038285 AU - Jones, Thomas AU - Hartshorn, Sophie AU - Heffron, Marni AU - Siegmund, Michael AU - Duffy, Tim AU - Hart, Arno AU - Wilbur Smith and Associates AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Freight Efficiency and Competitiveness Phase 1 PY - 2006/06//Research Report SP - 126p AB - The Freight Efficiency and Competitiveness Study provides a comprehensive look at the freight delivery supply chain of major industries in the Central Puget Sound region. The study pinpoints areas of inefficiency in the freight delivery system and provides data to support the creation of a strategic investment plan for Washington State’s freight transportation system. The report is organized into four sections, (1) Introduction and Executive Summary; (2) Overview of Target Supply Chains; (3) Issues, Constraints and Potential Remedies Based on Freight Interviews; (4) Constraints, Opportunities and Recommendations. The research and analysis for this project included in depth interviews with key freight personnel in Washington State, industry research, and market analysis. These methods allowed a better understanding of the freight and supply chain issues of each industry. From this, the study was able to identify and quantify bottlenecks and deficiencies in the existing transportation system. KW - Competition KW - Efficiency KW - Freight transportation KW - Personnel KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Strategic planning KW - Supply chain management KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/646.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/794985 ER - TY - SER AN - 01036921 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - PBCAT--Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool Version 2.0 PY - 2006/06 IS - FHWA-HRT-06-090 SP - 4p AB - This TechBrief provides a summary of the computer software, Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT) Version 2.0, which replaces PBCAT Version 1.0. The application manual for the software, "Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT): Version 2.0 Application Manual," FHWA-HRT-06-089, will be published by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). This TechBrief includes a discussion of what PBCAT is, an explanation of why crash typing is needed, a list of PBCAT Version 2.0 features, and information on product access. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash types KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - PBCAT (Computer program) KW - Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT) KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Software UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/pedbike/06090/index.cfm UR - http://www.walkinginfo.org/pc/techbrief_HRT-06-090_print.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036744 AU - Ioannides, Anastasios M AU - Deshini, Amarendranath AU - Miller, Richard A AU - Mills, Jeff C AU - Walsh, Kristina M AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fineness of Densified Microsilica and Dispersion in Concrete Mixes PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 120p AB - This study explores the effect of densification of microsilica on the mechanical and other engineering properties of concrete used on Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) projects. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C 1240 requires wet-sieved microsilica to pass a No. 325 sieve with no more than 10% retained. Densified microsilica samples submitted to ODOT sometimes do not meet this specification, since the sieving process may not be able to break the bonds formed due to densification. During this study, No. 325 sieve tests on three microsilica types (undensified, densified, and abused by prolonged exposure to moisture) were performed at the ODOT laboratory, but these yielded no meaningful results, since none of the materials tested were found to conform to the ASTM fineness specification. This suggests that this procedure is not suitable for assessing the suitability of densified microsilica for use in concrete. In contrast, the compressive and flexural strengths of concretes mixed with each of the three microsilica types exceeded those envisaged by ODOT Item 499.03 Concrete-General: Proportioning. Undensified microsilica concrete yielded higher values than its densified and abused microsilica counterparts at all ages. This was true for both natural and crushed coarse aggregate mixes. Trends observed with regard to the effects of microsilica and coarse aggregate types, age and specimen on the development of strength were as expected. Therefore, it is concluded that densified microsilica can be used on ODOT projects for the construction of pavements and bridges. KW - Admixtures KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete pavements KW - Densification KW - Fineness KW - Flexural strength KW - Mix design KW - Sieve analysis KW - Silica fume UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A74325700 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036741 AU - Ioannides, Anastasios M AU - Walsh, Kristina M AU - Miller, Richard A AU - Mills, Jeff C AU - Deshini, Amarendranath AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effect of Larger Sized Coarse Aggregates and of Microsilica on Environmental Properties of Portland Cement Concrete Pavements and Structures PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 58p AB - Addition of microsilica to a concrete mix usually results in significant improvements in strength, durability and permeability. Densified microsilica samples submitted to the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT), however, sometimes exhibit densification. At the other extreme of the concrete mix design gradation spectrum, the use of larger sized coarse aggregates may be useful in limiting cement content, yet larger sized coarse aggregates may also decrease concrete strength by weakening the aggregate-cement paste bond. This study examines whether the addition of microsilica, or the use of aggregates with maximum size above 1.5 in. in concrete mixes can have adverse effects on the durability properties of such structures. The behavior of several series of concrete specimens has been monitored over a period exceeding a year. Different coarse aggregate gradations did not impact significantly the environmental properties of concrete examined. Differences observed were confounded by variability issues related to the testing protocols themselves, and by mineralogical distinctions among the various aggregate blends. It is, therefore, concluded that coarse aggregate gradation had little effect on the environmental properties of concrete. These results indicate that larger sized coarse aggregates can be used for pavements and highway structures without significantly compromising the environmental properties of the concrete, and afford concrete producers more flexibility in creating cost-effective and cement-efficient mixes. It was found earlier that the compressive and flexural strengths of abused microsilica did not differ much from that of densified microsilica. The abused microsilica was intended to represent the worst possible situation that might arise in the field. This conclusion is brought into question by the rapid chloride permeability results obtained. Nonetheless, all values obtained are within the limits termed as low or moderate by the prevailing specifications. The suitability of microsilica types, other than the undensified, must be explored by a larger series of tests focusing exclusively on the environmental properties of concrete mixes containing these materials. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete structures KW - Densification KW - Durability KW - Environmental properties KW - Mix design KW - Permeability KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Silica fume KW - Strength of materials UR - http://www.dot.state.oh.us/research/2006/Materials/14800%20and%2014803%20Vol%20%202-FR.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55802/FHWA-OH-2006-10A.PDF UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55803/FHWA-OH-2006-10A_EXEC_SUMMARY.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036476 AU - Brody, Susan AU - Jones, Bob AU - Blosser, Bill AU - Wolf, Greg AU - Portland State University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Transportation Collaboration in the States PY - 2006/06 SP - 38p AB - This project focused on the use of collaborative practices to address a range of transportation planning and development issues. The project had four primary objectives: develop increased awareness among state officials of opportunities for the use of collaborative processes and collaborative governance systems in the transportation arena; identify one (or more) transportation collaboration opportunity in at least two states; identify collaborative training opportunities; and develop and test a detailed assessment tool for use in identifying and designing transportation collaborations. The National Policy Consensus Center (NPCC) team developed and tested an assessment tool/questionnaire to use in interviewing state officials and other stakeholders during site visits. The assessment questionnaire was designed to collect information in four areas of interest: (1) issues, barriers and obstacles to transportation planning and project development; (2) current communication and coordination methods; (3) use of collaborative approaches; and (4) future opportunities for collaboration and training. The project team made site visits to four states: Utah, Massachusetts, North Carolina and Virginia. Altogether over 60 interviews were conducted. Interview summaries for each of the four states are contained in Section III of this report. A number of themes emerged from the site visits and interviews in the four states. For the most part, the following issues and themes were mentioned in all four states or in at least three of the four states: Challenges of transportation-land use coordination; Need for improved coordination and collaboration between metropolitan planning organizations/local governments and state/federal transportation agencies; Importance of early involvement of environmental/resource agencies in transportation planning; Need for modal coordination and multi-modal planning; Critical role of political leadership in promoting collaboration on transportation issues; and Development and institutionalization of collaborative systems. Section IV elaborates on these themes and provides recommendations for follow up. KW - Barriers (Challenges) KW - Communication KW - Cooperation KW - Coordination KW - Federal government agencies KW - Interviewing KW - Land use planning KW - Leadership KW - Local government KW - Massachusetts KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Multimodal transportation KW - North Carolina KW - Political factors KW - Project development KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Site visits KW - Stakeholders KW - State government agencies KW - States KW - Training KW - Transportation planning KW - Utah KW - Virginia UR - http://www.policyconsensus.org/publications/reports/docs/TransportationCollaboration.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55887/HE192_5_W65_2006.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/793281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01036350 AU - Hardy, Amanda R AU - Fuller, Julie AU - Lee, Scott AU - Stanley, Laura AU - Al-Kaisy, Ahmed AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bozeman Pass Wildlife Channelization ITS Project PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 123p AB - Animal-vehicle collisions (AVCs) are a growing concern as vehicle miles traveled and human encroachment into wildlife habitat continues to increase throughout the United States. Few studies have examined the application of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to modify driver behavior to reduce these collisions. This study investigated the effectiveness of dynamic message signs (DMS), an ITS application, to disseminate seasonal animal movement advisories as a speed reduction tool on Interstate 90 in the Bozeman Pass area. Driver responses to wildlife advisory messages displayed via other sign applications were also evaluated in a driving simulator environment. In addition to evaluating driver responses to in an attempt to lower AVCs, wildlife-vehicle collisions and movements on Bozeman Pass were monitored on Bozeman Pass prior to the installation of 0.9 miles of wildlife exclusion fencing targeted on modifying wildlife movements; monitoring will continue after the installation to provide data to conduct a before-after analysis evaluating the effectiveness the wildlife exclusion fencing in terms of reducing AVCs and maintaining wildlife movements under the interstate via an existing bridge where the fence will be installed. The last component of this project documented impacts of AVCs on department of transportation maintenance operations. The speed study and driver survey on Bozeman Pass suggested that wildlife advisory messages posted on permanent and portable DMSs can reduce motorist speeds and drivers likely had heightened awareness due to the wildlife advisories, thus reducing the safe stopping sight distance of motorists, with the most significant reductions observed during “dark” conditions when the likelihood of AVCs is highest. Driving simulation study results showed that, compared to the traditional static wildlife warning signs, test subjects were more likely to see enhanced wildlife advisory signs and enhanced signs prompted subjects to drive at decreased speeds and they were more able to quickly respond to wildlife crossing the road. Pre-fencing road-kill monitoring spanning from 2001 to 2005 documented nearly more than 1300 AVCs on Bozeman Pass. Monitoring of wildlife movements in the Montana Rail Link (MRL) bridge area also occurred prior to the installation of the wildlife fencing. Fencing will be installed in 2006 and monitoring will continue to determine the effectiveness of the fencing. The outcomes from the fencing evaluation will be combined with results from this project to provide a single, comprehensive report documenting the measures applied to increase driver safety and decrease impacts on wildlife in the Bozeman Pass region. Impacts on maintenance operations were challenging to quantify; a more in-depth assessment of the costs of wildlife carcass removal and disposal versus the expenses related to applying and maintaining different mitigation measures would help determine the most cost-efficient techniques to reducing AVCs. In conclusion, the evaluation of measures to reduce AVCs via driver and animal behavior modifications, and the preliminary assessment of the impacts of these issues on maintenance operations will help guide future decisions related to managing wildlife-transportation conflicts in the northern Rocky Mountain region. KW - Animal vehicle collisions KW - Awareness KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Behavior modification KW - Bozeman (Montana) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Fences KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Interstate highways KW - Nighttime crashes KW - Road kill KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Variable message signs KW - Warning signs KW - Wildlife UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/research/projects/env/boz_wildlife.shtml UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37900/37987/final_report2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/792569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01034006 AU - Alavi, Sirous AU - Tavares, Michael P AU - Andress, Nathan P AU - Sierra Transportation Engineers, Incorporated AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ride Specification Review for the Montana Department of Transportation PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 291p AB - This report covers the activities that were performed to enhance the current Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) ride specification for flexible pavements. The project team reviewed the MDT ride specification for flexible pavements and compared it with current literature and state of practice. An extensive state-of-practice survey of other Departments of Transportation (DOTs) was conducted and the results were utilized to provide recommendations to MDT for improving its ride specification. This report provides detailed information on the review of MDT current ride specification, literature review, state-of-the practice survey, and recommendations for improvements. The recommendations cover the proposed improvements to the current ride specification, tolerances, project classification levels, analysis tools and indices, and methods of acceptance. As part of the recommendations, a series of new documents [i.e., Profiler Operations Manual, Quality Control/Quality Assurance (QC/QA) Plan] have been developed to enhance future profile data collection and analysis. Based on the findings of this project, the project team have revised the document entitled “Method of Sampling and Testing (MT-422)” and the document “MDT Ride Specification For Flexible Pavement”. An implementation plan has been developed and presented in this report to provide MDT with a road map for implementing the findings of this project. KW - Data collection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inertial road profilers KW - International Roughness Index KW - Literature reviews KW - Montana KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Ride specification KW - Smoothness KW - State of the practice UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/ride_review/final_report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25100/25164/MDOTMT060048179.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033992 AU - Weisenfluh, Gerald A AU - Wang, Rebecca AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Making KYTC Geotechnical Reports Available on the Web PY - 2006/06//Guide SP - 31p AB - The Geotechnical Branch of the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) prepares technical reports that contain drawings, explanations, and recommendations for road and structure construction projects in Kentucky. These design reports, once complete, also serve as historical reference materials for new projects and are utilized by State contractors, regional transportation offices, as well as the KYTC staff in Frankfort, KY. In order to reduce the support needed to distribute these documents to their constituents, the KYTC required a Web-based system for storing and disseminating the reports. The system developed under this project allows KYTC staff to upload an electronic document from any Web-accessible location and catalog the contents of the reports into a relational database. A map interface was developed to facilitate locating projects with varying kinds of geographic reference on a topographic base. Once entered into the system, reports can be identified and viewed using either a text-based or map-based search tool. The data entry forms were developed as dynamic Web pages using Active Server Pages (ASP) scripting language. The document upload functionality is managed with a third party software product called AspUpload (© Persits Software, Inc.). The data entry program collects metadata about the operator for tracking, and catalogs information about the project’s geographic location, purpose, geologic context, and the nature of the included documents. Projects can be located by a number of methods, including county name, route name, road intersection, and milepoint identifiers, 7.5-minute quadrangle name, and place names. Minimum and maximum coordinate extents can be assigned using an interactive Web map, and these rectangular areas are managed in a database to permit viewing on the map. Drill hole coordinate lists can be uploaded, re-projected, and posted on the map as an alternative method of locating the extent of a project. A Web-based search form was developed to allow users to find reports according to geographic and other descriptive characteristics of the projects. Over 4000 reports, approximately 70% of the library, are currently accessible from the system. KW - Cataloging KW - Construction KW - Construction projects KW - Drawings KW - File upload KW - Frankfort (Kentucky) KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Home pages (Websites) KW - Information dissemination KW - Recommendations KW - Reference materials KW - Relational databases KW - Technical reports KW - Topographic maps KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/06/KTC_06_28_SPR314_05_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033981 AU - King, Joseph M AU - Hecht, Kelvin AU - Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy: Transportation PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 122p AB - Hydrogen fueled vehicles are proposed as an approach to improve energy security, and to reduce emissions of controlled pollutants and green house gases. Most current or projected fuel cell powered vehicles require hydrogen fuel while the current infrastructure provides a well defined system for petroleum based fueling. The transition to a system based on institutionalizing hydrogen as a readily available fuel is yet to be developed. Some states, such as California, are currently engaged in establishing such systems. Connecticut currently has not developed either a strategy or plan to address this issue. The objective of this study was to provide a literature-based best practices review of the current state of knowledge regarding transitioning to and planning for a hydrogen-based transportation fueling system within the United States or other countries to identify issues/barriers relevant to developing a hydrogen-based transportation fueling system in Connecticut. KW - Barriers to implementation KW - Best practices KW - Connecticut KW - Fuel cell vehicles KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Hydrogen codes and standards KW - Hydrogen fueling stations KW - Hydrogen fuels KW - Hydrogen storage KW - Literature reviews KW - Petroleum fuels KW - Pollutants KW - State of the practice KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Vehicles UR - http://docs.trb.org/01033981.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033222 AU - Hallenbeck, Mark E AU - Ishimaru, John M AU - Kopf, Jaime M AU - Nee, Jennifer AU - Leth, Mark AU - Forbis, Leslie AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Puget Sound HOV Lane Hours of Operation Pilot Project PY - 2006/06//Final Research Report SP - v.p. AB - In the summer of 2003, a two-year pilot program began that allows single-occupant vehicles (SOVs) to use high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes on four of the five primary freeway corridors in the Seattle area during the hours of 7:00 PM to 5:00 AM, seven days a week. After two years, the percentage and number of SOVs using the HOV lane increased at the start of the revised hours (7:00 PM) at most locations evaluated, and the percentage of all traffic using the HOV lane after 7:00 PM increased. At some locations SOV violation rates increased in the HOV lane during the transition periods (6:45 PM to 7:00 PM, and shortly after 5:00 AM); the increases were generally not large, with some exceptions at locations that also have significant general purpose PM congestion. Some locations saw a drop in violation rates. Traffic performance changes after 7:00 PM were difficult to determine, although estimates suggest a small shift toward slightly higher speeds in the GP lanes after 7:00 PM. There was almost no change in HOV lane performance after 7:00 PM. A review of collision records for the periods 2001-2002 and 2004-2005 indicated that generally there were no adverse safety effects related to revising the HOV lane hours of operation. The evaluation revealed a reduction in daily occurrence to run-off-road collisions, including during nighttime hours. Additionally, no adverse safety effects were identified during the 7:00 PM to 8:00 PM period or during the entire nighttime when the HOV lanes are open to general purpose traffic. There was evidence that safety improvements implemented before the start of the pilot project may have contributed to a lower rate of nighttime run-off-road type collisions. A traveler survey showed that among those who were already aware of the new policy, 31 to 45% associate the new hours of operation with perceived improvements in maneuverability, safety, and/or speeds, although a similar percentage of people surveyed did not perceive any change. There was sizeable support for the program among both SOV and HOV travelers, and a significant number of respondents had a more favorable opinion of the HOV system as a whole because of the new hours of operation. At the same time, only slightly less than one-half of those surveyed were aware of the revised hours of operation. KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway management systems KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Maneuverability KW - Puget Sound KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Single occupant vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic safety UR - http://depts.washington.edu/trac/bulkdisk/pdf/643.1.pdf UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/643.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/789818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033056 AU - Ernst, Steven L AU - Patel, Mahendra G AU - Capers, Harry A AU - Dwyer, Donald AU - Hawkins, Chris AU - Jakovich, Gary Steven AU - Lupton, Wayne AU - Margro, Tom AU - Ralls, Mary Lou AU - Rohena, Jesus M AU - Swanson, Mike AU - American Trade Initiatives AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program TI - Underground Transportation Systems in Europe: Safety, Operations, and Emergency Response PY - 2006/06 SP - 64p AB - The United States has limited guidelines, standards, and specifications related to safety, operations, and emergency response in underground transportation systems. The Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a scanning study of equipment, systems, and procedures used in tunnels in Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. The scan team learned that Europeans are conducting research to develop innovative design and emergency management plans that consider how people react in tunnel emergencies. Because motorist behavior is unpredictable in tunnel incidents, Europeans make instructions for drivers, passengers, and tunnel operators as straightforward as possible to reduce required decision making. The team's recommendations for U.S. implementation include conducting research on tunnel emergency management that includes human factors, developing tunnel design criteria that promote optimal driver performance during incidents, developing more effective visual, audible, and tactile signs for escape routes, and using a risk-management approach to tunnel safety inspection and maintenance. KW - Austria KW - Behavior KW - Denmark KW - Design KW - Emergency management KW - Escape systems KW - France KW - Germany KW - Human factors KW - Innovation KW - Inspection KW - Italy KW - Maintenance KW - Netherlands KW - Norway KW - Recommendations KW - Risk management KW - Safety KW - Signs KW - Study tours KW - Sweden KW - Switzerland KW - Tunnel safety KW - Tunnels UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/uts/ UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55860/FHWA-PL-06-016.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032986 AU - Southard, S L AU - Thom, R M AU - Williams, G D AU - Toft, J D AU - May, C W AU - McMichael, G A AU - Vucelick, J A AU - Newell, J T AU - Southard, J A AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impacts of Ferry Terminals on Juvenile Salmon Movement along Puget Sound Shorelines PY - 2006/06 SP - 84p AB - This study used both standardized surveys and innovative fish tagging and tracking technologies to address whether Washington State Ferries (WSF) terminals alter the behavior of migrating juvenile salmon, and if so, which attributes mediate abundance patterns or behavioral changes. Results showed that juvenile salmon were observed most frequently adjacent to ferry terminals, but were also observed far from and underneath the terminals. In some situations, juvenile salmon aggregated near the edge of the ferry terminal over-water structures (OWS). Variations in habitat, as mediated by tidal stage (affecting current magnitude and direction, light under structures, water level) and time of day (light level, sun angle, cloud cover), likely affect salmonid movement. Juvenile chum were observed to remain on the light side of a relatively sharp light-dark “edge” over a short horizontal distance (e.g., five meters). These observations demonstrate that the shading caused by ferry terminals and other OWS characteristics can deter or delay juvenile salmonid movement, and that this effect may be decreased at low tides when ambient light can better filter beneath the terminal structure. Recommendations are made concerning the design and operation of WSF terminals with regard to minimizing the undesirable impacts of OWS on juvenile salmonid movement as well as additional research. KW - Ambient light KW - Coasts KW - Ferry terminals KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Operations KW - Puget Sound KW - Salmon KW - Salmon migration KW - Shading KW - Structural design KW - Structures KW - Tides KW - Washington State Ferries UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/648.1.pdf#search=%22ASSESSING%20OVERWATER%20STRUCTURE-RELATED%20PREDATION%20RISK%20ON%20JUVENILE%20SALMON%22 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26500/26566/WARD_648.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032982 AU - Maher, Ali AU - Bennert, Thomas AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rutting and Fatigue Properties of Plant Mixes from AE Stone PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 12p AB - Loose mix from A.E. Stone, Inc. in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey (NJ) was supplied to the Rutgers Asphalt Pavement Laboratory (RAPL) for evaluation. Three different plant mixes were supplied for permanent deformation (rutting) and flexural fatigue testing; (1) A.E. Stone ¼” Mix, (2) I-4 HD, and (3) I-5 HD. To evaluate the rutting resistance properties of the different Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixes, the samples were tested in the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA). Meanwhile, to compare the fatigue properties the different HMA mixes, the Flexural Fatigue Device (FFD) was used. A brief description of each of the testing devices are provided. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt Pavement Analyzer KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexural fatigue KW - Flexural fatigue device KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - New Jersey KW - Plant mix KW - Rutting KW - Testing UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/AES-RU9247_0.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35000/35052/AES-RU9247_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032977 AU - McGhee, Kevin K AU - Gillespie, James S AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impact of a Smoothness Incentive/Disincentive on Hot-Mix Asphalt Maintenance Resurfacing Costs PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 33p AB - Smoothness, the absence of bumps and dips in the riding surface of a pavement, improves the quality of the ride and is believed to prolong the life of the pavement. This research addressed the impact of potential pay adjustments for smoothness on maintenance contract prices for hot-mix asphalt. In addition to the construction costs associated with potential incentives/disincentives for smoothness, the research examined the financial value of the resulting product (presumably smoother pavements). The analysis included maintenance cost savings for the owner/agency, as well as any reduction in delay and operating costs for the motoring public. A detailed statistical analysis of 5 years of Virginia’s plant mix resurfacing schedules found no statistically definitive impact on bid price as a result of the Virginia Department of Transportation’s (VDOT) special provision for rideability for asphalt pavements. A similar analysis on a more focused data set, however, did document a lifetime reduction in the International Roughness Index (IRI) of almost 9 in/mi. This reduction in roughness (increase in smoothness) implies an increase in pavement service life, which translates into reduced annual maintenance costs. Although the analysis supports as much as 7 years in additional functional life, an example calculation demonstrates that just a 2-year life extension will supply approximately $1,295 (about 6% of material costs) in owner/agency savings for every lane-mile of highway that is resurfaced under the special provision for rideability. If VDOT continues to employ the special provision with the frequency it has averaged over the past 4 years (1,033 lane-miles per year), using the special provision will save on the order of $1.3 million per year. The lifetime decrease in roughness can lead to even more dramatic user cost savings. One real example provided in the report demonstrates a fuel cost savings (for trucks alone) of $160,000 over a 10-year period for each lane mile of highway that is resurfaced under the special provision for rideability. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Contract rates KW - Costs KW - Fuel costs KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - International Roughness Index KW - Maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness KW - Savings KW - Service life KW - Smoothness KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/06-r28.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37317/06-r28.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032973 AU - Defazio, Christian AU - Arafa, Mohamed Danish AU - Balaguru, P N AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - Ceramatec, Incorporated AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Functional Geopolymer Composites for Structural Ceramic Applications PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 18p AB - The results of an experimental investigation on the behavior of milled and short-fiber reinforced composite plates are presented in this paper. The target operating temperature for the plates was 1300°C. The principal variables were the type and volume fraction of fibers and the matrix composition. Three fiber types and five fiber contents ranging from 2.5 to 10 weight percent were evaluated. The density of the samples varied from 1500 to 2800 kg/m³. For the matrix, the ratio between alumina and silica was varied from 1:1 to 5:1. The flexural tensile strength, (modulus of rupture) varied from 10 to 95 MPa. The modulus of elasticity varied from 5 to 60 GPa. There is a strong correlation between the unit weight and the mechanical properties of strength and modulus. Load-deflection response in flexure, strength and stiffness for the various mix formulations and their relation to unit weight are presented. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Density KW - Fiber composites KW - Fibers KW - Flexural strength KW - Geopolymer composites KW - High temperature KW - Mechanical properties KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Tensile strength UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/Ceram-RU9163.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35000/35055/Ceram-RU9163.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032966 AU - Maher, Ali AU - Bennert, Thomas AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Advanced Characterization Testing of the Port Authority of NY/NJ's Hot Mix Asphalt Materials PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 71p AB - The Port Authority of New York/New Jersey (PANYNJ) is moving towards performance-based evaluations of hot mix asphalt (HMA) to verify the cost of new and innovative HMA mixes for use on the George Washington Bridge and on airports, such as Newark Liberty International. HMA mixes for the George Washington Bridge were evaluated using repeated load testing, the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer, Flexural Beam Fatigue, and Dynamic Modulus. The various mixes evaluated consisted of Epoxy-based HMA, asphalt-rubber HMA, Rosphalt (which is an asphalt rubber based mix), and a PG76-22 asphalt binder with fibers. Laboratory testing concluded that the Epoxy-based HMA provided excellent rutting and fatigue properties, however, the mix has a tendency “set-up” and cure at sometimes unpredictable times, thereby, not lending itself to traditional paving delays that occur. The Rosphalt mix performed almost as well as the Epoxy-based HMA, but without the “set-up” issues. All “innovative” HMA mixes tested outperformed the current in-place I-5 PG76-22 in both rutting and fatigue testing. Work conducted on the interface bond testing of HMA cores taken from Newark Liberty International Airport clearly showed that HMA with a granite-gneiss aggregate had lower repetitions to debonding than HMA with Trap Rock aggregates. The laboratory results were validated by field observations of debonding in areas where granite-gneiss aggregates were used. Testing conducted used a bi-axial repeated load test to simulate the axial and shear stresses developed during airplane trafficking. Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) testing of different a Federal Administration Aviation (FAA) #3 surface course mix with various PG-graded asphalt binders showed that, as expected, asphalt binders with higher PG grades are less susceptible to rutting. The results indicated that the fuel resistance asphalt binder, high PG graded at 94°C, accumulated half of the total APA rutting as the PG64-22. KW - Aggregates KW - Airport traffic KW - Airports KW - Asphalt Pavement Analyzer KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Bituminous binders KW - Debonding KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Epoxides KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flexural beam fatigue KW - George Washington Bridge KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Newark Liberty International Airport KW - Port Authority of New York and New Jersey KW - Rutting KW - Shear stress KW - Steel plates UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/PA-RU9247_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032961 AU - Defazio, Christian AU - Arafa, Mohamed Danish AU - Balaguru, P N AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Geopolymer Column Wrapping PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 8p AB - This report deals with the use of an inorganic-polymer coating for the protection and strengthening of transportation infrastructures. The constituents of the coating include nano-silicates and other nano-size activators and fillers. The demonstration project consisted of wrapping of columns with carbon fibers and inorganic-polymer, which is located in Maryland State. Details of the projects and the basic study conducted for the evaluation of durability of the coating are presented. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Column wrapping KW - Columns KW - Durability KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Evaluation KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Geopolymer KW - Jacketing (Strengthening) KW - Maryland KW - Nanostructured materials KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Polymers KW - Transportation infrastructure UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/Mary-RU9088.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032940 AU - Lubiewski, Michael AU - Silva, Pedro AU - Chen, Genda AU - University of Missouri, Rolla AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Seismic Retrofit of CISS Pile Bent Cap Connections PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 147p AB - This report presents results from a research investigation of a total of three 4/5 scale units that were cast, retrofitted, and tested under simulated fully-reversed cyclic lateral loading for the State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. These three units consisted of a cast in place steel shell (CISS) column foundation shaft and a bent cap configured to form a tee connection. In addition, these units were built to model a bridge bent and tested under simulated seismic loads at the University of Missouri Rolla experimental facilities. Based on the experimental study, this report presents an upgrade method that can be implemented in field conditions for improving the seismic performance of bridges built in the state of Alaska. Specific seismic improvements made to the column and the bent cap system were: (1) the moment capacity of the column was reduced by cutting a portion of the column longitudinal reinforcement at the connection to the bent cap to levels that can ensure a proper ductile seismic response, (2) a section of the steel shell was cut and removed leaving a gap between the steel shell and the bent cap, and (3) the bent cap dimensions were increased to ensure proper reinforcement spacing and to install the additional flexure and joint shear reinforcement, which was designed according to well established joint shear force transfer mechanism models. Each unit was retrofitted in the column, bent cap, and their connection according to current seismic design standards in order to ensure a ductile performance under the applied lateral loads. In all the test units, the main failure mode was characterized by strength degradation of the columns due to joint shear failure beyond a displacement ductility capacity of 6. Based on this information, the research team suggests that a limiting force reduction factor of 4 be employed in retrofit design using any of the upgrade details discussed in this report. Furthermore, this research program studied the feasibility of the upgrade method for direct implementation in the field. This report presents the test results, design philosophy, and recommendations for further research in order to improve the proposed retrofit scheme. KW - Alaska KW - Bents KW - Bridges KW - Cast in place structures KW - Columns KW - Ductility KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Field tests KW - Flexure KW - Force reduction factor KW - Lateral loads KW - Longitudinal reinforcement KW - Moment capacity KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Retrofitting KW - Shear strength UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_06_06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01031586 AU - Kennedy, James C AU - Plaxico, Chuck A AU - Miele, Charles R AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of an NCHRP Report 350 TL-3 New Jersey Shape 50-inch Portable Concrete Barrier PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - v.p. AB - For roadside work-zones in areas that have opposing traffic flow, safety is enhanced if the temporary barriers incorporate a "glare-shield" that blocks headlight glare from opposing traffic. Currently-available 32-in. portable concrete barriers require the use of an add-on glare shield attached to the top of the barrier. The add-on glare shields are an extra expense and complicate barrier set-up and handling. An alternative solution was to develop a 50-in. high portable concrete barrier which is tall enough to serve as its own glare-shield. Finite element analysis was used to investigate various barrier shapes and connection schemes to identify a successful crashworthy design that would meet requirements of National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 Test level 3. A 50-in. portable concrete barrier design was developed based on the results of the finite element analyses and was crash tested at the Transportation Research Center in East Liberty, Ohio. The system successfully met all safety criteria of NCHRP Report 350 and has been approved by the Federal Highway Administration for use on the National Highway System as a test level 3 device. KW - Anti glare screens KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashworthiness KW - Finite element method KW - Impact tests KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Ohio KW - Shape KW - Temporary barriers KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A70804893 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01031583 AU - Hossain, M Shabbir AU - Elfino, Mohamed K AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Demonstration of Magnetic Tomography Technology for Determination of Dowel Bar Position in Concrete Pavement PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 32p AB - The purpose of this study was to demonstrate and evaluate the use of magnetic tomography technology through the use of Magnetic Imaging Tools’ (MIT) MIT Scan-2. The main objective was to measure the alignment of dowel bars in a few jointed plain concrete pavements in Virginia and demonstrate the applicability of the technology. The MIT Scan-2 was obtained on loan from the Concrete Pavement Technology Program. This program is managed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) through a partnership with state highway agencies, industry, and academia. Dowel alignment measurements were successfully performed on both mechanically inserted dowel bars and bars on dowel baskets. Although the verification with field coring showed reasonably accurate measurements, signal interference from uncut dowel baskets, the presence of foreign metal in nearby locations, and bars deeper than 8 in. can result in unreliable quantitative results. The repeatability of the measurements for bars on dowel baskets showed general agreement with the data reported from FHWA. The device was found to be user-friendly, and its field operation was simple. Thus, there is a potential benefit from using the MIT Scan-2 as a quality assurance tool for detecting dowel bar misalignment in jointed plain concrete pavement in Virginia. KW - Alignment KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dowel baskets KW - Evaluation KW - Magnetic Imaging Tools (MIT) Scan 2 KW - Measurement KW - Tie bars KW - Tomography KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/06-r40.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37325/06-r40.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01031581 AU - Cuelho, Eli AU - Stephens, Jerry AU - Smolenski, Peter AU - Johnson, Jeff AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating Concrete Bridge Deck Performance PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 302p AB - Since the service life of concrete bridge decks designed by traditional procedures is often shorter than desired, their ability to withstand constant and heavy use in a variety of operating environments is of major concern. In this project, the relative performance of three bridge decks constructed with different concretes and reinforcing steel configurations was studied to help determine which deck offers the best performance over time. To achieve this objective, an array of strain and temperature instrumentation was embedded in each of the bridge decks prior to placing the deck concrete. The decks were tested under controlled live loads to characterize their structural behavior. The first set of such tests was performed immediately after the bridge decks were completed, and the second was conducted two years later. The long term performance of the three decks under environmental loads (notably, changes in temperature) was studied by continuously monitoring selected strain gages in each bridge, and by conducting periodic visual distress surveys and corrosion tests. In the data collected and analyzed from the live load tests and environmental response monitoring of the three decks, only subtle behavioral differences have been observed. While some aspects of the response have been found to statistically differ between bridges and over time, the significance of these differences remains uncertain, as the bridges are relatively young, and they only exhibit nominal signs of distress. The significance of these differences may become clear in the future, if substantial differences in deck durability and performance emerge over time. The visual distress surveys have found that the majority of the cracking that has occurred in the decks is near the integral abutments and that the Empirical deck had the most extensive cracking in this regard. The analysis presented herein generally serves as a baseline for the relative condition of the three bridges before prolonged demands from traffic and the environment. Should a follow-on project be initiated, data obtained from continued long-term monitoring and live load testing will likely provide a more complete body of evidence from which to ascertain which deck design offers superior performance. Relative to cost, initial expense for each deck was similar, thus the relative cost-to-benefit for the decks will be dependent on the service life that they offer. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Corrosion tests KW - Cracking KW - Data collection KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Load tests KW - Performance KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Service life KW - Strain gages UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/threedecks/final_report.pdf UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/research/projects/structures/threedecks.shtml UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45867/final_report89.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01031579 AU - Weyers, R E AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Brown, M C AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Summary Report on the Performance of Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel in Virginia PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 35p AB - From 1992 to 2006, the Virginia Transportation Research Council and its contract researchers conducted a long-term systematic series of investigations to evaluate the corrosion protection effectiveness of epoxy-coated reinforcement (ECR) and to identify and recommend the best and most cost-effective corrosion protection system for Virginia bridge decks. This report summarizes this research and subsequent efforts to implement alternative reinforcement. The work was conducted, and is reported, in this general order: (1) review of historical performance of ECR, ECR performance in solutions and concrete, and preliminary field investigations, (2) investigation of field performance of bridge decks built with ECR, (3) assessment of alternative corrosion protection methods, (4) development of probabilistic service life models for bridge decks and laboratory assessment of ECR cores extracted from bridge decks to determine service life extension, and (5) efforts to implement alternative reinforcement. The series of studies demonstrated that the epoxy coating on ECR naturally degrades in the highly alkaline moist environment within concrete. The subsequent loss of bond, coupled with the inevitable flaws in the coating induced by construction, leads to an estimated service life benefit of ECR of as little as 3 to 5 years. Further, non-critical decks, beams, and substructure elements not exposed to marine environments, particularly on secondary and rural routes, can be cost-effectively constructed and maintained using low-permeability concrete and black reinforcing bar. However, because the Federal Highway Administration requires the use of corrosion-resistant reinforcement, and because ECR cannot provide adequate corrosion protection for structures designed for a 100-year+ service life as currently recommended by FHWA, the report recommends that the Virginia Department of Transportation amend its specifications regarding the use of ECR to require the use of corrosion-resistant metallic reinforcing bars such as MMFX2, stainless steel clad, and solid stainless steel. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Marine environment KW - Permeability KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Service life KW - Solid stainless steel KW - Stainless steel KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/06-r29.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37323/06-r29.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01031574 AU - Hoppe, Edward J AU - Hite, Stanley L AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of a Pile-Supported Embankment PY - 2006/06//Final Report SP - 30p AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the field performance of the first pile-supported highway embankment constructed in Virginia. The project involved construction of an approach to the new bridge over the Mattaponi River, replacing the existing Lord Delaware Bridge at West Point. The scope of work included field instrumentation and data gathering as related to stress transfer and settlement. The objective was to measure actual soil pressures that are exerted at the geotextile fabric bridging pile caps and to measure stresses acting over pile caps. In addition, data analysis was to be carried out to provide information that Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) engineers could use to optimize future designs of pile-supported embankments. This report contains field monitoring data and analysis. Prestressed concrete piles were driven at 7-ft (2.1 m) spacing and topped with 3 ft by 3 ft (0.9 m by 0.9 m) precast concrete pile caps. Several layers of high-strength geosynthetic fabric were used for base reinforcement. The maximum embankment height was approximately 6 ft (1.8 m). Earth pressure sensors installed onsite confirmed the formation of soil arching in the embankment fill between columns. Numerical analysis pointed to the large impact of the upper foundation soil layer properties on the magnitude of the final embankment settlement and fabric strain. This shows that accurate material characterization is essential for a cost-effective design. Construction of the pile-supported embankment was carried out by a general contractor. No specialized equipment or methods were required. A rapid increase in the subgrade bearing capacity was observed as the construction proceeded. This method appears particularly well suited to time-critical projects. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Field studies KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotextiles KW - Instrumentation KW - Numerical analysis KW - Pile caps KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stress transfer KW - Stresses KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/06-r36.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37321/06-r36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787633 ER -