TY - RPRT AN - 01069772 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Tri-State airport runway improvements, Huntington : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069771 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Columbus airport land acquisition : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069767 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Ingersoll airport runway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069762 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Oxford County regional airport runway and taxiway improvement, Oxford : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069761 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Panola County airport, Batesville : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069760 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Mississippi County airport ADAP : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069759 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Bolton Field airport improvements, Columbus : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069758 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Concord municipal airport runway and taxiway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069756 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Salt Lake City International Airport land acquisition and improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069755 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Duplin County airport development : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069752 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Grant Municipal Airport runway construction, Perkins County : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069746 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Aitkin municipal airport improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069743 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Cleveland airport development : environmental impact statement PY - 1972///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155615 AU - ECKERT, R D AU - American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research TI - AIRPORTS AND CONGESTION: A PROBLEM OF MISPLACED SUBSIDIES PY - 1972 SP - 71 p. AB - Although federal airport subsidy programs have strong adherents, the case in favor of them is an uneasy one. The beneficiaries of these subsidies are mainly higher income groups. The is no reason to suppose that airports and aviation make a contribution to the nation's economic growth that is more important than many nonsubsidized industries. Airports also create costs in the form of noise, air, and water pollution which suggest that their activities might be taxed rather than subsidized. For the purpose of this paper, however, one of the most important arguments against subsidies is that they increase congestion rather than reduce it. Charging below-cost prices also creates new users who lobby in behalf of continuing subsidies. Recent court decisions indicate that the pricing of airport services is legal. Pricing systems could be of two kinds. The first would impose peak-hour landing fees. These fees would have to be adjusted from time to time according to a "trial-and-error" procedure until queues declined to desired levels. The second kind would create landing rights or slots that would be vested in current users and be fully transferable. This would allow higher-valued users to purchase slots from lower-valued users, and thus improve airport efficiency. The rights need not be given in perpetuity. They could be renewable permits granted for 3-year periods. Neither of these pricing systems is likely to present large problems in implementation. But some experience with their operation could be gained through experiments at two or three airports that might last up to three years. The experiments could be funded under the planning grant authority of Public Law 91-258. They would produce information on the nature of airport demand, the extent to which prices can reduce congestion, and any unforeseen problems in administration. KW - Airports KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Finance KW - Landing KW - Peak periods KW - Subsidies KW - Traffic congestion KW - Users UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155613 AU - Institute Transport Aerien TI - THE AIRPORT. ACCESS BY AIR AND LAND PY - 1972 SP - 190 p. AB - This symposium considered problems which are centered on the airport: on its setting, its location and its role. They are related to the characteristics of the air transportation industry and can be defined under six main headings: congestion, distance, number of airports, environment, cost and role. Congestion before and after the airport. The saturation of airspace and the congestion of surface links affect air transport in terms of time, regularity and financial costs. Compared with other transport media, they may also create a handicap if urban, suburban and regional extensions are not adequately drained and irrigated by convenient services. The dispersion of points and zones involved adds to the complexity. The increasing distance between cities and airports which are cut off from their economic and demographic context and lose in efficiency and integration in daily life what they gain from the technical viewpoint. An environment effected by disturbances - particularly noise -which are tolerated less and less. Increasing the number of airports, either to serve major cities or equip a region or country: diversification gives obvious advantages but poses problems concerning traffic distribution, operation and frequencies, investment and land acquisition. KW - Airport access KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport congestion KW - Airport location KW - Airport noise KW - Airport operations KW - Airport planning KW - Airports KW - Costs KW - Environment KW - Landside capacity KW - Location KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090092 AU - Moses, R O AU - Blackstone, S L AU - Martin Marietta Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FILTER BELT OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM PY - 1971/12 SP - 308 p. AB - The results of a systems development program (Phase I) for preliminary design of a high seas oil recovery system are presented. Requirements were to project a system capable of recovering 2000 gpm of oil with a low water content. Oil would be recovered from the water surface by two continuous filter belts mounted in the center of a catamaran hull. The filter material retains oil but allows water to pass through freely. An additional oil/water separation system is not required. The system would include a 2000 gpm oil transfer system for offloading recovered oil. It may be used in conjunction with oil containment booms, floating oil storage bags, barges, or small tankers. The system would be designed to operate in waves up to 5 ft. average height. The system would be required to be transported by land vehicles or C-130 cargo aircraft. This report describes basic filter material performance testing, model basin testing, filter belt development, subsystem requirements definition, and preliminary design. KW - Belts KW - Filters KW - Manual safety belts KW - Oil spills KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Test procedures KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155597 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company TI - AIRPORT ACCESS - A PLANNING GUIDE PY - 1971/10 SP - 20 p. AB - The organization and financing of airport access studies appear to be unique in each application. Financing sources range from the Federal Government with support from communities or local transportation agencies to the airport owner/operator. Regardless of the source of financing, a consistent and broad set of goals and objectives should be defined and analyses undertaken to evaluate the impacts of system and operational alternatives on the users, the community, and the organizations involved. Unless the financial implications and potential benefits are clearly defined, it will be difficult to implement the recommendations. Even a clear or reasonably accurate statement of impacts will not guarantee implementation, since the value structure of the private or public sector agencies, as measured by the definition of priorities and allocation of revenues, are influenced by institutional factors and may be different than the values structures of the community at large. Also, budgeting or resource-allocation considerations of potential implementing agencies may span a broader or different set of objectives. This set may be completely consistent with the role of the implementing agencies. KW - Airport access KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Financing KW - Impacts KW - Landside capacity KW - Resource allocation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091282 AU - Dunlay, WJJ AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A STOCHASTIC MODEL OF CONTROLLED AIRWAY TRAFFIC PY - 1971/10 SP - 55 p. AB - The model presented in this paper may be used to estimate the expected number of overtake, crossing and merging conflicts at one flight level of an airway network. In addition, procedures are described for estimating the workload and saturation capacities of the network. A number of simplifying assumptions facilitate the analysis. Among these are (1) poisson arrival processes at all points, (2) constant aircraft velocities, and (3) aircraft paths that are coincident with charted airways, or otherwise predictable straight line segments. Each conflict model is essentially a conditional probability model given a particular pair of aircraft types which is then summed up over all possible aircraft-type pairs to obtain the unconditional conflict probabilities. A discussion of possible extensions of the model is included at the end of the report. KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Capacity quantity KW - Civil aviation KW - Classification KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Flight paths KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Networks KW - Probability KW - Stochastic processes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090151 AU - ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM PY - 1971/10 SP - 186 p. AB - Results of ILS improvement studies performed at Ohio University are reported. The report is divided into sections ILS Glide Slope and ILS Localizer. Some of the topics treated under ILS Glide Slope are terrain effects and terrain grading criteria, snow effects, development of a directional glide slope antenna with integral monitoring, siting problems at specific sites, and introductory work on reflections from large aircraft. The main topics treated under ILS Localizer are suppression of parasitics in the Scanwell localizer, study of augmentation of clearance generated by the Scanwell localizer, performance of the Scanwell array and three types of monitor under localizer fault conditions, reflection of localizer signals from hangars and from large aircraft, and preliminary work on design of a localizer array which produces clearance within a 35 degrees sector only. KW - Attenuation KW - Directional antennas KW - Glide path systems KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Monitoring KW - Radio transmission KW - Scattering KW - Transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203770 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GROVE CITY AIRPORTS, GROVE CITY PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PY - 1971/10 SP - 25 p. AB - THE PROJECT PROPOSES TO ACQUIRE LAND FOR AIRPORT DEVELOPMENT TO CONSTRUCT RUNWAYS AND TAXIWAYS TERMINAL APRON AND TAXIWAY TURNAROUNS; TO CONSTRUCT ACCESS ROADS; TO INSTALL MEDIUM INTENSITY LIGHTING SYSTEM INCLUDING VASL, STUB TAXIWAY LIGHTING AND ROTATING BEACON, AND LIGHTED WIND CONE AND SEGMENTED CIRCLE. THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT WILL PROVIDE A PAVED AND LIGHTED AIRPORT, WHICH WILL ENHANCE THE OVERALL ECONOMY OF THE AREA SERVED AND IMPROVED THE INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL GROWTH OF THE COMMUNITY. /AUTHOR/GRA/ KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Development KW - Economic benefits KW - Economic development KW - Industries KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Lightning KW - Taxiways KW - Trade UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203771 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SANTA BARBARA MUNICIPAL AIRPORT, SANTA BARBARA, CALTFORNIA: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PY - 1971/10 SP - 127 p. AB - THE PROJECT PROPOSES TO CONSTRUCT A PORTION OF A PARALLEL TAXIWAY TO SERVE THE MAIN INSTRUMENT RUNWAY AT THE MUNICIPAL AIRPORT. THE PROPOSED TAXIWAY IMPROVEMENT IS NOT EXPECTED TO AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE SURROUNDING AREA OR HINDER THE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE OF GOLETA SLOUGH. /AUTHOR(GRA)/ KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Construction KW - Environmental impacts KW - Taxiways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226631 AU - Obrien, P J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - A DYNAMIC SIMULATION STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CAPACITY IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY TERMINAL AREA PY - 1971/08 SP - 114 p. AB - A DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF AIR TRAFFIC OPERATIONS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY TERMINAL AREA WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE AIR TRAFFIC CAPACITY ESTIMATES WHEN SEVERAL DIFFERENT AIRPORT EXPANSION PLANS WERE IMPLEMENTED. CAPACITY ESTIMATES WERE MADE FOR THE FOLLOWING SEPARATE CONDITIONS: FIRST, THE PRESENT DAY SYSTEM SLIGHTLY MODIFIED TO ACCOMMODATE AN INCREASED VOLUME OF TRAFFIC; SECOND, WITH THE OPERATION OF AN ADDITIONAL RUNWAY AT SAN FRANCISCO AIRPORT; THIRD, WITH THE OPERATION OF AN ADDITIONAL RUNWAY AT OAKLAND AIRPORT; AND FOURTH, WITH THE OPERATION OF A NEW MULTIPARALLEL RUNWAY AIRPORT LOCATED NEAR THE SOUTH END OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND WITHOUT THE EXPANSION TO EITHER SAN FRANCISCO OR OAKLAND AIRPORTS. AN ESTIMATE WAS ALSO MADE OF THE TOTAL SYSTEM CAPACITY WHEN ALL AIRPORT EXPANSIONS WERE IMPLEMENTED. /AUTHOR/ (GRA) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic forecasts KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport planning KW - Airport runways KW - Airspace capacity KW - Development KW - Expansion KW - Forecasting KW - Highway capacity KW - Metropolitan Oakland International Airport KW - Parallel runways KW - Parallel taxiways KW - San Francisco International Airport KW - Simulation KW - Taxiways KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01351688 AU - Mohler, Stanley R AU - Gerathewohl, Siegfried J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Civil Aeromedical Standards for General-Use Aerospace Transportation Vehicles: The Space-Shuttle Follow-on PY - 1971/07/01/OAM Report SP - 8p AB - Second-generation general-use aerospace transportation vehicles will evolve, and aerospace medical specialists must provide timely medical criteria for (a) occupant selection, (b) vehicle design features, and (c) operational guidelines. Incorporation of this aeromedical data will result in (1) enhanced mission success and mission efficiency, and (2) minimized opportunity for mission failure, accidents, and long-range adverse consequences due to human factor deficiencies. The data include medical standards for the occupants plus standards for oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and monoxide, humidity, heat, water vapor, internal noise, radiation and other items. KW - Aerospace engineering KW - Civil engineering KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors engineering KW - London Orbital Motorway KW - Medical services KW - Space shuttles KW - Vehicle design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/39000/39100/39167/AM71-33.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1114749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01351732 AU - Smith, Roger C AU - FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Personality Assessment in Aviation: An Analysis of the Item Ambiguity Characteristics of the 16PF and MMPI PY - 1971/07//OAM Report SP - 8p AB - Devices such as the 16PF and MMPI have been widely employed in the evaluation of personnel in aviation settings. The present study investigated the problem of item ambiguity (the degree to which an item elicits multiple interpretation) which may limit the utility of such devices when used in screening procedures.Subjects completed either the 16PF or the MMPI while concurrently rating each item on a five-point ambiguity scale. The ambiguity for each item was determined and the relationship between ambiguity and sex of the respondent, the individual factor scales, and the scores of subjects on the scales were considered. The implications of the findings for the item construction and use of the tests in various applications were discussed. KW - Ambiguity resolution KW - Aviation KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Gender KW - Human factors KW - Personality KW - Psychological aspects UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/39000/39100/39169/AM71-35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1114753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01351660 AU - Cobb, Bart B AU - Lay, Carolyn D AU - Bourdet, Nancy M AU - FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - The Relationship between Chronological; Age and Aptitude Test Measures of Advanced-Level Air traffic Control Trainees PY - 1971/07//OAM Report SP - 32p AB - This study examined the interrelationships of age, aptitude measures, and training performance scores for 710 men who entered basic air traffic control (ATC) training at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) academy during November 1968 through March 1970. They ranged in age from 21 to 52 years, but less than 12% were over the age of 40. More of the subjects were former military controllers who possessed sufficient prior ATC experience to be (a) selected for training with an exemption from a qualifying aptitude index and (b) appointed to trainee status with higher-than-normal pay grades. Age correlated negatively with 21 of the 22 aptitude measures and with training grades. On most tests, performance means of subjects over age 34 were significantly lower than those obtained for the younger trainees,and their attrition rate for the training course was three times that of their younger classmates. Only one of the 22 aptitude measures failed to correlate positively with the training grades. The results indicated that greater effectiveness in screening such applicants could be attained if eligibility standards were modified to include considerations of both age and aptitudes. KW - Age KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aptitude KW - Personnel performance KW - Tests KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/39000/39100/39170/AM71-36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1114814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200611 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OPERATIONS UNDER THE AIRPORT AND AIRWAY DEVELOPMENT ACT PY - 1971/06/30 SP - 46 p. AB - THE AIRPORTS PROGRAM IS BASED PRIMARILY ON THE PROVISIONS OF THE AIRPORT AND AIRWAY DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1970 (PUBLIC LAW 91-258) ENACTED ON 21 MAY 1970. PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES OF THIS PROGRAM INCLUDE: PREPARATION OF A NATIONAL AIRPORT SYSTEM PLAN; ADMINISTERING PROGRAMS OF GRANTS-IN-AID FOR AIRPORT PLANNING AND AIRPORT DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AIRPORT PLANNING, ENGINEERING, AND SAFETY STANDARDS; AIRPORT CERTIFICATION AND INSPECTION FOR SAFETY OF OPERATIONS; FIELD COLLECTION OF INFORMATION FOR THE AIRPORT DATA PROGRAM; PARTICIPATION IN TRANSFER OF FEDERAL LAND AND PROPERTY FOR CIVIL AIRPORT USE; AND THE PROGRAM FOR ASSURING COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT OF AIRPORT AGREEMENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Airports KW - Development KW - Laws KW - Programs KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226628 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SYSTEM DESIGN FOR AN ALL WEATHER AIRPORT SURFACE TRAFFIC SYSTEM PY - 1971/04/26 SP - 135 p. AB - THE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR AN ALL WEATHER SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING AIRPORT SURFACE TRAFFIC ARE PRESENTED. THE STAGES IN PROGRESSING FROM THE CURRENT SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING AIRPORT SURFACE TRAFFIC TO AN ALL WEATHER SYSTEM ARE DESCRIBED AND INCLUDE: EXISTING SYSTEM, VISUAL SIGNALLING, DETECTION, ALARM/PRIORITY LOGIC, COMPUTER PROCESSING, AND REDUCED VISIBILITY GUIDANCE AND 1269545 TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS KW - Airports KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Guidance KW - Information processing KW - Traffic control KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092083 AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF RUNWAY FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS ON WET, ICY OR SNOW COVERED RUNWAYS PY - 1971/04/01 SP - 26 p. AB - Three methods of measuring runway friction characteristics are described and possible usage of the data obtained is indicated. The information presented reflects the current state-of-the-art for measurement and classification of the relative slipperiness of runway surfaces. The three methods described include: (1) The diagonal-braked vehicle test method for measuring stopping distances on paved surfaces, (2) the Mu Meter method for evaluating runway surface characteristics, and (3) the James Brake Decelerometer method for determining runway slipperiness in the form of a friction coefficient. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Airport runways KW - Equipment tests KW - Friction KW - Ice KW - Military facilities KW - Moisture content KW - Pavements KW - Skidding KW - Snow KW - State of the art KW - Surfaces KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513857 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Grove municipal airport land acquisition and runway and taxiway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513855 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Jesup-Wayne County Airport land acquisition and runway improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513854 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Carrizozo municipal airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513853 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Redding municipal airport land acquisition : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513852 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Albert Lea municipal airport expansion : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513851 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Salisbury-Wicomico County airport land acquisition : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513850 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Wahoo municipal airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513849 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Lawrence Township municipal airport land acquisition and runway extension, Clearfield : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513848 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Clarion County airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512971 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Calhoun County airport, new airport, Pittsboro : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft(in F), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512970 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Lonesome Pine airport runway extension, Wise County : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512968 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Rexburg-Madison County airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512966 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Truckee-Tahoe airport land acqusisition and runway improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512965 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Dothan airport runway improvements and extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512961 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Terry County airport runway resurfacing and extension, Brownsville : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512960 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Memphis International Airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512957 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - New Holstein municipal airport upgrading runway pavement : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512037 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Alma/Bacon County airport land acqusition and runway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512036 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Batesville airport land acquisition, runway and taxiway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512034 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Allentown/Bethlehem/Easton airport land acquisition and runway extension, Allentown : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512033 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Gettysburg municipal airport land acquisition and runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512027 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Pierre municipal airport runway upgrading : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511118 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Jekyll Island airport runway-taxiway extension, Glynn County : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511117 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Mission Field runway extension, Livingston : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511116 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Kent County airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511115 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Iowa Falls municipal airport land acquisition and runway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511114 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Colby municipal airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511113 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Henryetta municipal airport runway extension and reconstruction : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511112 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Martin County airport runway extension, Williamstown : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511111 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Pender municipal airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510200 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Jefferson Davis airport, new airport, Prentiss : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft(in F), Final, Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510199 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Capital Airport runway relocation, Springfield : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510198 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Reidsville airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510196 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Savannah municipal airport long term development : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510195 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Great Falls International Airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510194 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Cambridge municipal airport land acquisition : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510193 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Carson airport land acquisition and runway extension, Carson City : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510192 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Goldsboro/Wayne municipal airport land reimbursement and improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510191 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Loup City municipal airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510189 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Lancaster County airport ADAP, Lancaster : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509309 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Atlanta airport loop road construction, drainage system, Clayton/Fulton counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509308 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Walker Field runway extension, Grand Junction : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509307 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Bonifay airport new runway construction and land reimbursement : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft(in F), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509306 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Mankato municipal airport expansion : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509304 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Minot International Airport land acquisition and runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509302 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Ogallala municipal airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509301 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Pickens County airport runway extension, Liberty : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508405 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Murray Field runway extension, Eureka : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508402 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Broken Bow municipal airport land acquisition : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508401 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Salt Lake City airport land acquisition and runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508399 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Reading municipal airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508396 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Plattsmouth municipal airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507434 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Pine Belt Regional Airport (proposed), Laurel and Hattiesburg : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507433 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Fostoria metropolitan airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507432 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Russell Field runway improvements, Rome : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507430 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Anaconda airport turf runway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507429 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Fulton/Itawamba County airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507428 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Ortonville municipal airport runway improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507427 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Houghton County Memorial Airport reconstruction : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507426 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Ryan Airport runway reconstruction, Baton Rouge : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507424 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Ashtabula County airport land acquisition and runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507423 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Brewster Field/Holdrege municipal airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507422 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Hastings municipal airport land acquisition and construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507421 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Tecumseh municipal airport land acquisition : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507420 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Wayne Wonderland Airport land acquisition and runway extension, Loa : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507419 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Maury County regional airport land acquisition and runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507418 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Norfolk regional airport land acquisition and runway extensions : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454132 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - The Eagle-Eyed Pilot (Video) PY - 1971 AB - This video stresses that a pilot's vision and flight safety go hand-in-hand. It acquaints the general aviation pilot with the physiology of pilot vision, particularly highlighting the limitations of the eye in flight and factors that can affect and impair sight and safety while airborne. KW - Air pilots KW - Aviation safety KW - Eye KW - General aviation KW - Vision UR - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRsw_cUl8CM UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161611 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Lexington municipal airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069868 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Harlingen airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069846 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Republic Airport runway extension transfer, Farmingdale : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01069783 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Fairfax County airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1971///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00911855 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STAFF STUDY: CIVIL AERONAUTICAL PRODUCTION, CALENDAR YEAR 1968.. T2 - CIVIL AERONAUTICAL PRODUCTION. PY - 1971 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585464 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00407652 JO - GA-20-85 -UNTRACED SERIES PB - Federal Aviation Administration AU - DAY, B A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE AFRO-AMERICAN AIRMAN IN WORLD WAR II PY - 1971 SP - 1 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - African Americans KW - Air pilots KW - History KW - United States KW - World War, 1939-1945 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/224330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402092 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AVIATION'S ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION REPORT. COMPILATION OF THE NEWSPAPER, RADIO AND TELEVISION COVERAGE OF THE VARIOUS RELEASES AND DEMONSTRATI PY - 1971 SP - 89 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155616 AU - Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission TI - METROPOLITAN AIRCRAFT NOISE ABATEMENT POLICY STUDY, O'HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS PY - 1971 SP - 118 p. AB - At Chicago's O'Hare two runways built since 1965 will enlarge the noise-impacted area to include the homes of half a million persons by 1975. Land use strategies in this short time can only limit the 58,000 persons which residential construction trends would bring into the noise-impacted area by 1975. Operational changes plus acoustical lining of existing aircraft engine nacelles might reduce the impacted population to 190,000. Operational changes plus new engines of quieter design might cut the impacted population to 140,000--less than half of the 1965 number. Motel builders successfully have limited airport noise by adding 20 to 30 percent to construction costs for soundproofing. These techniques are feasible for new multiple-family dwellings in the moderately noise-impacted area, but not in the heavily noise-impacted area, and not for single-family dwellings. Local building codes legally could require soundproofing performance standards for new rental buildings but not for existing owner-occupied dwellings. One solution for two neighborhoods at the runways' edge might be to remove the dwellings and redevelop the land for commerce and industry. Proposed expansion of the airport grounds will remove some of the most noise-impacted vacant land from the market. So will the proposed Elgin-O'Hare Freeway, and the projected growth of industry and commerce. Thirty-nine million dollars should be spent to acquire six noise-impacted sites for regional open space, including flood reservoirs, golf courses, and cemeteries. Moderately noise-impacted land is also suitable for neighborhood playgrounds and ballparks. A regional airport systems plan should be drawn as the first step toward publishing noise forecast maps for all airports in the eight-county bistate region of northeastern Illinois-northwestern Indiana. Zoning could forestall noise impact problems around any future jetport, if land use controls can be coordinated on a regional basis. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airport noise KW - Airport runways KW - Chicago O'Hare International Airport KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Housings KW - Land use KW - Nacelles KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00155586 JO - AIRPORT SERVICES MANAGEMENT AU - Lakewood Publications TI - PASSENGER GROUND TRANSIT SYSTEMS PY - 1970/08 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - p. 24-27 AB - Three new ground transit systems are described: automatic shuttle trains; prototype capsule-type vehicles; and moving walkways. The shuttle train system at Tampa International Airport incorporates a passenger transfer system which connects the main Landside building with the outlying Airside building where gate check-in, passenger holding and related ramp functions are conducted. A prototype overhead monorail system installed at Dallas/Fort Worth airport, consists of individual cars holding 14 passengers or up to 6,000 pounds of baggage operating along almost a mile of elevated track between the parking lot and terminal lobby. Two other systems being evaluated at the same airport, consist of small passenger transfer modules, containerized air cargo modules will be loaded and unloaded from aircraft by automated transfer systems. A conveyor system is described which can handle 22,000 passengers an hour over distances ranging from 1000 ft. to several miles. KW - Airport access KW - Automatic train operation KW - Conveyors KW - Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport KW - Elevated guideways KW - Ground transportation KW - Landside capacity KW - Passengers KW - People movers KW - Railroad bridges KW - Shuttle service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/52598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155566 AU - Kiernam, J AU - Institute for Defense Analyses TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AIR TRAVEL AND ASSOCIATED GROUND TRANSPORTATION PY - 1970/06 SP - 43 p. AB - This bibliography is intended to provide background reading for a study performed by IDA for the Office of Research of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. In keeping with the focus of the IDA Study, S-351, Intra-Airport Transportation systems: An Examination of Technology and Evaluation Methodology, a survey of documents and articles was made to help identify current data and studies relating to air travel demand projections, alternative airport configurations, flow patterns and rates, and available or potential ground transportation concepts, systems, and components. This bibliography covers the subject areas up to August 1969. KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic forecasts KW - Airport design KW - Airports KW - Bibliographies KW - Forecasting KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Intra airport transit KW - Landside capacity KW - Passenger terminals KW - Structural design KW - Terminal facilitation KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073998 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE NATIONAL AVIATION SYSTEM PLAN - TEN YEAR PLAN - 1971-1980 PY - 1970/05 AB - Orderly development of an adequate system of airways facilities and airports is essential if the demands of our rapidly growing aviation industry are to be satisfied. This, the second annual edition of the National Aviation Plan, is the Federal Aviation Administration's long-range plan for that development. It consists of the National Aviation System Policy Summary and the 1970 National Aviation System Plan, which cover the period 1971 through 1980. KW - Air transportation KW - Government policies KW - National Aviation System KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00074089 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - R AND D PLAN TO INCREASE AIRPORT AND AIRWAY SYSTEM CAPACITY PY - 1970/05 AB - The purpose of the research and development activity described is to achieve the national goal of providing an air transportation system for all categories of aviation commensurate with projected growth of the air transportation industry. KW - Air transportation KW - Airport capacity KW - Development KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073834 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PLANNING THE METROPOLITAN AIRPORT SYSTEM PY - 1970/05 AB - The metropolitan airport system plan is a representation of the aviation facilities required to meet the immediate and future air transportation needs of the metropolitan area. It recommends the general location for and characteristics of new airports and the nature of expansion for existing ones. The metropolitan airport system planning process involves the preparation of both broad and specific policies, plans, and programs needed to establish a viable, integrated network of airports at the metropolitan level. KW - Airport forecasts KW - Airport planning KW - Airports KW - Forecasting KW - Land use planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24546 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00155599 JO - ITA Bulletin PB - Institut du Transport Aerien AU - Institut du Transport Aerien TI - PARALLEL RUNWAYS TO BEAT AIRPORT CONGESTION PY - 1970/03 SP - p. 241-244 AB - Parallel runways make it possible to increase the airport's capacity and reduce delays to a greater extent than divergent or intersecting runways. The various possible configurations for parrallel runways are tabulated together with data relating to their respective capacity compared with those of intersecting or divergent runways. A minimum spacing of 5,000 ft. between runways is essential. This spacing makes possible simultaneous ILS approaches, thus giving the parallel runway system true double capacity. KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport runways KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Runway spacing KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/52602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00061108 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NORTHEAST CORRIDOR AIR TRAFFIC AND HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION PY - 1970/03 SP - 38 p. AB - The report reviews the high-speed ground transportation program of the Department of Transportation and studies the impact high-speed rail passenger service may have on air traffic in this critical, congested area of the United States known as the Northeast Corridor. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air transportation KW - Civil aviation KW - Economic impacts KW - Economics KW - Forecasting KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed rail KW - Impacts KW - Metroliner (Express train) KW - Northeast Corridor KW - Northeastern United States KW - Passenger service KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Passengers KW - Pricing KW - Railroads KW - Short takeoff KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - STOL aircraft KW - Takeoff KW - Transportation KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/17689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155610 AU - Goodfriend (LS) and Associates TI - NOISE-REDUCING CONSTRUCTIONS AND COST ESTIMATING IN HIGH NOISE AREAS PY - 1970/02 SP - 61 p. AB - The 1975 Noise Exposure Forecasts (NEF's) Base Line and Quiet Engine Contour maps were examined to obtain octave-band sound-pressure levels on the NEF-30 and -40 contours from which noise reducing structures and cost estimates were developed for existing and new buildings in the B and C zones. The process of computing the sound-pressure levels existing at approximately ground level at one mile intervals (the distance selected to provide sufficient sound-level difference) on the NEF-30 and -40 contours is discussed. The computed maximum octave-band sound-pressure levels on the NEF B and C contours were selected along with suitable interior noise design goals to determine the appropriate sound reducing constructions for various existing and new buildings types in the B and C zones. In addition, cost estimates were derived for these sound reducing constructions and the cost estimates are discussed and the results summarized. Recommendations for reducing the intruding aircraft noise levels by a system of electronically introducing a suitable interior background noise in the various building types are discussed. Respective cost estimates in incremental cost per square foot are also given for comparison of cost per square foot sound reducing constructions with cost per square foot of an electronic masking system. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airport noise KW - Construction KW - Cost estimating KW - Effective sound pressure KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Estimates KW - Noise KW - Noise contours KW - Noise control KW - Noise exposure KW - Noise reduction KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00155600 JO - AIRPORT SERVICES MANAGEMENT AU - MARTIN, F F AU - Lakewood Publications TI - CURRENT PROBLEMS RELATED TO AIRPORT FINANCING PY - 1970/01 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - p. 32-36 AB - Problems related to airport management's ability to obtain money to finance physical facilities to accommodate the rapid growth in air transportation are discussed. The lack of market for good quality bonds because of interest rate limitations by governing bodies is considered, as well as the situation with municipal bond prices, and the short-term money market for interim financing. The advantages of the latter approach seems now to be outweighed by the risk of the bond market continuing to decline. Possible changes in the existing tax-exemption of interest derived from state and municipal obligations are discussed and comments are made on the tax-exempt status of airport bonds. The development of airport authorities is noted, and non-profit corporations are considered as a practical approach to financing. KW - Airport operations KW - Airports KW - Bonds KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Prices KW - Taxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/52603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00074050 AU - Redlich, R W AU - MCFARLAND, R H AU - Gorman, J T AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM PY - 1970/01 AB - Two new analog-type monitors have been designed, built and tested for the purpose of providing a reliable, and accurate representation of the ILS localizer signal as seen by an aircraft flying on an approach. This annual progress report also contains discussions of other work performed to provide for improvement in the operation of the present instrument landing system. KW - Analog computers KW - Analog systems KW - Approach KW - Instrument landing systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073860 AU - Yance, J V AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE DEMAND FOR USE OF WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1970/01 SP - 22 p. AB - This analysis is part of a study to explore the use of a pricing system to reduce congestion at airports. It is clear that there is considerable excess demand for the use of National Airport. The question we attempt to answer here is, how much would airlines be willing ot pay for additional slots. First the study attempts to estimate the difference in average profit per flight of operating from Washington National vs. operating from Friendship, to each of a set of cities served from both airports. Using data collected in a CAB survey conducted in November, 1967, we calculate for each market the difference in average revenue per flight from National and from Friendship and the difference in average operating cost per flight, obtaining from these the average profit advantage per flight at DCA. KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport congestion KW - Airspace capacity KW - Baltimore Washington International Airport KW - Demand KW - Operating costs KW - Prices KW - Profits KW - Revenues KW - Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport KW - Traffic congestion KW - Washington Dulles International Airport UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512969 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Palmdale International Airport (proposed), Palmdale : environmental impact statement PY - 1970///v. held: Findings of the Secretary of Transportation on environmental impact B1 (2 pts, pt. 1 fol); Proposal for planning grant for area surrounding new intercontinental jet airport B2. KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454866 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Silver Eagle: the Master of the Skies (Video) PY - 1970 AB - This video uses nostalgia and good humor to remind general aviation pilots of the importance of good aeromedical habits. It shows a pilot who envisions himself as having extraordinary judgment and flying prowess, but like many pilots, he occasionally overestimates his own capabilities. It discusses the adverse effects of alcohol, medicine, stress, and fatigue and emphasizes the importance of good vision, hearing, coordination, and judgment. KW - Air pilots KW - Alcohol effects KW - Aviation medicine KW - Aviation safety KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Health KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454650 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Medical Facts for Pilots (Video) PY - 1970 AB - This video provides beginning pilots with facts concerning some of the fundamental physical, physiological, and psychological limitations in flight. It discusses such aeromedical factors as disorientation, the effect of alcohol, oxygen requirements, and pilot vision. KW - Air pilots KW - Alcohol effects KW - Aviation medicine KW - Aviation safety KW - Disorientation KW - Oxygen KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454098 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Caution - Wake Turbulence (Video) PY - 1970 AB - The video illustrates the phenomenon of wing tip vortices, how they are generated, what generates them, their effects on light aircraft, and suggests pilot actions on how best to avoid them. KW - Aviation safety KW - Small aircraft KW - Turbulence KW - Wakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074374 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Lexington industrial (municipal) airport, Lexington : environmental impact statement PY - 1970///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888525 AU - Gerathewohl, Siegfried J AU - MORRIS, EVERETT W AU - SIRKIS, JOSEPH A AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - AM; TI - ANTICOLLISION LIGHTS FOR THE SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT (SST). PY - 1970 IS - 70-9 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Airplanes KW - Lighting KW - Supersonic transport planes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888560 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INDEX TO FAA OFFICE OF AVIATION MEDICINE REPORTS, 1961 THROUGH 1969.. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aviation medicine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888544 AU - LEWIS, MARK F AU - MERTENS, HENRY W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TWO-FLASH THRESHOLDS AS A FUNCTION OF COMPARISON STIMULUS DURATION. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888555 AU - DRUCKENBROD, WILLIAM F AU - HUSTVELDT, ERLING H AU - STREET, WILLIAM G AU - National Technical Information Service AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ESTIMATED TRENDS IN UNIT COST OF GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS IN SUPPORT OF AIR AND HIGHWAY TRAVEL. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air transportation KW - Federal aid KW - Highway transportation KW - Transportation KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888539 AU - FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, OFFICE OF NOISE ABATEMENT TI - ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTING ACOUSTICALLY TREATED NACELLE AND DUCT CONFIGURATIONS APPLICABLE TO LOW BYPASS TURBOFAN ENGINES: FINAL REPORT. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Costs KW - Economic factors KW - Economic impacts KW - Nacelles KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888559 AU - Mohler, Stanley R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PHYSIOLOGICALLY TOLERABLE DECOMPRESSION PROFILES FOR SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT TYPE CERTIFICATION. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Atmospheric pressure KW - Certification KW - Physiological aspects KW - Physiological effect KW - Supersonic transport planes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888006 AU - DINERMAN, BERNHART V AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AREA NAVIGATION IN THE NORTHEAST CORRIDOR: FINAL REPORT. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Airports KW - Northeastern United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00887303 AU - HORONJEFF, RICHARD D AU - PAUL, ALLAN AU - FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, OFFICE OF NOISE ABATEMENT TI - A DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR COMPUTATION OF NOISE EXPOSURE FORECAST CONTOURS: FINAL REPORT. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839054 AU - Garner, J D AU - BLETHROW, JOHN G AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVACUATION TESTS FROM AN SST MOCK-UP. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Safety KW - Supersonic transport planes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839055 AU - LATEGOLA, MICHAEL T AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMPARISON OF STATUS VARIABLES AMONG ACCIDENT AND NON-ACCIDENT AIRMEN FROM THE ACTIVE AIRMAN POPULATION. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air pilots KW - Psychology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839053 AU - MCFADDEN, ERNEST B AU - SMITH, ROGER C AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROTECTIVE SMOKE HOOD STUDIES. PY - 1970 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Oxygen equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155607 AU - Cleary, Gottlieb, Sten & Hamilton TI - CERTAIN LEGAL ASPECTS OF REQUIRED SOUNDPROOFING IN HIGH NOISE AREAS NEAR JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN NEW YORK PY - 1970 SP - 132 p. AB - The compulsory soundproofing proposals with respect to new and existing structures. This study is made primarily in light of Federal and New York state constitutional provisions and certain state and local legislation. The authors conclude that the principal constitutional problems are the scope of the police and spending powers; that extensive compulsory soundproofing requirements, at least in the highest noise areas, affecting such new privately-owned structures as multiple dwellings, schools and hospitals and perhaps private residences, are likely to be upheld, assuming that in other respects the requirements are reasonably drafted; but that such requirements for existing privately-owned structures would be of dubious validity, except perhaps for multiple dwellings, schools and hospitals. The authors conclude that such requirements could be enacted either by the affected municipalities, if state enabling legislation were made adequate, or by the state legislature in mandatory or optional form; but that at JFK state legislation would appear more promising. Soundproofing of publicly-owned structures and the requirement of soundproofing near airports by the Federal government itself present different problems which are not within the scope of this study and are only mentioned in passing. KW - Airport noise KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Federal government KW - Hospitals KW - Housings KW - John F. Kennedy International Airport KW - Legal factors KW - Requirement KW - Schools KW - Specifications KW - State laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155608 AU - Tri-State Transportation Commission TI - METROPOLITAN AIRCRAFT NOISE ABATEMENT POLICY STUDY; JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, NEW YORK PY - 1970 SP - 124 p. AB - The Tro-State Transportation Commission, under contract to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), has prepared this report as part of the Metropolitan Aircraft Noise Abatement Policy Studies (MANAPS) at four airports in different cities. This report considers alternative measures, or combinations of measures, to provide relief from aircraft noise in affected communities around John F. Kennedy International Airport, and offers recommendations for reducing aircraft-noise problems. The Commission studied present land use, local development policies and codes, sound insulations of structures, redevelopment, future land-use alternatives, legal aspects and airport operations. Alternative methods of reducing noise at the source were furnished by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Costs are estimated for the alternative procedures considered. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airport noise KW - Airport operations KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - John F. Kennedy International Airport KW - Land use KW - Legal factors KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073002 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OFFSHORE AIRPORT PLANNING PY - 1969/08 AB - This document provides planning guidance to interested planners concerned with development of airports in offshore marine environments. Basic planning factors are established and site evaluation methodology is suggested. Also provided are parameters to determine desirability of an offshore location and the types of construction and methods of access that may be used. KW - Airport construction KW - Airport planning KW - Airports KW - Construction KW - Offshore airports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073001 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR OFFSHORE AIRPORTS PY - 1969/08 AB - This report presents a narrative summary and evaluations of existing and proposed offshore airports and related construction. Ranges of unit costs for construction of an offshore site, by the various construction methods, are compared. Methods of access are discussed, as well as unit costs for various access systems. On the basis of the studies and evaluations performed, it is concluded that the offshore airport is generally technically feasible but will normally cost more to construct than an onshore alternative. KW - Airport construction KW - Airports KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Offshore airports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146815 AU - O'Brien, P J AU - BUSCH, A C AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE SYSTEM PARAMETERS ON COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGIBILITY PY - 1969/03 SP - 64 p. AB - The communications frequency study was made to facilitate spectrum planning by FAA Frequency Management personnel. The study relates communications intelligibility to frequency channel spacing, bandwidth, modulation type, and signal-to-interference ratio. The overall approach was to conduct talker/listener intelligibility tests, voice communications equipment tests, and digital communications equipment tests. The test procedure subjected the Speech Communications Index Meter (SCIM) simulated speech signals, the Air Traffic Control (ATC) messages, and the Modified Rhyme Tests (MRTs) to specific levels of interference. The SCIM signal was first applied to the SCIM analyzer for computation and display of articulation index (AI). The ATC messages and MRTs were then recorded at the configuration which produced these discrete values of AIs. These recordings were subsequently used to perform subjective intelligibility testing. Talker/listener intelligibility tests were conducted to determine the particular values of AI required for communications links within the ATC system using both ATC and MRT vocabularies. Voice and digital communications tests were conducted to obtain data pertaining to channel assignments for various configurations of conventional and proposed operational modes. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Articulation index KW - Bandwidth KW - Civil aviation KW - Communication systems KW - Computer programming KW - Data communications KW - Definitions KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Frequency allocation KW - Hearings KW - Intelligibility KW - Legibility KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Modulation KW - Modulation (Communications) KW - Performance (Human) KW - Personnel performance KW - Physical distribution KW - Planning KW - Radio KW - Separation KW - Signal to noise ratio KW - Simulation KW - Speech KW - Speech transmission KW - Test procedures KW - Vocabulary KW - Voice communication KW - Voice frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00911517 AU - MAXWELL, JEWELL CLINTON AU - THOMAS, D D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MEMORANDA FOR GENERAL MAXWELL AND D.D. THOMAS CONCERNING THE SST PROGRAM.. T2 - MEMORANDA FOR GENERAL MAXWELL AND D.D. THOMAS CONCERNING THE SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT PROGRAM PY - 1969 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Supersonic transport planes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888541 AU - SULZER, RICHARD L AU - PAPROCKI, THOMAS H AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FLIGHT TEST AND EVALUATION OF HELIPORT LIGHTING FOR VFR. PY - 1969 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Airport runways KW - Heliports KW - Landing aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888543 AU - KILPATRICK, GEORGE A AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - FAA-RD REPORT; AU - DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION. TI - ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON AIRPORT PAVEMENT GROOVE PATTERNS. PY - 1969 IS - NO. 69-37 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airport runways KW - Design KW - Pavements KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888007 AU - PHILLIPS, CECIL B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RETRO-REFLECTIVE MARKERS AS TAXIWAY VISUAL AIDS: INTERIM REPORT. PY - 1969 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Landing aids KW - Reflectorized materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00887944 AU - WEINSTEIN, BERNARD AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATE RUNWAY ALIGNMENT INDICATOR LIGHT (RAIL) FOR ASPPROACH GUIDANCE: FINAL REPORT. PY - 1969 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Landing aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839271 AU - BUCKLEY, EDWARD P AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL AND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE INDICES FOR THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM. PY - 1969 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - Evaluation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839269 AU - SNYDER, RICHARD G AU - YOUNG, JOSEPH W AU - SNOW, CLYDE C AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL IMPACT PROTECTION WITH ADVANCED RESTRAINT SYSTEMS: PRELIMINARY PRIMATE TESTS WITH AIR BAG AND INERTIA REEL/INVERTED-Y YOKE TORSO HARNESS. PY - 1969 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Airplanes KW - Safety harness (Aeronautics) KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454141 AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Flying W Productions, Inc. TI - All It Takes Is Once (Video) PY - 1968 AB - This video depicts the serious flight hazard of mental distraction, and shows how pilots can be distracted in flight by preoccupation with personal problems. Five psychological problems frequently encountered by general aviation pilots are presented. KW - Aviation safety KW - Distraction KW - General aviation pilots KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - http://archive.org/details/gov.ntis.ava05441vnb1 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00911384 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REGISTERED GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT BY COMMUNITY SIZE, 1963-1968.. PY - 1968 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Motor vehicles KW - Private aircraft KW - Registration KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888538 AU - SPERRY, WILLIAM C AU - FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, OFFICE OF NOISE ABATEMENT TI - AIRCRAFT NOISE EVALUATION: TECHNICAL REPORT. PY - 1968 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Evaluation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00887992 AU - HIERING, WILLIAM A AU - GRISEL, CHARLES R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FRICTION EFFECTS OF RUNWAY GROOVES, RUNWAY 18-36, WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT: FINAL REPORT. PY - 1968 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Testing KW - Washington Metropolitan Area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00887987 AU - ROSSITER, SIDNEY B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GRAPHIC SIMULATION STUDY OF SITES FOR A THIRD CHICAGO METROPOLITAN AIRPORT. PY - 1968 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Chicago Metropolitan Area KW - Location KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00564133 AU - BULFORD, D E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE;: A BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-SEPTEMBER 1968 PY - 1968 SP - 166 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Airplanes KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/324851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00427741 AU - Mohler, S R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS BY OLDER PERSONS PY - 1967/10 SP - 5 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Aged KW - Air pilots KW - Crashes KW - Health KW - Physical condition KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073831 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AVIATION DEMAND AND AIRPORT FACILITY REQUIREMENT FORECASTS FOR LARGE AIR TRANSPORTATION HUBS THROUGH 1980 PY - 1967/08 AB - This report presents forecasts of long-range airport aviation demand and selected airport facility requirements at the Nation's large air transportation hubs as developed by the FAA's Airports Service. The forecasts are designed for use in advance planning of the physical, as well as financial, airport facility development required to meet the air transportation needs of 1980. KW - Airport forecasts KW - Airports KW - Demand KW - Economic forecasting KW - Forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01359637 AU - Collins, William E AU - Guedry, Fred E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Adaptation to Vestibular Disorientation V. Eye-Movement and Subjective Turning Responses to Two Durations of Angular Acceleration PY - 1967/05 SP - 16p AB - During prolonged angular acceleration, inertial torque defects the capula but the deflection is eventually balanced, primarily by the capula’s elastic restorative force. Assuming that cupula displacement from its position of static equilibrium controls the magnitude of vestibular reactions, a prolonged angular acceleration should, according to the Torsion-Pendulum theory yield an increasing response for about 20-30 seconds; this response level should be maintained without decline as long as the angular acceleration continues. Several authors have reported that the subjective velocity rises and declines during prolonged angular acceleration, contrary to theoretical expectations. It has been shown that the temporal period required for the subjective reaction to peak (and then decline) was about constant at 27 seconds for angular accelerations ranging in magnitude from 0.5 to 2°/sec². Subsequent experiments showed this is true for stimuli up to 4°/sec². The experiments in this paper seek to compare cat and man in regard to several characteristics of nystagmic response elicited by two durations of a 4°/sec² angular acceleration. KW - Angular acceleration KW - Experiments KW - Eye movements KW - Spatial disorientation KW - Torsion tests KW - Vestibular response UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42800/42887/AM67-06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1125662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073110 AU - O'Liddy, G E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SHORT TAKEOFF AND LANDING (STOL) AND VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING (VTOL) AIR TRANSPORTATION FOR THE UNITED STATES PY - 1967/01/20 AB - The availability of public transportation to meet the needs of a growing population has been, and will continue to be, a major factor in the economic development of the country. One of the responsibilities of the Federal Aviation Agency is to identify the role of civil aviation in meeting the nation's transportation requirements--in part with respect to the use of Short Take Off and Landing (STOL) and Vertical Take Off and Landing V/TOL aircraft. The use of STOL and VTOL aircraft could involve the introduction of a completely new high density mass transportation system in the 1970's. The Contractor's analytical effort hereunder shall be directed toward the evaluation of the utility of introducing STOL and VTOL air transport systems beginning in the middle 1970's. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Demand KW - Economic forecasting KW - Short takeoff aircraft KW - STOL aircraft KW - VTOL aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888405 AU - BALZO, JOSEPH M DEL AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF ESTABLISHING AN ALL WEATHER V/STOL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: A THESIS. PY - 1967 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air transportation KW - United States KW - VTOL aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00888008 AU - MARSCHALL, FRED AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RADIOACTIVE TAXI GUIDANCE TEST CATEGORY III GROUND GUIDANCE EQUIPMENT: FINAL REPORT. PY - 1967 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Landing aids KW - Road markings KW - Transportation markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/579510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825720 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANNUAL REPORT OF OPERATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL AIRPORT ACT.. PY - 1967 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Periodicals KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00564125 AU - COBB, B B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE, AND JOB PERFORMANCE RATINGS OF AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL SPECIALISTS PY - 1967 SP - 9 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Evaluation and assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/324845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073599 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NEW APPROACH TO AIR SAFETY STATISTICS PY - 1966/11 AB - It is our purpose here to show that any single number, no matter upon what basis computed, is logically insufficient for an adequate analysis of air safety; a meaningfuel aand revealing evaluation requires at least three independent rates. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Airlines KW - Crash data KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239078 AU - Annus, L K AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ACCESS TO AIRPORTS PY - 1966/08 AB - THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY IS A PARTIALLY ANNOTATED COMPILATION OF SELECTED REFERENCES FROM 1963 TO DATE. IT IS DIVIDED INTO SECTIONS ON AIR TRANSPORTATION, MOTOR TRANSPORTATION, RAIL TRANSPORTATION AND WATER TRANSPORTATION. KW - Access KW - Air transportation KW - Airports KW - Bibliographies KW - Highway transportation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073102 AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - McDonnell Aircraft Corporation TI - TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF AIRCRAFT FOR INTERCITY SHORT-HAUL TRANSPORTATION - VOL. II PY - 1966/04 AB - This report evaluates the potential airline use of STOL/VTOL aircraft to serve intercity short haul travelers. The air travel market in the California Corridor (Between Los Angeles and San Diego on the south and Sacramento and San Francisco on the north) was used for the study but the results would be generally applicable to other areas. Based on 1970 technology, four STOL and VTOL aircraft configurations were designed as 60-, 90-, and 120-passenger transports and developed for lowest operating costs for a 500-mile stage length. A conventional jet transport was used as a base of reference and a conventional helicopter was included for comparison. The special STOL/VTOL airports were located for passenger convenience and acceptable noise levels for the surrounding areas. To evaluate STOL/VTOL economic viability, STOL and VTOL airline service was simulated in the California Corridor in 1975 and in 1980, and then compared with the conventional jet simulation in those years. It was found that the time savings and convenience provided by either STOL or VTOL airline service would enable STOL or VTOL to capture a substantial share of the short-haul air travel market when combined in a system with conventioal jets, and would induce additional air travel. This system would give a satisfactory return on investment The report is in three volumes. Volume I is an executive summary containing introduction, conclusions, and the summary of method and results Volume II develops each step in the method, and lists results in greater detail. Vol. III contains appendices . KW - California KW - California corridor KW - Central business districts KW - Costs KW - Intercity transportation KW - Short haul KW - Short takeoff aircraft KW - STOL aircraft KW - Transportation corridors KW - VTOL aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454099 AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Flagg Films, Inc. TI - Density Altitude (Video) PY - 1966 AB - This video follows a young married couple on a vacation flight from New Orleans to Lake Tahoe. In crossing the Rockies and the High Sierras, they learn the hard way about the effects of high altitude and temperature on light aircraft performance. KW - Aviation safety KW - Density altitude KW - High altitude KW - Small aircraft KW - Temperature UR - http://www.askacfi.com/1109/density-altitude.htm UR - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZCb6nw_T4U UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00911507 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERAL AVIATION OCCUPANT LOAD FACTOR: STAFF STUDY.. PY - 1966 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air transportation KW - Local service airlines KW - Private flying KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00860077 AU - LEFKOWITZ, MATTHEW AU - SCHLATTER, ERNEST R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF MODIFICATIONS TO RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE EQUIPMENT FOR LOW RVR VALUES: FINAL REPORT. PY - 1966 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Airport runways KW - Landing aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/522988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00860076 AU - GREEN, THOMAS H AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCUSSION OF THE UTILITY OF AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING AIRCRAFT NOISE AND PREDICTING COMMUNITY RESPONSE. PY - 1966 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Airport noise KW - Measurement KW - Public opinion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/522987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00859889 AU - RWICHELL, N H AU - PHILLIPS, CECIL B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TESTING OF REFLECTIVE MARKERS FOR INDICATING THE THRESHOLD AND CENTERLINE OF RUNWAYS FOR SMALL AIRPORTS: INTERIM REPORT. PY - 1966 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airport runways KW - Design KW - Landing aids KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Road markings KW - Testing KW - Transportation markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/522922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839273 AU - VON ROSENBERG, C W AU - KEEN, F R AU - MOHLER, STANLEY R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE "STALL BARRIER" AS A NEW PREVENTIVE IN GENERAL AVIATION ACCIDENTS. PY - 1966 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aerodynamic stability KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Private flying KW - Stall KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00401747 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN, UNITED STATES DELEGATION TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE REDUCTION OF NOISE AND DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY CIVIL AIRCRAFT PY - 1966 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Conferences KW - Noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073959 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - POLICY STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY PY - 1965/04 AB - This statement of policy is intended to serve as a comprehensive and long-term guide for the Federal Aviation Agency in the accomplishment of its missions and in its relations with those it serves. It sets forth the basic principles which will guide the Agency in the conduct of its regulatory responsibilities and as builder and operator of a National Airspace System. With respect to regulatory principles, the policy statement affirms the Agency's obligation to regulate private conduct only to the extent required in the public interest; to recognize the right of the general public to be informed and to be heard; to place the regulatory hand evenly on persons similarly situated, while also recognizing differences in the rights and duties and operational requirements of the various segments of the aviation community; and to manage the airspace as a national resource in a manner which best serves the diverse requirements of military and civil users, and which also recognizes the interests of persons on the ground. With respect to the Agency's responsibility to build and operate a National Airspace System, the policy statement establishes the favorable balancing of benefit vs. cost as the basic test for Agency endeavor. It reiterates the Federal Government's policy of recovering through user charges Agency expenditures for activities which confer special benefits on identifiable individuals over and above benefits accruing to the public at large. Finally, the statement articulates the role of the Agency in promoting the development of civil aviation and providing essential defense services. KW - Government policies KW - National Airspace System KW - Policy KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181936 AU - Grom, R V AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF A SCINTILLATION DEVICE DESIGNED TO DETECT COBALT-60 IN SEEDED DETONATOR CAPS PY - 1965/03 SP - 36 p. AB - Tests were conducted to determine the operating characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of a nuclear scintillation detection system developed by Catholic University of America for use in conjunction with the detection of Cobalt-60 in seeded explosive detonator caps. Results were generally favorable except for the inability of the device to detect rapidly moving sources and the relative ease with which a source might be shielded from the detector. (Author) KW - Attenuation KW - Bombs KW - Cobalt KW - Detectors KW - Detonation KW - Detonators KW - Radioisotopes KW - Scintillation counters KW - Shielding KW - Signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00074327 AU - Waldo, R K AU - Tilton, P D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL VTOL AND STOL TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT PY - 1965/02 AB - This report presents the results of Stanford Research Institute's economic analysis of commercial VTOL and STOL aircraft suitable for city-center service. In this study, the design and performance requirements of of a commercially successful V/STOL aircraft are identified. These are compared with the characteristics of V/STOL aircraft which may be available for service in 1975. Based on this comparison, separate market estimates are provided for V/STOL aircraft meeting the specified requirements for those aircraft considered technically feasible. An analysis is then made of requirements for V/STOL ground facilities. Finally, an assessment is made of the national interest in commercial V/STOL development. KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic forecasting KW - Market research KW - Short takeoff aircraft KW - STOL aircraft KW - VTOL aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073093 AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - McDonnell Aircraft Corporation TI - STOL-V/STOL CITY CENTER TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT STUDY PY - 1964/10/01 AB - The objective of this report is to present the design, performance, weights, and direct operating costs of several STOL and V/STOL transport aircraft which could be made operational for passenger service between city centers in 1975. A number of STOL and V/STOL concepts were considered in the study. From these, four concepts were selected for evaluation. Recurring and non-recurring costs are broken down into major units and assumptions are spelled out for determining the costs. Particular attention is given to adjusting Air Transport Association (ATA) methods of determining crew costs and maintenance to permit comparisons of direct operating costs(DOC) with existing airline operating costs. DOC's are shown versus number of passengers for stage lengths of 50, 100, 200, 500, and 750 statute miles and for airplane buys of 50, 100 and 200 aircraft. Results of estimates of noise levels and noise profiles are shown for the four concepts with corrections in decibels for the various sizes of aircraft. The data contained in this report establish the STOL and V/STOL aircraft performance and direct operating costs necessary for Stanford Research Institute to complete an over-all economic feasibility study of city center-to-city center commercial operation in the 1975 time period. KW - Central business districts KW - Costs KW - Short haul KW - Short takeoff aircraft KW - STOL aircraft KW - VTOL aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205319 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT PAVING PY - 1964/06/10 AB - THIS CIRCULAR GIVES AIRPORT PAVING GUIDANCE TO THE PUBLIC. THE PRINCIPLES DESCRIBED ARE ACCEPTABLE IN ACCOMPLISHING A PROJECT MEETING THE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS OF THE FEDERAL- AID AIRPORT PROGRAM. DATA ARE PROVIDED FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENTS AT CIVIL AIRPORTS, INCORPORATING THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN AC 150/5320-8 AND IN AIRPORT PAVING 1956 /AND THE 1962 REPRINT/. THE PRINCIPAL CHANGES LISTED ARE' A/ NEW DESIGN CURVES FOR AIRCRAFT WEIGHING LESS THAN 30,000 POUNDS, B/ THE PORTION DEALING WITH REINFORCED CONCRETE IS EXPANDED, AND C/ A REDUCTION IN PAVEMENT THICK- NESS IS RECOMMENDED WHEN CEMENT TREATED BASE COURSE IS USED. KW - Airport runways KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00404224 AU - ARAD, B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NOTES ON THE MEASUREMENT OF CONTROL LOAD AND SECTOR DESIGN IN THE ENROUTE ENVIRONMENT PY - 1964/06 SP - 162 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073740 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CLIMATIC STUDIES FOR PROPOSED LANDING SYSTEM FOR JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1964/06 AB - This report consists of 32 volumes of climatological data for 32 different major airports. Ceiling, visibility, wind and weather information is grouped seasonally and by various periods of the day. Various weather categories are tabulated, in most cases from 10 years of data, to act as an aid in making decisions affecting the landing systems at these 32 air terminals. KW - Ceilings KW - John F. Kennedy International Airport KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Visibility KW - Weather forecasting KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24526 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00652760 AU - Catalano, J AU - McKown, C AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A STUDY OF REQUIREMENTS FOR A PILOT WARNING INSTRUMENT FOR VISUAL AIRBORNE COLLISION AVOIDANCE PY - 1963/12 SP - 113 p. AB - The utility of information which would be provided by operational Pilot Warning Instruments (PWI) was studied experimentally in terms of the effect of PWI upon each stage of pilot activity occurring when a pilot is confronted by and intruder, viz., detection of the intruder, evaluation of the intruder threat, and the resulting avoidance maneuver. It was found that PWI improved the probability of detecting intruder aircraft. The extent of improvement was directly related to the amount of the information it provided. In addition, earlier detection, as would occur from PWI information, resulted in earlier evaluation of intruder threat and in earlier maneuvering, when necessary. KW - Air pilots KW - Cockpit displays KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Instrumentation KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/393022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554500 AU - PAPROCKI, T H AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SIMPLIFIED APPROACH LIGHTING AIDS PY - 1963/11 SP - 4 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Landing aids KW - Landing aids aeronautics KW - Lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/317114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073049 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - U. S. SHORT HAUL PASSENGER-CARGO AIRCRAFT PY - 1963/10/11 AB - The short-haul market in aviation has proven to be very difficult from an economical standpoint for both aircraft manufacturers and airline operators; however, the Administration and the Congress have stated that development of local service aviation is in the national interest. Therefore, the FFA continues to study how it may help further local service aviation. The market for short-haul aircraft has been dominated by surplus vehicles so that manufacturers have been reluctant to undertake the development of new aircraft that could better serve this specialized market. The FAA believes that the introduction of new small and economical short-haul aircraft in the local service operation can materially assist in the continuation and expansion of service to small communities by giving them modern aircraft at minimum cost. KW - Local service airlines KW - Market research KW - Short haul UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554499 AU - PAZERA, E E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF REQUIREMENTS FOR DISPLACED THRESHOLD RUNWAY LIGHTING PY - 1963/05 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00911823 AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM (U.S.) AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Systems Research and Development Service TI - SUMMARY PRESENTATION OF THE SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SERVICE PROGRAM.. PY - 1963 AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402013 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REPORTS TO THE SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT STEERING GROUP PY - 1963 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air transportation KW - Passenger traffic KW - Supersonic transport planes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554517 AU - ALEO, J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SNOW, ICE, AND SLUSH REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT FO WASHINGTON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1962/07 SP - 21 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Maintenance KW - Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport KW - Slush KW - Snow removal KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/317128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00401904 AU - GEOFFRION, D R AU - KIBARDIN, V M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STATISTICAL PRESENTATION OF OPERATIONAL LANDING PARAMETERS FOR TRANSPORT JET AIRPLANES PY - 1962/06 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Landing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403067 AU - PHILLIPS, C B AU - TWICHELL, N H AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF DRILL TESTING FOR PANCAKE LIGHTS : FINAL REPORT PY - 1962/03 SP - 39 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Landing aids KW - Landing aids aeronautics KW - Lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402008 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DIRECT OPERATING COSTS AND OTHER PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT IN AIRLINE SERVICE PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airlines KW - Operating costs KW - Periodicals KW - Statistics KW - Transport aircraft KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091281 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REPORT ON RULE-MAKING AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES: PROJECT TIGHTROPE PY - 1961/10 SP - 30 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Emergencies KW - Federal government KW - Regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402994 AU - OFFUTT, W J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STUDY OF MOBILE LOUNGE AND OTHER APRON TRAFFIC DELAYS AT WASHINGTON DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1961/01 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Washington Dulles International Airport KW - Washington Metropolitan Area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00950903 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TERMINAL BUILDING FACILITIES PLANNED FOR DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT.. PY - 1961 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airport terminals KW - Washington Dulles International Airport KW - Washington Metropolitan Area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/602066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403068 AU - EGGERT, W E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - APPROACH VISIBILITY STUDIES AT NEWARK : FINAL REPORT PY - 1960/09 SP - 112 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073814 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT TERMINAL BUILDINGS PY - 1960/09 AB - The Federal Aviation Agency presents this design guide to assist airport developers, architects, and engineers in planning airport terminal buildings and associated facilities to meet current and expanding demands of air users. Planners of airport ground facilities must recognize the aeronautical advances and transportation appetites of these users to match the degree of modernization attained by aircraft builders. Featured in the guide are discussions and recommendations on building space relationships, area requirements, noise control within the building, and building area planning. Information provided is intended to reduce but not eliminate research on the part of the architect, which is necessary to achieve an adequate, economical, and functional building. KW - Airports KW - Aprons KW - Baggage KW - Baggage terminals KW - Hangars KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Noise control KW - Passengers KW - Planning KW - Structural design KW - Terminal design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00074092 AU - Koetsch, J F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMBINED LANDING AND TAKEOFF CAPACITY OF A SINGLE RUNWAY PY - 1960/09 AB - This study presents a theoretical analysis of the landing capacity and the combined landing and take-off capacity of a single runway. Interrelationships of the following factors are studied--the separation between pairs of landing aircraft; the runway occupancy time of landing aircraft; the distance of the gate at the start of the approach path from the end of the runway; the variation in approach speeds and take-off speeds and the distance between the second landing aircraft and the taking-off aircraft. KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport runways KW - Airspace capacity KW - Runway capacity KW - Runway spacing KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403069 AU - GATES, R F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN INTERIM REPORT ON RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING FOR DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1960/08 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Landing aids KW - Landing aids aeronautics KW - Lighting KW - Washington Dulles International Airport UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403061 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FEASIBILITY TESTS OF AIRCRAFT-MOUNTED ARRESTING HOOK : FINAL REPORT PY - 1960/07 SP - 21 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Landing aids KW - Landing aids aeronautics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00073829 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY DESIGN PY - 1960/07 AB - Airport operations at numerous civil airports have been observed and measured. The data have been analyzed to identify the elements important to airport capacity and that cause delay to operations, and to identify and evaluate aircraft spacing intervals. KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport operations KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Design KW - Taxiways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402099 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OPERATIONAL TEXT OF MARK X DECCA SYSTEM IN C-131 FIXED-WING AIRPLANE : FINAL REPORT, HELICOPTER OPERATIONS PROGRAM, PHASE I PY - 1960 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Helicopters KW - Pilotage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00912240 AU - HINKELMAN, J W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - METEROLOGICAL ENGINEERING AND AIR SPACE MANAGEMENT. PY - 1959 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Meteorology KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825724 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANNUAL REPORT OF OPERATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL AIRPORT ACT - FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY.. PY - 1959 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Periodicals KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825723 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANNUAL REPORT OF OPERATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL AIRPORT ACT.. PY - 1959 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Periodicals KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402892 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF AIRPORTS PY - 1959 SP - 588 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Contracts KW - Design KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402098 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FINAL REPORT : HELICOPTER OPERATIONS PROGRAM, PHASE I PY - 1959 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Helicopters KW - Pilotage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00404025 AU - Graham, F W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIR TRAFFIC SYSTEMS RESEARCH BY SIMULATION PY - 1959 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/221749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00404054 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA TEAM STUDY OF R-484 & SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ATC PROBLEMS PY - 1959 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - California KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Southern California UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/221766 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01496638 AU - Noel, George AU - Allaire, Doug AU - Jacobson, Stuart AU - Willcox, Karen AU - Cointin, Rebecca TI - Assessment of the Aviation Environmental Design Tool SP - 8p AB - A comprehensive Tools Suite to allow for thorough evaluation of the environmental effects and impacts of aviation is currently being developed by the United States. This suite consists of the Environmental Design Space (EDS), the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), and the Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT). A key priority is that environmental analyses are informed with the associated uncertainty from the tools, inputs and assumptions used in the analysis process. As part of the development of the Tools Suite, an assessment of each tool and a system-wide analysis of the entire suite are being undertaken. This assessment includes sensitivity to inputs and fidelity analyses that will provide an indication of uncertainty in analyses performed using the Tools Suite. Completion of the assessment and evaluation effort described herein is a key element of the development process. This paper presents a summary of the Tools Suite assessment and evaluation effort as it pertains to the AEDT component. AEDT takes detailed fleet descriptions and flight schedules and produces estimates of noise, fuel burn and emissions at global, regional and local levels. The AEDT component of the suite will be a publicly available regulatory tool within the U.S. This paper conveys the work completed so far and provides some insight into some of the findings. U1 - Eighth USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development SeminarFederal Aviation AdministrationEUROCONTROLNapa,California,United States StartDate:20090600 EndDate:20090700 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, EUROCONTROL KW - Aircraft noise KW - Aviation KW - Aviation Environmental Design Tool KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Pollutants KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Uncertainty UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/47000/47900/47949/p_084_EI.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01075593 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Branch County Memorial Airport, proposed negative declaration : environmental impact statement KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/834987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073532 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - New Austin Airport alternative environmental assessment: environmental impact statement KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073528 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Harlingen Industrial Airpark, Harlingen, Texas: Environmental impact statement KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073514 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Acquisition of land and relocation of households construction and development of new Clark County Airport, Jeffersonville, Indiana: environmental impact statement KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073502 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MALS environmental impact study KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320702 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - LOCATION IDENTIFIERS PY - AB - Lists location identifiers (3-letter code, suggesting whenever possible, the location name that it represents) for the United States, and its possessions, and indicates, by means of asterisks, the United States international place name abbreviations (4-letter code used in international communications). Each issue supersedes previous edition KW - Air KW - Coding systems KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320100 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ACCIDENT, INCIDENT, VIOLATION INFORMATION PY - AB - Info in this category describes the conditions surrounding the accident, incident, or violation. This includes the circumstances, causes, malfunction, mechanical failures, deviations from established procecures, injuries, and principals involved (pilots). No statistical incident information is aviilable; single incident report produced when requested. Info is obtained from FAA inspectors, pilots, and other crew members, ground crews, passengers, and witnesses. KW - Air KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320654 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY: AIRPORTS, 1977 PY - AB - This bibliography was prepared to illustrate input-output procedures that have been proposed for the implementation of an Air Transportation Research Information Service (ATRIS). The proposed subject scope for ATRIS covers 21 areas that range from aircraft to travel and tourism. The subject of airports was selected as the area for initial input to the ATRIS data base from which this bibliography has been produced. The bibliography has 10 chapters on major aspects of airports, including access, environmental impact, planning and design, safety and security, operations, and management. The bibliography contains nearly 800 references that represent initial input to the machine-readable ATRIS data base. The implementation plan calls for extending the data base to full coverage of all subject areas and to provide both on-line and off-line services to the air transport community. Many of the references were acquired from data bases held by National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Technical Information Service, Engineering Index, and other information services. Other references were prepared from documents held by various libraries and transportation centers. Selections were made by staff of the Flight Transportation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; final input and output processing was performed by Transportation Research Board information staff. A major purpose for the bibliography is to inform ATRIS users of the services that might be provided and through feedback from recipients of the bibliography to learn more about the needs and wants of users of air transport information. This is prototype product of the Air Transportation Research Information Service (ATRIS). KW - Air KW - Bibliographies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320101 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WORLDWIDE CRIMINAL ACTS INVOLVING CIVIL AVIATION, (1974-PRESENT) PY - AB - Annual report on worldwide aircraft hijackings, attack on airports and airline offices, explosive devices found, and related crimes, including geographical area, casualties, and property damage. KW - Air KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320583 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EXPLOSIONS ABOARD AIRCRAFT PY - AB - Semiannual tabulation of data on explosions aboard aircraft, 1949- . Contains an extended list showing date, location, circumstances, number of persons killed and injured, airline involved, type of aircraft, country of registry, and scheduled flight plan, for each incident; and 5 summary tables. KW - Air KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320585 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY PROGRAM (1974- ) PY - AB - Semiannual report to Congress on the Civil Aviation security program and the operation of airport passenger and baggage screening procedures. Procedures were instituted to prevent aircraft hijackings and related crimes, and are administered through FAA Civil Aviation Security Service. Contains narrative report with text statistics on hijackings, passengers screened, weapons and dangerous articles detected, arrests, explosions and bomb threats, and international security measures and 15 charts and tables, as follows: 1-4. Hijackings and hijacking attempts. 5-6. Bomb threats against airports and aircraft. 7-8. Characteristics of weapons detection devices and x-ray screening procedures, and number of units. 9. Airline passenger screening results. 10-14. Survey and training activities. 15. Compliance and enforcement actions. First 2 reports were titled "Report to Congress on the Effectiveness of Passenger Screening Procedures". KW - Air KW - Commodities KW - Freight traffic KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320591 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SURVEY TO DETERMINE THE PERCENT OF PASSENGER AIRCRAFT DEPARTURES CARRYING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, 1974 PY - AB - Report estimating percent of all U.S. commercial air carrier passenger and cargo flights carrying hazardous and radioactive materials. Contains explanation of methodology and 4 summary tables showing percent of passenger and cargo departures with hazardous and with radioactive materials, by type of carrier (domestic, commercial, supplemental, air taxi, and FAR121 and 135) and for selected airports ranked by percentage of departures. Data are based on a random sample of cargo load manifests of all operators in 50 states and D.C. Jan-April 1974. KW - Air KW - Passenger transportation KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320043 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCRAFT HIJACKING STATISTICS (1961-PRESENT) PY - AB - Summary report on U.S. and worldwide aircraft hijacking attempts and legal disposition of hijackers. Covers circumstances of incident, destination, outcome, casualties and identity of hijackers where known. A chronological listing of worldwide hijacking attempts (1931 - present) and U.S. aircraft hijacking attempts (1961-present). KW - Air KW - International transportation KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320559 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA INFORMATION SOURCE GUIDE PY - AB - The guide provides identification of information categories and the designated office of primary interest (OPI) for each, who is responsible for developing, maintaining, and releasing the information. Also points to an organizational element of FAA to obtain assistance. Major information categories are: accident/incident/violation; accounting and audit; air agency; aircraft; airman; airports; airspace; aviation activity, aviation forecast, FAA aircraft management, facilities, medical research, R&D project management. KW - Air KW - Bibliographies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183881 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TIPS ON HOW TO USE THE FLIGHT PLANNER PY - SP - n.p. AB - Instructions are provided on how to prepare a flight plan using a special form (the "Flight Planner") developed by FAA, the General Aviation Manufacturers Association, and Ohio State University, with emphasis on what meteorological information obtained from a briefing is necessary in order to make the proper (go - no go) decision. A listing of symbols commonly used in aviation weather forecasting and report is included for use in filling out the form. KW - Flight planning KW - Flight plans KW - General aviation KW - Manuals KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155609 AU - East Central Florida Regional Planning Council TI - METROPOLITAN AIRCRAFT NOISE ABATEMENT POLICY STUDY-CAPE KENNEDY REGIONAL AIRPORT, MELBOURNE, FLORIDA. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - SP - 118 p. AB - This report is an analysis of the relationship between noise generated by aircraft operations and the use of affected land surrounding the John F. Kennedy Regional Airport in Melbourne, Florida. It includes a presentation of current land use information and the prospects for change. Proposals have been developed to encourage and enable the local governments involved to achieve compatible development through cooperative intergovernmental measures: comprehensive planning, capital improvement programming, mapping, zoning, annexation, land acquisition. The ecological impact is considered in a separate section. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airport noise KW - Cape Canaveral (Florida) KW - Capital KW - Capital improvements KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Improvements KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Land use KW - Local government KW - Mapping KW - Noise control KW - Noise generation KW - Noise reduction KW - Noise sources KW - Policy KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49308 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01541906 TI - Evaluation of GPS/AVL Systems for Snow & Ice Operations Resource Management AB - Beginning with the 2009-2010 winter season, Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) implemented a ten truck global positioning system/automatic vehicle location (GPS/AVL) resource management system pilot at Cuyahoga County's Independence Garage. For the past two winter seasons, ODOT has utilized the system and gathered information for the purposes of determining the advantages, disadvantages, and feasibility of using GPS/AVL as an enhanced method for the tracking and management of ODOT's snow and ice resources. Based on the experiences from the pilot, the following three implementation levels have been established for the potential incorporation of GPS/AVL into ODOT's snow and ice control program, as follows: Level 1: Tracking of plow trucks; Level 2: Tracking of plow trucks with real-time snow & ice related telemetry; and Level 3: Tracking of plow trucks with real-time snow & ice related telemetry and automated resource usage reporting. Thus far, ODOT has determined that GPS/AVL systems can be utilized to successfully track the real-time and historical locations of ODOT's plow trucks. However, the system's ability to be a true resource management system by providing consistent snow and ice removal related telemetry and producing accurate resource usage reports from the acquired data remains undetermined. Therefore, further evaluation and analysis of snow and ice based GPS/AVL systems is needed to assess the data accuracy required for automated resource usage reporting and the potential implementation of GPS/AVL as a resource management tool for ODOT's snow and ice removal operations. The objective of this research is to identify, select, and implement (GPS/AVL) resource management systems in District 3 Medina County and District 4 Stark County and evaluate the technology's potential to provide consistent and accurate data for the purposes of real-time snow and ice operations management, automated resource usage reporting, and implementation into ODOT's winter maintenance program. The installations of GPS/AVL systems will include approximately 25 units at two garages in Medina County and 23 units at one garage in Stark County. The exact number of units will be determined prior to system implementation. In addition to the data provided from the Medina and Stark systems, data will be made available for evaluation from the existing GPS/AVL systems located in Cuyahoga, Delaware, and Madison counties. KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Global Positioning System KW - Ohio KW - Ohio Department of Transportation KW - Real time information KW - Resource management KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal KW - Snowplows KW - Tracking systems KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/9/OHI/2014/10/28/H1414523602145/viewer/file1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482563 AU - Stolle, Cody S AU - Sicking, Dean L AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mid-America Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Cable Median Barrier Failure Analysis and Prevention PY - 2012/12/17/Final Report SP - 230p AB - Cross-median crashes have been identified as one of the highest injury or fatality risk crash types. Although cross-median crashes account for only 2% to 5% of all median crash events, they are disproportionately represented in the number and frequency of fatalities on interstate roadways. Many states have utilized cable median barriers to reduce the risk of cross-median crashes, frequently with great success. However, cable median barriers are also fixed obstacles to errant vehicles. Cable median barriers can place occupants at increased risk of severe injury or fatality if the barrier fails to adequately contain and redirect errant vehicles, resulting in a vehicular penetration through the barrier or rollover. As total cable median barrier mileage continues to climb, there is an opportunity to prevent many penetration, rollover, and serious injury or fatality crashes by improving barrier design, installation guidelines, and crash-testing guidelines to more adequately address crash concerns with these barrier types. More than 6,000 cable median barrier crashes from 12 different states were analyzed to determine causes of barrier containment failures, and new crash test conditions which were reflective of these impact conditions were identified. Further crash testing and barrier redesign should reduce the frequency of barrier penetrations and rollovers. KW - Cable barriers KW - Cables KW - Containment capacity (Barriers) KW - Crash analysis KW - Design KW - Failure analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Redirection (Impacting vehicle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1251176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469397 AU - Schmidt, Tyler L AU - Mongiardini, Mario AU - Bielenberg, Robert W AU - Lechtenberg, Karla A AU - Reid, John D AU - Faller, Ronald K AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dynamic Testing of MGS W6x8.5 Posts at Decreased Embedment PY - 2012/12/17/Final Report SP - 80p AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the energy absorption characteristics of W6x8.5 (W152x12.6) posts at a reduced embedment depth of 36 in. (914 mm) to that of the standard 40-in. (1,016-mm) embedded W6x8.5 (W152x12.6) posts used in the original Midwest Guardrail System (MGS). A total of eight dynamic component tests were performed – two tests with the 40-in. (1,016-mm) embedment depth and six with a 36-in. (914-mm) embedment depth. For two of the six 36-in. (914-mm) embedment tests, the load height was increased from 24⅞ in. (632 mm) to 28⅞ in. (733 mm). The posts were embedded in a highly compacted, coarse, crushed limestone material. For each test, acceleration data was used to determine the force vs. deflection and energy vs. deflection characteristics of the various post installations. Post-soil interaction forces and energy dissipation characteristics of the steel posts with a 36-in. (914-mm) embedment depth were compared to those for the steel post used in the original design of the MGS in both moderately and highly compacted soil. From these comparisons, the post with a 36-in. (914-mm) embedment depth was found to provide similar strength to that of the W6x9 (W152x13.4) steel post with a 40-in. (1,016-mm) embedment depth and installed in moderately compacted soil. In highly compacted soil, the post with a 36-in. (914-mm) embedment depth exhibited less resistance than the post with a 40-in. (1,016-mm) embedment depth. Therefore, the dynamic resistance of the W6x8.5 (W152x12.6) post with a 36-in. (914-mm) embedment was determined to provide enough resistance to be used with the MGS, which may allow a potential increase in the maximum rail mounting height of the MGS. KW - Compacted soils KW - Depth KW - Dynamic tests KW - Embedment KW - Energy absorption KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Midwest Guardrail System KW - Posts UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46956/Dynamic_testing_of_MGS_W6x8.5_posts_at_decreased_embedment.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237155 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01543704 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Public Transportation. Task 47. MTAP Survey Tool Used to Assess FTA Contractor Performance of State DOT Triennial and Other FTA Reviews--An Update AB - Based on discussions between the Standing Committee on Public Transit/Multi-State Technical Assistance Program (SCOPT/MTAP) and Federal Transit Administration (FTA), MTAP developed an on-line survey tool which it uses to collect input from State departments of transportation (DOTs )regarding their experiences with FTA Performance reviews. State DOTs are encouraged to complete the survey upon completion of each FTA State Management, Triennial Review or specialty review. Annually the results are compiled and shared with the MTAP Steering Committee and members. Upon their approval, results are subsequently shared with FTA. Consequently, the results are available to be used by FTA to improve the applicable performance review processes. The overall survey process - encouraging completion, pulling down results from the survey, analysis and compilation of the results - is managed by the MTAP staff coordinator and a member of the MTAP Steering Committee. Link to current survey tool: http://vovici.com/wsb.dll/s/54c9g42a7f. The objective of this task is to update the on-line survey to: improve efficiency by making completing the survey easier; increase the value added nature of the process by making the results more easy to use and of more benefit; incorporate any technology improvements that have become available since the survey tool was developed; and provide for more detailed responses to two or three specific questions of particular interest to MTAP, the SCOPT and the FTA. The survey tool should be structured so that these more detailed responses can be compiled in an organized way (i.e., not just a "comments" field.) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Performance measurement KW - Public transit KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys KW - Technical assistance KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3519 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331740 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463226 TI - Development of Bridge Foundation Movement Criteria AB - Geotechnical engineers estimate foundation movements to design bridge foundations and report their findings to the bridge designer. The bridge designer will then evaluate total movements, including differential movements that can be tolerated to satisfy post-construction bridge performance and to mitigate future maintenance issues. However, the current AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications do not provide clear criteria for movement limitations. The Specifications indicate that "the tolerable movement criteria shall be established by either empirical procedures or structural analyses or by consideration of both". Clear criteria and guidance are needed to ensure more efficient bridge designs while protecting the short and long-term integrity of structures. The objectives of this research are to (1) develop a framework to determine the acceptable levels of bridge foundation movements based upon structure tolerance to total and differential movements considering service and strength limit states, and (2) propose revisions to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Foundation movement shall include vertical, horizontal, and rotational movements. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Motion KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3188 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475445 AU - Bennert, Thomas AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Early Age Rutting Potential of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) PY - 2012/12/12/Final Report SP - 32p AB - Various plant produced Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) mixtures were evaluated and compared to identical plant produced Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) to assess their early life rutting potential. Along with laboratory permanent deformation testing, fatigue and moisture damage potential testing was also included. The test results indicated that the performance of the WMA was very similar to that of the companion HMA with differences in performance a function of mix type, recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) content, and production temperature. KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Moisture content KW - Recycled materials KW - Rutting KW - Stiffness KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/pubs/Warm-Mix-Asphalt-Final.pdf UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-10-08%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456883 AU - Bullard, Lance AU - Estakhri, Cindy AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Hu, Xiaodi AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Thin Overlay Mix Designs for West Texas Districts PY - 2012/12/11 SP - v.p. AB - This document consists of a technical memorandum (.docx file, 48p.) "Task Report #2.2, Developing Very Thin Overlays with Locally Available Aggregates for Each District" and Excel files (.xls) for 16 mix designs and a summary of all mixes from the project. The objective of the subtask was to generate crack resistant hot mix designs which could be placed very thin using locally available materials for each of the West Texas Districts wanting to participate in this study. Crack Attenuating Mixes (CAMs) had been placed in other parts of the state with good performance, though not in West Texas. Local aggregates meeting minimum quality and gradation requirements were solicited from 10 districts. In addition to the CAM mix designs, fine graded permeable friction course (PFC) and fine graded stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixes were developed for two of the aggregate sources. A total of 6 mixes were selected for placement at the Pecos Test Track; two CAM's, two PFC's and two fine SMA's. Based on the results presented in this report the locally available Hoban from Pecos and the Eastland aggregates from Abilene District were used in the construction of test sections. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Cracking of asphalt concrete pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Local materials KW - Mix design KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/9-1529-P1.zip UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46898/Mix_1_-_CAM_Design__Eastland_G5___Man._sand___Scr.___1__Lime__SGC.xls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46899/Mix_2_-_CAM_Design__Eastland_G5___Man._sand__SGC.xls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46900/Mix_3_-_CAM_Design__Eastland_G5___Man._sand___Chat__SGC.xls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46901/Mix_4_-_PFC_Design__Eastland_G5_.xls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46902/Mix_5_-_PFC_Design__Eastland_G6_.xls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46903/Mix_6_-_SMA_Design__Eastland_Grade_5__Man._Sand__TGC.xls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46904/Mix_7_-_CAM_Design__Hoban_G6__Hoban__Man._sand__SGC.xls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46905/Mix_8_-_CAM_Design__Hoban_G6__Rankin_Scr.__SGC.xls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46906/Mix_9_-_CAM_Design__Hoban_G6_Turner_Scr.__SGC.xls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526269 AU - Lyons, William AU - Peckett, Haley AU - Morse, Lindsey AU - Khurana, Monisha AU - Nash, Logan AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Metropolitan Area Transportation Planning for Healthy Communities PY - 2012/12/10/Final Report SP - 117p AB - Based on research including four best practice studies, the report proposes a framework for Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) and partners to use to integrate health into metropolitan area transportation planning. The framework addresses both how MPOs can approach health as a direct, broadly-based goal for their interdisciplinary planning, and how they can consider health during all stages of the metropolitan area transportation planning process. The report identifies a "holistic" approach to health, including consideration of active transportation, safety, air pollution, and access to opportunities for healthy lifestyles. The report includes summaries of Federal and State regulations, policies, and funding programs; available technical tools; applicable research and reports; four MPO case studies and a broad scan of additional MPO examples; and a synthesis with observations. This research demonstrates that although each MPO may have a unique experience, approach, and set of actors involved in incorporating health into their planning activities, the planning processes, strategies, and challenges are very similar. KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Financing KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Policy KW - Public health KW - Regulations KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.planning.dot.gov/documents/Volpe_FHWA_MPOHealth_12122012.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51500/51591/Volpe_FHWA_MPOHealth_12122012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1308608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01473713 AU - Noel, George J AU - Wayson, Roger AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOVES2010a Regional Level Sensitivity Analysis PY - 2012/12/10/Final Report SP - 120p AB - This document discusses the sensitivity of various input parameter effects on emission rates using the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) MOVES2010a model at the regional level. Pollutants included in the study are carbon monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX), Particulate Matter of less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5), and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Similar trends for PM10 as reported for PM2.5 and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) as NOX exist and inferences to these pollutants may also be made. Results are presented using the predicted emission rates (grams/mile) for running exhaust and starts across multiple Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) source types. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Pollutants KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Vehicles KW - Volatile organic compounds UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46598/DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-12-05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244180 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01543705 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Public Transportation. Task 48. Condition of State and Federally Funded Transit Assets AB - State departments of transportation (DOT's) use a variety of approaches in assessing the condition of local, state and federally funded transit assets. For several reasons, including but not limited to: scarce or diminished funding streams and resources; influx of federal funds (such as the stimulus money and state of good repair); accountability; performance measuring; and so forth, it is important that an accurate assessment of the condition be performed and readily available. The objective of this research is to develop a matrix or some other type tool which can be used (and modified for use) as guidance by State DOT's to assess the condition of transit assets on a statewide basis (see Potential Research Task below). This will include methods for assessing the most common assets such as rolling stock, facilities, and equipment; but may consider other assets as well such as information technology (IT), bus stops, and more. Federal regulations regarding federal asset valuation will be noted where appropriate, and latitude to vary from those federal regulations will also be included. If available and applicable, the matrix (tool) will provide detail characteristics to consider when rating an overall asset. KW - Asset management KW - Condition surveys KW - Government funding KW - Information technology KW - Performance measurement KW - Rail transit facilities KW - Rolling stock KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3520 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469382 AU - Julin, Ramen D AU - Reid, John D AU - Faller, Ronald K AU - Mongiardini, Mario AU - Midwest Roadside Safety Facility AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of the Maximum MGS Mounting Height– Phase II Detailed Analysis Using LS-DYNA® PY - 2012/12/05/Final Report SP - 225p AB - Determination of the maximum Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) mounting height was performed in two phases. Phase I concentrated on crash testing: two full-scale crash tests were performed on the MGS with top-rail mounting heights of 34 in. (864 mm) and 36 in. (914 mm), each impacted by 1100C vehicles. Both system heights satisfied the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) Test Level 3 (TL-3) evaluation criteria for test no. 3-10. Phase I was documented in the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility (MwRSF) Report No. TRP-03-255-12. Phase II, the subject of this report, concentrated on a detailed analysis of an increased-height MGS using computer simulation (Barrier VII and LS-DYNA). It was shown that on level terrain the MGS would satisfy MASH TL-3 evaluation criteria with rail heights up to 36 in. Also, errant passenger vehicles were successfully contained on approach slopes as steep as 6:1 when the rail was mounted at 36 in. Also, the 820C vehicle redirection was improved on 8:1 approach slopes with rail mounting heights as large as 36 in. (914 mm). Furthermore, the effects of various vehicle geometries and their associated complications were investigated. Additional full-scale vehicle crash tests are necessary to confirm the simulation results before these taller systems can be deemed crashworthy according to MASH. Nonetheless, there appeared to be a considerable amount of upside tolerance for the rail height on the MASH-approved MGS. Evidence of this was given in a prior high-flare-rate study and the current study. KW - Approach lanes KW - Guardrails KW - Height KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - LS-DYNA (Computer program) KW - Midwest Guardrail System KW - Simulation KW - Slopes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46957/Determination_of_the_maximum_MGS_mounting_height_Phase_II_detailed_analysis.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237156 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01543909 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 339. Best Practices for Cracking Sealing and Crack Filling of Asphalt Pavements AB - The objective of this research was to prepare a synthesis of current best practices and programs for crack sealing and crack filling of asphalt pavements. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Best practices KW - Cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Sealing compounds UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3387 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332066 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01472297 TI - Evaluating the Use of High Speed Laser Line Sensors for Improved Rideability Measurement AB - Sensors that scan an entire tire width at speeds sufficient for high-speed use have recently become available. However, it is unknown if this type of sensor provides the same readings as the single-point sensor on conventional surfaces. The objective of this research is to assess the new wide-type sensors to evaluate if they can provide improved accuracy on all pavement types. KW - Pavements KW - Ride quality KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Sensors KW - Texture UR - http://www.scdot.scltap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SPR-704-FINAL-REPORT.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243669 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01472300 TI - Development of a Guidance Manual for Assessing Scour using the South Carolina Regional Bridge-Scour Envelopes AB - The objective of this research project is to develop an integrated procedure for assessing scour potential at riverine bridges in South Carolina utilizing the regional bridge-scour envelope curves developed in the three previous field investigations (Benedict, 2003; Benedict and Caldwell, 2006; Benedict and Caldwell, 2009). KW - Bridges KW - Erosion KW - Field studies KW - Manuals KW - Rivers KW - Scour KW - South Carolina UR - http://www.scdot.scltap.org/projects/current/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243672 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01472298 TI - Compliance with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Effluent Limitation Guidelines - Turbidity Control and Surface Outlets AB - The objective of this research project is to evaluate turbidity and surface water withdrawal associated with Department construction site stormwater discharge KW - Compliance KW - Construction sites KW - Drainage KW - Environmental impacts KW - Runoff KW - Turbidity KW - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency UR - http://www.scdot.scltap.org/projects/current/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01569148 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Value for Money Assessment for Public-Private Partnerships: A Primer PY - 2012/12 SP - 42p AB - This primer addresses Value for Money Assessment for public-private partnerships (P3s). Value for money is defined as the optimum combination of life-cycle costs and quality (or fitness for purpose) of a good or service to meet the user’s requirement. For example, in the case of highways, the user’s requirement might be mobility and safety on a specific roadway. Value for Money (VfM) processes have been designed and utilized in many countries to help government officials determine if, when entering into a P3 agreement, they are likely to obtain a better deal compared to conventional approaches to procure the same project. This primer is structured as follows. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the VfM analysis process. Chapter 3 discusses discounting of future costs and revenues to facilitate comparison of the procurement alternatives in terms of present value. Two key components of the Public Sector Comparator (PSC) are life-cycle costs and the costs or risks. They are discussed in Chapters 4 and 5 respectively. Toll revenue risk is discussed separately in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 discusses quantitative assessment of VfM and Chapter 8 discusses qualitative assessment. Finally, Chapter 9 presents a summary with cautionary notes based on experience to date. KW - Assessments KW - Costs KW - Life cycle costing KW - Procurement KW - Public private partnerships KW - Revenues KW - Risk analysis KW - Tolls KW - Value for money UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/pdfs/p3/p3_value_for_money_primer_122612.PDF UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55200/55262/p3_value_for_money_primer_122612.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1359494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01560935 AU - Shen, Junan AU - Xie, Zhaoxing AU - Georgia Southern University AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comprehensive Evaluation of the Long-Term Performance of Rubberized Pavement: Phase I: Laboratory Study of Rubberized Asphalt Mix Performance PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 70p AB - Crumb rubber, made from scrap tires, has been introduced into the production of different types of hot mix asphalt (HMA) in either a wet or dry process. In the wet process, the crumb rubber and binder are completely mixed to form asphalt rubber (AR), which is then mixed with aggregates in a drum. In the dry process, the crumb rubber is mixed directly with aggregates in the drum to produce an HMA called rubberized asphalt mix. This paper examines the long-term performance of porous European mix (PEM) and stone matrix asphalt (SMA) pavements to which crumb rubber was added in the dry process. Test sections were visually inspected for surface distress, following the guidelines in the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) Pavement Condition Evaluation System (PACES) manual. Core samples were evaluated in the laboratory on selected physical and durability properties, including the void ratio, permeability, density, Cantabro loss, and Marshall stability. Visual inspection results show that the performance of rubberized pavement almost equals that of polymer-modified PEM with no rutting, raveling, or cracking, while the Cantabro test showed a higher mass loss after 3 years’ service. After 5 years’ service, the rubberized pavement performed slightly better to rutting depth, while other visual indicators remained the same. The rubberized SMA pavement had slightly higher Marshall stability and lower flow than the control SMA pavement, with similar effects on the polymer-modified PEM’s surface performance. KW - Crumb rubber KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Georgia KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rutting KW - Stone matrix asphalt UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/11-19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1349862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01535787 AU - Hopkin, Dane AU - Kobbe, Ryan AU - Turner, John P AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Criteria for a WYDOT Culvert Selection Policy PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 156p AB - This report discusses geotechnical and material considerations for culvert design and selection. The purpose of this report is to present the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) with information in order to alter, improve, and incorporate changes to their standard road and bridge specifications. Research included in this study synthesizes American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), State department of transportation (DOT), and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) literature among other technical documentation, as well as State DOT surveys that outline important considerations for culvert design. Additional areas of research discussed in this report include post-installation inspection of pipe culverts and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) culvert design procedures. The report concludes with recommendations for changes to WYDOT’s specifications related to selection, design, installation, and inspection of culverts. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - American Society for Testing and Materials KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pipe culverts KW - Recommendations KW - Specifications KW - State departments of transportation KW - Wyoming Department of Transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51884/FHWA_1301F_RS10211_CRITERIA_FOR_A_WYDOT_CULVERT_SELECTION_POLICY.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1317677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01519386 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Federal Highway Administration's Climate Change & Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessment Framework PY - 2012/12 SP - 58p AB - This guide and collection of resources is for use in analyzing the impacts of climate change and extreme weather on transportation infrastructure. Its purpose is to identify key considerations, questions, and resources that can be used to design and implement a climate change vulnerability assessment. The processes, lessons learned, and resources outlined in the framework are geared toward State departments of transportation (DOTs), metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), and other agencies involved in planning, building, or maintaining the transportation system. It includes suggestions and examples applicable to a wide range of applications, from small qualitative studies to large, detailed, data-intensive analyses. The resources included in the framework will be added to and updated over time. The framework is informed by and draws examples from five climate change vulnerability and risk assessment pilot projects that the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored in 2010-2011. This updated framework uses the experiences of the pilots to provide some examples of the “how to” of the assessment. The 2010 pilots were: North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority/New Jersey Partnership-Coastal and Central New Jersey; Oahu Metropolitan Planning Organization-Island of Oahu; Metropolitan Transportation Commission /Bay Area Conservation and Development Commission/California Department of Transportation District 4-San Francisco Bay; Virginia DOT/University of Virginia-Hampton Roads; and Washington State DOT-State of Washington. KW - Climate change KW - Decision making KW - Implementation KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Pilot studies KW - Risk assessment KW - State departments of transportation KW - Weather and climate UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/publications_and_tools/vulnerability_assessment_framework/fhwahep13005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01499616 AU - Fricker, Jon D AU - Noureldin, Menna AU - Stroshine, Timothy AU - Richardson, Wayne AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cost‐Effective Data Collection to Support INDOT’s Mission PY - 2012/12 SP - 104p AB - This study's main purpose was to provide an inventory of the data collection programs undertaken by Indiana Department of Transportation's (INDOT's) divisions and offices and to give recommendations regarding addition, removal, or modification of data collection programs. Chapter 1 provides a background for the data collection efforts at INDOT and in other State DOTs. The inventory phase of the project was accomplished through a series of interviews, which were converted into a series of technical memos in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 summarizes information about the data collection programs carried out by INDOT, including the data items collected, the data collector and/or owner entity, frequency of collection, the tools used for data collection and storage, and the purpose of collection. The information was compiled from the INDOT Data Collection Online Survey and phone interviews with INDOT employees. In Chapter 4, a set of flow diagrams were created to depict the creators and users of data within INDOT. The tables in Chapter 5 that summarize the data needs, use, and adequacy as seen by various units in INDOT is the result of another online survey. Chapter 6 presents suggested changes to the INDOT data collection programs that can continue to meet state and federal requirements, while making the data collection process more efficient. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Recommendations KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315040 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1268145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496653 AU - Poole, Bryan AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Overview of Automated Enforcement Systems and Their Potential for Improving Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety PY - 2012/12 SP - 15p AB - The following paper takes a widespread look at automated enforcement systems, specifically red-light cameras (RLC) and automated speed enforcement (ASE) systems. Initially exploring the detrimental consequences of drivers running red lights and speeding, the paper will define automated enforcement systems, the impact these systems have, the issues they raise, the question of legality and the ongoing battle of public perception. Using this information, it will explore the implications that automated enforcement systems can have on pedestrian and bicycle safety. The final section discusses how automated enforcement systems should be seen as one potential tool to aid crash prevention, rather than a comprehensive and final solution. It also cautions against the implementation of automated enforcement systems primarily for the generation of revenue. Seeing the systems as part of a broader campaign to make streets and intersections safer is the best way to prevent legal challenges, and garner public support, so automated systems can achieve their intended purpose of preventing traffic crashes and saving lives. KW - Automated enforcement KW - Bicycle safety KW - Cameras KW - Highway safety KW - Legislation KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Public opinion KW - Red light running KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/cms/downloads/WhitePaper_AutomatedSafetyEnforcement_PBIC.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493305 AU - Varner, Robert L AU - Burns Cooley Dennis, Incorporated AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Optimizing Mississippi Aggregates for Concrete Bridge Decks PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 242p AB - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) M 43 “Standard Specification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction” addresses particle size distribution of material included in various maximum nominal size aggregates. This particle size distribution requires additional processing such as screening, separating, and recombining to Mississippi Department of Transportation’s (MDOT's) particle size distribution requirements. Specifiers of concrete mixtures have utilized additional requirements on aggregates by placing upper and lower limits on combined percent retained on individual sieves. MDOT has recently utilized this concept by introducing similar limits on aggregate gradations used in concrete for bridge decks. This research project investigates the workability and shrinkage performance of concrete containing aggregate gradations not meeting these requirements and compares this performance to concrete containing aggregate gradations meeting MDOT’s requirements for bridge decks. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete bridges KW - Durability KW - Mississippi KW - Shrinkage KW - Workability UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20231%20-%20Optimizing%20Mississippi%20Aggregates%20For%20Concrete%20Bridge%20Decks.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1262142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01491312 AU - Lee, Min Sang AU - Choi, Yong Seok AU - Prezzi, Monica AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Quality Assessment of Geogrids Used for Subgrade Treatment PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 37p AB - Geogrid reinforcements have been used by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) to construct stable subgrade foundations and to provide a working platform for construction over weak and soft soils. Use of geogrid reinforcement in a pavement system ensures a long‐lasting pavement structure by reducing excessive deformation and cracking. The main objectives of this research were to evaluate the mechanical interaction between a subgrade soil and an aggregate base layer with and without a geogrid in place at the interface. A series of large‐scale direct shear tests were performed to investigate the effects of geogrid properties, such as geogrid aperture area, junction strength, and tensile strength, on the interface shear strength of soil‐geogrid‐aggregate systems. The test results showed that the aperture size and junction strength of the geogrids were relatively important factors affecting the overall interface shear strength the most. The average values for the peak interface shear strength coefficient for the three normal stresses (50 kPa, 100 kPa and 200 kPa) considered in this study ranged from 0.96 to 1.48. In addition, the test results showed that the average peak interface shear strength coefficient increases with increases in the junction strength of the geogrid. The optimum aperture area of the geogrid was found to be equal to 825 mm2 (1.4 in2 ) for the subgrade soil and aggregate considered in this study. There was no significant correlation between the geogrid tensile strength at 2% strain and the average peak interface shear strength coefficient. The effect of the moisture content of the subgrade soil on the peak interface shear strength coefficient was also investigated. The peak interface shear strength coefficient for the subgrade soil sample prepared at the optimum moisture content and compacted to relative compaction values of 94–96% (Rsoil = 95–96% and Raggregate = 94–95%) and tested under a normal stress of 100 kPa was 20% less than that for the subgrade soil sample prepared at a moisture content 4% above the optimum moisture content. Based on the results of the tests performed in this study, an aperture area requirement of 825 mm2 (1.4 in2) and a junction strength requirement of 11.5 kN/m (788 lb/ft) were suggested as preliminary guidelines for subgrade reinforcement systems. These requirements are only limited to the use of Type IV geogrid (INDOT specification 207.04) for subgrade reinforcement with aggregate No. 53. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Direct shear tests KW - Geogrids KW - Indiana KW - Interfaces KW - Moisture content KW - Quality control KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Tensile strength UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315034 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1257457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01491290 AU - Long, Robert A AU - Begley, James S AU - MacKay, Paula AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Baseline Wildlife Monitoring at I-90 Snoqualmie Pass East, Prior to the Installation of Wildlife Crossing Structures PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 287p AB - The I-90 Snoqualmie Pass East Project (SPE) is located along a 15-mile stretch of Interstate 90 that passes through the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The project corridor has been identified as a critical connectivity zone for Pacific Northwest wildlife populations linking natural habitats both to the north and south of the project area. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) will help alleviate the effects of increased traffic volume, a wider highway and increased traffic speed by enhancing ecological connectivity at 14 Connectivity Emphasis Areas (CEA) throughout the project area for multiple species and ecological processes. Wildlife monitoring is needed both prior to and following the installation of project mitigation measures to ensure that efforts to enhance ecological connectivity are achieving their intended goals. WSDOT contracted with Western Transportation Institute (WTI) to conduct preconstruction baseline wildlife monitoring within the I-90 SPE project area from 2008-2012. This baseline wildlife monitoring report addresses the collection of baseline data related to monitoring objectives. These objectives include: characterizing the rate and location of wildlife-vehicle collisions, assessing the extent of sub-grade and at-grade crossings by wildlife, and assessing species occurrence within the Project Area. This report identifies survey methods and approaches, provides a review of monitoring achievements, and outlines future efforts required to ensure project success. KW - Crashes KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Methodology KW - Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest KW - Washington (State) KW - Wildlife KW - Wildlife crossings UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/803.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1260489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01487889 AU - Kyte, Michael AU - Beyerlein, Steve AU - Brown, Shane AU - Monsere, Chris AU - Goodchild, Anne AU - Pitera, Kelly AU - Lee, Ming AU - National Institute for Advanced Transportation Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development, Deployment, and Assessment of Activity‐Based Transportation Courses PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 82p AB - This project developed four new activity‐based transportation courses including “Traffic Signal Systems Operations and Design”, “Understanding and Communicating Transportation Data”, “Introduction to Freight Transportation”, and “Rural Highway Design and Safety”. The courses are learner‐centered in which activities completed by students form the basis for their learning. The courses were offered fourteen times to a total of 195 students. Activity books that included 142 activities were developed for the four courses. The books and all supporting materials are available on the project web site. A number of assessments and evaluations were conducted to determine how effective the courses and materials were in meeting project objectives. The active learning style was a challenge for many students, as they were required to be prepared for class and to do “active” work during class. In general, there was an acceptance of the value of the active learning environments and how they positively contributed to student learning. KW - Active learning KW - Continuing education KW - Curricula KW - Development KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Implementation KW - Labor force UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2013/07/Idaho.TransportationEdDev.12.2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1256474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01487056 AU - Hulsey, J L AU - Wardell, Ty AU - Brandon, Patrick AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Wearing Surface Testing: Yukon River Bridge PY - 2012/12//Final Report (Part 1) SP - 24p AB - The Yukon River Bridge, also known as the E.L. Patton Bridge, carries the two-lane Dalton Highway and the trans-Alaska oil pipeline across the Yukon River at a 6% grade. It is 30 feet wide, with 6 spans; it was designed to withstand negative 60 degrees Fahrenheit temperatures, huge ice loads from the river, truck loads hauling supplies to the oil fields, the oil pipeline, and, in the future, a gas line. Over 30 years, the timber decking has been replaced several times - in 1981, 1992, 1999, and 2007. The trees that produced the original decking were massive old-growth firs, strong and close-grained. Subsequent decking has come from younger trees, which produce softer wood. As timber quality has decreased, time between replacements has also decreased, while material costs increase. Every time the Yukon River Bridge deck is resurfaced, it costs the public millions of dollars. Further, in the past only timber was used, and the quality of this material is decreasing as the cost is increasing. It is imperative that new materials for use as a wearing surface for this bridge be identified. This research seeks to identify a material suitable for bridge decking that will last more than 15 years. A longer-lasting material will mean future savings to the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities in the millions of dollars. KW - Alaska KW - Bridge decks KW - Costs KW - Durability tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Materials selection KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Yukon River UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2013/04/YRB-Final-Report-FINAL_fp-jlh.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1256270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01487049 AU - Yang, Zhaohui "Joey" AU - Zhang, Xiaoyu AU - University of Alaska, Anchorage AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Seismic Performance and Design of Bridge Foundations in Liquefiable Ground with a Frozen Crust PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 114p AB - Two major earthquakes in Alaska, namely the 1964 Great Alaskan earthquake and the 2002 Denali earthquake, occurred in winter season when the ground crust was frozen. None of the then-existing foundation types was able to withstand the force from the frozen crust overlying liquefied soils. This project aims to study how the frozen ground crust affects the performance of bridge pile foundations and how one can estimate the loads imposed by the frozen ground crust. A shake table experiment was conducted to gain in-depth understanding of the mechanism of frozen ground crust-pile foundation interaction and collect data to validate a solid-fluid coupled finite element (FE) model and a simplified method, i.e. the beam-on-nonlinear-Winkler-foundation (BNWF) or p-y approach. Loads imposed on pile foundations by the frozen crust were studied through solid-fluid coupled FE analyses of a typical Alaskan bridge foundation under two soil conditions-one with an unfrozen crust and the other with a frozen crust-and by comparison of results obtained from these two cases. The effectiveness of the p-y approach in predicting the response of piles subject to frozen ground lateral spreading in liquefiable soils was evaluated by comparing the analyses of results with those obtained from the FE modeling. Finally, guidelines were proposed for design practitioners to analyze the performance of pile foundations embedded in liquefiable soils subject to frozen ground crust lateral spreading with the p-y approach. KW - Alaska KW - Beam-on-Winkler Foundation KW - Bridge foundations KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Finite element method KW - Frozen soils KW - Liquefaction KW - Pile foundations KW - Seismicity UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2013/07/309010.410015.Yang_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1256269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01486951 AU - Perkins, Robert A AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Selection of Preservatives for Marine Structural Timbers in Herring Spawning Areas PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 120p AB - Alaska marine harbors use wood for many structures that come in contact with saltwater, including piles, floats, and docks, because it is economical to buy and maintain. However, wood immersed in saltwater is prone to attack by marine borers, various types of marine invertebrates that can destroy a wood structure in only a few years. In Alaska marine waters there are only two wood preservatives currently recommended: ACZA (ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate) and creosote. ACZA is a water-based preservative that leaches copper into the marine environment; copper is toxic to marine invertebrates and other species. Creosote is an oil-based preservative made from coal tar; it leaches a class of hydrocarbon chemicals called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the water. Some research indicates that copper leaching from ACZA is slight after a year or so, while creosote leaches PAH at a declining rate over time, but is still measurable after many years. Field research with both preservative methods is hampered because harbors are frequently contaminated with many chemicals, so determining how the wood preservatives alone impact marine life over time is difficult. This project will test the toxicity of marine structural materials to herring eggs under a variety of conditions common in Alaska marine waters, focusing on Southeast Alaska; it will also compare the durability of creosote-versus ACZA-treated marine timbers under comparable climatic and service conditions. This research aims to provide relevant information to ADOT&PF to improve its selection of wood structural materials in the marine environment, especially the selection of wood-preserving methods. KW - Alaska KW - Aquatic life KW - Environmental impacts KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Offshore structures KW - Port structures KW - Preservation KW - River herring KW - Timber KW - Toxicity UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2013/07/410037.MarineTimbers.Perkins.Final_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1256379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01486735 AU - Perkins, Robert A AU - Bennett, F Lawrence AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Knowledge Transfer Needs and Methods PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 121p AB - The State of Alaska has an aging workforce. There is a paucity of workers in the 25 to 45 year age group. The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (AKDOT&PF) has almost one third of its workforce eligible to retire within five years. In earlier research the authors examined this problem with respect to recruitment, retention, and succession planning. This project will focus on issues related to knowledge transfer, the passing of knowledge from more experienced employees to newer employees, especially in the engineering and technical areas. Both the state and the AKDOT&PF are well aware of the employment demographics and knowledge transfer issues. These are indeed nationwide problems and in developed countries worldwide. Here the authors propose to review the knowledge transfer needs of the AKDOT&PF, the current practices with respect to the many tools available, and meet with AKDOT&PF managers and professionals in focus groups to determine which tools are likely to be effective in enhancing knowledge transfer. The authors plan to identify barriers to knowledge transfer, such as managers’ reluctance, corporate culture, and history. Following reviews, this project will present recommendations to the AKDOT&PF with tools that can be implemented to enhance knowledge transfer. KW - Alaska KW - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities KW - Education and training KW - Knowledge KW - Labor force KW - Personnel development KW - State of the practice UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2013/07/510009.Perkins.-FINAL.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1256236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01485997 AU - Chen, Erdong AU - Tarko, Andrew P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices for INDOT‐Funded Work Zone Police Patrols PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 92p AB - Transportation agencies across the U.S. are expending a great deal of effort to improve highway work zone safety. Among those efforts is a special fund for work zone enforcement established by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). The allocation of enforcement funding was based on expert knowledge and weights and scores applied to work zone characteristics considered relevant to traffic safety. The objective of the reported project was to develop a rational and defendable tool for programming police enforcement that maximizes the safety benefits of police enforcement in INDOT work zones. To understand what affects work zone safety, the research team carried out an extensive literature review, designed field experiments to evaluate the effect of selected enforcement strategies on drivers’ behavior in work zones, and developed speed models incorporating the effect of police enforcement. The estimated speeds were used to derive crash modification factors (CMFs) that express the effect of the police enforcement strategy on work zone safety. Finally, the research team combined all of the developed components in a method of predicting the costs and the safety benefits in work zones under various enforcement strategies. This last method was included in the optimization tool for programming police enforcement in a group of planned work zones. The described project developed an optimization tool implemented in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet with the OpenSolver add‐in. The tool is flexible, straightforward, and easy to use. The user should be able to quickly become familiar with the required input, results, and obtained solution. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Best practices KW - Crash modification factors KW - Indiana KW - Linear programming KW - Optimization KW - Police patrol KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315039 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1255044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01485312 AU - Stock, Tyler Adam AU - Caldas, Carlos AU - Loftus-Otway, Lisa AU - Prozzi, Jolanda AU - Clower, Terry AU - Bomba, Michael AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - University of North Texas, Denton AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TxDOT Resource for Linking Planning with Project Planning in Support of NEPA PY - 2012/12 SP - 26p AB - Since the enactment of the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) in 1970, sponsors of transportation projects that receive federal money or fall under the purview of the federal government in some other way are required to develop documentation that shows the environmental effects of the project were studied and taken into consideration. The purpose of this document is to serve as a resource to various Texas agencies involved in transportation planning, project planning, and NEPA compliance. The resource will make recommendations and identify areas where these agencies can facilitate the NEPA process by linking it with regional transportation planning and project planning KW - Data sharing KW - Documents KW - Environmental streamlining KW - National Environmental Protection Act of 1969 KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Regional planning KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/0-6701-p1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1253847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483637 AU - Rudy, Adam AU - Olek, Jan AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Optimization of Mixture Proportions for Concrete Pavements—Influence of Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Paste Content and Aggregate Gradation PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 69p AB - The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of the type and the amount of supplementary cementitious materials, paste content and aggregate gradation on the results of statistical optimization of mixture proportions for concrete pavements. The research program was divided into three main PHASES. In PHASE I, the influence of the amount and type of supplementary cementitious materials (as well as the paste content) on selection of optimum proportions for concrete pavement mixtures was studied. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to design test matrices of concrete mixtures consisting of three binder systems: the fly ash system, the GGBFS system and the fly ash plus GGBFS system. For each binder system, the paste content varied from 21 to 25% by mixture volume. The optimum composition of concrete mixtures was found to be 29% of fly ash and 22% of paste for the fly ash system, 37% of GGBFS and 23% of paste for the GGBFS system, and 15% of fly ash, 27% of GGBFS and 22% of paste for the ternary system. In PHASE II, three concrete mixtures (each representing near optimum composition of variables studied in PHASE I) were selected and produced with six different aggregate gradations. These aggregate gradations varied with respect to coarseness (CF) and workability (WF) factors (as defined by Shilstone’s chart), packing density and maximum aggregate size. The results revealed that the best performance was obtained for mixtures with CF of about 67 and WF of about 40. In addition, the paste‐aggregate void saturation ratio (k”), which relates paste content to aggregate packing density, was found to be important in controlling scaling and drying shrinkage of concrete mixtures produced in PHASE II. The focus of PHASE III of the study was on numerical modeling to determine the optimum combination of (k”) and aggregate packing density (Φ) with respect to concrete performance. The results revealed that the most desirable concrete mixtures were produced with a (k”) value ranging from 0.925 to 1.000 and with packing density in the range from 0.755 to 0.786. Finally, selected concrete mixtures produced in Phase III were evaluated with respect to their cracking potential. The mixtures selected for the cracking potential study were those which showed elevated level of drying shrinkage and were characterized by relatively high k” values and poor aggregate packing density. The cracking potential of these mixtures was evaluated using the modified AASHTO ring test procedure, which involved demolding of specimens immediately after the concrete reached the final setting time. The final setting time was determined using the time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Cement paste KW - Cementitious materials KW - Concrete pavements KW - Mix design KW - Optimization KW - Proportioning UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315038 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1252321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482299 AU - Heaslip, Kevin AU - Boggs, Wesley AU - Squire, Devin AU - Evans, Travis AU - Lindheimer, Tomas AU - Gardiner, Kevin AU - Langford, Mike AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Sign Management Plan & System for UDOT PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 106p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is concerned with maintaining a minimum level of retro-reflectivity on traffic signs under both federal and state jurisdictions. New retro-reflectivity standards have been enacted by the FHWA that mandate all transportation agencies “must establish and implement a sign management or management method to maintain minimum levels of sign retroreflectivity”. In addition, full compliance with the new retro-reflectivity standards is mandated by January 2015. Non-compliance with these new retro-reflectivity requirements will leave transportation agencies vulnerable to lawsuits. Many agencies are now realizing the challenges of establishing and maintaining a sign management program. The purpose of this research was to assess the current performance of traffic signs under the jurisdiction of the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) and develop an assessment or management method that is tailored to UDOT’s specific traffic sign needs. From 2011-12 1,716 traffic signs were measured across all four of UDOT’s maintenance regions in order to develop a snapshot of current retroreflectivity compliance. At the conclusion of the collection effort it was determined that UDOT’s sign population was 93 percent compliant with the minimum maintained retroreflectivity levels. Additional issues specific to UDOT’s sign population were identified and documented. From the collection effort it was determined that 28 percent of UDOT’s traffic signs had severe enough damage that it detracted from the legibility of the traffic signs' intended message. Analysis was conducted to determine factors that contributed to areas of high damage rates. By determining that UDOT signs had a damage issue it is recommended that a visual nighttime assessment method be utilized since it can simultaneously assess the legibility and visibility of a traffic sign. By implementing a visual nighttime inspection procedure UDOT will maintain compliance with the minimum levels and ensure the legibility of the traffic signs' message, thereby increasing motorist safety. KW - Compliance KW - Legibility KW - Maintenance management KW - Montana KW - Night visibility KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=3402118688589588 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1251060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481384 AU - Ecola, Liisa AU - Wachs, Martin AU - RAND Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Exploring the Relationship between Travel Demand and Economic Growth PY - 2012/12 SP - 43p AB - As the interest in sustainable transportation increases, there is a push to reduce vehicle miles of travel (VMT). This report explores VMT and the impact it has on economic growth. In addition, this study examined research to identify successful "decoupling" of VMT and economic growth. Can VMT decrease while economic growth increases? Examples from the literature of United States metropolitan planning organizations and other countries, specifically Lund, Sweden and Singapore, are included. KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic growth KW - Gross domestic product KW - Literature reviews KW - Lund (Sweden) KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Singapore KW - Travel demand KW - United States KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/pubs/vmt_gdp/vmt_gdp.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01480992 AU - Noble, Alexandria M AU - Martinelli, David R AU - Unnikrishnan, Avinash AU - Martinelli, Diana AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - West Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Analysis of West Virginia’s Graduated Driver Licensing Program PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 70p AB - Motor vehicle collisions are the leading cause of death for individuals between the ages of 15-20 years old in the United States. Top safety concerns involving teen drivers include; safety belt use, impaired driving, and distracted driving. Rules that address these safety concerns have been implemented into multifaceted graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs in the United States as well as in state legislation. There are a limited number of studies focusing on the perspective, knowledge and opinion of GDL policy. The effectiveness of the GDL program in West Virginia is being measured through the administration of surveys. The surveys have been designed to assess awareness among high school students, parents of high school students, and police officers. GDL limits teenage driver exposure to high risk situations but its potential to reduce fatalities is limited by people's willingness to comply with the laws and the enforcement of the program restrictions by parents and law enforcement officers. Using the insights provided by these surveys, ways to improve GDL policy and awareness to increase program effectiveness will be identified. KW - Analysis KW - Awareness KW - Graduated licensing KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - West Virginia UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/WVU-2010-03.pdf UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/WVU-2011-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1249409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01480984 AU - Leonhardt, A AU - Medina, A AU - Higgs, B AU - McGhee, C AU - Ova, K AU - Chong, L AU - Kautzsch, L AU - Abbas, M AU - Fontaine, M AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Driver Behavior In Traffic, Final Report, December 2012 PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 229p AB - Existing traffic analysis and management tools do not model the ability of drivers to recognize their environment and respond to it with behaviors that vary according to the encountered driving situation. The small body of literature on characterizing drivers behavior is typically limited to specific locations (i.e., by collecting data on specific intersections or freeway sections) and is very narrow in scope. This report documented the research performed to model driver behavior in traffic under naturalistic driving data. The research resulted in the development of hybrid car-following model. In addition, a neuro-fuzzy reinforcement learning, an agent-based artificial intelligence machine-learning technique, was used to model driving behavior. The naturalistic driving database was used to train and validate driver agents. The proposed methodology simulated events from different drivers and proved behavior heterogeneities. Robust agent activation techniques were also developed using discriminant analysis. The developed agents were implemented in VISSIM simulation platform and were evaluated by comparing the behavior of vehicles with and without agent activation. The results showed very close resemblance of the behavior of agents and driver data. Prototype agents prototype (spreadsheets and codes) were developed. Future research recommendations include training agents using more data to cover a wider region in the Wiedemann regime space, and sensitivity analysis of agent training parameters. KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Behavior KW - Car following KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Microscopic traffic flow KW - Simulation KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic safety KW - VISSIM (Computer model) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1249777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01480521 AU - Titi, Hani H AU - Tabatabai, Habib AU - Faheem, Ahmed AU - Bautista, Emil AU - Tutumluer, Erol AU - Druckrey, Andrew AU - University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Base Compaction Specification Feasibility Analysis PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 222p AB - The objective of this research is to establish the technical engineering and cost analysis concepts that will enable Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) management to objectively evaluate the feasibility of switching construction specification philosophies for aggregate base. In order to accomplish this goal, field and laboratory testing programs were conducted on existing Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavements and on base layers under construction as well as comprehensive survey was conducted on highway agencies practices pertaining to base layer construction in the U.S. and Canada. This research proposed construction specifications for aggregate base course layers. The existing HMA pavements that showed early distresses exhibited high levels of spatial variability and non-uniformity in aggregate base course layers, as demonstrated by Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) testing and backcalculated base layer modulus. The existing HMA pavements that performed well exhibited low levels of spatial variability and high uniformity in aggregate base course layers, as shown by the FWD test results and the backcalculated base layer modulus. High spatial variability in field density and moisture content exists in base course layers under construction, as demonstrated by the relative compaction test results. In addition, spatial variability and non-uniformity were also demonstrated by the results of the Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) and GeoGauge, in which the layer modulus varies within a large range of values. KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement layers KW - Specifications KW - Wisconsin UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/WisDOT-WHRP-project-0092-11-02-final-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1249190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01479008 AU - Shi, Xianming AU - Li, Yongxin AU - Jungwirth, Scott AU - Fang, Yida AU - Seeley, Nicholas AU - Jackson, Emily AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Identification and Laboratory Assessment of Best Practices to Protect DOT Equipment from the Corrosive Effect of Chemical Deicers PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 216p AB - The objective of this project is to identify, evaluate and synthesize best practices that can be implemented to minimize the effects of deicer corrosion on department of transportation (DOT) winter vehicles and equipment, such as design improvements, maintenance practices, and the use of coatings and corrosion inhibitors. The research in Part I will include a comprehensive literature review coupled with a survey of current practice and the state of the art from DOTs; airlines; automobile/trucking, waterborne transportation, defense and other industries. This will be followed by phone interviews and laboratory evaluation of select products and practices, culminating in the cost benefit analysis of select practices and products and the development of implementation recommendations. Part II of this project will include the development of best practice guidelines and their periodical updates along with laboratory and field research to validate best practices if deemed necessary. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Best practices KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deicing chemicals KW - State departments of transportation KW - Vehicles and equipment KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2013/04/AUTC-410005FinalReport-ver1.51.pdf UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/796.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1248009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478794 AU - Hallmark, Shauna AU - McDonald, Tom AU - Sperry, Bob AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Safety Edge in Iowa: Phase II PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 41p AB - Roadway departure crashes are a serious traffic safety concern. These crashes account for about 53 percent of US highway fatalities and one million injuries annually. The Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) estimates approximately 52 percent of roadway-related fatal crashes in Iowa are lane departures. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) estimated in 2010 that 160 fatalities and more than 11,000 injuries related to unsafe pavement edges occur annually. The Safety Edge is a design feature that creates a 30 degree fillet along the outside edge of a roadway during paving operations. The FHWA developed the Safety Edge based on research that indicated vehicles attempting to remount the pavement after leaving the paved roadway surface could traverse a sloped pavement edge surface more easily. In this Phase II study, researchers observed and documented advances in design and utilization of Safety Edge equipment, sampled, tested, and assessed consolidation of the Safety Edge, inspected field conditions on previously-installed Safety Edge projects, evaluated changes in shoulder settlement/erosion, and assessed any deterioration of sloped HMA pavement edges. Based on observations and measurements, the research team concluded that, even considering that not all results were consistent and didn’t meet the “ideal” 30 degree slope angle, almost all Safety Edge slopes included in this evaluation project resulted in more durable and passable slopes than what would be expected with conventional pavement edges. This Phase II report documents the evaluation of Safety Edge projects and results in Iowa and includes an array of conclusions and practical recommendations. KW - Dropoffs (Pavements) KW - Equipment KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement design KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Road shoulders KW - Safety edge (Pavement safety feature) UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/safety_edge_eval_ii_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247476 ER - TY - SER AN - 01478578 JO - Traffic Volume Trends PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Volume Trends, December 2012 PY - 2012/12 SP - 10p AB - Traffic Volume Trends is a monthly report based on hourly traffic count data. These data, collected at approximately 4,000 continuous traffic counting locations nationwide, are used to determine the percent change in traffic for the current month compared to the same month in the previous year. This percent change is applied to the travel for the same month of the previous year to obtain an estimate of travel for the current month. Travel on all roads and streets changed by -2.9% (-7.0 billion vehicle miles) for December 2012 as compared with December 2011. Travel for the month is estimated to be 236.3 billion vehicle miles. Cumulative Travel for 2012 changed by +0.3% (9.1 billion vehicle miles). The Cumulative estimate for the year is 2,938.5 billion vehicle miles of travel. KW - Highway travel KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic volume KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/12dectvt/12dectvt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478006 AU - Shahabi, Mehrdad AU - Hlaing, Aung AU - Martinelli, David R AU - Unnikrishnan, Avinash AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Fog Detection for Interstate and State Highways PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 71p AB - Fog is a common and recurrent phenomenon in West Virginia and the cause of nearly 1.3% of all fatal crashes occurring across the state. All three types of fog--upslope, radiation, and advection--are common in the state, resulting in lack of visibility, limited contrast, distorted perception, judgment errors, and reduction in headway and speed of the vehicle traveling in foggy conditions. The state of West Virginia is suffering from lack of suitable fog detection and warning systems along many of its arterials where fog is a major issue. The purpose of this project is to determine favorable fog conditions in terms of different meteorological components and to introduce various forecasting tools utilized by different agencies in fog forecasting processes. In addition, efforts are made to identify the critical fog-prone areas across the state. These places might serve as potential locations for implementation of fog detection and warning systems. Also, a complete description of the available detection and warning systems that are currently active across the country is presented in this report to provide useful insight regarding these systems' capabilities and effectiveness. Finally, through a simple benefit-cost analysis, justification of the efficiency of fog detection and warning systems is demonstrated. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crashes KW - Driving conditions KW - Fog KW - Fog detection KW - Interstate highways KW - State highways KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility KW - Warning systems KW - Weather forecasting KW - West Virginia UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/WVU-2010-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01476289 AU - Abbas, Ala R AU - Frankhouser, Andrew AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improved Characterization of Truck Traffic Volumes and Axle Loads for Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 243p AB - The recently developed mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG) requires a multitude of traffic inputs to be defined for the design of pavement structures, including the initial two-way annual average daily truck traffic (AADTT), directional and lane distribution factors, vehicle class distribution, monthly adjustment factors, hourly truck distribution factors, traffic growth rate, axle load spectra by truck class (Class 4 to Class 13) and axle type (single, tandem, tridem, and quad), and number of axles per truck. Since it is not always practical to obtain sitespecific traffic data, the MEPDG assimilates a hierarchal level concept that allows pavements to be designed using statewide averages and MEPDG default values without compromising the accuracy of the pavement design. In this study, a Visual Basic for Application (VBA) code was developed to analyze continuous traffic monitoring data and generate site-specific and statewide traffic inputs. The traffic monitoring data was collected by 143 permanent traffic monitoring sites (93 automated vehicle classifier (AVC) and 50 weigh-in-motion (WIM) sites) distributed throughout the State of Ohio from 2006 to 2011. The sensitivity of the MEPDG to the various traffic inputs was evaluated using two baseline pavement designs, one for a new flexible pavement and one for a new rigid pavement. Key performance parameters for the flexible pavement included longitudinal (top-down) fatigue cracking, alligator (bottom-up) fatigue cracking, transverse (low-temperature) cracking, rutting, and smoothness (expressed using IRI), while key performance parameters for the rigid pavement included transverse cracking (% slabs cracked), joint faulting, and smoothness. The sensitivity analysis results revealed that flexible pavements are moderately sensitive to AADTT, growth rate, vehicle class distribution, and axle load spectra; and not sensitive to hourly distribution factors, monthly adjustment factors, and number of axles per truck. Furthermore, it was found that rigid pavements are moderately sensitive to AADTT, growth rate, hourly distribution factors, vehicle class distribution, and axle load spectra; and not sensitive to monthly adjustment factors and number of axles per truck. Therefore, it is recommended to estimate the AADTT and the vehicle class distribution from site-specific short-term or continuous counts and obtain the truck growth rate from ODOT Modeling and Forecasting Section (Certified Traffic). As for the other traffic inputs, statewide averages can be used for the hourly distribution factors, axle load spectra, and number of axles per truck; and MEPDG defaults can be used for the monthly adjustment factors. KW - Axle loads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Ohio KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic volume KW - Truck traffic UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/838587771/viewonline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01476052 AU - Darrow, Margaret M AU - Daanen, Ronald P AU - Simpson, Jocelyn M AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Monitoring and Analysis of Frozen Debris Lobes, Phase I PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 73p AB - A slow-moving landslide (termed Frozen Debris Lobe-A (FDL-A)) is approaching the Dalton Highway near MP 219, at a distance of 195 ft from the northbound shoulder as of November 2012. Previous analysis of images from 1955 through 2008 indicated an average movement rate of 0.4 in. per day. To better understand the movement of FDL-A, including its soil properties, the direction and rate of movement, and the nature of the shear zone, we initiated a drilling/sampling and monitoring program in 2012. Based on the drilling results, FDL-A consists of silty sand with gravel, overlying white mica schist bedrock at a depth of 86.5 ft (where drilled). Measurements indicate that temperatures within FDL -A average 30ºF, which is 2ºF warmer than the surrounding permafrost. Water pressure exists within this feature, demonstrating a potentiometric surface 35 ft above the lobe surface. FDL-A demonstrated at least two modes of movement, with a shear zone between 66 ft and 74 ft below ground surface, and slow to moderate flow above this depth; combining these, FDL-A was moving at an average rate of 1.0 in. per day between September and November 2012. Recommendations for future work are included in the report KW - Alaska KW - Dalton Highway KW - Drilling KW - Frozen soils KW - Landslides KW - Permafrost KW - Silty sands KW - Soil mechanics UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2013/03/02-FDL-final-draft_12_7_12-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475468 AU - Pol, James AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Open Dialogue on the Draft Focus and Themes for the Next ITS Strategic Research Plan – Engaging Stakeholders in Their Discussion and Development PY - 2012/12 SP - 15p AB - The purpose of this document is to identify the focus and themes for the next installment of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Strategic Research Plan and to invite stakeholders to participate in their discussion. The goal of presenting themes is to enable continuity of the current research programs while establishing new or redefined goals and objectives to meet emerging research needs. The themes fall into three broad categories: (1) Maturing Connected Vehicle Systems – Focuses on what is needed to accelerate the maturity of vehicle based communications with surrounding systems. (2) Piloting and Deployment Readiness – Focuses on the security, policy, business opportunities, capabilities, pilots, and incentives needed to support vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) implementation. (3) Integrating with the Broader Environment – Focuses on the integration and decision support capabilities to enable V2V and V2I interaction with other governmental services and public utilities. KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Stakeholders KW - Strategic planning KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46762/FHWA-JPO-13-032_FINAL_PKG.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472446 AU - Musete, Marian AU - Ho, Hao-Che AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of entrance loss coefficients for pre-cast reinforced Concrete Box Culverts PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 69p AB - There is an increased interest in constructing Pre-Cast (PC) Twin and Triple Reinforced Concrete Box (RCB) culverts in Iowa due to the efficiency associated with their production in controlled environment and decrease of the construction time at the culvert sites. The design of the multi-barrel PC culverts is, however, based on guidelines for single-barrel cast-in-place (CIP) culverts despite that the PC and CIP culverts have different geometry. There is scarce information for multiplebarrel RCB culverts in general and even fewer on culverts with straight wingwalls as those designed by Iowa DOT. Overall, the transition from CIP to PC culverts requires additional information for improving the design specifications currently in use. Motivated by the need to fill these gaps, an experimental study was undertaken by IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The goals of the study are to document flow performance curves and head losses at the culvert entrance for a various culvert geometry, flow conditions, and settings. The tests included single-, double- and triple-barrel PC and CIP culverts with two span-to-rise ratios set on mild and steep slopes. The tests also included optimization of the culvert geometry entrance by considering various configurations for the top bevel. The overall conclusion of the study is that by and large the current Iowa DOT design specifications for CIP culverts can be used for multi-barrel PC culvert design. For unsubmerged flow conditions the difference in the hydraulic performance curves and headloss coefficients for PC and CIP culverts are within the experimental uncertainty. Larger differences (specified by the study) are found for submerged conditions when the flow is increasingly constricted at the entrance in the culvert. The observed differentiation is less important for multi-barrel culverts as the influence of the wingwalls decreases with the increase of the number of barrels. KW - Box culverts KW - Cast in place structures KW - Coefficients KW - Design KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Iowa KW - Precast concrete UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46893/Musete_Ho_Entrance_Loss_Concrete_Culverts_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1240236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472079 AU - Grandmaison, David D AU - Schweinsburg, Raymond E AU - Ingraldi, Michael F AU - Arizona Game and Fish Department AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of Desert Tortoise Movement, Permeability, and Habitat Along the Proposed State Route 95 Realignment PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 152p AB - The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of highway mitigation for reducing road mortality of Morafka’s desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai; formerly, G. agassizii) and maintaining permeability in an effort to guide future mitigation within the range of the desert tortoise in Arizona. The research team examined existing wildlife-linkage mitigation measures along an 11-mi (17.7 km) stretch of U.S. Route 93 (US 93) and desert tortoise habitat relationships in the Black Mountains ecosystem to guide mitigation recommendations for the proposed realignment of State Route (SR) 95 between Interstate 40 (I-40) and SR 68. The work was performed in 2008 and 2009. The team identified 561 breaches along the US 93 tortoise exclusion fencing due to erosion, undercutting, and siltation. Of the 25 culverts on US 93, 9 were nonfunctional due to their inaccessibility to desert tortoises. Camera systems deployed on 8 of the functional culverts detected no tortoise use. Five tortoise mortalities were documented during weekly road mortality surveys. Researchers identified a 0.22-mi road-effect zone on either side of the highway. The research team documented tortoises, tortoise sign, or both on 52 of the 660 plots surveyed within the Black Mountains ecosystem. The proportion of area occupied (PAO) by desert tortoises varied among soil subgroups, with Aridisol soil subgroups having the highest PAO estimates. This report presents recommendations for improvements to the existing mitigation on US 93 and the proposed mitigation strategy for the planned realignment route of SR 95. These recommendations include maintenance and modification to fencing and culverts along US 93 and the placement of mitigation on the SR 95 realignment route. KW - Arizona KW - Culverts KW - Environmental monitoring KW - Environmental protection KW - Fatalities KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Wildlife KW - Wildlife crossings UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ650.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243419 ER - TY - SER AN - 01470636 JO - PATH Research Report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Shladover, Steven E AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Cambridge Systematics, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recent International Activity in Cooperative Vehicle–Highway Automation Systems PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 95p AB - This report summarizes the current state of the art in cooperative vehicle–highway automation systems in Europe and Asia based on a series of meetings, demonstrations, and site visits, combined with the results of literature review. This review covers systems that provide drivers with a range of automation capabilities, from driver assistance to fully automated driving, with an emphasis on cooperative systems that involve active exchanges of information between the vehicles and the roadside and among separate vehicles. The trends in development and deployment of these systems are examined by country, and the similarities and differences relative to the U.S. situation are noted, leading toward recommendations for future U.S. action. The Literature Review on Recent International Activity in Cooperative Vehicle-Highway Automation Systems is published separately as FHWA-HRT-13-025. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Asia KW - Deployment KW - Development KW - Driver support systems KW - Europe KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/12033/12033.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46786/12033.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238491 ER - TY - SER AN - 01470626 JO - PATH Research Report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Shladover, Steven E AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Cambridge Systematics, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Literature Review on Recent International Activity in Cooperative Vehicle–Highway Automation Systems PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 32p AB - This literature review supports the report, Recent International Activity in Cooperative Vehicle–Highway Automation Systems. It reviews the published literature in English dating from 2007 or later about non-U.S.-based work on cooperative vehicle– highway automation systems. This review covers work performed in Europe and Japan, with application to transit buses, heavy trucks, and passenger cars. In addition to fully automated driving of the vehicles (without human intervention), it also covers partial automation systems, which automate subsets of the total driving process. Recent International Activity in Cooperative Vehicle–Highway Automation Systems is published separately as FHWA-HRT-12-033. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automobiles KW - Europe KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Japan KW - Literature reviews KW - Transit buses KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/13025/13025.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46788/13025.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470624 AU - Morton, Tom AU - Woodward Communications AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Automated Video Feature Extraction Workshop Summary Report PY - 2012/12//Summary Report SP - 42p AB - This report summarizes a 2-day workshop on automated video feature extraction. Discussion focused on the Naturalistic Driving Study, funded by the second Strategic Highway Research Program, and also involved the companion roadway inventory dataset. The specific objectives of the workshop were to begin a discussion on how Government, academia, and the private sector can cooperate to advance the state of the practice in the automated analysis of video data from naturalistic driving studies. A panel of expert speakers presented the state of knowledge in video feature extraction and demonstrated and described a range of analytical capabilities that could be automated. Following the presentations, the participants discussed what could be learned from the data, identified naturalistic data challenges, examined near- and long-term technical approaches, and reviewed organizational approaches for advancing the practice of automated feature extraction. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Behavior KW - Cooperation KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Feature extraction KW - Highway safety KW - Videotape recorders UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/13037/13037.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46789/13037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238489 ER - TY - SER AN - 01470623 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tanesi, Jussara AU - Ardani, Ahmad TI - Surface Resistivity Test Evaluation as an Indicator of the Chloride Permeability of Concrete PY - 2012/12 SP - 6p AB - Many agencies have adopted the standard tests for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration (AASHTO T 277 and ASTM C1202), commonly known as the rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), in their specifications for qualification and acceptance and as a means of indirectly assessing the permeability of concrete mixtures. Nevertheless, the RCPT is labor-intensive and costly and presents high variability. Research studies have shown that the surface resistivity (SR) test (AASHTO TP 95) is a promising alternative to the RCPT. Recently, some agencies have shown interest in replacing the RCPT with the SR test and have started implementation efforts. However, none of the studies have included high-volume fly ash (HVFA) mixtures or mixtures containing fly ash and fine limestone powder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of the SR test with the widely used RCPT in evaluating concretes' ability to resist chloride penetration, including HVFA mixtures. KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete tests KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Fly ash KW - Permeability UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/13024/13024.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46787/13024.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470326 AU - Morris, Roselyn E AU - Montondon, Lucille AU - Moffitt, Kathleen AU - Texas State University, San Marcos AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Examining Engineering Costs for Development of Highway Projects PY - 2012/12//Technical Report SP - 58p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) commissioned a research team at Texas State University,San Marcos, Department of Accounting to analyze the cost of projects by determining the cost of a preliminary engineering hour necessary to develop highway projects. The current study determined the cost of engineering design on an hourly basis using comparable direct and indirect cost definitions and allocations as used by external consulting engineering firms. The analysis consisted of three tasks: Task 1: Determine average TxDOT cost per engineering hour. Task 2: Determine the typical cost of design engineering team members. Task 3: Determine the challenges of comparing costs to the private sector, which included analysis and comparison of the various overhead rates. KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Direct costs KW - Highway engineering KW - Indirect costs KW - Overhead costs KW - Project management KW - Texas KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6730-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46776/0-6730-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470318 AU - Dessouky, Samer AU - Papagiannakis, A T AU - University of Texas, San Antonio AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices for Level-Up Patching Operation PY - 2012/12//Technical Report SP - 44p AB - Level-up patching is a common corrective maintenance activity in Texas performed by most districts. It involves laying down a thin asphalt mix layer over an existing pavement in areas of sagging or rutting to improve the ride score and reduce pavement roughness. Level-up patching is used as a surface preparation step prior to another surface treatment operation or as a final exposed surface. This handbook describes in-detail the best practices of level-up patching, as established from a thorough literature review and information collected from various Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) districts through survey questionnaires and site visits. This handbook is intended for use by TxDOT field personnel as well as contractors that perform this work for TxDOT. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Best practices KW - Literature reviews KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Surveys KW - Texas UR - http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6667-P1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46775/0-6667-P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470194 AU - Olson, Michael J AU - Chin, Abby AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Inertial and Inclinometer Based Profiler Repeatability and Accuracy Using the IRI Model PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 117p AB - Oregon DOT is transitioning to use the International Roughness Index (IRI) for an incentive\disincentive program for pavement smoothness evaluation for newly paved roads. The IRI will typically be determined by contractors using inertial profilers. This research evaluated the procedures, site, and equipment used for establishing a reference profile for a certification process for inertial profilers. In a comparison of several profiling devices, the inclinometer-based profiler used by Oregon DOT for the reference profile showed sufficient results in repeatability and accuracy in profile measurement and calculation of IRI. However, the certification site shows significant variability in IRI across the site, which can lead to lower accuracy scores when the exact path is not followed. Further, significant differences in IRI were observed during repeat visits throughout the course of the study period. This study also evaluated the use of a new technology, terrestrial laser scanning, for pavement analyses. At larger extents, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was compared to several current techniques to measure road profiles including digital levels, inclinometers, and inertial profilers. TLS is able to collect a large, dense set of data relatively quickly for the entire roadway and surrounding areas; hence, the data can not only be used for evaluating the pavement roughness but also can be used for other design parameters such as transverse and longitudinal slope. The results show that profiles derived from TLS data determined accurate IRI values and cross-correlation with the reference profile. At a finer scale, micron resolution 3D laser scanners can be utilized to determine the influence of predominant aggregate size on the texture of the pavement. KW - Inclinometers KW - Instruments for measuring roughness KW - International Roughness Index KW - Oregon KW - Pavement performance KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Terrestrial laser scanning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46748/SPR744_final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470025 AU - Bertola, Mary Anne AU - Balk, Stacy A AU - Shurbutt, Jim AU - SAIC AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating Driver Performance on Rural Two-Lane Horizontal Curved Roadways Using a Driving Simulator PY - 2012/12 SP - 37p AB - Between 2005 and 2009, single-vehicle run-off-road (ROR) crashes on two-lane rural-roadway horizontal curves have resulted in an average of 4,748 fatalities per year. Driving while familiar with the roadway, inattentive, and in a hurry have been identified as factors that increase the likelihood of these crashes. The goal of the present study was to evaluate methods that elicit familiarity with the roadway, inattention, and driving in a hurry. Fourteen participants drove a simulated two-lane rural roadway. Familiarity was elicited by having participants drive the test route seven times. Two methods to elicit inattention were used: mental mathematics problems and noun classification. Two methods to elicit being in a hurry were used: with visual travel time feedback and without. The method to elicit familiarity with the roadway resulted in significant changes in behavior when compared to driving while unfamiliar. Results suggested that solving mental mathematics problems was more effective in producing driving behaviors associated with inattention than noun classification. Both methods to elicit being in a hurry were effective in producing noticeable changes in behavior when compared to driving while not under time pressure. The promise of using these elicitation methods in driving simulators to evaluate engineering countermeasures to ROR crashes on two-lane rural-roadway horizontal curves is discussed. KW - Attention lapses KW - Driver familiarity KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/12073/12073.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470023 AU - Gordon, Robert AU - Dunn Engineering Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Methodologies to Measure and Quantify Transportation Management Center Benefits: Final Synthesis Report PY - 2012/12 SP - 117p AB - This project provides a useable means to identify and quantify Transportation Management Center (TMC) benefits. It presents direction, guidance, methodologies, and procedures to agencies associated with monitoring, evaluating, and reporting on the values and benefits of TMC operations. The measures and methodologies developed focus on outcomes, although a number of output measures that emphasize key operations are also included. This report highlights measures used for benefit-cost analysis, including those that may be employed for freeway TMCs, traffic signal system TMCs, and corridor TMCs. This document describes the algorithms and processes used to compute many of the measures. In the case of system measures, measures required for benefit-cost analysis, such as system-wide vehicle delay, require measurements of both volume and speed or travel time for each travel link. Other measures, such as motorist travel time and travel time reliability, require measured speed or travel time. KW - Algorithms KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Methodology KW - Performance measurement KW - Traffic control centers UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/12054/12054.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470020 AU - Pan, Ernian AU - Sangghaleh, Ali AU - Molavi, Amirhossein AU - Zhao, Yanfei AU - Yi, Ping AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Efficient and Accurate Genetic Algorithm for Backcalculation of Flexible Pavement Layer Moduli PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 123p AB - The importance of a backcalculation method in the analysis of elastic modulus in pavement engineering has been known for decades. Despite many backcalculation programs employing different backcalculation procedures and algorithms, accurate inverse of the pavement layer moduli is still very challenging. In this work, a detailed study on the backcalculation of pavement layer elastic modulus and thickness using genetic algorithm (GA) is presented. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data is generated by applying a load to the pavement and measuring pavement deflection at various fixed distances from the load center. The measurement errors in FWD data are simulated by perturbing the theoretical deflections. Based on these data, backcalculation technique is performed using an improved GA. Besides root mean square (RMS), another objective function called area value with correction factor (AVCF) is proposed for accurate backcalculation of pavement modulus and thickness. The proposed backcalculation method utilizes the efficient and accurate program MultiSmart3D for the forward calculation and it can backcalculate the modulus and thickness simultaneously for any number of pavement layers. A simple, user-friendly, and comprehensive program called BackGenetic3D is developed using this new backcalculation method which can be utilized for any layered structures in science and engineering. KW - Backcalculation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Genetic algorithms KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement layers KW - Thickness UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/826020242/viewonline UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46707/134481_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470017 AU - Karamihas, Steven M AU - Senn, Kevin AU - Nichols Consulting Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Curl and Warp Analysis of the LTPP SPS-2 Site in Arizona PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 110p AB - This study examined the roughness and roughness progression of 21 test sections on the e Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Specific Pavement Studies (SPS)-2 site in Arizona over the first 16 years of the experiment. The site included 12 test sections from the standard experiment and 9 supplemental test sections selected by the Arizona Department of Transportation. Traditional profile analyses revealed roughness caused by transverse and longitudinal cracking on some test sections and some localized roughness caused by built-in defects. However, the analyses showed that curl and warp contributed to, and in some cases dominated, the roughness on many of the test sections. In addition, roughness did not increase steadily with time because of diurnal and seasonal changes in slab curl and warp. This study applied objective profile analyses to quantify the level of curl and warp on each section. These automated algorithms estimated the gross strain gradient needed to deform each slab into the shape present in the measured profile and produced a pseudo strain gradient (PSG) value. The levels of curl and warp within each profile are summarized by the average PSG value. For the jointed concrete test sections, variations in average PSG over time explained many of the changes in roughness over time. This included diurnal variations in slab curl, which often caused the overall progression in roughness to appear disorderly throughout the experiment. PSG analysis also revealed that the overall level of curl and warp increased throughout the life of the experiment, with commensurate increases in the roughness. This limited study demonstrated the potential value of applying the methods herein to other jointed portland cement concrete pavements, including other SPS-2 sites. KW - Arizona KW - Concrete pavements KW - Curling KW - Daily KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement joints KW - Roughness KW - Seasons KW - Specific Pavement Studies (LTPP) KW - Strain measurement KW - Warpage UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/12068/12068.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469984 AU - Hawkins, Neal AU - Hallmark, Shauna AU - Chrysler, Susan AU - O’Neal, Elizabeth AU - Hoover, Roderick AU - McGehee, Dan AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - School Bus Safety Study – Kadyn’s Law PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 56p AB - In 2012, the Iowa legislature passed a bill for an act relating to school bus safety, including providing penalties for failure to obey school bus warning lamps and stop signal arms, providing for a school bus safety study and administrative remedies, and making an appropriation. The bill, referred to as Iowa Senate File 2218 or “Kadyn’s Law” became effective March 16, 2012. A multiagency committee addressed three specific safety study elements of Kadyn’s Law as follows: (1) use of cameras mounted on school buses to enhance the safety of children riding the buses and aid in enforcement of motor vehicle laws pertaining to stop-arm violations; (2) feasibility of requiring school children to be picked up and dropped off on the side of the road on which their home is located; and (3) inclusion of school bus safety as a priority in driver training curriculum. This report summarizes the findings for each of these topics. KW - Boarding and alighting KW - Driver training KW - Highway safety KW - Iowa KW - Kadyn's Law KW - School bus drivers KW - School bus passengers KW - School buses KW - State laws KW - Traffic violations KW - Video cameras UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/kadyn's_law_w_cvr1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469982 AU - Carvalho, R AU - Stubstad, R AU - Briggs, R AU - Selezneva, O AU - Mustafa, E AU - Ramachandran, A AU - Applied Research Associates, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Simplified Techniques for Evaluation and Interpretation of Pavement Deflections for Network-Level Analysis PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 198p AB - The objective of this study was to develop an approach for incorporating techniques used to interpret and evaluate deflection data for network-level pavement management system (PMS) applications. The first part of this research focused on identifying and evaluating existing techniques by seeking out those that were simple, reliable, and easy to incorporate into current PMS practices, as well as those that produced consistent results. The second part of the research detailed the development of guidelines for the application of recommended techniques, along with procedures for determining optimum falling weight deflectometer (FWD) test spacing and data collection frequency. While there are many viable techniques available for evaluating the structural capacity of pavements that use FWD for project-level analysis, many of these techniques are time consuming and require an experienced analyst. As a result, using pavement deflection testing for network-level analysis has been limited to date. The findings presented in this report suggest that it is possible and, in fact, advantageous to define simplified techniques for the evaluation and interpretation of pavement deflections for network-level analysis. KW - Deflection tests KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Rigid pavements UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/12023/12023.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469952 AU - Sarles, Robbie AU - Garrity, Richard AU - Rodman, Will AU - RLS & Associates, Incorporated AU - Nelson/Nygaard Consulting Associates AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ohio Mobility Improvement Study PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 242p AB - Health and human services transportation (HHST) describes a series of services, administered by a multitude of different organizations, directed at various populations – including the elderly, people with low incomes, and individuals with disabilities – that is extensively provided throughout Ohio. All levels of government are actively involved in the provision of HHST programs, and more importantly, with public transportation, in the design and regulations that govern these activities. There is no Federal mandate to coordinate these resources to promote more efficiency in these common services. Despite Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) longstanding efforts to coordinate HHST in Ohio, many obstacles and challenges still exist to effectively coordinating health and human services transportation and public transportation in the state. This Ohio Mobility Improvement study is designed to determine whether Ohio can embrace a statewide approach that integrates HHST services so that individuals served by these agencies, including the elderly, people with low incomes, and individuals with disabilities, can meet basic mobility needs in an efficient and effective manner. KW - Aged KW - Coordination KW - Low income groups KW - Mobility KW - Ohio KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit KW - Transportation disadvantaged persons UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/825555641/viewonline UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46766/134571_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469926 AU - Hoit, Marc AU - Turner, Loren AU - Ponti, Daniel AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Geotechnical Data Schema in Transportation PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 31p AB - The objective of this report was to develop an international standard interchange format for geotechnical data. This standard will include a data dictionary and extensible markup language (XML) schema which are geographic markup language (GML) compliant. The dictionary and schema will include a structure for geotechnical data, foundation data, and geophysical data as well as a method for adding new features and guidelines for adding to the schema. This standard will be submitted to international bodies for acceptance. KW - Data dictionaries KW - Data sharing KW - Electronic data interchange KW - Geophysics KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Schema KW - XML (Document markup language) UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/825121147/viewonline UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46732/134254_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469924 AU - Molino, John A AU - Kennedy, Jason F AU - Inge, Patches J AU - Bertola, Mary Anne AU - Beuse, Pascal A AU - Fowler, Nicole L AU - Emo, Amanda K AU - Do, Ann AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Distance-Based Method to Estimate Annual Pedestrian and Bicyclist Exposure in an Urban Environment PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 83p AB - Currently, there is no commonly accepted or adopted measure of pedestrian and bicyclist exposure. This report presents a methodology for measuring a region’s pedestrian and bicyclist exposure, which is defined as 100 million pedestrian/bicyclist mi (161 million pedestrian/bicyclist km) of roadway (or other motor vehicle shared facility) traveled. A method for implementing the exposure measure is described for various shared facility types that are characteristic to the urban environment of Washington, DC. These facilities include three types of intersections (signalized, stop-controlled (all-way), and partially stop-controlled) as well as midblock road segments, driveways, alleys, parking lots, parking garages, school areas, and areas with playing/dashing/working in the roadway. A pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of the method at seven sites in Washington, DC, in 2006. In 2007, the methodology was implemented on a larger scale to estimate the annual pedestrian and bicyclist exposure in Washington, DC, which was 0.80 hundred million mi (1.29 hundred million km) for pedestrian exposure and 0.37 hundred million mi (0.59 hundred million km) for bicyclist exposure. As a result of simplifications in the present data aggregation technique, these particular exposure values are overestimated. However, procedural changes are suggested to correct this issue. Within the constraints of this study, both the feasibility and scalability of the methodology were successfully demonstrated for a relatively large urban environment. The results indicate that the methodology has the potential to be used to collect exposure data that are not currently readily available to the pedestrian and bicycle safety community. Although further refinement and validation are still needed, the methodology provides a possible initial foundation to develop a national unit of exposure for pedestrians and bicyclists. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Cyclists KW - Exposure KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Methodology KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Trip length KW - Urban areas KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/pedbike/11043/11043.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55700/55767/FHWA-HRT-11-043.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458066 AU - Arega, Zelalem AU - Bhasin, Amit AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Final Report: Binder Rheology and Performance in Warm Mix Asphalt PY - 2012/12//Technical Report SP - 52p AB - Since the introduction of warm mix asphalt (WMA) in the United States, a variety of different technologies and processes have been developed and used to achieve proper mixing and compaction at reduced temperatures compared to conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA). A better understanding of the effect of WMA additives and reduced aging on the rheology of asphalt binders is a crucial step towards the successful implementation of WMA. This report presents the findings from a study conducted to investigate the influence of chemical WMA additives and reduced short-term aging on the properties of asphalt binders, mortars, and mixtures. A detailed description of the findings relevant to asphalt binders modified using warm mix additives is presented in the Interim Report. This report presents the details of the test methods and findings relevant to mortars and mixtures prepared using warm mix additives. Findings from this study indicate that certain WMA additives tend to exacerbate the reduced stiffness and early age rutting resistance in warm mix binders. The long-term aged WMA binders had similar or slightly reduced resistance to low-temperature cracking compared to conventional binders. Also, WMA with reclaimed asphalt had similar low temperature cracking resistance as compared to a similar HMA with reclaimed asphalt. Tests on asphalt mortars indicated that the WMA additives significantly affected the fatigue cracking resistance of one of the two binders. Tests on full asphalt mixtures indicate that in most cases the rutting and moisture damage resistance of WMA mixtures was similar to or less than the corresponding control HMA. Findings based on the tests conducted using asphalt mortars and asphalt mixtures were qualitatively consistent with the findings based on the tests conducted using asphalt binders. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Cracking KW - Low temperature KW - Patching mortar KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Rheology KW - Rutting KW - Stiffness KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6591_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458052 AU - Dodd, Norris L AU - Gagnon, Jeffrey W AU - Boe, Susan AU - Ogren, Kari AU - Schweinsburg, Raymond E AU - Arizona Game and Fish Department AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wildlife-Vehicle Collision Mitigation for Safer Wildlife Movement across Highways: State Route 260 PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 134p AB - Researchers investigated wildlife-highway relationships in central Arizona from 2002 to 2008 along a 17-mile stretch of State Route (SR) 260, which is being reconstructed in 5 phases and will have 11 wildlife underpasses and 6 bridges. Phased reconstruction allowed researchers to use a before-after-control experimental approach to their research. The objectives of the project were to: assess and compare wildlife use of underpasses (UPs); evaluate highway permeability and wildlife movements among reconstruction classes; characterize wildlife-vehicle collision (WVC) patterns and changes with reconstruction; assess relationships among traffic volume and WVCs, wildlife crossing patterns, and UP use; and assess the role of ungulate-proof fencing with WVCs, wildlife UP use, and wildlife permeability. Researchers used video surveillance to assess and compare wildlife use of 6 UPs, at which 15,134 animals and 11 species were recorded; 67.5% crossed through UPs. Modeling found that UP structure type and placement was the most important factor influencing the probability of successful crossings by elk (Cervus elaphus) and Coues whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Researchers used Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry tracking of 100 elk and 13 white-tailed deer to assess and compare permeability. Elk permeability on reconstructed sections was 39% lower than controls, while deer permeability was 433% higher on reconstructed sections. The elk-vehicle collision (EVC) rate on fenced reconstructed sections was the same as before-reconstruction levels, but on unfenced sections the EVC rate was nearly 4 times higher. In addition to a safer and more environmentally friendly highway, the economic benefit from reduced EVCs on SR 260 averaged $2 million/year since the completion of 3 reconstructed highway sections. KW - Arizona KW - Arizona State Route 260 KW - Before and after studies KW - Crashes KW - Deer KW - Elk KW - Fences KW - Underpasses KW - Wildlife KW - Wildlife crossings UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ603.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46644/AZ603.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46708/134481_ES.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456895 AU - Gonzalez, Epigmenio AU - Liu, Wenxing AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Murphy, Michael R AU - O’Conner, James AU - Bhat, Chandra AU - Yildirim, Yetkin AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Optimizing Resource Allocations for Routine Highway Maintenance : Workshop Summary PY - 2012/12 SP - 21p AB - This document is an overview of a workshop held November 8, 2010. The workshop focused on the Texas Department of Transportation's maintenance needs and budgeting. It includes the meeting's agenda; an introduction to the Texas Condition Assessment Program; average routine maintenance expenditures; ranked maintenance activities; and the methods used to establish the rankings. KW - Budgeting KW - Expenditures KW - Highway maintenance KW - Resource allocation KW - Texas KW - Workshops UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6623_p2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456886 AU - Prozzi, Jolanda AU - Murphy, M AU - Loftus-Otway, L AU - Banerjee, A AU - Kim, M AU - Wu, Han AU - Prozzi, J P AU - Hutchison, R AU - Harrison, R AU - Walton, C M AU - Weismann, J AU - Weismann, A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - University of Texas, San Antonio AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Oversize/Overweight Vehicle Permit Fee Study PY - 2012/12//Technical Report SP - 392p AB - In Rider 36, the Texas Legislature in the 2012–2013 General Appropriations Act directed the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to conduct a study on road damage caused by oversized and overweight (OS/OW) vehicles and to provide recommendations for permit fee and fee structure adjustments, which are to be submitted to the Legislative Budget Board and the Governor. TxDOT commissioned Center for Transportation Research and the University of Texas at San Antonio to evaluate the damage that OS/OW vehicles (including exempt vehicles) cause to the transportation infrastructure (including pavements and bridges) along with direct costs imposed by OS/OW vehicles on highway appurtenances (such as signs, traffic signals, and light poles) and other direct costs that other state agencies and local jurisdictions accrue from OS/OW enforcement or management. The project developed methodologies to quantify pavement and bridge consumption rates per mile. The consumption rates were calculated for multiple axle loads and axle configuration and are independent of the commodity being transported. Per mile fees for bridges were also calculated for non-routed loads. In addition to the consumption rates for bridges and pavements due to the effect of axle loads, the researchers developed a new fee schedule that considers costs associated with oversize vehicles that exceed legal width, height, or length for 34 rate categories. These new fees were also calculated based on vehicle miles traveled. Based on the new permit fee structure the research team conducted a revenue analysis by comparing it to FY 2011 permit sales numbers and associated revenue. In FY 2011, the Motor Carrier Division sold 574,578 OS/OW permits that generated just over $111.4 million in permit fee revenue. The revenue based on the new pavement and bridge consumption and operational and safety impact fees is an estimated $521.4. This figure represents an increase of $410 million over actual permit fee revenue reported in FY 2011. The new permit fee structure includes a $10 administrative fee for each permit sold, and a new TxDOT Base Fee of $40 for all permits sold to help fund costs identified that are not currently recovered by existing permit fee revenues. Using the new permit fee structure, the revenue for currently exempt vehicles was estimated to be approximately $150 million. Using the new permit structure, revenue estimates based on FY 2011 permit sales for currently permitted vehicles and proposed new permits for exempt vehicles would be $671.4 million. KW - Direct costs KW - Fees KW - Financial analysis KW - Indirect costs KW - Motor carriers KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Texas UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6736_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225271 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547385 TI - Condition Assessment of Bridge Post-Tensioning and Stay Cable Systems Using NDE Methods AB - Visual bridge inspection of post-tensioning and stay cable systems is difficult because tendons are typically embedded in massive concrete (internal tendons) or opaque ducts (external tendons or stay cables). The current state of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technology has limitations for evaluating the condition of bridge post-tensioning and stay cable systems for corrosion, section loss, breakage, grout conditions, voids, water infiltration, and tendon deterioration in the anchorage systems. However, technologies and innovative applications continue to advance. NDE technologies from other industries may have potential for bridge condition assessments, and NDE technologies applied in combination may also provide opportunities not yet realized. Further investigation is warranted. Corrosion, section loss, and breakage have impacts in the form of reduced safety and load capacity, costly rehabilitation actions, and traffic disruption. Therefore, condition assessments of post-tensioning and stay cable systems could allow bridge owners to take timely, proactive actions to mitigate or prevent further deterioration and unanticipated failure. The population of structures containing post-tensioning and stay cable systems continues to grow and age. Therefore, condition assessments of these systems are critical for maintaining public safety. The objective of this research is to develop inspection guidelines to assist bridge owners in selecting the most appropriate NDE method or combination of methods for assessing the condition of in-service post-tensioning and stay cable systems common in U.S. application. As a minimum, the inspection guide shall consider duct type and address the following conditions: corrosion, section loss, breakage, grout conditions, voids, water infiltration, and tendon deterioration in the anchorage systems and other difficult areas to inspect such as diaphragms and deviators, cable saddles, and inside strand bundles. In order to select the most appropriate NDE method for assessing a particular condition, multiple NDE technologies shall be considered and evaluated against a set of applicable and repeatable metrics to be developed under this research and tested using mock-up specimens. Accomplishment of the project objective will require at least the following tasks: Phase I--Synthesis on condition assessment of post-tensioning and stay cable systems using NDE methods - Task 1. Review relevant literature, ongoing research findings, and current practices to assess the condition of post-tensioning and stay cable systems using state-of-the-art bridge inspection technologies. This information shall be assembled from published and unpublished reports; contacts with academia, transportation agencies, industry organizations, bridge owners and contractors; and other domestic and foreign sources. Task 2. Assess the application of technologies from other fields such as offshore structures and nuclear power plants that could be used for post-tensioning and stay cable systems condition assessments. Task 3. Summarize and outline the condition assessment technologies including the advantages and disadvantages of each NDE method. Identify gaps in existing inspection technologies and propose approaches to fill these gaps. Task 4. Prepare Interim Report No. 1 that documents Tasks 1 through 3 and provides an updated work plan for the remainder of the project no later than 4 months after contract award. The updated plan must describe the process and rationale for the work proposed for Phases II and III. Phase II-- Metrics for NDE method evaluations and NDE testing procedures - Task 5. Develop metrics to evaluate NDE technologies for each condition assessment of post-tensioning and stay cable systems. Task 6. Develop testing procedures for each proposed NDE method including the design of mock-up laboratory test specimens to be used in Phase III for each condition assessment of post-tensioning and stay cable systems. The mock-up designs should replicate in-service condition and consider the scale effect, and typical tendon types and configurations on the accuracy of the results. Task 7. Prepare a detailed outline of the recommended inspection guidelines that includes each condition assessment with pertinent NDE methods, evaluation metrics, mock-up test specimens, and proposed testing procedures. Task 8. Prepare Interim Report No. 2 that documents Tasks 5 through 7 and provides an updated work plan for Phase III no later than 6 months after approval of Phase I. Phase III--Inspection guide development and final products - Task 9. Conduct the laboratory testing according to the proposed testing procedures approved in Phase II. Task 10. Prepare inspection guidelines for the various types of condition assessments of in-service post-tensioning and stay cable systems. The guidelines will be presented in a format suitable for consideration by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Highway Subcommittees on Bridges and Structures and Maintenance. Task 11. Prepare a preliminary draft final report that documents the entire research effort. After consideration of panel comments, submit the revised final report. The Task 10 guidelines should be included as a stand-alone appendix. KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Posttensioning UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3174 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469400 AU - Kampschneider, Leah R AU - Homan, Daniel M AU - Lechtenberg, Karla A AU - Faller, Ronald K AU - Bielenberg, Robert W AU - Sicking, Dean L AU - Reid, John D AU - Rosenbaugh, Scott K AU - Midwest Roadside Safety Facility AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of a Non-Proprietary, High-Tension, Four-Cable Median Barrier on Level Terrain PY - 2012/11/29/Final Report SP - 159p AB - During the last decade, the use of cable median barriers has risen dramatically. Cable barriers are often utilized in depressed medians with widths ranging from 30 to 50 ft (9.1 to 15.2 m) and with fill slopes as steep as 4H:1V. A careful review of accident records has indicated that passenger vehicles occasionally penetrate through the standard three-cable median barrier and enter opposing traffic lanes. As a result, the Midwest States Regional Pooled Fund Program sponsored a research and development project to improve the safety performance of existing, non-proprietary, cable median barriers. These safety improvements included increased cable spacing, increased cable height, the use of four cables, increased cable tension, and optimized keyway bolts. For this study, one Test Level 3 (TL-3) full-scale crash test was performed on the improved high-tension, four-cable median barrier according to the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). The cable barrier system was configured with cable heights of 13½ in. (343 mm), 24 in. (610 mm), 34½ in. (876 mm), and 45 in. (1,143 mm) above the ground surface The improved barrier system was intended to satisfy impact safety standards when placed on either a 4H:1V slope or on level terrain. Because barrier penetration was a prime concern, the crash test utilized a 1500A full-sized passenger sedan to impact the barrier in order to investigate the significance of the 10½-in. (267-mm) cable spacing. The vehicle was contained by the barrier, but significant damage occurred to the occupant compartment. As such, the results from the crash test did not meet the MASH impact safety standards. KW - AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware KW - Cables KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Spacing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46958/Evaluation_of_a_non-proprietary_high-tension_four-cable_median_barrier.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237153 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01543747 TI - Developing Reliability-Based Bridge Inspection Practices: Case Studies AB - National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 782 presents a proposed Guideline for reliability-based bridge inspection practices and provides two case studies of the application of the proposed Guideline. The Guideline describes a methodology to develop a risk-based approach for determining the bridge inspection interval according to the requirements in the "Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21)" legislation. The goal of the methodology is to improve the safety and reliability of bridges by focusing inspection efforts where most needed and optimizing the use of resources. The material in this report will be of immediate interest to bridge engineers.The National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) mandate the frequency and methods used for the safety inspection of highway bridges. The inspection intervals specified in the NBIS require routine inspections to be conducted every 24 months, and that interval may be extended to four (4) years for bridges that meet certain criteria and are approved by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). For bridges with fracture-critical elements, hands-on inspections are required every two (2) years. The specified intervals are generally not based on performance of bridge materials or designs, but rather on experience from managing almost 600,000 bridges in the National Bridge Inventory. These inspection intervals are applied to the entire bridge inventory, but they may not be appropriate for all bridges. For example, recently constructed bridges typically experience few problems during their first decade of service and those problems are typically minor. Under the present requirements, these bridges must have the same inspection frequency and intensity as a 50-year-old bridge that is reaching the end of its service life. In the case of bridges with fracture-critical elements, newer bridges with improved fabrication processes and designs that mitigate the effects of fatigue are inspected on the same interval and to the same intensity as older bridges that do not share these characteristics. A more rational approach to determining appropriate inspection practices for bridges would consider the structure type, age, condition, importance, environment, loading, prior problems, and other characteristics of the bridge. There is a growing consensus that these inspection practices should meet two goals: (1) improving the safety and reliability of bridges and (2) optimizing resources for bridge inspection. These goals can be accomplished through the application of reliability theory. Research was performed under NCHRP Projects 12-82 and NCHRP 12-82(01) by the University of Missouri to develop a proposed bridge inspection practice for consideration for adoption by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The methodology developed is based on rational methods to ensure bridge safety, serviceability, and effective use of resources. The report includes two parts: Part I-- Proposed Guideline for Reliability-Based Bridge Inspection Practices and Part II-- Research Report that documents the entire research effort. KW - Case studies KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act KW - National Bridge Inspection Standards KW - Safety KW - Structural health monitoring UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3508 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331854 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495887 TI - Institute for Trade and Transportation Studies - ITTS AB - The purpose of Institute for Trade and Transportation Studies (ITTS) is to estimate trade volumes with Latin America and other international trade, evaluate infrastructure investments needed to support growth in international trade, and develop strategies to guide infrastructure investments. The overall goal was to help the Southeastern Transportation Alliance states develop their competitive advantages to capture trade opportunities and the associated economic benefits. KW - Competition KW - Economic benefits KW - International trade KW - Investments KW - Latin America KW - Southeast Transportation Alliance KW - Southeastern United States UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/512 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265828 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01548241 TI - Guidelines for Shielding Bridge Piers AB - Bridge piers are rigid fixed objects that are generally close to the travelway to minimize bridge lengths. As a consequence, barriers are normally placed around piers to reduce the potential of vehicle crashes damaging the piers. However, the design and placement of the barriers may not have considered the possibility that vehicles, particularly large trucks, might still impact the pier. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications require piers that were not designed to withstand large impact load to be protected by a 54-in. high structurally independent barrier if the barrier is within 10 ft of the pier. If the barrier is more than 10 ft from the pier, a 42-in. high barrier is specified. There is no consideration of the risk of a high-speed impact, traffic volume, truck usage, operating speeds, facility type, and other factors in the bridge specifications. In addition, while the bridge specifications specify a height of barrier, they don't specify the length of barrier in advance of the pier. They also don't specify the transition that might be appropriate. The requirement for protecting bridge piers from truck impacts may have a significant effect on passenger car safety. Rigid barriers are generally believed to cause more injuries and fatalities than semi-rigid and flexible barrier systems. In addition, having barriers close to the travelway may significantly increase the number of passenger car impacts. Because heavy truck impacts with bridge piers are rare, it is possible that the increase in accident costs from passenger vehicle crashes will be greater than the reduction in bridge closing and repair costs that result from using barriers to protect bridge piers. Further, there are operational concerns associated with the use of tall concrete barriers near the travelway. Concrete barriers are much more likely to produce deep snow drifts than are other more open barriers. Drifting is also a problem during severe sand storms. The increase in snow and sand drifting will increase accident costs and operational costs as highway agencies are forced to make more frequent passes with snow plowing equipment to keep highways open to traffic under drifting situations. Also, when concrete barriers must be placed near interchanges, the use of tall barriers can adversely affect sight distances. In fact, most of the issues mentioned above result from following the approach "one size fits all" in protecting bridge piers without quantifying when and how the bridge pier protection should be applied. States are spending significant funding on projects that may not provide the expected benefits, particularly on lower traffic volume or functional class bridges. The objectives of this research are to develop (1) risk-based guidelines that quantify when bridge piers should be investigated for vehicular collision forces per AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications or be shielded with a longitudinal barrier considering as a minimum: site condition, traffic, bridge design configurations, geometry of the roadway section passing beneath a bridge, operation characteristics, and benefit/cost and (2) guidelines for barrier selection, length-of-need, and placement for shielding bridge piers and protecting the traveling public. Accomplishment of the project objectives will require at least the following tasks: Phase I--Planning - Task 1. Conduct a critical review of relevant literature, ongoing research findings, and collision data relevant to the research objectives. This information shall be assembled from published and unpublished reports; contacts with academia, transportation agencies, bridge owners, and contractors; and other domestic and foreign sources. Task 2. Conduct a survey to identify current policies or specifications for bridge pier shielding for existing and new bridges within the United States and any issues with these policies or specifications. Task 3. Synthesize the literature review and the survey results to identify the critical risk factors that need to be evaluated. Identify gaps in existing policies or specifications for bridge pier shielding and propose approaches to fill these gaps. Task 4. Propose a methodology to develop risk-based guidelines in Phase II that quantify when bridge piers should be investigated for vehicular collision forces per AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications or be shielded with a longitudinal barrier including an outline for the proposed guidelines. Task 5. Prepare Interim Report No. 1 that documents Tasks 1 through 4 and provides an updated work plan for the remainder of the project no later than 6 months after contract award. The updated plan must describe the process and rationale for the work proposed for Phases II through IV. Phase II--Development of the Proposed Risk-Based Guidelines - Task 6. Execute the approved work plan to prepare the proposed risk-based guidelines. Task 7. Identify proposed areas of the specifications that will require modification or addition to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and AASHTO Roadside Design Guide. Task 8. Propose a methodology to develop guidelines for barrier selection, length-of-need, and placement for shielding of bridge piers to be developed in Phase III and include an outline of the proposed barrier selection guidelines. Task 9. Prepare Interim Report No. 2 that documents Tasks 6 through 8 including a draft of the proposed risk-based guidelines and provides an updated work plan for the remainder of the project. This report is due no later than 12 months after approval of Phase I. The updated plan must describe the work proposed for Phases III and IV. Phase III--Development of the Barrier Selection Guidelines - Task 10. Execute the approved work plan to prepare the proposed barrier selection guidelines. Task 11. Prepare Interim Report No. 3 that includes a draft of the proposed barrier selection guidelines no later than 9 months after approval of Phase II. Phase IV--Final Deliverables - Task 12. Prepare revised guidelines after consideration of the project panel's comments. The guidelines shall be presented in a format suitable for consideration by the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures and the Highway Subcommittee on Design and its Technical Committee on Roadside Safety. Task 13. Prepare a preliminary draft final report that documents the entire research effort with an implementation strategy that considers technical and non-technical audiences. After consideration of panel comments, submit the revised final report. The guidelines should be included as appendices. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Crashes KW - Guidelines KW - Performance based specifications KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3170 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335992 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545927 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 327. Developing Recalibrated Concrete Pavement Performance Models for the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design AB - The research is complete. The project reviewed earlier work dealing with the consideration of the concrete's coefficient of thermal expansion in the performance-prediction models of concrete pavements and developed calibrated models that appropriately consider the coefficient of thermal expansion values obtained from laboratory tests. The findings were presented to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Joint Technical Committee on Pavements in late April 2014; copies of the final report were provided to the committee in mid May 2014 to facilitate their review and action. The committee decided to incorporate these models into the AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design. KW - Calibration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Thermal expansion UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3282 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332876 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01472296 TI - The Evaluation and Specification Development of Alternate Modified Asphalt Binders in South Carolina AB - The objective of this research project is to determine if available alternate modifiers will provide the same or better performance than the SBS modified PG 76-22 and to determine what affect additives such as natural sand, LASA and hydrated lime have on asphalt mixture performance. The alternate additives available to modify a base asphalt should be tested to ensure that the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) is getting good quality material in order for asphalt mixtures to last their design life or greater. KW - Asphalt additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Performance tests KW - Sand KW - Service life KW - South Carolina UR - http://www.clemson.edu/t3s/scdot/pdf/projects/SPR703-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610826 AU - Amekudzi-Kennedy, Adjo AU - Fischer, Jamie M AU - Brodie, Stefanie AU - Ingles, Amy AU - Georgia Transportation Institute University Transportation Center (GTI-UTC) AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Transportation Asset Management: Organizational Performance and Risk Review PY - 2012/11/15/Final Report SP - 207p AB - The 2012 Federal reauthorization of surface transportation programs, Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) formally introduced performance-based decision making for investments in surface transportation programs. This report reviews best practices in organizational performance management in state Departments of Transportation, with a focus on how performance management can used to achieve agency strategic goals and address agency risks. The study develops a maturity model of performance management, and diagnostic tools for evaluating the status of a performance management program within an agency, and making recommendations to address gaps for program advancement. In addition, the study reviews tradeoff analysis applications in the literature, surveys state departments of transportation to determine their applications of tradeoff analysis approaches at the program level, and recommends a methodology for harnessing existing asset management tools to conduct program-level tradeoff analysis. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asset management KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Literature reviews KW - Methodology KW - Performance measurement KW - Recommendations KW - Risk assessment KW - Risk management KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/11-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1422681 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547225 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 325. Updating the AASHTO LRFD Wind Loads Provisions AB - The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications was written in the early nineties with wind load provisions that were derived from the American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures/ASCE 7-88 and adapted for bridge design. These provisions were based on the fastest-mile measure of wind speed which was used by the national weather service. However, since then, the national weather service has changed to the 3-second-gust measure of wind speed and ASCE 7-88 has been updated. The revisions were based on 17 years of ongoing research of wind loads on structures and included new wind speed maps based on the 3-second-gust. The LRFD uses base wind speed and base wind pressure. The base wind speed is 100 mph and the base wind pressure is 40 or 50 psf depending on the structural element. The specifications require adjusting the wind speed for the design elevation and for the exposure or the upstream surface conditions. This is conservative for the majority of the country where the 50 year recurrence wind is 70-80 mph. But, this is non-conservative for hurricane-prone regions in which ASCE 7-88 wind speed maps do not properly account for the higher wind speeds associated with hurricanes. The current method in the LRFD does not provide for consistent reliability across different regions and locations. For example, a bridge designed according to these wind loads will have lower reliability if located along the coasts than if located inland. At the same time, the design wind speed will likely be exceeded during the life of a bridge along the coasts while it is very unlikely the design wind speed would be exceeded for inland locations. Based on the above, there is a need to update the LRFD wind load provisions to provide more uniform reliability and to take into consideration the technological changes and the research advances since these specifications were written. This is supported by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 489: Design of Highway Bridges for Extreme Events, which recommends that future research in wind engineering develop new wind design maps that would provide more uniform safety levels for different regions of the United States (US). The objective of this research was to propose revisions to the wind load provisions in Section 3--Loads and Load Factors and other related sections of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. KW - AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design KW - Bridge design KW - Hurricanes KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Structural members KW - Wind KW - Wind pressure UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3280 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01486737 AU - Hicks, R Gary AU - Cheng, DingXin AU - Zubeck, Hannele AU - Liu, Jenny AU - Mullins, Tony AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Develop Guidelines for Pavement Preservation Treatments and for Building a Pavement Preservation Program Platform for Alaska PY - 2012/11/12/Final Report SP - 158p AB - This reports summarizes the project findings including the following: An evaluation of the current pavement preservation program used in Alaska and a roadmap to grow the program; A summary of the best practices in terms of pavement preservation for cold regions and for the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (AKDOT&PF); The development of a pavement preservation database which contains information on pavement preservation projects placed in Alaska, along with the development of a strategy selection program for determining the best treatments to use under Alaska conditions; and Conclusions and recommendations resulting from the study including the collection of pavement data to support pavement preservation and the modification of the pavement management system to include pavement preservation treatments. Finally, an implementation plan is included to help Alaska grow the pavement preservation program using workshops and other planned efforts. KW - Alaska KW - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities KW - Best practices KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Frigid regions KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement preservation UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2013/05/AUTC_Combined_report-12-11-12-final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1256381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470841 AU - Gunaratne, M AU - Lu, Q AU - Yang, Jinsheng AU - Metz, J AU - Jayasooriya, W AU - Yassin, M AU - Amarasiri, S AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydroplaning on Multi Lane Facilities PY - 2012/11/08/Final Report SP - 130p AB - Models that provide estimates of wet weather speed reduction, as well as analytical and empirical methods for the prediction of hydroplaning speeds of trailers and heavy trucks, were gathered and verified in a field study. Pavement properties needed to estimate the water film thickness produced during sheet flow were obtained from the literature and field studies. The investigators have been able to formulate analytical equations for predicting the critical water film thickness with respect to hydroplaning under different road geometric conditions, such as, straight runs, super-elevations, and transition sections. A wet weather crash analysis was performed using crash statistics, geometrical data, pavement condition data, and other relevant information available in numerous Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) databases. The results of this effort indicate that 1) wider sections are more likely to produce hydroplaning crashes; 2) dense-graded pavements are more likely to induce conditions conducive to hydroplaning than open-graded ones; 3) National Cooperative Highway Research Program's PAVDRN software would have predicted, to a significant degree of accuracy, most of the documented hydroplaning incidents; and 4) the PAVDRN program is relatively unreliable for predicting hydroplaning in the inner lanes. KW - Crash data KW - Field studies KW - Geometric configurations and shapes KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Hydroplaning KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Multilane highways KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Trailers KW - Water film thickness KW - Wet weather UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_RD/FDOT-BDK84-977-14-rpt.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46798/FDOT-BDK84-977-14-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238517 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545065 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-12. Training and Exercises for All-Hazards Emergency Planning, Preparation, and Response, for Maintenance & Operations Field Personnel AB - The role of State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) and local Public Works agencies in all-hazards emergencies has expanded over the last decade. Emergency response is becoming a larger part of state, tribal, and local transportation staffs' responsibilities, from the front office to the front lines. And, with funding tight nationwide, public sector employees are being asked to do more with smaller staffs, including planning, preparation and response for notice and no-notice incidents. Access is needed to tools and training, including exercises, to support operations and maintenance personnel to perform reliably and effectively with other partners under the National Incident Management System (NIMS), regardless of the agencies' size or the nature of the occurrence, leading to improved preparedness for emergencies. This project will identify and synthesize existing tools, training, and exercises that can be used to effectively prepare transportation maintenance and operations forces for their roles in emergencies Topics of interest include (but are not limited to): (1) Scenario development; (2) Table-top exercises; (3) Simulations; (4) Interactive training; (5) Field crew meetings (Tail gate, hip pocket, tool box talks); (6) Just-in-time training; (7) Train-the-trainer; (8) Formal class-room training (including CCTV,VTC, Skype); and (8) Videos. Information will gathered by literature and internet review, surveys of American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Subcommittee on Maintenance (SCOM) / Subcommittee on Systems Operation and Management (SSOM)/ Special Committee on Transportation Security and Emergency Management (SCOTSEM)/ Subcommittee on Personnel and Human Resources (SCHR), and American Public Works Association (APWA) Info Now communities; and interviews with relevant staff members. Information will include how and where each resource is being used. Information gathered will be organized and synthesized into a topical tool box that may be used by operations and maintenance forces. The study will include case studies of effective training and exercise practices that illustrate some of the more effective resources discovered. As well, the study will identify gaps in knowledge and practice, leading to research needs for improved tools, training, and exercises. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Emergency management KW - Emergency training KW - Public works departments KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3364 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332519 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545063 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-07. Thin Asphalt Concrete Overlays AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 464: Thin Asphalt Concrete Overlays documents the current state of the practice as well as research efforts on the use of thin asphalt concrete overlays for pavement maintenance, rehabilitation, and preservation. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Preservation KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - State of the practice KW - Thinness UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3359 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332517 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545062 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-04. Pavement Patching Practices AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 463: Pavement Patching Practices summarizes current practices for patching small-scale surface defects in concrete and asphalt pavements. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Best practices KW - Concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Patching KW - Pavement performance UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3356 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603621 AU - Lane, Leigh B AU - Bert, Steven A AU - Heller, Adrienne E AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Defining Transportation-Disadvantaged Populations PY - 2012/11/01/Final Report SP - 23p AB - This study details the research team’s approach and findings for mapping transportation-disadvantaged populations and holding interviews with local practitioners and vulnerable groups The study provides a straightforward and practice-ready outreach process that can be used by transportation practitioners to better address the needs of populations facing significant mobility challenges. Underserved groups in six North Carolina counties (Beaufort, Chatham, Graham, Wake, Warren, Wilson) are identified and mapped with geographic information system (GIS) applications. Most often those protected under Title VI requirements – low-income and minority populations – but also the elderly, disabled, children, and those with language barriers have mobility needs that are often unmet. Interview findings demonstrated that policy provisions, such as restrictive eligibility requirements for paratransit, prohibitive monetary and time costs, and insufficient public transportation offerings, among other reasons, pointed to why certain groups suffer transportation disadvantage. This study also provides transportation practitioners with a step-by-step process to identify and map transportation-disadvantage populations in a user-friendly Practitioner Guide. The guide serves as a companion to the research and is included in the appendix of this report. KW - Counties KW - Geographic information systems KW - Literature reviews KW - Mapping KW - Maps KW - Mobility KW - North Carolina KW - Outreach KW - Transportation disadvantaged persons UR - https://connect.ncdot.gov/projects/planning/RNAProjDocs/2013-12%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://connect.ncdot.gov/projects/planning/RNAProjDocs/2013-12_Appendix_Part_1.pdf UR - https://connect.ncdot.gov/projects/planning/RNAProjDocs/2013-12_Appendix_Part_2.pdf UR - https://connect.ncdot.gov/projects/planning/RNAProjDocs/TDI%20Practitioner%20Guide%20Outline.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409556 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549557 TI - Development of Crash Modification Factors for Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Treatments AB - There is considerable uncertainty and confusion surrounding the use of pedestrian crossing treatments at uncontrolled locations. Research shows that marking crosswalks without making additional improvements is associated with higher pedestrian crash rates under certain roadway configurations and operating characteristics (Zegeer, C.H., Stewart, J.R., Huang, H.H., and Lagerway, P.A. Safety Effects of Marked vs. Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations, Federal Highway Administration, 2001). However, failing to provide crossing opportunities or over-improving an area are both undesirable solutions. Where a crosswalk alone might lead to increased pedestrian crashes, Zegeer et al. recommend enhanced crossing treatments, noting that "pedestrian crossing problems and needs should be routinely identified, and appropriate solutions should be selected to improve pedestrian safety and access." While several studies have examined pedestrian safety at uncontrolled crossing locations, robust crash modification factors (CMFs) are generally lacking. Research is needed to enable state and local transportation agencies to quantify the safety benefits of pedestrian crossing treatments and to incorporate these treatments into their safety programs. The objectives of this research are to (1) quantify the relationships between pedestrian safety and crossing treatments at uncontrolled locations (excluding roundabouts) and (2) develop CMFs by crash type and severity for (a) unsignalized pedestrian crosswalk signs and pavement markings, including advance yield markings; (b) high-intensity activated crosswalk (HAWK) signals; (c) rectangular rapid flashing beacons; (d) pedestrian refuge areas; (e) curb extensions; (f) in-pavement warning lights; and (g) high-visibility crosswalk marking patterns. The quality of data used should facilitate inclusion of the CMFs into the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Highway Safety Manual. KW - Crosswalks KW - Curbs KW - Flashing beacons KW - Highway safety KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Road markings KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3178 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538183 AU - Jackson, Eric AU - Mahoney, James AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating the Impacts of Reducing the Number of Hot Mix Asphalt Plant Testing Acceptance Criteria on Mix Variability PY - 2012/11/01/Project Final Report SP - 81p AB - The acceptance testing of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) conducted at the HMA production facility is an important portion of the overall acceptance process used by the Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) for paving projects. In 2004, ConnDOT made the decision to implement a Quality Assurance (QA) approach to improve the quality of the construction of transportation facilities in the state. Until the 2009 paving season, ConnDOT had over 26 different Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) criteria that HMA producers must meet (within limits) or face penalties, rejection of material or plant shutdown. In 2009, ConnDOT reduced the number of quality assurance metrics from 26 to 8 for the 2009 construction season. These eight metrics are: Va (Voids); VMA (Voids Mineral Agg); Gmm (Max Theoretical Gravity); Pb (Binder); and, four gradation control points (each mix has four control points that define the mix). The objective of this study was to statistically analyze HMA quality assurance data collected by ConnDOT from the 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 construction seasons to determine what impact the change in specifications had on the variability and overall quality of the mixes being produced. The results of this study indicate there is no overall statistically significant decrease in variability due to the 2009 specification changes. However, there is also no significant increase in variability due to the reduced testing. According to ConnDOT, these changes in specifications have eliminated costly plant shutdowns, a monetary savings to producers that will hopefully be passed down to ConnDOT in reduced pavement costs. Furthermore, the elimination of plant shutdowns will save ConnDOT and the traveling public costly project delays due to material not passing stringent quality assurance metrics, while not impacting the quality of pavement being placed. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Asphalt plants KW - Connecticut Department of Transportation KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Performance based specifications KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51900/51986/ct-2263-f-11-9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1323640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482134 AU - Nelson, Stacy A C AU - Hartis, Brett M AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Satellite Remote Sensing of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Distribution and Status in the Currituck Sound, NC PY - 2012/11/01/Final Report SP - 78p AB - Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) is an important component in any estuarine ecosystem. As such, it is regulated by federal and state agencies as a jurisdictional resource, where impacts to SAV are compensated through mitigation. Historically, traditional detection methodologies have been proven to be ineffective or inappropriate for SAV mitigation over very large areas. These tasks are further complicated in that the location and density of SAV can change from year to year depending on variances in weather and water quality. Satellite remote sensing holds great promise for providing a labor and cost-effective means of monitoring and quantifying SAV distribution. For this analysis, sensor specific models based on multinomial logit procedures proved to be the best approach for predicting SAV presence or absence. No models could be developed for low distribution occurrence categories due to a low ratio of events to non-events. Statistical automated selection methods were developed to produce the final models we selected for each sensor. The use of the automated best-subsets method allowed for exploration of a number of potential candidate models based on the number of variables input in the model. The automated stepwise selection method led to the final, most reasonable model as decided upon in the best-subset procedure. For a variable to enter into or remain in the model, a p-value of <0.01 was necessary. A model was considered fit if the Hosmer and Lemeshow test yielded an insignificant difference in groups (p>0.05). Sensor specific models were developed for both the Quickbird and Worldview-II sensors, however LANDSAT 5 specific models were inconclusive largely due to quality of the data. KW - Aquatic life KW - Currituck Sound (North Carolina) KW - Detection and identification technologies KW - Logits KW - Remote sensing KW - Satellite imagery KW - Vegetation UR - http://www.ncdot.gov/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2010-14FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1251063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01569146 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Establishing A Public-Private Partnership Program: A Primer PY - 2012/11 SP - 41p AB - Establishing a Public-Private Partnership (P3) program within a public agency involves issues from enabling legislation through identification, evaluation, negotiation and management of P3 projects. Public agencies will need: (1) A legal framework to establish and enforce long term P3 agreements; (2) Policies, processes, and tools to guide policy decisions; (3) Technical skills to identify, develop and evaluate P3 projects and to negotiate agreements; and (4) Skilled staff to manage and oversee projects over the long-term. This primer explores key issues involved in establishing a P3 program at a public agency with a focus on P3s for new capacity for highway infrastructure. Building the organizational capacity needed to develop P3s while protecting the public interest presents a major challenge to transportation agencies. Transportation agencies will need capabilities they have not traditionally possessed in order to identify and develop projects and negotiate and manage agreements with private partners. Agencies will need to acquire or develop new policy, legal, technical, financial and managerial skills and establish processes and structures, such as specialized P3 units, that allow them to apply those skills in a multidisciplinary way. KW - Evaluation KW - Highways KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Public private partnerships KW - Transportation departments KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/pdfs/p3/p3_establishing_a_p3_program_112312.PDF UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55200/55256/p3_establishing_a_p3_program_112312.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1359491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01551266 AU - Bagdade, Jeffrey AU - Nabors, Dan AU - McGee, Hugh AU - Miller, Richard AU - Retting, Richard AU - Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Speed Management: A Manual for Local Rural Road Owners PY - 2012/11 SP - 40p AB - In 2010, 35 percent of the 30,196 fatal crashes on U.S. roadways occurred on local rural roads, with nearly one-third (3,427) of these involving speeding. This document is intended to provide local road practitioners with information on how to address speeding-related crashes through the implementation of a comprehensive Speed Management Program. An effective program addresses all factors that influence speeding through engineering, enforcement, education, and emergency services—known as the four E’s of safety. KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway safety KW - Rural highways KW - Speed control KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/local_rural/training/fhwasa010413spmgmt/speedmanagementguide.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1341297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548560 AU - Crowson, Ginny AU - Jackels, Jon AU - Athey Creek Consultants AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Concept of Operations for Intersection Conflict Warning Systems (ICWS) PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 20p AB - In a previous ICWS ENTERPRISE effort, preliminary design guidance and an evaluation framework for intersection conflict warning system (ICWS) deployments were developed. The project engaged several national standards groups and industry associations including the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Subcommittee on Traffic Engineering, and the Traffic Control Devices and Evaluation of Low Cost Safety Improvements pooled funds. This project further supported the standardization of ICWS by developing a model concept of operations and model system requirements for ICWS. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intersections KW - Real time information KW - System design KW - Traffic conflicts UR - http://enterprise.prog.org/Projects/2010_Present/icwssyseng/ICWS%20Concept%20of%20Operations%20FINAL%20110812.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538331 AU - Ahmed, Anwaar AU - Agbelie, Bismark R D K AU - Lavrenz, Steven AU - Keefer, Michael AU - Labi, Samuel AU - Sinha, Kumares C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Costs and Revenues Associated With Overweight Trucks in Indiana PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 252p AB - This study estimated highway pavement and bridge damage costs, and analyzed the adequacy of permit revenues to cover these costs. The study began with an extensive review of the literature on the subject, thus facilitating identification of the gaps in the existing practice and research. The developed framework includes the establishment of asset families, realistic types and timings of reconstruction, rehabilitation, and maintenance, traffic volumes and growth projections. The cost of damage was estimated for each asset family and age group, and the sensitivity of asset damage cost with respect to key policy and analysis variables was explored. Finally, the study examined cost and operational issues associated with the enforcement of overweight truck policies. In addressing the gaps in existing research, this study showed that the damage cost of highway assets due to overweight trucks is influenced significantly by the asset type and age. For pavement assets, the pavement damage cost estimates were found to range from $0.006 per Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL)‐mile on Interstates to $0.218 per ESAL‐mile on non‐national highways. The study also showed that non‐consideration of reconstruction or maintenance cost can result in underestimation of the actual pavement damage cost by 79% and 83%, respectively. The analysis also showed that the unrealistic approach of considering only rehabilitation treatments applied at fixed intervals can lead to as much as 86% underestimation of the actual pavement damage cost. The results also suggest that pavement damage cost is highly sensitive to the pavement life‐cycle length, interest rate, rest period, and the costs and service lives of rehabilitation treatments. For the bridge assets (classified on the basis of their superstructure material type), the incremental methodology was found to be suitable to estimate the cost of bridge damage due to overweight vehicles. This methodology determines and assigns bridge damage cost to all vehicle classes on the basis of vehicle axle configurations and usage frequency (vehicle‐miles travelled). Incremental designs were carried out and cost functions were developed using Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ (AASHTO) design vehicles. Each Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) vehicle weight group was classified into an equivalent AASHTO loading regime using the modified equivalent vehicle (MEV) model which is based on gross vehicle weight, axle loading and axle spacing. The results were used to incrementally assign bridge cost to each vehicle class. For each class of overweight vehicles, the bridge damage cost was computed as the ratio of the cost responsibility and the volume of these vehicles. The bridge damage cost was estimated under two permit fee options and three user charging scenarios. The results suggest that approximately 22% of total bridge cost can be considered attributable to overweight vehicles. Also, it was observed that the bridge damage cost is not just a factor of gross vehicle weight but a function of all the three vehicle‐related variables: gross vehicle weight, axle spacing and axle loads.  It was concluded that the adoption of a permit structure on the basis of gross vehicle weight only, will result in certain vehicle classes underpaying by as much as 92% of their actual contribution to bridge damage. Finally, the study examined cost and operational issues associated with the enforcement of overweight truck policies and identified a number of locations that could be considered for establishing new weigh stations and other enforcement facilities. KW - Bridges KW - Costs KW - Indiana KW - Literature reviews KW - Maintenance KW - Overweight loads KW - Pavement distress KW - Permits KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Revenues KW - Trucks UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314987 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1321437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516598 AU - Minge, Erik AU - Petersen, Scott AU - Weinblatt, Herbert AU - Coifman, Benjamin AU - Hoekman, Earl AU - SRF Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop- and Length-Based Vehicle Classification, Federal Highway Administration – Pooled Fund Program [TPF-5(192)] PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 106p AB - While most vehicle classification currently conducted in the United States is axle-based, some applications could be supplemented or replaced by length-based data. Common length-based methods are more widespread and can be less expensive, including loop detectors and several types of non-loop sensors (both sidefire and in-road sensors). Loop detectors are the most frequently deployed detection system and most dual-loop installations have the capability of reporting vehicle lengths. This report analyzes various length-based vehicle classification schemes using geographically diverse data sets. This report also conducted field and laboratory tests of loop and non-loop sensors for their performance in determining vehicle length and vehicle speed. The study recommends a four bin length scheme with a fifth bin to be considered in areas with significant numbers of long combination vehicles. The field and laboratory testing found that across a variety of detection technologies, the sensors generally reported comparable length and speed data. KW - Detection and identification technologies KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loop detectors KW - Sensors KW - Speed KW - United States KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle length UR - http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2012/2012-33.pdf UR - http://www.lrrb.org/media/reports/201233.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01501999 AU - Krechmer, Daniel AU - Perry, Noel AU - Destro, Lisa AU - Gallaher, Sarahjoy AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - FTR Associates AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Weather Delay Costs to Trucking PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 72p AB - Estimates of the nation’s freight sector of transportation range to upwards of $600 billion of total gross domestic product with 70 percent of total value and 60 percent of total weight moving by truck. Weather-related delays can add significantly to shipping costs, resulting in negative impacts on the overall economy. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) funded this project in order to estimate the impact of adverse weather on United States roadway freight operations. The findings of the study were that weather phenomena impact freight traffic between 3 percent and 6 percent of the time, depending on location, with a national average of 4.6 percent. The cost of weather-related delay to the freight industry was estimated at $8.659 billion or 1.6 percent of the total estimated freight market of $574 billion. While this appears on the surface to be a small percentage the dollar value is significant and it is important to note that improvements to road weather management programs, which are generally relatively inexpensive, can have major payoffs from a benefit/cost standpoint. Specific research required to refine this estimate is recommended in the report KW - Costs KW - Delays KW - Economic impacts KW - Freight traffic KW - Trucking KW - United States KW - Weather conditions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/48000/48200/48291/2019837E.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1279464 ER - TY - SER AN - 01500372 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Rohter, Laurence AU - Fain, Jeffrey AU - Lohman, Hollie AU - Beltemacchi, Peter AU - Illinois Institute of Technology AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidelines, Site Selection, and Design for Implementing Truck Parking/Rest Facilities in Chicago's South Suburbs PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 111p AB - This study proposes a network of overnight truck parking facilities in south suburban Chicago intended to accomplish a wide range of federal, state, and local policy objectives. At the federal and state levels, this report’s policy objectives seek to increase traffic safety, reduce traffic congestion, address public safety and environmental concerns, and encourage economic security and satisfactory working conditions for the nation’s truck drivers. At the local level, this report’s policy objectives seek to implement brownfield containment and use strategies, support economic revitalization, reduce nuisance parking, and encourage industrial park owners and developers to create shared parking arrangements between trucks and automobiles. To achieve these objectives, the research team has identified key policy and design issues that are usually involved in planning and building overnight truck parking facilities. These issues include traffic safety, highway access, proximity to other freight facilities and industries, brownfield containment and utilization, neighborhood character, environmental issues, use of shared facilities, traffic flow, traffic/parking information systems, fencing/secured entry and exits, surveillance, lot size, pavement, drainage, striping, signage, lighting, and amenities. These issues are highlighted in case studies that will help municipalities and prospective investors interested in implementing overnight truck parking facilities. The research team has also provided a list of material improvements and their approximate costs to give a clearer picture of the capital needed to implement overnight truck parking facilities. KW - Case studies KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Location KW - Parking KW - Parking facilities KW - Policy KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Truck facilities UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/45788 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1278487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496704 AU - American Traffic Safety Services Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidance for the Use of Dynamic Lane Merging Strategies PY - 2012/11 SP - n.p. AB - This document shows how two merging strategies, known as early merging and late merging, can be used either individually or cooperatively to reduce delay and increase safety at highway lane closures. The early merging strategy advises drivers to move out of the closed lane well before the forced merge point and before traffic breaks down. To avoid congestion, the early merging strategy works best when there is a low traffic volume on the road combined with high average speeds. The late merging strategy works best when the road has a high traffic volume and low average speed due to congestion. Drivers are instructed to remain in their respective lanes until they reach the designated merge point. This ensures that both lanes are being used to their full capacity, and traffic flow is smooth by minimizing unnecessary lane changes. Once at the merge point, late merging encourages an alternating merging style, or zippered merging, in which cars take turns moving into the open lane. The objectives of this document are to introduce two innovative merging strategies and their benefits, discuss when and how to implement the merging strategies, and present other key aspects to consider before and during implementation. KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Implementation KW - Lane closure KW - Merging area KW - Merging traffic KW - Traffic volume UR - http://www.workzonesafety.org/fhwa_wz_grant/atssa/atssa_dynamic_lane_merging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496632 AU - Sloboden, Jaimison AU - Lewis, John AU - Alexiadis, Vassili AU - Chiu, Yi-Chang AU - Nava, Eric AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume XIV: Guidebook on the Utilization of Dynamic Traffic Assignment in Modeling PY - 2012/11 SP - 120p AB - This document provides guidance to practitioners, managers and software developers on methods for applying Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) in transportation modeling. This guidance will inform Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) and State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) of the potential benefits and applications that are possible from utilization of DTA modeling tools. This Guidebook provides recommended processes and implementations for using DTA tools in transportation analyses. This document provides transportation practitioners with guidance on the appropriate application of DTA tools for transportation decision making. The Guide is intended to assist practitioners in developing and implementing DTA for regional planning, project planning, and other transportation analysis. KW - Decision making KW - Dynamic traffic assignment KW - Handbooks KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Regional planning KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic models UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13015/fhwahop13015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493493 AU - Edara, Praveen AU - Sun, Carlos AU - Zhu, Zhongyuan AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Temporary Ramp Metering for Work Zones PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 50p AB - Ramp metering has been successfully implemented in many states to improve traffic operations on freeways. Studies have documented the positive mobility and safety benefits of ramp metering. However, there have been no studies on the use of ramp metering for work zones. This report documents the results from the first deployment of temporary ramp meters in work zones in the United States. Temporary ramp meters were deployed at seven urban short-term work zones in Missouri. Safety measures such as driver compliance, merging behavior, and speed differentials were extracted from video-based field data. Mobility analysis was conducted using a calibrated simulation model and the total delays were obtained for under capacity, at capacity, and over capacity conditions. This evaluation suggests that temporary ramp meters should only be deployed at work zone locations where there is potential for congestion and turned on only during above-capacity conditions. The compliance analysis showed that non-compliance could be a major safety issue in the deployment of temporary ramp meters for under-capacity conditions. The use of a three-section instead of a traditional two-section signal head used for permanent ramp metering produced significantly higher compliance rates. Ramp metering decreased ramp platoons by increasing the percentage of single-vehicle merges to over 70% from under 50%. The accepted-merge-headway results were not statistically significant even though a slight shift towards longer headways was found with the use of ramp meters. Mobility analysis revealed that ramp metering produced delay savings for both mainline and ramp vehicles for work zones operating above capacity. On average a 24% decrease in total delay (mainline plus ramp) at low truck percentage and a 19% decrease in delay at high truck percentage conditions resulted from ramp metering. KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mobility KW - Ramp metering KW - Temporary barriers KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14900/1/IA_DOT_MIZZOU_ramp_metering_4_work_zones_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01492860 AU - Sun, Carlos AU - Edara, Praveen AU - Mackley, Andrew AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Smart Work Zone Deployment Initiative AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Incentive/Disincentive Contracting to Mitigate Work Zone Traffic Impacts PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 74p AB - Incentive/disincentive clauses (I/D) are designed to award payments to contractors if they complete work ahead of schedule and to deduct payments if they exceed the completion time. A previously unanswered question is, “Did the costs of the actual work zone impacts that were avoided justify the incentives paid?” This report answers that question affirmatively based on an evaluation of 20 I/D projects in Missouri from 2008 to 2011. Road user costs (RUC) were used to quantify work zone impacts and included travel delays, vehicle operating costs, and crash costs. These were computed using work zone traffic conditions for partial-closure projects and detour volumes and routes for full-closure projects. Conditions during construction were compared to after construction. Crash costs were computed using Highway Safety Manual methodology. Safety Performance Functions produced annual crash frequencies that were translated into crash cost savings. In considering an average project, the percentage of RUC savings was around 13% of the total contract amount, or $444,389 of $3,464,620. The net RUC savings produced was around $7.2 million after subtracting the approximately $1.7 million paid in incentives. In other words, for every dollar paid in incentives, approximately 5.3 dollars of RUC savings resulted. I/D provisions were very successful in saving RUC for projects with full-closure, projects in urban areas, and emergency projects. Rural, non-emergency projects successfully saved RUC but not at the same level as other projects. The I/D contracts were also compared to all Missouri Department of Transportation contracts for the same time period. The results show that I/D projects had a higher on-time completion percentage and a higher number of bids per call than average projects. But I/D projects resulted in 4.52% higher deviation from programmed costs and possibly more changes made after the award. A survey of state transportation departments and contractors showed that both agreed to the same issues that affect the success of I/D contracts. Legal analysis suggests that liquidated damages is preferred to disincentives, since enforceability of disincentives may be an issue. Overall, in terms of work zone impact mitigation, I/D contracts are very effective at a relatively low cost. KW - Case studies KW - Construction projects KW - Contract administration KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Disincentives KW - Incentives KW - Missouri KW - State departments of transportation KW - Work zones UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14901/1/IA_DOT_MIZZOU_incentive_disincentive_contracting_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01486911 AU - Dojutrek, Michelle S AU - Makwana, Parth A AU - Labi, Samuel AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Methodology for Highway Asset Valuation in Indiana PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 80p AB - The Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) requires transportation agencies to report the values of their tangible assets. Numerous valuation methods exist which use different underlying concepts and data items. These traditional methods have a number of shortcomings, such as their implicit assumption that assets are monolithic and their inability to simultaneously consider a satisfactory range of value‐related asset attributes. In a bid to address these limitations, this report proposes a number of valuation methods. The elemental decomposition and multi‐criteria (EDMC) method carries out asset valuation on the basis of cost, remaining service life, and the condition of the individual components of an asset. The proposed replacement‐downtime‐salvage (RDS) method considers only the life‐cycle costs, including user cost during work zones and recycling benefits or disposal costs. The third proposed method, decommission‐and‐reuse (D&R), is based on the real‐estate value of the land occupied by the asset. The total value of Indiana’s state highway assets was determined in this study using the traditional and proposed methods; using the EDMC, this was estimated as approximately $68 billion. The value of pavements and bridges were $47.1B and $7.83B, respectively; together, these “large assets” constituted approximately 81.34% of total asset value. The total value of smaller assets was approximately $0.6B, constituting approximately 0.83% of the total value of assets; the breakdown was as follows: guardrails, $0.318B; underdrains, $0.005B; culverts, $0.214B; and road signs, $0.019B. The total value of the right‐of‐way was estimated at $12.04B. Using the straight line depreciation (SLD) method (the most common method used by other agencies), INDOT’s pavement and bridge values were determined as $12.4B and $9.59B, respectively. It was observed that the EDMC yields values that are significantly different from those from the traditional method, which could be due to the former explicitly considering the asset as an assemblage of components and thus carries out valuation for each component rather than considering the structure as a monolithic entity. On the basis of the unit asset values derived for Indiana, the existing asset inventory of other states, and the state‐specific cost factors, the total estimated value of state‐owned highway bridge and pavement assets in the United States was estimated at $1.4T or $4.4T using the traditional SLD and the EDMC methods respectively. For all highways in the United States, the estimated values were found to be $6.54T and $20.8T for the SLD and the EDMC methods, respectively. The study also explored ways by which asset value could be incorporated in investment evaluation. KW - Asset management KW - Bridges KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Pavements KW - Valuation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315035 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1254235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01486734 AU - Zubeck, Hannele AU - Liu, Juanyu AU - Mullin, Anthony AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Pavement Preservation Practices in Cold Regions PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 84p AB - The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (AKDOT&PF) has recognized the value of pavement preservation and is in process of incorporating the concept in its road upkeep strategy. A research project was initiated to aid in the development of a pavement preservation program for Alaska. Part of the effort was to collect information on pavement preservation treatments used in cold regions. More specifically, the object was to identify the performance of pavement preservation techniques used in other similar climatic conditions (when compared to Alaska). The purpose of this report is to describe the state-of-the-art and best practices of pavement preservation in cold regions. The information was collected by a comprehensive literature review and by conducting a survey on pavement preservation issues. All surveyed pavement preservation treatments (Crack Sealing, Patching, Fog Seals, Chip Seals, Slurry Seals, Asphalt Surface Treatment/Bituminous Surface Treatment, Microsurfacing, Thin Overlays, Bonded Wearing Courses, Interlayers and In-place Recycling) have been used in cold regions for over 30 years. Crack sealing and patching are the most extensively used pavement preservation techniques. Recommendations for research and implementation are included. KW - Alaska KW - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities KW - Best practices KW - Frigid regions KW - Literature reviews KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement preservation KW - State of the art KW - Surveys UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2013/05/Pavement-Preservation-Practices-in-Cold-Regions-12-05-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1256380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481346 AU - Daniel, Jo Sias AU - Chehab, Ghassan R AU - Ayyala, Dinesh AU - Nogaj, Ireneusz M AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham AU - New England Transportation Consortium AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - New England Verification of National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 1-37A Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 361p AB - In 1996, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) launched Project 1-37A to develop a new design guide for pavement structures. The design guide recommended by the project team in 2004 is based on mechanistic-empirical (M-E) principles and is accompanied by software that handles the execution of the design and performance prediction. The mechanistic empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG) software has gone through various version upgrades and improvements to the incorporated models and user interface, the latest being DarwinME. The design inputs needed for the MEPDG software are classified according to a hierarchy system where the designer can select the level of data accuracy and sophistication based on the economic impact of the project. The selection is also a function of the state-of-knowledge and availability of the data. The levels vary from Level 1, for which design inputs are generally site specific and are determined from material testing and/or in-situ measurement to Level 2 and 3, where default or user-selected values obtained from national and regional experiences such as LTTP sites are used. The performance prediction models incorporated in the MEPDG were validated and calibrated using field performance of selected pavement sections throughout the United States. Coefficients incorporated in the models can thus be regarded as national averages derived from the performance measured from the sites selected for the calibration. While the State Highway Agencies (SHAs) can use those models with the “default” coefficients, a higher level of reliability can be achieved in predicting the distresses if the agencies adjust the coefficients to better suit the conditions prevalent in their states. It is widely recognized that local calibration of the models should thus be performed to take full advantage of the MEPDG. The main goal of this research was to offer the New England and New York state highway agencies guidelines for the implementation of the MEPDG for designing flexible pavements and AC overlays. This report documents the current design practices of the six New England States and New York as well as progress of MEPDG implementation initiatives undertaken by other states. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the MEPDG Level 2 and 3 inputs for each of the seven states involved in this study was conducted. The extensive software runs conducted allow for an evaluation of the MEPDG functionality and accuracy for the level of inputs used by comparing predicted distresses with field-measured distresses, and provide individual states with an idea on adequacy of their input database and accuracy that the embedded distress models with nationally calibrated coefficients provide. The findings can be used by the state agencies in their decision on whether to start implementing the MEPDG with current models and coefficients and for what level of analysis, and in prioritizing implementation activities. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Design practices KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - New England KW - New York (State) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Validation UR - http://www.uvm.edu/~transctr/pdf/netc/netcr87_06-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481178 AU - Kear, Thomas P AU - Wilson, James H AU - Corbett, James J AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Energy and Environmental Research Associates, LLC AU - TranSystems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - United States-Mexico Land Ports of Entry Emissions and Border Wait-Time White Paper and Analysis Template PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 85p AB - This report summarizes background research and presents an analysis template for analyzing the emissions from vehicle delay at land ports of entry along the United States-Mexico border. The analyses template is presented along with two case studies. Results from the case studies identify candidate best practices and performance measures for use as an input during the initial phases of development for projects that alter the border infrastructure or the operational characteristics of the ports of entry. A set of operating mode distributions and average speed data for use with emission factor modes such as MOVES, EMFAC, or MOBILE is developed based on a detailed microsimulation analysis of the Bridge of the Americas and the Ysleta-Zaragoza port of entry. Vehicle activity is assigned to either uncongested movements or queues, with queues further broken down to stop-and-go queues or creeping queues. This breakout of the emissions and vehicle activity is then used to analyze specific case studies to add users in extending the analysis template to their own analysis needs. Background research is available separately. KW - Best practices KW - Bridge of the Americas KW - International borders KW - Microsimulation KW - Performance measurement KW - Pollutants KW - Ports of entry KW - Queuing KW - Traffic delays KW - United States-Mexico Border KW - Waiting time KW - Ysleta–Zaragoza International Bridge UR - http://www.borderplanning.fhwa.dot.gov/WaitTime/emsbrdr.pdf UR - http://www.borderplanning.fhwa.dot.gov/WaitTime/foreword.asp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478785 AU - Nabors, Dan AU - Goughnour, Elissa AU - Sawyer, Mike AU - Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Non-Motorized User Safety: A Manual for Local Rural Road Owners PY - 2012/11 SP - 90p AB - Many of the roads in the U.S. are non-Interstate, local and rural roads that are maintained and operated by local agencies, such as towns, counties, and Tribal governments. Non-motorized modes of travel, such as biking, walking, and riding horses or horse-drawn carriages can be expected along these roads and may face safety concerns when utilizing the same roadway as motorized travelers. This Non-Motorized User Safety Manual focuses on low-volume local rural roadways and rural villages and describes a process that can be used to address the safety of non-motorized users. It provides a concise “toolbox” of resources and information for addressing non-motorized safety concerns, and provides evaluation methods for locally-implemented initiatives to address the safety of non-motorized users. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Highway safety KW - Local roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Rural highways UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/local_rural/training/fhwasa010413/nonmotorize.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478374 AU - McDaniel, Rebecca S AU - Kowalski, Karol J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigating the Feasibility of Integrating Pavement Friction and Texture Depth Data in Modeling for INDOT PMS PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 29p AB - Under Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) current friction testing program, friction is measured annually on interstates but only once every three years on non-interstate roadways. The state’s Pavement Management System, however, would require current data if friction were to be included in the PMS. During routine pavement condition monitoring for the PMS, texture data is collected annually. This study explored the feasibility of using this pavement texture data to estimate the friction during those years when friction is not measured directly. After multiple approaches and a wide variety of ways of examining the currently available data and texture measuring technologies, it was determined that it is not currently feasible to use the texture data as a surrogate for friction testing. This is likely because the lasers used at this time are not capable of capturing the small-scale pavement microtexture. This situation may change, however, with advances in laser or photo interpretation technologies and improved access to materials data throughout the INDOT pavement network. KW - Condition surveys KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Friction KW - Microtexture KW - Pavement management systems KW - Texture UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315037 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478365 AU - Bai, Qiang AU - Labi, Samuel AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Updating, Upgrading, Refining, Calibration and Implementation of Trade-Off Analysis Methodology Developed for INDOT PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 45p AB - As part of the ongoing evolution towards integrated highway asset management, the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT), through SPR studies in 2004 and 2010, sponsored research that developed an overall framework for asset management. This was intended to foster decision support for alternative investments across the program areas on the basis of a broad range of performance measures and against the background of the various alternative actions or spending amounts that could be applied to the several different asset types in the different program areas. The 2010 study also developed theoretical constructs for scaling and amalgamating the different performance measures, and for analyzing the different kinds of trade‐offs. The research products from the present study include this technical report which shows how theoretical underpinnings of the methodology developed for INDOT in 2010 have been updated, upgraded, and refined. The report also includes a case study that shows how the trade‐off analysis framework has been calibrated using available data. Supplemental to the report is Trade‐IN Version 1.0, a set of flexible and easy‐to‐use spreadsheets that implement the trade-off framework. With this framework and using data at the current time or in the future, INDOT’s asset managers are placed in a better position to quantify and comprehend the relationships between budget levels and system‐wide performance, the relationships between different pairs of conflicting or non‐conflicting performance measures under a given budget limit, and the consequences, in terms of system‐wide performance, of funding shifts across the management systems or program areas. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asset management KW - Budgeting KW - Calibration KW - Case studies KW - Decision support systems KW - Implementation KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Methodology KW - Performance measurement UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315036 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477797 AU - Barth, Karl AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 2B: Two-Span Continuous Straight Composite Steel Wide-Flange Beam Bridge PY - 2012/11//Volume 22 SP - 96p AB - This design example presents an alternative design for that presented in the Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 2A. Specifically, the design of a continuous steel wide-flange beam bridge is presented using a standard shape rolled I-beam, as an alternative to the plate girder design. The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications are the governing specifications and all aspects of the provisions applicable to wide-flange beam bridge design (cross-section proportion limits, constructibility, serviceability, fatigue, and strength requirements) are considered. Furthermore, the optional moment redistribution specifications will be invoked. In addition to the beam design, the design of the concrete deck is also included. A basic wind analysis of the structure is also presented. KW - Bridge design KW - Composite construction KW - Continuous bridges KW - Flanges KW - I beams KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/designexample03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477796 AU - Gatti, Walter AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Structural Steel Bridge Shop Drawings PY - 2012/11//Volume 3 SP - 47p AB - The preparation of shop drawings is a very specialized process with its own language and methods. The drawings and data for fabrication are developed from information presented on the contract drawings. These drawings contain the basic bridge geometry, pier and sub-structure locations and design, as well as the sizes of all material, weld and bolt sizes and the basic connection information. Fabrication, thus the shop drawings, must adhere to all the applicable specifications and the information on the contract plans. With this in mind, the detailers, shop drawing producers, must have experience, knowledge and ability to translate contract information into shop drawings. Steel bridge fabrication is a field unlike any others such as building construction, therefore most detailers who prepare steel bridge shop drawings specialize in bridges, and very few of them detail buildings or other steel structures. This document contains the history, present practices, and illustrations of the fundamentals of shop detail drawings for steel bridges, and is not intended to cover every type of bridge structure. The purpose is to familiarize engineers, detailers and other individuals involved with steel bridge fabrication on the preparation and use of shop detail drawings. KW - Bridge design KW - Detailing (Steel) KW - Fabrication KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural steel KW - Technical drawings UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477795 AU - White, Don AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Structural Behavior of Steel PY - 2012/11//Volume 4 SP - 286p AB - The behavior of steel structures is an intricate and fascinating topic. This module is intended to serve as a guide to the AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Specifications and their representation of the behavior of steel bridge systems and members. The module focuses on the structural form and function of bridge systems and members, with emphasis on strength limit states. Where relevant, recent advances in the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings as well as findings from research developments are discussed in addition to the AASHTO LRFD Specifications. There are numerous areas where a broad understanding of the fundamental behavior of structures is key to the proper interpretation, application, and where necessary, extension of the AASHTO LRFD Specifications. This module aims to aid the Engineer in reviewing and understanding the essential principles of steel system and member strength behavior and design. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Steel bridges KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477794 AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Load Rating of Steel Bridges PY - 2012/11//Volume 18 SP - 30p AB - Load rating is defined as the determination of the live load carrying capacity of a bridge using as-built bridge plans and supplemented by information gathered from the latest field inspection. Load ratings are expressed as a rating factor or as a tonnage for a particular vehicle. Emphasis in load rating is on the live-load capacity and dictates the approach of determining rating factors instead of the design approach of satisfying limit states. Existing highway bridges are rated to prioritize a bridge owner’s needs, assure the traveling public’s safety, and facilitate the passage of goods. Bridges that cannot safely carry statutory loads, based on a load-rating evaluation, should be load posted, rehabilitated or replaced. This module informs designers of load ratings, and discusses the LRFR methodology used for load rating evaluation. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge design KW - Highway bridges KW - Live loads KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477791 AU - Chavel, Brandon AU - Rivera, Julie AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 5: Three-Span Continuous Horizontally Curved Composite Steel Tub-Girder Bridge PY - 2012/11//Volume 25 SP - 187p AB - Tub girders, as closed-section structures, provide a more efficient cross section for resisting torsion than I-girders, which is especially important in horizontally curved highway bridges. The increased torsional resistance of a closed composite steel tub girder also results in an improved lateral distribution of live loads. For curved bridges, warping, or flange lateral bending, stresses are lower in tub girders, when compared to I-girders, since tub girders carry torsion primarily by means of St. Venant torsional shear flow around the perimeter of their closed sections, whereas I-girders have very low St. Venant torsional stiffness and carry torsion primarily by means of warping. This design example illustrates the design calculations for a curved steel tub girder bridge, considering the Strength, Service, fatigue and Constructibility Limits States in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Designs specifications. Calculations are provided for design checks at particular girder locations, a bolted field splice design, an internal pier diaphragm design, and a top flange lateral bracing member design. KW - Bridge design KW - Composite structures KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Curved bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Steel bridges KW - Tub girders UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/designexample06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477789 AU - Chavel, Brandon AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Bridge Deck Design PY - 2012/11//Volume 17 SP - 52p AB - The primary function of a bridge deck is to support the vehicular vertical loads and distribute these loads to the steel superstructure. This module provides practical information regarding the decking options and design considerations for steel bridges, presenting deck types such as concrete deck slabs, metal grid decks, orthotropic steel decks, wood decks, and several others. The choice of the particular deck type to use can depend on several factors, which may include the specific application, initial cost, life cycle cost, durability, weight, or owner requirements. For the deck types discussed herein, a brief description of the particular deck type is given, in addition to general design and detail considerations. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Grid decks KW - Orthotropic KW - Precast concrete KW - Steel bridges KW - Wood UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume17.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477788 AU - Bunner, Matthew AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Splice Design PY - 2012/11//Volume 14 SP - 91p AB - Typically it is not possible to fabricate, handle, ship or erect the entire length of a girder in one piece. In these cases, provisions must be made to splice multiple pieces of the girder together in the field to provide the required length. These splices must be capable of transmitting the shear and moment in the girder at the point of the splice. This module focuses on the factors which influence and the principles of the design of bolted field splices. Factors that influence field splice design and layout are presented, including span layout, curvature, and girder properties. General design provisions are also addressed in this module, including flexural resistance provided by a bolted field splice at the Strength and Service limit states, as well as detailing considerations. Lastly, a thorough design example of a bolted field splice for a steel I-girder is provided, illustrating calculations for flange and web stress, splice plate design, and bolt design. Strength, Service, and Fatigue limit states are considered, and design checks are provide for tension, compression, and shear resistance of splice plates, fracture and bearing resistance of splice plates, and strength and slip resistances of the bolted connections. KW - Bolted splices KW - Bolts KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Girders KW - Splice plates KW - Steel bridges KW - Welding UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477787 AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Design for Fatigue PY - 2012/11//Volume 12 SP - 40p AB - Fatigue in metals is the process of initiation and growth of cracks under the action of repetitive tensile loads. If crack growth is allowed to go on long enough, failure of the member can result when the uncracked cross-section is sufficiently reduced such that the member can no longer carry the internal forces for the crack extends in an unstable mode. The fatigue process can take place at stress levels that are substantially less than those associated with failure under static loading conditions. The usual condition that produces fatigue cracking is the application of a large number of load cycles. Consequently, the types of civil engineering applications that are susceptible to fatigue cracking include structures such as bridges. This document provides the practicing engineer with the background required to understand and use the design rules for fatigue resistance that are currently a standard part of design codes for fabricated steel structures. KW - Bridge design KW - Fabrication KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477786 AU - Barth, Karl AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 2A: Two-Span Continuous Straight Composite Steel I-Girder Bridge PY - 2012/11//Volume 21 SP - 130p AB - The purpose of this example is to illustrate the use of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design for the design of a continuous two span steel I-girder bridge. The design process and corresponding calculations for steel I-girders are the focus of this example, with particular emphasis placed on illustration of the optional moment redistribution procedures. All aspects of the girder design are presented, including evaluation of the following: cross-section proportion limits, constructibility, serviceability, fatigue, and strength requirements. Additionally, the weld design for the web-to-flange joint of the plate girders is demonstrated along with all applicable components of the stiffener design and cross frame member design. KW - Bridge design KW - Composite construction KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Cross frames KW - I-girders KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Moment distribution KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/designexample02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477785 AU - Coletti, Domenic AU - Sheahan, James AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Substructure Design PY - 2012/11//Volume 16 SP - 92p AB - While the main focus of the Steel Bridge Design Handbook is the design of steel girder superstructures, the overall design process associated with the design of substructures is equally important. This module provides an overview of many issues associated with substructure and foundation design. Many factors influence the selection of substructure and foundation materials, types, configurations, positions, and orientations. Often, existing constraints will limit the range of options and intrinsically lead the designer to only one or a few feasible solutions. This module provides designers with an overview of several foundation types including shallow foundations such as spread footings, and deep foundations that utilize piles or drilled shafts. The module also discusses conventional, integral, and semi-integral abutments, and provides considerations for the design and detailing of these substructure components. Several considerations for pier selection are also presented, including multi-column piers, single column piers, pile bents, straddle bents, and integral pier caps. Lastly, this module provides designers with information regarding substructure software availability, seismic design, precast substructures, and superstructure and substructure interaction. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge substructures KW - Pile foundations KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477783 AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Limit States PY - 2012/11//Volume 10 SP - 24p AB - In the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, a limit state is defined as “a condition beyond which the bridge or component ceases to satisfy the provisions for which it was designed.” Bridges designed using the limit-states philosophy of the LRFD Specifications must satisfy “specified limit states to achieve the objectives of constructability, safety and serviceability.” These objectives are met through the strength, service, fatigue-and-fracture and extreme-event limit states. This module provides bridge engineers with the background regarding the development and use of the various limit states contained in the LRFD Specifications. KW - Bridge design KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Limit state design KW - Steel bridges KW - Strength of materials KW - Ultimate load design UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477781 AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Loads and Load Combinations PY - 2012/11//Volume 7 SP - 27p AB - Sections 1 and 3 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 5th Edition discuss various aspects of loads. The load factors are tabulated in Table 3.4.1-1 of the AASHTO LRFD and are associated with various limit states and further various load combinations within the limit states. This module discusses the various components of load and provides information beyond that contained in the AASHTO LRFD that will be useful to the designer. It also discusses and reviews the various limit-state load combinations to assist the designer in avoiding non-governing load combinations. KW - Bridge design KW - Limit state design KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477780 AU - Helwig, Todd AU - Yura, Joseph AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Bracing System Design PY - 2012/11//Volume 13 SP - 96p AB - This module discusses the design of bracing systems for the superstructures of straight and curved girder systems. I-girder and box shaped members are covered. Bracing for other types of bridges, such as truss, arch or towers is not specifically addressed; however much of the information included in this module may be applicable. Bracing systems serve a number of important roles in both straight and horizontally curved bridges. The braces provide stability to the primary girders as well as improving the lateral or torsional stiffness and strength of the bridge system both during construction and in service. Depending on the geometry of the bridge, braces may be designated as either primary or secondary members. The engineer needs to recognize the importance of the bracing systems and bracing member design for appropriate construction and in-service stages. This module provides an overview of the design requirements of the braces so that engineers can properly size the members to ensure adequate strength and stiffness. The module provides: a) an overview of bracing utilized for I-girders is covered, b) a discussion of the bracing systems for tub girders, c) design requirements for the members and connections of bracing systems. KW - Box girders KW - Bracing KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructures KW - I girders KW - Steel bridges KW - Tub girders UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477779 AU - Wright, Ken AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Selecting the Right Bridge Type PY - 2012/11//Volume 5 SP - 32p AB - One of the initial choices to be made by the bridge designer is to select the most appropriate bridge type for the site. While this choice is not always straightforward, selecting the right structure type is probably the important aspect of designing a cost-effective bridge. This particular module provides bridge designers with the tools to select the right bridge type for the given site. Bridge types discussed included rolled steel beam, steel plate girder, trusses, arches, cable-stayed, and suspension bridges. KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridge design KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Girder bridges KW - Steel beams KW - Steel bridges KW - Steel plates KW - Suspension bridges KW - Truss bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477778 AU - Wright, Ken AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Stringer Bridges and Making the Right Choices PY - 2012/11//Volume 6 SP - 38p AB - Once a bridge type is selected, the designer then advances to the detailed design of the bridge. Since the vast majority of steel bridges designed today are steel girders made composite with concrete bridge decks, this module covers many detail issues that are encountered when designing a composite deck girder system. This module addresses the design of welded plate girders. However, many of the principles presented are also applicable to the design of rolled beam bridges. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Composite construction KW - Concrete KW - Detailing (Steel) KW - Girders KW - Steel bridges KW - Stringers UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477777 AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Redundancy PY - 2012/11//Volume 9 SP - 25p AB - In the context of steel bridge members, nonredundancy or fracture criticality relates to resistance of the entire bridge superstructure to brittle fracture. The question becomes, can a flaw or crack grow in an unstable manner as a brittle fracture resulting in the loss of the member and subsequently the loss of the superstructure? The issue of redundancy affects the design, fabrication and in-service inspection of steel bridge members when they are classified as fracture-critical members. Of all bridge construction materials, only steel bridge members are considered as candidates for the fracture-critical designation. This module provided engineers with the background concerning redundancy in steel girder bridges. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Fracture properties KW - Redundancy KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477776 AU - Coletti, Domenic AU - Puckett, Jay AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Structural Analysis PY - 2012/11//Volume 8 SP - 58p AB - An important aspect of the structural analysis process is the selection of the mathematical model and associated analysis method. Few absolute guidelines are available for the selection of an analysis method. The number of permutations resulting from various combinations of complicating physical features and mathematical models is virtually boundless. This decision should be based on an evaluation of the nature and complexity of the structure, a thorough understanding of the expected behavior, and knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of the various analysis options. Therefore, this module provides an overview for the structural analysis of steel girder bridges. Discussions include the applicable loads, descriptions of the various tools and techniques available, and considerations for selecting the appropriate application or technique for a given bridge. KW - Bridge design KW - Finite element method KW - Live loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477775 AU - Kaczinski, Mark AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Bearing Design PY - 2012/11//Volume 15 SP - 33p AB - Steel bridge bearings may be divided into three general types: elastomeric bearings, high-load multi-rotational bearings, and mechanical bearings. The designer must determine which bearing type is best suited to cost effectively accommodate the design requirements. This module provides practical information for efficient bearing design and detailing. The information contained in this module is drawn largely from the following two sources - NSBA’s “Steel Bridge Bearing and Selection and Design Guide,” Highway Structures Design Guide, Volume II, Chapter 4 (HSDH Volume II, Chapter 4)) and AASHTO/NSBA Steel Bridge Collaboration, G9.1-2004 “Steel Bridge Bearing Design and Detailing Guidelines.” KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge design KW - Detailing KW - Highway bridges KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477774 AU - Wright, William J AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Bridge Steels and Their Mechanical Properties PY - 2012/11//Volume 1 SP - 59p AB - This module presents an overview of structural steel products that are used for steel bridge construction. It is intended to serve as a reference and educational tool for structural engineers involved with bridge design and evaluation. The primary focus is on steel plate and rolled shape products that are available under the ASTM A709 Specification. This includes both a general introduction to steel making practices and a detailed discussion of mechanical properties. It also includes a brief introduction to other steel products such as bolts, castings, cables, and stainless steels that are often used for steel bridge connections and components. References are provided to the relevant AASHTO and ASTM standards for additional information. The mechanical properties of bridge steels are presented based on the A 709 specification. The stress-strain behavior of the various steel grades is presented to provide an understanding of strength and ductility. Fracture toughness is discussed to relate how the Charpy vee-notch test relates to fracture resistance in structures. Finally, the methodology for determining atmospheric corrosion resistance is presented along with the requirements for classification as "weathering steels" for use in un-coated applications. KW - Bridge design KW - Fabrication KW - Manufacturing KW - Mechanical properties KW - Steel bridges KW - Steel plates KW - Welding UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477771 AU - Kogler, Robert AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Corrosion Protection of Steel Bridges PY - 2012/11//Volume 19 SP - 41p AB - Corrosion is a serious threat to the long-term function and integrity of a steel bridge. Structural steel will corrode if left unprotected or inadequately protected from the natural environment. This corrosion can take the form of general uniform thickness loss or concentrated pitting depending on exposure to the environment and the steel design detail in question. Bridge designers should view corrosion as a long term threat to the integrity of the bridge structure, and is a critical consideration that must be addressed in a rational manner during the design process. While there are several proven strategies for corrosion protection of steel bridges, there is no universal solution. The proper system must be chosen to accommodate cost, fabrication and productivity, and long term performance and maintenance. Additionally, each corrosion protection system must be selected based on the anticipated exposure of the structure to corrosive elements over its lifetime. This module highlights the most common issues confronting bridge designers regarding corrosion protection and provides guidance in this area. KW - Bridge design KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477768 AU - Eaton, Roger A AU - Boring, Calvin AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Design for Constructibility PY - 2012/11//Volume 11 SP - 38p AB - In many cases, bridge designers concern themselves only with checking the stability and member stress levels in the structure for the in-service condition after erection of the entire superstructure is complete. But many times the critical stress in a particular component is encountered during the erection of the bridge where large unbraced lengths affect the stability of the partially completed structure. This module describes typical erection methods and procedures and highlights some of the aspects that should be considered by the designer. With this basic knowledge, the bridge designer can determine which, if any, of these aspects are a concern for his/her particular design situation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Constructibility KW - Erection (Building) KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477767 AU - Rivera, Julie AU - Chavel, Brandon AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 3: Three-Span Continuous Horizontally Curved Composite Steel I-Girder Bridge PY - 2012/11//Volume 23 SP - 167p AB - Horizontally curved steel bridges present many unique challenges. Despite their challenges, curved girder bridges have become widespread and are commonly used at locations that require complex geometries and have limited right-of-way, such as urban interchanges. Some of the important issues that differentiate curved steel girders from their straight counterparts include the effects of torsion, flange lateral bending, their inherent lack of stability, and special constructibility concerns. Also, the complex behavior of horizontally curved bridges necessitates the consideration of system behavior in the analysis. This design example illustrates the design calculations for a curved steel I-girder bridge, considering the Strength, Service, fatigue and Constructibility Limits States in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Designs specifications. Calculations are provided for design checks at particular girder locations, a bolted field splice design, a cross frame member design, shear connector design, and a bearing stiffener design. KW - Bridge design KW - Composite construction KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Curved bridges KW - I-girders KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/designexample05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477766 AU - Grubb, Michael A AU - Schmidt, Robert E AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 1: Three-Span Continuous Straight Composite Steel I-Girder Bridge PY - 2012/11//Volume 20 SP - 171p AB - The basic application of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to the design of straight steel I-section flexural members is illustrated through this design example. The example illustrates the design of a typical three-span continuous straight steel I-girder bridge with spans of 140.0 feet – 175.0 feet – 140.0 feet. Specifically, the example illustrates the design of selected critical sections from an exterior girder at the strength, service and fatigue limit states. Constructibility checks, stiffener and shear connector designs are also presented. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Composite construction KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - I-girders KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/designexample01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477765 AU - Chavel, Brandon AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 4: Three-Span Continuous Straight Composite Steel Tub Girder Bridge PY - 2012/11//Volume 24 SP - 108p AB - Tub girders are often selected over I-girders because of their pleasing appearance offering a smooth, uninterrupted, cross section. Bracing, web stiffeners, utilities, and other structural and nonstructural components are typically hidden from view within the steel tub girder, resulting in the tub girders clean appearance. Additionally, steel tub girder bridges offer advantages over other superstructure types in terms of span range, stiffness, durability, and future maintenance. This design example demonstrates the design of a tangent three-span continuous composite tub girder bridge with a span arrangement of 187.5 ft - 275.0 ft - 187.5 ft. This example illustrates the flexural design of a section in positive flexure, the flexural design of a section in negative flexure, the shear design of the web, the evaluation of using a stiffened versus an unstiffened bottom flange in the negative flexure region, as well as discussions related to top flange lateral bracing and bearing design. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bracing KW - Bridge design KW - Composite construction KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Steel bridges KW - Tub girders UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/designexample04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477763 AU - Krause, Scott AU - HDR Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Steel Bridge Fabrication PY - 2012/11//Volume 2 SP - 38p AB - The purpose of this module is to explain the basic concepts of fabricating steel bridge structures. It is intended to serve as a resource for the engineer while preparing the design of the structure and as a reference throughout the life cycle of the bridge. The methods employed in the fabrication of a bridge structure are as variable as the structure itself. Each fabricator has its own way of solving the problems associated with each structure. This module is to serve as a reference document to facilitate fabricator/engineer communication. KW - Bridge design KW - Fabrication KW - Plate girders KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Steel bridges KW - Welding UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/if12052/volume02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01476338 AU - Keenan, Carol AU - Sprung, Michael AU - Strocko, Ed AU - Schmitt, Rolf AU - Rick, Christopher AU - Sedor, Joanne AU - MacroSys, LLC AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Freight Facts and Figures 2012 PY - 2012/11 SP - 85p AB - This report provides an overview of freight transportation, focusing on the volume and value of freight shipments, the extent of the freight network, industry employment and productivity patterns, and related safety, energy use, and environmental effects. Economic and social characteristics of the United States also are provided as background information. Metric data are available for several tables as well. KW - Economic factors KW - Employment KW - Energy consumption KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Networks KW - Productivity KW - Safety KW - Shipments KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trade KW - United States UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats/docs/12factsfigures/pdfs/fff2012_highres.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01476284 AU - Munnich, Lee W AU - Douma, Frank AU - Qin, Xiao AU - Thorpe, J David AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - South Dakota State University, Brookings AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating the Effectiveness of State Toward Zero Deaths Program PY - 2012/11//Technical Report SP - 20p AB - Since 2001 approximately 30 U.S. states have adopted programs to reduce traffic fatalities to zero with names such as Vision Zero, Target Zero, or Toward Zero Deaths (TZD). TZD is now being promoted as a national strategy by a coalition of transportation and safety groups. Successful TZD programs have five characteristics: 1) an ambitious goal of eliminating traffic fatalities and serious injuries; 2) high levels of inter-agency cooperation in pursuit of the TZD goal among state departments of transportation, public safety, health, and other relevant agencies; 3) a comprehensive strategy addressing all 4 E’s – engineering, enforcement, education, and emergency medical services (EMS) elements of traffic safety; 4) a performance-based, data-driven system of targeting resources and strategies where they will have the greatest impact in reducing traffic fatalities; and 5) policy leadership from relevant entities, including the Governor, the state legislature, and the heads of state agencies. While many of the state TZD programs are relatively new and emerging, four state programs have been around long enough to have enough years of crash data to evaluate the impacts of the programs – Minnesota, Idaho, Utah and Washington. Statistical tests on these four programs support the conclusion that implementing TZD programs accelerates the reduction of fatality rates. The acceleration rate varies from state to state, taking time for a new program to gain its full effect. Although each state has different degrees of temporal effect of its TZD program, the average effect is more and more apparent over time. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Idaho KW - Minnesota KW - Toward Zero Deaths KW - Utah KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.ruralsafety.umn.edu/research/documents/12-39t.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01474185 AU - Choo, Ching Chiaw AU - Peiris, Abheetha AU - Harik, Issam AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development and Deployment of Aluminum Bridge Decks PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 54p AB - This report contains the analysis and retrofit of a steel truss bridge on KY 974 over Howard Creek in Clark County, Kentucky. The bridge had major corrosion and damage to the steel stringers, along with cracking and leaching occurring in the concrete bridge deck. The retrofit involves the replacement of the corroded steel stringers and the damaged concrete bridge deck. The original concrete deck was removed and replaced by light-weight high-strength aluminum deck panels. The aluminum deck panels, each 2-m wide, were assembled at the site and connected to each other and to the bottom steel stringers using special clamps and connectors. Following the new deck installation, the top surface was waterproofed and a new asphalt overlay was placed. The new bridge deck constructed of aluminum material significantly reduces the deck weight, while it also allows rapid construction due to prefabricated components. In addition, the new deck can now carry a HS20-44 truck weight, which the old concrete deck was not designed to carry. KW - Aluminum KW - Bridge decks KW - Kentucky KW - Retrofitting KW - Stringers KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/11/KTC_12_09_FRT_125_03_1F-Aluminum-Bridge-Decks.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01474024 AU - Donaldson, Bridget M AU - Whelton, Andrew J AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Water Quality Implications of Culvert Repair Options: Cementitious and Polyurea Spray-on Liners PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 24p AB - Many commonly used culvert rehabilitation technologies entail the use of a resin or coating that cures to form a rigid liner within the damaged culvert. However, the potential environmental impacts of leaching or release of contaminants during normal installation practices have not been well studied. Evaluations of previous culvert repair operations by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) were conducted for conventional (styrene-based) cured-in-place pipe and fold and form repair technologies. The study reported herein included an evaluation of two additional technologies available for use by VDOT: a polymer-enhanced cement mortar (or cementitious) spray-on liner and a polyurea spray-on liner. To evaluate the potential for these lining technologies to impact water quality, installations were monitored up to 49 days. Three water quality tests were conducted for each installation, and water samples were analyzed for water quality indicators and constituents listed in material safety data sheets. Tests included a water flow simulation with low dilution potential; an immersion test to simulate a standing water scenario; and a laboratory leaching test. Results were then compared against established regulatory standards and published toxicity criteria for aquatic species. For the cementitious spray-on liner evaluated, pH and alkalinity exceeded specified Virginia water standards in laboratory tests but pH and other evaluated compounds were within the acceptable range in water flow and immersion tests. For the polyurea spray-on liner evaluated, elevated water quality indicators (i.e., biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen) in laboratory tests suggested that contaminants were released from the polyurea liner, particularly during its initial contact with water, but water quality impacts were not detected in the other tests. Water flow, dilution, and volatilization appear to play an important role in reducing water quality impacts from contaminant leaching. The study recommends that VDOT specifications include protective controls for spray-on liners to prevent exceeding water quality standards or toxicity thresholds for aquatic species in receiving waters with low flows and little dilution potential. KW - Aquatic life KW - Contaminants KW - Culverts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Leaching KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Sprays (Materials) KW - Water quality UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/13-r3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472520 AU - McDonald, Thomas J AU - Vortherms, Jeremey AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Road Safety Audit for IA 28 from the South Corporate Limits of Norwalk in Warren County through the IA 5 Interchange in Polk County, Iowa PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 134p AB - In response to local concerns, the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) requested a road safety audit (RSA) for the IA Highway 28 corridor through the City of Norwalk in Warren County, Iowa, from the south corporate limits of Norwalk through the IA 5 interchange in Polk County, Iowa. The audit included meeting with City staff to discuss concerns, review crash history and operational issues, observe the route under daylight and nighttime conditions, and analyze available data. This report outlines the findings and recommendations of the audit team for addressing the safety concerns and operational matters along this corridor. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Crash locations KW - Intersections KW - Iowa KW - Recommendations KW - Safety audits UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/IA_28_RSA_w_cvr.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46941/IA_28_RSA_w_cvr_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472513 AU - White, George AU - Pavia Systems, Incorporated AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WSDOT Pavement Preservation Guide for Local Agencies PY - 2012/11 SP - 105p AB - This report was intended to address two key objectives: 1) identify usage and implementation gaps found in local agency asset management practices due to decreased resources and develop guidance for local agencies on recommended practices and tools to effectively manage their roadway assets, and 2) identify knowledge gaps across Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and local agencies with respect to pavement preservation and pavement maintenance practices and provide WSDOT a recommendation on how to address training and outreach needs for increased pavement preservation and maintenance demands statewide. KW - Asset management KW - Guidelines KW - Local government agencies KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Training KW - Washington State Department of Transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/800.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470635 AU - Sun, Dazhi AU - Dodoo, Leslie AU - Rubio, Andres AU - Penumala, Harsha Kalyan AU - Pratt, Michael AU - Sunkari, Srinivasa AU - Texas A&M University, Kingsville AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Synthesis Study of Texas Signal Control Systems: Technical Report PY - 2012/11//Technical Report SP - 93p AB - In recent years, several versions of traffic control systems have been established across the United States and within the state of Texas. There is a growing need to identify the various versions of these systems that exist, including the system hardware components and communications. Such an effort will also help identify operational successes, deficiencies, cost effectiveness, and other attributes of the various traffic signal system components. The research objective was to develop a synthesis of traffic control system practices that can be utilized by various Texas Department of Transportation districts in pursuance of improved traffic signal operations and reduction in traffic signal system inefficiency and related costs. The study showed that while most operating agencies are utilizing newer and more technologically adaptive systems to control traffic, some agencies still have outdated traffic control systems. The lack of personnel and training to effectively use these advancements is one of the main reasons that the advanced systems are not fully being utilized. An average of 23 percent of all Texas agencies interviewed was equipped to transmit video from the field to their traffic management center. Increasing this percentage could facilitate the implementation of more advanced and effective traffic signal control, but would require the deployment of updated communications mediums. Inter-agency coordination was found to be lacking in most cases due to reasons such as non-uniform communications and controller equipment and communication between agency officials. Recommendations were made on how to achieve better inter-agency coordination and more effective use of signal systems across Texas. KW - Coordination KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interagency relations KW - Operations KW - Texas KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6670-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46996/0-6670-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470489 AU - Mander, John B AU - Bracci, Joseph M AU - Hurlebaus, Stefan AU - Grasley, Zachary AU - Karthik, Madhu M AU - Liu, Shih-Hsiang AU - Scott, Reece M AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Structural Assessment of "D" Regions Affected by Premature Concrete Deterioration: Technical Report PY - 2012/11 SP - 304p AB - The effects of alkali silica reaction/delayed ettringite formation (ASR/DEF) on the D-regions of structures are investigated by means of a dual experimental and analytical modeling program. Four near full scale specimens that represent cantilever and straddle pier bents, that are representative of typical bridges in Texas, are constructed, conditioned over time, and tested to failure. The undamaged first specimen serves as the control specimen, while the next two are tested after eight months and two years of field conditioning through the Texas heat along with supplemental water aimed at promoting ASR/DEF. The fourth remains to be tested within the next three years. In the two specimens subjected to deterioration, early formation of ASR gel is observed, and with time load-induced cracks along with other additional cracks are observed. These additional cracks are a result of the continued formation of ASR gel, which causes the concrete to swell, and in turn puts the reinforcing steel into a state of active prestress. It is observed that the failure mechanism in all the specimens is a brittle shear failure through the beam-column joint. Specimens with ASR/DEF deterioration show greater stiffness and strength, and slightly greater ductility. A Compatibility Strut-and-Tie (C-STM) technique is developed as a suitable minimalist analysis technique to model the force-deformation behavior of reinforced concrete bridge piers with significant D-regions that may be deteriorated through ASR/DEF effects. The C-STM simulates the overall and the internal behavior of the structure very well. In spite of the disturbing appearances of the ASR/DEF damage arising from concrete swelling and cracking, the performance and strength of the specimens are not impaired. Damage that appears in the cover concrete region is offset by the mild level of confinement to the core concrete induced by the reinforcing steel. KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Bents KW - Bridge piers KW - Concrete bridges KW - Cracking KW - Delayed ettringite formation KW - Deterioration KW - Failure analysis KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Structural analysis KW - Strut and tie method UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-5997-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46769/0-5997-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238019 ER - TY - SER AN - 01469987 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Caiza, Pablo AU - Shin, Moochul AU - Andrawes, Bassem AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Load Rating and Retrofit Testing of Bridge Timber Piles Subjected to Eccentric Loading PY - 2012/11 IS - 12-014 SP - 57p AB - This report first evaluated the load rating procedure currently in use by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) for rating timber piles supporting multiple-span, simply supported bridges. For simplicity, these piles are often rated under concentric loads, and the effect of bending in the piles is neglected. Recent studies have shown, however, that under highly eccentric live loads, the effect of bending moments in the piles is of great importance and could have an impact on the piles’ load rating. The report proposed an alternative structural load rating method for timber piles based on the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS), which took into consideration the effect of combined compression-flexure behavior of piles. This method was used to conduct a parametric study to investigate the effect of several geometric and structural parameters on the load rating of bridge timber piles using 3-D finite element models of concrete deck bridges supported on groups of timber piles. The results showed that the proposed load rating method produced significantly lower ratings for piles with moderate to high levels of deterioration, as compared to the ratings obtained using the conventional approach. Among the studied parameters, the length of piles was found to have the most significant impact on the load rating of the piles. The report also presents a study on examining a fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)-based retrofitting method for timber piles subjected to combined axial and bending loading. A total of twenty pile specimens were tested in the study, four under compression-only load and sixteen under compression-flexure load. Each specimen was tested twice, before and after retrofitting with glass FRP (GFRP) or carbon FRP (CFRP) sheets. To assess the impact of realistic field conditions, different details of the FRP retrofit technique were investigated, including using mortar shell, introducing a mortar-filled wedge in the tested specimen to mimic the effect of decayed wood, and “posting” the piles with nails instead of steel drift pins. The test results showed that the strength of the tested specimens using the proposed GFRP retrofit technique was fully recovered or even enhanced compared to that of the unretrofitted specimens, regardless of the retrofit details adopted in the tests. On average, specimens retrofitted with GFRPs showed strength 10% greater than that of unretrofitted specimens. The behavior of CFRP sheets, however, was less satisfactory due to the small thickness of the CFRP shell used as a result of the high strength of CFRP compared to GFRP. It was also found from the study that using mortar shell along with FRP sheets helped enhance the stiffness of the retrofitted pile. Finally, linear regression analysis was conducted on the test data to develop a formula that could be used for the design of FRP retrofit for bridge timber piles subjected to axial-bending loading. KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Finite element method KW - Highway bridges KW - Live loads KW - Load factor KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Retrofitting KW - Timber UR - https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=3071 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469971 AU - Rada, G R AU - Perera, R AU - Prabhakar, V AU - Fugro Consultants LP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Relating Ride Quality and Structural Adequacy for Pavement Rehabilitation/Design Decisions PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 179p AB - Ride quality and structural adequacy are key pavement performance indicators. The relationship between these two indicators has been a topic of frequent and continuing discussion in the pavement community, but an accepted and widely used relationship has not been identified to date. The objective of this project was to identify and verify the relationship between these two performance indicators, if any, using the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program and other pavement performance data sources. This was done in an effort to improve the evaluation and use of pavement condition data in pavement rehabilitation and design decisions. More specifically, the project was intended to develop and document a mechanism to include both ride quality and structural adequacy values within the context of current network-level pavement management system practices for highway agency implementation to ensure smooth pavements that are also structurally adequate. Toward the accomplishment of the project objective, two major activities were carried out: (1) a literature search to gather, review, and synthesize available information on relating ride quality and structural adequacy and (2) a review and assessment of data from the LTPP program to determine if such a relationship exists. This report details those two activities as well as their major findings, observations, and conclusions. A viable relationship could not be identified. KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Literature reviews KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Ride quality KW - Structural adequacy UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/12035/12035.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55700/55768/FHWA-HRT-12-035.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469908 AU - Turnbull, Katherine F AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Report from the Panama Canal Stakeholder Working Group PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 76p AB - This project assists the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) in assessing the potential impacts of the Panama Canal expansion on Texas ports and the landside transportation system. TxDOT formed a Panama Canal Stakeholder Working Group (PCSWG) to help examine these impacts and possible opportunities for expanding global trade. The PCSWG held a series of meetings to obtain input from shippers and carriers, ports, metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), regional mobility authorities (RMAs), industry groups, and other organizations. In addition to the Panama Canal expansion, the PCSWG discussed opportunities to expand global trade related to the growth of the state’s population and developments in the energy sector. This report summarizes the results of these meetings, along with an examination of current and planned roadway, port, and rail projects. Short-, mid-, and long-term TxDOT transportation improvements, other projects and policies that will better position the state of Texas to take advantage of the Panama Canal expansion, and other opportunities to enhance Texas’ role in global trade are presented. KW - Freight traffic KW - Intermodal transportation KW - International trade KW - Landside operations (Ports) KW - Panama Canal KW - Port capacity KW - Ports KW - Texas UR - http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/panama/final_report.pdf UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6800-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225799 ER - TY - SER AN - 01469478 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Federal Highway Administration 100-Year Coating Study PY - 2012/11 SP - 4p AB - This document is a technical summary of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) report, "Federal Highway Administration 100-Year Coating Study" (FHWA-HRT-12-044). The in-house study was initiated in August 2009 under the Congressionally mandated high-performance steel program. The objective was to identify and evaluate coating materials that can provide 100 years of virtually maintenance-free service life for steel bridge structures at comparable costs to existing coatings. This TechBrief presents performance evaluation results and major findings for the eight selected coating systems based on experimental data from accelerated laboratory testing (ALT) and outdoor exposure testing. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Performance tests KW - Service life KW - Steel bridges KW - Weathering UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/12045/12045.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46753/FHWA-HRT-12-044_Federal_Highway_Administration_100-Year_Coating_Study.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458063 AU - Tia, Mang AU - Verdugo, David AU - Kwon, Ohhoon AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Long-Life Concrete Pavement Practices for Use in Florida PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 241p AB - The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) Version 1.1 model was used to analyze the performance of three typical concrete pavement designs in Florida to evaluate their suitability for use as long-life concrete pavements and the effects of various design parameters on their performance. Concrete slab thickness, concrete flexural strength, and the aggregate used in the concrete were found to be the three most significant factors affecting the predicted performance of the pavement evaluated. The type of base material and the stiffness of the base material appear to have no significant effect on the predicted performance. The Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTTP) database was used to evaluate the effects of various factors on the performance of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP). Critical stress analysis was also performed on the selected LTPP JPCP selections to determine the maximum stress in the concrete slab under a critical load and temperature condition. The computed critical stress-to-strength ratio was found to be the most significant parameter which can be related to the performance of the LTPP pavements. A lower stress-to-strength ratio is related to better observed pavement performance. Results from the critical stress analysis show that the most significant factors affecting the stress-to-strength ratios are the concrete slab thickness and the concrete elastic modulus, modulus of rupture, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Variations in the base and subbase properties were found to have minimal effects on the stress-to-strength ratios for concrete slab thickness of 11 in. or higher. From the results of this study, the three typical Florida concrete pavement designs are shown to be suitable for use as long-life pavements if the slab thickness was adequate and the concrete had low elastic modulus, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and adequate flexural strength. A concrete slab thickness of 13 or 14 in. is recommended. In addition to meeting the present Florida Department of Transportation specification requirements for these three designs, the concrete mixture must be designed and evaluated according to the procedure recommended in the project report. KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Flexural strength KW - Florida KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Perpetual pavements KW - Service life KW - Thickness UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_SMO/FDOT-BDK75-977-48-rpt.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46654/FDOT-BDK75-977-48-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458061 AU - Allen, Shawn AU - He, Yefei AU - Horosewski, Vince AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Visualization Resources for Iowa State University and the Iowa DOT: An Automated Design Model to Simulator Converter PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 44p AB - This project developed an automatic conversion software tool that takes input from an Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) MicroStation three-dimensional (3D) design file and converts it into a form that can be used by the University of Iowa’s National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) MiniSim. Once imported into the simulator, the new roadway has the identical geometric design features as in the Iowa DOT design file. The base roadway appears as a wireframe in the simulator software. Through additional software tools, textures and shading can be applied to the roadway surface and surrounding terrain to produce the visual appearance of an actual road. This tool enables Iowa DOT engineers to work with the universities to create drivable versions of prospective roadway designs. By driving the designs in the simulator, problems can be identified early in the design process. The simulated drives can also be used for public outreach and human factors driving research. KW - Driving simulators KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Iowa Department of Transportation KW - National Advanced Driving Simulator KW - Software UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/nads_minisim_converter_w_cvr.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46890/Allen_etal_Visualization_resources_ISU_IDOT_2012_TTS.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458050 AU - Gharaibeh, Nasir AU - Wimsatt, Andrew AU - Saliminejad, Siamak AU - Menendez, Jose Rafael AU - Weissmann, Angela Jannini AU - Weissmann, Jose AU - Chang-Albitres, Carlos AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation of New Pavement Performance Prediction Models in PMIS: Report PY - 2012/11//Technical Report SP - 86p AB - Pavement performance prediction models and maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) optimization processes enable managers and engineers to plan and prioritize pavement M&R activities in a cost-effective manner. This report describes Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) efforts to implement and improve these capabilities in the Pavement Management Information System (PMIS). Specifically, this report describes the processes and results of (a) introducing the new performance prediction models (developed in Project 0-6386) to TxDOT engineers and managers through a webinar workshop; (b) assessing the reasonableness of these models through an online survey and follow-up interviews with TxDOT engineers and managers; and (c) evaluating the PMIS optimization procedure. In most cases, the new pavement performance prediction models were found reasonable by TxDOT pavement practitioners. No major errors were found in the code of the PMIS optimization process. Minor discrepancies were found between the output of PMIS and the output of a replicate of the PMIS optimization process (developed by the researchers); suggesting that the needs analysis and the Ride Score models in PMIS may require further evaluation and improvement. KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement Management Information System KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Surveys KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Workshops UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/5-6386-01-1.pdf UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/5-6386-01-P1.zip UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46638/5-6386-01-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458047 AU - Donaldson, Bridget M AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Water Quality Implications of Culvert Repair Options: Vinyl Ester Based and Ultraviolet Cured-in-Place Pipe Liners PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 24p AB - Specifications of the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) allow for the use of several “trenchless” pipe or culvert repair technologies whereby existing underground culverts are repaired in place rather than by the use of the conventional method of unearthing and replacing damaged sections. However, water quality implications of these trenchless alternatives are not completely understood. A previous evaluation found water quality impacts from installations of conventional cured-in-place pipe (CIPP). This trenchless rehabilitation technology includes saturating a flexible liner with a styrene-based resin and curing the liner onsite with steam or hot water. VDOT subsequently implemented new specifications for styrene-based CIPP to prevent water quality impacts from its installation or use. The current study included an environmental evaluation of two unconventional CIPP technologies available for use by VDOT: vinyl ester based (styrene-free) CIPP and styrene-based ultraviolet (UV) CIPP. To evaluate the potential for vinyl ester based and UV CIPP technologies to impact water quality, water samples were collected from field installations and simulations for up to 120 days. Samples were analyzed for product constituents listed in material safety data sheets. Results were then compared with established regulatory standards and published toxicity criteria for aquatic species. For the vinyl ester based CIPP liner evaluated, concentrations of the primary resin constituent exceeded toxicity thresholds for aquatic species in six subsequent water sampling events. Adherence to VDOT’s CIPP specifications for styrenebased liners is expected to minimize contaminant leaching from the installation and use of this product. Following UV CIPP installations, no water quality impacts were documented from culvert outlets with water flow but styrene concentrations following one of the installations exceeded toxicity thresholds for aquatic species in standing water. The study recommends that VDOT consider revising its current CIPP specifications such that styrene-based CIPP requirements also apply to non–styrene-based CIPP installations. Because the water quality evaluations conducted in this study could not capture the range of potential field scenarios and installation variables, the VDOT specification that requires the collection and analyses of water and soil samples following CIPP installations would provide VDOT with additional sampling results from liners installed in varying field conditions and help ensure that VDOT is using this lining technology with appropriate environmental safeguards. KW - Aquatic life KW - Culverts KW - Cured in place pipe KW - Environmental impacts KW - Repairing KW - Styrenes KW - Toxicity KW - Trenchless technology KW - Water quality UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/13-r2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46781/13-r3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456866 AU - Quiroga, Cesar AU - Kraus, Edgar AU - Li, Yingfeng (Eric) AU - Le, Jerry AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strategies to Encourage and Facilitate Utility Owner Participation in Transportation Projects: Guidebook and Training Materials PY - 2012/11 SP - v.p. AB - A 2002 survey of state departments of transportation (DOTs), highway contractors, design consultants, and others identified utility adjustments as the most frequent reason for delays in highway construction. Management of utility conflicts through effective communication, cooperation, and coordination among stakeholders is a critical mechanism to keep transportation projects on schedule. Delays and inefficiencies in utility-related activities have a tendency to proliferate into project letting and even construction, frequently resulting in higher bids, change orders and/or damage or delay claims, litigation by utility owners or agencies, safety concerns at the job site, frustration of the traveling public, and negative public perception about the project. Report 0-6624-1 documents the process to assemble a list of 64 potential strategies to improve utility owner participation in the project development process. The researchers also held meetings with Texas Department of Transportation (TXDOT) districts and divisions, project advisors, utility owners, and other relevant agencies in the state. The result of the meetings was a consolidation and ranking of potential strategies. The following strategies reflect the highest priorities identified through this process: modernization of the utility process at TxDOT; use of utility conflict matrices and associated procedures; streamlining and standardization of utility cost data submissions and reimbursement process, including utility agreements and master utility agreements; and core skill training on utility topics. The guidebook chapters describe each of these strategies in more detail. The discussion includes an implementation plan. Companion materials complement information provided in the guidebook and include training materials to assist in disseminating the strategies described. The training materials include one Microsoft® PowerPoint® file per strategy, along with presenter and participant handout materials. KW - Communication KW - Conflict management KW - Construction projects KW - Coordination KW - Manuals KW - Project management KW - Public utilities KW - Road construction KW - Texas KW - Underground utility lines UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6624-P1.zip UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46842/0-6624-P1_Guidebook.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46843/0-6624-P1_Training_Materials.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46864/Utility_Area_Core_Skill_Training_Matrix.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46865/Utility_Conflict_Matrix.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46866/Utility_Coordination_Process.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46868/Utility_Cost_Estimate_Template.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46894/0-6624-P1_Training_Materials_-_Presentation.pptx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456863 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Center for Environmental Excellence AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Leaner and Greener: Sustainability at Work in Transportation SN - 9781560515258 PY - 2012/11 SP - 49p AB - This report showcases the efforts transportation agencies, including Departments of Transportation (DOTs), Metropolitan Planning Organizations, and transit providers, are undertaking to speed up project delivery and cut costs while protecting and even improving environmental resources. Through programmatic environmental solutions, DOTs are moving away from “reinventing the wheel” for project-level environmental considerations. They are using systematic approaches to meet sustainability goals, not just in project development, but during everyday maintenance of their systems as well. They are showing that such an approach results in improved environmental outcomes and less cost to the taxpayer. The programs shown here are just a few of the many innovative and cost-saving strategies being deployed by transportation agencies across the nation to benefit society and the environment. KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Cost control KW - Environmental policy KW - Project management KW - Sustainable development KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Transportation departments UR - http://environment.transportation.org/pdf/LeanerGreener.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456857 AU - Sebesta, Stephen AU - Shon, Chang Seon AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alternative Methods of Flexible Base Compaction Acceptance PY - 2012/11//Technical Report SP - 64p AB - This report presents the results from the second year of research work investigating issues with flexible base acceptance testing within the Texas Department of Transportation. This second year of work focused on shadow testing non-density-based acceptance methods in parallel with the nuclear density gauge. The research team investigated methods of setting target values and then performed parallel testing of the new devices with the density gauge on three construction projects. In addition to using the nuclear density gauge as the default test device, the research team employed a portable falling weight deflectometer, dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP), and portable seismic pavement analyzer. The field testing showed the DCP to be the most preferred device to use in lieu of the nuclear density gauge. Based on the findings, this report presents a modified construction specification for flexible base and a draft test procedure for using the DCP for compaction acceptance. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Dynamic Cone Penetrometer KW - Flexible pavements KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Road construction KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6587-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456852 AU - Vachal, Kimberly AU - Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Regional Elevator Transportation: Market Decisions and Rail Service PY - 2012/11 SP - 32p AB - Agriculture is a leading source of demand for transport resources. It accounted for nearly 1 in 5 ton-miles of highway freight and 1 in 10 ton-miles of rail and barge freight transported in the nation during 2010, and demand is expected to grow. Thus, understanding industry practices and trends related to transportation is essential in business, resource, and policy decisions. The goal here is to gain insight into transportation in the north-central plains region, defined here to include North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. Responses from 208 elevators surveyed in the region were studied to understand industry composition, decision processes, marketing trends, and transport practices. Results show a strong need for sound local road infrastructure, which is essential in grain procurement and in serving growing local processor demand. Large elevators dominate the industry in terms of volume handled but smaller facilities remain active, especially in serving local demand. For this region, reliable and competitive rail service and sound rail service and investment decisions by elevators are important in long-term industry strength, especially in the light of current opportunities for export market growth. KW - Agricultural products KW - Exports KW - Freight trains KW - Freight transportation KW - Grain elevators KW - Investments KW - Kansas KW - Market assessment KW - Minnesota KW - Nebraska KW - North Dakota KW - Regional analysis KW - Regional transportation KW - South Dakota KW - Surveys UR - http://www.ugpti.org/pubs/pdf/DP259.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456681 AU - Kodumuri, Pradeep AU - Lee, Seung-Kyoung AU - SES Group and Associates AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Federal Highway Administration 100-Year Coating Study PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 62p AB - The Federal Highway Administration 100-Year Coating Study was initiated in August 2009 to search for durable coating systems at a reasonable cost. The objective of the study was to identify and evaluate coating materials that can provide 100 years of virtually maintenance-free service life for steel bridges. Selected coating systems included three three-coat systems, four two-coat systems, and a single-coat system of high-ratio calcium sulfonate alkyd. All coating systems were evaluated under accelerated laboratory testing and three outdoor exposure conditions, namely natural weathering and natural weathering with salt spray in McLean, VA, and outdoor testing at the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, CA. One design innovation was the employment of 18- by 18-inch large test panels that contained welding joints and angle attachments using bolts and nuts to closely simulate realistic conditions that are encountered in bridges in the field. This report presents results of performance evaluation of the eight coating systems. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Golden Gate Bridge (San Francisco, California) KW - Performance tests KW - Service life KW - Steel bridges KW - Weathering UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/12044/12044.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46753/FHWA-HRT-12-044_Federal_Highway_Administration_100-Year_Coating_Study.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456664 AU - Burris, Mark AU - Christopher, Ed AU - DeCorla-Souza, Patrick AU - Greenberg, Allen AU - Heinrich, Susan AU - Morris, Jim AU - Oliphant, Marc AU - Schreffler, Eric AU - Valk, Peter AU - Winters, Phil AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Casual Carpooling Scan Report PY - 2012/11//Scan Report SP - 35p AB - During November and December 2010, the Exploratory Advanced Research (EAR) Program supported a team that consisted of transportation professionals, academic faculty, and business entrepreneurs who visited informal carpool lines (also called slug lines or casual carpool lines) in Washington, DC; Houston, TX; and San Francisco, CA, to observe “slugs” and to compare practices among locations. The team also met with private ride–match providers, regional planners, carpool participants, and transportation planners and engineers with the overall goal of studying these ridesharing systems. The foundational knowledge gained on this scan will serve as a jumping-off point for future projects, collaborations, and system expansion. The full report is published as FHWA-HRT-12-053, "Casual Carpooling Scan Report". Appendix B to this report is published as FHWA-HRT-13-023, "Appendix B to the Casual Carpooling Report". The appendix provides the personal observations of the scan members at each of the three slug line locations. KW - Carpools KW - Casual carpooling KW - Commuting KW - Exploratory Advanced Research Program KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Lessons learned KW - Ridesharing KW - San Francisco (California) KW - State of the practice KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/12053/12053.pdf UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/13023/13023.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456657 AU - Gibson, Nelson AU - Qi, Xicheng AU - Shenoy, Aroon AU - Al-Khateeb, Ghazi AU - Kutay, M Emin AU - Andriescu, Adrian AU - Stuart, Kevin AU - Youtcheff, Jack AU - Harman, Thomas AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Testing for Superpave and Structural Validation PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 276p AB - The primary objective of this full-scale accelerated pavement testing was to evaluate the performance of unmodified and polymer modified asphalt binders and to recommend improved specification tests over existing SUperior PERforming Asphalt PAVEment (Superpave®) binder performance grading methodologies. Candidate replacement tests were evaluated via their ability to discern fatigue cracking resistance and rutting. Two fatigue cracking specification tests were identified as more capable in capturing performance than others: binder yield energy and critical tip opening displacement. Two rutting specification tests that quantify irrecoverable deformations exhibited the best strength to capture rutting: multiple stress creep and recovery and oscillatory-based nonrecoverable stiffness. Based on the full-scale performance and laboratory tests, crumb rubber (recycled tires) modified asphalt (Arizona wet process) was shown to significantly slow or stop the growth of fatigue cracks in a composite asphalt pavement structure. A hybrid technique to modify asphalt with a combination of crumb rubber and conventional polymers (terminally blended) exhibited good fatigue cracking resistance relative to the control binder. Also, a simple addition of polyester fibers to asphalt mix was shown to have high resistance to fatigue cracking without the use of polymer modification. The research study also quantified the capabilities of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program’s mechanistic-empirical pavement design and analysis methodologies to predict rutting and fatigue cracking of modified asphalts that were not captured in the calibration data from the Long-Term Pavement Performance program. Falling weight deflectometer, multidepth deflectometer, and strain gauge instrumentation were used to measure pavement response. The results illustrated that the nationally calibrated mechanistic-empirical performance models could differentiate between structural asphalt thickness but had difficulty differentiating modified from unmodified asphalt binder performance. Nonetheless, the mechanistic-empirical performance ranking and predictions were enhanced and improved using mixture-specific performance tests currently being implemented using the asphalt mixture performance tester. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance tests KW - Superpave UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/11045/11045.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46755/FHWA-HRT-11-045_Performance_testing_for_superpave_and_structural_validation.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456654 AU - Elkins, Gary E AU - Ostrom, Barbara AU - Visintine, Beth AU - Groeger, Jonathan AU - AMEC Engineering and Infrastructure, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Long-Term Pavement Performance Ancillary Information Management System (AIMS) Reference Guide PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 48p AB - This document provides information on the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program ancillary information. Ancillary information includes data, images, reference materials, resource documents, and other information that support and extend the data stored in the Pavement Performance Database related to understanding the performance of pavement test sections included in the LTPP program. The primary purpose of this report is to explain the types and nature of the available information. Technical details on electronic formats and storage conventions are also presented KW - Data files KW - Data storage KW - Databases KW - Guides to information KW - Information systems KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - National Pavement Performance Database KW - Pavement performance UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/12058/12058.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46754/FHWA-HRT-12-058_Long_term_pavement_performance_ancillary_information_management_system.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456641 AU - Eccles, Kimberly AU - Gross, Frank AU - Liu, Mindy AU - Council, Forrest AU - Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Incorporated AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Crash Data Analyses for Vehicle-To-Infrastructure Communications for Safety Applications PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 88p AB - This report presents the potential safety benefits of wireless communication between the roadway infrastructure and vehicles, (i.e., vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) safety). Specifically, it identifies the magnitude, characteristics, and cost of crashes that would be targeted with currently proposed V2I for safety application areas including intersections, speed management, vulnerable road users, and other safety applications areas. It also identifies the magnitude, characteristics, and cost of the remaining crashes that are not targeted by currently proposed V2I safety applications. The results of this study indicate that the applications are well conceived and can potentially treat large portions of U.S. crashes and crash costs. The characteristics of unaddressed crashes provide a starting point for identifying either new applications or modifications to current applications. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash data KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Information System KW - Safety programs KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/connectedvehicles/11040/11040.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46752/FHWA-HRT-11-040_Crash_data_analyses_for_vehicle-to-infrastructure_communications.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456632 AU - Smaglik, Edward J AU - Roberts, Craig A AU - Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Intersection Performance Measures for Timing Plan Maintenance Using an Actuated Controller: Phase 1 PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 62p AB - This proof-of-concept study is to develop an automated data collection module for collection and management of traffic data at signalized intersections controlled by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). The objective of this proof-of-concept phase of the work was to determine the feasibility and cost of modifying an existing ADOT traffic control cabinet to collect operational data using the video equipment installed for presence detection to capture vehicle flow rate information. The goal was to use this data to develop event-based performance measures, leveraging existing infrastructure to its fullest extent. An intersection in Flagstaff, Arizona, was chosen as the test location. Researchers used the intersection’s existing video detection cameras, installing additional video detector interface cards to produce contact-closure vehicle flow rate information. Researchers calculated performance measures (volume-to-capacity [V/C] ratio, equivalent hourly volume [EHV], and cumulative counts) from the video-generated data and compared them with measures generated from concurrent manually counted data over a 24-hour analysis period. The V/C values generated from the video data were shown to be statistically different than those calculated with manual-count data; however, on all but one phase, the difference was not operationally significant. An analysis of cumulative count data did show operationally significant differences. While the data had some inaccuracies, the proof of concept was successful in that the research team was able to generate traffic volume performance measures using existing video detection equipment. During the next phase of the project, the data inaccuracies can be investigated and possibly addressed with measures such as camera placement, choice of technology, etc. A cost analysis determined that the cost of equipping a similar intersection for this type of vehicle count capability is approximately $16,700 using the equipment specified for this project if the installation is performed as part of the initial construction or rehabilitation of the intersection. The researchers recommend that Phase 2 of this project be undertaken. Ultimately, assuming successful completion of all phased milestones, the investigators recommend that ADOT consider equipping future intersections as described in this report to improve the quality of future signal-timing plans while reducing costs over the long term. KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Flagstaff (Arizona) KW - Performance measurement KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic flow rate KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ663.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456630 AU - Dodd, Norris L AU - Gagnon, Jeffrey W AU - Sprague, Scott C AU - Boe, Susan AU - Schweinsburg, Raymond E AU - Arizona Game and Fish Department AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wildlife Accident Reduction Study and Monitoring: Arizona State Route 64 PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 118p AB - The research team assessed elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) movements and vehicle collision patterns from 2007 through 2009 along a 57 mi stretch of State Route (SR) 64 to develop strategies to improve highway safety and wildlife permeability. This study followed the SR 64 2006 Final Wildlife Accident Reduction Study that recommended nine wildlife passage structures and further monitoring to determine the best locations for passage structures and fencing. Research objectives were to: assess wildlife movements, highway crossing patterns, and permeability across SR 64; assess relationships of wildlife crossings and distribution to vehicular traffic volume; investigate wildlife-vehicle collision spatial and temporal incidence and patterns; determine use of Cataract Canyon Bridge by wildlife for below-grade passage; develop recommendations to enhance highway safety and wildlife permeability. The team tracked 23 elk, 11 deer, and 15 pronghorn with Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver collars, yielding mean passage rates of 0.44, 0.54, and 0.004 crossings/approach, respectively. In total, 167 wildlife-vehicle collisions were analyzed. Traffic volume influenced permeability and wildlife-vehicle collision patterns. The team recommended 11 passage structures, including Cataract Canyon Bridge, which had modest current wildlife use, along with wildlife fencing to reduce collisions and promote permeability for elk, deer, and pronghorn. KW - Animal behavior KW - Animal vehicle collisions KW - Arizona KW - Crashes KW - Hazard mitigation KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Roadside fauna KW - Ungulates KW - Wildlife KW - Wildlife crossings UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ626.pdf ; UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456621 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Literature Review of Chloride Threshold Values for Grouted Post-Tensioned Tendons PY - 2012/11//Summary Report SP - 16p AB - This document describes the outcomes of a literature review conducted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to support an ongoing laboratory study on corrosion of grouted post-tensioned (PT) bridges that are affected by chloride-contaminated grouts. The research was conducted as part of the Federal Highway Administration’s Long-Term Bridge Performance (LTBP) Program. KW - Chloride content KW - Corrosion KW - Grout KW - Literature reviews KW - Long-Term Bridge Performance Program KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Tendons (Materials) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224266 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01454606 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Turchetta, Diane TI - The Car of the Future, Today PY - 2012/11 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - pp 2-9 AB - Although plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have the potential to be a more sustainable option for personal travel than conventional vehicles, market penetration will take time. This article presents an overview of the current and future market for PEVs, and describes Federal and State efforts to overcome these challenges. Over the next few years, nearly all major automakers plan to put PEVs on the road. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates PEV production levels to be more than 1.2 million total through 2015. However, actual production and market penetration depend on many variables. A number of barriers stand in the way of broader consumer acceptance and more widespread deployment of electric vehicles, including higher upfront vehicle cost compared to conventional automobiles, the limited range of battery electric vehicles, and the availability of the charging infrastructure. Managing energy demand between PEV charging and the existing demand on the electrical grid is another challenge. Additional issues from a transportation and highway perspective include concerns over life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions, impacts of reduced gas tax revenues on the Highway Trust Fund, and current federal prohibitions on commercialization of interstate rights-of-way. To overcome some of the market obstacles, government entities are supporting the development of PEVs and their required infrastructure through research and funding. The Obama administration, which has set a goal of getting one million advanced technology vehicles on the road by 2015, has developed new initiatives, including tax breaks, to support these vehicles. The most recent surface transportation bill permits transportation funding to be used to fund some electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Both the public and the private sectors have invested in charging infrastructure, with public-private partnerships being the most popular method of deploying charging infrastructure. An alternative to public fast-charging stations could be battery switch stations. Another potential solution is deployment of “smart grid” technology to ease the demand. Most of the PEVs currently on the market use lithium-ion batteries. However, work is currently underway to develop and test new battery chemistries that are less expensive and offer a longer charge life. An example of how PEVs can be successfully incorporated is Washington State’s West Coast Electric Highway, a network of electric vehicle fast-charging locations along I–5. The public charging stations enable PEV drivers to travel the length of the State. KW - Demand KW - Electric automobiles KW - Infrastructure KW - Market assessment KW - Market development KW - Plug-in hybrid vehicles KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/13novdec/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01454593 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hamilton, Allison TI - Spotlight on Solar Arrays PY - 2012/11 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - pp 20-29 AB - Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) is the Nation's first transportation agency to host privately owned solar arrays on operating rights-of-way: a 104-kilowatt array at the intersection of two major freeways and a 1.75-megawatt array at a safety rest area. This article describes the development of Oregon’s Solar Highway Program. The program seeks to increase understanding of solar's role in greening the Nation's electricity grid, add value to the existing public right-of-way asset, and supply clean, renewable, home-grown energy to Oregonians. The program is an example of what can be accomplished when multiple values align, including State and national policies supporting development of renewable energy, legislation encouraging private sector investment in public assets, an interest in the reduced use of fossil fuels and the desire for a sustainable and secure energy future. Partnerships with the private sector, location selection and securing financing were critical elements of the project. Due to the success of the first two projects, ODOT is working to identify other sites for future solar projects. KW - Oregon KW - Oregon Department of Transportation KW - Public private partnerships KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Solar collectors KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/13novdec/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223127 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01454591 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Zhang, Wei AU - Bared, Joe AU - Jagannathan, Ramanujan TI - They're Small But Powerful PY - 2012/11 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - pp 14-19 AB - Mini-roundabouts can be a low-cost way to improve intersection capacity and safety without the need to acquire additional right-of-way. A mini-roundabout refers to a single lane with an inscribed circular diameter between 50 and 90 feet (15 and 27 meters). Its defining feature is traversable central and splitter islands to accommodate large vehicles. Although other countries have been designing and constructing mini-roundabouts since the 1970s, very few of these intersections are found in the United States. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recently conducted a study to address questions regarding the suitability of mini-roundabouts, assess the pros and cons of existing designs, and develop a set of guidelines that will achieve design objectives effectively. Among the general design objectives is ensuring that vehicles up to the size of a single-unit truck can circulate around the central island while at the same time providing a way for larger vehicles to traverse the central and splitter islands. Other goals include reducing the number of intersection conflict points, increasing intersection capacity, and improving safety for all modes of traffic. A review of German design guides for mini-roundabouts and results of a field survey of U.S. mini-roundabouts suggest that mini-roundabouts are a viable design option for high-traffic intersections of collector roads when four conditions are met: the proposed mini-roundabout is an intersection of two- or three-lane collector roads; the posted speed limit is 35 mi/h (56 km/h) or less; the traffic demand from the major and minor approaches is comparable; and the roads have a low percentage of single-unit trucks or larger vehicles. The design of the central and splitter islands should fulfill the following requirements: be fully traversable by large vehicles; discourage drivers of small vehicles from trying to traverse the central island; a curb height that reduces difficulties for snowplowing operations; and prohibition of curbside, onstreet parking 100 feet (30 meters) from the intersection or from the starting point of the splitter island, whichever is greater. The FHWA research team developed three mini-roundabout design templates using a WD-50 truck as the design vehicle and assuming a typical two-lane urban street with approach widths of 24 feet (7 meters). The approach widths of three-lane streets are 36 feet (11 meters) with corner radii of 30 feet (9 meters). The inscribed circular diameters of all three mini-roundabout templates would fit entirely within existing intersection boundaries. KW - Field studies KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Roundabouts UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/13novdec/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223123 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01454589 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Abdel-Rahim, Ahmed AU - Yang, C Y David TI - Managing Traffic Signals During Storms PY - 2012/11 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - pp 10-13 AB - Previous research examining the impact of weather on traffic signal operations along arterials has shown that signal timing plans used under normal conditions become problematic in adverse weather, due to startup delays and reductions in average speeds and saturation flow rates. In 2004, the U.S. Department of Transportation launched the Clarus Initiative, a research effort focused on developing a database system for storing and quality-checking observations from fixed and mobile road weather sensors. The Clarus system uses near real-time atmospheric and pavement observations regarding weather conditions, visibility level, and roadway surface conditions from participating States’ environmental sensor stations. Researchers at the University of Idaho are using Clarus to receive and analyze road weather information from these weather stations and adapt signal timing in response to changes in road surface conditions and visibility levels. Using this data, a prototype application has been developed for a secure, dependable, real-time, and weather-responsive control system for traffic signals. The Idaho Transportation Department currently is field-testing this prototype. The goal of the project is to develop and implement a real-time, weather-responsive traffic signal control system for the State of Idaho with the intent to improve the efficiency and safety of traffic signal operations during inclement weather. A hardware-in-the-loop microscopic simulation model was used to assess the potential operational and safety benefits of the weather-responsive traffic signal system. The results from the simulation show that the traffic signal system reduced average intersection delays and average number of stops compared with normal operations during both snow and ice conditions. The system also reduced crash numbers. Directions for future research are discussed. KW - Highway operations KW - Idaho KW - Prototype tests KW - Real time information KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Weather conditions UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/13novdec/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454441 AU - Duthie, Jennifer AU - Juri, Natalia Ruiz AU - Melson, Christopher L AU - Pool, C Matt AU - Boyles, Steve AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidebook on DTA Data Needs and Interface Options for Integration into the Planning Process PY - 2012/11 SP - 27p AB - Simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) software programs model route choice behavior at a fine time scale across a large spatial area. This mesoscopic level of traffic detail makes DTA a powerful and versatile tool to transportation planners. Unfortunately, there has been limited research and exploration of integrating DTA into the transportation planning process. This guidebook provides information to practitioners regarding the input data required for dynamic traffic assignment, methods and benefits of linking together macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic models, and potential ways of integrating DTA into the traditional four-step planning model. KW - Dynamic traffic assignment KW - Input data KW - Macroscopic models KW - Mesoscopic traffic flow KW - Microscopic models KW - Planning methods KW - Route choice KW - Traffic models UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6657_p1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222939 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01476673 TI - 2012 Multi-State Asset Management Implementation Workshop AB - There is a significant interest among State and local transportation organizations in implementing asset management. To date, more than 25 States have already undertaken several forms of the initiative. There is a need for State transportation departments to come together to learn how to better enhance their implementation of asset management. The objectives of this project are to: 1) provide a conduit for enhancing the practical knowledge of member states concerning asset management implementation; 2) enhance the working knowledge of the asset management community; and 3) provide for continued information sharing among member states beyond the 2012 Workshop. The Transportation Research Board will be retained by the Federal Highway Administration to provide assistance in the principle tasks of a learning session, asset management conference participation, and outreach. KW - Asset management KW - Implementation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Workshops UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/473 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475471 AU - Meegoda, J N AU - Juliano, T AU - Tang, Chunyan AU - Liu, Shenghua AU - Potts, L AU - Bell, C AU - Marhaba, T AU - Borgaonkar, A AU - Guo, Q AU - New Jersey Institute of Technology AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Drainage Information Analysis and Mapping. PY - 2012/10/31/Final Report SP - 36p AB - The primary objective of this research is to develop a Drainage Information Analysis and Mapping System (DIAMS), with online inspection data submission, which will comply with the necessary requirements, mandated by both the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB-34) and the federal storm water regulations. The DIAMS project will serve as a vehicle for evaluating underground drainage infrastructure assets which includes locating and cataloging pipes, storm-water devices (e.g., manufactured treatment devices), outfalls, and other structures, (e.g., manholes and catch basins), as well as, collecting inspection and rehabilitation/replacement/repair data. The DIAMS has an electronic documentation system that performs quality checks on the submitted inspection data and stores the approved data in a comprehensive information management system for updating, analysis, classification and mapping. The DIAMS utilizes a two layer front and back end management tool comprised of MS Access for data submission and SQL database for data storage that is accessed through a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI is structured into four modules: Data Uploading, Asset Identification, System Administration, and Financial Analysis. The Data Uploading module includes the conversion of user input field data into comprehensive information format, review of input data, quality assurance and quality control checking, and appending the data to the system database. Users can locate assets needing immediate repair by road/milepost based upon their condition state. The Asset Identification module stores all the receiving storm water data such as the quality/quantity of water and discharge to watersheds, while also being able to develop general property reports. The module also gives users an assessed condition state, which allows the m to select the best treatment technique. The System Administration module allows individual flexibility through editing keywords. The Financial Analysis module analyzes the selected data and provides optimal recommendations to inspect, rehabilitate, replace, repair or do nothing at both project and network levels. Financial analyses are derived from a sequential process including defining networks, confirming input data sets, and optimizing for budget allocation preferences. At the project level this is achieved by comparing inspection and/or rehabilitation/replacement/repair costs via an updatable user cost, currently based on the 2011 NJDOT Engineer’s Estimate – Maintenance Drainage Repair Contract, with risks and costs associated with failure. At the network level, the associated costs are optimized to meet annual maintenance budget allocations by prioritizing assets needing inspection and rehabilitation/replacement/repair. When all input data have been appended into the module, DIAMS can generate financial summaries and work orders. KW - Condition surveys KW - Drainage KW - Financial analysis KW - Graphical user interfaces KW - Inspection KW - Pipe KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46771/Drainage_information_analysis_and_mapping_system.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01471721 AU - Volz, Jeffery S AU - Myers, John J AU - Richardson, David N AU - Arezoumandi, Mahdi AU - Beckemeier, Karl AU - Davis, Drew AU - Holman, Kyle AU - Looney, Trevor AU - Tucker, Brian AU - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design and Evaluation of High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) Concrete Mixes PY - 2012/10/31/Final Report SP - 46p AB - Concrete is the world’s most consumed man-made material. Unfortunately, the production of portland cement, the active ingredient in concrete, generates a significant amount of carbon dioxide. For each pound of cement produced, approximately one pound of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. With cement production reaching nearly 6 billion tons per year worldwide, the sustainability of concrete is a very real concern. Since the 1930’s, fly ash – a pozzolanic material – has been used as a partial replacement of portland cement in concrete to improve the material’s strength and durability, while also limiting the amount of early heat generation. From an environmental perspective, replacing cement with fly ash reduces concrete’s overall carbon footprint and diverts an industrial by-product from the solid waste stream (currently, about 40 percent of fly ash is reclaimed for beneficial reuse and 60 percent is disposed of in landfills). Traditional specifications limit the amount of fly ash to 25 or 30 percent cement replacement. Recent studies, including those by the investigators, have shown that higher cement replacement percentages – even up to 75 percent – can result in excellent concrete in terms of both strength and durability. Referred to as high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete, this material offers a viable alternative to traditional portland cement concrete and is significantly more sustainable. By nearly doubling the use of reclaimed fly ash in concrete, HVFA concrete aligns well with Missouri Department of Transportation's (MoDOT’s) green initiative on recycling. However, HVFA concrete is not without its problems. At all replacement rates, fly ash generally slows down the setting time and hardening rates of concrete at early ages, especially under cold weather conditions, and when less reactive fly ashes are used. Furthermore, with industrial by-products, some variability in physical and chemical characteristics will normally occur, not only between power plants but also within the same plant. Consequently, to achieve the benefits of HVFA concrete, guidelines are needed for its proper application in bridges, roadways, culverts, retaining walls, and other transportation-related infrastructure components. The objective of this research was to design, test, and evaluate HVFA concrete mixtures. The study focused on the hardened properties of HVFA concrete containing aggregates and fly ash indigenous to the state of Missouri and developed guidelines on its use in infrastructure elements for MoDOT. KW - Concrete construction KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fly ash KW - High volume fly ash concrete KW - Mix design KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Recycled materials KW - Reinforced concrete UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TRyy1110/cmr13-008.pdf UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TRyy1110/cmr13-008_A.pdf UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TRyy1110/cmr13-008_B.pdf UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TRyy1110/cmr13-008_C.pdf UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TRyy1110/cmr13-008_D.pdf UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TRyy1110/cmr13-008_E.pdf UR - http://transportation.mst.edu/media/research/transportation/documents/R268%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1239288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469964 AU - Rajabipour, Farshad AU - Wright, Jared AU - Laman, Jeff AU - Radlinska, Aleksandra AU - Morian, Dennis AU - Jahangirnejad, Shervin AU - Cartwright, Chris AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Longitudinal Cracking in Concrete at Bridge Deck Dams on Structural Rehabilitation Projects PY - 2012/10/31/Final Report SP - 220p AB - The main objective of this project was to identify the causes of longitudinal cracking in newly placed concrete deck segments adjacent to bridge deck expansion dam rehabilitations within District 3-0 of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT). This objective was accomplished through three tasks. (1) A literature review of the potential causes of early-age cracking in restrained concrete elements, including bridge deck dams and concrete repair sections, was conducted. This task also included a survey of bridge engineers in other PennDOT districts and several other state departments of transportation and municipalities with regard to concrete bridge deck rehabilitation operations and occurrence of concrete early-age cracking. (2) A review of current PennDOT specifications related to bridge deck construction and rehabilitation was undertaken. This task compared current PennDOT requirements regarding concrete materials, structural/reinforcement design, and construction operations with the recommendations from the literature review and survey of other transportation agencies and, when needed, suggested modifications to the current PennDOT specifications. In addition, three past and two active bridge deck rehabilitation projects within PennDOT Districts 2-0 and 3-0 were reviewed and inspected to evaluate their compliance with existing PennDOT specifications and literature recommendations to eliminate early-age cracking. (3) A comprehensive experimental evaluation of the material properties of three concrete mixtures commonly used for PennDOT bridge deck projects was performed to evaluate the early- and long-term performance and the risk of cracking of these mixtures. The three mixtures included AAA, HPC, and AAA-P. The following main conclusions were drawn from Tasks 1, 2, and 3 of the project. (a) The most likely causes of early cracking observed in deck rehabilitation projects are inadequate moist curing and failure to properly eliminate plastic shrinkage cracking during construction. In several occasions, it was found that the existing PennDOT specifications for proper water curing of concrete and monitoring of ambient conditions to minimize the evaporation rate from the surface of fresh concrete were not correctly followed. (b) The review of the three past deck rehabilitation projects show that the design of shrinkage and temperature steel reinforcement had been adequate and should not result in early-age cracking. (c) The existing PennDOT concrete mixtures AAA, HPC, and AAA-P can yield adequate performance in the field, provided that they are placed, consolidated, and cured properly. (d) A number of suggested modifications to the current PennDOT specifications are included in this report to minimize the risk of early-age cracking in concrete bridge deck construction and rehabilitation projects. KW - Admixtures KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete curing KW - Literature reviews KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Pennsylvania KW - Properties of materials KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Specifications UR - ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_PDF_FILES/Documents/Research/Complete%20Projects/Improving%20Pennsylvania%20Bridges/Longitudinal_Cracking_Final_Report.pdf UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/PSU-2011-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454359 AU - Pierce, C E AU - Huynh, N N AU - Guimaraes, P AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cost Indexing and Unit Price Adjustments for Construction Materials PY - 2012/10/30/Final Report SP - 136p AB - This project was focused on the assimilation of information regarding unit price adjustment clauses, or PACs, that are offered for construction materials at the state Departments of Transportation (DOTs). It is intended to provide the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) with the current state of the practice and a better understanding of the financial and procedural benefits and risks associated with PACs. Asphalt and fuel are the most common and traditional materials for which PACs are accepted. This report evaluates the performance of SCDOT PACs for asphalt and fuel relative to its peers. This report also includes a PAC feasibility assessment for ten materials, other than asphalt and fuel, which are consumed in construction and maintenance operations. Steel was the singular material identified as a feasible option for PAC development; there are steel PACs available at 15 other state DOTs. Recommendations are developed for a PAC that covers reinforcing steel, but not structural steel. KW - Asphalt KW - Bids KW - Building materials KW - Cost indexes KW - Fuels KW - Price adjustment KW - Reinforcing steel KW - State of the practice UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46374/SPR_683_Cost_Indexing_and_Unit_Price_Adjustments_for_Construction_Materials.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222895 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01530026 TI - Developing a Database and Web Viewing Tool for Ungulate Migrations in Wyoming AB - The purpose of this project is to develop an ungulate migration database that will contain the combined research results of animal ungulate migrations in Wyoming, and develop a framework for the long term partnership and maintenance of the database for use as a decision support tool. The project will take the substantial datasets from recent migration and movement studies and archive them at the Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center (WyGISC). Once data are housed within the secure relational database, the data are standardized into a common structure to allow for seamless online viewing and decision-support tool creation. This platform will allow Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) personnel and others to evaluate migration patterns, timing of migrations, location of road crossing, and other useful information through common user interfaces. KW - Animal migrations KW - Databases KW - Decision support systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Standardization KW - Wildlife KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1314830 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549636 TI - Developing Precision and Bias Statements for AASHTO Standard Methods of Test TP 98 and TP 99 AB - Tire-pavement noise has become an increasingly important consideration for highway agencies as the public consistently demands that highway traffic noise be mitigated. Although noise barriers have been used for many years as a noise mitigation measure, great advances in quiet pavement technology have been introduced in recent years as potential alternatives to these barriers. Also, methods for measuring the effect such pavement technologies have on tire-pavement noise, traffic noise, and vehicle noise have been developed, and recently introduced in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing. These test methods include AASHTO Designations: TP 76, Standard Method of Test for Measurement of Tire/Pavement Noise Using the On-Board Sound Intensity (OBSI) Method, TP 98, Standard Method of Test for Determining the Influence of Road Surfaces on Vehicle Noise Using the Statistical Isolated Pass-By Method (SIP), and TP 99, Standard Method of Test for Determining the Influence of Road Surfaces on Traffic Noise Using the Continuous-Flow Traffic Time-Integrated Method (CTIM)(see Special Note A). Precision and bias statements that define limits on precision repeatability and reproducibility have been developed for TP 76 under NCHRP Project 1-44(01) but no such statements have been developed for TP 98 and TP 99. There is a need for further research to develop precision and bias statements for these test methods. These statements will help define the extent of uncertainties associated with the measurements to better interpret the results of these tests. The objective of this research is to develop precision and bias statements for AASHTO Standard Methods of Test TP 98 and TP 99. Tasks: Phase 1: (1) Collect and evaluate information relevant to the measurements of the influence of road surfaces on traffic and vehicle noise and associated precision and bias. (2) Plan and conduct limited preliminary tests to serve as the basis for developing an extensive test program to prepare precision and bias statements for TP 98 and TP 99. (30 Prepare an updated, detailed work plan for Phase II that includes tests of in-service pavements. (40 Prepare an interim report that documents the research performed in Phase I and includes the updated work plan for Phase II. Following review of the interim report by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), the research team will be required to make a presentation to the project panel. Work on Phase II of the project will not begin until the interim report is approved and the Phase II work plan is authorized by the NCHRP. The decision on proceeding with Phase II will be based on the contractor's documented justification of the updated work plan. Phase II: (5) Execute the Phase II work plan as approved in Task 4. Based on the results of this work (1) prepare precision and bias statements for TP 98 and 99 and (2) recommend revisions to the test methods, if appropriate. For any recommended revisions to the test methods, describe costs and benefits associated with their implementation. (6) Submit a final report that documents the entire research effort. KW - Test procedures KW - Tire/pavement noise KW - Traffic noise UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3167 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339865 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547361 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 328. Update of the 1995 AASHTO/AGC/ARTBA 'A Guide to Standardized Highway Barrier Hardware' (1995 Guide) AB - The objective of this research was to review and update the information contained within the following American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)-Associated General Contractors (AGC)-American Road & Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA) Joint Committee, Task Force 13 (TF13) publication 'A Guide to Standardized Highway Barrier Hardware', 1995. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Guides to information KW - Highway safety KW - Highways UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3283 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334554 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545921 TI - Bridge Stormwater Runoff Analysis and Treatment Options AB - Many state departments of transportation (DOTs) and local agencies are required to provide treatment to the runoff from on-grade pavements, but collection and treatment or other mitigation strategies for bridge runoff management pose particular challenges. Addressing increasingly stringent highway runoff regulatory requirements by applying on-grade runoff management practices to bridges is not only costly but may compromise worker and road-user safety with undetermined benefits to water quality. The objective of this research was to develop a guide, for DOTs and others, for managing bridge runoff to protect environmental quality and meet regulatory requirements. The guide is intended to address several critical issues, as follows: (1) Characterization of bridge runoff and its effects on quality of receiving waters; (2) Current and emerging runoff management strategies that may be beneficial and cost-effective for application to bridges; (3) Criteria for identifying appropriate runoff management strategies for particular bridges; (4) How bridge owners may establish appropriate levels of effort to address bridge runoff issues at a particular location; and (5) How bridge owners may identify "best management practices" (BMPs) for bridge runoff and select or develop BMPs for a particular location The research team reviewed available literature and recent research, then systematically identified available bridge runoff management strategies and their likely benefits, lifecycle costs, and effectiveness in various settings. Using the information gathered, the team described a process and criteria DOTs can use to select BMPs for specific conditions where bridge runoff management is called for. The guide presents the process and runoff treatment practices in a way designed to facilitate use by practitioners; the guide document is accompanied by computational spreadsheets. KW - Best practices KW - Bridges KW - Environmental quality KW - Guidelines KW - Regulations KW - Runoff KW - Water quality UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3194 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01495433 AU - Mahmassani, Hani AU - Mudge, Richard AU - Hou, Tian AU - Kim, Jiwon AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Delcan AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Use of Mobile Data for Weather- Responsive Traffic Management Models PY - 2012/10/18/Final Report SP - 92p AB - The evolution of telecommunications and wireless technologies has brought in new sources of traffic data (particularly mobile data generated by vehicle probes), which could offer a breakthrough in the quality and extent of traffic data. This study reviews the Weather-Responsive Traffic Management (WRTM) models which were developed in previous Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) funded weather-related projects and identifies the components within WRTM framework where mobile data could be incorporated, mainly, (i) supply-side model calibration; (ii) demand-side calibration; (iii) model validation; and (iv) on-line implementation. This report summarizes the unique properties of mobile data in contrast to traditional traffic data, particularly regarding its much wider geographic coverage and travel time information. The different types of mobile data which could be offered from major vendors are also discussed. The study finds that vehicle trajectory data serves best for the purpose of improving WRTM models, from calibration of supply and demand side relations and model validation to the case of the on-line Traffic Estimation and Prediction System (TrEPS) implementation. A framework for how to implement the integration of mobile data and WRTM models was also developed. In this project the process of following the framework and incorporating mobile data into WRTM models is demonstrated by a case study. DYNASMART (DYnamic Network Assignment-Simulation Model for Advanced Road Telematics), a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) simulation-based TrEPS, is selected for this study. Vehicle trajectory data, collected by vehicles equipped with TomTom Global Positioning System (GPS) devices circulating in New York City area during a two-week period, are also used. KW - Calibration KW - Case studies KW - Dynamic traffic assignment KW - DYNASMART (Computer program) KW - Global Positioning System KW - New York (New York) KW - Probe vehicles KW - Telecommunications KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic Estimation and Prediction System (TrEPS) KW - Validation KW - Vehicle trajectories KW - Weather-responsive traffic management models KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/47000/47300/47329/FHWA-JPO-13-003-Final_Pkg_V1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587397 AU - Peters, R J AU - Sanders, S AU - Li, M AU - Denton, K P AU - Celedonia, M T AU - Tabor, R A AU - Pess, G R AU - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service AU - Northwest Fisheries Science Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fish Abundance, Habitat, and Habitat Use at Two Stabilized Banks in the Hoh River, Washington: Preliminary Data to Evaluate the Influence of Engineered Logjams PY - 2012/10/16/Research Report SP - 82p AB - Engineered logjams (ELJs) have become popular as an alternative to riprap (RR) for bank stabilization due to their perceived ecological benefits, which could potentially limit mitigation requirements for project proponents. This, along with the fact that many RR bank stabilization projects have failed, led the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to use ELJs to stabilize chronically eroding banks of the Hoh River near milepost 174.4 of Highway 101 (ELJ site). WSDOT also proposes to use ELJs to stabilize Hoh River banks near milepost 175.9 (RR site), where RR has chronically failed. Although ELJs are expected to provide ecological benefits, they have not been thoroughly evaluated. The Hoh River sites offer an opportunity to use a before-after-control-impact design to evaluate the ecological benefits of ELJs. The study objectives were to 1) collect baseline data that would allow future comparisons of habitat diversity, fish species diversity, fish abundance, growth, and survival in areas stabilized using RR and ELJs, and 2) to evaluate fish habitat use and movement at the ELJ site. The authors collected pre-project data for fish habitat and fish abundance at both sites during the summer of 2009 and 2010, and fish abundance data during the winter of 2011. There were more channels (i.e., main, braid, side) and primary (i.e., pools, glides) habitats at the RR site than the ELJ site; however, these differences were likely related to larger scale geomorphic factors than the bank stabilization. In contrast, there were more secondary habitats, which are smaller distinct units within primary habitat, at the ELJ site, which contained much more eddy habitat. Species diversity at the RR and ELJ site was variable. Chinook salmon, coho salmon, steelhead, mountain whitefish, and sculpin were the most common species or genus collected at both sites. Differences in fish abundance, size or growth at the two sites were quite variable. Apparent survival of PIT-tagged coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was greater at the ELJ site than the RR site; however, the results could not be compared statistically since only one ELJ and RR site were sampled. Acoustic tracking data showed that steelhead parr (O. mykiss) and juvenile Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) used a large portion of the study area, often within a 24-hr period. The acoustic tracking system provided quality tracking data for just over 50 percent of the time the fish were expected to be present in the array. Steelhead parr selected primary pools and secondary eddy habitats. They generally selected areas that were intermediate in depth (~0.6 to 3.5 m) and distances (~4-8 m) from the river bank. They generally did not use areas directly under the ELJs, which the authors hypothesize was related to the turbidity of the Hoh River. Turbidity likely provides cover thereby reducing the reliance on instream structures for protection from potential predators. The habitat and fish data collected will be useful for completing a before-after-control-impact assessment of the benefits of ELJs in the Hoh River. The movement data suggest that the reach scale may be the most appropriate spatial scale for monitoring ELJ projects, which is larger than the primary unit scale the authors used during this study. The habitat use results suggest that the ELJs will provide better habitat for juvenile steelhead, which preferred eddy habitats which were more abundant at the ELJ site than the RR site. KW - Bank protection KW - Banks (Waterways) KW - Before and after studies KW - Engineered logjams KW - Fishes KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Hoh River (Washington) KW - Riprap KW - Turbidity UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/786.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584277 AU - Anderson, Mark AU - Black, Chuck AU - Bridgelall, Raj AU - Cassady, Jim AU - Lantz, Brenda AU - Newton, Diane AU - Schaefer, Ron AU - Veile, Al AU - Leidos AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - System Requirements Specifications (SyRS) for Smart Roadside Initiative PY - 2012/10/16/Final Report SP - 86p AB - This document describes the system requirements specifications (SyRS) for the Smart Roadside Initiative (SRI) Prototype for the delivery of capabilities related to wireless roadside inspections, electronic screening/virtual weigh stations, universal electronic commercial vehicle identification, and truck parking. The SRI program is a multi-faceted US Department of Transportation (USDOT) initiative aimed at improving the efficiency and safety of the Nation’s roadways by providing for the exchange of important safety and operational information among the users and caretakers of the system. KW - Commercial truck parking KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Electronic screening KW - Motor carriers KW - Real time information KW - Smart Roadside Initiative KW - Specifications KW - System requirements KW - Universal electronic commercial vehicle identification KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications KW - Virtual weigh stations KW - Wireless roadside inspections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56203/FHWA-JPO-16-260.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377221 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01530030 TI - A Comprehensive Technology Assessment for Avalanche Hazard Management: Developing and Applying an Avalanche Hazard Technology Optimization Process to a Case Study on US Route 189-191 in Hoback Canyon, Wyoming AB - The primary value of this research will be the development of decision support metrics that will allow WYDOT and other state DOT transportation facility planners to make these decisions in a structured and near optimal way. To test the value of this research in a practical setting, the capabilities arising from this research will be utilized as transportation facility planning decision support in a case study to determine the optimal methodology and technology for the problematic Cow-of-the-Woods avalanche path on US Route 189-191 in Hoback Canyon, Wyoming. WYDOT and InterAlpine Associates will be utilizing the TAS O'BELLX Avalanche Initiating Blaster in this portion of the research project to test avalanche control at the Cow-of-the-Woods site. The assessment of the O'BELLX will be used as an active avalanche control. This is a constructive/passive avalanche defense that will be used to preclude the onset of avalanching and will allow WYDOT to take proactive actions to reduce the exposure of motorists to this evolving hazard. It is hoped that WYDOT will be able to bring down the offending avalanche while the roadway is temporarily closed, working from the premise that once it has avalanched, that the site is unlikely to avalanche again until the next severe storm. KW - Avalanches KW - Case studies KW - Decision support systems KW - Hazard analysis KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technology assessment KW - Wyoming UR - http://www.dot.state.wy.us/files/live/sites/wydot/files/shared/Planning/Research/RS06211%20Comp%20Aval%20Tech%20Assess%20Hoback%20Canyon.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1314834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613755 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Local Road Safety Peer Exchange - Region 1 PY - 2012/10/10 SP - 11p AB - This report provides a summary of the proceedings of the Local Road Safety Peer Exchange held in Piscataway, New Jersey October 10th and 11th, 2012. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored the Peer Exchange in coordination with Region 1 Local Technical Assistance Program. The purpose of the Peer Exchange was to facilitate the exchange of information on local road safety and explore opportunities for greater coordination and communication between FHWA, State Departments of Transportation (DOTs), Local Technical Assistance Program Centers (LTAPs) and local officials/practitioners within the States in the region. The Peer Exchange covered four key topics: (1) Improving local road safety data collection and analysis; (2) Increasing local agencies participation in the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP); (3) Encouraging local involvement in the development and implementation of the State’s Strategic Highway Safety Plans (SHSPs); and (4) Improving interagency collaboration. Representatives from Region 1 States participated in the event including: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The format of the Peer Exchange consisted of expert and peer presentations on state practices, breakout sessions and facilitated roundtable discussions. At the end of the second day, participants met with colleagues in their respective States to develop action plans covering the four key topics discussed. The action plans identified: Strategies for consideration/implementation; Resources needed for implementation; and Champions to lead implementation. A brief description of the peer exchange proceedings is provided in this report. KW - Coordination KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Improvement Program KW - Implementation KW - Peer exchange KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59800/59829/peer_report_NJ_Oct2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425518 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545061 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-01. FEMA and FHWA Emergency Relief Funds Reimbursements to DOTs AB - Departments of transportation (DOTs) are increasingly relying on Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Emergency Relief funds to recover from emergency events. For example, with climate change, the amount of rain falling during intense precipitation events has increased 20% over the last century, even before the notable increase in extreme events in the last decade. The expectation is that the frequency and magnitude of extreme events will continue to occur. To cope with these changes and other natural disasters, DOTs need to efficiently secure appropriate reimbursements. DOTs report that they have often learned the hard way how to prepare internally, to ease this process, and that it has been difficult to get expenses covered. On many occasions, the DOTs have failed to account for their legitimate expenses. DOTs and other responders often are not thinking about all the costs associated with an emergency, and so are not getting fully reimbursed. Items that are frequently overlooked, and thus not properly accounted for, include: withdrawing items from supplies on hand, multiple unaccounted-for organizational costs, and foregone staff hours. In addition to a lack of and/or focus on tracking eligible costs, there is the issue of document retention. As many agencies attempt to gather documentation, they have a tendency to take the quick and easy path of storing documents. Many times, this includes scanned image files and printed media without electronic back-up. During audits and validations, the ability to manipulate and segregate data is crucial. Having the proper system in place is vital to the success of state DOTs in receiving the maximum reimbursement due to them. The knowledge of how to work within this system of relief fund is a strategic asset for DOTs, but most of that knowledge is hard won, implicit, and is transmitted infrequently and anecdotally. This goal of this research effort is to improve DOTs and local public agencies (LPAs) access to information about knowledge and resources, through documentation of existing experiences, knowledge, learning, and practices used by DOTs to efficiently obtain appropriate reimbursements. This project will synthesize the range of things DOTs can do, and in some cases are doing, to ease their response effort, secure appropriate reimbursements, and simplify cost identification. Assigning specific project numbers and work codes prior to completing work is one such example. The report will include a literature review which includes: (1) Identification of federal funding sources that apply to emergency relief fund reimbursements for roads, bridges, trails, and other transportation infrastructure, including Emergency Relief for Federally Owned roads (ERFO); (2) A summary of FEMA and FHWA policies, regulations and statutes that guide emergency relief fund reimbursements to state DOTs and other modal agencies, including changes that will result with MAP-21; (3) Identification of relevant information sources, such as emergency relief manual and guidance documents; and (4) Identification of areas where there has been significant confusion, such as the definition of pre-disaster conditions. Effective practices will be identified through a screening survey to DOT members of the TRB Special Committee on Transportation Security and Emergency Management. Interviews with DOT staff involved with emergency relief fund reimbursements, including construction contractors, will provide detailed information about effective practices. The final report will be a document that will aid DOTs, LPAs, FEMA and FHWA in future work. It will include 6-10 case studies which highlight the following: (1) Effective practices and systems that are in place to obtain timely and appropriate fund reimbursements from FEMA and FHWA, including but not limited to cost estimate systems, expenditure documentation systems, method of payment for contracts, and DOT/LPA training programs; (2) A broad spectrum of emergency events, such as catastrophic failures, floods, earthquakes, ice storms, hurricanes, tropical storms, and fires; (3) Lessons learned from failures; and (4) What type of state or local reimbursement funds are used for non-federal share match, such as California's Office of Emergency Services (OES) funding. KW - Best practices KW - Disaster relief KW - Financing KW - Infrastructure KW - Policy KW - Reimbursement KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3353 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332515 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01557201 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning. Task 112. Cross Mode Project Prioritization -- An Assessment of Current Practice AB - There are very few ways to compare and prioritize projects across modes. For example how does one determine if a seaport project is more important than a highway project? This is equally hard to determine when comparing projects across the other modes, i.e. rail, transit and airports. Each mode normally has attributes and indicators that are comparable and can help prioritize projects within the mode. However few of those attributes or indicators may be applicable in other modes. A cost/benefit ratio is one of several methods that can be used to compare and prioritize projects across modes. Many state departments of transportation (DOT) are moving toward a cross-modal funding scenario for capacity projects. DOTs are challenged to assess return on investment on projects across modes whose function and scale of impact are different, or when the impact of the investment is not necessarily the same across modes. DOTs are using a variety of decision-making frameworks that rely on qualitative and quantitative methods to arrive at project prioritization decisions. These frameworks generally operate as follows: (1) Projects are prioritized within a mode, with each mode planning and prioritizing independent of other modes, with funds budgeted at the mode level. (2) Comparing individual projects from one mode to projects from other modes and analyzing and "appropriately" balancing project size, scope, impact, and/or cost. (3) Prioritizing projects within one corridor and comparing projects from various modes within that corridor. No guidance exists for state DOTs or Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) that are wrestling with this issue. Developing a common methodology for assessing cross modal priorities is imperative when using limited revenue to fund the most strategic infrastructure improvements. The objective of this research was to provide guidance on and examples illustrating the use of the following 5 approaches to prioritizing projects across modes, and to develop a recommended approach for prioritizing projects across modes. KW - Best practices KW - Decision making KW - Guidelines KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Return on investment KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation modes UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3299 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346861 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547389 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning. Task 114. Transportation Asset Management for Ancillary Structures AB - In the past two decades, transportation agencies have focused their Transportation Asset Management (TAM) activities on pavements and bridges primarily. More recently, a growing number of transportation agencies have begun to incorporate ancillary structures into their TAM activities. Ancillary structures are defined as lower-cost, higher-quantity assets that also play an important role in the overall success of transportation systems: assets such as traffic signs, traffic signals, roadway lighting, guardrails, culverts, pavement markings, sidewalks and curbs, utilities and manholes, earth retaining structures and environmental mitigation features. Some of these assets are being managed quasi independently while others are being managed together with other assets in an integrated program. While many departments of transportation (DOTs) have robust TAM processes for pavements and bridges, many do not have such processes for ancillary structures. Given the importance of performance management principles in anticipated federal legislation, and the role of TAM within performance management processes, better integration of ancillary structures into an asset management program is urgently needed. This research documents how state DOTs are incorporating ancillary structures into an integrated asset management program and provides guidance that supplements the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) "Transportation Asset Management Guide: A Focus on Implementation" on how to integrate ancillary structures into existing asset management tools. KW - Asset management KW - Bridges KW - Infrastructure KW - Pavements KW - State departments of transportation KW - Structural analysis UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3301 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334653 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545237 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 316. Establishment of Appropriate Guidelines for Use of the Direct and Indirect Design Methods for Reinforced Concrete Pipe AB - Currently, in the American Association for State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) load and resistance factor design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications, reinforced concrete pipe can be designed according to one of two methods; the indirect design method, or the direct design method. The Indirect Design Method (IDM) uses tables to select pipe class (thickness, reinforcement, and concrete strength) for a given fill height and installation type. The method is based on three-edge-bearing (TEB) tests. The Direct Design Method (DDM) Method is a more theoretical design method where four separate structural design limit states are considered: flexure, shear (diagonal tension), radial tension, and crack control. These two methods may give different answers for design of equivalent pipe, depending upon size and installation requirements. The IDM is based on a comparison of field moments versus test moments, and may be an overly conservative simplification when flexure criteria are not the governing limit state. The DDM has simplifying assumptions for reinforcement conditions, as well as limitations on the steel and concrete properties that may not allow for a pipe to be designed to its true strength. Thus, an inappropriate selection of design method can result in unneeded expense. Recent suggestions for determining appropriate guidelines for which design method to use have ranged from taking the lower steel area requirement of the two designs, to using the DDM for pipe larger than 36" and the IDM for pipe 36" and smaller. The objectives of this research were to: (1) review the strengths and weaknesses of the IDM and DDM (2) recommend guidelines for when each method is most appropriate for use; and (3) recommend revisions to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Section 12. KW - Bridge design KW - Crack control KW - Cracking KW - Flexure KW - Guidelines KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Reinforced concrete pipe KW - Shear properties KW - Specifications KW - Structural design KW - Tension UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3196 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332756 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01613121 TI - Evaluation of Abutment-Scour Equations from NCHRP Projects 24-15(2) and 24-20 Using Field Data AB - The primary objective of this investigation is to test and evaluate the abutment-scour prediction methods developed in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Projects 24-15(2) and 24-20, using United States Geological Survey (USGS) field data. The USGS field data will include the 324 abutment-scour measurements collected in South Carolina (Benedict, 2003), Maine (Lombard and Hodgkins, 2008), and the USGS National Bridge Scour Database (NBSD; http://water.usgs.gov/osw/techniques/bs/BSDMS/index.html, accessed May 14, 2009; Wagner et al., 2006) summarized in table 1. Results from the analysis will identify performance characteristics for each scour-prediction method and will help formulate application guidance. The USGS abutment- and contraction-scour field data used to test the newly-developed NCHRP scour-prediction methods primarily represents scour associated with clear-water scour conditions. Therefore, findings in this investigation will be limited to this type of scour. KW - Abutments KW - Bridge abutments KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Scour KW - Testing UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3130 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1426261 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573260 TI - Applying Automated Feature Extraction to Questions of Driver Behavior AB - Development of advanced tools for video feature extraction. KW - Automation KW - Behavior KW - Development KW - Drivers KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366339 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01569422 TI - Diamond Grinding Slurry AB - Diamond grinding of highway surfaces is a one-time maintenance operation to extend the highway surface life. Concrete grinding residue (CGR) is the byproduct of diamond grinding and has high pH, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium concentrations and small particle size. Disposal of CGR in Nebraska in 2012 changed from unregulated roadside discharge to a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. The NPDES permit restricted the amount of CGR that can be roadside applied to 5 tons/acre or the agronomic liming rate whichever is lower. Agronomic liming rate is intended for liming applications to acidic agricultural fields where a minimum amount of liming material is added in a cost effective way to reach a specific target pH, commonly 6.5. However, the Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) cannot routinely justify an agronomic liming rate as high as 5 tons/acre to roadside soils because pH of roadside soils may not always be acidic. In addition, CGR slurry typically having a pH of 11-12 may have negative effect if applied to existing vegetation as well as on soil physical conditions. Thus, NDOR needs information regarding the application rates of CGR to roadsides, that will maximize weight applied to a given area, thus minimizing transportation costs, without causing detrimental impacts to soils properties (chemical and physical) or roadside vegetation. Previous greenhouse studies where 37 and 116 tons/acre equivalent CGR was applied to roadside soil indicated that the addition of an equivalent 37 tons/acre of CGR increased soil pH from 8.0 to 8.6 on fine sandy loam and from 7.9 to 8.3 on silty clay (DeSutter et al. 2011a). In the same greenhouse study, shoot biomass of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) was measured 80 days after seeding in the treated pots. Application of 37 tons/acre either increased (fine sandy loam) or did not change (silty clay) shoot biomass compared to the untreated control. Laboratory studies where a 2.5mm depth surface layer (6.5 kg/m2 -[29 tons/acre]) of CGR was applied to the same soils resulted in a significant increase in water infiltration in the silty clay loam but not in the fine sandy loam (DeSutter et al 2011b). The improved infiltration may likely be due to improved aggregation of the soil particles by the CGR high calcium content. No reports in the literature have been identified that evaluated short- and medium-term effects of CGR application to in-situ soil properties or existing roadside vegetation. Furthermore, no studies in this area have been conducted in Nebraska. Thus research to determine the effect of one-time application of different CGR rates to roadside soil properties and existing vegetation is needed. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Diamond grinding KW - Greenhouse effect KW - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) KW - Nebraska KW - Paving KW - Soil particles KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1360660 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547329 TI - Research Supporting the NCHRP Project Panel on Administration of Highway and Transportation Agencies AB - Research conducted under National Cooperative Highway Research Project (NCHRP) Project 20-24 is intended to address issues of concern to chief executive officers (CEOs) and other top managers of state departments of transportation (DOTs). Since its initiation in 1986, the project has conducted specific studies on finance, organizational structure, human resources, project delivery, performance measurement, and other topics. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standing Committee on Research (SCOR) each year allocates funds to the overall project ($1 to $1.25 million in each of the past few years), but identification of specific projects is left to the NCHRP Project 20-24 panel. As the program is currently administered, NCHRP Project 20-24 panel members are appointed from the ranks of state DOT CEOs. Senior members of AASHTO and Transportation Research Board staff serve as liaison members of the panel. The panel typically meets twice yearly, during AASHTO's annual fall and spring meetings. The group may hold interim meetings or conference calls, or otherwise communicate to consider the Project 20-24 research program, to review research results, and to advise NCHRP staff on the program's administration. New research on specific topics is requested by panel members, AASHTO staff, and others. These topics may include continuation or extension of work previously undertaken. The NCHRP Project 20-24 panel allocates funds to selected topics and may delegate authority for oversight of the research to a project-specific panel. Funds not immediately allocated to such projects are carried over for future allocation. The timing of solicitations for research services for specific projects in the NCHRP 20-24 series is variable and may require very rapid responses from invited proposers. The projects are likely to warrant fast-track procurement and administration. The subject matter is likely to require the services of highly qualified and experienced individual experts very familiar with and sensitive to the concerns of senior agency officials. For these reasons, NCHRP needs a mechanism for procuring consultant services that is streamlined and responsive to the Project 20-24 panel's requirements. Prequalification and selection of a small number of service providers able to respond quickly and competitively to task orders for research on specific topics is such a mechanism. The objective of Project 20-24B is to provide--in a flexible, ongoing, quick-response manner--research on topics intended to address the specific needs of CEOs and other top managers of state DOTs. Organizations serving as task-order contractors are invited to prepare proposals (including a brief research plan, qualified research team, budget, and schedule) to carry out studies on topics selected by the NCHRP Project 20-24 panel. These topic-specific proposals are used to determine which team will be awarded the study under the task-order contract. Task-order contractors preparing project proposals in response to such invitations may add subcontractors or consultants to their teams for the purpose of completing a specific project. The primary mechanism for securing research on specific topics will be task-order contracts. KW - Administration KW - Administrative and managerial personnel KW - Chief executive officers KW - Transportation departments UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3380 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334502 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545235 TI - Combining Individual Scour Components to Determine Total Scour AB - Current guidance in the Federal Highway Administration's Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 (HEC-18), "Evaluating Scour at Bridges," recommends that estimates of total scour at new or existing bridges consist of computing the individual components of scour separately and combining them as a simple summation. Individual scour components at a particular bridge may include any or all of the following: contraction (general) scour, local scour at piers, local scour at abutments, and pressure scour (sometimes referred to as "vertical contraction scour"). These scour processes are considered on an event-based time scale, and during a single flood event all four scour processes, if present, are generally recognized to occur simultaneously. While long-term degradation is not considered to be a local bridge scour phenomenon, its effects are recognized as a system-wide response driven by an imbalance between water and sediment transport and/or a decrease in elevation of a base-level control. Typically, long-term degradation occurring over the life of the structure is estimated and is added to the local scour components as well. The assumption that the calculated scour depths for each individual scour component can simply be superposed to provide an estimate of total scour has been challenged for many years by bridge engineers as being excessively conservative. Specifically, the interaction between scour types remains an unanswered question. The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between combined, independent estimates of the individual scour components and total scour actually observed for the same event. This objective will require researchers to identify, compile, and assess existing, appropriate laboratory and field data sets where scour processes occurring simultaneously have been observed and quantified. For the purposes of this project, total scour is defined as the combination of contraction (general) scour, local scour at piers, local scour at abutments, and pressure scour (sometimes referred to as "vertical contraction scour"). Long-term degradation/aggradation is not to be considered an element in total scour, but may need to be recognized and accounted for in the field data sets. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Floods KW - Laboratory studies KW - Scour KW - Sediments UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3187 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332754 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466691 TI - Optimal RWIS Sensor Density and Location AB - The primary goal of the project is to develop a methodology for determining the optimal road weather information system (RWIS) sensor density and location over a highway network. In particular, the research has the following specific objectives: (1) Conduct a thorough review on literature related to the characterization, estimation and forecasting of winter road weather and road surface condition (RSC), cost-benefit analysis of RWIS, and methodologies and models for solving location problems; (2) Synthesize the current best practice and guidelines for expanding RWIS network and locating RWIS as well as regular weather stations; (3) Develop a quantitative understanding of spatial and temporal variation of road weather and surface conditions based on both RWIS and local weather data. The key parameters of interest include air temperature, surface temperature, and snow cover; and (4) Develop guidelines and an optimization model for determining the optimal number and location of RWIS sensors for different climate types. The work will result in the development of: (a) Operational WRM applications; (b) A RWIS benefit model; and (c) RWIS density and location optimization model and solution algorithms. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Literature reviews KW - Optimization KW - Road weather information systems KW - Sensors KW - Snow cover KW - Surface condition KW - Surface temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454016 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improvements to Stewardship and Oversight Agreements are Needed to Enhance Federal-Aid Highway Program Management PY - 2012/10/01 SP - 24p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) oversees billions of dollars in Federal-aid Highway Program (FAHP) funds provided annually to the States and local public agencies (LPAs) and American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funds for highway infrastructure investments. To oversee this substantial investment, FHWA relies greatly on the States to monitor the thousands of projects receiving Federal funds. Stewardship and Oversight Agreements (Agreements), which are required by law, formalize the roles and responsibilities of FHWA Division Offices and the States to ensure adequate oversight of Federal funds, project quality, and safety. FHWA formalized its process for developing Agreements in its April 2006 and August 2011 Stewardship and Oversight Agreement Guidance. As part of our ongoing ARRA oversight, the U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Inspector General (OIG) conducted this audit to assess whether FHWA Stewardship and Oversight Agreements address Federal requirements and program risks, including those required by the Recovery Act. The objectives of this audit were to determine the extent to which FHWA (1) established Agreements that fully reflected Federal requirements and its own key program risks and priorities and (2) provided sufficient Headquarters guidance and oversight of the development and timely update of Agreements. While FHWA fulfilled the statutory mandate to enter into Agreements with each State, the Agreements do not consistently reflect Federal requirements, or program risks and priorities that FHWA has identified and communicated to its Division Offices. Specifically, Agreements did not consistently address risks related to ARRA implementation and LPAs’ management of FHWA funds, Federal highway safety priorities, and use of performance and compliance indicators to measure the impact of the FAHP. FHWA Headquarters has not provided sufficient guidance and oversight to Division Offices for the development and update of Agreements to ensure that inconsistencies reflect valid differences among the States and to ensure that legal issues are identified. KW - Agreements KW - Auditing KW - Federal aid KW - Oversight KW - Program management KW - Risk management KW - Stewardship KW - Strategic planning KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/FHWA%20Stewardship%20and%20Oversight%20Agreements%20with%20States%20Report%5E10-1-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1221492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01598781 AU - Hu, Jiong AU - Kim, Yoo Jae AU - Lee, Soon-Jae AU - Texas State University, San Marcos AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Synthesis on Cost-Effectiveness of Extradosed Bridges: Technical Report PY - 2012/10//Technical Report SP - 192p AB - An extradosed bridge is a unique bridge type that utilizes both prestressed girder bridge and cable-stayed bridge concepts. Since the concept of an extradosed bridge is still relatively new, there is no clear definition and specification of the type of bridge. Also, due to the unique characteristics of an extradosed bridge, it is likely to initially cost more than a conventional girder bridge but less expensive compared to a cable-stayed bridge. This synthesis study identified and collected information on 120 extradosed bridges from Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Africa through a comprehensive literature review of over 350 technical papers, reports, and websites. Cost information on 58 extradosed bridges and bridge selection reasons for 47 extradosed bridges were collected and summarized. Over 100 individuals with experience in the design and/or construction of extradosed bridges were contacted. Telephone and email interviews of eight experts in extradosed bridges (three from Asia, three from Europe, and two from North America) were conducted. A statistical analysis was conducted to summarize general configurations, bridge selections, constructions, and costs of extradosed bridges. Four case studies regarding extradosed bridge selection were also included in the report. In addition, this study summarized the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing extradosed bridges, best practices, and existing methodologies. While there is a variety of advantages and disadvantages comparing extradosed bridges to girder bridges and cable-stayed bridges, the team identified aesthetic (signature bridge and landmark structure), underneath (navigation/vehicular) clearance and higher restriction, and construction and structure considerations as top reasons for selecting extradosed bridges over other alternatives. A bridge selection process specifying considerations for determining how and when an extradosed bridge is cost-effective and in the best interest of the public was also recommended. KW - Best practices KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Case studies KW - Cost data KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Experts KW - Extradosed bridges KW - Girder bridges KW - Interviewing KW - Literature reviews KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6729-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1404685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510746 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-69 Evansville to Indianapolis, section 5, SR 37 south of Bloomington to SR 39, Monroe and Morgan counties : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/10//Volumes held: Draft(2v in 3) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01499664 AU - Palle, Sudhir AU - Hopwood, Theodore AU - Meade, Bobby W AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - New Coatings for Bridges (Over-Coat Systems) PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 23p AB - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) sought to identify new coatings technologies consistent with overcoating that offer enhancements in terms of ease of application and performance. KYTC contacted paint manufacturers to obtain sample coating systems for characterization by the KYTC Division of Materials and accelerated performance testing by Kentucky Transportation Center (KTC). A total of 14 coating systems from five manufacturers underwent performance testing according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D5894. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Coatings KW - Highway bridges KW - Kentucky KW - Maintenance KW - Performance tests UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2013/10/KTC_12_16_SPR_425_11_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1267306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01497272 AU - Meade, Bobby W AU - Hopwood, Theodore AU - Palle, Sudhir AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fluorescing Coatings for Improved Inspection during Bridge Maintenance Painting PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 33p AB - Optically active pigments (OAPs) fluoresce under light exposure with wavelengths (<200 to 400 nm) producing emissions in the visible spectra (380 to 740 nm). They are used as paint pigments to aid visual inspection of applied coatings for defects such as pin-holing and incomplete coverage. OAP coatings are widely used in various industries outside of bridge maintenance painting. This study addressed the laboratory evaluation and field trial of an OAP coating for Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) bridges. OAP coatings were evaluated for inspectability and accelerated weathering performance in a laboratory test program. After successful laboratory performance, OAP coatings were specified for a KYTC bridge painting project incorporating two deck-girder bridges. One bridge was coated with an OAP zinc urethane primer/non-OAP epoxy mid-coat/OAP urethane top-coat system. The second bridge was coated with a non-OAP zinc urethane primer/OAP epoxy mid-coat/non-OAP urethane top-coat. Field observations revealed that OAP coatings improved inspectability by making uncoated and thinly coated areas more readily identifiable. KW - Bridges KW - Coatings KW - Field studies KW - Fluorescence KW - Inspection KW - Kentucky KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maintenance practices KW - Paint KW - Pigments KW - Weathering UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2013/10/KTC_12_15_SPR_377_09_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1266310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01491318 AU - van Gelder, Boudewijn H W AU - Bethel, James S AU - Supunyachotsakul, Chisaphat AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibilty of a New Indiana Coordinate Reference System (INCRS) PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 131p AB - Engineers, surveyors, and geographic information system (GIS) professionals spend an enormous amount of time correcting field surveys to the classical State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS). The current mapping corrections are in the order of 1:33,000, or 30 parts per million (ppm). Modern surveys (e.g., global positioning system/Indiana Continuously Operating Reference Station) have an accuracy of a few parts per million. Whenever original surveys made on the surface of the Earth need to be reduced to a mapping reference surface, surveyed distances and angles (azimuths) need to be corrected. Measured distances need to be corrected for two scale factors: 1) due to the mapping scale inherent in conformal mappings, and 2) due to terrain heights. Measured angles (azimuths) need to be corrected for so-called convergence angles. The application of these necessary corrections is time consuming and may add an estimated 15 to 20% to the cost of a survey. The omission of these corrections corrupts the reliability of survey results. A new Indiana Coordinate Reference System (INCRS) allows for so much smaller corrections that when omitted the errors committed are small, and may be even neglected for surveys less accurate than a few ppm. In a few areas of Indiana (e.g. Clark County), terrain heights corrections are still needed because these corrections due to the terrain roughness are at the 14 ppm level. The proposed INCRS not only reduces the scale factor from 30 ppm to a few ppm, but also the convergence angles are reduced by a factor of four (from about 0.5 degree to about 7‐8 arcminutes). The new much more accurate mapping system has been developed based on closed formula expressions and simple mathematical coordinate transformations. KW - Azimuth KW - Coordinates KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Indiana KW - Mapping KW - Referencing KW - Surveying UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315023 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01491294 AU - Jonsson, Jon A AU - Olek, Jan AU - Ramirez, Julio A AU - Scholer, Charles F AU - Peterman, Robert J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - High Performance Concrete (HPC) Bridge Project for SR 43 PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 127p AB - The objective of this research was to develop and test high performance concrete mixtures, made of locally available materials, having durability characteristics that far exceed those of conventional concrete mixtures. Based on the results from the development of high performance concrete, guidelines for a high performance concrete bridge over Burnett Creek on SR 43, just north of I-65 near West Lafayette, Indiana, will be prepared. In addition, the effects of different curing conditions, with respect to temperature and moisture conditions, were evaluated. The use of 15.2 mm (0.6 in) prestressing strand in girders made of 69 MPa (10 ksi) concrete was also evaluated with respect to pullout resistance and transfer and development lengths. KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete curing KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Durability tests KW - High performance concrete KW - Indiana KW - Local materials KW - Prestressing KW - Structural tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314979 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1259974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01488704 AU - Burbidge, Shaunna K AU - Active Planning AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Identifying a Profile for Non-Traditional Cycle Commuters PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 53p AB - Cycling has frequently been advocated as an easy low cost form of physical activity that is accessible to most individuals, regardless of age or ability. Additionally, when used as a mode of transportation, cycling can lead to reductions in air pollution, carbon emissions, congestion, noise, and traffic dangers, not to mention saving users money in vehicle ownership and maintenance costs. A 2011 Dan Jones survey commissioned by UDOT revealed that 13% of Utahns commute by bicycle at least once per week. This was in stark contrast to recent census data that measured cycle commuting rates statewide at a mere 0.8%. This research analyzes self-reported data collected as a part of the 2012 Utah Household Travel Survey to identify who these non-traditional cyclists are, what are their motivations for cycling, what are the purposes of their cycling trips, and what barriers are keeping them from cycling more frequently. Additionally, this report creates a profile for these non-traditional cyclists. Key findings include: that non-traditional cyclists are most likely to bike for exercise and to escort their children, and they exhibit different motivations for choosing to cycle. For individuals who reported that they would “never bike” the major reasons included not owning a bike and being busy or viewing cycling as taking too long. This research concludes that while it is unrealistic to assume that individuals in the non-traditional cyclist group will give up their automobile and begin making a majority of their trips for all purposes via bicycle, this group could be persuaded to occasionally leave a vehicle at home and make purpose specific trips by bicycle where appropriate. KW - Behavior KW - Bicycle commuting KW - Bicycle travel KW - Bicycling KW - Cyclists KW - Demographics KW - Travel surveys KW - Utah UR - http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=3431812201411562 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1257237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01484419 AU - Ley, M Tyler AU - Woestman, Spencer AU - Riding, Kyle AU - Nyberg, Wesley AU - Peric, Dunja AU - Momeni, Amir Farid AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effect of Y-Cracking on CRCP Performance PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 250p AB - This report covers the investigation of the impact of Y-cracking on concrete pavements in Oklahoma. This study used field and analytical investigations to determine the impact of Y-cracking on the long term performance of continuous concrete pavements. The research found that Y-cracking in concrete pavements does lead to an increase in the number of punch outs. Of all the variables investigated, the base type and the shoulder type had the largest impact on the amount of Y-cracking that occurred in continuous concrete pavements. The analytical studies confirmed that these variables can lead to increases in pavement stresses and so, therefore, cracking. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Oklahoma KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Road shoulders KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1251377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483903 AU - Arribas-Colon, Maria del Mar AU - Radlinski, Mateusz AU - Olek, Jan AU - Whiting, Nancy M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of Premature Distress Around Joints in PCC Pavements: Parts I & II PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 83p AB - Some of the Indiana concrete pavements constructed within the last 10‐20 years have shown signs of premature deterioration, especially in the areas adjacent to the longitudinal and transverse joints. This deterioration typically manifested itself as cracking and spalling of concrete combined with the loss of material in the direct vicinity of the joint. In addition, in some cases “bulb‐shaped” damage zones were also observed under the sealed parts of the joints. The objective of this study was to investigate possible causes of this premature deterioration. To reach this objective, the characteristics of the concrete in and near the deteriorated joints were compared and contrasted to the concrete characteristics in the non‐deteriorated sections of pavement. The study was conducted in two different phases (Phase I and Phase II), and the findings are presented as a two‐part report. The investigation started with a detailed inventory of selected areas of affected pavements in order to identify and classify the existing types of distresses and select locations for collection of the cores. During the Phase I of the study a total of 36 concrete cores were extracted from 5 different pavements.. During Phase II of the study a total of 18 cores were retrieved from five different pavement sections and subject to examination. The cores were subjected to eight different tests: air‐void system determination, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, sorptivity test, freeze‐thaw & resonance frequency test, resistance to chloride ion penetration (RCP) test and chloride profile (concentration) determination. The test results identified several cases of in‐filling of the air voids (especially smaller air bubbles) with secondary deposits. These deposits were most likely the result of the repetitive saturation of air voids with water and substantially reduced the effectiveness of the air voids system with respect to providing an adequate level of freeze‐thaw protection. Specifically, it was observed that the existing air void system in the concrete from panels near the deteriorated longitudinal joint had neither spacing factors nor specific surface values within the range recommended for freeze‐thaw durability. Contrary to this, nearly all the concrete in lanes without damage had an adequate air void system at the time of sampling. In addition, the affected concrete often displayed an extensive network of microcracks, had higher rates of absorption and reduced ability to resist chloride ions penetration. From the observation of the drains performed using the remote camera it was obvious that not all the drains were functioning properly and some were entirely blocked. However, more precise or direct correlations could not be made between the conditions of the drains and observed pavement performance. KW - Air voids KW - Chlorides KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Indiana KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315019 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1252546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482784 AU - West, Randy AU - Timm, David AU - Willis, James R AU - Powell, R Buzz AU - Tran, Nam AU - Watson, Don AU - Sakhaeifar, Maryam AU - Robbins, Mary AU - Brown, Ray AU - Vargas-Nordcbeck, Adriana AU - Villacorta, Fabricio Leiva AU - Guo, Xiaolong AU - Nelson, Jason AU - National Center for Asphalt Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alabama Department of Transportation AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Shell Oil Company AU - Kraton Performance Polymers, Incorporated AU - Trinidad Lake Asphalt AU - PolyCon Manufacturing AU - Oldcastle Materials TI - Phase IV NCAT Pavement Test Track Findings: Draft Report PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 188p AB - This report describes the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) Pavement Test Track and presents an overview of the experiments conducted there from 2009 to 2011 (fourth cycle). Information for experiments includes: background, objectives, methodology, test track performance, analysis, and conclusions. Chapters include: Surface layer performance experiments, Structural experiments, and Additional analyses. Synopses of major findings from previous cycles are included as well as the benefit/cost of test track studies. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Experiments KW - National Center for Asphalt Technology KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Structural analysis KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://www.ncat.us/files/reports/2012/rep12-10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01480138 AU - Perez, Benjamin G AU - Fuhs, Charles AU - Gants, Colleen AU - Giordano, Reno AU - Ungemah, David H AU - Parsons Brinckerhoff AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Priced Managed Lane Guide PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 184p AB - This Guide is intended to be a comprehensive source of collective experience gained from priced managed lanes implemented in the United States through 2012. The Guide presents a wide range of information on priced managed lanes. The purpose of this Guide is to assist transportation professionals as they consider, plan, and implement priced managed lanes projects. The Priced Managed Lane Guide also updates the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) 2003 Guide for HOT Lane Development. At the time the earlier Guide was written, there were only four priced managed lane facilities operating in the United States and few transportation professionals had firsthand experience with implementing or operating these facilities. As of May 2012, there are 14 operating managed lane facilities nationwide, an additional 14 in construction, and approximately 25 others in planning. The Guide addresses a wide range of policy, outreach, and technical issues associated with the implementation of priced managed lanes, focusing on the knowledge and experience gained from the new projects that have advanced in the past decade. The Guide also provides detailed profiles of 21 priced managed lane projects that are either operational or nearing completion. These resources represent the most comprehensive compilation of data and information prepared by FHWA on priced managed lanes to date KW - Congestion pricing KW - Design of specific facilities KW - Handbooks KW - High occupancy toll lanes KW - Implementation KW - Managed lanes KW - Policy analysis KW - Traffic congestion UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13007/fhwahop13007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1248187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478959 AU - Osborne, Leon AU - University of North Dakota, Grand Forks AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development and Demonstration of a Freezing Drizzle Algorithm for Roadway Environmental Sensing Systems PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 23p AB - The primary goal of this project is to demonstrate the accuracy and utility of a freezing drizzle algorithm that can be implemented on roadway environmental sensing systems (ESSs). The types of problems related to the occurrence of freezing precipitation range from simple traffic delays to major accidents that involve fatalities. Freezing drizzle can also lead to economic impacts in communities with lost work hours, vehicular damage, and downed power lines. There are means for transportation agencies to perform preventive and reactive treatments to roadways, but freezing drizzle can be difficult to forecast accurately or even detect, as weather radar and surface observation networks poorly observe these conditions. The detection of freezing precipitation is problematic and requires special instrumentation and analysis. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) development of aircraft anti-icing and deicing technologies has led to the development of a freezing drizzle algorithm that utilizes air temperature data and a specialized sensor capable of detecting ice accretion. However, at present, roadway ESSs are not capable of reporting freezing drizzle. This study investigates the use of the methods developed for the FAA and the National Weather Service (NWS) within a roadway environment to detect the occurrence of freezing drizzle using a combination of icing detection equipment and available ESS sensors. The work performed in this study incorporated the algorithm developed initially and further modified for work with the FAA for aircraft icing. The freezing drizzle algorithm developed for the FAA was applied using data from standard roadway ESSs. The work performed in this study lays the foundation for addressing the central question of interest to winter maintenance professionals as to whether it is possible to use roadside freezing precipitation detection (e.g., icing detection) sensors to determine the occurrence of pavement icing during freezing precipitation events and the rates at which this occurs. KW - Algorithms KW - Freezing KW - Ice detection KW - Rain KW - Road weather information systems KW - Sensors KW - Weather conditions KW - Weather forecasting UR - http://www.aurora-program.org/pdf/200704Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478787 AU - Moriarty, Kevin AU - Bendyk, Joshua AU - McGee, Hugh AU - Herr, Joseph AU - Byrne, Terry AU - Dixon, Matthew AU - Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recording Devices for Interconnected Grade Crossing and Intersection Signal Systems: An Informational Report PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 133p AB - Over 15 years ago, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issued 29 recommendations to improve safety at active controlled highway-rail grade crossings following the school bus-commuter train collision in Fox River Grove, Illinois. The objective of this task order was to develop technical information to assist highway agencies and railroads with integrating effective event recording devices within interconnected/preempted highway-rail grade crossing signal systems. This information is intended to be applicable to the installation of new systems as well as to retrofitting existing systems. The objective also included developing technical information that could be used to establish periodic inspection of traffic signals by State and local highway agencies as well as detailed joint annual inspections of interconnected highway-rail grade crossing signal systems. Specific emphasis was placed on highway agencies, as there are currently no national regulations to counterpart 49 CFR 234 and AREMA mandates for railroad agencies. The outcomes of this effort are focused to help the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) implement the two NTSB recommendations, supporting Safety Advisory 2010-02. KW - Event data recorders KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Intersections KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad safety KW - Traffic signal preemption UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/xings/recording_device/ UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/xings/recording_device/recording_devices.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478275 AU - Boodlal, Leverson AU - Abraham, Tintu AU - KLS Engineering, LLC AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Training Course on Developing Transportation Management Plans for Work Zones: Participant Workbook PY - 2012/10 SP - 222p AB - This participant workbook is part of the web-based training course “Developing Transportation Management Plans for Work Zones." The training course is intended to assist transportation agencies in developing an effective and complete work zone Transportation Management Plan (TMP). The workbook contains information on the course objectives and general overview of the course. The workbook is designed for note taking and as an additional resource for future use. The primary intended audience for this training is transportation agency staff, including technical staff, (planners, designers, traffic engineers, highway/safety engineers, etc); management and executive level staff responsible for setting policy and program direction; field staff responsible for building projects and managing work zones; and staff responsible for assessing performance in these areas. KW - Highway operations KW - Mobility KW - Training KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/resources/final_rule/tmp_examples/tmp_training/tmp_workbook.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472540 AU - Kockelman, Kara AU - Fagnant, Dan AU - Nichols, Brice AU - Boyles, Steve AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Project Evaluation Toolkit (PET) for Abstracted Networks PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 88p AB - This report summarizes research for Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Project No. 0-6487, which enhanced and expanded the open-source Project Evaluation Toolkit (PET) to evaluate operational strategies for transport project (and policy) impact evaluation. Such strategies include advanced traveler information systems, speed harmonization, shoulder use, incident management, and ramp metering. PET is a user-friendly, comprehensive sketch-level project evaluation planning tool, anticipating changes in travel demand, traffic patterns, crashes, emissions, traveler welfare, reliability, project net present values, benefit-cost ratios, and other performance metrics. PET also tracks project financing measures for a number of project types, including capacity expansion projects, tolling, and managed lane facilities. Beyond operational strategies, this project increased PET’s scope, usability, and accuracy in other ways. For example, new transit and fixed-cost features allow for deeper and more meaningful mode choice and network modeling, while a network visualization module dramatically facilitates user generation and editing of modeled networks. New features also allow users to bypass PET’s built-in travel demand model (TDM) to evaluate external TDM outputs directly. Such features allow more sophisticated modelers the chance to apply PET to their own TDM outputs, for a much wider variety of outputs than traditionally available to transportation planners and engineers. As noted, outputs include emissions, crash counts, reliability, toll revenues, and benefit-cost ratios, among others. PET capabilities include budget allocation tolls, multi-criteria assessment (of multi-faceted projects, using decision envelopment analysis), and sensitivity analysis (to produce distributions of project performance metrics, recognizing that many/most inputs have some uncertainty associated with them). Alongside these scope-enhancing changes are updates to crash and emissions estimation procedures, reflecting the latest Highway Safety Manual and Environmental Protection Agency emissions (MOVES) estimation routines. This project also developed a variety of professional supporting materials for PET users, including an extensive User’s Guide, presentation materials (for rapid training of new users), and four urban roadway networks (for Dallas-Fort Worth, Austin, Houston, and San Antonio). All these, along with several relevant papers and reports, are available at http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/kockelman/PET_Website/homepage.htm KW - Economic impacts KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Performance measurement KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Software KW - Texas UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6487_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472507 AU - Thomas, M D A AU - Fournier, B AU - Folliard, K J AU - Transtec Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Selecting Measures to Prevent Deleterious Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete: Rationale for the AASHTO PP65 Prescriptive Approach PY - 2012/10 SP - 52p AB - In 2011, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) published PP65-11 “Standard Practice for Determining the Reactivity of Concrete Aggregates and Selecting Appropriate Measures for Preventing Deleterious Expansion in New Concrete Construction.” PP65-11 provides two approaches for selecting preventive measures: 1) a performance approach based on laboratory testing, and 2) a prescriptive approach based on a consideration of the reactivity of the aggregate, type and size of structure, exposure conditions, and the composition of cementitious materials being used. The options for preventive measures included in the prescriptive approach of PP65-11 are to 1) control the alkali content of the concrete to a maximum allowable level; 2) use a minimum level of supplementary cementitious material (SCM) or combination of SCMs; or 3) use a combination of these two options .This document is intended to provide the background information that was used in the development of the prescriptive approach. KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Concrete KW - Deleterious materials KW - Durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prevention KW - Reactive aggregates KW - Supplementary cementing materials UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/asr/hif13002/hif13002.pdf UR - http://www.tsp2.org/library-tsp2/uploads/1836/Rationale_for_PP65_Prescriptive_Approach.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46946/Selecting_measures_to_prevent_deleterious_alkali-silica_reaction_in_concrete.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470321 AU - Yohannes, Yohannes AU - Olek, Jan AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PCC Properties to Support W/C Determination for Durability PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 186p AB - The fresh concrete water‐cement ratio (w/c) determination tool is urgently needed for use in the quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) process at the job site.  Various techniques have been used in the past to determine this parameter. However, many of these techniques can be complicated and time consuming. Furthermore, extensive calibration is often needed to correlate the properties measured by these techniques with w/c. During the course of this study, the method for use of unit weight for the determination of w/c of fresh concrete has been developed and evaluated on both laboratory and field concretes.  Additionally, the accuracy of using microwave oven technique for w/c determination reported by previous research was confirmed. Finally, the accuracies of unit weight and microwave oven techniques for the determination of w/c were compared. The unit weights required for this method have been determined either by using a “zero‐air” procedure (ZAP) developed as a part of this study or by using conventional (following AASHTO specifications) methods.  The ZAP technique was used to verify the w/c of 58 different laboratory concrete mixes. These verification efforts revealed that the minimum, maximum, standard error, and 95th percentile of the differences (∆w/c) between batched and determined w/c were, respectively, 0.000, 0.042, 0.017, and 0.030.  The AASHTO determined unit weight (which also required measurements of the actual air content of concrete) was used to verify the w/c values of an additional set of 57 laboratory mixes.   When using the AASHTO unit weights (and air contents) the minimum, maximum, standard error, and 95th percentile of ∆w/c were, respectively, 0.000, 0.075, 0.030, and 0.054.  In addition, the AASHTO unit weight method was also used to verify the w/c values of 22 different field mixtures.  For this case, the differences (∆w/c) between the design and unit weight‐calculated values of w/c were in the range ±0.030 for all but one mixture.  Finally, direct comparison of the results from the proposed method with the results obtained from the microwave oven method revealed that the former is faster but slightly less accurate. Specifically, when used on five separate concrete samples, the accuracy of the microwave oven method was 0.010, much smaller than previously mentioned values of 0.030 (for the ZAP) and 0.054 (for the AASHTO) unit weight methods. KW - Durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Microwave oven KW - Microwaves KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Test procedures KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314986 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46761/viewcontent.cgi.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469990 AU - Shane, Jennifer S AU - Strong, Kelly C AU - Mathes, Jay AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Smart Work Zone Deployment Initiative AU - Midwest Transportation Consortium AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Integrated Risk Management for Improving Internal Traffic Control, Work-Zone Safety, and Mobility during Major Construction PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 78p AB - Highway construction is among the most dangerous industries in the United States. Internal traffic control design, along with how construction equipment and vehicles interact with the traveling public, have a significant effect on how safe a highway construction work zone can be. An integrated approach was taken to research work-zone safety issues and mobility, including input from many personnel, ranging from roadway designers to construction laborers and equipment operators. The research team analyzed crash data from Iowa work-zone incident reports and Occupational Safety and Health Administration data for the industry in conjunction with the results of personal interviews, a targeted work-zone ingress and egress survey, and a work-zone pilot project. KW - Iowa KW - Mobility KW - Risk management KW - Road construction KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/integrated_risk_mgmt_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469482 AU - Gallo, Anthony A AU - Dougald, Lance E AU - Demetsky, Michael J AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Performance Assessment Guidelines for Virginia’s Work Zone Transportation Management Plans PY - 2012/10//Final Contract Report SP - 78p AB - As America’s roadways are becoming more congested and in need of maintenance and repair, management of traffic through work zones is a major issue for state departments of transportation. To assist states with this challenge, in 2004, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) published its Final Rule on Work Zone Safety and Mobility, which mandated that state DOTs develop transportation management plans (TMPs) for all federally funded roadway construction projects. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) now requires TMPs for all projects, regardless of funding source. Part of federal and Virginia TMP requirements are to monitor and assess traffic impacts, including a post-construction evaluation of the TMP. Currently, TMPs are not being assessed following individual construction projects, and VDOT does not yet have a formally established process to assess TMP performance throughout its districts and regions. The purpose of this project was to develop a set of guidelines to assist VDOT’s work zone personnel and contractors with evaluating TMP performance. The research methodology examines existing literature on work zone evaluation strategies. Thirty state DOTs, as well as personnel within VDOT, were surveyed to explore TMP assessment practices. Finally, two work zone case studies from within the Commonwealth of Virginia were examined. The results of this research effort were used to develop Guidelines for TMP Performance Assessment, with aid and review from a VDOT TMP Performance Assessment Task Group. While these new requirements may add up-front costs to project engineering, VDOT will benefit by having a methodology in place to identify and measure successful strategies to manage safety and mobility impacts from work zones. KW - Best practices KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Guidelines KW - Performance measurement KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys KW - Transportation management plans KW - Virginia Department of Transportation KW - Work zone safety KW - Work Zone Safety and Mobility Rule KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/13-r6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225661 ER - TY - SER AN - 01469432 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Zhou, Huaguo AU - Zhao, Jiguang AU - Fries, Ryan AU - Gahrooei, Mostafa Reisi AU - Wang, Lin AU - Vaughn, Brent AU - Bahaaldin, Karzan AU - Ayyalasomayajula, Balasubrahmanyam AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Center for Transportation AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of Contributing Factors Regarding Wrong-Way Driving on Freeways PY - 2012/10 IS - 12-010 SP - 224p AB - In Illinois, there were 217 wrong-way crashes on freeways from 2004 to 2009, resulting in 44 killed and 248 injured. This research project sought to determine the contributing factors to wrong-way crashes on freeways and to develop promising, cost-conscious countermeasures to reduce these driving errors and their related crashes. A thorough literature review was conducted to summarize the best practices on design, safety, and operational issues related to wrong-way driving on freeways by different states in the United States and abroad. Six-year crash data from the Illinois Department of Transportation were then collected for identifying wrong-way crashes. Out of 632 possible wrong-way crashes identified from the crash database, the 217 actual wrong-way crashes were verified by reviewing hard copies of those crash reports. General statistical characteristics of wrong-way crashes were analyzed, and the findings suggested that a large proportion of wrong-way crashes occurred during the weekend from 12 midnight to 5 a.m. Approximately 60% of wrong-way drivers were DUI drivers. Of those, more than 50% were confirmed to be impaired by alcohol, 5% were impaired by drugs, and more than 3% had been drinking. Causal tables, Haddon matrices, and significance tests were used to identify factors that contribute to wrong-way crashes on Illinois freeways. Alcohol impairment, age, gender, physical condition, driver’s experience and knowledge, time of day, interchange type, and urban and rural areas were found to be significant factors. A new method was developed to rank the high-frequency crash locations based on the number of recorded or estimated wrong-way freeway entries. Twelve interchanges were identified for field reviews. Site-specific and general countermeasures were identified for future implementation. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Driver errors KW - Freeways KW - High risk locations KW - Illinois KW - Traffic safety KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCoQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcetrans.isg.siue.edu%2Fwwd%2FFHWA-ICT-12-010.pdf&ei=JRnuU9T2Hqm_sQTP94CgBQ&usg=AFQjCNE7AKdf22FmGLG1OoXLZZYNvlP13w&sig2=3vttYets5UDKWEabE7qNjg UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458211 AU - Ouyang, Yanfeng AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 2010 Highway Safety Manual Lead States Peer-to-Peer Workshop PY - 2012/10//Research Report SP - 135p AB - The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) and the Illinois Center for Transportation (ICT) sponsored and hosted the 2010 Highway Safety Manual (HSM) Lead State Peer-to-Peer Workshop November 17–18, 2010, at the IDOT District 1 Office in Schaumburg, Illinois. The peer-exchange workshop involved representatives from 13 selected states and experts familiar with HSM development and implementation in order to facilitate the exchange of experiences and examples related to HSM implementation among the lead states. The workshop covered a wide range of topics regarding the institutionalization of new quantitative safety methods (policies, design, planning, leadership, etc.), challenges and barriers (data collection and integration, statistical methods, analysis tools, training needs), case studies, and successful applications of the HSM. This report summarizes attendee statistics, the conference program, main activities (including 24 presentation and discussion sessions), and attendee feedback. Prospects for future workshops and training opportunities are also discussed. KW - Case studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Peer groups KW - Workshops UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/45797 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458067 AU - Rowell, Maura AU - Gagliano, Andrea AU - Wang, Zun AU - Goodchild, Anne AU - Sage, Jeremy AU - Jessup, Eric AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improving Statewide Freight Routing Capabilities for Sub-National Commodity Flows PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 77p AB - The ability to fully understand and accurately characterize freight vehicle route choices is important in helping to inform regional and state decisions. This project recommends improvements to Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) Statewide Freight Geographic Information System (GIS) Network Model to more accurately characterize freight vehicle route choice. This capability, when combined with regional and sub-national commodity flow data, will be a key attribute of an effective statewide freight modeling system. To come to these recommendations, the report describes project activities undertaken, and their outcomes, including 1) a review of commercially available routing software; 2) an evaluation of the use of statewide global positioning system (GPS) data as an input for routing analysis; and 3) the design, implementation, and evaluation of a survey of shippers, carriers, and freight forwarders within the state. The software review found that routing software assumes least cost paths while meeting user specified constraints, and it identified criteria for evaluation in the subsequent survey. The GPS data evaluation showed that significant temporal shifting occurs rather than spatial route shifting, and it revealed significant limitations in the use of GPS data for evaluating routing choices, largely because of the read rate. Among the survey results was that the first priority of shippers, carriers, and freight forwarders is to not only meet customer requirements, but to do so in the most cost-efficient way. From a latent class analysis of routing priorities, the authors discovered that distance-based classification best clusters similar routing behavior. The report includes recommendations for implementing this within the Statewide Freight GIS Network Model. KW - Commodity flow KW - Freight transportation KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Route choice KW - Software KW - Surveys KW - Traffic models KW - Washington State Department of Transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/792.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458064 AU - Tia, Mang AU - Hossiney, Nabil AU - Su, Yu-Min AU - Chen, Yu AU - Do, Tu Anh AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Concrete Pavement Slabs PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 321p AB - This study evaluated the feasibility of using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) as aggregate replacement in concrete for use in pavement. Four different RAPs from Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) approved RAP sources were used. Concrete mixtures with 0%, 20%, 40%, 70% and 100% aggregate replacement by RAP were produced and evaluated. The compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete were observed to decrease as the percentage of RAP increased in the concrete mix. The reduction in flexural strength was 10% to 20% lower than the corresponding reduction in compressive strength. The percent reduction in modulus of elasticity of the concrete was much higher than the corresponding reduction in compressive strength. The failure strain and toughness of concrete increased as the percentage of RAP increased in the mix. When a finite element analysis was performed to determine the maximum stresses in a typical concrete pavement in Florida under critical temperature and load conditions, the maximum computed stresses decreased as the RAP content of the mix increased, due to decrease in the elastic modulus of the concrete. Though the flexural strength of the concrete with RAP was lower than that of the conventional concrete, the computed stress to strength ratio for some of the RAP concrete was lower than that for the conventional concrete. The results of analysis of ultimate failure loads of concrete pavement slabs show that, on average, the pavement slabs using RAP concrete have higher failure load than that of the slab using the conventional concrete. The results of this study indicate that the use of RAP as aggregate replacement in pavement concrete appears to be not only feasible but also offers the possibility of improving the performance of concrete pavement. A recommended mix design procedure for concrete containing RAP is provided. It is recommended that a concrete pavement test section using RAP concrete be constructed within an existing highway to perform field validation. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Breaking loads KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Finite element method KW - Flexural strength KW - Florida KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Slabs UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_SMO/FDOT-BDK75-977-34-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225598 ER - TY - SER AN - 01458025 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ocel, Justin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility of Nondestructive Crack Detection and Monitoring for Steel Bridges PY - 2012/10 SP - 8p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has completed a multiyear study of systems and techniques to identify and characterize cracks in steel bridge structures. Steel bridges account for approximately one-third of the more than 600,000 bridges in the United States. While visual inspection has long been a major component in steel bridge inspection programs, it has limitations. A general objective of the study was to investigate technological options and improvements for steel bridge inspection approaches focused on crack detection and monitoring. KW - Cracking KW - Detection and identification KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural health monitoring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457648 AU - Krechmer, Daniel AU - Samano, Albert AU - Beer, Pamela AU - Boyd, Nicholas AU - Boyce, Brenda AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Fortress, Inc. AU - Mixon/Hill, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Role of Transportation Management Centers in Emergency Operations Guidebook PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 95p AB - The purpose of this guidebook is to increase communication, collaboration, and cooperation among Transportation Management Centers (TMC) and emergency response agencies so they can effectively respond to a variety of situations ranging from a localized traffic incident to major regional events such as hurricane evacuations. The key is to remove the technical and institutional barriers that prevent TMCs from fully supporting emergency operations. The guidebook addresses those barriers and provides noteworthy practices on how TMCs can effectively implement emergency operations through a mutual understanding with emergency response agencies on the responsibilities, resources, and operational procedures that result in a beneficial relationship for all parties. Throughout the publication are photos showing actual emergency events and the role played by the TMC. The guidebook will increase a TMC’s understanding of emergency operations and identify specific activities to enhance coordination and cooperation with emergency response agencies. The guidebook will also allow emergency response agencies to understand the mission, resources, and operational procedures of TMCs. As demonstrated through the guidebook best practices, it is the trust and relationships built up through joint planning and training activities that result in better cooperation. Improved cooperation in turn leads to success in achieving the ultimate goal, which is more rapid and effective response in times of emergency with reduced loss of life and property. KW - Communication KW - Cooperation KW - Coordination KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response time KW - Incident management KW - Interagency relations KW - Traffic control centers UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12050/fhwahop12050.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225865 ER - TY - SER AN - 01457565 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Avrenli, Kivanc A AU - Benekohal, Rahim F AU - Medina, Juan C AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Center for Transportation AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LED Roadway Lighting, Volume 1: Background Information PY - 2012/10 IS - 12-012 SP - 100p AB - Roadway lighting is a fundamental public service that leads to a safer environment for both pedestrians and drivers. It is estimated that lighting alone accounts for around 3% of the total U.S. electricity consumption. Currently, street lighting applications mostly involve high-intensity discharge (HID) sources such as metal halide lamps and high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. As the energy crisis spreads across the world, energy conservation is becoming an urgent priority. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are fourth-generation light sources that have recently appeared as an energy-efficient solution to street lighting. (LEDs are currently used and are gaining credibility in street lighting applications but are only beginning to become viable for roadway lighting applications.) This report presents a comprehensive literature review that covers the current state of technology in LED roadway lighting, detailed comparison of LED roadway luminaires with HID roadway luminaires, test procedures for photometric measurements of roadway lighting installations, and Indiana Department of Transportation (IDOT) roadway lighting requirements. LED luminaires provide the advantages of energy efficiency, longer lifetime, good color characteristics, improved mesopic vision conditions, lack of warm-up time, compact size, directional light, reduced light pollution, environment-friendly characteristics, dimming capabilities, breakage and vibration resistance, and more uniform light distribution. The Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY demonstration projects provide good information on the potential benefits of the replacement of HPS streetlights with LED streetlights. However, LEDs are currently not frequently utilized in street lighting applications due to their lower luminous efficacy, higher heat conversion rate, higher installation cost, and issues in obtaining white light. Trade-offs between color correlated temperature and lumen output, and between color shift of LED light sources over time, lumen maintenance (LED life expectancy), and thermal management are the critical issues of LEDs that should be properly addressed in street lighting applications. Because of the significant differences in HID and LED technology, there has been a gap in industry test standards and test procedures for product comparisons and ratings. Thus, ENERGY STAR® criteria, along with other important new standards and test procedures, have been released and continue to be developed. Some institutions also published their own specifications for LED roadway lighting. There is a significant push by the industry to research and develop LED luminaires for street lighting, and this is evidenced in the number and improved characteristics of new products being released by practically every major player in the street lighting sector. Given the clear trend toward the use of LED luminaires in the industry, it is expected that efficient LED luminaires for highway applications will be available in the near future for higher mounting heights and lumen output requirements. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Energy conservation KW - High pressure sodium lighting KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Luminaires KW - Metal halide lamps KW - Product development KW - Street lighting KW - Technological innovations KW - Visibility UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/45791 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225532 ER - TY - SER AN - 01457564 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Avrenli, Kivanc A AU - Benekohal, Rahim F AU - Medina, Juan C AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Center for Transportation AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LED Roadway Lighting, Volume 2: Field Evaluations and Software Comparisons PY - 2012/10 IS - 12-013 SP - 147p AB - The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for roadway lighting can potentially save energy costs and reduce the frequency of maintenance. The objective of this study is to explore the current state of the art in LED roadway lighting technology. Three sets of LED roadway luminaires, along with a set of high-pressure sodium (HPS) luminaires, were selected for field testing. The LED luminaires were manufactured by GE Lighting (Evolve Series, 454239), Relume Lighting (Vue Series, 320-HE), and Cooper Lighting (Ventus Series, VSTA 08). There was generally fair agreement between illuminance measured in the field and data obtained using the lighting analysis software AGi32, except for one of the LEDs. Results showed that the field data and software results for two of the three sets of LED luminaires satisfied the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) illuminance design criteria for the test site conditions for a major roadway with medium pedestrian conflict. On the other hand, one of the sets satisfied the average maintained illuminance criterion for low pedestrian conflicts but not for medium pedestrian conflicts. Likewise, the field data for the HPS luminaire did not meet one of the illuminance uniformity criteria (average/minimum) in the test site conditions. Regarding luminance, measurements were collected in the field using a meter that provided accurate average values but not point-by-point maximum and minimum readings, given the greater aperture angle compared to that suggested by LM-50-99. Results from the field showed that the HPS and all three models of LED luminaires met the average IDOT luminance design criteria for the test site conditions (except one luminaire that met only the requirements in the center span). Software results also showed that the LED luminaires mostly satisfied the average luminance criterion for the specified roadway. However, one of the uniformity requirements (maximum/minimum) was not met by two of the LED sets, exceeding the recommended ratios. Lastly, a generic cost-benefit analysis of an LED luminaire was conducted as an example to analyze LED luminaires. A second phase of this project is proposed, including conducting more detailed cycle-life cost analysis for LED roadway luminaires, determining appropriate light loss factors, providing further information for a new IDOT specification, and examining other technologies such as ceramic metal halide, plasma, and induction. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Design standards KW - Energy conservation KW - Field tests KW - High pressure sodium lighting KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Luminaires KW - Luminance KW - Software KW - State of the art studies KW - Street lighting KW - Visibility UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/45792 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457309 AU - Miller, John S AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Interim Update to the 2035 Socioeconomic and Travel Demand Forecasts for Virginia PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 83p AB - In support of the update to Virginia’s 2035 Statewide Multimodal Plan, this report provides an update to select socioeconomic forecasts initially made in 2009 based on a review of data from national sources and the literature. Mobility needs exist for diverse Virginia subpopulations, such as persons without access to a vehicle (6.3% of statewide households or 8.8% of the state’s workforce); non-drivers (a group whose composition is changing, with recent decreases in the percentage of Virginians age 15-24 with a driver’s license contrasted with increases in the percentage of females age 65 or older [65+] with a driver’s license); persons age 65+ (e.g., in 2010, the number of Virginians age 65+ outnumbered those age 19 or younger in only 1 of Virginia’s 21 regions; by 2035, this will be the case in 8 of Virginia’s 21 regions); and persons protected by environmental justice regulations (e.g., the income of 17.3% of Virginians was below 150% of the poverty level for 2006-2010, and the minority population was 35.2% of Virginia’s population in 2010). Subpopulations may also be defined by geography. Although a projected increase in fuel prices between 2010 and 2035 of 48% for autos and 50% for trucks is expected to reduce highway travel more than would be the case without a price increase, the increase in population that is expected based on 2010-2035 levels may offset this decrease; with a variety of assumptions including elasticity of demand, an expected congestion cost in urban areas approaches $5.7 billion based on delay and costs associated with excess fuel consumption. In non-urbanized areas, a rough order of magnitude estimate of the cost of delays, derived in this report, is $285 million at present. Geographical differences are apparent; notably, the largest group of workers by income using public transportation in the Northern Virginia region and, just to its south, the George Washington Regional Commission comprised those with an income of $75,000 or more; by contrast, in the Richmond and Hampton Roads regions, the largest group comprised workers with an income below $10,000. Another geographical difference is that the percentage of those who speak English less than “very well” varies by region, from 0.6% to 13.4%. Implications of these forecasts are noted. For example, because more than one-third of the population age 65+ has a disability compared with about 7% of the population under age 65, the increase in persons age 65+ suggests that the percentage of Virginians with disabilities may also increase. As another example, despite the relatively large costs of congestion in Virginia’s urbanized areas, other sources suggest that crash costs may be approximately 2.4 times as large as these congestion costs. As a third example, ways to increase motorist and transit passenger comfort may merit exploration as a means to reduce the perceived cost of travel. Because these implications transcend regional boundaries, they may offer opportunities to garner consensus on some transportation improvements and thus are appropriate to consider in future planning efforts. KW - Demographics KW - Long range planning KW - Mobility KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Population forecasting KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Travel demand KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/13-r4.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46554/13-r4.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46760/Interim_update_to_the_2035_socioeconomic_and_travel_demand_forecasts_for_Virginia.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457308 AU - Dixon, Michael P AU - Abdel-Rahim, Ahmed AU - Elbassuoni, Sherief AU - University of Idaho, Moscow AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Impacts of Differential Speed Limits on Interstate Highways in Idaho PY - 2012/10 SP - 44p AB - In this research, an evaluation of the impacts of differential speed limits (DSL) on rural interstate highways in Idaho was completed. The main purpose for this research was to determine if there have been any speed or safety effects after enacting the DSL, and also to study some of the geometric effects, like rumble-strips, on the safety of vehicles on rural Idaho interstates. Regarding the effects of DSL on speed, it was found that passenger car and truck speeds stabilized since the DSL policy implementation date. More specifically, the DSL reduced truck speeds, resulting in mean passenger vehicle and truck speeds of 74.7 and 65.6 mph, respectively. Regarding the DSL effect on speed compliance, passenger vehicle compliance slightly worsened, while truck compliance improved. Establishment of the DSL policy also contributed to a decrease in the crash rates on Idaho’s rural interstates. KW - Compliance KW - Crash rates KW - Highway safety KW - Idaho KW - Interstate highways KW - Rural areas KW - Speed control KW - Speed data KW - Variable speed limits UR - http://www.itd.idaho.gov/highways/research/archived/reports/DSL%20Final%20Report%2011-26-12.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46555/DSL_Final_Report_11-26-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225027 ER - TY - SER AN - 01457173 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of High-Volume Fly Ash Mixtures (Paste and Mortar Components) Using A Dynamic Shear Rheometer and an Isothermal Calorimeter PY - 2012/10 IS - FHWA-HRT-12-062 SP - 8p AB - Many transportation experts in State transportation departments, the concrete industry, and academia are exploring ways to make concrete more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, slag cement, and natural pozzolans have been used by many transportation agencies to achieve sustainability. The primary objective of this study was to develop a rationale for using a dynamic shear rheometer and an isothermal calorimeter as practical, quick scanning tools for the following purposes: (1) Predict and assess early-age behavior of concrete mixtures containing different types and levels of cement and fly ash. (2) Identify incompatible blends. (3) Verify performance. KW - Admixtures KW - Calorimeters KW - Fly ash KW - Performance measurement KW - Pozzolan KW - Slag cement KW - Sustainable development UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/12062/12062.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456900 AU - Qi, Yi AU - Chen, Xiaoming AU - Yu, Lei AU - Wang, Yubian AU - Zhang, Min AU - Yuan, Peina AU - Persad, Khali R AU - Texas Southern University, Houston AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Flashing Yellow Operations to Improve Safety at Signals with Protected-Permissive Left Turn (PPLT) Operations PY - 2012/10//Technical Report SP - 160p AB - The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) 2009 Edition suggests the use of Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA) indication in replacement of green ball indication for permissive left-turn (PPLT) signal in presence of separate signal heads. Currently, there is no clear guidance on how to implement flashing yellow operations with PPLT in Texas. The objective of this research project is to developed guidelines for FYA with PPLT operations. To fulfill this goal, the researchers (1) reviewed and synthesized national and peer state practices on FYA PPLT; (2) surveyed traffic engineers and drivers ; (3) deployed FYA PPLT operation at five selected intersections in Texas cities; (4) identified software and hardware issues associated with the deployment of FYA PPLT; and (5) evaluated the safety performance of FYA PPLT based on the historical crash data analysis and field traffic conflict studies. According to the findings of this research, it is recommended that FYA signal indication can be used at most of signals with PPLT operations to improve intersection safety and to comply with the requirements of the MUTCD. However, FYA PPLT operation is not recommended at busy intersections that have high left-turn volumes and opposing volumes, and it should be implemented with great caution at intersections where lead-lead left-turn phasing is used. KW - Best practices KW - Exclusive permissive phasing KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Intersections KW - Left turn lanes KW - Texas KW - Traffic safety KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - http://itri.tsu.edu/Reports/TxDOT_0-6568-R1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46553/TxDOT_0-6568-R1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456897 AU - Perkins, Judy A AU - Mwakalonge, Judith AU - Jasek, Debbie AU - Carson, Jodi AU - Obeng-Boampong, Kwaku AU - Pesti, Geza AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Prairie View A&M University TI - Research on Best Practices for Winter Weather Operations PY - 2012/10//Technical Report SP - 218p AB - There is a growing need to identify actionable practices relative to winter weather operations. Because of the potential and inherent hazards during cold weather, it has become increasingly important to ensure that these practices can be effectively employed as well as protect the health and safety of employees working in extreme conditions. The research objective was to develop a winter weather operations manual for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) districts that are vulnerable to weather-related emergencies. A synthesis of the best practices related to winter weather operations and transferable best practices are documented in the operations manual to help maintenance crews better understand how to work in challenging weather-related events. In addition, a playbook for winter storms in Texas was developed to be used for general public awareness of winter storm operations. KW - Best practices KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency management KW - Ice KW - Snow KW - Texas KW - Transportation operations KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6669-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456874 AU - Turnbull, Katherine F AU - Lasley, Phil AU - Larson, Greg AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Synthesis of Port Related Freight Improvement Studies: Technical Report PY - 2012/10//Technical Report SP - 38p AB - This project was undertaken to assist in identifying landside transportation projects that will better position the state of Texas to benefit from the expansion of the Panama Canal through increases in exports and imports. Studies and plans over the past 10 years have examined different aspects of the freight system in the state, including ports, railroads, highways, and intermodal facilities. This project summarizes the key elements addressed in these previous studies, especially those related to landside access to ports. The results of this review were summarized and a searchable Excel spreadsheet was developed containing information on the identified landside access projects. The spreadsheet includes information on the project type, the issues addressed, estimated cost, funding sources, and other related characteristics. KW - Construction projects KW - Freight traffic KW - Improvements KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Landside operations (Ports) KW - Panama Canal KW - Planning by facility or land use KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6801-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46774/Synthesis_of_port_related_freight_improvement_studies_technical_report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456872 AU - Schneider, William H AU - Holik, William AU - Bakula, Casey AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of Bluetooth Technology to Rural Freeway Speed Data Collection PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 146p AB - Bluetooth data collection devices are an innovative technique for measuring travel times and speeds on roadway segments. This project developed a system capable of recording Bluetooth Media Access Control (MAC) addresses with a timestamp and determining the space mean speed of vehicles between multiple nodes. Battery powered and solar powered nodes are developed for the project. Various deployments of the nodes are utilized to determine the ideal placements and distances. The nodes are utilized in determining capacity of work zones by using travel speeds and times as surrogate measures of congestion. Nodes are also used to detect incidents based on increased Bluetooth device hit counts. Recommendations for node spacing are made for rural and urban areas. KW - Bluetooth technology KW - Floating car data KW - Nodes (Networks) KW - Real time information KW - Rural highways KW - Sensors KW - Speed data KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel time UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/825818203/viewonline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224030 ER - TY - SER AN - 01456871 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Medina, Juan C AU - Benekohal, Rahim F AU - Ramezani, Hani AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Evaluation of Smart Sensor Vehicle Detectors at Intersections­­--Volume 1: Normal Weather Conditions PY - 2012/10 IS - 12-016 SP - 32p AB - Microwave-based vehicle detection products from two manufacturers were selected for field testing and evaluation: Wavetronix and Intersector. The two systems were installed by the manufacturer/distributor at a signalized intersection. Initial evaluation was performed and the results were shared with the companies. They were given an opportunity to change or fine-tune the systems’ setup, if they wanted, resulting in a modified setup. Results are presented in this report in terms of four types of errors (false, missed, stuck-on, and dropped calls). At the stop bar, at least 94% of detections for Wavetronix and 96% for Intersector were correct. At stop bar zones, the overall occurrence of false calls for Wavetronix ranged from 0.56% to 1.62%. Missed calls were low for Zones 1 and 2 (0.13% and 0.43%) but significantly higher in Zone 3 (6.05%). Also, stuck-on calls were only observed in Zone 3 (0.58%), and a few dropped calls were found almost exclusively in Zone 3 (0.16%). For Intersector, false calls ranged from 1.4% to 3.56% and missed calls ranged between 0.05% and 0.27%. Stuck-on calls ranged from 0.92% for 2.83% and dropped calls were very low (0% and 0.19%). At the advance zones, at least 91% of detections for Wavetronix and 99% for Intersector were correct. For the advance zone, a direct comparison of the two systems was not performed because Wavetronix covered all three lanes combined, but Intersector had one zone covering only the center lane. Wavetronix did not have any stuck-on or dropped calls, missed calls were 1.07%, and false calls were 8.29% for the summer and fall datasets combined. Intersector had no dropped calls, 0.04% stuck-on calls (only one call), 0.8% missed calls, and 0.7% false calls. Additional testing is under way to evaluate the performance of the two systems under inclement weather conditions. KW - Data collection KW - Data quality KW - Microwave detectors KW - Remote sensing KW - Sensors KW - Signalized intersections KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Weather KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/45794 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455854 AU - Williams, William F AU - Bligh, Roger P AU - Menges, Wanda L AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute TI - MASH TL-3 Testing and Evaluation of a Steel Bridge Rail with Pickets PY - 2012/10//Test Report SP - 120p AB - Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has a need for a steel bridge rail that anchors to a concrete curb with an aesthetic appearance using steel pickets. Bridge railings that use pickets (concrete and steel) have exhibited undesirable safety performance characteristics. The purpose of this portion of the project was to design and evaluate a steel bridge rail with pickets that would meet the strength and safety performance criteria for Test Level 3 (TL-3) of MASH. The bridge rail tested for this project was similar to the Wyoming 2-tube bridge rail that was successfully crash tested under NCHRP Report 350 criteria (Texas Transportation Institute Project No. 472610-4, dated May 1996). Details from the Wyoming 2-Tube design were incorporated and used in the design of the new TxDOT Picket Rail. The TxDOT Picket Rail evaluated and presented herein met all the safety performance criteria for MASH TL-3 and is suitable for implementation on new bridge construction. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge railings KW - Curbs KW - Evaluation KW - Pickets KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/9-1002-12-2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46334/9-1002-12-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455833 AU - Wolshon, Brian AU - Ishak, Sherif AU - Idewu, Wakeel AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of Lane Merges at Rural Freeway Construction Work Zones PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 76p AB - Practices for the design and control of work zone traffic control configurations have evolved over time to reflect safer and more efficient management practices. However, they are also recognized as areas of frequent vehicle conflicts that can cause congestion and safety problems. In this research, a new design has been developed that could lessen some of these detrimental effects. This new concept, known as the “joint merge,” simultaneously merges two lanes into one. The key feature of the design is its two-sided taper in which the two adjacent lanes approaching a lane reduction are simultaneously tapered into a single lane with neither lane having a priority. This is theorized to influence drivers into merging in a smooth alternating pattern. To evaluate its operational effects, the joint merge was examined in a work zone in Louisiana and compared to an manual on uniform traffic control devices (MUTCD) conventional merge configuration at the same site. Lane-specific volume and vehicle speeds were collected in the field and the two designs were compared using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and T-test statistical procedures. Overall, the joint merge was found to increase the efficiency of the closed lane and encourage the use of both lanes into the work zone entrance. It was also found that the number of lane changes during low and high-volume periods decreased when the joint merge configuration was used. While no conclusive findings could be made relative to its specific effect on capacity, video recordings and lane usage data suggested that the joint merge strategy was understood and well received by most drivers. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Design KW - Louisiana KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Merging traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_484.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46759/Design_of_lane_merges_at_rural_freeway_construction_work_zones.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455824 AU - Kim, Sung-Hee AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for Portland Cement Concrete Pavements for MEPDG Implementation PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 88p AB - The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) is an important parameter in Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement analysis and design as it is directly proportional to the magnitude of temperature-related pavement deformations throughout the pavement service life. Several studies in the past few years have classified the CTE as an extremely sensitive input in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) for structural design of rigid pavements, because the CTE affects slab stresses due to initial temperature-induced movements, corner deflections, joint faulting, pavement smoothness, and sawcut timing. This study investigated the effect of aggregate and sand types, aggregate gradations, percentages of coarse aggregate and fine sand on the CTE of concrete mixtures. KW - Coefficient of thermal expansion KW - Concrete pavements KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Thermal expansion UR - http://www.dot.ga.gov/BuildSmart/research/Documents/10-04.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46472/10-04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455262 AU - Williams, William F AU - Bligh, Roger P AU - Menges, Wanda L AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute Proving Ground AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MASH Test 3-11 on the T131RC Bridge Rail PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 74p AB - Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) currently uses the TxDOT Type T101RC Bridge Rail, a steel post and beam bridge rail anchored to the top of concrete curbs. The T101RC Bridge Rail is 27 inches in height and can be anchored to the top of concrete curbs of varying heights. The heights of the posts and the number of bridge rail elements vary depending on the height of the concrete curb. The posts are anchored to the curb using four adhesive anchors. Based on crash testing of similar rail designs of the same height, the researchers believed that the TxDOT Type T101RC Bridge Rail would not meet the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) Test Level 3 (TL-3) criteria. The purpose of this portion of the project was to design and crash test a modified design of the TxDOT T101RC Bridge Rail that would meet the strength and safety performance criteria for TL-3 of MASH. A new bridge rail was developed and tested for this project. The TxDOT T131RC Bridge Rail met all the strength and safety performance criteria of MASH. This bridge rail is recommended for implementation on new or retrofit railing applications. KW - Bridge railings KW - Design KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Texas UR - http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/9-1002-12-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46335/9-1002-12-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455258 AU - Smith, Forrest S AU - Ocumpaugh, William R AU - Fulbright, Timothy E AU - Texas A&M University, Kingsville AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - South Texas Native Plant Restoration Project Final Report PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 426p AB - The South Texas Native Plant Restoration Project was a resounding success in that the primary goal of developing commercial sources of native seed has been substantially met. By the conclusion of the project on August 31, 2011, 20 native seed sources had been developed or aided in being commercialized because of this project. Ecotypic native seeds are today commercially available for use by the Texas Department of Transportation, and the methods to plant, establish, and manage these native species along roads in Texas have been tested, reported on, and are available for vegetation managers reference and implementation. The authors graciously thank the Texas Department of Transportation and its Commissioners, employees, and contractors for their tremendous collaborative nature and unyielding support that made such successes possible. KW - Grasses KW - Native plants KW - Restoration ecology KW - Roadside flora KW - Seeds KW - Texas KW - Vegetation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46353/0-4570-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454360 AU - Putman, B J AU - Xiao, F AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Technologies and Increased Percentages of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in Asphalt Mixtures PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 133p AB - The objective of this research project was three-fold: (1) evaluate the performance of South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) mixtures made with warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies, (2) evaluate the effect of increased reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) contents on SCDOT asphalt mixtures, and (3) evaluate the influence of WMA technologies on SCDOT asphalt mixtures made with RAP. To accomplish the research objectives, the research was divided in to three separate phases, each addressing one of the three specific objectives. Additionally, an extensive literature review was conducted to establish the state-of-the-practice related to the use of WMA and RAP in asphalt mixtures. The effects of WMA technologies and RAP content on asphalt mixtures were evaluated for binders and mixtures. Two different WMA technologies (Evotherm™ and foaming) and five RAP contents (0, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) were selected for this study. SCDOT Surface Type B mix designs were conducted for hot mix asphalt (HMA) and each WMA technology using two binders and two aggregates for a total of 60 mix designs. Once the mix designs were complete, the performance of each mixture was determined by testing the indirect tensile strength, tensile strength ratio, rutting resistance, resilient modulus, and fatigue life. In addition, the effect of the WMA technologies on the relative compactability of the mixtures was also quantified as the number of gyrations required to achieve the specified height of 95 mm for the intelligent transportation system (ITS) specimens. This research yielded several conclusions and recommendations for the implementation of WMA and higher RAP contents in SCDOT asphalt paving operations. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Mix design KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - State of the practice KW - Tensile strength KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46375/SPR_680_Investigation_of_WMA_Technologies_and_Increased_RAP_in_Asphalt_Mixtures__Final_Report_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454358 AU - Putman, B J AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Open-Graded Friction Courses: Construction, Maintenance, and Performance PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 119p AB - The South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) has been using open graded friction courses (OGFC) since the mid-1970s to reduce accidents on high volume routes. While the permeability of OGFC has several advantages, there are also concerns about the performance and maintenance of these pavement layers. The primary research objective of this study was to identify methods to improve the design, performance, construction, and maintenance of OGFCs in South Carolina. To accomplish this objective, several tasks including literature review, surveys, laboratory investigations, and field evaluations were completed. The results of this study led to several recommendations for SCDOT to consider in the future design, construction, and maintenance of OGFCs. These included adjustments to the mix design procedure for determining the optimum binder content, consideration of an alternative aggregate gradation to further a procedure for determining the necessary thickness of OGFC layers, best practices for construction of OGFCs, and potential maintenance solutions. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binder content KW - Friction course KW - Maintenance KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Paving KW - South Carolina UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46376/SPR_687_Evaluation_of_OGFCs_-_Construction_Maintenance_and_Performance__Final_Report_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222894 ER - TY - SER AN - 01454143 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Ozer, Hasan AU - Al-Qadi, Imad L AU - Kanaan, Ahmad AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laboratory Evaluation of High Asphalt Binder Replacement with Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) for a Low N-Design Asphalt Mixture PY - 2012/10 IS - 12-018 SP - 39p AB - This study investigated the effect of high asphalt binder replacement for a low N-design asphalt mixture including reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) on performance indicators such as permanent deformation, fracture, fatigue potentials, and stiffness, was studied. An experimental program included complex modulus, fracture, overlay reflective cracking resistance, wheel track permanent deformations, and push-pull fatigue tests. The asphalt binder replacement, combinations of RAS and RAP asphalt binder, levels in the mix were in a range of 43 to 64%. According to the results obtained from the experimental program, permanent deformation resistance of the mixtures was improved in the presence of RAS. Fracture tests at low temperature did not reveal any significant difference between the specimens prepared at varying percentages of asphalt binder replacement. Fatigue potential of mixtures increased with increasing RAS content and asphalt binder replacement. The specimens prepared with 2.5% RAS and PG 46-34 showed the best fatigue performance. The impact of asphalt binder bumping was highlighted by the results of all tests. The improvement in fatigue life and fracture energy was noticeable when the asphalt binder type was changed from PG 58-28 to PG 46-34 at the highest asphalt binder replacement level. The results showed that complex modulus test results can provide crucial information about the mix viscoelastic properties such as relaxation potential and long-term stiffness that can be used, along with fracture tests, to evaluate mix brittleness at relatively high asphalt binder replacement levels. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous binders KW - Deformation KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fracture tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Recycled materials KW - Shingles KW - Stiffness tests UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/45796 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454125 AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Murphy, Michael R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Web-based Pavement Performance and Maintenance Management and GIS Mapping System for Easy Access to Pavement Condition Information PY - 2012/10//Technical Report SP - 22p AB - State Departments of Transportation, including the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), have long been moving towards the development and implementation of pavement management systems that would enable monitoring of the performance of their roadways, as well as assist transportation officials with maintenance budget allocation and planning decisions. Various past attempts focused on using the available performance databases as well as state-of-the-art concepts for the development of such systems. The unique characteristics of the state of Texas, the most predominant of which is the vast size of the managed pavement network, 79,696 centerline miles of highways including 49,829 bridges, have made some of the decision support models and/or algorithms a challenge to implement. This report presents a new approach to the development of such a decision-support system with its focus on maintenance management for TxDOT. The new system is web-based and provides functional capabilities that allow transportation officials and engineers to make informed decisions regarding their budget planning and budget allocation for pavement maintenance management, fully utilizing available historical data. The developed system has successfully supported some of the TxDOT Districts in the development of their 4-year pavement management plans. In addition, pavement conditions in Texas were analyzed in terms of the effectiveness of the 4-year pavement management plans. KW - Budgeting KW - Decision support systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Texas KW - Web-based technology UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_9035_01_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454124 AU - Tayabji, Shiraz AU - Fick, Gary AU - Taylor, Peter AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - Concrete Pavement Mixture Design and Analysis (MDA) Guide Specification for Highway Concrete Pavements: Commentary PY - 2012/10 SP - 84p AB - This guide specification and commentary for concrete pavements presents current state-of-the art thinking with respect to materials and mixture selection, proportioning, and acceptance. This document takes into account the different environments, practices, and materials in use across the United States and allows optional inputs for local application. The following concrete pavement types are considered: jointed plain concrete pavement, the most commonly used pavement type and may be doweled or non-doweled at transverse joints; and continuously reinforced concrete pavement, typically constructed without any transverse joints, typically used for locations with high truck traffic loads and/or poor support conditions. KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete pavements KW - Highways KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Specifications KW - United States UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14949/1/IA_DOT_TPF-5%28205%29_InTrans_mda_guide_spec_commentary.pdf UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14949/3/IA_DOT_TPD-5%28205%29_InTrans_mda_concrete_pvmts_guide_specs.pdf UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/guide_spec_commentary_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454107 AU - Höfs, Wolfgang AU - Lappin, Jane AU - Schagrin, Mike AU - Cronin, Brian AU - Resendes, Ray AU - Hess, Søren AU - Pincus, Marcia AU - Schade, Hans-Joachim AU - Sill, Steve AU - Harding, John AU - Benz, Thomas AU - Monk, Chris AU - Engström, Johan AU - Bishop, Richard AU - Bossom, Richard AU - Schulz, Matthias AU - Easton, Andrea Vann AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - International Deployment of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems − Bilateral Efforts of the European Commission and United States Department of Transportation PY - 2012/10 SP - 32p AB - The United States and European Union (EU) share many of the same transportation research issues, challenges, and goals. They also share a belief that cooperative vehicle (also termed connected vehicle) systems, based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications, can deliver significant societal benefits for all road users in terms of safer, more energy-efficient, less congested, and environmentally friendly transportation. Thus, in January 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) and the European Commission Directorate General for Communication Networks, Content and Technology (CONNECT; formerly Information Society and Media) signed an Implementing Arrangement to develop coordinated research programs, specifically focusing on cooperative vehicle systems. Both recognized that coordinated research can preclude the development and adoption of redundant standards, provide significant cost savings, and support and accelerate the deployment and adoption of cooperative vehicle systems. An EU-U.S. Steering Group, Technical Task Force, and Working Groups, co-led and staffed by representatives of RITA, CONNECT, and appointed industry experts, are conducting the work for the EU and U.S. bilateral activities. Representatives from the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation and Tourism participate in these groups as official observers. KW - Connected vehicle technologies KW - Cooperation KW - Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure Systems KW - European Commission KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Research management KW - Standards KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications UR - http://www.its.dot.gov/connected_vehicle/pdf/Joint_EU-US_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454097 AU - Stuart, Thomas AU - Phillips, Jeffrey AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Veteran’s Glass City Skyway Solar Array Field Demonstration PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 223p AB - The Veteran’s Glass City Skyway (VGCS) Solar Array Field Demonstration is a large array of solar panels that was installed north of the VGCS bridge next to Interstate I-280 in Toledo, Ohio. The array consists of solar modules from two separate manufacturers, First Solar, Inc. and Xunlight Corporation. The function of the solar array is to generate electricity to offset the bridge’s lighting consumption, and to promote solar energy development in Ohio. A data acquisition system was installed to monitor and collect data to study the feasibility of operating a large solar array near a freeway. The purpose of this research is to provide information to estimate the cost effectiveness for future installations of this type and what equipment they should include. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Solar energy KW - Solar panels KW - Toledo (Ohio) KW - Veteran's Glass City Skyway Bridge UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/870532733/viewonline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454096 AU - Bower, Nathan AU - Wen, Haifang AU - Willoughby, Kim AU - Weston, Jim AU - DeVol, Joe AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt in Washington State PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 103p AB - Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a relatively new and emerging technology for the asphalt industry. It offers potential construction and environmental advantages over traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA). However, WMA must perform at least as well as HMA before it can be used to replace HMA. This study evaluates the performance of HMA and WMA mixes obtained from various field sites in the state of Washington. Different WMA technologies are examined in four separate projects; these technologies include Sasobit® and three water foaming technologies, Gencor® Green Machine Ultrafoam GX®, Aquablack™ and water injection. Performance tests are conducted on the cores and extracted binders to evaluate the resistance of HMA and WMA samples to fatigue and thermal cracking, rutting and moisture susceptibility. Additionally, the early-age field performance of WMA and HMA control pavements is compared. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cracking of asphalt concrete pavements KW - Fatigue tests KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Pavement performance KW - Rutting KW - Warm mix paving mixtures KW - Washington (State) KW - Water injection UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/789.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222752 ER - TY - SER AN - 01454092 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of Radiographic Testing to Multilayered Gusset Plate Inspection PY - 2012/10 SP - 8p AB - On August 1, 2007, the I-35W bridge collapsed in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The bridge was a three-span (255- by 456- by 255-ft) continuous subdivided Warren deck truss over the Mississippi River. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the collapse and leveraged technical assistance from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). NTSB determined that the cause of the collapse was due to undersized gusset plates at a particular node location on the main truss. In response to the I-35W collapse, FHWA and the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials conducted an experimental program to investigate the structural behavior of gusset plates. This research program tested 13 gusset plate connections to failure, meaning they could no longer support external loads. Four of these experimental connections had simulated section loss in the gusset plates to investigate the role of deterioration on the overall behavior of the connection. This offered a unique opportunity to test nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies on real gusset plate connections in a controlled environment with a known level of section loss. The following sections describe the results attained through radiographic testing (RT) of two multilayer gusset plate specimens. KW - Deterioration KW - Gusset plates KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Radiography KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural connection KW - Truss bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/12071/12071.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454013 AU - Perkins, Judy Annette AU - Carson, Jodi L AU - Mwakalong, Judith AU - Obeng-Boampong, Kwaku Oduro AU - Jasek, Debbie AU - Pesti, Geza AU - Prairie View A&M University AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Winter Weather Response Guide PY - 2012/10 SP - 256p AB - The purpose of this guide is to develop consistent practices that focus on a proactive approach to snow and ice control across the state. In addition to responding in a timely manner to a snow and ice event, best management practices highlighted in this guide will aid maintenance personnel in developing the best snow and ice control strategies. The Winter Weather Response Guide includes general guidance related to effective winter weather response and provides an opportunity for TxDOT personnel to supplement with District-specific information. KW - Best practices KW - Snow and ice control KW - Texas KW - Weather conditions KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6669-P1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46337/0-6669-P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453997 AU - Grace, Nathan AU - Oxley, Cassandra AU - Sloan, Suzanne AU - Tallon, Anne AU - Thornton, Philip AU - Black, Tammy AU - Easton, Andrea Vann AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Transforming Transportation through Connectivity: ITS Strategic Research Plan, 2010–2014 (Progress Update, 2012) PY - 2012/10//Strategic Plan SP - 195p AB - This document updates the Intelligent Transportation Systems Strategic Research Plan, 2010–2014, a focused research agenda whose goal is to deliver the foundational systems, technologies, and applications that provide transportation connectivity to the nation. This document builds on former/earlier ITS research initiatives to continue the most promising research for achieving a Connected Vehicle Environment and to deliver the next generation of ITS technologies to the marketplace. It satisfies the two-year reporting requirement to Congress by including updated materials — Snapshots of Progress — for each research program, to present research results, lessons learned, and next steps. KW - Connectivity KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - ITS program applications KW - ITS program technologies KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.its.dot.gov/strategicplan/pdf/ITS%20Strategic%20Plan%20Update%202012.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46498/ITS_Strategic_Plan_Update_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453991 AU - National Association of Regional Councils AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Livability Literature Review: A Synthesis of Current Practice PY - 2012/10 SP - 28p AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (U.S. HUD) created the Partnership for Sustainable Communities (the Partnership) in 2009 “to help improve access to affordable housing, more transportation options, and lower transportation costs while protecting the environment in communities nationwide” (U.S. EPA, 2009, para. 6). Guided by these goals, the federal government has committed significant resources and attention to implementing livability in state and local governments. While high-level, strategic federal investment in livability is relatively recent, states, regions, and localities have planned and implemented livable communities for more than a decade. The multitude of local, state and federal livability initiatives and the lack of widespread local and regional implementation tools led the National Association of Regional Councils (NARC) to ask how practitioners and policy officials implement and integrate livability on local and regional levels. NARC reviewed literature covering transportation, local and regional comprehensive and master plans, livability reports, and policy documents. Using the Partnership’s six livability principles as a framework, NARC identified the tactics and mechanisms local governments and their regional planning organizations used to support these principles. NARC sorted over 130 documents and identified reoccurring livability mechanisms and tactics. This literature review first examined the difficulty in creating livability consensus concepts, decoupled livability from sustainability and expanded on reoccurring themes. This review will assist practitioners and policymakers in understanding how states and localities define, plan and implement livability. KW - Context sensitive design KW - Land use planning KW - Literature reviews KW - Quality of life KW - Smart growth KW - State of the practice KW - Sustainable development KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Transit oriented development UR - http://narc.org/wp-content/uploads/Livability-Report-FINAL.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453914 AU - Eledath, Jayan AU - Matei, Bogdan AU - Bansal, Mayank AU - Jung, Sang-Hack AU - Sawhney, Harpreet AU - Sarnoff Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Layered Object Recognition System for Pedestrian Sensing PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 116p AB - There is a significant need to develop innovative technologies to detect pedestrians or other vulnerable road users at designated crossing locations and midblock/unexpected areas and to determine potential collisions with pedestrians. An in-vehicle pedestrian sensing system was developed to address this specific problem. The research team used stereo vision cameras and developed three key innovations, namely, the detection and recognition of multiple roadway objects; the use of multiple cues (depth, motion, shape, and appearance) to detect, track, and classify pedestrians; and the use of contextual information to reject a majority of the typical false positives that plague vision-based pedestrian detection systems. This report describes the approach and tabulates representative results of experiments conducted on multiple video sequences captured over the course of the project. The conclusion derived from these results is that the developed system is state of the art when compared to the best approaches published in literature. The false positive rates are still higher than desired for the system to be ready for commercialization. This report also provides steps that can be taken to improve the performance in this regard. A real-time system was developed and demonstrated in a test vehicle. KW - Detection and identification systems KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Real time information KW - State of the art KW - Stereo vision KW - Test vehicles UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/11056/11056.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453787 AU - Rupnow, Tyson D AU - Icenogle, Patrick AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Surface Resistivity Measurements as an Alternative to the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test for Quality Assurance and Acceptance - Implementation Report PY - 2012/10//Implementation Report SP - 50p AB - Many contracting agencies currently use permeability specifications in portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements and structures. This project followed the implementation of the surface resistivity test (TR 233) on a field project in Louisiana. Additionally, a precision statement was developed for TR 233, and a ruggedness study was conducted to determine influencing factors on the results of TR 233 testing. The single operator coefficient of variation of a single test result has been found to be 2.2 percent. Therefore, the results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator on concrete samples from the same batch and of the same diameter should not differ by more than 6.2 percent. The multilaboratory coefficient of variation of a single test result has been found to be 3.9 percent. Therefore the results of two properly conducted tests in different laboratories on the same material should not differ by more than 11 percent. The collected data only covered the moderate, low, and very low permeability classes; because of this, the precision statement should only be used for values within these ranges. Further testing is recommended to investigate values in the high and negligible permeability classes. The surface resistivity test shows lower variability than rapid chloride permeability test. The ruggedness study showed age and aggregate type as significant factors for surface resistivity. An additional factorial was used to compare individual factors against a control sample. The additional factorial suggested age, calcium nitrite, aggregate size, and aggregate type as significant factors for surface resistivity. However, comparative rapid chloride permeability testing on the same sample sets concluded that all significant factors determined will either affect the permeability of the sample in general or influence rapid chloride permeability as well. The project specific cost benefit analysis showed that the Department saved a total of about $10,000 over three months, $40,000 for a full year, or $160,000 for the life of the construction project, for the Caminada Bay Bridge project after implementing the surface resistivity meter. Using a conservative savings of about $20,000 per year per project and an average of 50 projects per year, the Department is projected to save about $1,000,000 in operational costs when the surface resistivity test is implemented statewide. The savings for contractor quality control (QC) are expected to equal or exceed DOTD operational cost savings when the surface resistivity test is fully implemented due to the specifications requiring that the contractor conduct QC testing at a frequency equal to or greater than the frequency of quality assurance (QA) testing by the Department. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Chloride ion penetration KW - Permeability KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Surface resistivity UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_496.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01450877 AU - Damrongwiriyanupap, Nattapong AU - Liang, Yu-chang AU - Xi, Yunping AU - University of Colorado, Boulder AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of Roller Compacted Concrete in Colorado's Roadways PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 60p AB - Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) is a no-slump concrete mixture that is transported, placed, and compacted with the same construction equipment as asphalt pavement. RCCs were used to construct three sections of pavement in Weld County Road 28 (WCR 28), eastbound of State Highway (EB 66), and westbound of State Highway (WB 66). Three sets of field inspections were conducted: 1) during construction; 2) nine months after construction; and 3) two years after construction. Strength and durability behaviors of the RCCs were tested right after construction, and some of the material properties of the RCCs were further tested nine months after construction. Field inspections showed that the diamond ground surface texture of EB 66 and WB 66 is better and smoother than the surface of WCR 28 where large cracks and chipping occurred along both longitudinal and transverse directions. The relatively poor quality of RCC samples at WCR 28C location may be due to the different quality of concrete mix, the degree of compaction used during construction, and the absence of saw cut joints. The concrete specimens were tested for rapid chloride permeability, drying shrinkage, freeze-thaw resistance, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. The test results obtained after the construction indicated that the chloride permeabilities are in the low to very low ranges, the drying shrinkages are in the normal range, and freeze-thaw resistance is fine. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength are also in the normal range similar to that of conventional concrete. The test results obtained nine months after the construction indicated that deteriorations occurred in the RCC concretes. After only nine months of service, the RCCs already showed noticeable changes in all of the selected properties tested. More tests and field inspections should be conducted in the future after a longer monitoring period to verify and validate the initial findings observed in the material properties and surface conditions of the RCC pavements. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Colorado KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deterioration KW - Durability tests KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Roller compacted concrete pavements KW - Strength of materials UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2012/rcc.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46176/rcc.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01450875 AU - Rasmussen, Robert Otto AU - Sohaney, Richard C AU - Transtec Group, Incorporated AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of Concrete Pavement Texturing Methodologies in Colorado PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 45p AB - This report presents information and data produced by the Colorado Department of Transportation’s (CDOT’s) long-term study of Portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) textures used within the state. The information includes vehicle accident, friction, and texture data. This information was used as the basis for a review of proposed revisions to the CDOT texture measurement method, CP-77, and a specification for PCCP texturing found in Sections 106 and 412 of the Standard Specifications. The report presents specific recommendations for PCCP texture specifications including a recommended average texture depth greater than 0.05 inches. It further concludes that artificial turf drag is an adequate PCCP surface texture. KW - Colorado KW - Concrete pavements KW - Crash rates KW - Friction KW - Pavement grooving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skid resistance KW - Texture UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2012/texturing.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46177/texturing.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01450082 AU - Chen, Erdong AU - Brown, Jennifer AU - Tarko, Andrew AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Barriers in Rural Open Road Conditions—A Synthesis Study PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 63p AB - The use of wide medians and clear zones that do not require median and roadside barriers is the current design practice for new and reconstructed rural highway facilities. Constructing or reconstructing roads with full-width medians and clear zones is much more expensive today compared to when the design standards were developed. Considerable costs can be accrued in additional overhead bridge length, earthwork and ROW in new construction projects, and widening of existing right–of-way and bridge structures in reconstruction projects. This synthesis study focuses on the use of median barriers and roadside barriers and it identifies: (a) the current design practice and the existing body of knowledge, (b) design conditions where adding extra traffic lanes without widening the ROW is acceptable from the point of view of safety and costs if barriers and guardrails are installed, and (c) future research needs. One of the practical outcomes of the project is a set of Crash Cost Modification Factors (concept found in the German design guidelines) estimated based on the past research for Indiana and simulation experiments executed with the Roadside Safety Analysis Program. These factors can be used to evaluate the safety benefit produced by a modified cross-section of a rural freeway. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Clear zones KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Median barriers KW - Rural highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314670 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46112/Technical_Summary.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46144/fulltext.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449134 AU - Gharaibeh, Nasir AU - Freeman, Tom AU - Saliminejad, Siamak AU - Wimsatt, Andrew AU - Chang-Albitres, Carlos AU - Nazarian, Soheil AU - Abdallah, Imad AU - Weissmann, Jose AU - Weissmann, Angela Jannini AU - Papagiannakis, Athanassios T AU - Gurganus, Charles AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation and Development of Pavement Scores, Performance Models and Needs Estimates for the TxDOT Pavement Management Information System - Final Report PY - 2012/10//Technical Report SP - 302p AB - This project conducted a thorough review of the existing Pavement Management Information System (PMIS) database, performance models, needs estimates, utility curves, and scores calculations, as well as a review of District practices concerning the three broad pavement types, asphalt concrete pavement, jointed concrete pavement, and continuously reinforced concrete pavement. The proposed updates to the performance models, utility curves, and decisions trees are intended to improve PMIS scores and needs estimates so that they more accurately reflect District opinions and practices, and reduce performance prediction errors. Researchers hope that implementation of these PMIS modifications will improve its effectiveness as a decision-aid tool for the Districts. Appendices H, J, and K contain calibrated PMIS performance model coefficients for asphalt concrete pavement (ACP), continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP), and jointed concrete pavement (JCP), respectively; they are recommended for use in the existing PMIS performance models (summarized in Chapter 4). Appendices M and N contain new revised utility curves and coefficients for ACP, CRCP, and JCP pavement distresses. Appendices T, U, and V contain revised ACP, CRCP, and JCP decision trees for needs estimates determination. Appendix Z contains a recommended priority index that can be used for programming projects for preservation, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Decision trees KW - Jointed plain concrete pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement Management Information System KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6386-3.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46132/0-6386-3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448615 AU - Gallagher, Susan AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 2012 Montana Summer Transportation Institute PY - 2012/10//Final Report SP - 31p AB - The Summer Transportation Institute (STI) hosted by the Western Transportation Institute (WTI) at Montana State University (MSU) aims to heighten student interest in transportation careers at the pre-college level. The program recruits high school students to participate in a two-week educational program on the MSU campus. The residential program introduces participants to all modes of transportation, seeks to build creative problem-solving skills, and supports college and career planning activities. The 2012 STI program was comprised of rising tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grade students from four states. Students lived on the MSU campus while participating in a multidisciplinary academic curriculum, which included guest speaker presentations, hands-on laboratories, and field trips. Students were exposed to an array of transportation careers and gained leadership skills while working on team design-build projects. During the evenings and weekend, STI students participated in educational, sports, and team-building activities. Sixteen secondary school students participated in the 2012 Summer Transportation Institute, which ran from June 10 to June 22, 2012. KW - Education and training KW - High school students KW - Montana KW - Summer Transportation Institute, Montana State University KW - Transportation careers UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/summer/final_report12.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46142/FINAL_REPORT12.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1215924 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01576045 TI - Machine Learning for Automated Analysis of Large Volumes of Highway Video AB - Development of advanced tools for automated video feature extraction. KW - Automation KW - Data quality KW - Learning KW - Machine vision KW - Technological innovations KW - Video UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/tfhrc/projects/projectsdb/projectdetails.cfm?projectid=FHWA-PROJ-12-0070 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01476045 AU - Fang, Howie AU - Weggel, David AU - Li, Ning AU - DiSogra, Matt AU - Gutowski, Matt AU - University of North Carolina, Charlotte AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recommendations for Placement of Cable Median Barriers on 6:1 and 4:1 Sloped Medians with Horizontal Curvatures PY - 2012/09/15/Final Report SP - 108p AB - This report summarizes the research efforts of using finite element modeling and simulations to evaluate the performance of generic low-tension cable median barriers (CMBs) on four-lane and six-lane freeways with a 46-foot median, horizontal curvature, and 6:1 and 4:1 median slopes. A literature review is included on the performance evaluation of CMBs and applications of finite element modeling and simulations in roadside safety research. The modeling and simulation work is presented on a CMB with vehicular impacts of a 1996 Dodge Neon and a 2006 Ford F250 at 62.1 mph (100 km/hr). The placement of CMB at 4, 6, and 8 ft (1.22, 1.83, and 2.44 m) from the median centerline was evaluated under vehicular impacts at three departure angles (20°, 25°, and 30°). The simulation results show that the current North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) CMB meets the Test Level 3 (TL-3) requirements of MASH when placed at 4 ft (1.22 m) from the median centerline on the 6:1 slope of a four-lane freeway. The backside impacts to the CMB placed at 8 ft (2.44 m) from the median centerline on the 6:1 slope of a four-lane freeway only partially engages the vehicle, which allows the vehicle to enter the opposing travel lane before being redirected or stopped. Compared to the CMB on a four-lane freeway, the CMB placement at 8 ft (2.44 m) from the median centerline on a six-lane freeway has reduced performance in both the front-side and backside impacts by the Ford F250 for TL-3 requirements of MASH. For the tested impacts with a Dodge Neon, the CMB on the 6:1 slope of the six-lane freeway has similar performance to that of a four-lane free way on the 6:1 slope. Based on the simulation results, placing the CMB at 6 ft (1.83 m) from the median centerline on a 4:1 slope of a six-lane freeway is not recommended. The use of finite element simulations in this project is shown to be both effective and efficient and thus recommended for future investigations of other research topics. KW - Cables KW - Finite element method KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Median barriers UR - http://www.ncdot.gov/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2011-09finalreport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245875 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466547 TI - HTML Preparation and 508 Compliance for Two Documents in the FHWA Office of Natural Environment AB - Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Office of Natural Environment has a requirement to convert two developed documents into HTML format and become compliant with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act (Section 508), so that they may be posted onto the organization's website. The contractor shall provide all material, equipment, labor, and items necessary to convert the two documents (when combined include 325 pages) into an HTML format and made 508 Compliant by including alternate text for all images, and headings and scopes for all table rows and columns. Alternate text must be descriptive enough so that anyone unable to view the document gleans the same information as one would from reading the text KW - Contractors KW - Data conversion KW - HTML (Document markup language) KW - Tables (Data) KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234782 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547382 TI - Strand Debonding for Pretensioned Girders AB - Strand debonding is an alternative for reducing stresses in the end regions of pretensioned concrete beams. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) load and resistance factor design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications currently limit the amount of partial debonding to 25 percent of the total strand area within a pretensioned girder. The limit was imposed in recognition of the detrimental effects that excessive debonding can have on shear performance. Nevertheless, several states allow significantly higher percentages of debonding (up to 75 percent) to be used routinely in design. These higher percentages are based on successful past practices that have not been challenged. It is clear that unless the experimental evidence provides sufficient clarity, a consensus agreement among bridge owners will continue to be difficult to achieve. A comprehensive study of partial debonding effects on the performance of pretensioned girders is therefore needed. Review of the various debonding practices used throughout the United States and existing test data will allow focused experimental research on the critical parameters. It is expected that this research will result in definitive recommendations regarding the number and configuration of debonded strands within commonly used cross-sectional shapes (i.e., I-, U-, and box beams). Final statements regarding the integral role of strand anchorage in the service and strength performance of pretensioned beams should be well substantiated and ultimately highlight the importance of a unified approach to strand debonding. The objective of this research is to develop a recommended revision to the current debonding provisions found within the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications. The proposed revisions shall consider service and strength limit states for strand debonding within pretensioned flexural superstructure members (i.e., I-, U-, and box beams). Project tasks are as follows: PHASE I--Planning - (1). Conduct a critical review of relevant specifications, technical literature, and owner and industry experiences. The review should cover research findings from both foreign and domestic sources. (2). Conduct a survey to identify current practices for strand debonding within pretensioned flexural superstructure members within the United States.(3). Synthesize the literature review and the survey results and identify the critical parameters that need to be evaluated analytically and experimentally. Propose an analytical program based on 3D finite element modeling to investigate the identified parameters, including the effects of end anchorages, beam sections, end-diaphragm details, concrete strengths up to 15 ksi, and strand sizes. The proposed analytical program should consider available test data in addition to the experimental investigations to be performed under Phase III. (4). Prepare Interim Report No. 1 that documents Tasks 1 through 3 and provides an updated work plan for the remainder of the project. This report is due no later than 4 months after the contract award. The updated plan must describe the process and rationale for the work proposed for Phases II through IV. PHASE II--Analytical Program - (5). Execute the approved work plan for the analytical program. (6). Identify proposed areas of the specifications that will require modification or addition. (7). Propose a testing program, including full-scale testing, to validate the findings of the analytical program and minimize the possibility of unfavorable failure modes. (8). Prepare Interim Report No. 2 that documents Tasks 5 through 7 and provides an updated work plan for the remainder of the project. This report is due no later than 6 months after approval of Phase I. The updated plan must describe the work proposed for Phases III through IV. PHASE III--Testing Program and Recommendation for Draft AASHTO Specifications - (9). Execute the testing program and finalize the analytical program validation. (10). Based on the analytical and experimental investigations, calibrate and develop specification and commentary language related to service and strength limit states for recommended changes to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications. In order to address calibration theory, load and material inputs to the analytical program must be varied to demonstrate the repeatability and sensitivity of the proposed code language. (11). Prepare Interim Report No. 3 that documents Tasks 9 and 10. The report is due no later than 18 months after approval of Phase II. PHASE IV--Final Products - (12). Prepare revised specifications after consideration of panel's comments and prepare ballot items for AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures consideration. (13). Prepare a final report that documents the entire research effort including design and construction details. KW - Beams KW - Bridge design KW - Concrete bridges KW - Debonding KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Specifications KW - United States UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3171 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334646 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01576047 TI - Navigation Guidance for People With Vision Impairment AB - The project is intended to accomplish five main objectives in terms of its potential for technical innovation and commercial application in the field of navigation aid for blind or visually impaired persons. The first objective is to provide a navigational aid that can track the location of a blind person anywhere, including areas where a global positioning system (GPS) is not available or not reliable (e.g., indoors, in urban areas with tall buildings, etc.). The second is to look ahead in time and space to plan a route that allows a visually impaired person to get to a destination, then to adaptively update the route based on vision system recognized obstacles that are to be avoided, such as people or construction within the path (a concept know in robotics as Event Horizon). The third is to take gestural input and provide natural route guidance based on tactile stimuli (instead of relying solely on auditory or visual instructions). The fourth objective is to use computer vision techniques to verify that the user has reached the correct destination, as well as to find stairs, elevators (buttons), hallways, and doors in the visual scope to help with navigation. The final objective is to take input from and provide input to intelligent traffic systems (for example, the ability to communicate with drivers to send them alerts when they are getting close to a blind person who is crossing the street). KW - Audible pedestrian signals KW - Blind persons KW - Global Positioning System KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Navigation systems KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Route guidance UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/tfhrc/projects/projectsdb/projectdetails.cfm?projectid=FHWA-PROJ-12-0107 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369996 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489639 TI - HSA Safety Data Community/Analysis Dashboard AB - No summary provided. KW - Data analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Policy KW - Standards KW - Technical assistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258869 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01530029 TI - Evaluating the Risk of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Wyoming: Continued Evaluation of Field Specimens, Proposed Mitigation Strategies and Improving Existing ASTM Standards AB - The purpose of this research is to continue to monitor and test existing Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) specimens; to evaluate the effectiveness of using fly ash as a mitigation tool; and to evaluate how to improve the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards and update where necessary. This proposed study builds on a comprehensive test program of a suite of eight (8) aggregate types from pits around Wyoming, with primary focus in the Big Horn Basin and supplemental sources in Rock Springs and Cheyenne, Wyoming. The second phase of the proposal evaluates the effectiveness of using fly ash as a mitigation tool in new construction. The third phase of the proposal repeats the ASTM C 1293 testing for one inconclusive aggregate as well as considering a more rapid testing method. KW - Aggregates KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - American Society for Testing and Materials KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Mitigation practices KW - Monitoring KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1314833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454512 AU - Lane, Richard AU - Pelham, Krystle AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ground Vibrations Emanating from Construction Equipment PY - 2012/09/08/Final Report SP - 69p AB - The recent trend in highway construction within New Hampshire has been toward reconstruction and rehabilitation projects in congested urban areas. This has resulted in a greater concern for vibrations generated by non-blasting construction activities, a greater potential for complaints, increased potential for damage, and increased need to monitor vibrations during the construction phase of projects. A procedure for assessing the potential impact of non-blasting construction-induced vibrations at a project site has been modeled after the “Rock Fall Hazard Rating System” as published in the Federal Highway Administration’s “Rock Slopes Reference Manual” (FHWA HI-99-007). An impact assessment of construction vibrations can consider each type of vibration producing activity and the potential impact that activity would have on man-made structures and/or vibration sensitive equipment that is in relevant proximity to the project site. A “Construction Vibration Impact Assessment Table” was developed, providing a means of rating the potential impact of a specific construction activity at a given site. This rating will allow comparison of a specific construction activity at different sites, or different construction activities at the same site. The “Construction Vibration Database” was created as part of this research project, with the intent of providing a means of recording information on various types of non-blasting construction vibration activities. It is intended that this database will be continually updated with data submitted by both in-house resources and by vibration consultant subcontractors working on New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT) projects. This database will provide designers with a means of accessing empirical data to be used for forecasting expected vibration impacts on upcoming construction projects. The “Construction Vibration Assessment Procedure” and “Construction Vibration Database” can be used to develop a preliminary cost estimate for vibration monitoring services and as a resource for decision-making during the design and construction phases of NHDOT projects. Information was collected on a variety of non-blasting construction activities to include vibratory compaction, excavation, splitting of rock with a hoe-ram, sheet pile driving, pavement breaking, demolition, track mounted vehicles and heavy construction traffic at various project sites throughout the state. KW - Construction equipment KW - Databases KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Excavation KW - New Hampshire KW - Road construction KW - Vibration tests KW - Vibratory compaction UR - http://www.nh.gov/dot/org/projectdevelopment/materials/research/projects/documents/FHWA-NH-RD-12323W.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470844 AU - Allwell, Cassandra AU - Perlman, David AU - Paiewonsky, Luisa AU - Vasconez, Kimberly C AU - Lane, Tim AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Senior Executive Transportation & Public Safety Summit: National Traffic Incident Management Leadership & Innovation Roadmap for Success PY - 2012/09/05 SP - 45p AB - This report summarizes the proceedings, findings, and recommendations from a two-day Senior Executive Summit on Transportation and Public Safety, held June 26 and 27, 2012 at the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) in Washington, D.C. This forum of senior-level, multi-disciplinary executives representing the transportation, law enforcement, fire and rescue, and emergency medical services communities addressed major challenges and innovative solutions in enhancing the state of the practice nationally in Traffic Incident Management (TIM). Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Deputy Administrator Greg Nadeau, and FHWA Executive Director Jeff Paniati provided opening remarks expressing the commitment of the entire Department to support safe, quick traffic incident response on the Nation’s roadways. Participants at the Summit discussed innovative practices in TIM policies, legislation, training and outreach. Summit highlights included discussions and presentations on the following issues: Improving responder and motorist safety and consistency among jurisdictions; Supporting TIM outreach initiatives and messaging; Enhancing State and local legislation and policies that advance TIM planning and operations, including Driver Removal and Authority Removal legislation; Supporting urgent and clearly-defined research strategies, such as model Move Over and Driver Removal laws, the effects of emergency lighting, and the impact of TIM performance measures; Implementing the National TIM Responder Training course developed through the Transportation Research Board’s Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2); Improving the efficiency of the highway system through possible cost-recovery strategies, better investment of cost-efficient resources, and improved communication among responders about roles and responsibilities; and Developing an action-based executive group equipped to provide leadership, support, and guidance in advancing priority actions. KW - Communication KW - Incident management KW - Innovation KW - Law enforcement KW - Leadership KW - Legislation KW - Policy KW - Safety KW - State of the practice KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic incidents KW - Training UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/eto_tim_pse/publications/publicsafetysummit/fhwahop12051.pdf UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/eto_tim_pse/publications/publicsafetysummit/index.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46199/PublicSafetySummit_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238464 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01570489 TI - Midwest Freight AB - The National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) will capitalize on its resources to conduct advanced and applied research that impacts the multimodal movement of freight. Making freight transportation systems work for economic competitiveness should not happen at the expense of livability. The center has distilled its ideas for projects into a theme: Making Multimodal Freight Systems Work for Economic Recovery and Quality of Life. CFIRE's multidisciplinary and multi-scale approach recognizes interacting economic, social, and technical factors, and environmental and regulatory constraints, which influence the function of freight transportation and allied systems. In summary, CFIRE's significant contributions have two outcomes: Desired outcomes impacting applied measurement include: (1) a better routing tool for hazardous materials shipments; (2) guidance for using advanced technologies to improve livability of freight-centric communities; (3) methods for using non-destructive technologies for safety, maintenance, and cost allocation; (4) a new methodology for processing vessel data in real-time; and (5) identification of transportation infrastructure most at risk in a climate-change scenario. Desired outcomes influencing Institutional and Organizational Design include: (1) strategies for realigning multimodal freight networks in response to international capacity expansion; (2) strategies for revitalizing rural economies with shortline rail access; (3) identification of transportation barriers and opportunities for delivery of local food; and (4) the creation of a market for beneficial reuse of waterway dredging materials. KW - Economic and social factors KW - Freight traffic KW - Hazardous materials KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Quality of life KW - Regulations KW - Routing KW - Short line railroads UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/507 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1362130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01447540 AU - Clough Harbour & Associates LLP AU - New York State Energy Research and Development Authority AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Commercial Vehicle Information Exchange Window (CVIEW) Roadside Enforcement/Compliance Project: Comprehensive and Detailed Final Project Report PY - 2012/09/04/Final Report SP - 286p AB - An extensive effort was undertaken by Clough Harbour & Associates on behalf of, and with assistance from, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) in order to research and design a prototype roadside commercial vehicle electronic screening system including design guidelines, standards and specifications, to be utilized in New York State for data collection and roadside enforcement purposes, and to be potentially replicated at additional commercial vehicle inspection locations throughout the State. The culmination of this project is a comprehensive research, development and testing effort that resulted in the final design of a system and components for a deployable roadside electronic screening system that meets the existing and future needs of New York State's commercial vehicle safety and security inspection operations. The resulting prototype electronic screening system is operational and deployed along Interstate 90 westbound in the Town of Schodack, Rensselaer County, located approximately 1 ½ miles downstream of an existing commercial vehicle inspection location. Deployed at the testing location of the original mobile electronic screening system developed and based on recommendations as part of Phase One of this effort, the I-90W/Schodack prototype electronic screening site now includes permanent inroad and roadside installations of three different Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) technologies, Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) sensors and a License Plate Recognition (LPR) camera system. The system also includes a local wireless network configuration for on-site equipment communications as well as Internet access allowing enforcement to obtain access to the system remotely, and the functionality of monitoring and collecting bi-directional data on a 24/7 basis and providing a direct data feed to the regional transportation management center (TMC). In addition to serving as the model/prototype system for all future electronic screening deployments Statewide, NYSDOT is also utilizing this site to test additional commercial vehicle enforcement technologies such as rear (trailer) License Plate Reader cameras, US DOT Number reader cameras, overheight vehicle detection systems, and 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) vehicle/roadside technology. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Electronic screening KW - Inspection stations KW - Interstate highways KW - License plate recognition KW - New York (State) KW - Prototypes KW - Screenings KW - Technological innovations KW - Weigh in motion KW - Wireless communication systems UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-01-66c%20-%20Task%2019%20Final%20Report%20-%20FINAL%20-%209-4-12.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46028/C-01-66c_-_Task_19_Final_Report_-_FINAL_-_9-4-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214779 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573218 TI - Analysis of Construction Quality Assurance Procedures on Federally Funded Local Public Agency Projects AB - This study investigates construction quality assurance practices used on locally administered Federal-aid highway projects. The study covers various types, sizes, and scopes of transportation projects delivered by local public agencies. The study involves collecting, organizing, and analyzing data from various State highway and local public agencies. The research product is a report outlining current quality assurance practices on local public agency projects, including areas of weakness and successful practices. KW - Best practices KW - Construction management KW - Construction projects KW - Federal funding KW - Governments KW - Local government agencies KW - Quality assurance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1365868 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01532662 TI - Evaluation of Ohio Work Zone Speed Zones Process AB - In April 2011, the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) published a new process for the use and determination of speed zones in an effort to enhance the safety of the traveling public and workers while providing efficient flow of traffic through work zones. This process was based upon recommendations from previous National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) studies and ODOT internal procedures. Overall, research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the new ODOT process for establishing work zone speed zones compared to the previous ODOT process and the previous NCHRP recommendations. The main objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness of ODOT's new process for establishing work zone speed zones. To accomplish this objective, the research team will compare ODOT's new process with ODOT's previous process and the results of previous NCHRP studies using appropriate data measurements. The findings from this research will either validate that the new process for establishing work zone speed zones is effective or result in recommendations for improvements to ensure the safe and efficient flow of traffic in work zones. KW - Highway traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Variable speed limits KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/SPR/Research/reportsandplans/Pages/default.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1318059 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01570488 TI - 2014 Asset Management Conference and Training on Implementation Strategies AB - The objectives of this research project are to: (1) Provide communication and information sharing among member states and discuss research needs and provide research ideas to the Transportation Research Board (TRB); (2) Provide a technology and knowledge exchange forum to enhance the practical knowledge of member states concerning asset management implementation; and (3) Enhance the working knowledge of the asset management community. KW - Asset management KW - Conferences KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Information technology KW - Knowledge UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/510 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1362129 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545040 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 329. Alternative Delivery Methods for Winter Operations AB - This project reviewed the practices for maintenance and operations contracting and delivery of snow and ice control services. Based on this review and associated evaluation, the project developed a decision framework to help transportation agencies identify the preferred method for delivering winter highway maintenance and operations KW - Contracting out KW - Highway maintenance KW - Project delivery KW - Snow and ice control KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3284 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469970 AU - Mogawer, Walaa S AU - Austerman, Alexander J AU - Daniel, Jo Sias AU - Engstrom, Bryan AU - University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth AU - New England Transportation Consortium AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fix It First: Utilizing the Seismic Property Analyzer and MMLS to Develop Guidelines for the Use of Polymer Modified Thin Lift HMA vs. Surface Treatments PY - 2012/09/01/Final Report SP - 102p AB - The main objective of this study was to develop thin lift overlay mixtures with polymer modified asphalt for use in New England. As part of this research a comprehensive literature review and internet survey was conducted. Moreover, laboratory testing was conducted to develop thin lift Polymer Modified Asphalt (PMA) mixtures in an effort to evaluate their use for New England. It was attempted to use the Model Mobile Load Simulator (MMLS) to investigate the feasibility of using a non-destructive testing (Potable Seismic Property Analyzer) to evaluate the thin lift mixtures. However, after several attempts to compact the asphalt mixtures in the device, achieving target density was not attainable. Accordingly this thin lift mixture testing was replaced by dynamic modulus testing in the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester and low temperature cracking using the Indirect Tensile Test (IDT). The survey conducted showed the method of selection for either a surface treatment or lift Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) overlay were: decision trees, functional classification of the roadway, existing pavement condition, and experience and treatment cost. Moreover, the majority of respondents did not have a methodology to select the appropriate time to apply a strategy. Based on the survey, transportation agencies utilized PMA to reduce cracking, reduce rutting, reduce thermal cracking, and extend pavement life. No disadvantages of using polymer modified asphalt were noted. Thin lift mixtures were developed with five modified binders and one conventional binder for comparison purposes. The laboratory data indicated that the low temperature performance grade of the binders were warmer than the low temperature cracking of the mixtures predicted using IDT measurements. This indicates that the use of PMA did not increase the low temperature susceptibility of the mixtures tested. Therefore, PMA could be utilized for thin lift mixtures in the New England region. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Low temperature tests KW - New England KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Surface treating KW - Surveys KW - Tension tests UR - http://www.uvm.edu/~transctr/pdf/netc/netcr91_03-6.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46746/NETC03-6_Final_Report_-September_2012_1_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237190 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466549 TI - National Transportation Agreement on Research and Innovation between Federal Highway Administration and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service AB - The purpose of this agreement is to conduct research and promote innovation into the highway program with respect to fish and wildlife laws. The results of the research shall aid in the development of programmatic guidance, strategies, and stewardship initiatives in relation to the environmental review process. Dissemination of research results can enhance inter-agency coordination and support the development of training capabilities among the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and State Departments of Transportation (State DOTs). KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fishes KW - Information dissemination KW - Innovation KW - Laws KW - State departments of transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548514 AU - Deeter, Dean AU - Athey Creek Consultants AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impacts of Traveler Information on the Overall Network PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 54p AB - ENTERPRISE member agencies use a variety of tools and approaches to inform travelers about conditions on the roadways, including Dynamic Message Signs (DMS) and traffic flow maps on internet dissemination websites. The impacts of these tools are not clearly understood. While the public response to these dissemination tools has been very positive, there remains minimal solid evidence about the travel pattern changes caused by these messages or the impacts on other routes. Based upon the ENTERPRISE Travel Time Best Practices project, in nearly every state deployed, the travel time reports have received very positive feedback, and perhaps the value lies in informing travelers of conditions ahead, regardless of whether they divert. ENTERPRISE recognized the need for additional research on the impacts of traveler information and approved the “Impacts of Traveler Information on the Overall Network Project” to focus on understanding the impacts that travel time message displays (web and roadside) have on the network. To determine the impacts of travel times, on-line surveys were created and linked to the traveler information portion of the Minnesota and Washington State Department of Transportation (DOT) websites to gather feedback from travelers regarding their use of travel time information displayed on the web and on roadside DMS. In addition to surveying travelers’ opinions, historical travel time displays on DMS together with related traffic volume data (from locations downstream of the DMS) from the Minnesota and Washington State networks were analyzed. KW - Minnesota KW - Surveys KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Variable message signs KW - Washington (State) KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - http://enterprise.prog.org/Projects/2010_Present/travelinfoimpacts/ENT%20Impacts%20of%20TT%20on%20the%20Overall%20Network%20FINAL%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01541523 AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Eco-Logical Successes PY - 2012/09//Third SP - 6p AB - Eco-Logical: An Ecosystem Approach to Developing Infrastructure Projects outlines an ecosystem-scale approach to prioritizing, developing, and delivering infrastructure projects. Eco-Logical emphasizes interagency collaboration in order to create infrastructure projects in ways that are more sensitive to terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The eight Eco-Logical signatory agencies are: Bureau of Land Management, Federal Highway Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service, National Park Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Eco-Logical Successes highlights signatory agencies’ strategic environmental programs, projects, and efforts that share the vision set forth in Eco-Logical. This edition of Eco-Logical Successes focuses on two agency programs: the U.S. Forest Service’s Open Space Conservation Strategy and the National Park Service’s (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring Program. KW - Conservation KW - Environmental policy KW - Federal government agencies KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Infrastructure KW - National Park Service KW - Sustainable development KW - U.S. Forest Service UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/48000/48300/48341/EcoLogical_Successes_III.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1327139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511643 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Cattle Point Road realignment project : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/09//Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506074 AU - O'Connor, J S AU - BridgeComposites, LLC AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Composite Bridge Decking: Phase I Design Report PY - 2012/09 SP - 140p AB - This report provides information about the materials, subcomponent shapes, and processes used to fabricate a lightweight decking system. It describes the design criteria and presents the results of physical testing done to validate the finite element analysis. Attention has been given to the structural panels used for decking, as well as to the design details that are critical to the successful deployment of the technology, such as field joint construction, and wearing surface installation. The proposed design is a versatile hollow section that can be deployed in a variety of ways, depending on the design objectives and existing site conditions for a deck replacement project. The composite material provides sufficient strength to carry the factored American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) design load and, in cases where the supports are close together, is adequate for deflection control as well. Where steel stringers are spaced more than 3 feet on center, additional material is needed to increase the section’s stiffness. Testing has shown that fabrication with epoxy grout in selected cells of the hollow section will increase stiffness by 45 percent, although the grout adds 50 percent or more to the weight of the deck. In cases where it is very important to have a lightweight deck, deflection control can be achieved with additional fiber in the outer wrap. In this instance, the deck weighs approximately 16 psf prior to the application of a 4-psf wearing surface. This report documents Phase I of the project. It is provided as an after-test review to get input from the project’s Technical Advisory Panel and other potential stakeholders. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Composite materials KW - Fabrication KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Highway bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hfl/partnerships/hif13030/fhwahif13030.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1280727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01501473 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Modeling and Analysis Needs and Resources for Small Metropolitan Area Transportation Planning: Report on a Peer Exchange PY - 2012/09 SP - 30p AB - A peer exchange on Modeling and Analysis Needs and Resources for Small Metropolitan Area Transportation Planning was convened on August 28 and 29, 2011, to explore the state of transportation modeling and analysis practice in communities with populations under 200,000. The peer exchange explored planning concerns in small urban areas, and discussed data and analysis methods available to address those concerns efficiently and cost-effectively. KW - Data needs KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Peer exchange KW - Small cities KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/tmip/publications/other_reports/mpo_peer_exchange/mpo_peer_exchange.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1279831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496695 AU - Ashuri, Baabak AU - Kashani, Hamed AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Georgia Tech Research Corporation AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recommended Guide for Next Generation of Transportation Design Build Procurement and Contracting in the State of Georgia PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 274p AB - The overall objective of this research project is to develop a systematic approach that evaluates the appropriateness of Design Build Project Delivery System for a transportation project. State departments of transportation (DOTs) can benefit from this systematic assessment approach and better implement the Design Build Project Delivery System in highway construction programs by selecting the projects that are the most appropriate candidates for Design Build. The authors initially analyzed and documented state of practice of Design Build across State DOTs in the United States. Several structured interviews with representatives from three State DOTs (Colorado, Virginia, and Florida) were also conducted to further enhance understanding about the state of practice in using Design Build Project Delivery System in these DOTs. The detailed interviews of these three State DOTs helped the research team understand that a systematic, transparent, and consistent approach towards the application of Design Build Project Delivery System is critical in the success of Design Build programs in State DOTs. The most pertinent findings of this research are: (1) a systematic approach that evaluates the appropriateness of Design Build Project Delivery System for a transportation project; (2) a systematic high-level risk allocation for Design Build projects; (3) a systematic approach that evaluates the appropriateness of procurement methods for a Design Build project; and (4)a Design Build Guidebook that describes the process of evaluating the appropriateness of Design Build Project Delivery System, initial risk allocation in Design Build contracts, and assessment and selection of procurement methods for Design Build projects. KW - Construction management KW - Construction projects KW - Design build KW - Georgia KW - Implementation KW - Road construction KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the practice UR - http://www.dot.ga.gov/BuildSmart/research/Documents/10-23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01495866 AU - Proctor, Gordon AU - Varma, Shobna AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Risk-Based Transportation Asset Management: Achieving Policy Objectives by Managing Risks: Report 3: Risks to Asset Management Policies PY - 2012/09 SP - 27p AB - Dealing with risks to key strategic objectives is not new to transportation executives. They do it every day. What is relatively new is formal risk management as a transparent framework for identifying risks to strategic objectives, mitigating them and communicating their likelihood. The earlier risk management reports provided an overview of risk management and its practice at the agency, program or project level. This report examines a subset of agency risk management, that is strategic risk management, or the management of risks to key agency objectives and policies. In particular, this report examines risks to transportation asset management (TAM) policies and objectives. KW - Asset management KW - Risk management KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/pubs/hif12054.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265589 ER - TY - SER AN - 01495414 JO - ACPT TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Plei, Michael AU - Tayabji, Shiraz AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Performance and Best Practices PY - 2012/09 SP - 12p AB - Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) is enjoying a renaissance across the United States and around the world. CRCP has the potential to provide a long-term, “zero-maintenance,” service life under heavy traffic loadings and challenging environmental conditions, provided proper design and quality construction practices are utilized. This TechBrief provides an overview of the CRCP technology and the major developments that have led to what are referred to herein as the “best practices” for CRCP design and construction. KW - Best practices KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/hif12039/hif12039.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01491460 AU - Ling, Bo AU - Gibson, David AU - Bentzen, Billie Louise AU - Burton, Paul AU - Boudreau, Neil AU - Bobinsky, Mike AU - Hoben, Jim AU - Migma Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Large Field Test of New Stereo Detection System for the Pedestrian Signal Phase for the Visually Impaired PY - 2012/09//Field Test Report SP - 154p AB - In March 2010, a large field test study was conducted on a stereo pedestrian detection system in four cities in four States under the Federal Highway Administration’s Small Business Innovative Research program. The objective was to prove that the stereo vision would reliably detect pedestrians in real-world environments under all weather conditions (e.g., sunny, cloudy, foggy, rainy, and snowy) and extreme temperatures (e.g., very high temperatures in the southern part of the country and very low temperature in the northern part of the country) and determine that the system effectively actuates pedestrian calls and locator tones on accessible pedestrian signals (APSs). The study was conducted in Tucson, AZ; Somerville, MA; Portland, ME; and Manchester, NH. The stereo pedestrian detection systems were installed to evaluate their performance in complex real-world pedestrian/traffic environments under all weather conditions and extreme temperatures. A total of 17 systems, consisting of one computer and two cameras per crossing, were installed at 9 geographically disparate test sites. These were installed at both midblock crossings and at intersections. When pedestrians were detected at crosswalk ramps, the system automatically actuated both regular and APS pushbuttons to make the service request on behalf of the pedestrians. System performances were evaluated using images saved in external hard disks. Results from the testing showed that the overall positive detection rate for the automated APS actuation zones in all four cities was close to 98 percent, with the average number of false calls per day less than three. This excellent performance was confirmed through the real operations of systems installed at the test sites. Currently, all of the systems are operational 24 h a day, 7 days a week. Comments from the general public, including the blind and visually impaired community, were all positive. This system provides automated actuation of pushbuttons based on the presence of pedestrians. This provides the protection of pedestrian phases, thereby reducing the possibility of collisions between vehicles and pedestrians, preventing unnecessary fatalities, and automatically extending the walk time for seniors and wheelchair pedestrians without slowing down the traffic flow. KW - Crosswalks KW - Field tests KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian detectors KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Visually impaired persons KW - Weather UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/12047/12074.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1259876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01484421 AU - Ley, Tyler AU - Hajibabbee, Amir AU - Kadam, Shardul AU - Frazier, Robert AU - Aboustait, Mohammed AU - Ebisch, Travis AU - Riding, Kyle AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development and Implementation of a Mechanistic and Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) for Rigid Pavements - Phase I PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 243p AB - This report completes a sensitivity analysis of the MEPDG based on Oklahoma pavements, provides a literature review of base material best practices, increases the Oklahoma weather data available for the MEPDG, investigates the impact of curing on curling from drying shrinkage and from temperature differentials in concrete pavements, and provides regional input guidance for strength, coefficient of thermal expansion, and shrinkage for Oklahoma concrete mixtures. This research will speed the adoption of the MEPDG in Oklahoma. KW - Admixtures KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete curing KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Oklahoma KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Shrinkage KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1251379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477156 AU - Lawson, William D AU - Senadheera, Sanjaya P AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidelines for Using Ultra High Pressure Water Cutting to Remove Excess Asphalt PY - 2012/09 SP - 88p AB - This document presents guidelines for implementing the ultra high pressure (UHP) water cutter as a roadway maintenance tool relative to removal of excess surface asphalt such as exists for flushed asphalt pavements. The following topics are covered: an introduction to the ultra high pressure water cutter; a description of the ultra high pressure water cutting process; maintenance applications for ultra high pressure water cutting; Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) evaluation of ultra high pressure water cutting in terms of effectiveness, durability, production and cost; guidance on selection of candidate projects for ultra high pressure water cutting treatment; and specifications for ultra high pressure water cutting. Expressed within the broader context of roadway maintenance solutions, the guidance on ultra high pressure water cutting presented herein is intended to help TxDOT maintenance professionals address the problem of flushed pavements on Texas roadways in order to better provide safe and reliable transportation solutions for Texas. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cleaning KW - Cutting tools KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Surface treating KW - Texas KW - Water pressure UR - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/Reports/Products/P1-UHP_WATER_CUTTING_09-12-2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477151 AU - Vachal, Kimberly AU - Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Finding Direction for Safety Investments in Local Roads: System Diagnostics and Countermeasure Focus PY - 2012/09 SP - 34p AB - Local rural road travel has the highest injury crash incidence in North Dakota. Crashes on these roads were determined to differ in contributing factors and characteristics when compared to those on other rural roads. Crash data from 2006 to 2010 was studied to quantify factor magnitude in predicting injury crash likelihood on High Risk Rural Road Program eligible roads, considering on driver and road factors. Driver behaviors, including impaired driving and seat belt use, have the largest role in likelihood for injury outcomes. Intersections and unpaved road surfaces are found to be most significant in increased likelihood for injury outcomes among the road factors. Findings provide insight for resource and policy decisions that may be most effective in increasing travel safety for users of these rural roads. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash data KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - North Dakota KW - Rural highways KW - Seat belt usage KW - Unpaved roads UR - http://www.ugpti.org/pubs/pdf/DP256.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477150 AU - El Howayek, Alain AU - Bobet, Antonio AU - Dawood, Sulaiman AU - Ferdon, Andrew AU - Santagata, Marika AU - Siddiki, Nayyar Zia AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Project Implementation: Classification of Organic Soils and Classification of Marls— Training of INDOT Personnel PY - 2012/09 SP - 126p AB - This is an implementation project for the research completed as part of the following projects: SPR‐3005 ‐ Classification of Organic Soils and SPR‐3227 – Classification of Marl Soils. The methods developed for the classification of both soils have been incorporated in Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) standard specification 903.05 and 903.06 respectively. Both projects included recommendations for implementation that reflected input from the project administrator and study advisory committee. A specific recommendation from both projects was that INDOT soil technicians be trained to perform the required tests and classify soils based on the revised classification systems. This project was initiated to carry out the implementation of those recommendations. The project scope includes development of training material for instruction about the performance of the revised classification tests and methods, training to pertinent INDOT personnel, integration of the revised classification system into INDOT’s standards, and establishment of a resource database for future training of INDOT personnel. Within the general scope outlined above,the specific objectives of the proposed work were to: 1) administer training to select INDOT personnel and interested representatives from the geotechnical consulting/construction community; and 2) develop training materials to be used by INDOT to train additional personnel. These two general objectives were accomplished through four specific tasks: 1) Collection of Sample Soils for Testing and Classification; 2) Development of Training Material (a PowerPoint presentation with concise instructional handouts; supporting classification examples from a variety of soils; and a short manual summarizing the classification system for both soils with supporting examples); 3) Delivery of Training Sessions for INDOT personnel, as well as representatives from select geotechnical consultants and contractors; and 4) Production of a Training Video. KW - Classification KW - Implementation KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Marl KW - Organic soils KW - Training UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314984 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475551 AU - Chien, Steven AU - Ozbay, Kaan AU - Tsai, Feng - Ming AU - Yazic, Anil AU - New Jersey Institute of Technology AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of New Jersey Rates for the NJCMS Incident Delay Model PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 92p AB - This study developed a working database for calculating incident rates and related delay measures, which contains incident related data collected from various data sources, such as the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) Crash Records, Traffic Operation Center (TOC) incident data, TOC Emergency Service Patrol (ESP) data, and New Jersey Turnpike and Garden State Parkway incident data. In order to improve the output accuracy of non-recurring delay estimated by the New Jersey Congestion Management System (NJCMS), there is a need to develop the New Jersey specific incident rates, response times, and clearance times for both peak and off-peak periods. This study determined whether new data in the form of actual field observations of incidents (from the beginning to the end of an incident) will be reasonable and useful to supplement and tie together the existing data. An assessment of cost and benefit analysis was conducted, while a list of recommendations were provided at the end of this report. . KW - Congestion management systems KW - Data collection KW - Emergency response time KW - Incident management KW - Information systems KW - New Jersey KW - Off peak periods KW - Peak periods UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46772/Development_of_New_Jersey_rates_for_the_NJCMS_incident_delay_model.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01474026 AU - Smart Growth America AU - State Smart Transportation Initiative AU - Rockefeller Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Innovative DOT: A handbook of policy and practice PY - 2012/09 SP - 214p AB - This handbook collects the innovative approaches that state transportation leaders are already using to make systems more efficient and effective in today’s challenging economy. Smarter transportation investments are both possible and popular; the challenge is determining where to begin and to whom to reach out for support and guidance. Every state is different, from the political climate to the age and condition of its existing transportation systems. There is no silver bullet transportation recommendation that fits all 50 states. However, state officials can learn from other DOTs that have successfully charted a new course for transportation in their state. A few common keys to success include: 1. Create a collaborative atmosphere and culture within the organization; 2. Include stakeholders and partners beyond the agency; 3. Break down silos between DOT administrations and across agencies; 4. Understand how decisions are made within the agency; and 5. Prioritize solutions for reform. KW - Cooperation KW - Decision making KW - Handbooks KW - Innovation KW - Interagency relations KW - Partnerships KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - http://www.ssti.us/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/the-innovative-dot.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01473077 AU - Effinger, Jacob B AU - Li, Ruipeng AU - Silva, Jessica AU - Cramer, Steven M AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laboratory Study of Concrete Properties to Support Implementation of the New AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 146p AB - Properties of concrete embodying materials typically used in Wisconsin paving projects were evaluated in support of future implementation of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). The primary concrete properties studied were compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, indirect tensile strength, coefficient of thermal expansion, and Poisson’s ratio. Materials included fifteen sources of coarse aggregate, two sources of fine aggregate, two sources of ordinary Portland cement, two sources of slag cement, and three sources of fly ash. The results showed the type of coarse aggregate had the greatest effect on all concrete properties compared to the rest of the components changed in this study. MEPDG pavement thickness design was found to vary with coarse aggregate source and the use of supplementary materials. The MEPDG default level 2 and 3 empirical relations for material properties proved conservative for typical Wisconsin pavement projects based on predicted critical thicknesses. Two alternative options for empirical equations based on this study’s test results were found to be more accurate to actual test results than default level 2 empirical relations. One option was a least-squares best fit property prediction line based on all the test results. The other option was to split the concrete property predictions into two equations based on coarse aggregate mineralogy. Comparisons with previous relevant WHRP reports are included KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Flexural strength KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Poisson ratio KW - Tensile strength KW - Thermal expansion UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/WisDOT-WHRP-project-0092-10-11-final-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1239130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472487 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Property Management Tools and Techniques: Models for the Effective Management of Real Property Assets at State Departments of Transportation PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 35p AB - The Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Office of Real Estate Services (HEPR) sponsored the research reported on here to review tools and techniques that State Departments of Transportation (SDOTs) are using to manage, or inventory, their real property assets. The report is based on information collected from SDOTs during three separate one-day meetings convened in February and March 2012 in Austin, Texas, Charlotte, North Carolina, and Sacramento, California. This report synthesizes the content of the meetings’ discussions in order to ultimately convey the components of an ideal property management system. KW - Administration KW - Best practices KW - Inventory KW - Property management KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/real_estate/publications/property_management_tools/property_management_report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46660/property_management_report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1239011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470878 AU - Million, A J AU - Hatchell, Sheila M AU - Sarmiento, Roberto A AU - HS InFocus AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Proving Your Library’s Value: A Toolkit for Transportation Librarians PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 52p AB - Historically, all types of libraries have faced pressure to demonstrate their worth. This Toolkit was created to provide examples, guidelines, and applications to alleviate such pressure. It was written by the authors after conducting in-depth research, analysis, and discussions. It distills contemporary research for the transportation community. A survey was conducted to gather primary information and supplement our findings while return-on-investment calculator options were developed. Real world lessons were requested from practicing librarians. The team found that communicating value is most accurately addressed by individual libraries. To properly document value requires the development of library-specific goals, metrics, and success stories. KW - Information services KW - Libraries KW - Library operations KW - Management KW - Marketing KW - Return on investment KW - Transportation libraries KW - Valuation UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TRyy1127/cmr13-007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470203 AU - Agbelie, Bismark R D K AU - Labi, Samuel AU - Mannering, Fred L AU - Sinha, Kumares C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Updates to Indiana Fuel Tax and Registration Revenue Projections PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 34p AB - Highway revenues both at the federal and state levels have failed to keep up with expected investments required for infrastructure preservation and improvement. The reasons for this trend include the increasing fuel efficiency of vehicles, slowing of the growth in vehicle‐miles of travel, and the erosion of the purchasing power of the dollar due to inflation. Past studies on the issue of highway revenue forecasting for Indiana highways were conducted under different economic conditions than what exists today. The present study updates the revenue projections of particularly with the recognition of new Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards. The present study also updates the equations for estimating vehicle miles of travel. Impacts of alternative options for changing the fuel tax rate structure are also investigated. The present study predicted fuel tax revenues from 2012 to 2025 under the existing fuel tax rate structure and also considered possible options for changes in fuel tax rates. Fuel tax revenue from existing rate structure indicated a continuous annual decrease from 2012 to 2025 by 2.96% to 3.49% in real terms. Adopting one of the four fuel tax rate modifications would provide additional short‐ term revenue for a variable number of years. A 1‐cent increase would offset the decline in the total fuel tax revenue only for a year after which it will continually decline every year. A 3‐cent increase would provide a substantial increase in revenue in the short term but will continually decline, however, the 2025 revenue from 3‐cent increase would be a little higher than the 2012 revenue level. Both inflation indexing and an ad valorem tax would also provide substantial increase in fuel tax revenue. KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel taxes KW - Inflation KW - Registration fees KW - Revenues KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle operations UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314985 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470201 AU - Kurt, Efe G AU - Varma, Amit H AU - Hong, Sangdo AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEM Simulation for INDOT Temporary Concrete Anchored Barrier PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 17p AB - Portable Concrete Barriers (PCBs) are used to redirect errant vehicles to keep them passing to opposing lanes and to ensure safety of the people and any objects behind the barriers. In the state of Indiana, increments to the PCBs, such as L‐Shape steel plates, have been applied to enhance the safety performance of these barriers. In this study, Finite Element (FE) analyses are performed to evaluate the safety performance of PCBs with and without the increments and get thorough information about the increments applied. A full‐scale crash test (INDOT, 2001) was executed for an impact to the PCBs with a 2000 kg pickup truck at an angle of 25 degrees and an initial velocity of around 100 km/hr in accordance with National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 guidelines for Test Level 3 safety performance. Aforementioned full‐scale crash test data are used to validate the FE model constructed. Roadside Safety Verification and Validation Program (RSVVP) was used to compare the crash test and FE model results quantitatively. Validating the results of the initial FE Model leaded the way in confidence to implement the increments in the following FE Models. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Finite element method KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Indiana KW - Simulation KW - Steel plates UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314982 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469995 AU - Jiang, Yi AU - Ma, Yan AU - Li, Shuo AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Design Flexibility Toolkit PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 69p AB - The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) publication titled “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets” (Green Book) provides guidance to the designer by referencing a recommended range of values for critical dimensions for the design of highway facilities. For various reasons, it may be necessary to design a section of highway with substandard values for some elements. Such design exceptions require appropriate assessment and justification of the potential impacts to highway safety and operations. This study was performed to develop a guideline for design exceptions. The guideline for development and evaluation of design exception projects was developed and presented. The guideline outlines the steps for developing and evaluating design exception projects. The potential impacts of design exception elements to highway safety and operations are listed for the 13 controlling criteria to provide designers with important and easy to use information. The possible counter measures for each of the controlling criteria are listed in a one-page table for easy reference. The proposed safety evaluation process was presented in terms of safety impacts of individual substandard elements as well as the combined impacts of the substandard elements. An Excel based computer program was developed for life-cycle benefit-cost analysis of design exception projects. A decision on design exceptions can thus be made rationally with the recommended guideline and methods. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Design exceptions KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314981 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46685/fulltext.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457368 AU - Linkenbach, Jeff W AU - Keller, Sarah AU - Otto, Jay AU - Swinford, Steven AU - Ward, Nic AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Media Messages and Tools to Reduce Serious Single Vehicle Run-Off-the-Road Crashes Resulting from Impaired Driving PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 118p AB - The Center for Health and Safety Culture conducted research for the Idaho Transportation Department to develop media messages and tools to reduce fatalities and serious injuries related to Run-Off-the-Road, single-vehicle crashes in Idaho using the Positive Community Norms framework. After a review of Idaho’s Crash Database and a sample of police reports, the research team proposed to focus on impaired driving, a major risk factor for these crashes, by increasing bystander engagement. The theory of planned behavior was the theoretical basis for a survey of Idaho adults implemented by the University of Idaho’s Social Science Research Unit. The survey results informed key media messages to increase the likelihood adults would engage in preventing others from impaired driving. Recommendations for communications, implementation and evaluation are provided. KW - Behavior KW - Bystanders KW - Idaho KW - Impaired drivers KW - Mass media KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Social values UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46351/Final_RP209.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46363/Final_RP209.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457331 AU - Kauser, J AU - Yusuf, M AU - Rowan University AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Potential for Natural Brine for Anti-Icing and De-Icing PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 216p AB - This project focused on the feasibility of the use of natural brine for anti-icing and pre-wetting in Onondaga County, Syracuse, New York. A thorough literature review was conducted on the use of brine as an anti-icing and pre-wetting agent both in the United States and abroad. The review indicated that the use of brine as an anti-icing and pre-wetting agent has gained popularity in most of the Departments of Transportation (DOT) in the U.S. and abroad over the years. Studies indicate that decreased applications of anti-icing chemicals lead to significant savings in material costs, reduced use of abrasives (rock salt and sand), better road conditions, lower accident rates, better environmental protection and lower costs for winter road maintenance. Costs analyses indicated that natural brine applications costs were comparable to commercial brine applications in the Onondaga County region. Deicing materials and accident data analyses for the Village of Fayetteville, Onondaga County and the New York State DOT Onondaga East Residency office indicated that: (1) snow events are a significant contributor to winter road accidents; (2) frequency of accidents go up immediately after a heavy precipitation; and (3) number of accidents in the 2010-2011 winter season when brine was applied was less than when rock salt was applied (2009-2010 winter season) even though the precipitation was greater in the former case for I-81 and I-481. KW - Anti-icing KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Brines KW - Crash rates KW - Deicing KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Onondaga County (New York) KW - Prewetting KW - Snow and ice control KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-06-07%20Final%20Report_Sept%202012.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46341/finalbrinereport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457329 AU - Reyna, Monica A AU - Smith, Jennifer C AU - Kane, Stephanie L AU - Foltz, Barbara E AU - University of Idaho, Moscow AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Positive Community Norm Survey 2011: Methodology and Results PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 66p AB - This survey established a baseline understanding of the positive norms that exist in Idaho, plus reveal the gaps in knowledge and perceived norms with regard to impaired driving. These gaps will indicate the most effective opportunities for future communication efforts (i.e. Media Messages) to change driver behavior. The project objectives included: (1) Measuring self-reported attitudes, behaviors and perceptions of norms of adult drivers in Idaho regarding alcohol and driving; (2) Obtaining information that can help establish a baseline understanding of the positive norms that exist in Idaho as well as reveal the gaps in knowledge and perceived norms. These gaps indicate the most effective opportunities for future communication efforts to change driver behavior and reduce fatalities; and (3) providing information that researchers can use to identify important messages that can be shared with key leaders at the community, county and state levels to support efforts to reduce impaired driving. These leaders include local law enforcement officials, county leaders, and state policy makers. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile drivers KW - Behavior KW - Drunk driving KW - Idaho KW - Surveys UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46352/RP214_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456590 AU - Brennan, Leonard A AU - Texas A&M University, Kingsville AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comparison and Assessment of Mechanical and Herbicide-Chemical Side-Trimming Methods of Managing Roadside Vegetation by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) PY - 2012/09//Technical Report SP - 30p AB - The project compared and assessed the mechanical and herbicide-chemical side-trimming methods that the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) uses to manage roadside vegetation. This report discusses safety, effectiveness, and economic costs of these methods. It also shares industry best management practices by appending comments of several resource professionals concerned with side-trimming operations for vegetation management on rights-of-way. The researcher based his assessment on information and data that TxDOT’s Vegetation Management staff had provided, and information and perspectives on rights-of-way from resource management professionals associated with other state DOTs as well as other agencies involved in vegetation management. The report emphasized that TxDOT seeks to collaborate with stakeholders to determine the best and most appropriate side-trimming methods for various unique ecological and cultural situations across Texas. KW - Best practices KW - Costs KW - Herbicides KW - Maintenance management KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Roadside KW - Texas KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Vegetation control UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6732-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46336/0-6732-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224958 ER - TY - SER AN - 01454160 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Compression Response of a Rapid-Strengthening Ultra-High Performance Concrete Formulation PY - 2012/09 SP - 6p AB - This document is a technical summary of the unpublished Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) report, Compression Response of a Rapid-Strengthening Ultra-High Performance Concrete Formulation, available through the National Technical Information Service. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has garnered interest from the highway infrastructure community for its ability to create strong, robust, field-cast connections between prefabricated structural components. The objective of this research was to evaluate the compressive mechanical response of a rapid-strengthening UHPC formulation exposed to a range of curing conditions. KW - Bridge construction KW - Compression tests KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - High performance concrete KW - Precast concrete KW - Prefabricated bridges KW - Structural connection KW - Ultra high performance concrete UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/hpc/12064/12064.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454082 AU - Burbidge, Shaunna K AU - Active Planning AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Identifying Characteristics of High-Risk Intersections for Pedestrians and Cyclists: A Case Study from Salt Lake County PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 51p AB - While the transportation network is meant to accommodate a variety of transportation modes, the experience varies for the users of each mode. For example; an automobile, cyclist, transit rider, and pedestrian will all have a very different experience traveling along the same corridor. Often, the physical characteristics of the system that make travel easier or more enjoyable for one mode may produce challenges or increase risk for users of another mode. This report provides an analysis of high-risk versus low-risk intersections (as defined by accident rates for non-motorized mode users) to determine what characteristics make intersections more dangerous for cyclists and pedestrians. Results show that simply incorporating longer signal lengths, providing dedicated right turn lanes, and adding street trees at intersections can significantly reduce the number of non-motorized accidents. Additionally, construction at intersections was shown to significantly increase the number of non-motorized incidents (particularly those involving pedestrians). Addressing these issues and enacting appropriate improvements will not only improve safety conditions for non-motorized users, but may also provide an enhanced travel experience for automobile travelers and result in additional external benefits of traffic calming and improved flow. KW - Crash analysis KW - Cyclists KW - Highway safety KW - Intersection elements KW - Intersections KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Pedestrians KW - Salt Lake County (Utah) KW - Traffic safety UR - http://utah.ptfs.com/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=57170 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46348/UT-12.13_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454031 AU - Nash, Phillip T AU - Senadheera, Sanjaya AU - Beierle, Micah AU - Kumfer, Wesley AU - Wilson, Dannia AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices for TxDOT on Handling Wildfires PY - 2012/09//Interim Report SP - 154p AB - The State of Texas suffered record-setting wildfires in 2011. More than 30,000 wildfires occurred, burning nearly four million acres. Although not directly responsible for fighting wildfires, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) provides valuable support during fire-fighting operations. The purpose of this research was to document lessons learned during recent wildfire events and to better define the role of TxDOT in responding to wildfires leading to guidance on best practices. Researchers collected information from a number of agencies responsible for emergency operations during wildfire response, including the Texas Division of Emergency Management, the Texas Forest Service, The Texas Intrastate Fire Mutual Aid System, National Wildfire Coordination Group, and the Texas Interagency Coordination Center. Personnel from ten TxDOT districts were interviewed along with personnel from the Department of Public Safety, Texas Forest Service, Volunteer and Community Fire Departments, National Weather Service, and other City and County Officials. Questions used for the interviews covered categories of preparation, communication, responsibilities, and training. Many common responses were found, although several districts provided unique insights. Lack of reimbursement and concerns regarding safety during incident response were two main themes throughout the interviews. Best practices found during the study were collected, synthesized and presented to TxDOT employees in four regional workshops. These workshops were designed to address safety and effectiveness of TxDOT personnel in efforts to improve response to future wildfires. KW - Best practices KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Emergency management KW - Emergency response time KW - Emergency transportation KW - Texas KW - Wildfires UR - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/reports/complete_reports/0-6735-2-Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453998 AU - Tool Design Group AU - Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bike Sharing in the United States: State of the Practice and Guide to Implementation PY - 2012/09 SP - 68p AB - With the introduction of new and more advanced bike sharing programs, and the continued interest and political support for them throughout many U.S. cities, it is important to provide an objective analysis of bike share programs, and to document early lessons learned. This guide is intended to serve as a resource for transportation planning professionals, as well as public officials considering implementation of a bike sharing program. The guide presents a snapshot of current municipal bike share systems where local jurisdictions (including cities, counties, etc.) are engaged in the funding, managing, administering and/or permitting of bike share implementing practices. The objectives of this guide are to: 1. Define bike sharing and provide an overview of the concept. 2. Describe the steps a jurisdiction should take to plan, implement, and sustain a bike share program. 3. Document existing models of provision, infrastructure considerations, and funding options for successfully implementing a bike sharing program. 4. Describe metrics for monitoring and evaluating program success. 5. Provide a baseline documentation of existing bike share programs in the United States in 2012. KW - Administration KW - Cities and towns KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - Management KW - Performance measurement KW - State of the practice KW - Transportation planning KW - United States KW - Vehicle sharing UR - http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/promote/bikeshareintheus.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1221970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01450872 AU - Abdel-Aty, Mohamed AU - Ahmed, Mohamed M AU - Yu, Rongjie AU - Qi, Shi AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing an Active Traffic Management System for I-70 in Colorado PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 193p AB - The Colorado Department of Transportation is at the forefront of developing an Active Traffic Management (ATM) system that not only considers operation aspects, but also integrates safety measures. In this research, data collected from Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI), Remote Traffic Microwave Sensors (RTMS) and Real-Time weather data were utilized to incorporate safety within the ATM system. Preliminary investigation of crashes along 20-miles of Interstate 70 revealed that the mountainous terrain and adverse weather during the winter season may increase crash likelihood. A traditional automatic incident detection system is a reactive approach to mitigating the effects of crashes without attempting to avoid primary incidents. To reduce the risk of primary incidents, a more proactive approach that identifies locations where a crash is more likely to happen in real-time can be implemented. The results from the research study suggest that there is a clear demand to incorporate real-time weather conditions and roadway geometric characteristics within the development of the ATM system. Remote Traffic Microwave Sensors, AVI, weather data, and road geometry information were collected and utilized to develop a real-time risk assessment system. Data Mining (DM) techniques were also used to reveal important data relationships and improve prediction accuracy. Based on the data and DM techniques, models were tested and their performances were compared. Results show that the Full Model which incorporates AVI, RTMS data, weather data, and geometric information outperforms other models by identifying about 89% of crash cases in the validation dataset with only 6.5% false positive. This model has the potential to be an accurate component of a proactive traffic management strategy to provide reliable and timely information to drivers under various adverse environments. This work could serve as the basis for a future Variable Speed Limit algorithm to be deployed on I-70. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Colorado KW - Crash prediction models KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Data mining KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interstate 70 KW - Mountain roads KW - Remote traffic microwave sensors KW - Road geometry KW - Variable speed limits KW - Weather conditions UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2012/atm.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218130 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01450035 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Starner, Kevin J TI - Expediting Environmental Approvals PY - 2012/09 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - pp 30-35 AB - All projects funded by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) or requiring FHWA approvals need to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process. The NEPA process requires the balancing of a project's benefits with its environmental impacts to achieve informed governmental decision-making. This article presents six steps to help facilitate such projects: effective scoping, continuous coordination, design flexibility, accurate impact assessment, negotiated mitigation, and proper documentation. Two Pennsylvania bridge replacement projects are highlighted to illustrate the successful application of the six steps for complying with NEPA. Both projects involved relatively straightforward engineering scopes of work for bridge replacements. However, due to the locations of the projects and the surrounding environmental resources, they were each accompanied by a number of environmental complexities. As demonstrated by these examples, even relatively minor projects from an engineering perspective can be burdened by significant environmental challenges. When not considered early, these challenges can result in delays in the NEPA review process and in project delivery. Environmental challenges that are identified at the outset and effectively factored into all aspects of the process, including the overall schedule and budget, are much less likely to cause project delays. The steps presented in this article can have an impact on advancing the project through the NEPA process in a timely and efficient manner, while simultaneously resulting in a better project. KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Compliance KW - Construction projects KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental policy KW - Environmental protection KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - Pennsylvania KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12septoct/05.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1217212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449704 AU - Liu, Wenjie AU - Zhou, Eric AU - Wang, Youqi AU - Kansas State University Transportation Center AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Response of No-Name Creek FRP Bridge to Local Weather PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 86p AB - Since 1996, over 30 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite bridges have been installed in the United States. Bridge locations are in Kansas, Missouri, New York, Iowa, Colorado, West Virginia, Ohio, California, Idaho, Washington, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Maryland, Oregon, North Carolina and South Carolina. Compared to traditional steel and concrete bridge structures, the FRP panel shows several significant advantages: reduced weight, higher strength, better corrosion resistance and quicker installation. However, FRP materials exhibit different physical properties. As such, a composite bridge would demonstrate different deformation and failure patterns than a traditional bridge. During the past years, much experimental research has been conducted to investigate FRP bridge deck performance. Most experiments divide into two types: 1) static and fatigue tests in the laboratory and 2) real traffic load tests in the field. These experimental results, as well as finite element method (FEM) analytical results, have served as baseline data for FRP bridge deck design. A long-term remote monitoring system was designed to investigate the response of the No-Name Creek composite bridge to the local weather. The characteristics of the bridge temperatures, the temperature differences of the two panel surfaces and the relationship between the temperature difference and the deflection were investigated with respect to the different weather patterns. Twelve thermal sensors were embedded into the FRP bridge panels. In addition, 3 laser sensors were installed to measure bridge thermal deflection. Between October 2004 and September 2005, bridge temperature and deflection were measured at 20 minute intervals. Relations between weather condition, temperature distribution and bridge thermal deflection for that bridge were analyzed. From the analysis of the experimental and FEM, the responses of the composite bridge to weather are summarized as follows: (1) The temperatures of the upper and bottom panel surfaces and their differences greatly change with time of day and season. The extreme temperature usually appears in the early afternoon and the minimum temp usually appears in the early morning or in the night. The bottom surface temperature is near the climatic temperature. (2) The bridge deflections are approximately proportional to the temperature differences. (3) The bridge had a significant upward deflection on a sunny day during the summer with the maximum often occurring between 3:00-5:00 PM. The bridge has a downward deflection during the night with it being the most severe in the winter. (4) Comparing climate induced deflection to traffic load induced deflection, the climate induced deflection is at least on the same order of deflection as allowable traffic load. Therefore, it should be considered in the FRP bridge design process. (5) Thermal load and deflection usually are larger on clear days than on unclear, rainy, and snowy days. (6) Distributions of thermal load in the panel can form a larger amount of deflection in the hot season than in the cold season. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Composite bridges KW - Deflection KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - No-Name Creek Bridge KW - Temperature measurement KW - Thermal loads KW - Weather UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46155/FHWAKS126_Final.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46197/FHWAKS126_Final.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46198/FHWAKS126_Summary.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1217351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449560 AU - Donovan, Paul AU - Illingworth and Rodkin, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Quiet Pavement Pilot Program: Progress Report 3 PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 98p AB - Since 2003, the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) has been conducting a Quiet Pavement Pilot Program (QPPP) in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). This report presents the noise findings of this research through 2007. The initial reduction in noise levels achieved by overlaying portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) on freeways in the greater Phoenix area with asphalt rubber friction course (ARFC) were documented with three types of measurements: tire/pavement noise levels measured on-board a test vehicle near a test tire (Site 1); neighborhood noise levels measured at typical receiver locations in the vicinity of the freeways (Site 2); and wayside tire/pavement noise levels measured at five research grade sites (Site 3). The initial reductions ranged on average from 5.5 to 9 decibels (dB) depending on the type of measurement and the specific location. In subsequent years, measurements were conducted to assess the noise reduction performance of the AFRC over time or the acoustic longevity of the pavement. For the Site 1 and 3 data, the noise reduction has dropped by about 2 dB on average over the four years since the overlay was installed while the Site 2 levels have shown less than a 1 dB reduction. The results of the Site 3 measurements were compared to the results calculated from the FWHA Traffic Noise Model (TNM) using TNM Average Pavement. Through 2007, the measured noise levels at the tire/pavement interface have been 4 dB or more lower than the TNM predictions for the 50 ft and 100 ft distant microphone locations except for the 50 ft position (only) at one of the Site 3 locations. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Freeways KW - Phoenix (Arizona) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quiet Pavement Pilot Program KW - Quiet pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Tire/pavement noise UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ577.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46116/AZ577.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1215673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449496 AU - Lownes, Nicholas AU - Jackson, Eric AU - Bertolaccini, Kelly AU - Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Benchmarking Connecticut’s Transportation Infrastructure Capital Program with Other States PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 81p AB - This study was conducted to benchmark Connecticut’s performance in capital programming against other state Departments of Transportation (DOTs), identify ways to improve the performance and efficiency of the capital programming process and create a tool, a “Transportation Investment Dashboard,” to communicate the performance of Connecticut’s capital program to the state’s transportation leadership. Current data suggest that Connecticut’s capital program may be more reliant on federal sources than the selected benchmark and best practice states reviewed in this study. This finding may indicate that expanded state investment and/or alternative sources of revenue will be needed to keep pace with the state’s capital investment needs. Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) is currently involved in many initiatives that are intended to improve the efficiency of the state’s capital programming process and linkage to long-term transportation goals. These initiatives should be continued and progress should be tracked in a transportation investment dashboard using relevant financial data and performance measures. These performance measures should also be used in formalizing the linkage between long-term planning and capital programming, and to ensure that resources are adequate to meet future travel demand. KW - Benchmarks KW - Best practices KW - Capital expenditures KW - Capital investments KW - Connecticut KW - Connecticut Department of Transportation KW - Financing KW - Infrastructure KW - Long range planning KW - Performance measurement KW - Programming (Planning) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.ctcase.org/reports/capital_infrastructure_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1217013 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01449344 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Yousuf, Mohammed AU - Fitzgerald, Mark TI - The New Frontier in Accessible Transportation PY - 2012/09 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - pp 10-15 AB - Intelligent transportation systems, accessible data, wireless communications, mobile computing, robotics, artificial intelligence, and object detection navigation offer many possibilities for increasing mobility and independence. This article describes how Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) researchers are working on a suite of new technologies that have the potential to improve the lives of people with disabilities, senior citizens, and other members of the traveling public. Designing wayfinding, orientation, and guidance technologies into personal vehicles, public transport systems, ticketing and travel information mechanisms, terminals, intersections, and pedestrian infrastructure can enhance the experience of traveling for everyone -- including those with special needs. The FHWA's Exploratory Advanced Research Program, which focuses on long-term, high-risk research with a high payoff potential, is soliciting research and innovations to develop futuristic concepts and prototypes that use new technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and sensors to improve event horizons related to wayfinding and navigation guidance. The hope is that the research will eventually generate a transportation system that is well-connected, versatile, and accessible to everyone. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mobile computing KW - Mobility KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Robotics KW - Wayfinding KW - Wireless communication systems UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12septoct/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1217165 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01449341 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bobb, Nancy E AU - Kolle, Greg A TI - Bridging the Bay PY - 2012/09 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - pp 2-9 AB - Since 1936, the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge has facilitated the movement of people and goods throughout the San Francisco Bay area of northern California. Known locally as the Bay Bridge, the double-decked east span structure carries Interstate 80 and more than 280,000 vehicles per day between Oakland and the Yerba Buena Island tunnel. For years, officials with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) had been concerned about the aging bridge and its crack-susceptible eyebar design. After the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 severely damaged the bridge's east span, Caltrans officials decided the time had come to replace that span with a new bridge that meets modern seismic and safety standards. The preliminary work started shortly after the Loma Prieta earthquake, and construction continues today as the new structure nears completion. This article summarizes the history, the current status and the future of the Bay Bridge and its newest span, which is designed to withstand the shaking associated with an earthquake seismologists expect to occur only once every 1,500 years. The opening day for traffic on the new bridge is planned for September 2013. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - California KW - Case studies KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Earthquakes KW - History KW - Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989 KW - San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12septoct/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1217164 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01449337 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kar, Kohinoor AU - Cynecki, Mike TI - Making Walking Safer for Arizonans PY - 2012/09 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - pp 22-29 AB - In 2003, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) identified Arizona as one of 13 pedestrian focus States and Phoenix as one of 5 focus cities due to their high number of pedestrian fatalities. This article describes how the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) responded to Arizona's designation as a focus State. ADOT and several municipal agencies in Arizona have undertaken initiatives to evaluate pedestrian safety issues and have implemented innovative solutions, such as the pedestrian hybrid beacon, rectangular rapid flashing beacon, and two-stage midblock crossings. Since 2009, Phoenix has converted more than 62% of its pedestrian signals to countdown signals and has requested Federal funding for assistance in converting the remaining pedestrian signals to add the countdown feature. Arizona is using a portion of its Highway Safety Improvement Program funding for installation of countdown pedestrian signal heads throughout the State. These systematic improvements help provide pedestrians with substantial safety benefits. Although infrastructure improvements have the potential to reduce pedestrian fatalities and injuries, nonengineering countermeasures such as education and enforcement can also play a vital role. Although total traffic fatalities in Arizona declined by 30% between 2007 and 2010, pedestrian fatalities have not experienced the same decline, indicating more work remains. When updating its Strategic Highway Safety Plan, Arizona will increase emphasis on pedestrian safety. State and municipal agencies have expressed a willingness to continue to explore pedestrian safety. KW - Arizona KW - Arizona Department of Transportation KW - Case studies KW - Countdown traffic signals KW - Crosswalks KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety campaigns KW - Safety engineering KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12septoct/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1217211 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01449336 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Elliott, Rob AU - Moler, Steve TI - Federal-Aid Essentials PY - 2012/09 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - pp 16-21 AB - Counties, cities, towns or local public agencies own and operate 75% of the country's roadways. These agencies build and maintain this network using a variety of funding sources, including the Federal-Aid Highway Program. When local public agencies receive Federal-aid funding, they work closely with their respective State departments of transportation (DOTs) to meet all Federal-aid requirements. A clear understanding of the Federal-aid requirements is essential so that project staff at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), State DOTs, and local public agencies can work together to complete these projects safely, on time, within budget, and while achieving a high level of quality. In cooperation with State and local partners, FHWA recently launched a new information-sharing initiative designed to help local officials administer their Federal-aid projects more efficiently and to assist State and local agencies in attaining their project delivery goals. Known as Federal-aid Essentials for Local Public Agencies and available through FHWA's Web site, the initiative offers an abundance of information, including a resource library of 80 informational videos and related materials. Each video focuses on a single topic in a critical area related to delivery of Federal-aid projects. Seven categories of videos are offered: federal-aid program overview; civil rights; environment; finance; right-of-way; project development; and project construction and contract administration. Users can view the videos in any sequence from any computer or mobile device with Internet access. The website also offers a list of contacts at the FHWA division offices and State DOTs, as well as links to State manuals for local public agencies, sections of the Code of Federal Regulations, Local Technical Assistance Program centers, and other resources. In addition to the Federal-aid Essentials initiative, State DOTs also have taken steps to help local public agencies manage their Federal-aid projects, including training, certification programs, stewardship agreements that clarify roles and responsibilities of projects, and new guidance manuals. The Federal-aid Essentials initiative and recent State DOT efforts both represent steps toward helping the transportation community pursue better, faster, and smarter ways of delivering the Federal-aid program. KW - Digital video KW - Federal aid KW - Information dissemination KW - Local government agencies KW - State departments of transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12septoct/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1217210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449131 AU - Kuhn, Beverly T AU - Jasek, Debbie AU - Carson, Jodi AU - Theiss, LuAnn AU - Songchitruksa, Praprut AU - Perkins, Judy AU - Yang, Yonggao AU - Mwakalonge, Judith AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Asset Management Guidebook for Safety and Operations PY - 2012/09//Technical Report SP - 86p AB - A primary product of this research was the "Asset Management Guidebook" that Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) division and district personnel can use to help them define, develop, and implement asset management across all levels—particularly as it relates to establishing performance measures for safety and operations. The guidebook is a stand-alone product and contains easy-to-use, practical guidelines that TxDOT personnel can use to identify the best approach to asset management on three possible levels if feasible and practical: (1) total asset management for large urban areas encompassing multiple counties, (2) asset management of critical functions on a smaller regional scale—such as maintenance of roadside components excluding the pavement, and (3) asset management for specific types of assets—such as pavement markings or light emitting diode (LED) signal indications—that may be based on warranty specifications. The research team also recommends that they present to TxDOT district engineers the results of the project to facilitate the dissemination of this research and present the potential benefits of asset management for safety and operations in the organization and the effective use of all of its resources. KW - Asset management KW - Handbooks KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance management KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6390-P1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46130/0-6390-P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449081 AU - Anderson, Keith W AU - Uhlmeyer, Jeff S AU - Russell, Mark AU - Kinne, Chuck AU - Weston, Jim AU - Davari, Moe AU - Kromm, Kevin AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Dowel Bar Evaluation PY - 2012/09//Post-Construction Report SP - 36p AB - Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) dowel bars were installed on one new construction project and two dowel bar retrofit projects to evaluate the performance of this type of dowel bar in comparison to steel dowel bars installed on the same contracts. The primary data collection site (I-82, Yakima River Br. Vic. to Granger) included 67 joints retrofit with GFRP dowels and an equal number of epoxy coated doweled joints that serve as the control section. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing will be used to evaluate the load transfer efficiency (LTE) of the two types of dowel bars. Periodic coring of the concrete at the joints is also planned to examine the condition of the GFRP and epoxy coated dowels. Post-installation FWD testing of the primary data site revealed that the average LTE of the joints retrofit with epoxy coated dowel was higher than the joints retrofit with the GFRP dowels and that the difference was statistically significant. Preinstallation FWD testing showed no difference in the LTE of the joints in the areas where the GFRP and epoxy coated dowels were installed. KW - Dowel bar retrofit KW - Dowel bars KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Glass fibers KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement joints KW - Paving KW - Performance measurement UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/795.1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46045/795.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448521 AU - Zornberg, J G AU - Ferreira, J A Z AU - Roodi, G H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Experimental Results on Soil-Geosynthetic Interaction Stiffness PY - 2012/09//Technical Report SP - 231p AB - This report summarizes small pullout test results conducted as a part of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Project 5-4829 to assess the performance of a newly developed small pullout box as well as the associated K sub SGI model. The parameter K sub SGI quantifies the stiffness of the soil-reinforcement interface under low displacements, which makes it suitable for evaluating the performance of geosynthetic products in base-reinforced pavements. Seven different types of geosynthetics, including six biaxial geogrids and one geotextile, were tested with three different soil types. Results of each test are summarized in two-page laboratory report format. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Geosynthetics KW - Pullout tests KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Soils KW - Stiffness UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_4829_01_3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1215587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448520 AU - Fowler, David AU - Whitney, Dave AU - Clement, John Chris AU - Stutts, Zachary AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Test Plan PY - 2012/09 SP - 37p AB - This document contains a summary of the testing to be conducted under Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) project 0-6617. A description is provided for all tests, as well as an explanation of the property that is to be measured by each test. Collection status of aggregates and a short-term general testing timeline is also discussed in this document. This document is provided to fulfill the requirements of Task 4 of the project, and represents P2, a short report to summarize the Test Plan for the project. This document will be incorporated into the final comprehensive report that will be delivered at the end of the project. KW - Aggregate tests KW - Aggregates KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Fine aggregates KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Testing UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6617_p2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1215596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448516 AU - Fowler, David W AU - Whitney, David P AU - Won, Moon AU - Ha, Soojun AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement Repair Guidelines for Longitudinal Joints PY - 2012/09//Technical Report SP - 66p AB - Implementation Project 5-5444-01, “Pilot Implementation of Pavement Repair Guidelines for Longitudinal Cracks and Joints,” applies the lessons and recommendations from the previous Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) funded Center for Transportation Research (CTR) Research Project 0-5444, “Rehabilitation Procedures for Longitudinal Cracks and Joints Separation in Concrete Pavement,” which investigated the causes and repairs of longitudinal joint separations and faulting. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Repairing UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_5444_01_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1215595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01447663 AU - Martinsen, Greg AU - Wade, Timothy AU - Balluff, Tricia AU - EcoPlan Associates, Inc. AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of Section 404 Permit and Habitat Mitigation Requirements PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 78p AB - The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) is committed to developing habitat, mitigation, monitoring, and maintenance plans that replace the loss of the functions and values of an area and are self-sustaining, thereby providing long-term compensation for habitat adversely affected by ADOT construction activities. This study focuses on identifying administrative and biological criteria that are important to the success or failure of mitigation and/or restoration projects and developing recommendations from these criteria. Files on ADOT and non-ADOT riparian habitat restoration and mitigation projects were obtained from several sources and were reviewed for project applicability to the study goals. Thirty-four sites were selected for further analysis. In addition, employees from the Corps and ADOT were interviewed to gain a realistic perspective. A review of project files, associated site data sheets, and analysis of the interview results yielded mitigation practices and a variety of administrative and biological problems commonly associated with restoration projects in Arizona. More specifically, the problems are associated with ADOT mitigation projects for which Clean Water Act Section 404 permits are involved. Recommendations based on analysis of these problems, review of applicable peer-reviewed literature, and research team expertise, are offered in this report to aid future ADOT projects and all future restoration projects in Arizona, regardless of the agency or organization undertaking the restoration of riparian areas. KW - Arizona KW - Clean Water Act Section 404 KW - Construction KW - Environmental impacts KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highways KW - Literature reviews KW - Mitigation measures (Ecology) KW - Recommendations KW - Restoration ecology KW - Riparian corridors KW - Section 404 permits UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ589.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46054/AZ589.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214846 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01530024 TI - Multi-Measure Performance Assessment and Benchmarking of the Division of the Wyoming Highway Patrol. AB - The purpose of this project is to develop and implement a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based multi-measure performance assessment framework for the Wyoming Highway Patrol (WHP). The utilization of this framework will result in the identification of the best-performing (i.e., most efficient) divisions of WHP. These best-performing divisions can then be used as peers/benchmarks for the divisions that do not perform as well so as to help those divisions improve their performance. Results of the proposed research will trigger decision-makers to identify the differences in the formal structures, operational practices, or other organizational factors of the divisions that may account for the observed efficiency differences The ultimate purpose is to improve the performance of the divisions that perform at a lower level than their peers so as to ensure organization-wide performance improvement of WHP with respect to the performance measures outlined in its balanced scorecard. KW - Benchmarks KW - Best practices KW - Decision making KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance measurement KW - Wyoming Highway Patrol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1314828 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01530023 TI - Evaluating the Effects of Deer Delineators on Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions in Northwest Wyoming AB - The purpose of this project is to determine the efficacy of deer delineators in reducing wildlife vehicle collisions for the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT); to evaluate the benefits of installing additional delineators along the highways; and to use WYDOT's carcass and collision data to develop a predictive model of where wildlife-vehicle collisions are most likely to occur across the state. Collisions between ungulates and motor vehicles are a threat to traffic safety and wildlife populations. Wildlife warning reflectors (deer delineators) are a relatively low cost method for mitigating wildlife vehicle collisions. A properly installed system consists of a series of roadside posts with specially designed reflectors mounted to face across the road, or additionally away from the road in specific cases. As the vehicles pass with headlights on, light is reflected in a moving pattern across the road at various angles. It is intended that wildlife will notice the reflected light, causing them to halt until the vehicle and lights have passed. Research to date has not provided a definitive conclusion on whether the most current system of deer delineators is effective in deterring deer from crossing the road and in reducing deer-vehicle collisions. This project is quantifying deer-vehicle collisions and deer behavior in the presence and absence of reflectors in order to assess the benefits of these reflectors relative to their costs. This project is also working to assess patterns of wildlife-vehicle collisions across the state. KW - Crashes KW - Deer warning reflectors KW - Deer-vehicle collisions KW - Highway delineators KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning devices KW - Wildlife crossings KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1314827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478379 AU - Qi, Yi AU - Chen, Xiaoming AU - Yu, Lei AU - Liu, Haixia AU - Liu, Guanqi AU - Li, Da AU - Persad, Khali R AU - Pruner, Kristopher AU - Texas Southern University AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Guidelines for Operationally Effective Raised Medians and the Use of Alternative Movements on Urban Roadways PY - 2012/08/31/Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The development of raised medians is an important access management technique commonly used in urban settings. Currently, there are limited official guidelines available for practitioners in design and implementation of raised medians. In addition, alternative movements, such as right turns followed by U-turns as an alternative to direct left turns, are increasingly used in the urban street to reduce conflicts and to improve safety along arterial roads. However, the current available official guidelines do not list all the available tools for practitioners in determining appropriate solutions to some operational and access issues, which makes engineers hesitant to use alternative geometric treatments. The objective of this research project is to develop guidelines for operationally effective raised medians and the use of alternative movements on urban roadways. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway operations KW - Medians KW - U turns KW - Urban highways UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedpdfs/txdot/psr/0-6644-s_tsu.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478345 AU - Cleveland, Theodore G AU - Strom, Kyle B AU - Barnes, Wade J AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydraulic Performance of Staggered-Barrel Culverts for Stream Crossing PY - 2012/08/31/Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The interaction of sediment transport and drainage structures at highway stream crossings is a relatively ignored component of engineering design. Use of hydraulic structures to accommodate aquatic species is progressing, and this knowledge, at least conceptually, is relevant to the transport of stream-carried solids through hydraulic structures. However, when bed material transport rates are relatively high and comprised of solids too large to travel in suspension, then current drainage structures might not function as intended. Under such conditions, solids may become trapped in and around the structure and lead to untimely service failures. This project attempted to understand how to accommodate such episodic loads of solids material using different culvert geometries—in particular the staggered-barrel configuration. KW - Culverts KW - Drainage structures KW - Geometric configurations and shapes KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Sediments KW - Solids KW - Streams UR - http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/rti/psr/0-6549-s_techmrt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475506 AU - Hsieh, Hsin-Neng AU - Marhaba, Taha AU - New Jersey Institute of Technology AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impacts of EPA 2012 Commercial Pump-Out Regulations PY - 2012/08/31/Final Report SP - 64p AB - The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) issued the Vessel General Permit (VGP) for managing vessel discharges, under the Clean Water Act. As a result, commercial vessels operating in the New York/New Jersey Harbor and at Delaware River will be required to comply, including additional conditions imposed by the state. This will affect maritime commerce in terms of cost and operation to meet the VGP requirements. The objectives of this research are to (1) determine how this rule would affect maritime commerce in New Jersey, (2) perform an analysis of the US EPA standards and the VGP rules and determine their impacts on New Jersey maritime operations, and (3) determine what New Jersey needs to do to be prepared. To carry out the project tasks, information on vessels registered under the VGP Notice of Intent and vessels arrivals were solicited from the US EPA and US Coast Guard, respectively, and analyzed. A stakeholder committee was formed where key and urgent issues were discussed in several meetings. New Jersey ports and onshore storage and treatment facilities were investigated. A cost analysis of alternative methods and facilities for pump-out of the discharge, storage, transport to a treatment facility, and waste treatment was performed. A protocol was developed for the maritime industry for filing VGP compliance and reporting. With the 2008 VGP expiration date approaching, US EPA is proposing new, more stringent numeric technology-based effluent limitations for ballast water in the 2013 VGP. A draft sVGP for small vessels is also issued. Finally, the impact on New Jersey and recommendations to the maritime industry are presented. KW - Ballast (Ships) KW - Clean Water Act KW - Environmental impacts KW - New Jersey KW - Ports KW - Sewage treatment KW - Ships KW - Vessel General Permit KW - Wastewater UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46773/Impacts_of_EPA_2012_commerical_pump-out_regulations.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475432 AU - Gopalakrishna, Deepak AU - Schreffler, Eric AU - Vary, Don AU - Friedenfeld, David AU - Kuhn, Beverly AU - Dusza, Casey AU - Klein, Rachel AU - Rosas, Alexandra AU - Battelle AU - Eric Schreffler, Transportation Consultant AU - Wilbur Smith Associates AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Integrating Demand Management into the Transportation Planning Process: A Desk Reference PY - 2012/08/31/Technical Report SP - 194p AB - The document has been developed to serve as a desk reference on integrating demand management into the transportation planning process. The desk reference is organized around two fundamental aspects of transportation planning – policy objectives and scope of the planning effort. The report discusses how demand management relates to seven key policy objectives that are often included in transportation plans, such as congestion and air quality. It then discusses how demand management might be integrated into four levels of transportation planning from the state down to the local level. The report also includes information on tools available for evaluating demand management measures and on the known effectiveness of these measures. KW - Air quality KW - Demand KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12035/fhwahop12035.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472561 AU - Abu-Odeh, Akram AU - Williams, William AU - Ferdous, Rubiat AU - Spencer, Matthew AU - Bligh, Roger AU - Menges, Wanda AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety and Integrity of Median Barrier-Mounted Hardware PY - 2012/08/31/Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Concrete median barriers have been used throughout the state as permanent and temporary barriers for providing separation of traffic. Due to space restrictions, a sign or a light pole is placed on top of such barriers. Typically, these barriers are tested and considered crashworthy through crash testing according to the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 350 or the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Manual for Assessment of Safety Hardware (MASH). However, when signs or light poles are mounted on top of barriers, the crashworthiness of the system is not necessarily guaranteed. In this project, a survey of the practice of mounting hardware on top of barriers was performed. This research developed a design guideline and a standard that could be incorporated into Texas Department of Transportation standards and specifications. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Impact tests KW - Lighting KW - Median barriers KW - Signs KW - Texas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6646.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472508 AU - Kraus, Edgar AU - Li, Yingfeng (Eric) AU - Overman, John AU - Quiroga, Cesar AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices for Utility Investigations in the TxDOT Project Development Process PY - 2012/08/31/Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The lack of adequate information about the location and characteristics of utility facilities can result in a number of problems, including damages to utilities, disruptions to utility services and traffic, lost utility facilities as construction alters the landscape and preexisting benchmarks are removed, and delays to highway projects. This is one of the reasons subsurface utility engineering (SUE) has become a critical tool to help identify and locate utility installations within the right of way. To address this issue, the research team reviewed the state of the practice in utility investigations, and developed best practices for timing and use of utility investigation services in the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) project development process. KW - Best practices KW - Project management KW - Public utilities KW - Right of way (Land) KW - State of the practice KW - Subsurface Utility Engineering KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Underground utility lines UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6631.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470773 AU - Bayrak, Oguzhan AU - Garber, David AU - Gallardo, José AU - Deschenes, Dean AU - Dunkman, David AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of New Prestress Loss Predictions on TxDOT Bridges PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - In 2008, Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) initiated Project 0-6374 to investigate prestress losses in pretensioned concrete girders. The prestress loss estimates in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications had been recalibrated in 2005 to be more accurate for “high-strength [conventional] concrete.” Greater accuracy implies less conservatism, the result of which may be flexural cracking of beams under service loads. Project 0-6374 was therefore funded to provide an experimental evaluation and an engineering recommendation of whether implementation of the new prestress loss estimates (currently outlined in AASHTO LRFD 2012) is appropriate for TxDOT. The primary objectives of TxDOT Project 0-6374 were to: Assess the conservatism and accuracy of the current prestress loss provisions. Identify the benefits and weaknesses of using the AASHTO LRFD 2004 and 2012 prestress loss provisions. Make recommendations to simplify the prestress loss provisions of AASHTO LRFD 2012. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Girders KW - High strength concrete KW - Prestress losses KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470772 AU - Waller, S Travis AU - Duthie, Jennifer C AU - Nezamuddin, N AU - Juri, Natalia Ruiz AU - Rambha, Tarun AU - Melson, Chris AU - Pool, C Matt AU - Boyles, Stephen AU - Kumar, Roshan AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigating Regional Dynamic Traffic Assignment Modeling for Improved Bottleneck Analysis PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) made geometric changes to the MoPac Expressway near the downtown Austin area in September 2010 to alleviate the existing bottleneck and improve travel conditions for downtown commuters during peak periods... The research team performed a bottleneck analysis using dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) to evaluate the impact of the geometric reconfigurations on travel conditions downtown and its secondary impact on network-wide travel patterns in the area surrounding the bottleneck site. KW - Austin (Texas) KW - Bottlenecks KW - Dynamic traffic assignment KW - Geometric configurations and shapes KW - Impact KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470771 AU - Qian, Qin AU - Liu, Xinyu AU - Charbeneau, Randall AU - Barrett, Michael AU - Lamar University AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydraulic Performance of Rectangular Deck Drains PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Bridge Division has developed a new type of rectangular, scupper deck drain with two different sizes, 4" × 8" and 6" × 8". It allows runoff to drain via free fall without a pipe system. The new drain is designed to fit between the deck reinforcement and not interfere with the structural connection of the rail to the deck; therefore, it is less susceptible to clogging and requires less maintenance. However, no equation is available to accurately predict its hydraulic performance. Therefore, equations developed by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Hydraulic Engineering Circle 22 (HEC 22) for slotted drains were adapted to model its hydraulic performance. KW - Bridge decks KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Flow KW - Free fall KW - Hydraulics KW - Rectangles KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470770 AU - Hu, Jiong AU - Kim, Yoo Jae AU - Lee, Soon-Jae AU - Texas State University, San Marcos AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Synthesis of Cost-Effectiveness of Extradosed Bridges PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - An extradosed bridge is a bridge type that combines a prestressed girder bridge with cable-stayed bridge design concepts. Since the concept of the bridge is still relatively new, there is no clear definition and design document or guideline for extradosed bridges. Also, due to the unique characteristics of an extradosed bridge, it is likely to initially cost more than a conventional girder bridge but be less expensive than a cable-stayed bridge. A synthesis study examining general configurations and the overall cost-effectiveness of choosing an extradosed bridge is therefore needed. This study summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of using extradosed bridges, and methods for cost-effectiveness analysis and bridge selection procedures through a comprehensive literature review. The synthesis study also summarizes best practices and existing methodologies in determining how and when an extradosed bridge is cost-effective. KW - Best practices KW - Bridge design KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Case studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Extradosed bridges KW - Girder bridges KW - Literature reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470763 AU - Hawkins, H Gene AU - Zhou, Tracy AU - Miles, Jeff AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidelines for Continuous and Safety Roadway Lighting PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Roadway lighting is provided on selected highways to improve the visibility and safety of the nighttime driving environment. Roadway lighting is typically installed due to traffic volume warrants or safety criteria. Turning off or reducing the lighting level during late-night periods is known as a lighting curfew. The potential benefits of implementing a lighting curfew include reduced energy consumption and the associated electrical cost for the agency responsible for the lighting plus reduced light pollution and spillover onto adjacent properties. This research project evaluated the potential benefits of turning off roadway lighting on freeways during the late night and/or early morning hours. The researchers, in consultation with the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) project advisors, decided to focus on freeways because of the prevalence and the accessibility of traffic volume and crash data to analyze the safety impacts of a lighting curfew. KW - Crash data KW - Curfew KW - Energy conservation KW - Freeways KW - Nighttime crashes KW - Street lighting KW - Texas KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470760 AU - Folliard, K AU - Kruse, K AU - Jasso, A AU - Ferron, R AU - Juenger, M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Characterizing Class C Fly Ashes for Alkali Silica Reaction Mitigation Effectiveness PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Fly ash is a byproduct material produced from coal-combustion power plants and is one of the most commonly used supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in the world. Prudent use of fly ash as a replacement for portland cement can have several major technical benefits, including reduced heat of hydration, reduced permeability, and improved resistance to alkali-silica reaction (ASR), sulfate attack, and delayed ettringite formation (DEF). After performing a comprehensive evaluation of over 20 fly ashes from throughout Texas, the researchers were able to identify the key parameters that most affect the performance of mortar and concrete containing the fly ashes. Primary focus was placed on the effects of fly ash chemistry and mineralogy on external sulfate attack and alkali-silica reaction. Through these efforts the researchers were able to identify test methods that best predict the durability of a given fly ash when used in concrete. KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Class C fly ash KW - Classification KW - Concrete KW - Delayed ettringite formation KW - Durability KW - Field studies KW - Fly ash KW - Heat of hydration KW - Laboratory studies KW - Sulfates KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470559 AU - Mukhopadhyay, Anal K AU - Pitre, Brandon AU - Arambula, Edith AU - Estakhri, Cindy AU - Russell, Andrew AU - Deng, Youjun AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Treatments for Clays in Aggregates Used to Produce Cement Concrete, Bituminous Materials, and Chip Seals PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - The clay contamination of coarse and fine aggregates and its effects on pavement performance of portland cement concrete (PCC), hot-mix asphalt (HMA), and chip seals are major concerns for the Texas Department of Transportation. This study: determined what type and concentration of clay mineral will result in poor pavement performance, identified a quick field test method to detect the presence of deleterious clay minerals in the aggregate stockpiles, and suggested remedial techniques to make the clay-contaminated aggregates acceptable for use. KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Chip seals KW - Clay minerals KW - Field tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Test procedures KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470557 AU - Kockelman, Kara AU - Boyles, Stephen AU - Fagnant, Daniel AU - Nichols, Brice AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Performance Measurement-Based Methodology to Objectively Compare Operational Improvements with Capacity Additions PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Preliminary project analysis and comparison are important for agencies in funding considerations and anticipating network impacts. Agencies are presented with multiple approaches to improving network functionality but may not be able to objectively compare solutions in a straightforward or holistic manner. Few or no tools exist for transportation professionals to comprehensively quantify and compare solutions. Tools to anticipate impacts at the preliminary or sketch level of analysis are important for general planning use, to help ensure that projects with the highest merit are pursued. Such pursuits are also increasingly necessary to compete for funding programs like MAP-21’s Projects of Regional and National Significance and past United States Department of Transportation TIGER grants. Such project proposals must consider safety, congestion, emissions, and economic impacts. The Project Evaluation Toolkit (PET) developed under this research project does just that. KW - Decision making KW - Economic impacts KW - Performance measurement KW - Project evaluation KW - Project management KW - Software KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470556 AU - Zhou, Fujie AU - Hu, Sheng AU - Gautam, Das AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Evaluation and Mix Design for High RAP Mixtures PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - The use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has the potential to conserve energy, protect the environment, and reduce the cost of hot mix asphalt (HMA) paving. However, many states including Texas have upper limits on use of RAP in asphalt mixes due to different concerns: RAP variability, the impact of RAP on engineering properties of mixes and field performance (especially cracking resistance), and the lack of a rational RAP mix design method. To address these concerns, in 2008, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) initiated this research study at the Texas A&M Transportation Institute with objectives to: define variability of processed RAP; develop best practices for RAP processing and stockpile management; identify the impact of RAP on engineering properties of mixes; propose a balanced mix design and performance evaluation system for project-specific service conditions; construct and monitor field test sections with RAP; evaluate approaches for improving cracking resistance of RAP mixes. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Best practices KW - Cracking KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Performance tests KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Recycled materials KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470555 AU - Klingner, Richard E AU - Bayrak, Oguzhan AU - Chao, Shih-Ho AU - Jirsa, James O AU - Azimov, Umid AU - Foreman, James AU - Foster, Stephen AU - Karki, Netra AU - Kwon, Ki Yeon AU - Woods, Aaron AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge Deck Reinforcement and PCP Cracking PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Bridge decks composed of precast, pre-stressed panels (PCPs) overlain by cast-in-place (CIP) are popular in many states of the United States, including Texas. Optimization of top-mat reinforcement and reduction of collinear panel cracking were addressed in this project. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cast in place concrete KW - Cracking KW - Panels KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470554 AU - Mo, Yi-Lung AU - Labib, Emad L AU - Dhonde, Hemant B AU - Howser, Rachel AU - Mo, Y L AU - Hsu, Thomas T C AU - Ayoub, Ashraf AU - University of Houston, Texas AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Shear in High-Strength Concrete Bridge Girders PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - High-strength concrete (HSC) is increasingly being used in highway bridges to enable prestressed concrete (PC) girders of a given size to support larger loads or longer span. Even if it is not specified, it is frequently provided by the contractor to speed concrete strength development. Both shear design provisions in the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code and the AASHTO Specifications are derived empirically for normal strength concrete (up to 8,000 psi) only. Because of their empirical origins and complicated expressions, it is nearly impossible to extend the current design provisions for application to HSC. This research project is divided into two parts. Part one studies the ultimate shear strength of the new Tx-girders as a function of concrete strength. Part two studies the end zone behavior of different sizes of Tx-girders and effects of tendon slip on web shear capacity. KW - Compressive strength KW - Design standards KW - Girders KW - High strength concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Shear properties KW - Tendons (Materials) KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470553 AU - Quiroga, Cesar AU - Li, Yingfeng (Eric) AU - Le, Jerry AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improving the Response and Participation by Utility Owners in the Project Development Process PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Coordination with utility owners during the project development and delivery process involves multiple activities, such as requesting and collecting data about the location and characteristics of existing facilities, identifying and analyzing utility conflicts, coordinating with utility stakeholders for the resolution of those utility conflicts, preparing and executing utility agreements, coordinating and inspecting utility adjustments, and coordinating reimbursements and audits. Effective communication, cooperation, and coordination among utility stakeholders are critical to keep transportation projects on schedule. Unfortunately, these elements are frequently lacking during project development and delivery to allow for the adoption of cost-effective solution strategies. The researchers reviewed strategies used by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and other agencies to engage utility owners, and assembled a list of 64 potential strategies to improve utility owner participation in the project development and delivery process. KW - Communication KW - Construction projects KW - Coordination KW - Development KW - Project management KW - Public utilities KW - Road construction KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470552 AU - Kockelman, Kara M AU - Chen, T Donna AU - Nichols, Brice AU - Boske, Leigh AU - Leite, Fernanda AU - Kelly, Maureen AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Economic Considerations in Transportation System Development and Operations PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - While many transportation planners and engineers feel unfamiliar with economic principles, their daily job duties frequently involve economic decisions. While these decision processes may regularly be informal, emerging via engineering judgment or rules of thumb, they are rooted in economic considerations and consequences. The Transportation Economics Reference serves as a comprehensive and concise guidebook for practitioners to appreciate the economic implications of their work and assess such impacts when making transportation investment, policy, and maintenance decisions. In addition to introducing key terms and concepts, the Reference presents a wide variety of evaluation and analysis tools to help transportation professionals address fundamentally complex questions with more confidence, particularly under resource constraints. KW - Decision making KW - Economic factors KW - Economics KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470550 AU - Nazarian, Soheil AU - Borrok, David AU - Bronson, Arturo AU - University of Texas, El Paso AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Characterization of Backfill Materials for Prevention of Corrosion MSE Metallic Wall Reinforcement PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls are economical to construct and have the potential to exhibit good serviceability over long duration. To prevent premature failure of MSE walls, the corrosive potential of backfills has to be evaluated. Even though Item 423, Retaining Walls, provides reasonable means of evaluating the finer backfills, its applicability to coarser backfill materials needed further evaluation. To that end, the geotechnical, geochemical, electrochemical, and metallurgical aspects of the corrosion of MSE metallic earth reinforcements were studied to recommend new guidelines to the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The main objectives of this study were the following items: evaluate current practices within Item 423 for coarse backfills; fully characterize and understand the geochemistry of common coarse backfills; propose geochemical methods for more realistically estimating the corrosion potential of coarse backfills; and study the corrosion rate of typical metallic reinforcement for typical coarse backfill geochemistry and environmental conditions. KW - Backfill soils KW - Corrosion protection KW - Earth walls KW - Geochemistry KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Retaining walls KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470549 AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Walubita, Lubinda F AU - Das, Gautam AU - Tanvir, Hossain AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - New Generation HMA Mix-Design Procedures and Specifications for Texas PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has introduced the Hamburg wheel tracking test into routine hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mix designs in order to minimize the risk of designing mixes with either rutting or stripping problems. This shift has prompted designers to move to stiffer asphalt-binder grades (e.g., PG 70-22S and PG 76-2). In addition, the increasing use of recycled materials has raised concerns that the typical mixes are now drier, more difficult to compact, and more susceptible to premature cracking. This project developed alternative mix-design approaches that will optimize HMA field performance, particularly with respect to cracking. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cracking KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycled materials KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470488 AU - Martin, Amy Epps AU - Arambula, Edith AU - Estakhri, Cindy AU - Prozzi, Jorge AU - Smit, Andre AU - Trevino, Manuel AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of Permeable Friction Course (PFC) Pavements over Time PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Recent Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Projects 0-5262, 0-5185, and 0-4834 addressed important design, construction, and maintenance issues associated with permeable friction courses (PFCs) that have been increasingly utilized by TxDOT as a surface pavement layer based on safety and environmental benefits. These benefits, that include reduced risk of hydroplaning and splash and spray and improved noise reduction effectiveness as compared to dense-graded hot-mix asphalt (HMA), are derived from high, interconnected air void (AV) contents in PFCs that may contribute to durability issues. To complete the evaluation of PFCs in terms of functionality and safety benefits and durability concerns, performance was tracked over time and compared against that of HMA in this project. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Friction course KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Permeability KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470487 AU - Rached, Marc AU - Fowler, David W AU - Whitney, David P AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recommendations for Achieving Adequate Surface Friction and Predicting Skid Values in Class P Concrete Containing Manufactured Fine Aggregates PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 41p AB - This report summarizes findings and recommendations regarding the usage of manufactured fine aggregates in portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP). The supporting research included both field and laboratory testing of aggregates and concrete properties that relate to skid resistance. Results show good correlation between friction values obtained using a Dynamic Friction Tester (DFT) and the micro-Deval test for fine aggregates (ASTM D7428). After comparing skid trailer values with Circular Track Meter (CTM) and DFT values, a correlation between the skid trailer and the DFT was established. Recommendations on how to blend carbonate sands with low acid insoluble residues to achieve good friction are presented in chapter 1 of this document. In chapter 2, a model for estimating skid numbers on concrete pavements with a mortar surface finish is presented. KW - Acid insoluble residue KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dynamic friction tester KW - Field tests KW - Fine aggregates KW - Friction KW - Laboratory tests KW - Micro-Deval Abrasion Test KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skid resistance tests UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6255_p4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458076 AU - Machemehl, Randy B AU - Wang, Li AU - Kolahdoozan, Sami AU - Seedah, Dan AU - Leite, Fernanda AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State of the Practice for Workers in Very Short Duration Work Zone Operations PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - The safety of workers and motorists is a major concern, and the Federal Highway Administration recognizes this challenge and makes provisions for work zone safety in the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). Setting up sufficient traffic control devices without severely interrupting traffic and sacrificing safety is a challenging task for traffic engineers, researchers, and maintenance workers. According to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), work duration is a major factor in determining the number and types of devices used in temporary traffic control (TTC) zones. Previous studies observed that workers are reluctant to utilize extensive traffic control for activities that only take a few minutes to complete. In addition, the setup and removal of traffic control devices increase the workers’ exposure to traffic, and adequate safety is therefore a concern for both workers and motorists. KW - Highway maintenance KW - Occupational safety KW - Risk management KW - State of the practice KW - Texas KW - Time duration KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zones UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/products/0-6640-P2/6640-P2.zip UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6640.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46895/6640-EducationalModule.pptx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458073 AU - Bhasin, Amit AU - Arega, Zelalem AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing a Fundamental Understanding of the Chemistry of Warm Mix Additives PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Several independent research studies have made broad comparisons between the engineering properties and performance of warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures to conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. However, there has been very little work that investigates the effect of WMA additives on the performance-related properties of the asphalt binder or on the long-term impact of using such additives in asphalt binders and mixtures. In addition, there is a need for work to be performed to evaluate the effectiveness of using recycled materials in conjunction with the WMA technology. The overall goal of this study was to bridge the aforementioned knowledge gaps. KW - Asphalt additives KW - Bituminous binders KW - Performance tests KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Texas KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6591.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458072 AU - Lawson, William D AU - Senadheera, Sanjaya AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementing the Ultra-High Pressure Water Cutter for Roadway Maintenance Applications PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - This study was conducted to implement ultra-high pressure (UHP) water cutting as a Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) maintenance strategy to rectify flushed pavements surfaced with either a seal coat or surface treatment. The UHP technique is useful for other pavement maintenance applications as well, such as treatment in advance of seal coating operations, removal of pavement markings, thermoplastic striping removal, cleanup of residue from spills, and cleaning of porous friction course asphalt pavements. This research was aimed at conducting a systematic evaluation of the UHP water cutting process for Texas roads, and it represents the first large-scale application of UHP water cutting for treatment of flushed seal coats in the United States. KW - Bleeding (Pavements) KW - Cleaning KW - Cutting tools KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Seal coats KW - Texas KW - Water pressure UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/5-5230.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458065 AU - Weissmann, Jose AU - Weissmann, Angela Jannini AU - Kunisetty, Jaya Lakshmi AU - Warner, Jeffery AU - Protopapas, Annie AU - Park, Eun Sug AU - Venglar, Steven AU - Sunkari, Srinivasa AU - University of Texas, San Antonio AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing Warrants for Active Warning Devices at Low-Volume Highway-Rail Grade Crossings PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - In order to utilize funds from the Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Safety Program, Section 130 of Title 23 United States Code (U.S.C.), states must prioritize public highway-rail crossings for improvements. With nearly 10,000 open public crossings in Texas to prioritize for Section 130 funds, an automated ranking procedure capable of generating a useful priority list can be instrumental for efficient fund allocation. Findings from this research were used develop the following products: warrants to identify crossings that may benefit from upgrades; revised Texas Priority Index (TPIrev); the Texas Passive Crossings Index (TPCI); and an integrated prioritization methodology. KW - Financing KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Low volume roads KW - Passive crossings KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas KW - Warning systems UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6642.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458062 AU - Lee, Soon-Jae AU - Humphries, Steven Cade AU - Broughton, Benjamin AU - Humphries, Evan AU - Texas State University, San Marcos AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Costs Associated with Conversion of Surfaced Roads to Unsurfaced Roads PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Conversion of roadways from a surfaced type to an unsurfaced type in order to achieve agency cost savings is currently being studied and practiced in select regions in other states. Conversion from surfaced to unsurfaced may be a more economical option for low-volume roads. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) manages tens of thousands of miles of low-volume roads, and wishes to know if conversion of those roadways could save significant money in maintenance over time. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Gravel roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Texas KW - Unpaved roads UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6677.pdf UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6677-P1.zip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458057 AU - Lawson, William AU - Wood, Timothy AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pullout Resistance of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Reinforcements in Backfills Typically Used in Texas PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Current design practice for evaluating the internal stability of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall systems relies on equations published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to determine the pullout resistance factors for earth reinforcements. However, these equations were developed based on data collected from testing performed many decades ago on reinforcement-backfill combinations that are not representative of materials used in TxDOT wall construction today. Since pullout often governs the internal stability of wall systems that utilize metallic reinforcements, it is important to determine pullout resistance factors for the specific reinforcement-backfill combinations used in Texas. A second important reinforcement pullout resistance question involves the use of alternative reinforcement layouts to resolve conflicts that arise in the field in relation to obstructions located within the reinforced fill. Such alternative reinforcement layouts have the potential to impact the internal stability of the wall system. TxDOT initiated this three-year research study with the primary objective of addressing these questions. KW - Backfill soils KW - Earth walls KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Pull out test KW - Stability analysis KW - Stabilized materials KW - Texas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6493.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458056 AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Murphy, Mike AU - O'Connor, James AU - Bhat, Chandra AU - Yildirim, Yetkin AU - Liu, Jin AU - Liu, Wenxing AU - Gonzalez, Epigmenio AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Optimizing Resource Allocations for Highway Routine Maintenance PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is responsible for maintaining more than 190,000 lane miles of highways. TxDOT is not only obligated to preserve the pavements in good condition, but it must also maintain the roadside and all roadway fixtures in a functional and acceptable condition. To add to this already difficult task, the agency has experienced funding fluctuations that can disrupt the timing of scheduled maintenance work, resulting in unstable highway conditions. TxDOT requested the researchers develop a methodology to minimize the impact of routine maintenance budget fluctuations on highway conditions. KW - Budgeting KW - Decision support systems KW - Financing KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Resource allocation KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6623.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458049 AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Walubita, Lubinda F AU - Faruk, Abu AU - Hoeffner, Jacob AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Overlay Tester (OT): Sensitivity Evaluation and Comparison to Other Crack Test Methods PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Currently, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) uses the overlay tester (OT) to routinely evaluate the cracking susceptibility of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixes in the laboratory. While the OT shows good correlations with field performance data, repeatability and variability in the test results have been major areas of concern. This is particularly true for most conventional Texas dense-graded mixes such as Type C and D mixes that constitute approximately 75% of all HMA produced for TxDOT. A laboratory test to routinely characterize the HMA cracking susceptibility is thus needed for all the Texas mix types.This study set out to address the OT variability issues and explore new supplementary and/or surrogate crack tests. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Cracking KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Texas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6607.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458045 AU - Li, Ming-Han AU - Chu, Kung-Hui AU - McFalls, Jett AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bioretention for Highway Stormwater Quality Improvement in Texas PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Bioretention is a technique that utilizes soil, sand, organic matter, and vegetation-based storage and infiltration facilities for treating runoff from paved surfaces such as parking lots, streets, and highways. To date, most bioretention results have been created by experiments conducted in different regions where climates and plants are very different from Texas. Moreover, few studies were conducted on highway environments. This project investigated the applicability and identified benefits and drawbacks of bioretention best management practices (BMPs) in Texas, specifically for highway-related applications. Large-scale and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance in hydraulic and water quality improvement. KW - Best practices KW - Bioremediation KW - Bioretention KW - Detention basins KW - Drainage KW - Highways KW - Runoff KW - Texas KW - Water quality management UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/5949.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458044 AU - Theiss, LuAnn AU - Bligh, Roger AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Compare Trailer-Mounted Attenuators vs. Truck-Mounted Attenuators Protection for Workers PY - 2012/08/31 SP - 2p AB - Although many truck-mounted and trailer-mounted attenuators have been accepted for use on the National Highway System, their required testing focused primarily on their structural adequacy, occupant risk for the impacting vehicle, and post-impact vehicular response. For workers that may be located near the attenuators when an impact occurs, the level of protection provided has not been compared. The purpose of this research was to compare truck-mounted and trailer-mounted attenuators in terms of worker safety. KW - Crash cushions KW - Impact tests KW - Occupational safety KW - Texas KW - Trailers KW - Truck mounted attenuators KW - Work zone safety UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6707.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457378 AU - Gong, Hongmian AU - Chen, Cynthia AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Hunter College of the City University of New York AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Automating Web Collection and Validation of GPS Data for Longitudinal Urban Travel Studies PY - 2012/08/31/Final Report SP - 23p AB - Traditional paper and phone travel surveys are expensive, time consuming, and have problems of missing trips, illogical trip sequences, and imprecise travel time. Global Positioning Systems (GPS)-based travel surveys can avoid many of these problems and are becoming increasingly popular in major cities worldwide. However, methodologies have not been developed to catch up with the enormous amount of data generated by the GPS. This project established a Web-based geographic information systems (GIS) prototype to speculate travel modes and trip purposes from GPS data and to validate the results from the survey participants. The prototype has the functions to collect GPS data from participants through the Web, run algorithms to speculate travel modes and trip purposes from the GPS data and other transportation and land use data, send back the results to participants for verification or modification, and finally update the data. While reducing the burdens on participants by using GPS, this Web-based GIS prototype has the potential to provide accurate and validated travel information for transportation modeling and planning. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Longitudinal studies KW - Methodology KW - Mode choice KW - Travel surveys KW - Trip purpose KW - Urban travel KW - Web applications UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/pubs/FinalReportGPSData.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46340/FinalReportGPSData.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587685 AU - Dong, Jing AU - Davidson, Diane AU - Southworth, Frank AU - Reuscher, Tim AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis of Automobile Travel Demand Elasticities With Respect To Travel Cost PY - 2012/08/30 SP - 64p AB - This report summarizes the auto travel demand elasticities with respect to different cost variables. The dependent variable of interest is vehicle miles of travel (VMT) of personally owned vehicles by U.S. households. Trip frequency, in terms of the number of trips made per day, is also considered as a dependent variable, though it requires a conversion (i.e., a trip length assumption) to put trip frequency into VMT terms. A relationship between household-level VMT and a set of explanatory variables is established using the direct demand approach. In particular, a log-log regression model is formulated and calibrated using the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) dataset, supplemented with the national transit database and other data sources. Household-level travel demand elasticities with regards to fuel cost, maintenance cost, transit services, income and other socioeconomic characteristics are derived from the VMT regression model. A Poisson regression model is used to describe the relationship between trip frequency and various travel cost variables. In addition, to examine the effect of travel time and cost on the mode choice between flying and driving a personal vehicle, the long distance passenger travel mode choice is represented by a discrete choice model. Using a subset of 2001 NHTS long trip samples, a binary logit choice model is developed and calibrated, which includes access distance, travel time, cost, income, and travel party size as explanatory variables. Aggregate elasticities of long distance trips by personal vehicles are derived from the discrete choice model. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile travel KW - Choice models KW - Elasticity (Economics) KW - Households KW - Mode choice KW - National Household Travel Survey KW - Regression analysis KW - Travel costs KW - Travel demand KW - Travel time KW - United States KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/pubs/hpl-15-014/TCElasticities.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1378463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470999 AU - Finley, Melisa AU - Ullman, Gerald AU - Miles, Jeff AU - Pratt, Mike AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of the Impact of Nighttime Work Zone Lighting on Motorists PY - 2012/08/30 SP - 2p AB - Work zone lighting affects motorist and worker safety, quality of work, productivity, and worker morale. Currently, Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) specifications only require that contractors provide “adequate lighting during nighttime work activities to ensure the quality of work and that inspection can occur.” Details as to what constitutes “adequate” are not currently defined. This project assessed the impact of work zone lighting on motorists and developed work zone lighting guidelines for nighttime operations, considering both worker and motorist needs. KW - Field studies KW - Glare KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Lighting KW - Night KW - Night shifts KW - Night visibility KW - Texas KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zones UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedPDFs/txdot/psr/6641.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470764 AU - Benz, Robert AU - Kuchangi, Shamanth AU - Nelson, Alicia AU - Voigt, Anthon AU - Stevens, Roma AU - Wikander, John AU - Theiss, LuAnn AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidelines for the Effective Use of Flexible Pylons for Congestion Mitigation, Access Management, and Safety Improvement PY - 2012/08/30 SP - 2p AB - Over the past decade, flexible pylons have been increasingly used on Texas roadways for the purposes of lane delineation and separation. Pylons are used for lane separation, delineation of median curbs, and access management on arterials, among other applications. If pylons are hit by a vehicle, an unsafe condition for motorists could result as debris from broken pylons and/or curbs leave exposed nails or broken curbs. The use of pylons can result in increased long-term maintenance costs for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and other agencies, even though the initial deployment costs are typically much less than traditional concrete median barriers. While some standards exist to test durability of pylons, this project aimed to provide guidelines for implementation of pylons. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Highway delineators KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance KW - Pylons KW - Texas KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238056 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01548240 TI - A Model for Incorporating Slab/Underlying Layer Interaction into the MEPDG Concrete Pavement Analysis Procedures AB - In jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCP) and continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP), the concrete slab is placed on a base layer that may consist of a wide variety of unbound, asphalt-stabilized, cement-stabilized, lime-stabilized aggregates; lean concrete; recycled concrete pavement; recycled asphalt pavement; and other materials. The base layer may be dense graded or permeable drainage layers. JPCP and CRCP overlays are also placed over existing rigid pavements, composite pavements, and flexible pavements for the rehabilitation of these pavements. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide Manual of Practice (MEPDG) developed under National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 01-37A provides a methodology for the analysis and performance prediction of such concrete pavements and overlays. This methodology makes certain assumptions regarding the contact and sliding friction between the concrete slab and base of new pavements and between the concrete overlay and the underlying pavement. However, these assumptions do not appear to adequately consider all aspects of the interaction between the concrete slab and underlying layer. For example, the methodology does not consider the incremental change in the level of friction or bonding during the pavement service life and its effect on pavement performance, the likely difference in the level of bonding contributed by the different base materials, or the influence of construction practices. The omission of these factors from consideration could lead to underdesigned or overdesigned pavement structure. Research is needed to (a) identify the factors that influence this interaction between the concrete slab and underlying layer (e.g., layer type and properties, placement practice, and climate), (b) estimate the expected change over the service life of the pavement for a variety of materials and conditions, (c) determine its effect on pavement performance, and (d) develop a mechanistic-empirical model that considers such interaction in the design and analysis of concrete pavements. Such a model can be incorporated into the MEPDG procedures to allow a more rational analysis and design of JPC and CRC pavements and overlays. The objective of this research is to develop a mechanistic-empirical model (and associated computational software) for considering the interaction between the concrete slab and underlying layer and its effect on pavement performance. The model shall be appropriate for use with the MEPDG procedures for concrete pavement analysis and design. The research shall consider both jointed plain concrete and continuously reinforced concrete pavements and overlays. Accomplishment of the project objective will require at least the following tasks: Phase I: (1) Collect and review relevant domestic and foreign literature and research findings relative to the characterization of the interaction between the concrete slab and underlying layer in concrete pavements and overlays. Identify the factors that are likely to influence such interaction and pavement performance over its service life (e.g., type of layer, extent of bond over time, contact friction, and construction practice). Also identify the models currently available for considering the interaction between the concrete slab and underlying layer in pavement analysis and design. (2) Evaluate available models considering sensitivity to inputs, applicability to the ranges of influencing factors, and other pertinent factors. Recommend promising models (i.e., available models, modified models, and/or new models) for further evaluation and validation in Phase II, and describe the features of these models. (3) Prepare an updated, detailed work plan for Phase II that includes an approach for either validating available or modified models or developing and validating new models identified in Task 2 and for recommending a model that will be appropriate for incorporation into the MEPDG procedures. As practical, the recommended model should use the same inputs and performance parameters used in the MEPDG procedures. Also, describe the proposed process for developing related software. (4) Prepare an interim report that documents the research performed in Phase I and includes the updated work plan for Phase II. Following review of the interim report by the NCHRP, the research team will be required to make a presentation to the project panel. Work on Phase II of the project will not begin until the interim report is approved and the Phase II work plan is authorized by the NCHRP. The decision on proceeding with Phase II will be based on the contractor's documented justification of the updated work plan. Phase II: (5) Execute the plan approved in Task 4. Based on the results of this work, recommend a mechanistic-empirical model for considering the interaction between the concrete slab and underlying layer in concrete pavement design and analysis. If this model requires use of data from tests that are not currently part of AASHTO or American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, develop protocols for these methods in a format suitable for consideration and adoption by AASHTO. (6) For the recommended model, develop user-oriented computational software and documentation to serve as a basis for incorporation into the MEPDG procedures. (7) Submit a final report that documents the entire research effort (including the software developed in this research). KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete overlays KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Jointed plain concrete pavements KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Slabs UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3151 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335991 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547383 TI - Culvert and Storm Drain System Inspection Manual AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) developed a comprehensive program in 1986 to address the global need to identify, quantify, and rate culverts. The end product was the FHWA Culvert Inspection Manual. There is a critical need to develop an updated publication to incorporate new pipe products including materials (e.g., plastic pipe), coatings, and rehabilitative linings. These new products require the inclusion of new inspection guidelines and procedures for both culverts and storm drain systems. Facilities designed to accommodate aquatic organism passage (AOP), specifically open-bottom shapes and embedded closed-bottom culverts, are becoming a national focus and need more detailed assessment guidance than that found in the FHWA Culvert Inspection Manual. In addition, The FHWA Culvert Inspection Manual does not cover all of the elements of storm drain systems including: headwalls, wingwalls, junctions, manholes, and energy dissipaters. And, since the development of the FHWA manual, significant advancements have taken place on remote access inspection techniques such as digital camera technologies for assessing restricted-access pipes and culverts. Therefore, there is a need for a new inspection manual that incorporates new technologies, different material types, and systems components. The objective of this research is to develop an inspection manual for assessing the condition of in-service culvert and storm drain systems to ensure system safety and performance and the economical use of owner resources. The manual will be presented in a format suitable for adoption by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and, as a minimum, will include the following: (1) catalog for distressed conditions, (2) inspection techniques, (3) condition assessment and rating criteria, (4) inspection reporting, and (5) best practices to help agencies manage their culvert inventory. PHASE I--Develop Detailed Outline for Inspection Manual - Assemble information and propose an outline for the new inspection manual for culvert and storm drain systems of different materials. Information shall be assembled from FHWA Culvert Inspection Manual, technical literature, owners and industry experiences, ongoing National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) projects, and research findings from both foreign and domestic sources. PHASE II--Catalog Distressed Conditions - Based on the approved work plan, develop a catalog of distressed conditions for culvert and storm drain systems including rehabilitated systems. Prepare a draft section for the manual. This draft section should be publication ready with appropriate level of details and illustrations. PHASE III--Evaluate Inspection Techniques - Identify data collection requirements and develop metrics to select the appropriate inspection technologies for each distressed condition assessment considering different levels of inspection (e.g., routine or in-depth). Prepare a draft section of the inspection manual. This draft section should be publication ready with appropriate level of details and illustrations. PHASE IV--Develop Condition Assessment and Rating Criteria - Develop criteria for condition assessment and rating considering all potential distressed conditions. Prepare a draft section of the manual. This draft section should be publication ready with appropriate level of details and illustrations. PHASE V--Prepare Manual and Final Deliverables - Prepare inspection manual based on Phases I through IV. The manual shall include best practices for assessing the condition of in-service culvert and storm drain systems, suggested inspection reporting procedures to include an appraisal sheet format, and best existing practices to help agencies manage their culvert inventory (no database architecture and software development are intended). The guidelines will be presented in a format suitable for consideration by the AASHTO Highway Subcommittees on Bridges and Structures and Maintenance. Prepare a preliminary draft final report that documents the entire research effort with an implementation strategy that considers technical and non-technical audiences. After consideration of panel comments, submit the revised final report. The inspection manual should be included as a stand-alone appendix KW - Best practices KW - Culverts KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Storm sewers UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3172 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01530965 AU - Katz, Bryan AU - O'Donnell, Cara AU - Donoughe, Kelly AU - Atkinson, Jennifer AU - Finley, Melisa AU - Balke, Kevin AU - Kuhn, Beverly AU - Warren, Davey AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidelines for the Use of Variable Speed Limit Systems in Wet Weather PY - 2012/08/24 SP - 40p AB - This report provides guidance on the use of variable speed limit (VSL) systems in wet weather at locations where the operating speed exceeds the design speed and the stopping distance exceeds the available sight distance. The use of VSLs during inclement weather or other less than ideal conditions can improve safety by decreasing the risks associated with traveling at speeds that are higher than appropriate for the conditions. By using VSLs, agencies can take into account traffic volume, operating speeds, weather information, sight distance, and roadway surface condition when posting speed limits. This report provides guidelines for the design, installation, operation, maintenance, and enforcement of wet weather VSL systems. The guidelines presented in this report are intended for a broad range of audiences, from the transportation policy professionals who are considering whether or not their agency should use VSL systems to the engineers who are actually designing VSL systems for their jurisdictions. The information within this guidebook should be useful to anyone considering the implementation or development of a VSL system. This document also provides examples of the challenges, obstacles and issues that organizations have encountered when implementing VSL systems so that future implementers can develop practices that will increase their likelihood of success. KW - Case studies KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Stopping distances KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Variable speed limits KW - Wet weather UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/fhwasa12022/fhwasa12022.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1315572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455279 AU - Schrum, Kevin D AU - Lechtenberg, Karla A AU - Stolle, Cody S AU - Faller, Ronald K AU - Sicking, Dean L AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cost-Effective Safety Treatments for Low-Volume Roads PY - 2012/08/24/Final Report SP - 228p AB - The majority of roadside safety guidance pertains to high-volume roads. Very little guidance exists to assist engineers in treating common obstacles found alongside low-volume roads. In general, it is assumed that low traffic volumes can effectively mitigate the risks associated with vehicle impacts into fixed objects and other geometric features to a point where they do not significantly increase the accident costs relative to high-volume roads. However, a single crash on a low-volume road may result in a fatality or a severe injury, effectively making low-volume roads competitive in severity scale with high-volume roads. As a result, the possibility of a fatal or severe injury crash needs to be mitigated on low-volume roads. Common roadside features were observed in a field study and included culverts, trees, slopes, ditches, and bridges. A probability-based encroachment tool, known as the Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP), was used to determine impact frequencies and severities for each feature. Treatment options, like removing the fixed object or installing W-beam guardrail, were considered for each feature. Finally, acceptable ranges in traffic volume were recommended for each safety treatment option. In these recommendations, the “do nothing” option was often considered to be the most cost-effective safety treatment for the existing configuration. However, this was not always the case. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Highway factors in crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Low volume roads UR - http://ne-ltap.unl.edu/Documents/NDOR/cost_effective_safety_treatments.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46948/Cost-Effective_Safety_Treatments_for_Low-Volume_Roads.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223708 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547907 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on the Environment. Task 80. Potential Use of Social Media Impact in the NEPA Process AB - The objective of this study was to prepare a report identifying and evaluating how state departments of transportation (DOTs) or other transportation agencies are utilizing social media and web-based tools throughout the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process, specifically in regards to public outreach. KW - Environmental policy KW - National Environmental Policy Act KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Social media KW - State departments of transportation KW - Web applications UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3313 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335555 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547692 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on the Environment. Task 81. Federal Compliance for Projects Utilizing Alternative Funding Strategies AB - The objective of this research was to conduct a review of federal environmental and regulatory documents that cover projects funded through public-private partnerships and other alternative funding mechanisms and prepare a compendium.  KW - Compliance KW - Environmental impacts KW - Financing KW - Public private partnerships KW - Regulations KW - Strategic planning UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3314 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335324 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573292 TI - Performing Forensic Evaluations of LTPP Remaining Sections Before They Leave Service AB - The objective of this research project is to create a pooled fund to rapidly complete forensic evaluations of Long-Term Pavement Performance Program (LTPP) sections before going out of service. Approximately 750 sections remain in service. KW - Forensic science KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Test sections UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/581 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554359 AU - Balducci, Patrick AU - Battelle AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Integrated Corridor Management Initiative: Demonstration Phase Evaluation – San Diego Benefit-Cost Analysis Test Plan PY - 2012/08/21/Final Report SP - 52p AB - This report presents the test plan for conducting the Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) for the United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) evaluation of the San Diego Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) Initiative Demonstration. The ICM projects being deployed in San Diego include a suite of strategies aimed at balancing corridor transportation supply and demand to promote overall corridor efficiency and safety. Operational strategies to be deployed in the San Diego I-15 highway corridor include: simulations to predict travel conditions for improved incident response, interdependent response plans among agencies, traffic diversion to strategic arterials, traveler mode shift to the bus rapid transit (BRT) system during major freeway incidents, and comparative travel time information to the public and operating agencies for freeway, High-Occupancy Tolling (HOT) lanes, arterial streets, and BRT. Technologies that will be used to carry out these strategies include a Decision Support System, a 511 traveler information system (telephone and website), a regional center-to-center information exchange network, dynamic message signs, adaptive ramp metering, and responsive traffic signals. This BCA Data Test Plan is based on the ICM Initiative Demonstration National Evaluation Framework. This test plan provides an overview of the BCA framework and describes the specific qualitative and quantitative data that will be collected to support the analysis. Data analysis methodologies as well as risks and mitigations associated with this evaluation analysis are also discussed in this test plan. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bus rapid transit KW - Data collection KW - Decision support systems KW - Incident management KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Methodology KW - Modal shift KW - San Diego (California) KW - Transportation corridors KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54300/54351/icm_san_diego_benefit_cost_testplan__FHWA-JPO-13-042_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554210 AU - Lee, Ming-Shiun AU - Krile, Bob AU - Battelle AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Integrated Corridor Management Initiative: Demonstration Phase Evaluation – San Diego Corridor Performance Analysis Test Plan PY - 2012/08/21/Final Report SP - 80p AB - This report presents the test plan for conducting the Corridor Performance Analysis for the United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) evaluation of the San Diego Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) Initiative Demonstration. The ICM projects being deployed in San Diego include a suite of strategies aimed at balancing corridor transportation supply and demand to promote overall corridor efficiency and safety. Operational strategies to be deployed in the San Diego I-15 highway corridor include: simulations to predict travel conditions for improved incident response, interdependent response plans among agencies, traffic diversion to strategic arterials, traveler mode shift to the bus rapid transit (BRT) system during major freeway incidents, and comparative travel time information to the public and operating agencies for freeway, High-Occupancy Tolling (HOT) lanes, arterial streets, and BRT. Technologies that will be used to carry out these strategies include a Decision Support System, a 511 traveler information system (telephone and website), a regional center-to-center information exchange network, dynamic message signs, adaptive ramp metering, and responsive traffic signals. This Corridor Performance Analysis Test Plan is based on the ICM Initiative Demonstration National Evaluation Framework. This test plan provides an overview of the Corridor Performance Analysis and describes the specific qualitative and quantitative data that will be collected to support the analysis. Data analysis methodologies as well as risks and mitigations associated with this evaluation analysis are also discussed in this test plan KW - Analysis KW - Bus rapid transit KW - Data collection KW - Decision support systems KW - Incident management KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Methodology KW - Modal shift KW - San Diego (California) KW - Simulation KW - Transportation corridors KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54300/54352/icm_san_diego_corridor_perform_testplan__FHWA-JPO-13-043_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554410 AU - Lee, Ming-Shiun AU - Krile, Bob AU - Battelle AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Integrated Corridor Management Initiative: Demonstration Phase Evaluation – Dallas Corridor Performance Analysis Test Plan PY - 2012/08/17/Final Report SP - 78p AB - This report presents the test plan for conducting the Corridor Performance Analysis for the United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) evaluation of the Dallas U.S. 75 Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) Initiative Demonstration. The ICM projects being deployed in Dallas include a suite of strategies aimed at balancing U.S. 75 corridor transportation supply and demand to promote overall corridor efficiency and safety. Operational strategies to be deployed in the Dallas U.S. 75 highway corridor include: simulations to predict travel conditions for improved incident response, interdependent response plans among agencies, traffic diversion to frontage roads and strategic arterials, traveler mode shift to the light rail system during major freeway incidents, and comparative travel time information to the public and operating agencies for freeway, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, frontage roads, arterial streets, and light-rail transit lane. Technologies that will be used to carry out these strategies include a Decision Support System, a 511 traveler information system (telephone and website), a regional center-to-center information exchange network, dynamic message signs, parking management systems, transit signal priority and responsive traffic signals. This Corridor Performance Test Plan is based on the ICM Initiative Demonstration National Evaluation Framework. This test plan provides an overview of the Corridor Performance Analysis and describes the specific qualitative and quantitative data that will be collected to support the analysis. Data analysis methodologies as well as risks and mitigations associated with this evaluation analysis are also discussed in this test plan. KW - Analysis KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Data collection KW - Decision support systems KW - Incident management KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Light rail transit KW - Methodology KW - Modal shift KW - Simulation KW - Transportation corridors KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54300/54347/icm_dallas_corridor_perform_testplan_final__FHWA-JPO-13-037_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554340 AU - Lee, Matt AU - Pack, Michael AU - Battelle AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Integrated Corridor Management Initiative: Demonstration Phase Evaluation – Dallas Decision Support System Analysis Test Plan PY - 2012/08/17/Final Report SP - 54p AB - This report presents the test plan for conducting the Decision Support System (DSS) Analysis for the United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) evaluation of the Dallas U.S. 75 Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) Initiative Demonstration. The ICM projects being deployed in Dallas include a suite of strategies aimed at balancing U.S. 75 corridor transportation supply and demand to promote overall corridor efficiency and safety. Operational strategies to be deployed in the Dallas U.S. 75 highway corridor include: simulations to predict travel conditions for improved incident response, interdependent response plans among agencies, traffic diversion to frontage roads and strategic arterials, traveler mode shift to the light rail system during major freeway incidents, and comparative travel time information to the public and operating agencies for freeway, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, frontage roads, arterial streets, and light-rail transit lane. Technologies that will be used to carry out these strategies include a Decision Support System, a 511 traveler information system (telephone and website), a regional center-to-center information exchange network, dynamic message signs, parking management systems, transit signal priority and responsive traffic signals. This DSS Analysis Test Plan is based on the ICM Initiative Demonstration National Evaluation Framework. This test plan provides an overview of the DSS Analysis and describes the specific qualitative and quantitative data that will be collected to support the analysis. Data analysis methodologies as well as risks and mitigations associated with this evaluation analysis are also discussed in this test plan. KW - Analysis KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Data collection KW - Decision support systems KW - Incident management KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Light rail transit KW - Methodology KW - Simulation KW - Transportation corridors KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54300/54348/icm_dallas_decision_support_testplan_final__FHWA-JPO-13-039_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554239 AU - Lee, Matthew AU - Battelle AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Integrated Corridor Management Initiative: Demonstration Phase Evaluation – Dallas Technical Capability Analysis Test Plan PY - 2012/08/17/Final Report SP - 60p AB - This report presents the test plan for conducting the Technical Capability Analysis for the United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) evaluation of the Dallas U.S. 75 Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) Initiative Demonstration. The ICM projects being deployed in Dallas include a suite of strategies aimed at balancing U.S. 75 corridor transportation supply and demand to promote overall corridor efficiency and safety. Operational strategies to be deployed in the Dallas U.S. 75 highway corridor include: simulations to predict travel conditions for improved incident response, interdependent response plans among agencies, traffic diversion to frontage roads and strategic arterials, traveler mode shift to the light rail system during major freeway incidents, and comparative travel time information to the public and operating agencies for freeway, High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes, frontage roads, arterial streets, and light-rail transit lane. Technologies that will be used to carry out these strategies include a Decision Support System, a 511 traveler information system (telephone and website), a regional center-to-center information exchange network, dynamic message signs, parking management systems, transit signal priority and responsive traffic signals. This Technical Capability Test Plan is based on the ICM Initiative Demonstration National Evaluation Framework. This test plan provides an overview of the Technical Capability Analysis and describes the specific qualitative and quantitative data that will be collected to support the analysis. Data analysis methodologies as well as risks and mitigations associated with this evaluation analysis are also discussed in this test plan. KW - Analysis KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Data collection KW - Decision support systems KW - Incident management KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Light rail transit KW - Methodology KW - Modal shift KW - Simulation KW - Transportation corridors KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54300/54349/icm_dallas_tech_capab_testplan_final__FHWA-JPO-13-040_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342214 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01568410 TI - Assessment and Treatment of Sulfate-Bearing Soils in Ohio AB - At the moment, it is not known if high-sulfate soils are confined to areas along the Lake Erie shoreline in Northeast Ohio or if they are present in other areas of the state. Hence, it is important to determine if other areas in Ohio have high-sulfate soils and understand why these areas have elevated levels of sulfate. Identifying the locations where high sulfate levels might be encountered and knowing the factors that might affect soil sulfate origin and formation would enable the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) to quickly assess the presence of high sulfate levels in soil and would ensure that soil stabilization plans will be appropriate for roadway construction. The outcome of this study may lead to (1) improving safety by reducing pavement damage and providing a drivable pavement surface, and (2) reducing long-term costs by improving soil stabilization and reducing the need for repairs to pavement caused by soil heave. KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Ohio KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Soil stabilization KW - Sulfate-rich soils KW - Sulfates UR - http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/9/OHI/2014/10/28/H1414523602145/viewer/file1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1359271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493270 AU - Miller, Norm AU - Smith, Brian AU - Nicholson, Kent AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Comparison of Mobile Scanning to a Total Station Survey at the I-35 and IA 92 Interchange in Warren County, Iowa PY - 2012/08/15/Final Report SP - 23p AB - The purpose of this project was to investigate the potential for collecting and using data from mobile terrestrial laser scanning (MTLS) technology that would reduce the need for traditional survey methods for the development of highway improvement projects at the Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT). The primary interest in investigating mobile scanning technology is to minimize the exposure of field surveyors to dangerous high volume traffic situations. Issues investigated were cost, timeframe, accuracy, contracting specifications, data capture extents, data extraction capabilities and data storage issues associated with mobile scanning. The project area selected for evaluation was the Interstate 35/Iowa Highway 92 (IA 92) interchange in Warren County, Iowa. This project covers approximately one mile of I-35, one mile of IA 92, 4 interchange ramps, and bridges within these limits. Delivered LAS and image files for this project totaled almost 31GB. There is nearly a 6-fold increase in the size of the scan data after post-processing. Camera data, when enabled, produced approximately 900MB of imagery data per mile using a 2-camera, 5 megapixel system. A comparison was done between 1823 points on the pavement that were surveyed by Iowa DOT staff using a total station and the same points generated through the MTLS process. The data acquired through the MTLS and data processing met the Iowa DOT specifications for engineering survey. A list of benefits and challenges is included in the detailed report. With the success of this project, it is anticipate that additional projects will be scanned for the Iowa DOT for use in the development of highway improvement projects. KW - Data collection KW - Highway design KW - Iowa KW - Lasers KW - Mapping KW - Scanners KW - Surveying instruments KW - Surveying methods and processes UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14888/1/IA_DOT_Mobile_Scanning_Total_Station_Survey.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261365 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489648 TI - Reducing Fatal Crashes into Roadside Objects AB - A synthesis of effective state or local programs to reduce the number and severity of utility pole crashes. KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Roadside hazards KW - Roadside structures KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258878 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489647 TI - Resource Tracking System AB - This project provides maintenance and operating costs for tracking resource system developed w/FY2010 funds. KW - Highway safety KW - Operating costs KW - Resource development and utilization KW - Software maintenance KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258877 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489646 TI - Roadway Departure Focus States Initiatives (Rural 2-Lane) AB - This project provides for technical assistance and support activities for the 18 RD focus states. KW - Highway safety KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Rural highways KW - States KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258876 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01543702 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Public Transportation. Task 44. Curriculum for New State DOT Transit Grant Managers in Administering Federal and State Transit Grant Programs AB - The fast and growing departure of transit grant managers in state departments of transportation (DOT's) creates an urgent need to quickly train persons to successfully undertake transit grant program management responsibilities. A training curriculum for use by mid-level state DOT transit division directors would provide good guidance in training new staff for transit grant management duties. The research addressed the tasks required to successfully manage transit grants, the courses available to gain proficiency in those listed tasks, as well as an identification of gaps where no current formal training for transit grant management tasks currently exists. KW - Government employees KW - Grant aid KW - New York State Department of Transportation KW - Program management KW - Training KW - Transit personnel UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3516 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331738 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573317 TI - Passive Force-Displacement Relationships for Skewed Abutments AB - The objectives for this study include: (1) Determine passive force-displacement curves for skewed abutments with and without wingwalls from large scale tests. (2) Provide comparisons of behavior of skewed abutments with that of normal abutments. (3) Evaluate the effect of wingwalls on response. (4) Develop design procedures for calculating passive force-displacement curves for skewed abutments. KW - Abutments KW - Design KW - Passive forces KW - Skewed structures KW - Wingwalls UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/493 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366541 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547908 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on the Environment. Task 82. Permeable Shoulders with Stone Reservoirs AB - The objective of the research was to prepare a report evaluating the suitability of permeable pavements with stone reservoirs for shoulders from the perspectives of design, constructability, safety, maintenance, and longevity of the shoulder and the mainline. A secondary objective was to develop a research plan to examine flow spreading, interception capacity, and hydraulics of the resulting runoff with respect to managing highway stormwater runoff and pavement drainage design. KW - Design KW - Detention basins KW - Drainage KW - Durability KW - Hydraulics KW - Permeability KW - Porous pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Runoff KW - Stone UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3315 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01476291 AU - Frey, H Christopher AU - Graver, Brandon M AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Measurement and Evaluation of Fuels and Technologies for Passenger Rail Service in North Carolina PY - 2012/08/13/Final Report SP - 137p AB - The purpose of this project is to measure a baseline for fuel use and emission rates on the rebuilt or replaced engines on each locomotive in the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) Rail Division fleet, using ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel; measure real-world, in-use “over-the-rail” activity, fuel use, and emissions for service between Raleigh and Charlotte; assess the avoided fuel use and emissions from substitution of automobile trips with rail service based on real-world data obtained in this research for the train service and real-world highway vehicle data obtained in recent previous research; and conduct an evaluation of the emissions implications of B20 biodiesel versus ULSD using a life cycle inventory approach that takes into account the fuel cycle, as well as locomotive emissions. The methodology features the use of portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS). The results of this project will enable the NCDOT Rail Division to accurately assess the fuel use and emissions benefits of the engine rebuilds and replacements, the use of alternative fuel, and the energy and emissions benefits of passenger rail service compared to the avoided highway vehicle usage. These data can be used to identify priorities for further emission reduction measures, if needed, and to claim credit for the energy and environmental benefits of rail transportation. These data and information will be useful to the NCDOT Rail Division as the basis for determining the energy and emissions benefits of B20 and of rail versus highway transportation and, thus, as an input to prioritizing future activity pertaining to asset management and community relations. KW - Biodiesel fuels KW - Diesel fuels KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Locomotives KW - North Carolina KW - Passenger trains KW - Pollutants KW - Portable Emissions Measurement System UR - http://www.ncdot.gov/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2010-12FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245467 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466558 TI - 2012 International Mountain Bicycling Association World Summit AB - The objective of this order is to provide partial sponsorship to the International Mountain Bicycling Association (IMBA) to conduct the 2012 IMBA World Summit that was held October 10-13, 2012, in Santa Fee, New Mexico. As part of this effort, IMBA will provide the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) with benefits commensurate with its publicized conference sponsor opportunities. KW - Information dissemination KW - International relations KW - Mountain bikes KW - Sponsors KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234793 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01576046 TI - Cooperating Camera Platforms for Ultra High-Resolution Tracking of Traffic AB - This project is designed to provide high-definition cooperative camera traffic surveillance. This system will have enhanced capabilities to recognize "events" in the highway infrastructure and relay this information to command centers in real time. In addition, the technology will enable any feature extraction algorithm to interoperate with ultra high-resolution surveillance hardware. This research will explore the use of cooperating camera platforms, high accuracy gimbals, high-definition vision cameras, and servo-stabilized platforms. These technologies provide unique cross-cutting opportunities. This cross-cutting system might enable significant improvements in the power of computer vision algorithms and will allow a test bed for developers of the algorithms because the system design for utilization of the cameras provides an agnostic interface with analysis algorithms. This project will expand understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of ultra high-resolution traffic surveillance and real-time analysis and dissemination of detected "events" or anomalies. KW - Algorithms KW - Cameras KW - Computer vision KW - Incident management KW - Real time information KW - Test beds KW - Traffic surveillance UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/tfhrc/projects/projectsdb/projectdetails.cfm?projectid=FHWA-PROJ-12-0104 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369995 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547846 TI - Current Practice of Post- Construction Structural Stormwater Control AB - The purpose of this project was to provide a whitepaper providing the following: (1) a synthesis of practices for structural stormwater control implementation measures conducted by state transportation agencie; (2) synthesis of any new federal or state-level research programs and project on stormwater control completed or initiated in the last 24 months; 3) a comprehensive overview of the types of structural stormwater treatment facility types in use, with information necessary for their selection, design and operation; and 4) identify information gaps and research needs particularly with reference to anticipated changes in federal regulations. KW - Design of specific facilities KW - Regulations KW - Runoff KW - State of the practice KW - Water treatment UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3316 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335468 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01490686 TI - Effects of Road Construction Intensity and Operations on Rural Freeway Work Zone Capacity AB - Capacity has been defined and measured by many researchers. Capacity is dependent on many variables that can be broadly categorized as traffic, geometric and traffic control conditions. Capacity is also affected by construction type and its intensity on adjacent open traffic lanes. The effect on capacity is a function of vehicles moving in and out of the closed lanes of the work zone, and the presence of heavy construction vehicles. Construction activity and its intensity, however, are not commonly considered in estimating capacity of a highway lane. The main purpose of this project is to quantify the effects of construction type and intensity (e.g. Maintenance, rehabilitation, reconstruction, and milling) on work zone capacity. The intensity of construction activity can be defined as the frequency of work zone vehicles ingress/egress from the open traffic lane, the presence of heavy construction vehicles like milling machines, etc., number of workers present at the work site. The objective will be to quantify the effects of construction type and its intensity on work zone capacity and to develop guidelines for the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) to estimate the specific operation type and intensity that will improve the traffic flow by reducing the traffic flow and queue length commonly associated with work zones. The results of the study can be used to help the State Departments of Transportation in improving customer satisfaction. KW - Guidelines KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Maintenance KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic flow KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/303 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1260396 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01566745 TI - Updating U.S. Precipitation Frequency Estimates for the Northeastern Region AB - The purpose of this study is to determine annual exceedance probabilities (AEP) and average recurrence intervals (ARI) for durations ranging from 5 minutes to 60 days and for ARIs from 1 to 1,000 years. The point estimates will be spatially interpolated to a spatial resolution of approximately 4km x 4 km. The study results will be published as volumes of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Atlas 14, a wholly web based publication available at www.nws.noaa.gov/ohd/hdsc. The publication will include the artifacts provided in Volumes 1 and 2 including access through the Precipitation Frequency Data Server, base grids in standard formats, electronic copies of maps, results of trend analyses, charts of seasonal distributions and probabilistic temporal distributions, and detailed documentation. Updated areal reduction factors are being developed as a separate appendix to NOAA Atlas 14 for the entire U.S. including Alaska. The project will review and process all reasonably available rainfall data. It is recognized that the rainfall data archived by NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) may not be sufficient to accomplish the objectives of this project. Therefore, other data available from sources such as State Climatologists and other Federal, State and local agencies will be examined and included if appropriate. The state of the art techniques and processes developed and applied for NOAA Atlas 14 Volumes 1 and 2 will be applied. They include regional frequency analysis based on L-moments including error estimates, a combination of PRISM based techniques and CRAB for spatial interpolation, techniques for the analysis of climatic trend, temporal distribution and seasonality, internal consistency checks and variety of automated processes designed to enhance productivity. Intermediate results in the form of hourly and daily estimates at several ARIs will be distributed for peer review as will the final documentation. KW - Climate change KW - Data banks KW - Rainfall KW - Spatial distribution (Rainfall) KW - State of the art KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/477 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1358401 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01481546 TI - Evaluation Of The Smart Cushion Innovations (Sci) 100gm Crash Attenuator AB - The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the SCI100GM in a mainline application. The SCI100GM is a fully redirective, speed-dependent, non-gating, bi-directional crash attenuator with a reverse-tapered design to eliminate side panel stress during a collapse. In addition it has a low angle of exit on side impacts (<1°) to keep vehicles from rebounding back into traffic. The hydraulic porting of the attenuator ensures that the proper resistance is used to stop the vehicle before it reaches the end of the cushion's usable length. Per the manufactures information, this device, based on a frontal impact, may be reset and back in service under an hour with minimum cost. KW - Crash cushions KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Field tests KW - Highway safety UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/epsl/sci/EVAL_APR13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01480981 AU - Langen, Tom A AU - Clarkson University AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Monitoring Functionality and Durability of the New York State Highway 30 Turtle Barrier and Adjacent Nesting Substrate PY - 2012/08/01/Final Report SP - 40p AB - . In 2008, the New York State (NYS) Department of Transportation installed a wildlife barrier along NYS Route 30 in Tupper Lake, Franklin County, New York. The major objectives of the study that is the subject of this report were to: evaluate the effectiveness of the Route 30 wildlife barrier for preventing turtle mortality and turtle trespass onto the roadway, assess the impacts of the barrier on turtle nesting, evaluate the wildlife barrier design, and provide general design recommendations for future turtle barriers along roadways. The study area was monitored from May to October in 2010 and 2011, and the barriers were judged to be partially effective. Adjacent roadside nesting was also monitored and did not appear to suffer elevated failure due to predation. The report concludes that the wildlife barrier was generally effective but could be enhanced with modifications at the ends of barriers, and recommends regular monitoring and annual maintenance. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Franklin County (New York) KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highways KW - Turtles KW - Wildlife UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-10-06Final%20Report_Tupper%20Fence%20Monitoring%20Project_Revised16Apr2013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1249375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01574049 AU - DeFrank, Joseph AU - Baldos, Orville AU - Lukas, Scott AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Native Grass Hydroseed Development: Establishment Protocols for Three Native Hawaiian Plants on Roadside Areas PY - 2012/08 SP - 41p AB - The biggest mistake with using native plants on Hawaii’s roadways is to assume that native plants do not require nutrient enhancement or supplemental water to establish on these sites. The establishment of native plants will require a detailed analysis of the site in terms of access to irrigation water, established weeds and other ground covers as well as suitability to a mixture of desired native plants in the final landscape setting. This document provides protocols that start with proper pre-plant site preparation to purge weedy species and leave the site with a depleted capability to repopulate with undesirable vegetation. This is followed by planting and establishment techniques of pili grass (Heteropogon contortus), akiaki (Sporobolus virginicus) and mauu akiaki (Fimbristylis cymosa). The protocols provided in this planting handbook were developed with the understanding that contractors have a defined period to finish a job and that many challenges exist in establishing a persistent landscape composed of native Hawaiian plants. KW - Grasses KW - Handbooks KW - Hawaii KW - Native plants KW - Roadside flora KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01534779 AU - Daniel, Jo Sias AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - New Hampshire Binder and Mix Review PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 20p AB - This review was initiated to compare relative rut testing and “simple performance tests” (now known as Asphalt Mix Performance Tests) for the New Hampshire ½ inch mix with 15% Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP). The tested mixes were made from various neat and modified asphalt liquids. The asphalts were tested with the full battery of Strategic Highway Research Program binder tests to assess stiffness comparisons and low temperature cracking properties. Binder testing results indicate that Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA) may slightly decrease the low temperature performance and the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) modified binder would perform better at low temperatures than the styrene-butadiene styrene (SBS) modified binder. With respect to rutting, the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) results indicate the PPA binder may increase rutting susceptibility and the SBR modified binder would perform better than the SBS modified binder. Mixture testing results indicate the PPA mixture will perform better with respect to rutting, but the Model Mobile Load Simulator (MMLS3) tests show the opposite. Air void content differences for the MMLS3 specimens could be affecting the results. The difference in fatigue performance will be dependent on the pavement structure. A stiffer mixture is generally better for thicker pavements, but may not be for thinner structures. KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Model mobile load simulators KW - Multiple Stress Creep Recovery KW - New Hampshire KW - Performance tests KW - Polyphosphoric acid KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Rutting KW - Styrene butadiene rubber KW - Styrene butadiene styrene UR - http://www.nh.gov/dot/org/projectdevelopment/materials/research/projects/documents/FHWA-NH-RD-14282B-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1320438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529419 AU - Andreen, Burt AU - Ksaibati, Khaled AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comparing Crash Trends and Severity in the Northern Rocky Mountain Region PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 133p AB - Safety Management Systems are federally mandated in an effort to encourage states to develop strategic programs in order to mitigate severe crashes. In 2006, the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) published the Wyoming Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP). The plan outlines goals for the state and transportation areas of strategic emphasis. While the SHSP has proven successful in lowering crash rates, Wyoming is constantly plagued by one of the highest fatal crash rates in the region. In the northern Rocky Mountain region, North Dakota historically boasts the lowest fatal crash rates, while Colorado has the highest. Other states in the region are Wyoming, Montana, Utah, South Dakota, and Idaho. In an effort towards continued safety improvement, WYDOT is investigating whether there is a link between certain factors in North Dakota and the low number of fatal crashes experienced there. The basis of this research centers on evaluating key differences between North Dakota and Wyoming to determine if there are policies, practices, and or physical differences that keep North Dakota’s fatal crash rate lower. This research investigates patrol enforcement differences, traffic safety laws, crash records, mileage records, vehicle records, and economic factors as possible sources of crash rate differences. When some critical factors were identified, Logistic Regression Modeling was applied to two Wyoming interstates to identify safety concerns for implementation within Wyoming’s transportation SHSP. It was found that on Interstates 80 and 25 in Wyoming, sobriety, motorcycle usage, and speed were some of the largest factors in increasing the probability of a critical crash. From comparing crash trends between the two states, it was found that interstates are an area where fatal crashes happen more often in Wyoming. Wyoming also has more fatal crashes on weekends and in the summer months than North Dakota. It was found that both states are behind in the adoption of nationally recommended laws and that Wyoming enforcement needs more resources to effectively patrol and maintain safety on highways such as interstate 80. Finally, it was determined that in those counties where mining and construction industries have high levels of employment, crashes were more frequent and care should be taken to educate those communities on the benefits of safe driving. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Logistic regression analysis KW - North Dakota KW - Rocky Mountain States KW - State laws KW - Strategic Highway Safety Plan KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Wyoming UR - http://www.dot.state.wy.us/files/live/sites/wydot/files/shared/Planning/Research/RS08210%201203F%20Comparing%20Crash%20Trends%20and%20Severity%20in%20the%20Northern%20Rocky%20Mountan%20Region.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51883/FHWA_1203F_RS08210__Comparing_Crash_Trends_and_Severity_in_the_Northern_Rocky_Mountan_Region.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513469 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Billings Bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/08//Volumes held: Draft(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510743 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - State Route 91 corridor improvement project proposes widening, including the construction of one mixed-flow lane in each direction, one auxiliary lane in each direction, high-occupancy or toll lanes, and direct high-occupancy or toll connections between State Route 91 and Interstate 15 : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/08//Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, F KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01499725 AU - Davidson, Eric AU - White, Donald AU - Kahn, Lawrence AU - Georgia Institute of Technology AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Performance and Maximum Length of Continuous Decks in Bridges, Part 2 PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 108p AB - Field experimental measurements and analytical studies showed that the link-slab reinforcement experiences almost no axial load due to thermal and gravity loading. One of the fundamental reasons for the low loads in the link-slab reinforcement is the fact that there is a small space (tolerance) between the dowel restraint bars located within the bearing at the bottom of each girder and the cast-in holes in the girder. Further, concrete shrinkage causes a crack to occur at the construction joint; the crack width is larger than the deformations caused by thermal and gravity loading. Thus, no link-slab moments can be generated in the deck. The authors concluded that the top layer of longitudinal deck reinforcement would be sufficient for link-slab reinforcement. KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction joints KW - Field studies KW - Georgia KW - Length KW - Performance measurement KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shrinkage UR - http://www.dot.ga.gov/BuildSmart/research/Documents/RP%2010-29_Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1267733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01499337 AU - Schram, Scott AU - Williams, R Christopher AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ranking of HMA Moisture Sensitivity Tests in Iowa PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 20p AB - Several agencies specify AASHTO T283 as the primary test for field acceptance of moisture susceptibility in hot mix asphalt. When used in this application, logistical difficulties challenge its practicality, while repeatability is routinely scrutinized by contractors. An alternative test is needed which can effectively demonstrate the ability to screen mixtures based on expected performance. The ideal replacement can be validated with field performance, is repeatable, and allows for prompt reporting of results. Dynamic modulus, flow number, AASHTO T283, Hamburg wheel tracking device (HWTD), and the moisture induced sensitivity test (MIST) were performed on plant produced surface mixes in Iowa. Follow-up distress surveys were used to rank the mixes by their performance. The rankings indicate both the quantity of swelling from MIST conditioning and submersed flow number matched the performance ranking of all but one mixture. Hamburg testing parameters also appear effective, namely the stripping inflection point and the ratio between stripping slope and the creep slope. Dynamic modulus testing was ineffective, followed by AASHTO T283 and ratios produced from flow number results of conditioned samples. KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Iowa KW - Materials tests KW - Moisture content KW - Ranking (Statistics) KW - Sensitivity analysis UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/15262/1/IA_DOT_RB00-012_HMA_Moisture_Sensitivity_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1277733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496715 AU - Ryu, Sungwoo AU - Choi, Pangil AU - Zhou, Wujun AU - Saraf, Sureel AU - Won, Moon C AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock TI - Improvements of Full Depth Repair Practices for CRCP Distresses PY - 2012/08//Technical Report SP - 147p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has by far the most continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) lane miles in the nation and sections as old as 50 years are still in service. Having served much longer than intended, some sections are showing distresses. Full-depth repair (FDR) is one of the methods to repair CRCP distresses in Texas. Over the years, various FDR methods have been used and the effectiveness of each method has varied. The most widely used FDR method – where a full-depth cut is made at 2 ft (30.48 cm) inside the transverse repair boundaries and partial-depth cut at repair boundaries with the concrete in between removed to expose longitudinal steel – has inherent disadvantages, with longer repair time required being the primary disadvantage. Full-depth cut FDR method – where a full-depth cut is made at repair boundaries with transverse and longitudinal tie bars epoxy grouted into the existing concrete – has advantages over other methods, one of which is the faster operation, minimizing the time of roadway closure. Since CRCP is normally utilized at high traffic volume areas, the maximum time allowed for the FDR operation in TxDOT is normally limited to nine hours, which makes the full-depth cut method the only acceptable repair method. Factors affecting the effectiveness of the full-depth cut method were investigated by laboratory testing and field evaluations. The way epoxy is injected into the holes was the most important variable affecting the performance of FDR. Based on the research findings, recommendations were made to revise specifications for FDR, and it is expected that the implementation will result in improved FDR performance of CRCP. Some distresses in CRCP are limited to the upper half of the slab depth, and for these distresses, partial-depth repair (PDR) is the more effective method. A device called MIRA was evaluated for the detection of partial-depth failures in CRCP. MIRA was able to detect not only delaminations, but voids and mud balls in concrete slab, reinforcement, and slab thickness. For the detection of partial-depth distresses, MIRA can be a useful tool. Guidelines, special specifications, and design standards for PDR were developed. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Field studies KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Partial depth repair KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Specifications KW - Texas UR - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/reports/complete_reports/0-6611-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01495184 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Risk-Based Asset Management:Examining Risk-based Approaches to Transportation Asset Management, Report 2: Managing Asset Risks at Multiple Levels in a Transportation Agency PY - 2012/08 SP - 34p AB - This is the second in a series of five reports discussing risk management and its application to Transportation Asset Management (TAM) in the United States. Report 1, titled “Overview of Risk Management”, defines risk and provides an overview of risk management as applied to managing transportation assets. This second report discusses some of the frameworks implemented in the U.S. and in other countries to enhance and assist transportation agency decision makers in the management of risks at different levels. Globally, transportation agencies are attempting to address very similar kinds of risks. These include risks to transportation assets, public safety, and those associated with failure to accomplish important goals, such as achieving lowest possible lifecycle costs, meeting infrastructure targets, and protecting the environment. KW - Asset management KW - Decision making KW - Framework (Planning) KW - International KW - Risk management KW - Transportation departments KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/pubs/hif12050.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/48000/48100/48117/hif12050.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1263008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493491 AU - Rasmussen, Robert Otto AU - Wiegand, Paul D AU - Fick, Gary J AU - Harrington, Dale S AU - National Concrete Pavement Technology Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - How to Reduce Tire-Pavement Noise: Better Practices for Constructing and Texturing Concrete Pavement Surfaces PY - 2012/08 SP - 45p AB - Concrete pavements can be designed and constructed to be as quiet as any other conventional pavement type in use today. This report provides an overview of how this can be done—and done consistently. In order to construct a quieter concrete pavement, the texture must have certain fundamental characteristics. While innovative equipment and techniques have shown promise for constructing quieter pavements in the future, quieter concrete pavements are routinely built today all across the United States using the following standard nominal concrete pavement textures: drag, longitudinal tining, diamond grinding, and even, to limited extent, transverse tining. This document is intended to serve as a guide that describes better practices for designing, constructing, and texturing quieter concrete pavements. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Diamond grinding KW - Noise control KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement grooving KW - Paving KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tire/pavement noise UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14942/1/IA_DOT_TPF-5%28139%29_InTrans_tire-pavement_noise_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481082 AU - Fang, Xing AU - Zech, Wesley C AU - Logan, Christopher P AU - Clement, T Prabhakar AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing the Performance Characteristics of Sediment Basins Constructed in Franklin County PY - 2012/08 AB - The objective of the research project was to monitor the performance of newly designed sediment basins that were constructed on the Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) 502 project in Franklin County. The project included four tasks: (1) assess performance characteristics of sediment basins on the 502 project, (2) collect cost data and perform a literature review, (3) perform a survey of the current state-of-the-practice, and (4) prepare project reports. All tasks proposed have been completed. Through completing the study, the following conclusions have been developed: A field-scale data collection plan to monitor and evaluate sediment basin performance was developed and implemented using ISCO 6712 portable automatic stormwater samplers, flow modules, a rain gauge, and weirs -- Sediment basin 4 on the 502 project did effectively remove sediments at the early stage of the construction when the basin’s influent most likely contained relative large percent of large-size sediment particles. For example, sediment basin 4 removed 97.9% and 83.7% of sediments generated by rainfall events on 11/16/2011 and 12/5/2011. -- A floating skimmer allowed for effluent to be discharged uniformly and slowly, providing longer detention time for sediments to settle in the basin. Data analyses on decay (reduction) coefficients for total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity allowed the authors to quantify the sediment-settling rate of soils on the 502 project in Franklin County, AL. -- Appropriate PAM (or floc log) added into inflow is crucial to aid sediment settling and reduce turbidity of effluent. For example, the performance of the basin 4 was superior for the rainfall event on 11/16/2011 when correct PAM was used in the inflow channel than the performance for the rainfall event on 12/5/2011 when wrong PAM was used. -- Rainfall events with subsequent high rainfall intensity impulses generated high turbidity inflows from the construction site and suddenly increased in-basin turbidity that could be several times higher than turbidity of water already in the basin. -- Resuspension of settled sediments significantly increased in-basin sediment concentration and turbidity when the basin has experienced a number of rainfall events with large amount of settled sediments inside basin. -- An under-designed sediment basin (from a volumetric standpoint) more frequently allowed highly turbid sediment-laden runoff to directly flow over the emergency spillway to downstream receiving water body. Based upon the results of the data collected and observed site conditions throughout the research period, the following recommendations are provided to ALDOT to improve sediment basin design and installation to maximize performance efficiency and cost effectiveness: 1) Use at least 3,600 cubic feet per acre draining to the basin from the contributing the sediment basin. 2) Increase the number of PAM floc logs placed at the bottom of inflow channel to properly dose for the average flow rate of 2-yr 24-hr runoff. The number of floc logs should be based on the manufacturer recommended dosage and the expected inflow rate of stormwater runoff. 3) Consider increasing the number of floc logs placed on the sides of inflow channel to dose for the average flow rate of 10-yr 24-hr runoff. These storms will have higher water depths, resulting in a greater amount of inflow, therefore requiring a higher dosage of PAM. 4) The height of the baffles, once installed, should match the full depth of the sediment basin and not be installed below the minimum elevation of the emergency spillway. 5) Include a sediment storage volume (e.g., 500 ft3/acre disturbed) into the design specifications of sediment basins and a requirement to remove the sediment when it reaches one third of the height of the sediment storage volume. KW - Alabama KW - Construction sites KW - Detention basins KW - Erosion control KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Runoff KW - Sediments KW - Water quality management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481078 AU - Zech, Wesley C AU - Fang, Xing AU - Logan, Christopher AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State-of-the-Practice: Evaluation of Sediment Basin Design, Construction, Maintenance, and Inspection Procedures PY - 2012/08 SP - 67p AB - This document is a summary of results from a survey that was conducted to evaluate the state-of-the-practice for sediment basin design, construction, maintenance, and inspection procedures by State Highway Agencies (SHAs) across the nation. The survey consisted of 68 possible questions in six categories: A. Background and Experience, B. Design, C. Construction, D. Maintenance of Sediment Basins during Construction, E. Inspection and Monitoring, and F. Lessons Learned. A total of 37 responses were received and analyzed. The responses included 37 SHAs (74% response rate) out of a total of 50 SHAs. KW - Construction sites KW - Detention basins KW - Erosion control KW - Runoff KW - Sediments KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the practice KW - Water quality management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01479001 AU - Tait, Timothy D AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing Leadership Influences Within Public Involvement Programs for Transportation Projects: A Mixed-methods Study PY - 2012/08//Transportation Research Quick Study 8 SP - 306p AB - Since implementation, the role of public involvement in projects governed by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) has increased. However, the challenging dynamic between technical and contentious project proposals, and the need to engage stakeholders in a process of deliberative democracy has not been thoroughly explored from a leadership-theory framework. This research explored both the process and relationship elements of public meetings, and the role of leadership behaviors of project staff. This mixed-methods study collected data from public meeting attendees and project staff. The aim was to explore the correlation between the degree to which the public believed a meeting was successful, and the leadership behaviors that may contribute to legitimate and productive community meetings. The hypotheses examined correlations between observed and ideal leadership behavior s at public meetings among project staff and constituents. The findings of this study are significant on several fronts, including: (a) streamlining the NEPA process; (b) promoting earlier public engagement; (c) creating a stronger sense of participatory democracy with NEPA; and (d) producing better, more collaborative, and more accepted decisions. Data was collected using the adopted Leadership Knowledge Survey administered to project staff (N=117) and public meeting participants (N=569), and meeting observations. Ultimately, the top five behaviors for supporting productive public meetings were teamwork, ethics and character, attitude, conflict management, and vision. Future research can focus on connecting specific leadership behaviors to meetings/presenters. KW - Conflict management KW - Data collection KW - Leadership KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - Public participation KW - Stakeholders KW - Surveys UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/QuickStudies/PDF/TRQS-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478580 AU - Rajbhandari, Rajat AU - Villa, Juan AU - Tate, William AU - Samant, Swapnil AU - Ruback, Leonard AU - Kang, Don AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Measuring Border Delay and Crossing Times at the U.S.–Mexico Border – Final Report: Automated Crossing and Wait Time Measurement PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 140p AB - A pilot test implemented a radio frequency identification (RFID) system to automatically measure travel times of United States-bound commercial vehicles at a selected Port of Entry (POE) on the US‒Mexico border under long-term, real-world conditions. The initiative began with a Part 1 technology trade-off study of potential detection technologies to measure travel times. A Part II initiative verified RFID as the most appropriate technology for the objectives and implemented a RFID-based reader system the selected POE: the Bridge of the Americas (BOTA) at El Paso, Texas/Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. The initial implementation measured crossing time, which is the average travel time completely through the POE starting at the end of the queue in Mexico. The project later added RFID reader stations at the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Primary Inspection booths at BOTA and at the Pharr-Reynosa International Bridge POE in eastern Texas that allowed measurement of wait time. Wait time is the average travel time from the end of the queue in Mexico to the border and is a segment of crossing time. This report documents the technology system’s stakeholder involvement, planning, design, installation, integration, test and evaluation, and real-world operation as well as lessons learned. The project also developed stand-alone documents to assist future implementers of similar automated RFID-based travel time measurement systems. KW - Bridge of Americas Port of Entry KW - Commercial vehicles KW - International borders KW - Mexico KW - Ports of entry KW - Radio frequency identification KW - Texas KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel time KW - United States-Mexico Border KW - Waiting time UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12049/fhwahop12049.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477369 AU - Forbes, Gerald AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Methods and Practices for Setting Speed Limits: An Informational Report SN - 9781933452654 PY - 2012/08 SP - 107p AB - This report presents four major methodologies and practices that are utilized to establish speed limits. These are optimization, expert systems, injury minimization, and the engineering approach. It also looks at legal factors regarding speed limits and provides case studies that describe speed limit setting on different types of roads. The report also offers detailed information on speed safety, design of speed limit signs, data collection for speed studies, enforcement of speed limits, and placement of speed limit signs. KW - Best practices KW - Design KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Legal factors KW - Speed KW - Speed data KW - Speed limits KW - Speed signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477145 AU - Won, Moon C AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Just in Time Technology Transfer for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Construction and Rehabilitation PY - 2012/08//Technical Report SP - 20p AB - As of 2010, the total lane mileage of continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) in Texas accounts for about 5.4% of total lane mileage. On the other hand, CRCP carries about 25% of total traffic. It is quite important to Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and the State to keep CRCP in good condition. In-depth evaluations of CRCP condition in Texas reveal that the overall condition of CRCP is excellent, with actual performance exceeding intended design lives twice or three times in some projects. On the other hand, distresses do occur in CRCP. TxDOT’s “Rigid Pavement Database” research study evaluated the distresses in CRCP, and discovered that most of the distresses were not due to the structural deficiency of the pavement system; rather, they were due to the quality issues in materials and construction. Enhancing the quality of materials and construction operations of CRCP is the most cost-effective way to improve performance, rather than increasing slab thicknesses. This implementation project aimed at enhancing the quality of the materials and construction operations for CRCP by developing training materials and providing training to TxDOT and contractor personnel. Three areas that need the most attention were identified: (1) materials and construction issues of CRCP for optimum performance, (2) full- and partial-depth repairs of CRCP, and (3) prevention and repair lane separations in concrete pavement. For the development of training material, district construction and maintenance staff were consulted along with the review of publications on CRCP construction and rehabilitation. Also, the information gathered over the years under various TxDOT research studies was utilized KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Materials selection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Technology transfer KW - Texas KW - Training UR - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/reports/complete_reports/5-9045-05-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475421 AU - Goodnight, Jason AU - Feng, Yuhao AU - Kowalsky, Mervyn AU - Nau, James AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Effect of Load History on Reinforced Concrete Bridge Column Behavior PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 367p AB - To satisfy the aims of performance based design, levels of damage which interrupt the serviceability of the structure or require more invasive repair techniques must be related to engineering criteria. In this report, the influence of displacement history on performance limit states, the relationship between strain and displacement, and the spread of plasticity in reinforced concrete structures is explored. An experimental study is underway to assess the performance of thirty circular, well-confined, bridge columns with varying lateral displacement history, transverse reinforcement detailing, axial load, aspect ratio, and longitudinal steel content. Eight of these columns, with similar geometry and detailing, were subjected to various unidirectional displacement histories including standardized laboratory cyclic loading and recreations of the displacement responses obtained from non-linear time history analysis of multiple earthquakes with distinct characteristics. Longitudinal reinforcing bars were instrumented to obtain strain hysteresis, vertical strain profiles, cross section curvatures, curvature distributions, and fixed-end rotations attributable to strain penetration. Results indicate that bar buckling was influenced by load history, but the relationship between strain and displacement along the envelope curve was not. The main impact of load history on bar buckling is its influence on accumulated strains within the longitudinal reinforcement and transverse steel. KW - Bridge design KW - Columns KW - Concrete structures KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Finite element method KW - Repeated loads KW - Strain gages UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2013/03/410002.Kowlasky.DraftFinal.8.20121.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01473860 AU - McDaniel, Rebecca S AU - Shah, Ayesha AU - Olek, Jan AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Longitudinal Joint Specifications and Performance PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 53p AB - Deterioration of longitudinal joints is widely recognized as one of the major factors contributing to failure of asphalt pavements. Finding ways to improve the durability of longitudinal joints will lead to improved service lives and lower life cycle costs. Research and field trials have been directed towards improving joint performance since at least the 1960s. Most of that work was addressed improving the density at and around the joint. This report summarizes an extensive review of the pertinent literature, a review of state specifications and inspection of several trial projects in Indiana related to longitudinal joint construction and performance. Recommendations are given for new and continuing efforts to encourage or require the construction of durable longitudinal joints. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Density KW - Durability KW - Indiana KW - Literature reviews KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Specifications UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315024 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01473293 AU - Furst, Anthony T AU - Madden, Eric G AU - Aspero, Eduardo AU - Blaney, Monica M AU - Long, David F AU - Ortiz, Bernardo J AU - Penne, Robert L AU - Perry, Ernest B AU - Schoener, George E AU - Sigel, Renee AU - Stevens, Spencer L AU - Sweeney, Kenneth L AU - Villa, Juan C AU - American Trade Initiatives AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program TI - Understanding the Policy and Program Structure of National and International Freight Corridor Programs in the European Union PY - 2012/08 SP - 56p AB - Growing global competition requires maximizing the efficiency of freight movement on the United States (U.S.) transportation network. The Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a scanning study to learn how the European Union and various member states developed, evolved, and implemented freight transportation corridor programs on national and cross-jurisdictional levels. The scan team learned that European Union transportation policies focus on corridors and on connecting transport chains to and from neighboring countries and overseas, making freight transport more efficient and sustainable. It observed that a unifying vision linking transportation and the economy is a key element of the Trans-European Transport Network. Team recommendations for U.S. implementation include coordinating freight-planning efforts throughout North America, determining low-cost efforts to improve freight transportation, and using private-sector planning resources to aid public-sector planning, KW - European Union countries KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Policy KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/scan/12023/eureport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470378 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program TI - Transportation Risk Management: International Practices for Program Development and Project Delivery PY - 2012/08//Executive Summary SP - 16p AB - Risk management is implicit in transportation business practices. Transportation agencies set strategic goals and objectives (e.g., the reliable and efficient movement of people and goods), but success is uncertain. Internal and external risk events can impact the achievement of these objectives. Likewise, agencies set performance measures and develop asset management systems to optimize investment decisions. Again, risks can impact the achievement of performance and assets. Risk is pervasive in transportation. It is incumbent on transportation agencies to develop explicit enterprise risk management strategies, methods, and tools. The leading international transportation agencies have mature risk management practices and have developed policies and procedures to identify, assess, manage, and monitor risks. From May 29 to June 11, 2011, a team of Federal, State, and public sector professionals visited Australia, England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Scotland to explore risk management practices. A brief summary of the team’s observations includes the following: „„1. Risk management supports strategic organizational alignment. „„2. Risk-based asset management improves investment decisions. „„3. A wide range of risk management tools can optimize performance. „„4. Active risk communication strategies improve decisionmaking. „„5. Mature organizations have an explicit risk management structure. „„6. Successful organizations have a culture of risk management. 7. „„Risk management enhances knowledge management and workforce development. KW - Asset management KW - Best practices KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Investments KW - Performance measurement KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Risk management KW - Scanning studies KW - Strategic planning UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/scan/12030/12030.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46785/12030.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469953 AU - Arega, Zelalem AU - Bhasin, Amit AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recommendations and Guidelines for the Use of WMA Mixtures PY - 2012/08 SP - 7p AB - The main objective of this research study was to evaluate the influence of warm mix additives on the rheology and performance characteristics of asphalt binders with emphasis on the affects of long-term aging and use of recycled asphalt binder. In order to achieve this objective the asphalt binders were first screened based on their chemical makeup. The selected asphalt binders were combined with different warm mix asphalt additives and evaluated for their mechanical properties. Subsets of these binders were also used to evaluate the affect of long-term aging and the affect of using recycled asphalt binder on performance characteristics. Tests were also conducted using a limited number of sand-asphalt mortars and full asphalt mixtures to further corroborate the findings from the binder study. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycled materials KW - Rutting KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6591_p1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457668 AU - Scott, C Paul AU - American Trade Initiatives AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program TI - Developing Multilevel Memorandums of Understanding With Utility Companies PY - 2012/08 SP - 52p AB - The Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a scanning study of innovative right-of-way and utility practices that might be applicable in the United States. The scan team found that two Australian states, Queensland and New South Wales, have developed memorandums of understanding (MOUs) and similar agreements with utility companies to facilitate cooperation and optimize relationships between transportation agencies and utilities. This report provides the results of a survey of State highway agencies in the United States on partnering agreements with utility companies and whether any have agreements similar to the Australian MOUs. It also provides a step-by-step approach for developing an Australian-type MOU in the United States, a sample MOU template, and a sample conflict resolution matrix for handling differences that may arise. KW - Memorandums of understanding KW - Partnerships KW - Public utilities KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Scanning studies UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/scan/12025/12025.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456876 AU - Bullough, John D AU - Rea, Mark S AU - Snyder, Jeremy D AU - Skinner, Nicholas P AU - Capó, Rosa I AU - Rizzo, Patricia AU - Besenecker, Ute AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - New York State Energy Research and Development Authority AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Demonstration of Roundabout Lighting Based on the Ecoluminance Approach PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 45p AB - Roundabout lighting consisting of pole-mounted high pressure sodium luminaires can be energy intensive and does not necessary provide clear delineation for drivers and pedestrians navigating a roundabout. Using the ecoluminance concept developed in a previous study, lighting integrated with vegetation using lower mounting heights and reflected light from plants and retroreflective elements, it could be possible to provide illumination at a roundabout using substantially less energy. Two short term lighting demonstrations, using the ecoluminance approach and using lower-wattage luminaires producing “white” illumination, were conducted at a real-world roundabout location in New York State. Feedback from transportation engineers and members of the public was used to refine the ecoluminance concept for a final lighting demonstration, consisting of shrubs and trees in the central roundabout island, landscape lighting for these items, pedestrian bollard lighting at crosswalks, overhead light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires in sidewalk and roadway areas, and retroreflective markers to delineate the perimeter of the central island. Photometric measurements confirmed the simulations performed during the design phase, and supported that pedestrians and roadway elements were visible to drivers and pedestrians. Observations of approaching vehicle speeds with the ecoluminance system installed and with the conventional lighting installed revealed little difference in approach speeds. The ecoluminance system had similar initial costs, mainly because of high LED equipment costs (which are decreasing over time) and used only one-fourth the energy of the conventional roundabout lighting system. KW - Energy consumption KW - Lighting KW - Luminaires KW - Pedestrians KW - Photometry KW - Roundabouts KW - Vegetation UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-08-03FinalReport-Project18233-C0803.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455298 AU - Scriba, Tracy AU - Chandler, Brian AU - Kehoe, Nicholas AU - Beasley, Kari AU - O'Donnell, Cara AU - Luttrell, Tim AU - Perry, Eric AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing the Effectiveness of Transportation Management Plan (TMP) Strategies: Feasibility, Usefulness, and Possible Approaches PY - 2012/08 SP - 61p AB - Many transportation management plan (TMP) strategies have been implemented by practitioners, but there is uncertainty about their relative effectiveness. The objective of this research effort is to identify and assess possible approaches to evaluating TMP strategies, determine what data are needed and available to support an assessment, identify any relevant work completed to date, and provide recommendations on the feasibility and usefulness of and possible approaches for conducting an assessment of TMP strategy effectiveness. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation management plans KW - Transportation planning KW - Work zones UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/resources/publications/fhwahop12043/fhwahop12043.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455263 AU - Souleyrette, Reginald AU - Hochstein, Josh AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Midwest Transportation Consortium AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Development of a Conflict Analysis Methodology Using SSAM PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 66p AB - The ultimate goal of this research was to provide improved design guidance for J-turn intersections by learning more about the safety and operational consequences of including or excluding certain geometric design features under various traffic volume conditions. The proposed methodology to accomplish this research objective was to use the VisSim micro-simulation software package in conjunction with Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM). Three alternative high-speed rural expressway intersection designs were modeled previously in VisSim and used to accomplish this analysis. This report examines the use of SSAM for performing a conflict analysis, comparing the safety consequences of alternative designs, and developing conflict and/or crash modification factors. A conflict analysis methodology using the SSAM software was developed and refined. The refined conflict analysis methodology is included in this report. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - J turns KW - Microsimulation KW - Rural highways KW - Surrogate Safety Assessment Model KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic volume KW - VISSIM (Computer model) UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/conflict_analysis_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455247 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program TI - Managing Pavements and Monitoring Performance: Best Practices in Australia, Europe, and New Zealand PY - 2012/08//Executive Summary SP - 12p AB - Because pavements represent one of a transportation agency's largest investments, an international scan was conducted to investigate how countries internationally have improved the management of their pavements as they faced the challenges of decreased revenue, deteriorating conditions, and increased public demand for transportation services. The scan, which focused on pavements but was applicable to other assets, was cosponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The scan focused on the following topic areas: 1. Processes for implementing sustainable performancebased programs for managing pavements, and the use of pavement condition information and projections to support programs such as pavement preservation, public-private partnerships, and safety hazard mitigation. 2. Effective methods for communicating with upper management, legislators, and other stakeholders, including strategies to secure public and legislative support. 3. Agency cultures that support performance-based programs, including effective capacity-building programs. 4. Techniques, tools, analyses, and reporting mechanisms that support and encourage performance-based management and optimal use of available resources in transportation agencies. Although the scan team was investigating practices for managing pavements, most of the agencies it met with manage their pavement networks in an asset management framework that considers factors such as strategic fit, effectiveness, efficiency, and risk in determining levels of investment for roads, waterways, rails, and other assets. These agencies operate in a culture in which the long-term implications of their decisions are understood and communicated to decisionmakers using strategic performance measures linked to tactical decisions. Therefore, many of the recommendations have an asset management focus that can be applied to pavements or other transportation infrastructure assets. KW - Asset management KW - Australia KW - Best practices KW - Deterioration KW - Europe KW - FHWA International Scanning Program KW - Financing KW - New Zealand KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Scanning studies UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/scan/12032/12032.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454890 AU - McPheron, Daniel AU - McCullouch, Bob AU - Bowman, Mark D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Structural Impact of Construction Loads PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 42p AB - Numerous bridge construction accidents have occurred across the country because of construction loadings, which are an under-emphasized topic in many department of transportation (DOT) specifications and design manuals. Bridge girders are least stable when they are subjected to construction loads, so it is important for design engineers and contractors to understand and design for these loads. The Indiana Department of Transportation’s (INDOT's) current Standard Specifications does not contain many construction load provisions, so this study was performed to identify and implement new requirements to proactively prevent accidents from occurring in Indiana. Various documents were examined in this study, including American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) standards in addition to several other states DOT Standard Specifications and Design Manuals. Based on these documents, new falsework and formwork design loads, including horizontal loads, impact loads, and wind load, were developed and proposed to INDOT, which currently only specifies a dead load and live load. A set of drawings showing proposed minimum lateral bracing requirements was also developed to help ensure the stability of prestressed concrete and steel girders during construction. KW - Bracing KW - Bridge construction KW - Construction accidents KW - Falsework KW - Formwork KW - Girders KW - Indiana KW - Loads UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3001&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314980 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46462/fulltext.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46470/fulltext.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454664 AU - Lee, Seokcheon AU - Tanchoco, Jose AU - Kim, Sang-Phil AU - Nantung, Tommy AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comprehensive Testing Guidelines to Increase Efficiency in INDOT Operations PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 23p AB - When the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) designs a pavement project, the decision for Quality Control/Quality Assurance (QC/QA) or non‐QC/QA is made solely based on the quantity of pavement materials. However, the actual risk will vary depending on the severity of road conditions. The question is how to differentiate the quality testing efforts according to the severity of road conditions in order to balance required testing resources. The authors found that the number of commercial vehicles (CV) and heat index (HI: number of hot days/freezing index) can be used as criteria in classifying the road conditions. Using these two criteria, CV and HI, road sections are classified into four classes and different testing guidelines are provided for different classes. KW - Efficiency KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Materials tests KW - Pavement design KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Road conditions KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic volume UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314977 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46381/fulltext.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46409/fulltext2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454658 AU - McCullouch, Bob AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Level of Service Program for INDOT Operations PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 14p AB - Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has used an inspection program named Maintenance Quality Survey (MQS) to perform a state‐wide inspection of their roadway assets, right‐of‐way to right‐of‐way. This inspection requires two two‐person teams approximately 18 months to complete as it determines the condition of individual features and produces a grade for each one. Results from this program were used to define a work program. INDOT uses the software Work Management System (WMS) for their operations. A WMS feature that has not been utilized is the Level of Service (LOS). LOS establishes performance standards for activities and then uses an inspection program to evaluate compliance with these standards. The objective of this project was to develop a LOS program at INDOT that utilizes WMS. One key component of this program is a statistical based inspection program that inspects and grades random roadway segments. The development of this inspection program required determining the number of samples per sub‐district, the features to inspect, defining the pass/fail criteria for each feature, and field training and testing. Another key part is to develop the required WMS LOS data tables. Outcomes from the LOS program will be an improved inspection program, a data driven tool that can be used to perform LOS analyses resulting in improved work planning. Looking at operation activities from a LOS perspective provides opportunities to balance resources better and improve the planning aspect. One benefit being experienced with the implementation of the inspection program is inspection personnel time savings in collecting the LOS data. KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Inspection KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Quality of work KW - Road segments UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314978 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46383/fulltext2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46385/Appendix_A2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46386/Appendix_B2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46387/Appendix_C2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46388/Appendix_D2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46389/Appendix_E2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46390/Appendix_F2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46401/fulltext.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46403/Appendix_A.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46404/Appendix_B.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46405/Appendix_C.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46406/Appendix_D.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46407/Appendix_E.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46408/Appendix_F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454289 AU - Nicol, David A AU - Heuer, Dennis W AU - Chrysler, Susan T AU - Baron, James S AU - Bloschock, Mark J AU - Cota, Keith A AU - Degges, Paul D AU - Garber, Nicholas J AU - Kolb, Jeffrey W AU - McGrath, Melinda AU - Moreland, Edward AU - Tan, Carol H AU - American Trade Initiatives AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - Infrastructure Countermeasures to Mitigate Motorcyclist Crashes in Europe PY - 2012/08 SP - 56p AB - The number and rate of motorcyclist deaths on U.S. roads are rising dramatically. The Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a scanning study of five European countries to evaluate infrastructure improvements to aid motorcyclists. The scan team found that the types of infrastructure safety improvements used in Europe, with the exception of motorcycle-friendly roadside barriers, were those that generally improved safety for all vehicle classes. The biggest differences the team observed were in behavioral safety, helmet laws, training, and licensing. The team also noted great cooperation between road authorities and stakeholder groups representing motorcycle riders. Team recommendations for U.S. implementation include filling in knowledge gaps to improve motorcycle safety, conducting research on motorcycle infrastructure safety, and updating design guidelines to accommodate motorcyclist safety. KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Helmet laws KW - Highway safety KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycle helmets UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/scan/12028/12028.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453951 AU - Hosteng, Travis AU - Wipf, Terry J AU - Wood, Douglas L AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Midwest Transportation Consortium AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Development of a Bridge Safety Information System for the Saylorville Reservoir Bridge PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 27p AB - In 2006, a bridge safety issue was brought to the attention of the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) regarding the response of the Saylorville Reservoir Bridge during a high wind event. Although stop-gap measures were put into place, the current knowledge of the performance of the bridge during high wind events was incomplete. Therefore, it was determined that the Saylorville Reservoir Bridge near Polk City, Iowa could further benefit from an information management system to investigate the structural performance of the structure and the potential for safety risks. The monitoring system that was in place at the Saylorville Reservoir Bridge monitors wind data and strain data separately and, through a wireless data connection, uploads this information to a webserver and a website created for the bridge. In addition, the system is programmed to send alert messages to safety personnel when wind speeds reach the predetermined threshold of 50 mph or greater. Once an alert is received, safety personnel determine if it necessary to close the bridge until wind speeds diminish. However, there was no input from the structural monitoring side of the system into the alert to provide safety personnel or engineers with information pertaining to the response of the bridge to the high winds. Therefore, development of an autonomous bridge safety monitoring and alert system for the Saylorville Reservoir Bridge would 1) provide quantitative information regarding any correlation between high wind events and excessive bridge movement, 2) result in considerable savings in manpower and cost by eliminating the need for local authorities to physically close the bridge, 3) eliminate the exposure of local authorities to potential unsafe conditions to close the bridge, and 4) allow for the safe and efficient closing of the bridge to facilitate safer driving conditions on the bridge for motorists. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Data collection KW - Highway bridges KW - Iowa KW - Monitoring KW - Motion KW - Risk management KW - Safety management KW - Strain measurement KW - Wind UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/mtc_saylorville_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01450873 AU - Darrow, Margaret M AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Measurement of Temperature and Soil Properties for Finite Element Model Verification PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 295p AB - In recent years, Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities personnel have used TEMP/W, a commercially available two-dimensional finite element program, to conduct thermal modeling of various embankment configurations in an effort to reduce the thawing of ice-rich permafrost through thermally stable embankment designs. This modeling was done with historic air temperature data and input parameters derived from the literature, since site-specific data is typically not available. The overall goal of this study was to verify the thermal modeling results produced by TEMP/W. Temperatures and soil properties were measured at two different sites underlain by permafrost in Interior and Southcentral Alaska. A sensitivity analysis of certain input parameters was conducted on models of each site. Analysis indicates that the most critical input parameter is air temperature. While historic air temperature data provided an approximation of the regional climate, this data produced model results that were too cold by several degrees. Using air temperatures measured at each site resulted in models that closely matched the measured soil temperatures, and either matched or overestimated active layer depths. Using the overestimated active layer depth for design purposes would result in a more conservative embankment construction, which is a favorable approach if a warming climate is considered. KW - Alaska KW - Climate change KW - Data verification KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Frozen soils KW - Permafrost KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Soil properties KW - Temperature measurement KW - Thermal properties UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2012/02/RR08.11.Darrow_FINAL_TEMPW_report_7_28_2010.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46192/RR08.11.Darrow_FINAL_TEMPW_report_7_28_2010.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46694/RR08.11.Darrow_FINAL_TEMPW_report_7_28_2010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218222 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01449553 AU - Rochat, Judith L AU - Lodico, Dana AU - Donavan, Paul AU - Rasmussen, Robert O AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Lodico Acoustics LLC AU - Illingworth & Rodkin, Incorporated AU - Transtec Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Overview and application of the Continuous-Flow Traffic Time-Integrated Method (CTIM) for determining the influence of road surfaces on traffic noise PY - 2012/08 SP - 10p AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration is sponsoring a Technical Working Group (TWG) to develop guidance for measuring the influence of road surfaces on tire-pavement noise, vehicle noise, and traffic noise in the U.S. This paper reviews provisional specification AASHTO TP 99-11, “Determining the Influence of Road Surfaces on Traffic Noise Using the Continuous-Flow Traffic Time-Integrated Method (CTIM)” and example applications. CTIM is a wayside measurement method which is applied to roadways where measuring single vehicle pass-by events would be difficult due to continuously flowing, relatively dense traffic. At a specified distance from the nearest travel lane, measurements capture sound from existing traffic for all vehicles on all roadway lanes (equivalent sound levels with a maximum sampling period of 15 minutes). A traffic noise prediction model is used to normalize sound levels in terms of traffic variation in order to compare data taken at different times. The method currently allows for comparison of varying or aging pavement surfaces on a single roadway; extension of the normalization process to include site variations to allow for site-to-site comparisons is being examined. U1 - InterNoise 2012New York,NY,United States StartDate:20120819 EndDate:20120822 KW - Measuring methods KW - Rolling contact KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tire/pavement noise KW - Traffic noise UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45894/Rochat_CTIM.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449075 AU - Narsavage, Peter AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lab Testing of New Stabilization Chemical to Prevent Sulfate Heaving PY - 2012/08//Final Technical Summary SP - 25p AB - Heaving problems caused by a reaction between sulfates in the subgrade soil and the calcium found in lime and cement have caused heaving of the pavement due to a reaction between calcium (cement) from the subgrade stabilization, other minerals in the soil, and water to form a new mineral called ettringite. The objective of the laboratory testing was to determine if the Roadbond EN1 chemical will work with the subgrade soils on a specific construction project to reduce or eliminate heaving. It was concluded that adding the Roadbond EN1 product to the subgrade stabilization would not allow ODOT to significantly reduce the amount of cement, nor would it reduce the amount of expansion due to sulfates. Therefore, it is not recommended to use the Roadbond EN1 for subgrade stabilization on this project, as it appears there is no benefit to using it rather than using cement for subgrade stabilization. KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Calcium KW - Ettringite KW - Laboratory tests KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Sulfates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216374 ER - TY - SER AN - 01448977 JO - ATDM Analysis Brief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Capacity Manual (HCM)-ATDM Project Overview PY - 2012/08 SP - 4p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Operations is sponsoring a research project to develop new and/or updated methodologies, data sets, and content for the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) that will better reflect the demand and traffic flow behavior that results from the application of active transportation and demand management strategies. Although the developed methodology is currently limited in its ability to model dynamic operations, the method allows for the analysis of operational strategies under varying demand and capacity conditions, which serves as an important foundation for analyzing Active Transportation and Demand Management (ATDM). FHWA will continue to support research to further refine these base methodologies. This paper discusses the definition of ATDM and its influence on travel demand, traffic demand, and traffic flow. The paper also discusses: the need for ATDM; an overview of the HCM-ATDM analysis framework; scenarios used in the methodology; effects of ramp metering; and finally, the overall project status. KW - Active Transportation and Demand Management KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel demand management KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12047/fhwahop12047.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448974 AU - Fehon, Kevin AU - Krueger, Mike AU - Peters, Jim AU - Denney, Richard AU - Olson, Paul AU - Curtis, Eddie AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - DKS Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Model Systems Engineering Documents for Adaptive Signal Control Technology Systems - Guidance Document PY - 2012/08//Project Report SP - 276p AB - Model Systems Engineering Documents for Adaptive Signal Control Technology Systems is intended to provide guidance for professionals involved in developing systems engineering documents covering the evaluation, selection and implementation of adaptive signal control technology systems. KW - Adaptive control KW - Concept of operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - System requirements KW - Systems engineering KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop11027/mse_asct.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448723 AU - Rao, C AU - Titus-Glover, L AU - Bhattacharya, B AU - Darter, M I AU - Stanley, M AU - Von Quintus, H L AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimation of Key PCC, Base, Subbase, and Pavement Engineering Properties from Routine Tests and Physical Characteristics PY - 2012/08//Interim Report SP - 218p AB - Material characterization is a critical component of modern day pavement analysis, design, construction, quality control/quality assurance, management, and rehabilitation. At each stage during the life of a project, the influence of several fundamental engineering material parameters on the long-term performance of the pavement can be predicted using advanced tools like the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Mechanistic- Empirical Pavement Design Guide, Interim Edition: A Manual of Practice (MEPDG). Consequently, there is a need for more information about material properties, which are addressed only to a limited extent with currently available resources for performing laboratory and field testing. Reliable correlations between material parameters and index properties offer a cost-effective alternative and are equivalent to the level 2 MEPDG inputs. The Long-Term Pavement Performance database provides data suitable for developing predictive models for Portland cement concrete (PCC) materials, stabilized materials, and unbound materials, as well as other design-related inputs for the MEPDG. This report describes the procedure for developing the following models: PCC materials: Compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, tensile strength, and coefficient of thermal expansion; Stabilized materials: Elastic modulus of lean concrete base; Unbound materials: Resilient modulus of fine-grained and coarse-grained materials; and Rigid pavement design features: Pavement curl/wrap effective temperature difference for jointed plain concrete pavement and continuously reinforced concrete pavement designs. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Properties of materials KW - Subbase materials KW - Subgrade materials UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/12030/12030.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216257 ER - TY - SER AN - 01448721 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Influence of Differential Deflection on Staged Construction Deck-Level Connections PY - 2012/08 SP - 4p AB - This document is a technical summary of the unpublished Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) report, "Influence of Differential Deflection on Staged Construction Deck-Level Connections." The objective of this research project was to determine the impact of differential movement across a staged construction connection. Specifically, the research investigated the bond strength of reinforcing bars embedded within freshly cast connection grouts as impacted by differential movement of the rebar with respect to the embedment material. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bridge decks KW - Differential deflection KW - Grout KW - Precast concrete KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Structural connection UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/12055/12055.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448720 AU - Rao, C AU - Titus-Glover, L AU - Bhattacharya, B AU - Darter, M I AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - User’s Guide: Estimation of Key PCC, Base, Subbase, and Pavement Engineering Properties from Routine Tests and Physical Characteristics PY - 2012/08//Interim Report SP - 90p AB - Material characterization is a critical component of modern day pavement analysis, design, construction, quality control/quality assurance, management, and rehabilitation. At each stage during the life of a project, the influence of several fundamental engineering material parameters on the long-term performance of the pavement can be predicted using advanced tools like the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Mechanistic- Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). Consequently, there is a need for more information about material properties, which are addressed only to a limited extent with currently available resources for performing laboratory and field testing. Reliable correlations between material parameters and index properties offer a cost-effective alternative and are equivalent to the level 2 MEPDG inputs. The Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database provides data suitable for developing predictive models for Portland cement concrete (PCC) materials, stabilized materials, and unbound materials, as well as other design-related inputs for the MEPDG. This user’s guide provides a summary of the models developed, describes their applications for specific project conditions, and lists their limitations. The following models are included: PCC materials: Compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, tensile strength, and coefficient of thermal expansion; Stabilized materials: Elastic modulus of lean concrete base; Unbound materials: Resilient modulus of fine-grained and coarse-grained materials; and Rigid pavement design features: Pavement curl/wrap effective temperature difference for jointed plain concrete pavement and continuously reinforced concrete pavement designs. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Handbooks KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Properties of materials KW - Subbase materials KW - Subgrade materials UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/12031/12031.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46085/User_s_guide_estimation_of_key_PCC__base__subbase.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448716 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sample Guide Specifications for Construction of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil-Integrated Bridge System (GRS-IBS) PY - 2012/08 SP - 36p AB - This guide was issued to provide guidelines for construction of the geosynthetic reinforced soil-integrated bridge system (GRS-IBS). Refer to "Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Integrated Bridge System Interim Implementation Guide" for terminology used in these guidelines. This guide serves as the technical basis for agency-developed standard specifications. Local experience and practice are incorporated as applicable. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge construction KW - Geosynthetics KW - Guidelines KW - Jointless bridges KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Specifications UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/12051/12051.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448714 AU - Shan, Haoyin AU - Xie, Zhaoding AU - Bojanowski, Cezary AU - Suaznabar, Oscar AU - Lottes, Steven AU - Shen, Jerry AU - Kerenyi, Kornel AU - Genex Systems, LLC AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Submerged Flow Bridge Scour Under Clear Water Conditions PY - 2012/08//Laboratory Report SP - 54p AB - Prediction of pressure flow (vertical contraction) scour underneath a partially or fully submerged bridge superstructure in an extreme flood event is crucial for bridge safety. An experimentally and numerically calibrated formulation is developed for the maximum clear water scour depth in non-cohesive bed materials under different approach flow and superstructure inundation conditions. The theoretical foundation of the scour model is the conservation of mass for water combined with the quantification of the flow separation zone under the bridge deck superstructure. In addition to physical experimental data, particle image velocimetry measurements and computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to validate assumptions used in the derivation of the scour model and to calibrate parameters describing the separation zone thickness. With the calibrated model for the separation zone thickness, the effective flow depth (contracted flow depth) in the bridge opening can be obtained. The maximum scour depth is calculated by identifying the total bridge opening that creates conditions such that the average velocity in the opening, including the scour depth, is equal to the critical velocity of the bed material. Data from previous studies by Arneson and Abt and Umbrell et al. are combined with new data collected as part of this study to develop and test the proposed formulation. KW - Boundary layer separation KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Critical velocity KW - Floods KW - Granular soils KW - Inundation KW - Mathematical models KW - Scour UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/12034/12034.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46078/Submerged_flow_bridge_scour_under_clear_water_conditions.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448528 AU - Dixon, Karen AU - Avelar, Raul AU - Brown, Lacy AU - Mecham, Megan AU - van Schalkwyk, Ida AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Quantifying Safety Performance of Driveways on State Highways PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 89p AB - This report documents a research effort to quantify the safety performance of driveways in the State of Oregon. In particular, this research effort focuses on driveways located adjacent to principal arterial state highways with urban or rural designations. This report includes safety performance functions (SPFs) that can be used to evaluate the safety impacts of various access management and driveway-related configurations on Oregon arterial corridors. The project team developed these safety metrics using statistical models and methodologies similar to those outlined in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) published in 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Instead of using a base condition SPF that included only segment length and traffic volume and then would need companion crash modification factors (CMFs) to fully analyze a corridor, the project team developed full model SPFs that do not require any additional adjustments. The resulting models varied for urban versus rural conditions, but type of land use and traffic volume were two consistently significant variables observed for both models. A companion “smart spreadsheet” accompanies this report to assist readers with implementation of the procedure. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Driveways KW - Land use KW - Mathematical models KW - Oregon KW - Rural areas KW - Safety Performance Functions KW - State highways KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45900/45900/SPR720_Driveways.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1215740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448519 AU - Joseph, John F AU - Sharif, Hatim O AU - University of Texas, San Antonio AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Synthesis of Hydrologic and Hydraulic Impacts: Technical Report PY - 2012/08//Technical Report SP - 172p AB - A substantial portion of the cost of highway projects [approximately 40%, according to one in-house Texas Department of Transportaiton (TxDOT) estimate] is for drainage infrastructure, which is intended to minimize any adverse hydrologic and hydraulic (H&H) impacts of the project. Yet, adverse H&H impacts are not well-defined, despite the cost invested in drainage structures for mitigation of such impacts. This report provides guidance towards defining adverse H&H impacts and recommendations for their mitigation. A minimalistic approach towards defining and mitigating adverse H&H impacts would fulfill minimal legal requirements while taking into account the sovereign immunity enjoyed by state agencies such as TxDOT. A literature review and surveys of state DOTs as well as TxDOT districts suggest that this minimalistic approach be discouraged in favor of an emerging “No Adverse Impact” approach. For better defining and mitigating adverse impacts TxDOT is to refine coordination with local floodplain administrators, optimize site visits by District Hydraulic Engineers and other designers because of centralization, continue to improve H&H modeling and documentation, disseminate best practices regarding drainage system design, and have ongoing training relating to particular H&H issues. Implementation of the recommendations may require a change in the status of the District Hydraulic Engineers. KW - Best practices KW - Drainage KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Mitigation (Storm water) KW - Runoff KW - State departments of transportation KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6671-1.pdf UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6671-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46052/0-6671-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01447538 AU - Elkins, Steve AU - Niehus, Grant AU - Tario, Joseph D AU - Litteer, John AU - Rhythm Engineering AU - New York State Energy Research and Development Authority AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - InSync Adaptive Traffic Control System for the Veterans Memorial Hwy Corridor on Long Island, NY PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 103p AB - This report documents Rhythm Engineering’s adaptive traffic control system field installation performed by New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) along Veterans Memorial Highway in Long Island, NY. This report reviews the reason for the installation (improve progression along the Veterans Memorial Hwy intersections selected), the initial methods of testing the InSync equipment in NYSDOT’s lab and those results along with the full scope of this project (the testing, installation and configuration of the InSync:Fusion system through nine intersections along Veterans Memorial Hwy). This report documents key milestones through this project: From the kickoff meeting held on 9/13/10, through the on-site training by Rhythm Technicians on 1/18/11, to the completion of the installation by NYSDOT on 2/25/11, to the adaptive turn-on and configuration by a Rhythm Engineer starting on 3/1/11 to the “After Study” being performed from 4/11/11 thru 4/15/11. Disclosure of the Before and After Study results are captured in the Appendix areas of this report. KW - Adaptive control KW - Adaptive traffic control systems KW - Before and after studies KW - Installation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Veterans Memorial Highway (Long Island, NY) UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-10-01%20Final%20Report%20August%202012.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46029/C-10-01_Final_Report_August_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446923 AU - Eustace, Deogratias AU - Ponnada, Sowjanya AU - University of Dayton AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - L&D Manual Turn Lane Storage Validation/Update PY - 2012/08 SP - 41p AB - Queuing occurs at intersections mostly due to overflow or inadequacy of turn bays. The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) Location and Design (L&D) Manual Volume 1 has storage requirements for both signalized and unsignalized intersections. Figures 401-9E and 401-10E of the L&D Manual provide the required turn lane storage lengths which should be compared with the real world conditions to check for adequacy of these lengths as a measure of ensuring that accesses to the left turn lanes are not blocked. In addition to the projected turn lane volume, ODOT’s methodology incorporates both deceleration (based on the speed of the roadway) and potential blockage from the adjacent through lane. Currently, however, there are no records whether these storage lengths computed by the methodology put forth in this manual are valid and accurately represent the actual conditions at intersections in Ohio. This study used real world traffic and queue storage data at some intersections and analyzed these data to validate the model ODOT is currently using. This study used the observed field data to evaluate the ODOT’s model of storage length at intersections. In addition, the queue storage lengths observed from field data were compared with the prediction results of Highway Capacity Software (HCS) and SYNCHRO computer packages. The model evaluation task evaluated the level of precision of each of the three models (ODOT, HCS, and SYNCHRO) with respect to the field data observation. L&D Manual lead the way by accurately predicting the observed queues by about 81.6% and closely followed by HCS, which also had a 79.2% prediction accuracy. SYNCHRO was by far the lowest with a 46.0% prediction accuracy. KW - Data storage KW - Field data KW - Highway Capacity Software KW - Lane overflow KW - Ohio Department of Transportation KW - Queuing KW - Signalized intersections KW - Synchro (Computer program) KW - Traffic data KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Validation UR - http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/SPR/Research/reportsandplans/Reports/2012/Roadway/134573_FR.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45900/45938/134573_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446461 AU - Qi, Yi AU - Chen, Xiaoming AU - Zhang, Min AU - Yuan, Peina AU - Wang, Yubian AU - Yu, Lei AU - Texas Southern University, Houston AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Training Strategies and Materials: Use of Flashing Yellow Operations to Improve Safety at Signals with Protected-Permissive Left Turn (PPLT) Operations PY - 2012/08 SP - 50p AB - Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) project 0-6568 “Use of Flashing Yellow Operations to Improve Safety at Signals with Protected-Permissive Left Turn (PPLT) Operations” has developed guidelines for implementation of Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA) PPLT displays including general guidelines on the FYA PPLT operation and guidelines on the installation of FYA signals. To facilitate the implementation of the guidelines developed by this project, training strategies and materials have been developed for providing a training session for TxDOT signal operations and Transportation Management Center (TMC) personnel. This document consists of two parts. Part I “Training Strategies” provides details on the purpose, method, scheduling and location for the training. Part II “Training Materials” provides a list of the developed training materials along with the printouts of these training materials. KW - Exclusive permissive phasing KW - Flashing yellow arrow KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Left turns KW - Traffic control centers KW - Training UR - http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6568-P1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45879/0-6568-P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446460 AU - Arega, Zelalem AU - Bhasin, Amit AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interim Report: Binder Rheology and Performance in Warm Mix Asphalt PY - 2012/08//Technical Report SP - 94p AB - Since the introduction of warm mix asphalt (WMA) in the United States, a variety of different technologies and processes have been developed and used to achieve proper mixing and compaction at reduced temperatures compared to conventional hot mix asphalt. A better understanding of the effect of WMA additives and reduced aging on rheology of asphalt binders is a crucial step towards the successful implementation of WMA. This report presents the preliminary findings from a study conducted to investigate the influence of chemical WMA additives and reduced aging on the viscosity, stiffness, susceptibility to permanent deformation, fracture resistance, and thermal cracking resistance of asphalt binders. Short-term aged WMA binders have reduced stiffness compared to conventional binders due to the reduced mixing temperatures. However, preliminary results indicate that certain WMA additives tend to exacerbate the reduced stiffness of WMA while other WMA additives tend to compensate for this effect. In most cases, long-term aged WMA binders had a similar stiffness but similar or reduced strength compared to conventional binders at intermediate temperatures. Also, the long-term aged WMA binders had similar or slightly reduced resistance to low-temperature cracking compared to conventional binders. In most cases, the use of WMA with recycled asphalt rendered the asphalt binder slightly more susceptible to low-temperature cracking. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt additives KW - Bituminous binders KW - Cracking KW - Low temperature KW - Rheology KW - Rutting KW - Stiffness KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6591_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1213993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446013 AU - Elseifi, Mostafa A AU - Abdel-Khalek, Ahmed M AU - Dasari, Karthik AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation of Rolling Wheel Deflectometer (RWD) in PMS and Pavement Preservation PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 124p AB - The rolling wheel deflectometer (RWD) offers the benefit to measure pavement deflection without causing any traffic interruption or compromising safety along tested road segments. This study describes a detailed field evaluation of the RWD system in Louisiana in which 16 different test sites representing a wide array of pavement conditions were tested. Measurements were used to assess the repeatability of RWD measurements, the effect of truck speeds, and to study the relationship between RWD and falling weight deflectometer (FWD) deflection measurements and pavement conditions. Based on the results of the experimental program, it was determined that the repeatability of RWD measurements was acceptable with an average coefficient of variation at all test speeds of 15 percent. In addition, the influence of the testing speed on the measured deflections was minimal. The scattering and uniformity of the FWD and RWD data appears to closely follow the conditions of the roadway. Both test methods appear to properly reflect pavement conditions and structural integrity of the road network by measuring a greater average deflection and scattering for sites in poor conditions. RWD deflection measurements were in general agreement with FWD deflections measurements; however, the mean center deflections from RWD and FWD were statistically different for 15 of the 16 sites. This study developed and validated a direct and simple model for determining the pavement structural number (SN) using RWD deflection data. To develop this model, the relationship between the average RWD surface deflection and the peak FWD deflection was investigated. The developed model correlates a pavement’s SN to two RWD-measured properties (average RWD deflection and RWD index). The developed model was fitted to RWD data collected in 16 road sections (each 1.5 miles), referred to as research sites, in Louisiana. The model was then validated based on FWD and RWD data collected on 52 road sections in Louisiana. Results showed a good agreement between SN calculations obtained from FWD and RWD deflection testing. While the developed model is independent of the pavement thickness and layer properties, it provides promising results as an indicator of structural integrity of the pavement structure at the network level. The fitting statistics support the use of the proposed model as a screening tool for identifying structurally deficient pavements at the network level. Based on the RWD evaluation conducted in District 05, this study recommends extending the use of RWD to the other districts in Louisiana. KW - Deflection tests KW - Deflectometers KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Implementation KW - Louisiana KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Repeatability KW - Rolling wheel deflectometers KW - Traffic speed UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_492.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45884/fr_492.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446011 AU - Molinas, Albert AU - Mommandi, Amanullah AU - Hydrau-Tech, Incorporated AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Modeling Ballasted Tracks for Runoff Coefficient C PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 51p AB - In this study, the Regional Transportation District (RTD)’s light rail tracks were modeled to determine the Rational Method runoff coefficient, C, values corresponding to ballasted tracks. To accomplish this, a laboratory study utilizing a rainfall-runoff facility was conducted at Colorado State University’s Hydraulics Laboratory. The input to this model was provided by using RTD’s design criteria, data from existing installations, and a field study to sample surface materials along ballasted tracks. By subjecting the 1:1 scale model railroad segment to 1-hour rainfall events with various recurrence intervals and measuring the corresponding runoff volumes, runoff coefficients were computed for Denver hydrology. For the more frequent 2-year, 5-year, 10-year events, the average C value is approximately 0.55. For the 25-year, 50-year, and 100-year return frequency rainfall events, the C value is in excess of 0.55 and is expressed in terms of multiplication factors of this average value. The runoff coefficient for ballasted tracks is significantly larger than the previously tabulated values for railroad yards. The higher runoff coefficient reflects the design of ballasted tracks to drain rainfall as quickly as possible. As a part of the research, detention times in the ballasted tracks were also determined. The detention time is a function of antecedent soil moisture content and rainfall intensity. In general terms, for dry antecedent conditions the initial 0.3 inch-0.4 inch of rainfall is detained in the ballasted tracks. The initial 0.5 inch of rainfall produces only a small amount of runoff. For 25-year, 50-year, and 100-year events, the runoff starts 9 minutes, 7 minutes, and 6 minutes after the start of the event. KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Coefficients KW - Drainage KW - Laboratory studies KW - Light rail transit KW - Railroad tracks KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Scale models UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2012/runoff.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45758/runoff.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01445979 AU - Molinas, Albert AU - Mommandi, Amanullah AU - Hydrau-Tech, Incorporated AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Modeling Ballasted Tracks for Pollutants PY - 2012/08//Final Report SP - 58p AB - In this study, the Regional Transportation District’s (RTD’s) light rail operations were examined for pollutant production and runoff. To accomplish this, a laboratory study utilizing a rainfall-runoff facility was conducted. Input to this laboratory model was provided by using RTD’s design criteria, data from existing installations, and a field study to sample surface materials along ballasted tracks. A rainfall-runoff physical model of the light rail system was constructed at the Colorado State University Hydraulics Laboratory to study the effectiveness of the as-built ballasted tracks in the railroad environment. This model was subjected to Denver hydrology and environmental conditions using the available local rainfall information and pollution data. A 1-to-1 model of an 8-foot railroad segment was constructed using RTD’s design criteria and materials. A rainfall simulator was designed to vary rainfall duration and intensity. The model had the capability of capturing all of the runoff for volumetric measurement of the quantity and quality of the runoff. Potential sources of pollutants from a light rail system are: metal introduced from track abrasion; metal from wheel abrasion; material from disk brakes; and material from overhead power lines, etc. These quantities were computed using RTD’s maintenance records for wheel truing, brake rotor maintenance, track replacement, copper power line replacement, and field sampling of light rail tracks. For field measurements, toe regions of tracks near the most heavily traveled sections of the light-rail system were sampled at RTD’s Broadway Light Rail Station. The measured iron and aluminum concentrations from the field samples were introduced into the laboratory ballasted-track model and were subjected to various rainfall events. Runoff water and soil samples collected during and after different frequency events were analyzed to trace the effectiveness of ballasted tracks for capturing pollutants. Conclusions from the study include: water leaving ballasted tracks carries only a small fraction of the heavy metals that are introduced into tracks from the light rail operations; and heavy metal concentrations at the most heavily traveled light rail station showed that pollutant concentrations were far below the regulatory limits. KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Drainage KW - Heavy metals KW - Laboratory studies KW - Light rail transit KW - Pollutants KW - Railroad tracks KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Scale models UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2012/ballastedtracks.pdf/ UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45757/ballastedtracks.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01445183 AU - Stokoe, Kenneth H AU - Lee, Jung-Su AU - Nam, Boo H AU - Lewis, Mike AU - Hayes, Richard AU - Scullion, Thomas AU - Liu, Wenting AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing a Testing Device for Total Pavements Acceptance: Third-Year Report PY - 2012/08//Technical Report SP - 175p AB - During the third year of Project 0-6005, significant progress was made towards building the Total Pavement Acceptance Device (TPAD). The TPAD will be a multi-function pavement evaluating device that will be used to profile continuously along pavements at speeds in the range of 3 to 7 mph. The test functions will include those associated with the Rolling Dynamic Deflectometer (RDD), ground penetrating radar (GPR), Distance Measurement Instrument (DMI), and high-precision differential Global Positioning System (GPS), and surface temperature measurements, as well as digital video imaging of the pavement and right-of-way conditions. The TPAD mobile platform and dedicated hauling equipment, a tractor and trailer system, were delivered to the Center for Transportation Research (CTR) in late fall 2010. Acceptance testing for the TPAD mobile platform was initiated in winter 2010 and continued through summer 2011. Acceptance testing involved evaluating (1) the speed control, (2) the static load control, (3) the dynamic load control, (4) the portable load calibration system, and (5) the DMI. Some improvements were identified that were completed by the manufacturer. Progress was also made in developing (1) improved rolling sensors and associated data analysis methods commensurate with the target testing speeds and (2) a second-generation integrated data acquisition and display system that records all test functions on the same time and distance baselines. KW - Continuous profiling (Pavements) KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Global Positioning System KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Mobile equipment KW - Pavement performance KW - Rolling dynamic deflectometers KW - Rolling sensors KW - Temperature measuring instruments KW - Testing equipment KW - Texas KW - Total Pavement Acceptance Devices KW - Video imaging detectors UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6005_4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444335 AU - Brown, Andrew C AU - Dellinger, Gregory F AU - Gilbert, Robert B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Long-Term Performance of Drilled Shaft Retaining Walls: Assessment of Existing Walls PY - 2012/08//Technical Report SP - 58p AB - This report provides assessment from information and analysis for three drilled shaft walls in service in Houston, Texas. The three walls have been in service for 14, 9 and 2 years, respectively, and have cantilevered heights ranging from 5 to 23 feet. A field inspection of each wall revealed no obvious signs of significant distress. Based on L-Pile analyses, earth pressures greater than a linear increase of 80 psf/ft would likely be required to produce significant distress that could be readily observed in these walls. KW - Drilled shafts KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Height KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Inspection KW - Long term performance KW - Retaining walls UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/0-6603-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444332 AU - Prozzi, Jorge AU - Gao, Lu AU - Chi, Seokho AU - Centurion, Claudia AU - Murphy, Mike AU - Yildirim, Yetkin AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Maintenance Test Section Survey: Data Collection and Analysis PY - 2012/08//Technical Report SP - 43p AB - A Maintenance Test Section Survey (MTSS) was conducted as part of a Peer State Review of the Texas Maintenance Program conducted October 5–7, 2010. The purpose of the MTSS was to conduct a field review of 34 highway test sections and obtain participants’ opinions about pavement, roadside, and maintenance conditions. The goal was to cross-reference or benchmark Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT’s) maintenance practices based on practices used by selected peer states. Representatives from six peer states (California, Georgia, Kansas, Missouri, North Carolina, and Washington) were invited to Austin to attend a 3-day Peer State Review of TxDOT Maintenance Practices Workshop and to participate in a field survey of a number of pre-selected one-mile roadway sections. It should be emphasized that the objective of the survey was not to evaluate and grade or score TxDOT’s road network but rather to determine whether the selected roadway sections met acceptable standards of service as perceived by Directors of Maintenance or senior maintenance managers from the peer states. The pavement sections were selected such that the sample contained a wide range of conditions including Very Good (like new) to Very Poor (extensive cracking, rutting, and rough ride) and in immediate need of maintenance or rehabilitation. In addition to pavement conditions, the roadside and traffic marking maintenance conditions were evaluated by the researchers when making final section selection. It was also important to sample sections within each facility type; therefore, the sample contained sections from the interstate, national, and state systems as well as numerous Farm-to-Market roads. Two county roads were also included in the sample. The MTSS participants traveled in six vans, and rated the one-mile sections traveling at highway speeds over a four-hour period. The results were recorded by the participants on survey sheets handed in at the end of the Survey. The evaluation was based on a simple 1.0 (Well Below Expectations) to 5.0 (Well Above Expectations) scale for each category. These results of the peer state rating were compared to the Texas Maintenance Assessment Program (TxMAP) annual ratings for these sections and the ratings of other participants, grouped according to their background and experience in highway maintenance assessment. KW - Condition surveys KW - Maintenance practices KW - Peer groups KW - Ratings KW - Test sections KW - Texas UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6664_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01518748 AU - Sawyer, Michael AU - Lefler, Nancy AU - Soika, Jon AU - Carter, Daniel AU - Scopatz, Robert AU - Gross, Frank AU - Rothenberg, Heather AU - Miller, Jeffrey AU - Bahar, Geni AU - Eccles, Kim AU - Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - United States Roadway Safety Data Capabilities Assessment PY - 2012/07/31/Final Report SP - 233p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) conducted a capabilities assessment for each State in terms of the collection, management, and use of roadway safety data. This project is part of the Roadway Safety Data Partnership (RSDP), a collaborative effort between the FHWA and States to ensure that they are best able to develop robust data-driven safety capabilities. This final report provides an overview of findings based upon the assessment of fifty States plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway safety KW - States KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/rsdp/downloads/rsdp_usrsdca_final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1301939 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489644 TI - CMFs in Practice AB - This project is a continued activity to develop a series of crash modification factors (CMFs) in practice documents and outline the process for applying CMFs to a particular activity. KW - Crash modification factors KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482133 AU - Myers, John J AU - Volz, Jeffery S AU - Sells, Eric AU - Porterfield, Krista AU - Looney, Trevor AU - Tucker, Brian AU - Holman, Kyle AU - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Self-Consolidating Concrete for Infrastructure Elements PY - 2012/07/31/Final Report SP - 36p AB - Because of its unique nature, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has the potential to significantly reduce costs associated with transportation-related infrastructure, benefiting both Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) and the residents of Missouri. SCC is a highly flowable, nonsegregating concrete that can be placed without any mechanical consolidation, and thus has advantages over conventional concrete including decreased labor and equipment costs during concrete placement, decreased potential for and costs to repair honeycombing and voids, increased production rates of precast and cast-in-place elements, and improved finish and appearance of cast and free concrete surfaces. However, concerns exist over the structural implications of SCC in cast-in-place and precast elements. Specifically, higher paste contents, higher fines contents, and the use of smaller, rounded aggregates may significantly alter the creep, shrinkage, bond, and shear strength of SCC mixes as compared to traditional concrete mixes with the same compressive strength. These concerns increase for mixtures that use untested aggregate types and various supplementary cementitious materials. The objective of this research was to determine the structural implications of using SCC mixes compared to traditional concrete mixes. This study focused on the hardened properties of SCC mixes containing Missouri aggregates and developed guidelines on its use in infrastructure elements for MoDOT. Consequently, to achieve the benefits and potential savings with SCC, this study undertook seven tasks including the following: Task 1: Literature Review; Task 2: Mix Development; Task 3: Bond and Development of Prestressing Strand and Mild Steel; Task 4: Hardened Properties of SCC Mixes; Task 5: Shear Properties of SCC Mixes; Task 6: Recommendations and Specifications for SCC Implementation; and Task 7: Value to MoDOT and Stakeholders to Implementing SCC. Within these studies, locally available materials were used that were representative of MoDOT produced concrete. The final report consists of a summary report and five technical reports. The findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study can be referenced within these reporting components. KW - Aggregates KW - Cast in place concrete KW - Durability KW - Implementation KW - Missouri KW - Mix design KW - Self compacting concrete KW - Shear properties UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TRyy1103/cmr13-03.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46965/cmr13-03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250722 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01494923 TI - Task 2 of the Freight Analysis Framework Re-Baseline Export Analysis Project AB - The Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) estimates commodity flows and related freight transportation activity among states, sub-state regions, and major international gateways, and assigns those flows to the national transportation network. FAF was updated and enhanced (referred to as FAF 3) in 2010 to estimate the value and tons of shipments among the 123 U.S. regions used in the 2007 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) and 8 international trade regions, by type of commodity and mode, referred to as the FAF3 Regional Database. These freight flows, in tons and value, are assigned to the existing transportation network, referred to as Network Database and Flow Assignment. The FAF3 Regional Database is benchmarked to 2001 with forecasts made available through the year 2040. The SOW includes two tasks: 1. A "Re-baselining of FAF3 forecasts to adjust for changes in economic conditions since the initial forecasts were developed in mid-2010; 2. Forecasting and analysis of exports, by commodity, place of origin in the U.S., and destination, to assist in identifying actions that might be taken to increase exports and to identify potential bottlenecks in the infrastructure used to move goods for exports. KW - Commodities KW - Commodity flow KW - Exports KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - International trade UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264157 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466551 TI - Interagency Agreement between Federal Highway Administration and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Transportation Training in Conservation Courses AB - The purpose of this Interagency Agreement (IAA) is to facilitate better communication between the various sectors in addressing conservation issues in transportation planning and project delivery by training resource and conservation professionals and stakeholders. This would be accomplished through creating specialized training modules/courses aimed at technology transfer to the resource and conservation community. The desired outcome is to increase the technical and collaborative competencies to achieve both national transportation and conservation objectives. KW - Conservation KW - Education and training KW - Interagency relations KW - Natural resources KW - Technology transfer KW - Training programs KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234786 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466548 TI - Interagency Agreement between U.S. Department of Transaction, Federal Highway Administration and U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of Engineers AB - This Interagency Agreement (IAA) is entered into by and between the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers (Corps) for the delivery of improved data tracking and analysis specifically for State Department of Transportation (DOT) wetland and stream mitigation projects in the Corps Regulatory In-Lieu Fee and Banking Information Tracking System (RIBITS). The goals of this program are as follows: (1) Develop methods and procedures for FHWA and State DOT transportation projects to expedite environmental review through the use of web based tools, including those for wetland and stream mitigation and conservation banking. (2) Improve collaboration, coordination and communication among and between FHWA, State DOTs, and the Corps. (3) Provide a source of mitigation and conservation bank and in-lieu fee program information that is accessible via the internet to facilitate FHWA and State DOT planning processes and improve project development and delivery. KW - Conservation KW - Cooperation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Interagency relations KW - Mitigation measures (Ecology) KW - Streams KW - Transportation planning KW - Websites (Information retrieval) KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496680 AU - Anderson, M S AU - Simkins, J M AU - Battelle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Report D – Revised Comprehensive Report Development of Long Distance Multimodal Passenger Travel Modal Choice Model PY - 2012/07/23 SP - 84p AB - This report includes an executive summary as well as details of research conducted to develop a set of statistical models to predict long-distance passenger travel mode. A literature and practice review was conducted to gather information on the current knowledge and practices for long-distance passenger travel modal choices. Using this information, a set of multinomial logistic regression models were developed to predict mode choice given various demographic and socioeconomic attributes of the traveler, trip characteristics such as length and purpose, land-use characteristics, as well as availability of transportation infrastructure. The models use long-distance travel data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) as well as other sources. K-fold cross-validation is used to assess the predictive ability of the models. KW - Demographics KW - Literature reviews KW - Logistic regression analysis KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Mode choice KW - National Household Travel Survey KW - Passengers KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistical analysis KW - Trip length UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/dldmpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446295 AU - Coifman, Benjamin AU - Lee, Ho AU - NEXTRANS AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Innovative Vehicle Classification Strategies: Using LIDAR to do More for Less PY - 2012/07/23/Final Report SP - 60p AB - This study examines light detection and ranging (LIDAR) based vehicle classification and classification performance monitoring. The portable LIDAR based classification system was developed with the sensors mounted in a side-fire configuration next to the road. Several measurements are taken from each non-occluded cluster to classify vehicles into one of six classes: motorcycle, passenger vehicle, passenger vehicle pulling a trailer, single-unit truck, single-unit truck pulling a trailer, and multi-unit truck. The algorithm was evaluated at six different locations under various traffic conditions. By measuring height, shape and length, the LIDAR based system was able to distinguish between vehicle classes that challenge other classification technologies. Compared to concurrent video ground truth data for over 27,000 vehicles on a per-vehicle basis, 11% of the vehicles are suspected of being partially occluded. The algorithm correctly classified over 99.5% of the remaining, non-occluded vehicles. This research also uncovered emerging challenges that likely apply to most classification systems, e.g., differentiating commuter cars from motorcycles. KW - Algorithms KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Automatic vehicle detection and identification systems KW - Highway traffic KW - Laser radar KW - Performance measurement KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/nextrans/assets/pdfs/Year%202%20Final%20Reports/Final%20Report%20033.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1213821 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573320 TI - Clear Roads Winter Highway Operations Pooled Fund AB - The objectives of this ongoing pooled fund project will include: (1) Conduct structured field testing and evaluation across a range of winter conditions and different highway maintenance organizational structures to assess the practical effectiveness, ease of use, optimum application rates, barriers to use, durability, safety, environmental impact and cost-effectiveness of innovative materials, equipment and methods for improved winter highway maintenance. (2) Establish industry standards and develop performance measures for evaluating and utilizing new materials and technologies. (3) Support technology transfer by developing practical field guides and training curriculum to promote the results of research projects. (4) Conduct cost-benefit analysis to ensure that new technologies, materials or methods contribute to operational efficiency. (5) Support the exchange of information and ideas via peer exchanges and collaborative research efforts that provide opportunities for winter maintenance specialists to share experiences related to winter maintenance. (6) Promote public education and outreach related to winter maintenance and winter driving safety. (7) Conduct state of the practice surveys to share best practices on current operational issues (for example salt shortages, level of service requirements or other hot button issues). KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Best practices KW - Field tests KW - Highway operations KW - Peer exchange KW - Performance measurement KW - Snow removal KW - Technology transfer KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/446 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366544 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01548888 TI - Accelerated Performance Testing on the 2012 NCAT Pavement Test Track AB - The objectives of this research project will be: (1) Constructing 200 ft test sections on the existing 1.7-mile National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) test oval that are representative of in-service roadways; (2) Applying accelerated performance truck traffic in the 2 years following construction; (3) Assessing/comparing the functional and structural field performance of trafficked sections on a regular basis via surface and subsurface measures; (4) Validating/calibrating new & existing mechanistic-empirical (M-E) approaches to pavement analysis and design using pavement surface condition, pavement load response, precise traffic and environmental logging, and cumulative damage; (5) Determining the life cycle cost of various pavement preservation alternatives in a highly controlled experiment that will provide state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) with the financial foundation to begin to build a decision tree for their own maintenance program; (6) Correlating field results with laboratory data for both mechanistic and preservation applications; and (7) Answering practical questions posed by research sponsors through formal (i.e., reports and technical papers) and informal (e.g., one-on-one responses to sponsor inquiries) technology transfer. KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement preservation KW - Test tracks UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/496 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1336363 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466550 TI - Interagency Agreement between the Federal Highway Administration and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Georgia Ecological Services AB - The purpose of this agreement is to develop and test methods for assessing effects of transportation projects on stream habitat connectivity so that the net gain in the barrier removal process can be maximized and impacts of new transportation projects on habitat connectivity can be minimized. There is significant value in using multiple tools and approaches to evaluate potential effects of barriers so that managers can use the best supported decision when deciding how to proceed. Thus, multiple methods of quantifying effects of transportation projects on habitat connectivity will be employed and evaluated in three watersheds harboring Endangered Species. Results will not only serve managers that aim to build new transportation projects, retrofit, and/or remove existing barriers, but they will also serve as a template for assessing habitat connectivity in other transportation districts and watersheds.The goals of this project are to develop and test methodologies for determining the effects of new and existing barriers (including transportation projects) to fish movement on stream habitat connectivity using a landscape context. This will be completed through the following tasks: (1) Quantification of habitat fragmentation; (2) Quantification of habitat quality; (3) Prioritization of barriers for removal; (4) Evaluation of the effects of new barrier placement or barrier removal; (5) Evaluation of the benefits of financially expensive but high-resolution (field-based) data and the benefits of including biologically relevant information into passage assessments; and (6) Present results and methodology to the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) personnel to demonstrate the implementation of the methodology and use of the data products developed from the previously mentioned deliverables. KW - Barriers KW - Decision making KW - Endangered species KW - Fishes KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Interagency relations KW - Project management KW - Streams KW - Transportation projects KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234785 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01467737 TI - Bridge Pier Scour Research AB - The bridge pier scour research evaluation report (NCHRP 24-27 (1)) is currently being finalized. The report examines the present state of knowledge regarding bridge-pier scour, evaluates the reliability of leading current methods to provide accurate estimates of design scour depth, and recommends a structured approach to scour-depth estimation for design use. The large variation in factors potentially influencing scour at bridge sites requires an approach sufficiently comprehensive to account for the more important individual parameter influences to be considered, yet that also treats pier scour from a systems-analysis perspective when the number of parameters is too numerous, or the parameters are insufficiently independent, to be described practically in terms of a series of individual parameter influences. The objectives of this research address several research issues whose resolution should enhance the reliability of scour depth estimation. The research issues fall into several categories: (1) Fundamental processes inadequately understood. The issues primarily concern flow field capacity to erode the channel boundary, and the boundary¿s capacity to resist erosion; (2) Complicating processes inadequately understood. The issues concern flow field capacity to erode the channel boundary, and the boundary's resistance to erosion; (3) Development of reliable design methods. Testing of standard or common abutment forms subject to complicating design considerations; (4) Development of smart instrumentation and observation procedures for monitoring boundary and flow conditions at bridge waterways. The Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) Hydraulics Laboratory will collaborate on this proposed research and will provide Lab capabilities and technical assistance. The Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. TFHRC Hydraulics Laboratory is planning to utilize a high speed recirculation flume for the tests identified. This will allow live bed scour experiments for flow velocities up to 5 times the critical velocity for a specific selected sediment size and to study the live bed peak carefully. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Flow conditions KW - Flow fields KW - Scour UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/439 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1235973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455296 AU - Terpsma, Ryan J AU - Reid, John D AU - Faller, Ronald K AU - Sicking, Dean L AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development and Recommendations for a Non-Proprietary, High-Tension, Cable End Terminal System PY - 2012/07/17/Final Report SP - 198p AB - Cable guardrail systems have been increasing in popularity in recent years due to several perceived benefits over the commonly used W-beam guardrail. A non-proprietary design was desired as an alternative to the many proprietary designs available. A non-proprietary, high-tension, cable end terminal was necessary to accompany the non-proprietary, high-tension, cable guardrail system under development. The objective of this research project was to develop design recommendations for a non-proprietary, high-tension, cable end terminal. An analysis of several cable guardrail end terminals was undertaken to identify any common features that may prove to be beneficial or detrimental to end terminal designs. Next, a study of the non-proprietary, low-tension system was conducted to determine the cause of vehicle instabilities in full-scale testing. Since the high-tension and low-tension, cable end terminal designs are similar, it is likely that any issues with the low-tension design will also be evident in testing of the high-tension design. LS-DYNA modeling of current cable terminal anchor hardware was then accomplished and compared to bogie testing results. The anchor model proved to be sufficiently accurate to preliminarily analyze alternative cable anchor designs. A final, optimized, high-tension, cable anchor design was produced along with alternative terminal post recommendations for continuing development of the non-proprietary, high-tension, cable end terminal. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Cables KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Tension UR - http://ne-ltap.unl.edu/Documents/NDOR/dev_and_recommend_high%20tension_cable_end.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46949/Development_and_Recommendations_for_a_Non-Proprietary_High-Tension_Cable_End_Terminal_System.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223711 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01570484 TI - Reorganization of Section 5, Concrete Structures, of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications AB - The purpose of this project is to reorganize Section 5, Concrete Structures, of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specification so that Section 5 is logically organized, and philosophically and technically consistent. The entire LRFD Bridge Design Specification and AASHTO Bridge Construction Specification must be reviewed and updated as necessary to maintain consistency. This research project would be carried out in six tasks: 1) survey stakeholders; 2) develop annotated revised table of contents; 3) critically review all interim changes for technical and philosophical consistency; 4) write interim report; 5) develop new revised and reorganized draft Section 5, Concrete Structures; and 6) develop final Section 5, Concrete Structures. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Concrete bridges KW - Design standards KW - Load and resistance factor design UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/504 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1362125 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489645 TI - Roundabouts Initiatives AB - This project provides support for the Roundabouts P2P program. KW - Highway safety KW - Roundabouts KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258875 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489643 TI - Intersection Focus State Initiative AB - This project provides technical assistance and support to states in developing and implementing intersection safety plans. KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - States KW - Technical assistance KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258873 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489640 TI - Data Analysis Tools Development (Integration and Implementation) AB - This project supports the development of HSM Performance Measures through the Lead State Initiative and the facilitation of internal multidisciplinary HSM team efforts to integrate HSM into project delivery processes and programs. KW - Data analysis KW - Data files KW - Integrated systems KW - Performance measurement KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258870 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489636 TI - SI-09-40 - Deploying New Generation of Hwy Safety AB - This project supports continued work on the Strategic Initiative. KW - Deployment KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258866 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489571 TI - Low Cost ITS Solutions Addressing Safety on Local and Rural Roads AB - This research will identify and dcoument low cost ITS solutions that are applicable for local and rural road safety. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Roads KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455840 AU - Mongiardini, Mario AU - Faller, Ronald K AU - Rosenbaugh, Scott K AU - Reid, John D AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Test Matrices for Evaluating Cable Median Barriers Placed in V-Ditches PY - 2012/07/13/Final Report SP - 70p AB - Cable barrier systems designed to be used in median ditches have been traditionally full-scale crash tested placed either within 4 ft from the slope break point (SBP) of a 4H:1V front slope or near the bottom of the ditch. Recently, there has been some discussion about proposing specific standard test conditions for cable barrier systems which are designed to be placed in a median ditch. The objective of this research was to propose a matrix of critical tests for cable barriers placed in median V-ditches. Critical tests were proposed based on the identification of those locations where the potential for override/underride is more likely, as indicated by an analysis of the simulated bumper trajectory of small cars, passenger sedans, and pickup trucks when trespassing a median V-ditch. The bumper trajectories as well as the vehicle kinematics were obtained using LS-DYNA computer simulations considering different ditch widths and slopes. Results from previous full-scale crash tests of cable systems placed in V-ditches were also considered in the assessment of the test matrices. KW - Cables KW - Ditches KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Location KW - Median barriers KW - Underride override crashes UR - http://ne-ltap.unl.edu/Documents/NDOR/Test_Matrics_For_Evaluating.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46869/Test_matrices_for_evaluating_cable_median_barriers_placed_in_v-ditches.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224019 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546018 TI - Managing Catastrophic Transportation Emergencies: A Guide for Transportation Executives AB - Since 2001, research has produced numerous documents and other tools for use by transportation security and emergency management planners, trainers, and operators. Much of this effort has been conducted to close a gap in planning, training, or operations as identified through after-action reports. There have been a number of events that have caused catastrophic transportation failure. These failures range from acts of nature such as flooding in the midwest and northeast in 2011, to the widespread destruction caused by hurricanes Katrina (2005), Gustav (2008), and Ike (2008). Though the United States is fortunate not to have recent examples of terrorist-related transportation emergencies, there have been attacks on transit systems in Moscow, London, and Madrid that provide examples of the results of such acts. Other catastrophic transportation emergencies can be attributed to infrastructure failure such as the I-35W Bridge in Minnesota; accidents such as the "MacArthur Maze" fire in California; and natural disasters such as the Northridge earthquake. Also on the catastrophic emergencies preparedness topic, on January 16, 2009, the Homeland Security Council (HSC) Interagency Policy Coordination Subcommittee for Preparedness and Response to Radiological and Nuclear Threats released Planning Guidance for Response to a Nuclear Detonation to provide emergency planners with nuclear detonation-specific response recommendations to maximize the preservation of life in the event of an urban nuclear detonation. The target audiences for the HSC guidance are response planners (including transportation planners) and their leadership. Despite all the emergency situations, lessons learned, research, and documentation, however, there is still a gap in preparing transportation agency executives and senior leaders for their roles during a catastrophic event, particularly the decision making required to initially respond to and then recover from the emergency. Research is needed to develop a Guide for preparing transportation agency executives and senior leaders before and during a catastrophic emergency involving transportation systems or other emergencies in which transportation systems are affected. The objective of this research is to develop a Guide for preparing transportation agency executives and senior leaders for their roles and decision points in response to and recovery from catastrophic emergencies, including those in which transportation systems are affected. KW - Decision making KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Handbooks KW - London (England) KW - Madrid (Spain) KW - Moscow (Russia) KW - Risk management KW - Strategic planning KW - Training KW - United States UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2910 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332970 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466553 TI - Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA )Watershed Resource Registry (WRR) AB - The Watershed Resource Registry (WRR), a collection of data and information, including an evaluation of watershed and wetland conditions and a database of mitigation opportunities needed to address future Clean Water Act requirements. The proposed pilot would provide State Department of Transportations (DOTs) with much needed regulatory streamlining and predictability with relation to cost and delivery of transportation projects. The tasks below outline the proposed actions under this proposal. It should be noted that as a part of these tasks,the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides a technical and administrative role in coordinating the TAC Meetings and the overall project management for the WRR. Support for these functions should be recognized as part of the following tasks. (1) Demonstrate how the watershed resource registry (WRR) can streamline the regulatory process on real projects by cutting the permitting time and provide accountability to the regulators. Benchmark the times savings and process efficiencies. (2) Demonstrate how WRR can target implementation on the ground - identify locations and the best design using higher performance/lower cost type best management practices (BMPs). Monitor and measure the effectiveness for storm water treatment and management. (3) Develop a watershed resource accounting/monitoring system using a WRR to account for watershed wide mitigation measures. (4) Coordination with FHWA - Provide status of tasks and deliverables through quarterly conference calls with progress reports. The EPA should provide progress reports on their specified tasks and deliverables on a quarterly basis with copy to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). KW - Best practices KW - Clean Water Act KW - Coordination KW - Data collection KW - Mitigation measures (Ecology) KW - Monitoring KW - Regulations KW - Streamlining KW - Watersheds KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234788 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547362 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 332. Users' Guide to Develop Highway Safety Manual Safety Performance Function Calibration Factors AB - The objective of this task was to provide step by step instructions for developing calibration factors for use with the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) safety performance functions (SPF). Tasks included the following: (1) Review Part C and Appendix A, Volume 2 of the Highway Safety Manual; (2) Review current literature and state department of transportation (DOT) practices on SPF calibration; (3) Review the scope of work proposed for the HSM Implementation Pool Fund Study: Transportation Pooled Fund (TPF) 5-255 to ensure consistency and avoid information gaps and duplication of efforts; (4) Submit a draft outline of the calibration guide for panel review; (5) Fully develop draft guidelines that will assist a transportation agency in developing statistically sound calibration factors; (6) Submit the draft guidelines to the panel for review, and (7) Submit a revised final report that includes the revised guidelines. KW - Calibration KW - Highway safety KW - Manuals KW - Performance measurement UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3287 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334555 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545044 TI - Performance-Based Analysis of Geometric Design of Highways and Streets AB - National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 785, Performance-Based Analysis of Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, presents ways to incorporate performance-based analysis into the project development process. This process framework begins with setting desired project multimodal outcomes and design controls. Geometric design decisions that can influence those outcomes are identified as well as analysis tools that can be used to estimate the impacts of those decisions. The report includes six hypothetical case studies illustrating how this framework can be applied to actual projects. The report will be useful to geometric designers in making informed decisions about the tradeoffs inherent in design. Most highway and street design processes rely on standards that set minimum values or ranges of values for design features. These standards are intended to provide operational safety, efficiency, and comfort for the traveler, but it is difficult or impossible for the designer to characterize quantitatively how the facility will perform. For both new construction and reconstruction of highways and streets, stakeholders and decision makers increasingly want reasonable measures of the effect of geometric design decisions on the facility's performance for all of its users. Each agency has its own process for designing a highway or street. Three critical stages in the process are project initiation (i.e., setting the project's purpose, need, and scope), preliminary design (e.g., analyzing alternative designs and environmental impacts and setting design criteria), and final design (i.e., preparing the construction plans); these stages may have different names in different agencies. Although the expected performance of the facility is only one of the factors that must be considered in designing a highway or street, a better understanding of the expected performance should result in better decisions during these stages. Research was needed to provide the designer with the tools to evaluate the performance of different design alternatives objectively. NCHRP Project 15-34A completed the work begun under NCHRP Project 15-34. In that project, Pennsylvania State University and Kittelson & Associates, Inc. described the geometric design decisions that occur throughout the project development process and identified performance metrics that are sensitive to those decisions. They also reviewed tools that are available for evaluating the performance of a particular design. This work culminated in the interim report that also presented a plan for developing a process framework. In NCHRP Project 15-34A, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. and the University of Utah developed the process framework. The framework includes both an approach for integrating performance-based analysis into geometric design decisions and information on the effects different geometric elements have on project performance measures. It is expected that future research will build upon the latter to improve designers' abilities to assess the performance of a design. Supplemental material (including a summary of the work done in both projects, suggested future research, and draft text for American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official's (AASHTO's) A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets) is also available at the link provided in Supplemental Notes. KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Performance based specifications UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3322 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472425 AU - Blaesing-Thompson, Shawn AU - Haubrich, Matthew AU - Schuman, William AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Final Report (SPR Project 90-00-RB10-012) on the Maintenance Asset Management Project - Phase I PY - 2012/07/09/Final Report SP - 19p AB - This project resulted in the development of a proof of concept for a features inventory process to be used by field staff. The resulting concept is adaptable for different asset classes (e.g. culverts, guardrail) and able to leverage existing DOT resources such as the videolog and LRS and our current technology platforms including Oracle and our GIS web infrastructure. The concept examined the feasibility of newly available technologies, such as mobile devices, while balancing ease of use in the field. Implementation and deployment costs were also important considerations in evaluating the success of the project. This project funds allowed the pilot to address the needs of two DOT districts. A report of findings was prepared, including recommendations for or against full deployment of the pilot solution. KW - Asset management KW - Costs KW - Deployment KW - Implementation KW - Inspection KW - Inventory KW - Maintenance KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46891/Blaesing-Thompson_etal_Asset_Management_Phase_I_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1240235 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01467752 TI - Northwest Transportation Consortium AB - The objective of this research project is to address high priority transportation research topics of common interest to the four Northwest states and for which expertise exists in the four University Transportation Centers (UTC) in these same states. KW - Conferences KW - Northwestern United States KW - Pacific Northwest KW - Regional transportation KW - University Transportation Centers Program UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/414 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1235988 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466568 TI - Assessment of Metropolitan Planning Organization and State Department of Transportation Resources and Technical Capabilities Relative to Adopting New Air Quality Modeling Applications AB - The objective of this requirement is to assess and evaluate the overall analytical capacities and experiences of Metropolitan Planning Organization's (MPO), Council of Government's (COG) and State Department of Transportation's (DOT) capabilities to adopt and incorporate new air quality modeling applications into regional and hot-spot analysis for conformity purposes. For many smaller MPOs with limited staff resources and expertise and DOTs experiencing significant resource and budget constraints, the adoption of increasingly complex air quality emission modeling tools can present significant challenges. KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Modeling KW - Pollutants KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234803 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466552 TI - Training Course for the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model AB - Application and use of water quality models and their results depend on the user's understanding of the model theory and application to real world and unique situations. Acceptance and use of the model depends on the formation of a group of users who are familiar with the model, how it works and when to use it. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) will develop the documents and training modules necessary to define and implement the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM). KW - Data collection KW - Dilution KW - Education and training KW - Empirical methods KW - Stochastic processes KW - Training programs KW - Transportation planning KW - Water quality management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234787 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01607877 TI - Midwest States Pooled Fund Crash Test Program AB - The objective of this research project to crash test highway roadside appurtenances to assure that they meet criteria established nationally. KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Midwest United States KW - Pooled funds KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Roadside structures KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/418 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1420468 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573316 TI - National Sustainable Pavement Consortium AB - The objective of the proposed pooled-fund project is to establish a research consortium focused on enhancing pavement sustainability. The six-year program will be developed in cooperation with the consortium participants, and will include, at a minimum, answering the following research questions: (1) What emerging materials, construction practices and pavement systems have the most potential for increasing the sustainability of our road infrastructure? The consortium will review emerging sustainable materials, technologies, products, and pavement systems, how to facilitate their adoption; and what testing, approaches, and methods are needed to adopt these technological improvements; (2) What do we need to measure --and how-- to address sustainability in the context of pavement engineering? To start answering this question, it will necessary to identify an appropriate set of metrics that cover all aspects of pavement sustainability and the adaption or development of tools for the assessment of pavement sustainability on a qualitative and quantitative relative scale; (3) How do we integrate sustainability consideration into the pavement management processes? This can be answered by looking at how sustainability considerations will affect all aspect of pavement engineering such as planning, design, construction, maintenance, management, and reclamation; (4) What changes are needed in our pavement engineering practices to adapt to climate changes? The consortium will investigate the effect of climatic change on pavement engineering in the region, in terms of design, construction, maintenance and management. KW - Climate change KW - Consortia KW - Construction practices KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Paving materials KW - Sustainable development KW - Sustainable pavements UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/497 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366540 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01566107 TI - Addressing Work Zone Traffic Safety Issues in Arizona AB - The statewide crash database maintained by Arizona Department of Transportation Traffic Records Section contains information provided as a result of a police investigation and physical evidence collected at the scene and witness statements. During the police investigation the crash contributing factors are identified and later are used by transportation professionals to provide and propose adequate safety countermeasures to minimize the number of crashes. Many police investigators are trained and certified to evaluate collision causation (e.g. Accreditation Commission for Traffic Accident Reconstruction or ACTAR certification). However, "accident reconstruction" is not a straightforward task, and frequently requires knowledge from other areas such as human factors and traffic engineering. Some of the methods applied during the police investigation may be incorrect and consequently may provide misleading opinions and misleading crash contributing factors. Additionally, a lack of knowledge in the area of human factors and traffic engineering make it more difficult for police investigators to truly identify crash causation, in particular, work zone related crashes. This study will analyze the causation of work zone related crashes. An analysis of work zone crashes should be performed by an expert in the area of traffic and transportation engineering with an understanding of human factors and "accident reconstruction" principles. KW - Arizona KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Databases KW - Human factors KW - Traffic safety KW - Work zone safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1357058 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01566106 TI - Crash-Modification Factor for Trees on Two-lane Rural Roads AB - Rural roads account for about one-third of the vehicle-miles traveled in Arizona but see more than half of the state's traffic fatalities. Five-year statistics show that a vehicle occupant hurt while colliding with a fixed object is twice as likely to die if the collision is on a rural road rather than an urban road. Among such fixed objects are trees beside two-lane rural highways. A systematic assessment of countermeasures for vehicle-tree collisions on such highways is needed. The crash modification factor (CMF), a multiplicative factor used to compute the expected number of crashes after implementing a given countermeasure at a specific site and maintained at the Crash Modification Factors Clearinghouse, though tabulated in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) for roadside fixed objects along urban and suburban arterials, does not presently extend to roadside fixed objects, including trees, on two-lane rural highways. This study will determine the needed CMSs by finding any existing, pertinent CMFs in the literature even beyond the HSM and Clearinghouse; determining the data and analysis needed to develop CMFs for countermeasures along two-lane rural highways; recommending a data collection plan; and performing a statistically sound pilot before-and-after evaluation of countermeasures. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash modification factors KW - Fatalities KW - Fixed object collisions KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Trees KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1357057 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01566105 TI - Geosynthetics: Specifications and Applications AB - The geosynthetic guidelines in the current 2008 Arizona Department of Transportation's (ADOT's) Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction were formulated in the late 1980s, presumably based on research data available at that time along with the available manufactured products and data. These method specifications, i.e. based solely on material properties, were developed at a time when geosynthetic use was in its infancy and there was a limited variety of products available for transportation infrastructure applications. Combined with the limited quantity of research data available at the time, this resulted in empirically derived design procedures. From the time of their development, these original specifications have since remained virtually unchanged. Over the last 20-plus years, the geosynthetic industry has made significant developments. New technologies have emerged. Now a wide range of material types, manufactured products, and composite systems are available for a variety of applications in civil engineering practice, including drainage and filtration, separation, soil reinforcement (roadway embankments, steep slopes, and walls), moisture barriers, and waste containment. Completed and continuously ongoing research projects now focus not only on material properties, but also on overall product/system characteristics and performance evaluation through lab testing, test sections, and accelerated testing, to quantify the benefits of using geosynthetics as a design/construction alternative. Based on the advances that have been made in the geosynthetic industry, and documented through research, there is a requirement to review and comprehensively update the ADOT geosynthetic specifications (geogrids, geotextiles, geomembranes, composites), to utilize and maximize the benefits of the variety of existing products available as well as newer and more innovative products being produced by the industry. This project will: (1) Do a comprehensive review of the ADOT geosynthetic specifications (actual section on geosynthetics and associated sub-sections.) (2) Update and expand the ADOT geosynthetic specifications to revise outdated test standards, and accommodate multiple products per required application, such as, soil reinforcement, separation and drainage, and, moisture barriers. This will require a comprehensive literature review of available research, and independent lab testing to evaluate the effectiveness of a product for a given application. (3) Update the current method specifications to not only address material properties, but take into consideration performance of the system for acceptance. Newer and more innovative products often may not meet the current individual index property requirements as outlined in the current specifications. There are however claims that these new products are better performing as a system relative to the performance of older products. This should be evaluated, again through a combination of a review of existing and ongoing research materials, and independent lab and field testing. KW - Composite materials KW - Geosynthetics KW - Material properties KW - Moisture barriers KW - Soil reinforcement KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1357056 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01566104 TI - Recycled Construction Waste for Mutual Beneficial Use AB - One construction project's waste is another project's material source. Every day, a large amount of potentially recyclable construction waste is dumped in landfills. Materials such as refuse concrete, asphalt roof shingles, asphalt millings, tar paper, rubber tires, brick, and other valuable materials can be reused within the transportation industry; this in turn can reduce the amount of mined materials or virgin materials used, and increase landfill capacity and lifetime. The unit price of mining/extracting raw materials (asphalt, ABC, aggregate, sub-grade), including their transportation, will continue to increase as fossil fuel prices rise, land value goes up, and virgin materials are consumed. This project will determine the feasibility of using recycled materials within the transportation industry. KW - Building materials KW - Landfills KW - Raw materials KW - Recycled materials KW - Salvage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1357055 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547487 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-09. Alternative Technical Concepts for Contract Delivery Methods AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 455: Alternative Technical Concepts for Contract Delivery Methods Transportation documents various methods by which agencies have successfully implemented alternative technical concepts (ATCs) during the highway contracting process. The report identifies methods that promote transparency and fairness, while at the same time protecting the industry's right to confidentiality. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration defines an ATC as "a request by a proposer to modify a contract requirement, specifically for that proposer's use in gaining competitive benefit during the bidding or proposal process … [and] must provide a solution that is equal to or better than the owner's base design requirements in the invitation for bid or request for proposal document." KW - Competitive bidding KW - Contracts KW - Highway design KW - Project delivery KW - Solicitations KW - Technical assistance UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3361 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334851 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547395 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-15. State Bridge Load Posting Processes and Practices AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 453: State Bridge Load Posting Processes and Practices is a synthesis of the practices of U.S. state governments in restricting weights of vehicles that can cross highway bridges and culverts to levels below legal loads. Bridges and culverts restricted for vehicle weights are called load posted structures. The load posting practices of bridge owners include the identification of structures to post for load, the evaluation of safe load capacities of these structures, and the implementation of restrictions on vehicle weights at structures. KW - Best practices KW - Bridges KW - Culverts KW - Load factor KW - Overweight loads KW - Size and weight regulations KW - United States KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3367 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334659 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547394 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-08. Response to Extreme Weather Impacts on Transportation Systems AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 454: Response to Extreme Weather Impacts on Transportation Systems examines eight recent cases of extreme weather in the United States from the perspectives of transportation operations, maintenance, design, construction, planning, communications, interagency coordination, and data and knowledge management. KW - Coordination KW - Data collection KW - Interagency relations KW - Knowledge management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Transportation operations KW - United States KW - Weather conditions UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3360 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334658 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547393 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-06. Implementation of the AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide and Software AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 457: Implementation of the AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide and Software documents the experience of transportation agencies in the implementation of the 2008 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide: A Manual of Practice (MEPDG) and the 2011 software program, AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design™ (formerly DARWin-ME). The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) and accompanying software are based on mechanistic-empirical (ME) principles and are a significant departure from the previous empirically based AASHTO pavement design procedures. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Best practices KW - DARWin-ME (Computer program) KW - Implementation KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Software KW - Transportation departments UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3358 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334657 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547392 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-05. Roadway Safety Data Interoperability between Local and State Agencies AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 458, Roadway Safety Data Interoperability Between Local and State Agencies provides an overview of the state of the practice regarding the interoperability between state and local safety data. The report also highlights agency practices that support data-driven safety program on all public roads. KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Interoperability KW - Local government agencies KW - State government agencies KW - State of the practice UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3357 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334656 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547391 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-02. Using the Economic Value Created by Transportation to Fund Transportation AB - Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 459: Using the Economic Value Created by Transportation to Fund Transportation presents information on financing mechanisms used by transportation agencies to capture a portion of the economic value created by public investment in transportation infrastructure to fund transportation improvements. The report provides an overview of ten types of "value capture" mechanisms and presents case examples of how transportation agencies have used these mechanisms to help fund specific highway projects. KW - Construction projects KW - Economics KW - Financial analysis KW - Transportation departments KW - Value capture UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3354 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334655 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547327 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-10. Non-Nuclear Methods for Compaction Control of Unbound Materials AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 456: Non-Nuclear Methods for Compaction Control of Unbound Materials documents information on national and international experience with non-nuclear devices and methods for measuring compaction of unbound materials. KW - Compaction KW - Equipment KW - Measurement KW - Subbase materials KW - Unbound materials UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3362 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334500 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545241 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-14. Permanent Signs Mounted on Median Barriers AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 465: Permanent Signs Mounted on Median Barriers reports on the current state of practice for mounting permanent highway signs on top of rigid median barriers throughout the United States. KW - Installation KW - Median barriers KW - State of the practice KW - Traffic signs UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3366 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332760 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545066 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-13. Sharing Operational Data Among Agencies AB - Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 460: Sharing Operations Data Among Agencies document both the qualitative and quantitative business cases for sharing data among transportation-related agencies. The study also documents the institutional, legal, and technical challenges that can inhibit data sharing. KW - Data sharing KW - Highway operations KW - Institutional issues KW - Legal factors KW - Transportation departments UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3365 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332520 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545064 TI - Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems. Topic 44-11. Managing Longitudinal Utility Installations on Controlled Access Highway Right-of-Way AB - Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 462: Managing Longitudinal Utility Installations on Controlled Access Highway Right-of-Way surveys state departments of transportation (DOTs) to identify and synthesize exemplary practices to help highway officials manage longitudinal utility installations on controlled access highway right-of-ways. KW - Best practices KW - Freeways KW - Installation KW - Overhead utility lines KW - Right of way (Land) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3363 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332518 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01500188 TI - Arizona-specific Data for EPA's "MOVES" Model AB - The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) released a new model for mobile source emissions called Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator, MOVES2010. This model replaces the previous EPA emission model, MOBILE6.2. MOVES2010 is used to estimate exhaust and evaporative emissions as well as brake and tire wear emissions from all types of on-road vehicles. After a three-year grace period which ends on March 3, 2013, MOVES2010 is required for all new regional emissions analyses for transportation conformity. The availability of the new model presents both an opportunity and a challenge for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). The opportunity is that the sophistication of the model allows for a much more robust assessment of on-road vehicle emissions, provided that states have the local data and information needed to replace model default values. The challenge is that ADOT does not have the local information needed to optimally use the model. Running MOVES is a multi-step, data-intensive process; it requires specific datasets including those with vehicle registration information and travel activity data such as that from Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) and/or relevant travel demand model output. Since current ADOT mobile source data are generated mostly for the previous EPA model, MOBILE6.2, it is necessary to determine what processes are needed to modify current input data and develop the corresponding specifications to optimally run MOVES for Arizona transportation conformity cases. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This project will result in a guideline document that will give ADOT an implementation plan to make optimal use of the new MOVES model. It will evaluate the essential local data needed to use MOVES, evaluate the degree to which ADOT has already collected such local data to run the prior model (MOBILE6.2), and evaluate gaps in available data and data processing needs related to using MOVES. In addition, this work will assess steps being taken by other states for developing their MOVES models, to identify whether there are opportunities to build on other state efforts to design MOVES-related data collection and processing techniques. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Highway Performance Monitoring System KW - Information processing KW - Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) KW - Plan implementation KW - Travel data UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1278499 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01490736 TI - Development of a TL-3 Transition between Temporary Concrete Barrier and Guard Rail AB - Work zones often require the use of temporary concrete barriers (TCBs) within a limited area to provide protection for construction workers. In situations where an existing guardrail is immediately adjacent to the construction hazards that need to be shielded, highway designers must either connect the guardrail to the temporary barrier or replace it with TCB. Although interconnecting the two barrier systems represents the more convenient option, at present no suitable solutions have been made available. A transition from guardrail to temporary barriers may not need to be nearly as stiff as a conventional approach transitions. However, it must provide sufficient stiffness and strength to prevent pocketing as well as to shield the end of the concrete barrier to prevent serious wheel snag. In addition, considerations must be made for transitioning from the TCB to the guardrail, anchoring the TCB system, and the potential use of tie-downs to limit TCB deflection. KW - Anchoring KW - Concrete barriers KW - Guardrails KW - Temporary barriers KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/smartwz/ UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/smartwz/projects/details.cfm?projectID=104 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1260474 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01483285 TI - Performance-based Interaction Analysis of Damage on Bridge Expansion Joints and Heavy Traffic AB - An expansion joint in a poor condition typically will not be able to resist corrosion and prevent water or chemicals from penetrating into bridge bearings and piers, which will greatly expedite the deterioration process of the bridge structure. In addition to threatening the integrity of bridge structures, a damaged expansion joint may also cause serious risks of traffic accidents when vehicles pass in high speeds. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), over 60% of the joints were leaking water and 40% were experiencing problems that would shorten their service lives. According to the existing studies, the actual damage scenarios of expansion joints for a particular bridge can be pretty complicated. One critical challenge lies on the failure of rationally considering the interactions of bridge joints and vehicles, especially considering the deteriorating process of the joints. For example, traffic loads induce more dynamic impacts on the joints which cause damages. More damages, such as unevenness will cause more dynamic interactions with passing vehicles, which in turn cause more impacts loads on the joints from the vehicles. Such a process continues which will accelerate the deterioration process of the joints. As an important step toward tackling the accelerating damage problem of expansion joints, the objective of this study would be to characterize the basic interactions between the passing traffic and the deteriorating joints by developing a rational model. As a result, better understanding of the lifetime performance of the joints can be achieved. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge structures KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Deterioration KW - Expansion joints KW - Service life KW - Traffic loads UR - http://www.mountain-plains.org/research/projects/downloads/2012_mpc_381.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1252134 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01483279 TI - Comprehensive GIS-Based Rural Regional Transportation Planning Models. AB - The provision of a cost-effective high-performance transportation infrastructure and efficient freight transportation network to support continued energy development is essential to economic performance and energy independence. However, proactive asset management and optimal lifecycle costs can only be achieved if the locations of energy production and impacted routes can be forecast 15 to 20 years into the future based on drilling phases and time-varying production intensities. Well output is variable, building to a peak during the first five years and flattening afterward. Inputs to the oil industry (especially sand and fresh water used in shale fracturing) and undesirable outputs (such as saltwater) must also be modeled, including the locations and potential quantities of water and sand suppliers and saltwater disposals sites. The sustainability of water supplies and access to future water resources is a key issue that may constrain future production. While time series traffic counts are useful, they lag production growth curves during the early phases of energy production. Moreover, in the case of oil production, truck counts collected during the early phases tend to over-predict future traffic on certain routes, potentially resulting in inefficient investments. For these reasons, a comprehensive Geographic Information System (GIS) is necessary to accurately forecast future production levels and predict the routes trucks will take to and from wells. Such a model must include origins and destinations for both inbound and outbound movements. Inbound movements include origins for freshwater at aquifer or river locations, sand from rail trans-load facilities, pipe and supplier from cities and rail trans-load sites, and rig specific movements from well site to well site. Outbound movements include time-phased movements from producing wells to rail and pipeline trans-load facilities. Moreover, as oil development densities increase in certain areas, above ground small diameter pipelines are constructed to minimize the transportation cost of crude oil to major pipeline collection points and saltwater to disposal wells. For these reasons, the model must be fully multimodal with detailed levels of resolution. Because of recent advances in GIS and spatial modeling, rural regional transportation models can be developed that are much more disaggregate and specific in nature than existing models based on aggregate transportation analysis zones. An outcome of this project will be a GIS-based rural regional transportation planning model modeling energy production locations and intensities at fine geographic levels (i.e., individual land sections and clusters of wells) so that truck, rail and collector pipeline flows and routes can be predicted with unprecedented levels of accuracy on a broad geographic scope. Moreover, the specialized trucks used in the oil industry today are vastly different from the traditional ones used to transport grain and other commodities produced in rural regions. Oilfield pavements were initially designed without knowing the results of the oil boom with sudden increases of oil daily production in North Dakota from 150,000 BOPD (barrels of oil per day) in 2009 to almost 500,000 BOPD at 2010. The state's oil boom is bringing unanticipated traffic growth related to increased oil production and population growth. Some parts of the region's population base increased by an estimated 13% from 2009 to 2010, causing growth-related issues in the region, including shortages of housing and infrastructure needs. Rapid increases in the number of workers and construction activities are exacerbating traffic increases in the region due to building activities and Recreational Vehicle movements. When too much traffic is transmitted through a road network, congestion occurs. Traffic related to oil work has resulted in congestion-related problems in many areas. With slow-moving trucks traveling narrow, two-lane roads, commuters may be forced to slow down when following trucks (i.e., the time percent following heavy vehicles increases and queues start to build). Moreover, commuters may be delayed as roads undergo frequent maintenance and are reduced to single lanes. For these reasons, the GIS-based rural regional transportation planning models should fully consider the impacts of increased oil traffic's on rural road congestion and maintenance. The outcome of the objective will be a traffic congestion impact model over time that reflects specific production locations. With these new GIS-based rural regional transportation planning models, research should address two main objectives: (1) forecast future production levels and predict the routes trucks will take to and from wells, and (2) forecast the impacts of future oil production on rural highway congestion conditions or service levels. Road maintenance and resurfacing costs are being analyzed in complementary MPC studies. KW - Asset management KW - Energy resources KW - Geographic information systems KW - North Dakota KW - Oil production KW - Oil wells KW - Regional planning KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Truck traffic UR - http://www.mountain-plains.org/research/projects/downloads/2012_mpc_387.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1252128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448717 AU - Guerre, Joseph AU - Groeger, Jonathan AU - Van Hecke, Sam AU - Simpson, Amy AU - Rada, Gonzalo AU - Visintine, Beth AU - AMEC Environment and Infrastructure, Incorporated AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improving FHWA’s Ability to Assess Highway Infrastructure Health: Pilot Study Report PY - 2012/07/01/Final Report SP - 109p AB - This report documents the results of a pilot study conducted as part of a project on improving FHWA’s ability to assess highway infrastructure health. As part of the pilot study, a section of Interstate 90 through South Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin was evaluated in order to 1) test approaches for categorizing bridge and pavement condition as good/fair/poor that potentially could be used across the country, and 2) provide a proof of concept for a methodology to assess and communicate the overall health of a corridor with respect to bridges and pavements. As a result of the pilot study, it was found that a bridge good/fair/poor methodology can be implemented nationwide today. For pavements, the International Roughness Index can be used today to classify pavement ride quality nationwide. However, additional investigation of other pavement condition metrics is necessary prior to implementation of a holistic pavement indicator that includes distress and structural condition. Also, a conceptual condition and health reporting tool was developed and is presented in the report. KW - Asset management KW - Bridges KW - Highways KW - International Roughness Index KW - Interstate 90 KW - Minnesota KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance measurement KW - Ride quality KW - South Dakota KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Wisconsin UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/pubs/hif12049/hif12049.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46182/Improving_FHWA_s_ability_to_assess_highway_infrastructure_health_Pilot_Study_Rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446004 AU - Deutschman, Harold AU - New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Value Pricing and Traffic Reduction Incentives PY - 2012/07/01/Final Report SP - 24p AB - As traffic congestion grows in cities and suburban areas throughout the United States, the cost of traveling is directly affected and increased. A new concept for combating congestion is the idea of Value Pricing, also known as congestion pricing. The Value Pricing theory involves altering the pricing of transportation facilities, so that it can lead to improved service for transportation users, leading to a more productive use of existing transportation capacities. The problem often faced in value pricing experiments is an increase in congestion on the remaining “slow lanes”. Monetary traffic reduction incentives will solve this problem. A portion of the money generated by value lane users will be used to fund an off-peak incentive program. Daily drivers of the slow lanes will be offered a monthly reward to ensure that their daily commute occurs before or after peak hours. If administrated properly, peak hour volume will decrease in the slow lanes to a manageable size, and highway efficiency will increase as user costs accumulated by lost time are reduced. This program may be monitored by EZ-Pass to ensure driver cooperation. This research examines through a hypothetical example, the effects on congestion in the slow lanes when additional toll revenues (Value Pricing) are combined with Peak Traffic Reduction (Incentives). This methodology is designed to use incentives to change the time/travel patterns of a portion of the highway users, while greatly reducing congestion. KW - Congestion management systems KW - Congestion pricing KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incentives KW - Off peak periods KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Road pricing KW - Tolls KW - Traffic congestion UR - http://utrc2.org/research/assets/228/FinalReport-Value-Pricing1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01577808 AU - Proctor, Gordon D AU - Varma, Shobna AU - Varnedoe, Steve AU - Gordon Proctor and Associates, Incorporated AU - StarIsis Corporation AU - National Center for Pavement Preservation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Asset Sustainability Index: A Proposed Measure for Long-Term Performance PY - 2012/07 SP - 120p AB - This report examines the concept of asset sustainability metrics. Such metrics address the long-term performance of highway assets based upon expected expenditure levels. It examines how such metrics are used in Australia, Britain and the private sector. It also reviews asset management data from selected States to illustrate that long-term sustainability metrics could be produced using available US asset management data. KW - Asset management KW - Australia KW - Expenditures KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Performance measurement KW - Private enterprise KW - United Kingdom KW - United States UR - https://www.planning.dot.gov/documents/ASI_report/ASI_July9_FINAL_web.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01557290 AU - Watson, Donald AU - Moore, Jason R AU - Taylor, Adam J AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effectiveness of Anti-Strip Agents in Asphalt Mixtures PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 83p AB - Since the late 1970s there has been much research performed to better understand the stripping phenomenon in asphalt mixtures. As a result, there have been changes in both materials and technology over the past 30 years to improve the resistance to moisture damage and the ability to test for performance under adverse moisture conditions. Due to the changes in materials and technologies related to the development and improvement of anti-strip agents, this research study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of current anti-strip agents used in hot mix asphalt pavements. One purpose of the project was to evaluate anti-strip agents with a variety of aggregates and mix types. Three granite sources were used: one does not have a history of stripping, one is a known stripping aggregate, and the other has used both hydrated lime and liquid additive in the past in order to meet tensile strength requirements. All granite sources were used in both 12.5 mm surface mixture and 25 mm base mixture. In addition, a limestone source was used in the 25 mm analysis to determine whether liquid anti-strips may result in better performance than hydrated lime. Limestone was used only in the 25 mm mix because it is not typically used in surface mixtures due to a tendency to polish under traffic. Secondly, the past field performance of Georgia’s mixes designed with hydrated lime to the performance of Georgia’s mixes designed using liquid anti-strip agents was evaluated. Therefore, part of the study involved identifying projects with similar age, aggregate source, and mix type in order to make comparisons of performance for mixtures with liquid anti-strip with similar projects that used hydrated lime. Thirdly, a field test section was constructed where three different anti-strip agents were used in a conventional Superpave surface mixture. This was done on a typical mill and inlay project. A final objective involved conducting a series of laboratory performance test comparisons using different aging periods to make long-term comparisons of the effectiveness of hydrated lime to liquid and Warm mix anti-strip additives. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Georgia KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture damage KW - Pavement performance KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Superpave UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01541406 AU - Moudon, Anne Vernez AU - Stewart, Orion AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Moving Forward: Safe Routes to School Progress in Five States PY - 2012/07//Research Report SP - 46p AB - This study assessed the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program in five states: Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. A database of all SRTS projects announced for funding and all schools affected by these projects was developed. The database was analyzed to (1) quantify the SRTS programs’ impact in the five states and compare them to SRTS programs nationally, (2) assess the SRTS programs’ effectiveness in increasing rates of walking and bicycling to school, and (3) identify characteristics of SRTS projects associated with greater increases in walking and bicycling to school. In the five states, 569 SRTS projects were announced for funding through April 2011. These projects reached more than 1,410 schools and 781,180 children—roughly 10 percent of the PK-8 grade public school population in the five states. Engineering components were featured in most projects, and sidewalks were the most common engineering activity. Among completed SRTS projects with before and after travel data, rates of walking increased by 45 percent (from 9.8 percent to 14.2 percent), bicycling increased by 24 percent (from 2.5 percent to 3.0 percent), and all active travel to school (ATS) increased by 37 percent (from 12.9 percent to 17.6 percent). Increases in rates measured at the project level were statistically significant. Before and after travel data were only available for projects with an engineering component. Among these projects, those that affected fewer schools and students, as well as those with encouragement and education components tended to perform better. These relationships, however, were not statistically significant. The only statistically significant relationship found was a negative correlation between baseline rates of bicycling to school and increases in rates of bicycling to school, suggesting that SRTS projects may be more effective at encouraging bicycling to school where few children already do so. The results of this study offer preliminary evidence that the SRTS program is achieving one of its primary goals of increasing rates of walking and bicycling to school and that SRTS funds are delivering a return on investment. It identified some trends of more successful projects, which warrant further investigation. As more projects end, the research framework established in this study can be used to further explore these findings and refine programs that help children safely walk or bicycle to school. KW - Assessments KW - Before and after studies KW - Bicycling KW - Elementary schools KW - Florida KW - Mississippi KW - Safe Routes to School (Program) KW - School trips KW - Students KW - Texas KW - Walking KW - Washington (State) KW - Wisconsin UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/743.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1326244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526348 AU - Bax, Charlotte AU - American Trade Initiatives AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program TI - Policy Instruments for Managing European Union Road Safety Targets: Carrots, Sticks, or Sermons? An Analysis and Suggestions for the United States PY - 2012/07 SP - 28p AB - This report investigates the European Union policy on road safety targets and its strategies to achieve these targets. The purpose of the report is to provide the Federal Highway Administration and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials with ideas to consider for use in the United States. The European Union uses three types of policy instruments to achieve road safety targets: regulation, economic instruments, and information. Important elements of the European Union approach are using a variety of policy instruments, building a broad network of road safety-related organizations, stimulating member states to take actions on their own, and steering on effect rather than implementation. KW - Economic policy KW - European Union KW - European Union countries KW - FHWA International Scanning Program KW - Highway safety KW - Information management KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - United States UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/scan/12024/12024.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1307441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512512 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Tappan Zee Hudson River crossing project, Rockland and Westchester counties : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/07//Volumes held: Draft, Dapp, F, Fapp, Public and agency comments B1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493352 AU - Taylor, Peter AU - Sutter, Larry AU - Weiss, Jason AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of Deterioration of Joints in Concrete Pavements PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 210p AB - Premature deterioration of concrete at the joints in concrete pavements and parking lots has been reported across the northern states. The distress is first observed as shadowing when microcracking near the joints traps water, later exhibiting as significant loss of material. Not all roadways are distressed, but the problem is common enough to warrant attention. The aim of the work being conducted under this and parallel contracts was to improve understanding of the mechanisms behind premature joint deterioration and, based on this understanding, develop training materials and guidance documents to help practitioners reduce the risk of further distress and provide guidelines for repair techniques. While work is still needed to understand all of the details of the mechanisms behind premature deterioration and prevention of further distress, the work in this report has contributed to advancing the state of knowledge. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deterioration KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Preventive maintenance UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14953/1/IA_DOT_TPF-5%28224%29_InTrans_joint_deterioration_report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01492322 AU - Hooton, R Doug AU - Vassilev, Dimitre AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Deicer Scaling Resistance of Concrete Mixtures Containing Slag Cement Phase 2: Evaluation of Different Laboratory Scaling Test Methods PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 60p AB - With the use of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in concrete mixtures, salt scaling tests such as ASTM C672 have been found to be overly aggressive and do correlate well with field scaling performance. The reasons for this are thought to be because at high replacement levels, SCM mixtures can take longer to set and to develop their properties: neither of these factors is taken into account in the standard laboratory finishing and curing procedures. As a result, these variables were studied as well as a modified scaling test, based on the Quebec BNQ scaling test that had shown promise in other research. The experimental research focused on the evaluation of three scaling resistance tests, including the ASTM C672 test with normal curing as well as an accelerated curing regime used by VDOT for ASTM C1202 rapid chloride permeability tests and now included as an option in ASTM C1202. As well, several variations on the proposed draft ASTM WK9367 deicer scaling resistance test, based on the Quebec Ministry of Transportation BNQ test method, were evaluated for concretes containing varying amounts of slag cement. A total of 16 concrete mixtures were studied using both high alkali cement and low alkali cement, Grade 100 slag and Grade 120 slag with 0, 20, 35 and 50 percent slag replacement by mass of total cementing materials. Vinsol resin was used as the primary air entrainer and Micro Air® was used in two replicate mixes for comparison. Based on the results of this study, a draft alternative test method to ASTM C672 is proposed. KW - American Society for Testing and Materials KW - ASTM C 672 KW - Concrete KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Laboratory tests KW - Scaling (Concrete) KW - Slag cement UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/deicer_scaling_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261144 ER - TY - SER AN - 01491331 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Inman, Vaughan W AU - Haas, Robert P AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Evaluation of a Restricted Crossing U-Turn Intersection PY - 2012/07 SP - 4p AB - This TechBrief describes comparisons of field observations of the operations of an unsignalized restricted crossing U-turn (RCUT) intersection in Maryland with a roughly comparable conventional stop-controlled intersection on the same corridor. It also summarizes the results of several crash analysis approaches for intersections converted from conventional designs to RCUT designs along two four-lane divided highway corridors in Maryland. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash analysis KW - Divided highways KW - Field studies KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway safety KW - Intersection elements KW - Maryland KW - Restricted crossing U-turn intersections KW - Rural highways KW - U turns KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/hsis/12037/12037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01485306 AU - Anderson, Douglas I AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Skid Correction Program - User's Manual PY - 2012/07 SP - 25p AB - This document outlines methods for use by Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) personnel to address pavements with unacceptable skid numbers. The program involves coordination between Safety, Pavement Management, Region, and Maintenance managers. A process has been recommended using a skid number history, crash history, and other information to make decisions concerning these pavements. This manual provides flow charts, templates and examples to facilitate implementation. The program requires very limited manpower in decision-making and delivery of information to UDOT stakeholders. Implementation of this manual should result in enhanced analysis methods and better communication between UDOT divisions and regions. KW - Decision making KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance management KW - Manuals KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Skid resistance KW - Utah Department of Transportation UR - http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=6613425320739293 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1253834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482135 AU - Myers, John J AU - Volz, Jeffery S AU - Sells, Eric AU - Porterfield, Krista AU - Looney, Trevor AU - Tucker, Brian AU - Holman, Kyle AU - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Report C: Self‐Consolidating Concrete (SCC) for Infrastructure Elements: Bond Behavior of Mild Reinforcing Steel in SCC PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 135p AB - The main objective of this study was to determine the effect on bond performance of mild reinforcing steel in self-consolidating concrete (SCC). The SCC test program consisted of comparing the bond performance of normal and high strength SCC with their respective Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) standard mix designs. Two test methods were used for bond strength comparisons. The first was a direct pull-out test based on the RILEM 7-II-128 “RC6: Bond test for reinforcing steel. 1. Pull-out test” (RILEM, 1994). The direct pull-out tests were performed on specimens with #4 (#13) and #6 (#19) deformed reinforcing bars. The second test method consisted of a full-scale beam splice test specimen subjected to a four-point loading until failure of the splice. This test method is a non-ASTM test procedure that is generally accepted as the most realistic test method for both development and splice length. The beam splice tests were performed on beams with #6 (#19) reinforcing bars spliced at midspan at a specific length to ensure bond failure occurs prior to shear or flexural failure. Analysis of the SCC data indicates that using SCC does not result in any increase in the required development length of mild reinforcing. KW - Beams KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Load tests KW - Missouri KW - Pull out test KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Self compacting concrete UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/tryy1103/cmr13-03_C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482124 AU - Myers, John J AU - Volz, Jeffery S AU - Sells, Eric AU - Porterfield, Krista AU - Looney, Trevor AU - Tucker, Brian AU - Holman, Kyle AU - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Report B: Self‐Consolidating Concrete (SCC) for Infrastructure Elements: Bond, Transfer Length, and Development Length of Prestressing Strand in SCC PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 282p AB - Due to its economic advantages, the use of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has increased rapidly in recent years. However, because SCC mixes typically have decreased amounts of coarse aggregate and high amounts of admixtures, industry members have expressed concerns that the bond of prestressing strand in SCC may be compromised. While the bond performance of prestressing strand in a new material such as SCC is an important topic requiring investigation, the results are only applicable if the research is completed on strands with similar bond quality as the strands used in the field. Therefore, the objectives of this research program were to investigate the transfer and development lengths of prestressing strand in SCC and also evaluate the effectiveness of two proposed bond tests in determining acceptable bond quality of strand. Transfer and development lengths of 0.5-in. diameter (12.5 mm), Grade 270 prestressing strand were evaluated using rectangular beams constructed from normal and high strength conventional concrete and SCC mixes. End slips at release and strain readings over 28 days were used to calculate transfer lengths, and development lengths were evaluated through four-point loading at varying embedment lengths. Additionally, the NASP bond test and Large Block Pullout Tests (LBPT) were evaluated with strand from three different sources to determine if one test could be considered more reliable at predicting acceptable bond. Results indicated that bond performance of SCC and conventional concrete were comparable. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Development length KW - Missouri KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Self compacting concrete KW - Transfer length UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46967/cmr13-03_B.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482121 AU - Myers, John J AU - Volz, Jeffery S AU - Sells, Eric AU - Porterfield, Krista AU - Looney, Trevor AU - Tucker, Brian AU - Holman, Kyle AU - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Report D: Self‐Consolidating Concrete (SCC) for Infrastructure Elements: Creep, Shrinkage and Abrasion Resistance PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 89p AB - Concrete specimens were fabricated for shrinkage, creep, and abrasion resistance testing. Variations of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and conventional concrete were all tested. The results were compared to previous similar testing programs and used to determine the adequacy of the materials for use in practice. The testing program consisted of normal strength (6000 psi) and high strength (10,000 psi) variations of SCC and conventional concrete. All specimens were tested for compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage strain, creep strain, and abrasion resistance. All tests were performed according to their respective ASTM standard methods. In general, SCC performed well relative to conventional concrete at high strengths, but not as well at normal strengths for shrinkage and creep. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Compressive strength KW - Creep tests KW - High strength concrete KW - Missouri KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Self compacting concrete KW - Shrinkage UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46969/cmr13-03_D.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482118 AU - Myers, John J AU - Volz, Jeffery S AU - Sells, Eric AU - Porterfield, Krista AU - Looney, Trevor AU - Tucker, Brian AU - Holman, Kyle AU - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Report E: Self‐Consolidating Concrete (SCC) for Infrastructure Elements: Hardened Mechanical Properties and Durability Performance PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 183p AB - Concrete is one of the most produced and utilized materials in the world. Due to the labor intensive and time consuming nature of concrete construction, new and innovative concrete mixes are being explored. Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is one such method of improving the overall cost and time efficiency of concrete production. SCC is a highly flowable form of concrete. This characteristic drastically reduces the amount of labor and time needed to place the concrete. The highly flowable nature also allows for much easier placement in applications of highly congested reinforcement. In order to test this new and innovative concrete mix, SCC was tested for both hardened material properties and durability in this investigation. The results indicated that SCC was superior to the baseline conventional concrete. KW - Durability tests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Missouri KW - Self compacting concrete KW - Strength of materials UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46970/cmr13-03_E.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482117 AU - Myers, John J AU - Volz, Jeffery S AU - Sells, Eric AU - Porterfield, Krista AU - Looney, Trevor AU - Tucker, Brian AU - Holman, Kyle AU - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Report A: Self‐Consolidating Concrete (SCC) for Infrastructure Elements: Shear Characteristics PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 238p AB - Because of its unique ability to maintain high flow-ability and remain homogeneous, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has the potential to significantly reduce the costs associated with civil infrastructure; however, the use of higher paste and lower coarse aggregate volumes than non-SCC concretes raises concerns about the structural implications of using SCC. Of particular concern is the effect of concrete compressive strength, and aggregate type, shape, and content level on shear strength of SCC mixes. This research focused on the components that contribute to the concrete’s ability to provide shear resistance, in particular, shear provided by aggregate interlock. Variables investigated by push-off tests to determine the shear contribution from aggregate interlock included concrete compressive strength (6 and 10 ksi [41.3 and 68.9 MPa] target), coarse aggregate type (limestone and river gravel), and volumetric content level of the coarse aggregate portion (36%, 48%, 58%, and 60%). Post-failure digital imaging software was used to confirm fresh concrete parameters in the hardened state as well as check for variability and the impact on shear. Additional attention was given to the global contributions of shear by the concrete in larger scaled tests of pre-stressed beam members. The results were used to assess the appropriateness of designing Missouri Infrastructure elements using the current AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification for shear and while using typical Missouri SCC batch proportions and materials. KW - Admixtures KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Image analysis KW - Interlocking aggregates KW - Missouri KW - Mix design KW - Self compacting concrete KW - Shear strength UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46966/cmr13-03_A.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470762 AU - Margiotta, Richard AU - Dowling, Rick AU - Paracha, Jawad AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation for Traffic Incident Management Applications PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 54p AB - Traffic incidents are a major source of congestion in both urban and rural areas. Nationally, roughly 25% of total congestion is due to traffic incidents. Further, traffic incidents create unexpected congestion – congestion that occurs in times and places where travelers don’t expect to be delayed – and are therefore a major source of frustration for travelers. Implementing Traffic Incident Management (TIM) strategies has proven to be a highly cost-effective way of treating congestion problems. However, a strong need exists to be able to predict what the impacts of TIM strategies will be at the planning stage of project development and to monitor the effects of TIM programs. To support modeling and evaluation of TIM strategies, this document provides a synthesis of analysis, modeling, and simulation (AMS) methods for incident impacts. The focus is on incidents effects on congestion and reliability as well as secondary incidents, for the purpose of estimating benefits and evaluating programs and proposed strategies. This document covers several specific topics including: a synthesis of AMS methods for incidents, TIM AMS application areas, data required to undertake modeling and evaluations of TIM strategies, and identification of future improvements to TIM AMS applications. KW - Analysis KW - Crashes KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident management KW - Mathematical models KW - Reliability KW - Secondary crashes KW - Simulation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic incidents UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12045/fhwahop12045.pdf UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12045/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469992 AU - Chen, Genda AU - Yan, Dongming AU - Wu, Chenglin AU - Leventis, Nicholas AU - Mahadik, Shruti AU - Mid-America Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Concrete Surface with Nano-Particle Additives for Improved Wearing Resistance to Increasing Truck Traffic PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 42p AB - This study focused on the use of nanotechnology in concrete to improve the wearing resistance of concrete. The nano materials used were polymer cross-linked aerogels, carbon nanotubes, and nano-silicon dioxide (SiO2), nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and nano-aluminium oxide (Al2O3) particles. As an indirect measurement of the concrete wearing resistance, the tensile and compressive properties and the permeability of concrete were evaluated for various mix designs. The optimal amount of nano material additives were determined following the American Society of Testing Methods (ASTM) standard test methodologies. The test results from the materials were compared for their mechanical behaviors. This type of technology may potentially improve the comfort level of passengers, the safety of highway operations, and the efficiency of fuel consumptions. It may also reduce the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) associated with the poor condition of roadways. KW - Admixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mix design KW - Nanostructured materials KW - Permeability KW - Tensile strength UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46677/FlippedPagesChen_441_Concrete_Surface_with_Nano_Particle_FINAL_COMBINED.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469911 AU - Xiao, Hai AU - Chen, Genda AU - Gao, Zhan AU - Huang, Ying AU - Tang, Fujian AU - Mid-America Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Initial Study and Verification of a Distributed Fiber Optic Corrosion Monitoring System for Transportation Structures PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 62p AB - For this study, a novel optical fiber sensing system was developed and tested for the monitoring of corrosion in transportation systems. The optical fiber sensing system consists of a reference long period fiber gratings (LPFG) sensor for corrosive environmental monitoring and a LPFG sensor coated with a thin film of nano iron and silica particles for steel corrosion monitoring. The environmental effects (such as pH and temperature) are compensated by the use of the reference LPFG sensor. The sensor design, simulation, and experimental validation were performed in this study to investigate the feasibility of the proposed sensing system for corrosion and environment monitoring. The detailed investigations of the proposed sensing system showed that within the detection limitation of the thin coated layer, the proposed sensor could monitor both the initial and stable corrosion rate consistently. Compared to the traditional electrochemical method, the proposed optical fiber sensing system has a converter coefficient of 1 nm/day=3.746×10-3 A/cm2. Therefore, the proposed nano iron/silica particles dispersed polyurethane coated optical fiber sensor can monitor the critical corrosion information of the host members in real time and remotely. With multiple LPFGs in a single fiber, it is possible to provide a cost effective, distributed monitoring solution for corrosion monitoring of large scale transportation structures. KW - Corrosion KW - Environmental monitoring KW - Fiber optics KW - Monitoring KW - Sensors KW - Steel structures KW - Structural health monitoring UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46673/Xiao_345_COMBINED_FINAL.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457330 AU - Abdel-Rahim, Ahmed AU - Sonnen, Joseph AU - National Institute for Advanced Transportation Technology AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Potential Safety Effects of Lane Width and Shoulder Width on Two-Lane Rural State Highways in Idaho PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 52p AB - This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between crash rates and shoulder width and lane width for two-lane rural state highways in Idaho. Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) for shoulder width and lane width were developed using Idaho crash data covering the period from 1993 to 2010. The CMFs developed as part of this project will allow Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) to assess the potential safety benefits of shoulder widening projects. In addition to all crashes, models for single-vehicle and multiple-vehicle crashes were also developed. The CMFs presented in this study follow the general trends of prior knowledge and research. The results of the analysis showed that there is no significant difference between 12 ft lanes and 11 ft lanes in terms of safety for all types of crashes. The CMF for highways with 11 ft lanes was 1.02 indicating a marginal 2 % increase in all crashes in comparison to highways with standard 12 ft lanes. The CMFs for highways with very small shoulders (less than 1 ft) were 1.16, 1.17, and 1.15 for all crashes, single-vehicle crashes, and multiple-vehicle crashes, respectively. This corresponds to an average increase in crashes of 16 % when compared to highways with a 3-ft shoulder width. For highway sections with a shoulder width of 8 ft or more, the CMFs were 0.87, 0.90, and 0.83 for all crashes, single-vehicle crashes, and multiple-vehicle crashes, respectively, indicating an average reduction in crashes of approximately 13 % when compared to highways with a 3 ft shoulder width. Idaho’s crash data was also used to investigate the characteristics of pedestrian and bicycle crashes on two-lane rural highways. The results show that roadway sections with a right paved shoulder width of 4 ft to 6 ft had the lowest number of pedestrian and bicycle crashes. The probability for a pedestrian/bicycle crash increases significantly for roadway sections with shoulder widths less than 3 ft. The likelihood of a crash also increases for roadway sections with shoulder widths of 8 ft or more. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash rates KW - Highway safety KW - Idaho KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic lanes KW - Two lane highways KW - Width UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46364/RP200Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457145 AU - Ley, Tyler AU - Cook, Daniel AU - Fick, Gary AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - Concrete Pavement Mixture Design and Analysis (MDA): Effect of Aggregate Systems on Concrete Properties PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 47p AB - For years, specifications have focused on the water to cement ratio (w/cm) and strength of concrete, despite the majority of the volume of a concrete mixture consisting of aggregate. An aggregate distribution of roughly 60% coarse aggregate and 40% fine aggregate, regardless of gradation and availability of aggregates, has been used as the norm for a concrete pavement mixture. Efforts to reduce the costs and improve sustainability of concrete mixtures have pushed owners to pay closer attention to mixtures with a well-graded aggregate particle distribution. In general, workability has many different variables that are independent of gradation, such as paste volume and viscosity, aggregate's shape, and texture. A better understanding of how the properties of aggregates affect the workability of concrete is needed. The effects of aggregate characteristics on concrete properties, such as ability to be vibrated, strength, and resistivity, were investigated using mixtures in which the paste content and the w/cm were held constant. The results showed the different aggregate proportions, the maximum nominal aggregate sizes, and combinations of different aggregates all had an impact on the performance in the strength, slump, and box test. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Viscosity KW - Water cement ratio KW - Workability UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14950/1/IA_DOT_TPF-5%28205%29_InTrans_mda_aggregates.pdf UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/mda_aggregates_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457133 AU - Taylor, Peter C AU - Yurdakul, Ezgi AU - Ceylan, Halil AU - Bektas, Fatih AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - Development of Performance Properties of Ternary Mixtures and Concrete Pavement Mixture Design and Analysis (MDA): Effect of Paste Quality on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Ternary Mixtures PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 57p AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cement paste quality on the concrete performance, particularly fresh properties, by changing the water-to-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm), type and dosage of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and air-void system in binary and ternary mixtures. In this experimental program, a total matrix of 54 mixtures with w/cm of 0.40 and 0.45; target air content of 2%, 4%, and 8%; a fixed cementitious content of 600 pounds per cubic yard (pcy), and the incorporation of three types of SCMs at different dosages was prepared. The fine aggregate-to-total aggregate ratio was fixed at 0.42. Workability, rheology, air-void system, setting time, strength, Wenner Probe surface resistivity, and shrinkage were determined. The effects of paste variables on workability are more marked at the higher w/cm. The compressive strength is strongly influenced by the paste quality, dominated by w/cm and air content. Surface resistivity is improved by inclusion of Class F fly ash and slag cement, especially at later ages. Ternary mixtures performed in accordance with their ingredients. The data collected will be used to develop models that will be part of an innovative mix proportioning procedure. KW - Admixtures KW - Air voids KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Fresh concrete KW - Mix design KW - Water cement ratio KW - Workability UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14948/1/IA_DOT_TPF-5%28205%29_InTrans_mda_guide_spec_commentary.pdf UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/ternary_mda_paste_quality_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457052 AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Murphy, Michael R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Procedural Document Describing the Process of Developing the 4-year Plan PY - 2012/07 SP - 12p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is responsible for a vast managed pavement network: 79,991 centerline miles of highways and 49,829 bridges. Rider 55 of the appropriations bill for TxDOT requires that prior to the beginning of each fiscal year, the department provide the Legislative Budget Board and the Governor with a detailed plan for the use of these funds. This plan should include, but is not limited to, a district-by-district analysis of pavement score targets and how proposed maintenance spending will impact pavement scores in each District. To fulfill this requirement, TxDOT and its Districts develop the 4-year pavement management plans and update the plans every year. The plans are used to predict the future conditions of pavements and analyze the impact of the appropriated funding on the conditions of the pavements. To support the TxDOT Districts in developing the 4-year pavement management plans, this report presents a procedural process to guide the Districts in plan development KW - Budgeting KW - Financing KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_9035_01_p8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457035 AU - Taylor, Peter AU - Tikalsky, Paul AU - Wang, Kejin AU - Fick, Gary AU - Wang, Xuhao AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - Development of Performance Properties of Ternary Mixtures: Field Demonstrations and Project Summary PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 332p AB - Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) have become common parts of modern concrete practice. The blending of two or three cementitious materials to optimize durability, strength, or economics provides owners, engineers, materials suppliers, and contractors with substantial advantages over mixtures containing only portland cement. However, these advances in concrete technology and engineering have not always been adequately captured in specifications for concrete. Users need specific guidance to assist them in defining the performance requirements for a concrete application and the selection of optimal proportions of the cementitious materials needed to produce the required durable concrete. The fact that blended cements are currently available in many regions increases options for mixtures and thus can complicate the selection process. Both portland and blended cements have already been optimized by the manufacturer to provide specific properties (such as setting time, shrinkage, and strength gain). The addition of SCMs (as binary, ternary, or even more complex mixtures) can alter these properties, and therefore has the potential to impact the overall performance and applications of concrete. This report is the final of a series of publications describing a project aimed at addressing effective use of ternary systems. The work was conducted in several stages and individual reports have been published at the end of each stage. KW - Admixtures KW - Demonstration projects KW - Durability KW - Portland cement KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials KW - Ternary mixtures UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/ternary_final_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224273 ER - TY - SER AN - 01456853 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Long, Jim AU - Anderson, Andrew AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improved Design for Driven Piles on a Pile Load Test Program in Illinois PY - 2012/07 IS - 12-011 SP - 677p AB - Dynamic pile testing and one static load test was performed in accordance with Illinois Center for Transportation (ICT) project R27-69, “Improved Design for Driven Piles Based on a Pile Load Test Program in Illinois.” The objectives of this project are to (1) increase the maximum nominal required bearing that designers can specify to reduce the number and/or weight of piles, (2) decrease the difference between estimated and driven pile lengths to reduce cutoffs and splice lengths by development of local bias factors for predictive methods used in design, (3) increase reliance of pile setup to increase the factored resistance available to designers, (4) reduce the risk of pile driving damage during construction, and (5) increase the resistance factor (decrease in factor of safety) based on increased data and confidence from load tests in and near Illinois. Project deliverables can be categorized as (1) better prediction methods for stresses during driving, (2) better prediction methods for pile capacities using resistance factors for driven piling based on local calibrations that consider the effects of pile setups, and (3) collections of static and dynamic load test data focused on Illinois soils and geology. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Dynamic tests KW - Illinois KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Static loads UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/45809 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456591 AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Murphy, Michael R AU - Wu, Hui AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - User Guides for PPMM and GIS for PMIS: Final Report PY - 2012/07 SP - 16p AB - This CD-ROM is presented in two parts. Part A: "The Pavement Performance and Maintenance Management (PPMM) is a web-based application that aims to use the existing data from the Pavement Management Information Systems (PMIS) database to monitor and analyze current pavement performance. PPMM comprises two primary tools: Section Tool and Network Tool." Part B: "This document introduces users to the steps involved with accessing the web-based dynamic information system and using its various features to access the information. The dynamic information system offers tools for viewing and querying the spatial and attribute data on the state highway network as retrieved from PMIS. Those tools can be used to perform spatial analysis tasks, such as selecting and buffering features, and to analyze information. The following sections will discuss how to use those tools to retrieve the information." KW - Computer program documentation KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information retrieval KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Spatial analysis UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/ctr/5-9035-01-P2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455828 AU - Gentry, Lance AU - Heartland Market Research LLC AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Report Card from Missourians - 2012 PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 129p AB - Overall statewide satisfaction with Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) and additional feedback about MoDOT’s operations was obtained from a representative sample of the general adult public in Missouri. A professional calling center was engaged to obtain a diverse sample across Missouri. Specific minimums were given, such as 500 responses per district, with gender and age-range targets for each county in Missouri. 3,554 completed responses were obtained between May 7, 2012 and May 30, 2012. With the exception of the demographic questions (age, gender, and voting), all statewide results presented in this document are weighted results. The data was weighted in accordance with the true distribution of the regional population in terms of geographic (county), gender, and age distributions using the most recent (2010) US government census information available. Following past practice, all district measures presented in this document are unweighted. With a minimum of 500 responses per district, the district measures have a 95% level of confidence with a precision (margin of error) of +/- 4.4%. The statewide results for the stratified-random sample of 3,554 Missourians have a 95% level of confidence with a precision of +/- 1.6%. KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Demographics KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Missouri KW - Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Performance measurement KW - Public opinion KW - Ratings KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/tryy1228/tryy1228RFM_SWRC.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46986/tryy1228RFM_SWRC.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454138 AU - Shah, Ayesha AU - McDaniel, Rebecca S AU - Olek, Jan AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Continued Monitoring of Indiana's SPS9-A Site PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 40p AB - This study was initiated to continue monitoring the performance of five test sections placed in 1997 to compare the performance of Superpave asphalt mixtures with different binder grades and one test section designed using the Marshall mix design method. A previous study had evaluated the performance of these test sections for four years after construction. This study extended that evaluation period to 12 years. During that time period, cores were taken from each test section at 9.5 and 12 years in service. Cores were tested and analyzed to determine the volumetrics and low temperature cracking behavior of the mixtures. Additional cores were used to extract, recover and test the binder in the mixtures. Results showed that the air void content in the mixtures did continue to decrease up to about nine years, then it appears to have leveled off. Aging (stiffening) of the unmodified binders was observed through Dynamic Shear Rheometer testing of the recovered binders but not by the penetration test. The modified binder did not exhibit the same level of aging as the unmodified binders. Aging also affected the recovered low temperature binder grade of four of the six binders, but the other two seemed relatively insensitive to aging at low temperatures. Testing of field cores showed that all of the mixtures would be expected to show thermal cracking at 9.5 years and beyond; this was confirmed by field distress surveys. The mix with polymer modified binder showed the greatest amount of cracking, which began at an early age in the field; this was not expected and did not correlate well with the lab testing results for unknown reasons. The mix with 15% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) was slightly stiffer than a companion control mix without RAP, but the difference in predicted cracking temperature was only 1 ‐ 2°C for the surface mixes. Based on these results, Indiana Department of Transportation can continue to use Superpave mixes with confidence, especially when considering the fact that Superpave has continued to evolve and be refined since this project was constructed. The mixture with RAP has performed about as well as the virgin mixtures under heavy interstate traffic. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Cracking KW - Indiana KW - Low temperature KW - Marshall mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycled materials KW - Superpave KW - Volumetric analysis UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314983 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46412/fulltext.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46413/Technical_Summary.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449077 AU - Thomas, M D A AU - Fournier, B AU - Folliard, K J AU - Resendez, Y A AU - Transtec Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alkali-Silica Reactivity Surveying and Tracking Guidelines PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 35p AB - This document is intended to serve as guidelines for State highway agencies (SHAs) to survey and track transportation infrastructure affected by alkali-silica reactivity (ASR). The focus of the guidelines is to assist engineers, inspectors, and users in tracking and surveying ASR-induced expansion and cracking in bridges, pavements, and tunnels. The guidelines are simple and are intended to collect, quantify, and rank typical signs of ASR distress, based primarily on visual inspection. KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Cracking KW - Expansion KW - Inspection KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/asr/pubs/hif12046.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448972 AU - Rajbhandari, Rajat AU - Villa, Juan AU - Macias, Roberto AU - Tate, William AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Border-Wide Assessment of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Technology—Current and Future Concepts – Final Report PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 130p AB - The purpose of this effort was to conduct a border-wide assessment of the use of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) technologies and operational concepts at and near land border crossings between the U.S. and Mexico. The work focused on tolling, traffic management and operations, and safety. The specific objectives of this project were to research, assess and document how ITS technologies can be used in areas of: (1) Toll collection and management in border regions, identifying technology used, system components, and any special data sharing arrangements between the two countries; (2) Transportation operations and traffic management in US/MX border regions; (3) Transportation safety policy and operations; (4) Traffic management, traffic operation and traffic enforcement on tolled roads/tolled border-crossing roads; and (5) Archiving toll and traffic management data. KW - Border crossings KW - Border regions KW - Data sharing KW - Highway operations KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mexico KW - Toll collection KW - Traffic safety KW - United States KW - United States-Mexico Border UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12015/fhwahop12015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1215785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448622 AU - Humphrey, Kate AU - NADO Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lessons Learned from Irene: Vermont RPCs Address Transportation System Recovery PY - 2012/07 SP - 16p AB - Hurricane Irene arrived in Vermont on August 27, 2011. The storm caused widespread damage in 223 of the state’s 251 towns and villages. Severe flooding was particularly devastating for transportation infrastructure, requiring the Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans) to take a leading role in the recovery. The extent of the damage, however, proved too much for a single agency to manage alone. VTrans’ leadership sought help from the state’s 11 regional planning commissions (RPCs) to assume responsibility for assessing needed local road repairs. While the RPCs were well positioned to assist because of their established relationships and networks within the towns, their recovery activities often went beyond their typical scope of work. The collaboration between VTrans and the RPCs offers lessons for disaster preparedness and recovery, both crucial elements for building more resilient communities. KW - Cooperation KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Emergency response and recovery KW - Floods KW - Hurricane Irene, 2011 KW - Hurricanes KW - Lessons learned KW - Loss and damage KW - Vermont KW - Vermont Agency of Transportation KW - Vermont Regional Planning Commissions UR - http://www.nado.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/IreneVT.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216054 ER - TY - SER AN - 01447431 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Al-Qadi, Imad L AU - Cortina, Alejandro Salinas AU - Hasiba, Khaled I AU - Ozer, Hasan AU - Leng, Zhen AU - Mahmoud, Enad AU - Parish, Derek C AU - Worsfold, Stephen J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices for Implementation of Tack Coat: Part 2, Field Study PY - 2012/07 IS - 12-005 SP - 93p AB - Interface bonding between pavement layers is a key factor affecting the performance of any pavement structure. Over the years, several studies have been performed to better understand bonding between pavement layers. The first phase of this study was a laboratory assessment, which analyzed different parameters to better characterize the interlayer bond in pavements. Phase 2 of the study was a field validation and evaluation. This report, based on the results of phase 2, focuses on optimizing in-situ tack coat application rate and field installation. The main objectives of phase 2 were to validate the lab-determined optimum residual application rate for tack coat materials on a milled hot-mix asphalt (HMA) surface and to evaluate field performance of tack coat materials. Several parameters were analyzed, including the cleaning method prior to tack coat application, the paving procedure, tack coat type, and existing pavement surface texture. Tack coat materials used were SS-1h, SS-1hp, and SS-1vh (non-track tack coat). For the cleaning methods, the conventional procedures, broom and vacuum, were used on most of the sections and were compared to air-blast cleaning. Two paving procedures were studied: the conventional paving method using a distributor truck and a regular paver, and the spray paver, which applies tack coat and paves at the same time. Twenty-six sections were constructed on Interstate 80 in Illinois, and 19 sections were built on Illinois Route 98. The Interstate 80 test sections were constructed on three existing pavement surfaces: milled HMA, milled Portland cement concrete (PCC), and fresh binder stone mastic asphalt (SMA). Two tests were used to analyze interface bonding: the interface shear test and the torque bond test. The test section on Illinois Route 98 was constructed on a milled surface. All specimens were cored in the field and tested at the Illinois Center for Transportation (ICT) using the Interface Shear Test Device (ISTD). The results showed similar bond strength for the two types of cleaning methods; however, air-blast cleaning required use of a lower optimum residual application rate in the field to achieve the same bond strength. The bond strength at the interface when tack coat was applied with a spray paver is similar to the bond strength achieved when a conventional paver was used. The optimum residual application rate for milled surfaces obtained from the laboratory was 0.06 gal/yd2 (0.27 L/m2). This rate was validated at both test sites. The optimum residual application rate obtained for fresh binder SMA was 0.02 gal/yd2 (0.09 L/m2). SS-1vh performed better than any other tack coat material studied, and SS-1hp performed better than SS-1h. Identification of the optimum tack coat application rate will help ensure costeffective and efficient tack coat application and will enhance pavement performance. It will also help the industry to better optimize resources and improve pavement performance. KW - Application rates KW - Best practices KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Cleaning KW - Field studies KW - Illinois KW - Interfaces KW - Pavement layers KW - Shear tests KW - Tack coats UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/45808 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214603 ER - TY - SER AN - 01447430 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Al-Qadi, Imad L AU - Hasiba, Khaled I AU - Cortina, Alejandro Salinas AU - Ozer, Hasan AU - Leng, Zhen AU - Parish, Derek C AU - Worsfold, Stephen J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices for Implementation of Tack Coat: Part 1, Laboratory Study PY - 2012/07 IS - 12-004 SP - 43p AB - Tack coat is a light layer of diluted asphalt that is applied to hot mix asphalt concrete (HMA) or Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement surfaces to ensure good interface bonding between layers. Interface bonding is affected by several factors; including tack coat (type, application rate, curing time, application temperature, and asphalt residue content), pavement surface characteristics (asphalt content, aggregate type and gradation, and surface texture), and environmental conditions. This study evaluated interface bonding between two HMA layers by conducting a laboratory shear performance test. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of various tack coats and determine the optimum residual application rates for three pavement surfaces: unmilled aged nontrafficked, milled aged, and unmilled aged trafficked HMA. The study also examined the influences of tack coat curing time, temperature, HMA type, and surface texture on the performance of tack coats. The study considered four tack coat materials: SS-1hp, high float emulsion (HFE), SS-1vh (very hard, no-track emulsion), and straight asphalt (PG 64-22). The tack coat was optimized at residual rates of 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08 gal/yd2 (0.00, 0.09, 0.18, 0.26, and 0.36 L/m2). Three curing times were considered: 0.25, 2, and 24 hr. Two overlay mixes (9.5-mm surface mix and 4.75-mm surface mix) were used. Prior to testing, the specimens were conditioned at four temperatures: 5°F, 41°F, 77°F, and 113°F (–15°C, 5°C, 25°C, and 45°C). The study found that the optimum tack coat residual rate was 0.04 gal/yd2 (0.18 L/m2) for trafficked and nontrafficked unmilled aged HMA surfaces, while the optimum residual rate for milled HMA was 0.06 gal/yd2 (0.26 L/m2). SS-1vh tack coat showed superior performance over the other tested tack coats. The optimum curing time was determined to be 2 hr. Milling the surface improved interface shear strength. The interface shear resistance was greater when the surface nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) increased from 4.75 mm to 9.5 mm. Increasing the temperature resulted in a reduction in shear strength. KW - Application rates KW - Best practices KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Curing time KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Interfaces KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement layers KW - Shear tests KW - Tack coats UR - https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/45807/FHWA-ICT-12-004.pdf?sequence=2 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446050 AU - Miller-Hooks, Elise AU - Nair, Rahul AU - Kumi, Jonathan AU - Denny, Kevin AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Robust Dynamic Distribution of Security Assets in Transit Systems PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 28p AB - A robust, mixed-integer, multi-stage program is presented that seeks to effectively secure a transit system where risk is considered to be dynamic and varies over time. A time-varying risk measure reflects the unique nature of transit systems, where accumulation of passengers at transfer facilities, stations and transit vehicles is dynamic and increases the vulnerability of transit users and system to adverse events. The model is robust under uncertainty and better matches security assets at stations in the face of time-varying risk by redistributing them. The volume-dependent risk measure and subsequent deployment of security assets are developed for the transit system in Washington, D.C. demonstrating the variable nature of risk and response. The value of considering a robust solution is demonstrated by comparing the robust approach to an expected value approach. Five scenarios, designed on recent events on the system, replicate the operational conditions of the transit system for the morning rush hour period and show the effectiveness of the developed deployment strategies. KW - Mathematical models KW - Passenger security KW - Public transit KW - Risk management KW - Risk models KW - Robustness KW - Security KW - Transportation safety KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/UMD-2010-05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1213703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446005 AU - Sprague, David AU - Archambeau, Jamie AU - Atkins North America AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Adaptive Signal Timing: Comparison Between the InSync and QuicTrac Adaptive Signal Systems Installed in Colorado PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 25p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)’s Every Day Counts (EDC) initiative identifies adaptive signal control as a tool for local agencies to deploy innovation. In an effort to achieve the goals of the EDC initiative, the traffic sections of the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), in Region 2 and 4 and the City of Greeley implemented adaptive traffic signal control systems on 10th Street (US 34 Business) in Greeley and US 24 in Woodland Park. This new technology uses real-time data collected by system detectors to optimize signal timing for each intersection in the corridor. The use of real-time data means that signal timing along the corridor changes to accommodate the traffic patterns at any given time of the day. There are many different adaptive traffic signal control systems of which two, InSync and QuicTrac, were selected for implementation in Colorado. The InSync adaptive signal control system, produced and supplied by Rhythm Engineering, was installed in Greeley on 10th Street and the QuicTrac adaptive signal control system, produced and supplied by McCain, Inc., was installed on US 24 in Woodland Park. The evaluation of the performance of these systems on their distinct corridors was documented in separate reports and provided to the agencies and stakeholders. This report focuses on a more direct comparison between the two systems including costs for installation, maintenance, and expected benefits on a per intersection basis. The study is not intended to recommend a preferred system, but present the results for each system and provide data allowing decision makers to make an informed decision when selecting an adaptive system. KW - Adaptive control KW - Benefits KW - Evaluation KW - Greeley (Colorado) KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Real-time Traffic Adaptive Signal Control System KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2012/adaptivesignaltiming.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45756/adaptivetrafficsignals.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01445973 AU - Harrington, Dale AU - Rasmussen, Robert AU - Merritt, David AU - Cackler, Tom AU - Taylor, Peter AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Long-Term Plan for Concrete Pavement Research and Technology—The Concrete Pavement Road Map (Second Generation): Volume II, Tracks PY - 2012/07//Final Report SP - 424p AB - The Long-Term Plan for Concrete Pavement Research and Technology (CP Road Map) is a holistic strategic plan for concrete pavement research and technology transfer. The CP Road Map is a living plan that includes 12 distinct but integrated research tracks leading to specific products and processes. The resulting improvements will help the concrete pavement industry meet the challenges and achieve the industry’s full potential in the 21st century. The plan was developed in close partnership with stakeholders representing all aspects of the concrete pavement community, public and private, and the research will be conducted through partnerships of stakeholders. Over the last several years, the plan has been managed through an operational support mechanism provided by a transportation pooled fund project. The CP Road Map is presented in two volumes. Volume I describes why the research plan is needed, how it was developed, and what the plan generally includes. It also describes the research management plan that will guide the conduct and implementation of research. Volume II describes in detail the 12 tracks of research. Each track description includes a general overview, a track goal, track action items, a list of subtracks, and detailed problem statements within each subtrack. KW - Concrete Pavement Road Map KW - Concrete pavements KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/11070/11070.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46180/Long_term_plan_for_concrete_pavement_research_and_technology_vII_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212650 ER - TY - SER AN - 01444858 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimation of Key PCC, Base, Subbase, and Pavement Engineering Properties from Routine Tests and Physical Characteristics PY - 2012/07 SP - 6p AB - This document is a technical summary of the Federal Highway Administration report, "Estimation of Key PCC, Base, Subbase, and Pavement Engineering Properties from Routine Tests and Physical Characteristics" (FHWA-HRT-12-030). This TechBrief presents models developed by statistical methods to predict key material properties for portland cement concrete (PCC), chemically stabilized materials, and unbound base, subbase, and subgrade materials. It also presents models to predict design inputs specific to the "Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide" (MEPDG). The models were developed under the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) data analysis study, Estimation of Key PCC, Base, Subbase, and Pavement Engineering Properties from Routine Tests and Physical Characteristics. The predictive models were developed using data from the LTPP database as well as data generated from analyses used in the calibration of the MEPDG distress models under National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 1-40D. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Properties of materials KW - Subbase materials KW - Subgrade materials UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/12032/12032.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444605 AU - Yang, C Y David AU - Morton, Tom AU - Woodward Communications AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Trends of Transportation Simulation and Modeling Based on a Selection of Exploratory Advanced Research Projects: Workshop Summary Report PY - 2012/07//Summary Report SP - 40p AB - This report summarizes an Exploratory Advanced Research Program workshop held at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in August 2011 as part of an ongoing effort to examine advancement in simulation and modeling and the applications in transportation research and practice. Part One summarizes the following presentations: Driver Behavior in Traffic; Intersection Control for Autonomous Vehicles; Advanced Traffic Control Signal Algorithms; Agent-­Based Approach for Integrated Driver and Traveler Behavior Modeling: Theory, Methodology, and Applications to Transportation Systems Management and Investment Planning; VASTO -­‐‑ Evolutionary Agent System for Transportation Outlook. Part Two of the report summarizes the group breakout discussions addressing overall trends of transportation simulation and modeling, and specific simulation and modeling needs. KW - Agent-based modeling KW - Computer models KW - Connected vehicle technologies KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Exploratory Advanced Research Program KW - ITS program applications KW - ITS program technologies KW - Research projects KW - Simulation KW - Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center KW - Workshops UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/12040/12040.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444570 AU - Kim, Dong H AU - Fowler, David W AU - Ferron, Raissa P AU - Trevino, Manuel M AU - Whitney, David P AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Materials Selection for Concrete Overlays: Final Report PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 210p AB - Concrete overlays have been a rehabilitation method for many years. It has been extensively utilized and studied in other states, but Texas is still at an initial stage of fully implementing the method. The large volume of concrete highways in Texas makes bonded concrete overlays, unbonded concrete overlays, and whitetoppings very viable options. However, there is a lack of educational guidelines for pavement engineers for concrete overlay construction. This research presents the information gathered from literature review, condition survey, and evaluation of existing concrete overlays in Texas. Also, a laboratory research was performed for recommendations for materials selection and construction for concrete overlays. From these, guidelines for materials selection and construction method developed that will assist in future concrete overlays in Texas are presented. KW - Concrete overlays KW - Condition surveys KW - Construction management KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials selection KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Texas KW - Whitetopping UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6590_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444334 AU - Estakhri, Cindy AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laboratory and Field Performance Measurements to Support the Implementation of Warm Mix Asphalt in Texas PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 78p AB - An objective of this study was to monitor the performance of more than 10 warm mix asphalt (WMA) projects in the state. Several WMA technologies were included in the study (foaming, Advera, Evotherm, Rediset, Sasobit) and it was determined that performance of the warm mix was comparable to hot mix. In addition, mix from two warm mix projects were subjected to different curing times and temperatures and then evaluated for mixture volumetrics and performance properties. Results from this study lend support to the current procedures the Texas Department of Transportation has adopted. KW - Advera KW - Curing temperature KW - Curing time KW - Evotherm KW - Field studies KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Sasobit KW - Test sections KW - Texas KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/5-5597-01-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45745/5-5597-01-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444333 AU - Stokoe, Kenneth H AU - Kallivokas, Loukas F AU - Nam, Boo H AU - Carpenter, Claire K AU - Lee, Jung-Su AU - Bryant, Adam D AU - Weeks, Damon A AU - Hayes, Richard AU - Scullion, Thomas AU - Liu, Wenting AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing a Testing Device for Total Pavements Acceptance PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 85p AB - During the second year of Project 0-6005, significant progress was made towards building the Total Pavement Acceptance Device (TPAD). The TPAD will be a multi-function device that will be used to profile continuously along pavements at speeds in the range of 5 to 10 mph. The test functions will include those associated with Rolling Dynamics Deflectometer (RDD), ground penetrating radar (GPR), Distance Measurement Instrument (DMI) and high-precision differential Global Positioning System (GPS), and surface temperature measurements, as well as digital video imaging of the pavement and right-of-way conditions. The specifications, bid documents, bid acceptances, and purchase of the TPAD mobile platform and the TPAD transportation equipment (tractor and trailer) were completed by the University of Texas Center for Transportation Research team. Construction of the TPAD is well underway and the acceptance testing will be done in early Year 3. Progress was also made in developing (1) improved rolling sensors and associated data analysis methods commensurate with the target testing speeds and (2) a second-generation integrated data acquisition and display system which records all test functions on the same time and distance baselines. KW - Data collection KW - Data displays KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Global Positioning System KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Rolling dynamic deflectometers KW - Sensors KW - Surface temperature KW - Testing equipment KW - Total Pavement Acceptance Devices KW - Video imaging detectors UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6005_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444331 AU - Robinson, Dianne H AU - Mathewson, Heather A AU - Morrison, Michael L AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Study of the Potential Impacts of Highway Construction on Selected Birds with Emphasis on the Golden-Cheeked Warbler: Final Report 2008-2011 PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 62p AB - This report summarizes the 2008–2011 field seasons for the Highway 71 impact assessment of highway construction noise and activity on golden-cheeked warblers (Setophaga chrysoparia). Researchers examined if construction activity and noise altered the reproductive success and behavior of birds, with an emphasis on the golden-cheeked warbler. Researchers found that ambient noise levels were significantly higher in 2011 than 2010 across study sites, and decreased significantly as distance from the right-of-way (ROW) increased. Ambient noise levels were louder 512 m from the ROW in the construction site when compared to levels at 256 m and 512 m in the pre-construction site. Pairing success was significantly lower in the control site in 2010 than any other site and year combinations. Fledging success was significantly lower in 2009 than in other years, across all study sites. There was no indication that birds directly reacted to construction noise or that they altered their singing or nesting behavior. Researchers found no effect from study site, distance from the ROW, or year on warbler reactions to construction noise playbacks. KW - Birds KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road construction UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6263-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45748/0-6263-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444330 AU - Prozzi, Jolanda AU - Paes, Thiago AU - Loftus-Otway, Lisa AU - Caldas, Carlos AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidance on Extracting Value from TxDOT’s Land Holdings PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 487p AB - Many Departments of Transportation (DOTs), including the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), have been challenged by inadequate funding from traditional federal and state fuel taxes, increasing construction costs, aging highway systems, traffic congestion, and recent natural disasters, compromising their primary mission to provide safe vehicle transportation routes with adequate capacity. Furthermore, environmental awareness and sustainability concepts have strengthened and sparked debates in Congress, culminating with several regulatory policies that affect transportation projects. This scenario has prompted DOTs to pursue innovative ways to reduce maintenance cost (at minimum), generate revenue (at maximum) by exploiting their assets, and meet the new regulations. Likewise, the Center of Transportation Research at the University of Texas at Austin undertook a comprehensive research study to identify and determine when, where, and under what circumstances TxDOT should pursue the implementation of Value Extraction Applications (VEAs), and how to effectively recognize and involve key stakeholders. As a result, 11 VEAs were identified (property management, 3 types of airspace leasing, advertising, solar panels, wind turbines, solar roads/piezoelectric asphalt, geothermal and carbon energy, carbon sequestration and biomass, and wildlife crossings). In addition, a methodological framework—embedding a multi-attribute criteria analysis matrix as the decision making method—was devised to guide TxDOT through the process of identifying, evaluating, comparing, and selecting the most appropriate VEA. A list of stakeholders associated with each VEA and an analysis framework was provided to help TxDOT to identify and reach out to key stakeholders. KW - Advertising KW - Airspace utilization KW - Asset management KW - Biomass KW - Carbon sequestration KW - Decision making KW - Financing KW - Geothermal resources KW - Leasing KW - Maintenance KW - Property management KW - Property values KW - Revenue generation KW - Solar panels KW - Stakeholders KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Wildlife crossings KW - Wind turbines UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6634_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444329 AU - Middleton, Dan AU - Li, Yingfeng AU - Le, Jerry AU - Koncz, Nick AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Accommodating Oversize and Overweight Loads: Technical Report PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 242p AB - Adequate management of oversize/overweight (OS/OW) permit loads throughout the state of Texas is critical to maintaining a vibrant state economy. The growth in the number and size of permit loads in recent years is clear evidence that new tools and new techniques are needed to match this growth without causing undue delays to permit applicants. Problems such as increasing prevalence of reroutes due to maintenance and other district activities along with potential damage to the highway infrastructure from permit loads led to this research project. A related initiative was development of a new automated routing program—Texas Permit Routing Optimization System. Research objectives were to: Identify the most common OS/OW dimension and weight groups; Identify criteria for assigning these OS/OW groups to existing road networks; and Identify criteria for assigning current and projected OS/OW groups to the future road network upgraded to meet future demand. The research project resulted in a statewide map recommending primary and alternate OS/OW route networks for the most common origins and destinations based on historical Motor Carrier Division data. Keeping strategic routes open for OS/OW loads and minimizing the number of reroutes along the way will reduce the impedances and unknowns in this critical segment of the motor carrier industry. KW - Motor carriers KW - Optimization KW - Origin and destination KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Routing KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6404-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45747/0-6404-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444328 AU - Huang, Yan AU - Buckles, Bill P AU - University of North Texas, Denton AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Low Cost Wireless Network Camera Sensors for Traffic Monitoring PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 222p AB - Many freeways and arterials in major cities in Texas are presently equipped with video detection cameras to collect data and help in traffic/incident management. In this study, carefully controlled experiments determined the throughput and output quality of various communication configurations. Configurations entailed antennas at several cost levels and it was determined that the least expensive antennas were adequate only for one-hop systems. Via a survey to which 20 districts responded, incidents, volume, and speed were found to be the functionalities most in demand for autonomous surveillance systems. Most systems are monitored by human operators. An alternative to operator-based video monitoring is video analytics. An autonomous traffic monitoring system from a vendor was tested. A demonstration surveillance system was developed and delivered to the Texas Department of Transportation. KW - Texas KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Video analytics KW - Video cameras KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6432-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45749/0-6432-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444327 AU - Liu, Wenting AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Kassem, Emad AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of TTI's Asphalt Compaction Monitoring System PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 52p AB - In recent years, the Texas Department of Transportation has made significant progress with the development and implementation of new technologies to measure the uniformity of new hot mix asphalt layer construction. Early studies focused on the development of the Pave-IR system for checking temperature uniformity during mat placement. In Project 0-6992, researchers took this check one step further by developing an accurate global positioning system tracking system for compaction rolling so that the compaction effort applied can be monitored for 100 percent of the new surface. Additional sensors were also included in the system, including two temperature sensors and an accelerometer, to monitor whether the roller is vibrating. The new system can be mounted on any roller in a matter of minutes, and it provides the roller operator with real-time color displays of: the number of passes of the entire mat; the compaction effectiveness (this study found that better compaction was found directly under the center portion of the roller than at the roller edges); and the temperature at the first pass of the roller. This report presents details of the hardware and software developed in this study. The system was field tested on a number of new overlay projects in Texas. Those results will be reported in later reports from this study. KW - Accelerometers KW - Compaction KW - Global Positioning System KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Monitoring KW - Paving KW - Rollers KW - Temperature sensors KW - Vibration UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6992-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45746/0-6992-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379907 AU - Carrion, Migdalia AU - Prozzi, Jolanda AU - Seedah, Dan AU - Walton, C Michael AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Multimodal Freight Database – A Potential User Perspective PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 24p AB - As part of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Project 0-6297 entitled “Freight Planning Factors Impacting Texas Commodity Flows,” the Center for Transportation Research (CTR) team focused on understanding the critical factors that influence freight planning in Texas. All U.S. states are required in terms of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 and by the subsequent Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) to conduct statewide freight transportation planning. However, understanding how freight impacts the transportation system of a state and conducting statewide freight planning requires robust data. Consequently, as part of TxDOT Project 0-6297, the CTR team developed a relational Multimodal Freight Database software (RMFDB) that captured relevant publicly available freight variables that can be used for updating TxDOT freight models and studies. The objective of this Implementation Project was to disseminate information about the Relational Multimodal Freight Database by hosting six workshops in Texas. KW - Freight transportation KW - Information dissemination KW - Relational databases KW - Software KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning KW - Workshops UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_6297_01_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379905 AU - Serigos, Pedro A AU - Prozzi, Jorge A AU - Nam, Boo H AU - Murphy, Mike R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Evaluation of Automated Rutting Measuring Equipment PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 170p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has developed a state-of-the-art 3D system for rut measurements. This system will allow more accurate assessment of road performance at both the network and project levels and potentially eliminate the need for manual visual assessments. Furthermore, the improved accuracy, which can be achieved while traveling at highway speeds, will eliminate any subjective elements and lead to more consistent and reliable data. The improved accuracy of the system will significantly impact the TxDOT Pavement Management Information System (PMIS). PMIS is used to monitor statewide pavement condition and to evaluate the effectiveness of pavement maintenance and rehabilitation treatments. PMIS is also used to report progress towards the annual statewide pavement condition goal. To ensure the rational adoption of the new systems, TxDOT initiated this project to allow an independent assessment of the accuracy and repeatability of the newly developed system. The TxDOT system was compared to other, similar systems from a variety of different vendors to identify the most suitable system for implementation. The project consists of two phases. Phase I evaluated the rut measurements and Phase II will evaluate automated distress data measurements, including longitudinal, transverse, and alligator cracking; failures; spalled cracks; and punchouts. This report summarizes the Phase I tasks, data, analysis, main findings, and recommendations. KW - Information processing KW - Lasers KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - State of the art KW - Surface profile KW - Texas UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6663_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379904 AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Sebesta, Stephen AU - Estakhri, Cindy AU - Harris, Pat AU - Shon, Chang-Seon AU - Harvey, Omar AU - Rose-Harvey, Keisha AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Full-Depth Reclamation: New Test Procedures and Recommended Updates to Specifications PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 104p AB - Rehabilitating an old pavement by pulverizing and stabilizing the existing pavement is a process referred to as Full Depth Reclamation (FDR). The stabilized layer becomes either the base or sub-base of the new pavement structure. This process has been used widely for over 20 years in Texas to strengthen and widen structurally inadequate pavement sections. This project developed guidelines on successful FDR practices, developed training materials, and identified areas where improvements to current practices are required. To improve the FDR process, this report includes the following enhancements: (1) As current laboratory testing to select the optimal type and amount of stabilizer takes too long and requires too much material, continue to run parallel testing with the small sample test protocols proposed in this report; (2) Use the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) during construction to validate that the design assumptions are being met; (3) Implement the proposed bond test to select the optimum prime material and amount needed to effectively bond the base to the surfacing materials; (4) Modify the specifications to avoid working in freezing conditions; and (5) Consider implementing the other modifications to specifications proposed in this report. KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6271-2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45627/0-6271-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379900 AU - Krugler, Paul E AU - Freeman, Thomas J AU - Wirth, John E AU - Wikander, John P AU - Estakhri, Cindy K AU - Wimsatt, Andrew J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Comparison of Various Seal Coat Grades Used in Texas PY - 2012/07//Technical Report SP - 124p AB - This report documents research efforts to provide comparative quantitative performance information for various grades of seal coat aggregate available in the Texas Department of Transportation’s standard specifications. Length of service before replacement and level of noise generated at the tire-pavement interface were the primary focuses of the relative performance evaluations. The additional service life possible from seal coats with larger aggregate and higher asphalt application rates is compared to the additional cost generally associated with these larger aggregate seal coats. The comparative performance information combined with knowledge gathered from numerous department field engineers resulted in the development of guidelines for optimal seal coat grade selection. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Chip seals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Pavement performance KW - Seal coats KW - Service life KW - Texas KW - Tire/pavement noise UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6496-1-CD.zip UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6496-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45628/0-6496-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379717 AU - Liu, Wenxing AU - Jaipuria, Sunny AU - Murphy, Mike AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Four-Year Pavement Management Plan (FY 2011-FY 2014) PY - 2012/07 SP - 122p AB - Rider 55 of the Texas Department of Transportation’s (TxDOT's) appropriations bill requires that prior to the beginning of each fiscal year, the department provide the Legislative Budget Board and the Governor with a detailed plan for the use of these funds that includes, but is not limited to, a district-by-district analysis of pavement score targets and how proposed maintenance spending will impact pavement scores in each district. The 2011–2014 Pavement Management Plan (PMP) provides TxDOT with a mechanism to predict pavement conditions based on a specified funding level and project-specific plan. The resulting report consisted of the summary of the number of lane miles that each district planned to treat as Preventive Maintenance (PM), Light (LRhb), Medium (MRhb), or Heavy Rehabilitation (HRhb) and the impact that those treatments are predicted to have on the pavement conditions. KW - Appropriations KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_9035_01_P5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147322 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379124 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schmitt, Robert L AU - Owusu-Ababio, Samuel AU - McElroy, William M AU - Weed, Richard M TI - Level of Service Ranking Using the Percent-Within-Limits Measure PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 121-135 AB - A highway maintenance management system has many facets, with the primary purpose of discovering and applying the safest and most cost-effective repair strategies to serve the needs of the motoring public. A prerequisite for such a system is a means of analyzing existing conditions in order to judge which components are in greatest need of treatment, and which might be the most cost beneficial to receive treatment. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a statistically based procedure using the level-of-service (LOS) and percent-within-limits (PWL) measures to assist in highway maintenance management decisions. LOS and PWL are two of the most widely used measures in their respective fields of maintenance management and highway quality assurance. PWL has gained wide acceptance in recent years because it provides an efficient way to account for both central tendency and variability, both of which typically affect performance. Actual LOS data from a state were sampled to identify those segments in greatest need of maintenance, based upon a minimum acceptable LOS = 80 and PWL score. Data from one transportation district found two of five counties had mean LOS for three functional classes at or below 80. An analysis of 142 highway segments in one county measured a mean LOS of 85.1, suggesting that an acceptable quality level is being achieved; however, computation of the PWL identified that only 79.7% of those highway segments were in compliance. Finally, a cost-based approach is presented for ranking and determining maintenance strategies of deficient segments. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Decision making KW - Highway maintenance KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance management KW - Percent within limits KW - Quality assurance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146690 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379123 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cheng, DingXin AU - Lane, Lerose AU - Hicks, R Gary TI - Improvements in Asphalt Rubber Chip Seal Application with Warm-Mix Technology PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 13-23 AB - Asphalt rubber (AR) chip seals are normally more capable of resisting reflective cracking and more durable than conventional seal coat. However, the AR chip seal has very high production and construction placement temperatures. The temperature of mixing binder with crumb rubber modifiers ranges from 350°F to 425°F. The binder application temperatures are normally more than 350°F. The odor from tire rubber and emissions is also high. Adding warm-mix additives to the AR for the spray application can result in many advantages, including reduced odors, decreased emissions, and potential fuel savings. In 2010, three AR chip seal with warm-mix projects were placed in northern, central, and southern California, respectively. The binder placement temperatures were lowered about 45°F to 60°F, which significantly reduced emission, smoke, and odor. In California, the use of a warm-mix additive also eliminates the requirement of a special hood for conventional AR chip seal application required to meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency emission regulations. The long-term performance of adding warm-mix additive to the AR chip seal application still needs to be evaluated. After 1 year of study, the initial results of using AR chip seal with warm-mix additives are promising. Several more AR chip seals with warm-mix additive projects were placed in California in 2011, and it is expected more will be placed again in 2012. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt rubber KW - California KW - Chip seals KW - Emissions control KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pollutants KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146681 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379122 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Thompson, Paul D TI - Bridge Element Deterioration and Life Expectancy in Florida and Virginia PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 94-107 AB - Most agencies having analytical capabilities in their bridge management systems use inspections based on bridge elements and condition states, and use Markovian deterioration models. It is common to base these models on expert judgment elicitation, but increasingly agencies have sufficient data to develop deterioration models using past inspection and work accomplishment data. AASHTO maintains the Pontis bridge management system, used in 45 states, and offers a standardized inspection manual. This makes it possible to estimate and compare deterioration models among agencies, to investigate the level of consistency in model parameters, and to understand how agency characteristics, policies, and climate can affect deterioration rates. In this paper, models developed for Florida and Virginia are compared, describing how the similarities and differences between these two agencies affect deterioration rates for pure Markovian and hybrid Markovian–Weibull models. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridge management systems KW - Deterioration KW - Florida KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Pontis (Computer program) KW - Service life KW - State departments of transportation KW - Virginia UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146688 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379121 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stroup-Gardiner, Mary AU - Singh, Dharamveer TI - Using Automated Pavement Condition Measurements to Indicate Appropriate Pavement Preservation and Maintenance Options PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 3-12 AB - International roughness index (IRI) in each wheelpath, the difference in IRI between each wheelpath, crack counts, and texture data were used to evaluate the pavement condition of federal aid roadways in three Alabama counties. Analyses of these measurements showed that the differences in IRI between the right and left wheelpaths can be used to indicate the need for load-carrying support improvements to provide longer performance. Pavements in good condition and with adequate support had IRI values of less than 175 in./mi, differences in IRI between wheelpaths of less than 30 in./mi, and fewer than five cracks per mile with enough deterioration to influence ride quality. Preservation treatments such as fog seals, rejuvenating seals, sand seals, and crack sealing would help maintain the current good condition of the roadways. Roadways with IRI values in the left wheelpath of less than 175 in./mi, but with significantly higher values in the right wheelpath (differences greater than 30 in./mi), were associated with visual observations of edge distresses, depressions, bumps, and patching. In these cases, there is inadequate support for the traffic loads. Any maintenance or rehabilitation efforts should include improving the base properties (e.g., full-depth reclamation) or drainage. Pavements with both high IRI values and high crack counts are in need of rehabilitation. Alternatively, if the funding is not available for reconstruction, thin surface treatments such as chip or cape seals, and chip over fabric, would at least minimize further deterioration. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Alabama KW - Condition surveys KW - International Roughness Index KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement preservation KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Ride quality KW - Texture UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146680 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379120 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Panagopoulou, Mary I AU - Chassiakos, Athanasios P TI - Optimization Model for Pavement Maintenance Planning and Resource Allocation PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 25-38 AB - Pavement management systems are widely used and are continuously being improved because they can lead to considerable fund savings and to higher levels of service of road pavements. In this work, a model for pavement maintenance, rehabilitation planning, and optimal resource allocation is presented. The objective function aims at minimizing a generalized cost parameter that includes (1) agency cost; (2) user costs (including vehicle operating cost for fuel consumption, vehicle maintenance and depreciation, travel delay cost, accident cost, discomfort cost); and (3) environmental cost due to pavement deterioration. The maintenance and rehabilitation treatments are considered with regard to their cost and effectiveness characteristics. Besides the pavement condition deterioration functions, which are represented by the PSI (present serviceability index), other constraints of the model include budgetary availability, threshold values for the minimum accepted pavement condition levels, desirable pavement condition levels, maintenance and rehabilitation treatment applicability, and effectiveness. Due to the size and complexity of the problem, a genetic algorithm has been used as an optimization tool. The optimization runs over several road sections with different traffic and pavement condition characteristics and within a time span defined by the user. The budgetary or the minimum accepted pavement condition constraints can be altered to get a Pareto-front set of optimal solutions for a particular application. The application presented indicates that the model provides reasonable results in terms of the appropriate selection of maintenance and rehabilitation treatments and the time of application. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Genetic algorithms KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Resource allocation UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146682 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379119 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wemhoff, David W TI - Equipment Mechanic Training and Certification PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 41-45 AB - The complexity of modern equipment is growing at an exponential rate. It is imperative that equipment repair technicians are continuously kept abreast of new technology affecting the machines that they are tasked with keeping available for their operators. There are an ever-increasing number of diagnostic tools being made available for them to use to find the fault more quickly and to get the repair right the first time. Knowing the diagnostic tools that are available, how to make them work for you most effectively, and being knowledgeable of evolving technology are never-ending tasks for the well-prepared fleet. With employer-provided training the following axiom applies: you provide it and you must also guide it. By guiding training, you have the ability to make the training reach those skills and knowledge pertinent to your equipment and needs. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Certification KW - Diagnostic tools KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Fleet management KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Technological innovations KW - Training UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146684 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379118 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lovejoy, Steven C AU - Myers, Barry TI - Effective Use of Structural Health Monitoring for Highway Bridge Maintenance PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 109-116 AB - The Oregon Department of Transportation began implementation of structural health monitoring (SHM) in 2000. Currently, 13 highway bridges have permanent SHM systems installed that monitor various performance parameters and log the data onto a central computer server that allows engineers to access both historic and real-time responses from their desks on the state’s computer network. The primary goal of this program is to better understand and resolve specific problems or deficiencies with specific components or portions of the bridges. Examples of such applications include foundation stability, steel fatigue, movable bridge machinery, cathodic protection, wind-induced vibration, and diagonal tension cracks in reinforced concrete. For each SHM system design, physical performance parameters that can be either qualitatively or quantitatively related to the deficiency were identified and measurement methods developed to be monitored. Data from these measurements are used to estimate current condition or serviceability, develop appropriate repair or retrofit designs, and allow predictions of remaining service life. In this presentation, a brief summary of the purpose and taxonomy of SHM will be presented. Both qualitative and quantitative measurement parameters as they apply to highway bridges will be discussed. Specific examples will be discussed about each type of measurement parameter ranging from qualitative measurements such as acoustic emission to quantitative measurement parameters such as strain, which is used to calculate real time reliability factors for both specific components and the structure as a whole. An outline of the SHM design process will also be discussed, with emphasis on systems that provide practical and meaningful information for highway bridge maintenance engineers. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance management KW - Oregon KW - Performance measurement KW - Serviceability KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Structural reliability UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146689 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379117 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Markow, Michael J TI - Performance-Based Maintenance and Operations Management PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 59-74 AB - Interest in performance-based maintenance and operations management is driven by both a growing recognition of the importance of highway maintenance and operations (M&O) and the increased focus on performance management. While past studies have focused on the elements that contribute to a performance-based highway M&O approach, comparatively little work has been reported on how managers actually use performance-based methods in their business decision processes. The application of performance-based management to highway M&O is the subject of this paper, focusing on state department of transportation (DOT) usage. The study was conducted through the NCHRP Highway Synthesis Program, with data developed through responses to a survey and development of four case examples involving state DOTs with new or mature performance-based M&O programs. Based upon the nationwide survey in which 80% of state DOTs participated, three-quarters of responding agencies reported using some type of performance-based method for highway M&O management. Survey results also showed that while there is considerable variability in the details of individual performance-management programs, agencies agree on more fundamental matters, e.g., the management tasks to which performance-based methods can be applied and factors important to setting goals and targets for performance assessment. Four case examples reinforced and built upon the findings of the survey to illustrate how individual performance-based elements come together and are applied by agencies to different management needs and tasks. These cases illustrated the versatility of performance-based methods in managing the highway M&O program and in addressing other policy and management issues that affect highway maintenance and operations. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Performance based management KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146686 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379116 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Zimmerman, Kathryn A AU - Yurek, Russ TI - Best Practices in Highway Maintenance Performance Measuring PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 75-88 AB - As transportation agencies have shifted their focus from system expansion to system preservation and maintenance, they have increasingly turned to maintenance quality assurance (MQA) programs to document the effectiveness of their maintenance activities, to demonstrate that funds for maintenance and operations are being used effectively, and to link performance data to budget requirements to meet targeted condition levels. In the fall of 2011, a domestic scan took place to study the use of MQA programs for maintenance and operations activities. The scan used a workshop approach that allowed participants from 17 state highway agencies to discuss their current MQA practices. Eight different sessions were conducted, addressing a range of topics, including MQA data collection methods and measures and the validation methods used to ensure data reliability. The impact of sampling on data quality and cost was also discussed, as was the use of innovations in data collection. Other sessions focused on the use of MQA data for setting budgets and allocating resources, building accountability both internally and externally, calculating trade-offs in maintenance and capital expenditures, and benchmarking practices across agencies. This paper summarizes the results of the scan in each of the topic areas addressed and presents overall findings from the discussions. In addition, the paper presents the scan team’s recommendations for advancing the state of the practice and strategies for implementing the recommendations. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Best practices KW - Data collection KW - Data quality KW - Highway maintenance KW - Performance measurement KW - Quality assurance KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the practice UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146687 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379115 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Carlson, Paul J TI - Wet-Night Visibility of Pavement Markings: Research and Test Methods PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 136-143 AB - Research has shown that pavement marking visibility is most difficult to achieve during nighttime rainy conditions. While wet markings have shorter visibility distances than dry markings, wet markings combined with rainy conditions lead to the shortest visibility distances. The pavement marking industry is producing more and more innovations to level the playing field and provide adequate wet-night visibility of pavement markings. As more innovative solutions are being developed, ASTM is developing and making available standardized test methods so that measurements can be made in a standardized way. The research and test methods facilitate opportunities to develop pavement marking performance specifications that can include dry, wet recovery, and continuous wet pavement marking retroreflectivity levels. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Maintenance management KW - Night visibility KW - Performance based specifications KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road markings KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures KW - Wet weather UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146696 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379114 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Burlarley-Hyland, Amy AU - Toothill, Bill AU - Das, Arobindu TI - Use of Automatic Vehicle Location Systems, Geographic Information Systems, and Global Positioning Systems to Increase Efficiencies and Decrease Cost in Maintenance Management PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - pp 46-54 AB - Many businesses and government agencies are using automatic vehicle location with the global positioning system and geographic information systems in their work planning and execution. Use of these technologies can increase efficiency, reduce costs, and reduce the carbon footprint of any entity. This presentation will explain these systems and their costs, use, and benefits in the maintenance and operations field. When more than one of these systems is used together, efficiencies and cost savings increase to agencies. Several different systems will be demonstrated, including a “live” demonstration where a truck is tracked in real time via Internet log-in access, and work that is being accomplished is monitored. This system is currently in use with some departments of transportation, particularly for winter operations and in the maintenance of railroads. However, there is a much wider application for the use of these technologies that have become much more cost efficient in recent years. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Maintenance management UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146685 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01379113 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Maintenance Management 2012: Presentations from the 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management Conference, July 15–19, 2012, Seattle, Washington PY - 2012/07 IS - E-C163 SP - 160p AB - This publication contains papers presented at the 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management Conference held in Seattle, Washington, July 15–19, 2012. The objective of this series of conferences is to provide a forum every three to four years for the exchange of new ideas and developments in the maintenance and operations management of transportation facilities. The conference was integrated into the Annual AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Maintenance meeting and includes papers in the following areas: issues in pavement preservation and maintenance; equipment training and implementation of new technologies; performance measures, decision support, and risk management in highway maintenance; bridge maintenance, inspection, and management; and maintenance of roadways and roadsides. U1 - 2012 AASHTO–TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationSeattle,WA,United States StartDate:20120715 EndDate:20120719 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Decision support systems KW - Highway maintenance KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement preservation KW - Performance measurement KW - Risk management KW - Roadside KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Technological innovations KW - Training UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167500.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146678 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01376046 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Shanks, Nancy AU - Sindlinger, Alicia TI - Replacing Historic Bear Creek Bridge PY - 2012/07 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - pp 20-25 AB - The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) recently completed a $4.86 million project to replace historic Bear Creek Bridge. The bridge carries an annual daily average of 2,200 cars and is an important part of the State's San Juan Skyway. In 2007, however, the structure of the old bridge---built in 1922 and improved in 1962--was deemed functionally obsolete and received a sufficiency rating below 50. The rating made the bridge eligible for Federal Highway Bridge Program funds and State funding from Funding Advancements for Surface Transportation and Economic Recovery legislation developed to address Colorado's structurally deficient bridges and safety projects. The Bear Creek Bridge project presented significant challenges, including the bridge’s historic designation, extremely narrow confines, and lack of a reasonable alternate route. Weather and geotechnology also needed to be considered. Because of the many restrictions and concern about keeping the road open to traffic, CDOT decided to tackle the project with a two-season construction schedule. The first season ran from July through October 2010 and involved rock removal and road widening. After a winter shutdown, required because of the area's heavy snowfall, the second season began in April 2011 and entailed replacing the bridge using accelerated construction techniques. CDOT's use of two-section steel girders provided an alternative that was cost competitive and easily constructed, and met the design criteria for this complex project. The new Bear Creek Bridge is substantially wider than the old bridge, with 12-foot (3.65-meter) lanes and 6-foot (1.82-meter) shoulders. An adjacent pedestrian overlook and parking area creates a much safer facility for visitors. The design of the superstructure respects its natural and historic surroundings. CDOT's innovative decisions and detailed planning helped the agency accomplish its goals of a safer and improved structure in a reasonable time frame. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Case studies KW - Colorado KW - Colorado Department of Transportation KW - Highway bridges KW - Historic bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12julaug/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143933 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01376044 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rasmussen, Ben AU - Rousseau, Gabe AU - Lyons, William M TI - Walking and Bicycling Pay Off PY - 2012/07 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - pp 26-33 AB - In 2005, the U.S. Congress established the Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program (NTPP) as Section 1807 of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The goal was to evaluate the effects of increased investment in walking and bicycling infrastructure. Over the next 4 years, the NTPP provided a total of more than $25 million annually in contract authority to four pilot communities (approximately $6.25 million to each community): Columbia, Missouri; Marin County, California; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Sheboygan County, Wisconsin. Each community implemented locally devised strategies to increase the use of nonmotorized transportation and documented any accompanying safety, environmental, and health benefits. The NTPP funding enabled pilot communities to make significant investments in walking and bicycling infrastructure and education. Each community had its own approach to program implementation and project selection, depending on existing facilities, plans, and identified needs. A working group established by NTPP estimates that bicycling as a mode share of transportation increased 36% across all four communities between 2007 and 2010, walking increased 14%, and driving decreased 3%. For most of the communities, the increase in bicycling and walking was attributable primarily to utilitarian trips. The working group estimates that between 2007 and 2010, residents of the pilot communities walked or bicycled between 32.3 and 37.8 million more miles than they would have without the NTPP (controlling for population growth). Assuming a one-to-one tradeoff between vehicle trips and nonmotorized trips, the working group estimated that between 2007 and 2010, the program conserved 1.67 million gallons of gasoline and averted more than 30.8 million pounds of carbon dioxide emissions. In addition to developing infrastructure and programs locally, the pilot communities contributed to the national field of nonmotorized transportation through experimenting with innovative designs, outreach, education, and data collection and evaluation methods that can be applied by peer communities nationwide. The experiences of the pilot communities also demonstrate how Federal resources can assist cities and towns with developing walking and bicycling networks and highlight the significance of what can be accomplished with a concentrated focus. KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Columbia (Missouri) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Government funding KW - Infrastructure KW - Marin County (California) KW - Minneapolis (Minnesota) KW - Modal shift KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pilot studies KW - Sheboygan County (Wisconsin) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12julaug/05.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143934 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01376040 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Platt, Steve AU - Woodmansey, Alan TI - Unearthing Crow Tribal History PY - 2012/07 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - pp 16-19 AB - For nearly a decade between 1875 and 1884, the Crow Indian Reservation was located south of present-day Absarokee, Montana. Although the tribe moved farther east in 1884, the nine years of living at Absarokee were times of monumental change for the Crow people. The launch of a road improvement project for Montana Highway 78, which runs through the Crow Indian Reservation's historic Absarokee site, was the impetus for a major archaeological data recovery investigation by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) in consultation and cooperation with the Crow Tribe. These archaeological excavations revealed much about the daily lives of the Crow people of more than a century ago. Knowing the Absarokee area was steeped in Crow tribal history but unsure of what remained, MDT hired a consulting archaeologist to conduct test archaeological investigations in the project corridor. The findings revealed a series of anomalies, indicating the likely presence of artifacts. Test excavations were conducted in Spring 2006, which led to the recovery of many artifacts. The data collected from the test excavations suggested that the site might contain information valuable to understanding history and therefore was determined to be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. A Section 106 memorandum of agreement, executed prior to excavation, outlined an archaeological data recovery plan and stipulated the presence of a Crow tribal monitor during excavations. In June 2011, a year in advance of MDT's planned highway reconstruction, a data recovery excavation was conducted within the right-of-way limits and on some adjacent private land. FHWA provided partial funding for the work, which lasted 6 weeks and uncovered thousands of artifacts. MDT has partnered with Montana's Project Archeology, a joint effort of the U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management and Montana State University, to develop an archaeological education curriculum for elementary school students based on the findings from the excavation. Due to the size and significance of the site, MDT has postponed the highway reconstruction project and is working on an alternative design to avoid impacts to as much of the archaeological site as possible. KW - Archaeological surveying KW - Archaeology KW - Historic preservation KW - Historic sites KW - Indian reservations KW - Montana KW - Native Americans UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12julaug/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143932 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01376039 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Billig, Priscilla Perez TI - Trouble in Paradise PY - 2012/07 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - pp 2-9 AB - Invasive plant and animal species are threatening Hawaii’s ecosystems. This article discusses the problem, and how the Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) is working to combat the issue. Biological evidence indicates that 200 to 300 species already in the islands have the potential to become problem pests. The invasive species are responsible for millions of dollars in crop losses, threaten native species and habitats, and spread diseases. These pests have negative impacts on not only quality of life, safety, health and the environment, but also on jobs in the tourist, agriculture, horticulture, and ranching industries. HDOT has taken up the challenge of invasives by adopting a new approach that features early and rapid response. The agency is assisted by the islands' Invasive Species Committees, which are partnerships of government agencies, nongovernment organizations, and private businesses. HDOT has launched a Statewide Noxious Invasive Pest Program to control invasive plant species and keep them to a manageable level along State roads; protect conservation, scenic and native habitat areas; and ensure early detection of high-priority invasive species. The 2012-2022 Statewide Noxious Invasive Pest Program Strategic Plan outlines five major goals to achieve effective responses to mitigating the introduction, spread, and impact of invasive species. The goals are prevention; early detection and rapid response; control and management; restoration; and collaboration. The strategy identifies ways in which HDOT's Highways Division can make effective and meaningful responses to already-established pests, as well as those with introduction potential. By working on species within landscape maintenance zones, HDOT workers can help control the introduction and spread of invasive species by becoming familiar with them, learning how to report invasive plants and animals, cleaning vehicles and equipment after working in pest-infested areas, planting native and noninvasive species along roads, and working cooperatively with other groups. To deliver information to help achieve these goals, HDOT has developed a new field manual and is holding training workshops for maintenance crews. HDOT programs will complement conservation efforts already established in Hawaii. Site-specific invasive species management plans will target stretches of road along or near ecologically sensitive locations. Restoration efforts will include selecting native and noninvasive plants with a preference for buying those propagated on the specific island where they will be planted. HDOT is confident that their efforts to manage invasive species will protect and promote the biodiversity and beauty of the Hawaiian landscape. KW - Hawaii KW - Hawaii Department of Transportation KW - Invasive plants KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Pest control KW - Roadside fauna KW - Roadside flora UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12julaug/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143930 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01376037 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chu, Jimmy AU - Radow, Laurel TI - Behind the Scenes at TMCs PY - 2012/07 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - pp 10-15 AB - Transportation management centers (TMCs) are critical in helping road managers maintain traffic flow on the Nation's busiest roads and ensure the safety of the traveling public. This article highlights the operations of TMCs. Almost every state and major city in the United States has a TMC. Many operate 24/7, while others provide travelers with real-time information during peak travel hours. A TMC can be considered the nerve center of a freeway management system. It is where data is collected and processed, fused with other operational and control data, synthesized to produce information, and distributed. Most TMCs feature a wall of video monitors displaying real-time traffic feeds. Detectors, loops, sensors, and other technologies built into the roadway infrastructure, coupled with video and images captured by cameras installed along the network, provide the data sent to the TMC for analysis and response. Operators use the real-time data to make decisions aimed at minimizing the effects of incidents and weather. TMC staff uses the information to monitor the operation of the freeway and to initiate control strategies to improve the operation of the network. Agencies, including DOTs, police, and emergency service providers, often coordinate their responses to traffic situations at TMCs. TMCs also manage the safety service patrols that provide basic roadside assistance services in order to keep traffic flowing. Today, the role of a TMC often extends beyond the freeway network and the particular agencies responsible for its operation. TMCs can function as the key technical and institutional hubs for the various jurisdictions, modal interests, and service providers to focus on the common goal of optimizing the performance of the surface transportation system. In the future, TMC operations will need to adopt new ways to collect, process, and communicate roadway data. In addition to using existing traveler information systems, TMCs increasingly will look to newer technologies such as wirelessly connected vehicles to communicate directly and instantaneously with drivers. TMCs have come a long way over the last three decades and are ramping up to play an increasingly critical role in maintaining safety and mobility on the Nation's roadways. KW - Freeway management systems KW - Freeway operations KW - Incident management KW - Real time information KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic safety KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12julaug/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01447238 AU - McRae, Glenn AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Vermont, Burlington TI - Transportation Education Demonstration Pilot Program UVM Transportation Research Center PY - 2012/06/30/Final Report SP - 16p AB - The Transportation Education Development Pilot Program develops innovative workforce development programs to attract and retain skilled workers in the transportation sector of Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine and encourages statewide economic development by cultivating a well-trained workforce. The U.S. Department of Transportation awarded $979,829 to the University of Vermont's Transportation Research Center as part of a $1.01 million workforce development project to help develop four innovative programs. Three programs, Transportation Systems Institute, Transportation Systems Academy, and Second Careers in Transportation, are aimed at attracting and retaining skilled workers. Non-traditional labor sectors (e.g. young adults, retirees, veterans) are provided with transportation career awareness and skill building. One program, Community College, has assessed the capacity of community colleges nationwide to participate in transportation workforce development. KW - Community colleges KW - Education and training KW - Maine KW - New Hampshire KW - Personnel development KW - Personnel retention KW - Recruiting KW - Transportation KW - Transportation careers KW - Vermont UR - http://www.uvm.edu/~transctr/research/trc_reports/UVM-TRC-12-013.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46024/UVM-TRC-12-013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446534 AU - Tung, Leonard J AU - Florida State University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Automated Testing Tools for Traffic Control Signals and Devices PY - 2012/06/30/Final Report SP - 48p AB - Through a coordinated effort among the electrical engineering research team of the Florida State University (FSU) and key Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) personnel, an automated testing system for National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) TS2 Type-1 Actuated Signal Controller (ASC) has been developed and constructed. The system developed consists of the following: A laptop with proper ports and software;, A Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) card by Quatech; A device for the interface between an ASC and the Quatech card; A total of 20 automated testing programs covering all the functionalities of an ASC; An executable C# Windows Console application to execute all the automated testing programs: ASCAutoTester.exe; A user manual for the automated ASC testing system; and A compact disk (CD) containing all program codes and documents of the project. KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Automated testing KW - Automatic test equipment KW - Computer program documentation KW - Software KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signals UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_TE/FDOT_BDK83%20977-08_rpt.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46170/FDOT_BDK83_977-08_rpt.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46171/FDOT_BDK83_977-08_sum.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448975 AU - Rajbhandari, Rajat AU - Villa, Juan AU - Macias, Roberto AU - Tate, William AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Measuring Border Delay and Crossing Times at the US/Mexico Border – Part II: Step-by-Step Guidelines for Implementing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) System to Measure Border Crossing and Wait Times PY - 2012/06/29/Final Report SP - 73p AB - The purpose of these step-by-step guidelines is to assist in planning, designing, and deploying a system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to measure the time needed for commercial vehicles to complete the northbound border crossing process at the U.S.–Mexico border (i.e., crossing time) as well as time needed to reach the primary inspection station of the Customs and Border Protection facility from the end of a typical queue (i.e., wait time). Guidelines described in this document are based on experiences gathered while deploying RFID-based systems to measure crossing times and wait times at various U.S.–Mexico land border crossings in Texas. However, this document provides a step-by-step process that is not port of entry (POE) specific, so similar systems can be deployed at any POE, including those on the U.S.–Canada border. KW - Border crossing time KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Guidelines KW - Ports of entry KW - Radio frequency identification KW - Texas KW - United States-Canada Border KW - United States-Mexico Border KW - Waiting time UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12016/fhwahop12016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214980 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549563 TI - Research Program Design---Administration of Highway and Transportation Agencies. Measuring Performance among State DOTs: Sharing Good Practices -- Pavement Health AB - "Pavement structural health" refers a highway's capability to meet the demands placed on it by traffic and other service conditions for safe, reliable, and efficient mobility. The notion of structural health as a measure of system performance necessarily has something to do with the pavement's likely ability over some specified minimum time period to carry specified numbers and types of vehicles without requiring substantial remedial action, but currently there is no widely accepted measure of pavement structural health. Previous National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) research has suggested that generally acceptable measures may be available--for example, see NCHRP Report 551: Performance Measures and Targets for Transportation Asset Management, NCHRP Report 632: An Asset-Management Framework for the Interstate Highway System, NCHRP Report 666 Target-Setting Methods and Data Management to Support Performance-Based Resource Allocation by Transportation Agencies, and NCHRP Report 677 Development of Levels of Service for the Interstate Highway System--but adoption of one or a small set of measures will require that DOTs reach consensus. Research completed for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) indicates that it may be possible to translate different departments of transportation (DOTs') pavement health measures to use them in a common framework for assessing system performance. (See Improving FHWA's Ability to Assess Highway Infrastructure Health: Pilot Study Report.) The objectives of this project were to (a) review specific measures used by DOTs for measurement of pavement structural health, (b) compare and assess the suitability of selected measures to be used more widely to characterize system performance regarding pavement structural health, (c) recruit DOTs to participate in demonstrating how pavement structural health may be compared among states. KW - Asset management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Service life KW - State departments of transportation KW - Structural health monitoring UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3147 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454437 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AASHTO Peer Exchange: Communicating Transportation Funding Issues PY - 2012/06/27/Final Report SP - v.p. AB - Inside the transportation industry, practitioners agree that the role of America’s transportation system as an anchor for the nation’s economic prosperity and quality of life is threatened by aging roads, buses, rail tracks and bridges that are beginning to buckle under the weight of travel volumes that were unforeseen by the engineers that built them. Even armed with a mounting array of anecdotal evidence, hard data, reports and plans for action, the industry often has a tough time getting their ‘infrastructure funding’ messages to stick outside the halls (and minds) of transportation agencies. In an attempt to address this issue, on June 27, 2012, the Center for Excellence in Project Finance (CEPF) at the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored and convened a peer exchange for members of the AASHTO Standing Committee on Finance and Administration (SCOFA) and the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning (SCOP) entitled “Effectively Communicating Transportation Funding Issues.” The peer exchange took place in conjunction with the AASHTO Transportation Research Board (TRB) Policy Meeting taking place June 25-27, 2012 at the TRB Beckman Center in Irvine, CA. One of the goals of the peer exchange was to share emerging and best practices that state departments of transportation are using to better communicate the issues surrounding finance, funding, planning, and project selection with the general public and the users of the transportation system. The agenda was designed around the four building blocks of effective communication: audience identification, market research, message design and message delivery. This document includes a summary of the day’s agenda, activities, and findings. Appendix A includes best practices submitted by the participants; appendices B and C include the day’s presentations. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Best practices KW - Communication KW - Financing KW - Market research KW - Message delivery KW - Message design KW - Peer exchange KW - Project selection KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.mrr.dot.state.mn.us/research/pdf/200021.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01443816 AU - Datta, Tapan K AU - Gates, Timothy J AU - Savolainen, Peter T AU - Wayne State University AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impact of Non-Freeway Rumble Strips - Phase 1 PY - 2012/06/26/Final Report SP - 91p AB - In an effort to reduce lane-departure crashes, in 2008 the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) began a three-year statewide non-freeway rumble strip installation initiative. This initiative called for the installation of milled centerline rumble strips on all rural non-freeway highways with a posted speed limit of 55 mph and a paved roadway width greater than 20 ft and shoulder rumble strips on roadways with paved shoulders that were at least 6 ft wide. Approximately 5,400 miles of non-freeway roadways were ultimately included in this rumble strip installation initiative. As this initiative was believed to be the largest of its kind in the United States at the time, it was important for MDOT to evaluate the impacts associated with the rumble strip installations to provide guidance for future implementation both within Michigan and other states. The objectives of this study included: identification and analysis of “Before” traffic crashes; assessment of impact of rumble strips on driver behavior, bicyclist safety, roadside noise, and short term pavement performance. Several field data collection efforts were undertaken in order to accomplish the objectives. Based on the results of the evaluation, it is concluded that rumble strips on high-speed non-freeway highways improves driver performance on most highways and traffic scenarios. Vehicles produced higher levels of roadside noise when traveling over the rumble strips compared to normal passbys. The rumble strip noise typically did not exceed the roadside noise level produced by tractor trailer trucks traveling on normal highways. Finally, centerline rumble strips did not contribute to short-term transverse cracking in asphalt pavements. Three years of “Before” crash data were analyzed to identify the target crashes that is expected to be alleviated by the installation of centerline rumble strips on MDOT’s high-speed trunkline (non-freeway) system. KW - Before and after studies KW - Center lines KW - Crashes KW - Michigan KW - Noise KW - Pavement performance KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/MDOT_Research_Report_RC1575_Appendix_1_394365_7.pdf UR - http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/MDOT_Research_Report_RC1575_Appendix_2_394367_7.pdf UR - http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/MDOT_Research_Report_RC1575_Appendix_3_394368_7.pdf UR - http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/MDOT_Research_Report_RC1575_Report_394019_7.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45667/MDOT_Research_Report_RC1575_Report_394019_7.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45668/MDOT_Research_Report_RC1575_Appendix_1_394365_7.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45669/MDOT_Research_Report_RC1575_Appendix_2_394367_7.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45670/MDOT_Research_Report_RC1575_Appendix_3_394368_7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448973 AU - Rajbhandari, Rajat AU - Villa, Juan AU - Macias, Roberto AU - Tate, William AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Measuring Border Delay and Crossing Times at the US/Mexico Border – Part II: Guidebook for Analysis and Dissemination of Border Crossing Time and Wait Time Data PY - 2012/06/22/Final Report SP - 63p AB - The purpose of this guidebook is to describe to local, regional, and State agencies how to analyze and disseminate data collected by a radio frequency identification (RFID)-based system to measure travel times of commercial vehicles, which is referred to in this document as the RFID-based border crossing time and wait time measurement system. The guidebook includes recommended statistical analyses that can be used to support monitoring the performance of border crossings. The guidebook also describes available mechanisms to disseminate crossing times and wait times. These data include traveler information (e.g., current crossing and wait times) and archived information (e.g., performance measures, pre-coded reports and charts). The guidebook is not specific to one port of entry and hence is applicable to any border crossing deriving crossing time and wait time data similar to those collected by RFID-based systems that have been implemented at various U.S.–Mexico land border crossings in Texas. KW - Border crossing time KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Handbooks KW - Ports of entry KW - Radio frequency identification KW - Texas KW - Travel time KW - United States-Mexico Border KW - Waiting time UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12014/fhwahop12014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216394 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545907 TI - Incorporating Transportation Security Awareness into Routine State DOT Operations and Training AB - Effective transportation security requires a culture of security awareness akin to the culture of safety awareness. A security culture, like a safety culture, extends from the front line worker to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of a transportation agency. Safety awareness programs repeatedly provide concise, memorable messages that can be delivered in many clever ways (e.g., use your seatbelt/buckle-up, don't drink and drive, don't be a distracted driver). Such safety awareness programs are most effective when they reinforce training. For transportation security, there are awareness programs such as Transit Watch and First Observer that reinforce the message, "If you see something, say something." For the most part, however, these messages and training programs stand alone; they are not incorporated into routine training for new hires nor are they incorporated into routine re-training. Security awareness is needed for every person working in transportation, whether they are a planner who could be "designing in" security, a snow plow operator who can spot suspicious activities or materials, or a CEO who can continuously reinforce the message that safety and security are the highest priorities for the organization. Some transportation agencies have expressed the need for increased funding for transportation security training, especially since security training has not yet been mainstreamed into their budgeting and planning processes. Meanwhile, routine training for operations has already been mainstreamed and accepted by management as one of the essential components of providing transportation services and managing transportation systems. By incorporating security training modules into routine operations training, synergies may be capitalized upon and cost savings may be generated. More importantly, security training that may not have been implemented can be realized. The objective of this research is to develop a guide for incorporating transportation security awareness into routine state departments of transportation (DOT) operations and training. KW - Alertness KW - Safety campaigns KW - Safety programs KW - Security KW - State departments of transportation KW - Training UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3081 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332856 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01530022 TI - Structural Health Monitoring of Highway Bridges Subjected to Overweight Trucks, Phase I AB - A two-year project is proposed to develop and validate instrumentation for structural health monitoring of highway bridges, with specific application directed toward bridges subjected to overweight trucks. When fully developed, the structural health monitoring (SHM) system will utilize fiber optic sensors, known as Fiber Bragg Gratings, to monitor bridge response to events involving overweight vehicles. The recorded bridge response will then be correlated to predicted behavior from bridge rating and analysis performed by bridge engineers at the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT). The proposed research is expected to improve the ability of bridge engineers to safely route overweight trucks, maintain the state of repair of bridges in the State's inventory, and more effectively allocate limited maintenance budgets for inspection and repair. Phase I of the project involves development of packaging, installation, and repair methods for the optical-fiber sensors, as well as development of an instrumentation package for interrogating the sensors, processing bridge response data, and transmitting results to WYDOT facilities. Phase I will have a duration of two years. Phase II of the project, to be proposed near the completion of Phase I, will involve installation and operation of sensor networks and the associated instrumentation on one or more bridges typically subjected to overweight trucks. Bridge behavior monitored by the SHM networks will be correlated to analysis and rating results to improve the ability of bridge engineers to understand and predict behavior. This proposal consists of an overview of Phase I of the project, a brief review of Year 1 outcomes, and a request for funding for Year 2. KW - Bridge engineering KW - Fiber optics KW - Highway bridges KW - Overweight loads KW - Sensors KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Trucks KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1314826 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547685 TI - Traffic Control Device Guidelines for Curves AB - The objective of this research is to identify potential improvements to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) guidelines for the application of traffic control devices (TCDs) on curves (particularly curve/turn warning signs, advisory speed plaques, chevrons, and large arrow panels). The improved guidelines should include (1) conditions to consider in deciding whether a particular TCD should be installed (e.g., traffic volume, crash history, speed, difference between the posted speed limit and the advisory speed for the curve) and (2) descriptions of appropriate engineering studies, taking into account the variations in staff expertise and resources among local and state transportation agencies. Consistent application of the improved guidelines should lead to (1) reduced road and lane departures on curves, (2) judicious application of TCDs to promote driver compliance and respect, (3) effective allocation of local and state transportation agencies' budgets for installing and maintaining TCDs, and (4) a limited level of exposure to tort liability suits. In 2002, there were 38,309 fatal crashes on the U.S. highway system and approximately 25% of these crashes occurred on horizontal curves (National Cooperative Highway Research Program) NCHRP Report 500: Volume 7, A Guide for Reducing Collisions on Horizontal Curves). Traffic control devices (TCDs) such as signs and delineation treatments are intended to inform and warn motorists of horizontal curves and the MUTCD is the national standard for all TCDs on roads open to public travel. Research has consistently demonstrated that TCDs on curves are inconsistently applied across the United States (NCHRP Report 559: Communicating Changes in Horizontal Alignment) and the 2009 MUTCD provides more prescriptive requirements than previous editions. The intent of this change was to promote uniformity across the country and, thereby, improve safety on horizontal curves. These MUTCD changes have generated much debate because their impacts on safety or driver behavior have not been documented. While transportation agencies support the goal of reducing crashes, there is concern that installing or replacing TCDs on curves may not be the most cost-effective way of improving safety. There is also concern that installing additional TCDs with limited or no benefit "might result in disrespect at those locations where the device is needed and appropriate." (2009 MUTCD, Section 1A.06) Task 1. Review Pertinent Literature. The objective of this task is to identify the state of design practice regarding traffic control devices for curves and synthesize the existing information. Task 2. Survey of State Practice. The objective of this task is to identify what policies, standards, or guidelines states follow in determining the traffic control devices that are to be used for horizontal curves. Task 3. Survey of States' Drivers Manuals. The objective of this task is to better understand the information contained in driver manuals and how modifications, based on the research results, might be incorporated to improve driver education and understanding of traffic control devices along curves. Task 4. Conduct Driver Behavior Pilot Testing. The objective of this task is to conduct a pilot test of driver behavior metrics along a winding stretch of rural two-lane highway to better understand how unfamiliar (and familiar) drivers react to various combinations of traffic control devices. Task 5. Determine Feasibility of Conducting Crash-Based Analysis. The objective of this task is to assess the feasibility of conducting a crash-based analysis by developing a draft data collection and analysis plan. This plan includes the study design, identification of study corridors, the procedure for data collection, and the intended data reduction. The plan would be developed in sufficient detail to establish that the execution of the plan will produce the needed results. Task 6. Prepare Phase I Deliverables and Panel Meeting. The objective of this task is to develop and submit an interim report, provide review time, and conduct a panel meeting. Task 7. Conduct Driver Behavior Studies. The objective of this task is to implement the driver behavior data collection and analysis plan tested and refined in Phase I. The purpose of the experiment outlined here is to better understand how unfamiliar drivers use various singular and multiple traffic control devices. Task 8. Conduct Safety Analysis. The objective of this task is to implement the data collection and analysis plan developed in Task 5 and refined by the panel and develop preliminary statistical models for each facility type to relate traffic control devices on curves to crash frequency while accounting for exposure and potential confounding factors. Task 9. Assess Findings from Tasks 7 and 8. The objective of this task is to assess the findings from the driver behavior and safety analysis tasks and use the combined results to identify traffic control performance parameters that will serve as the basis for selecting traffic control recommendations and developing recommended MUTCD language. Task 10. Develop Costs for Treatments. The objective of this task is to compile data on service life cost for the various horizontal curve treatments identified in the literature review, survey of state practices, and treatments evaluated during the course of the project. Task 11. Develop Methodology for Selecting Traffic Control Device Treatments. The objective of this task is to develop a procedure or methodology to be used by a state or local highway official to select from among alternative traffic control devices. Task 12. Develop Deliverables including Guidelines for Traffic Control Devices on Curves. The objective of this task is to develop (1) guidelines for the MUTCD that will be ready for consideration by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (NCUTCD) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA); (2) supplemental material, as appropriate (e.g., for the Institute of Transportation Engineers' (ITE's) Traffic Control Devices Handbook); and (3) the project final report. Revise these materials based on panel comments. KW - Decision making KW - Guidelines KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Installation KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Manuals KW - Traffic control devices UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3156 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472595 AU - Mahmassani, Hani S AU - Kim, Jiwon AU - Hou, Tian AU - Zockaie, Ali AU - Saberi, Meead AU - Jiang, Lan AU - Verbas, Omer AU - Cheng, Sihan AU - Chen, Ying AU - Haas, Robert AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation and Evaluation of Weather Responsive Traffic Estimation and Prediction System PY - 2012/06/18/Final Report SP - 182p AB - The objective of the project is to develop a framework and procedures for implementing and evaluating weather-responsive traffic management (WRTM) strategies using Traffic Estimation and Prediction System (TrEPS) methodologies. In a previous Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) funded project, a methodology was developed and tested for incorporating weather impacts in off-line TrEPS. This capability is now included in on-line TrEPS, which interacts with multiple sources of local real-time information, to provide operators with predicted traffic states under the current and future weather conditions. The main goal is to support the decision making process for addressing the disruptive effect of inclement weather on the traffic system. These tools were developed, applied, calibrated and tested in three different locations across the United States. The networks selected include Salt Lake City, Utah, New York’s Long Island Expressway Area and Chicago, Illinois. In addition to building the networks and developing the various demand and supply inputs, calibration of the traffic models to local weather conditions has provided a rich database of calibrated weather-sensitive traffic models that could be applied in any region. The methodology is configured to run with real-time traffic data (e.g. from loop detectors or remote traffic microwave sensors). The methodology was used to evaluate the effectiveness of different weather-related traffic management strategies in specific areas. The project has successfully demonstrated the potential of a TrEPS installation that is “always on”, up to date and adaptively calibrated to address a range of weather conditions and scenarios, retrievable on demand by local operating agencies through a scenario manager. KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Dynamic traffic assignment KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Long Island (New York) KW - Real time information KW - Road weather information systems KW - Salt Lake City (Utah) KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic models KW - Weather KW - Weather conditions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46357/FHWA-JPO-12-055_FINAL_PKG.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1239156 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489637 TI - SHSP Resource Needs Assessment AB - This project supports an inventory and assessment of existing Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) resources. It will also investigate outreach needs for internal and external customers and develop a gap analysis and scoping for a SHSP toolbox. KW - Highway safety KW - Information management KW - Needs assessment KW - Strategic Highway Safety Plan KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258867 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466555 TI - Highway Traffic Noise Prediction and Analysis Fiscal Year 2012 through Fiscal Year 2015 Federal Aid to Highway Tasks AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Traffic Noise Model (TMN) was developed by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center) for the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Office of Natural Environment to aid in compliance with environmental regulations. The Volpe Center will provide continuing support to this effort by: (1) Completing development and distribution of TMN Version 3.0; (2) Supporting special project analysis and other technical support; and (3) Project management. KW - Environmental policy KW - Project management KW - Regulations KW - Technical assistance KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic Noise Model UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234790 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545922 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 319. Evaluating Applicability of the Dual-Ring Test Procedure for Assessing the Cracking Tendency of Repair Materials AB - The research is complete. The research included an experimental laboratory investigation to evaluate use of the dual-ring test procedure for assessing the cracking tendency of concrete repair materials. The study found the procedure suited for comparing the cracking resistance of different repair materials but not for predicting when cracking is likely to occur. A draft proposed standard test method was prepared for consideration by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation of State Highway Officials (AASHTO) Highway Subcommittee on Materials (SOM), adoption as a provisional standard test method, and inclusion in the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing. The report has been provided to AASHTO staff and the proposed test method has been provided to the chair of SOM's Technical Section 3c, Hardened Concrete, for distribution and review by the members of the technical section. KW - Concrete KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory studies KW - Repairing KW - Test procedures UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3199 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332871 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545233 TI - Best Practices Guidebook for Optimal Construction Inspection AB - In the current era of increasingly scarce highway construction funds, state departments of transportation (DOTs) are struggling to provide effective stewardship of assets and to do more with less. One area of increasing concern is how DOTs are ensuring adequate construction inspection on a growing number of projects with shrinking construction inspection staff (whether in-house, outsourced, or both). The objective of this research is to develop a Best Practices Guidebook for DOTs to produce quality transportation infrastructure using efficient and effective construction engineering inspection processes. KW - Best practices KW - Costs KW - Financing KW - Handbooks KW - Inspection KW - Road construction KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3168 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332752 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01543708 TI - Effectiveness of Traffic Barriers on Non-Level Terrain AB - The objective of this project is to produce comprehensive recommendations for placement of barriers on roadside and median slopes. The guidelines should address all of the common types of barriers used in the United States. The simulation work is approximately halfway complete to develop a crash testing plan. In the 1970s, an analysis of barriers placed on slopes indicated that most guardrails do not perform well when placed on 1:6 or steeper slopes. Since that time, the vehicle fleet has changed dramatically, with the popularity of light trucks and sport utility vehicles increasing dramatically. Further, there has been a significant change in the design of roadside barriers in recent decades. High-tension cable barriers are beginning to gain widespread acceptance, and there have been changes to the traditional W-beam barriers. It is unclear how these changes affect the behavior of longitudinal barriers placed on slopes. Information from the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database indicates that some cross-median crashes have occurred where median barriers were in place. Further, a full-scale crash test has shown that a passenger vehicle can penetrate a cable barrier on the back-slope of a depressed median. With the dramatic increase in use of barriers in depressed medians, a more detailed study of the performance of barriers in depressed medians is needed to achieve acceptable safety performance. The scope of this study does not include barrier terminals. Research tasks are as follows: Task 1. Conduct simulation modeling in accordance with the approved plan developed in National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 22-22. Refine the plan for crash testing. Submit a technical memorandum detailing the results of the simulation modeling and including the refined crash testing plan. Work may proceed while this memorandum is reviewed by NCHRP. Task 2. Conduct crash testing in accordance with the refined plan to verify the results of the simulation modeling. Task 3. Submit a final report that describes the research effort and includes placement guidelines for common types of roadside and median barriers on slopes to provide adequate safety performance for impacting vehicles. The report should include specific recommended changes to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide. Video of the simulation modeling and crash tests should be included on a CD-ROM or DVD. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Location KW - Simulation KW - United States UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3539 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470705 AU - Delaware Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Delaware Transportation Facts 2010 PY - 2012/06/11 SP - 48p AB - This report is a fascinating and informative collection of data that highlights important information related to transportation in Delaware. The facts and figures collected here reinforces the vital role of transportation in our daily lives, as well as the strategic role that transportation plays in Delaware’s economy. The link between a healthy transportation infrastructure and a health state economy is easily recognized. Businesses require a transportation network that is in good condition and meets their needs. Delawareans who use that transportation network to go to and from work and conduct their daily lives have the same need. Without a strong transportation network, attracting and retaining companies and the jobs they provide presents a daunting challenge. Fortunately, these transportation challenges are being met. The role that the Delaware Department of Transportation plays in our daily lives is incredibly large. Whether we drive a car, take a train or bus, or in the course of our employment, use another type of vehicle, DelDOT has some part in it. Traffic controls, safety features along roadways, maintenance of the hundreds of bridges across the state, are all part of DelDOT’s daily mission. And while the department focuses on what is needed for highway safety today, DelDOT is also looking toward the future and new technologies that will benefit all of us in the coming years. This report discusses the following transportation topics: roads and bridges, traffic safety, walking and biking, parking and ridesharing, transit, aviation and nautical, transportation planning and transportation funding. KW - Bridges KW - Cyclists KW - Delaware KW - Pedestrians KW - Ridesharing KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation planning KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/fact_book/pdf/2010/2010_fact_book.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238079 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489638 TI - Implementation of the Focused Approach AB - This project is an annual monitoring of safety-related activities and state touches KW - Highway safety KW - Monitoring KW - Project management KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258868 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545918 TI - Successful Practices in GIS-Based Asset Management AB - State departments of transportation (DOTs) and other transportation agencies are responsible for development, utilization, and maintenance of a spatially distributed system of physical assets. DOT's management structure necessarily is also distributed spatially, but may be more influenced by the specific concerns associated with bridges, pavements, and other particular classes of assets. While the organization's overarching goal is to seek the highest possible return on the public's investment in transportation infrastructure, ensuring that available resources are applied most effectively across asset classes is a continuing challenge. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) actively support the DOT application of transportation asset-management principles and practices, and substantial work has been done to explore and provide guidance on the subject. Application of geographic information system (GIS) technologies to transportation asset management is advancing rapidly through improvements in hardware and software for computation, location measurement, condition assessment and monitoring, and data management protocols. Available technologies offer many new applications that can help DOTs to do their jobs more effectively. The objectives of this research were to (1) develop guidance for how DOTs and other transportation agencies can enhance their asset-management capabilities through effective adoption of GIS technologies and (2) encourage more extensive adoption of GIS technologies by conducting pilot demonstrations and workshops on implementation of GIS-based asset management. The guidance developed is intended to present (a) for senior DOT leadership, the business case for investment in GIS technologies; and (b) for practitioners, information on lessons learned from current practice, approaches to evaluating benefits of adoption of GIS technologies, and strategies for how an agency can effectively apply GIS technologies in transportation asset management. The research team's final report will be published at NCHRP Report 800. KW - Asset management KW - Condition surveys KW - Geographic information systems KW - Infrastructure KW - Monitoring KW - Return on investment KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technological innovations UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3161 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332867 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01543151 TI - Guidance for Achieving Volume Reduction of Highway Runoff in Urban Areas AB - On December 28, 2009, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced plans for rulemaking entitled, "Preliminary Considerations for Modifying/Supplementing EPA's Stormwater Regulations" that will alter the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit requirements. The proposed new rulemaking is based in part on the 2008 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report, Urban Stormwater Management in the United States that documented shortcomings in the program and provided suggestions to correct the identified deficiencies. Final action on the rulemaking is expected by November 2012. Central to the proposed rulemaking and the NAS report is the concept of stormwater discharge volume as a proxy for pollutant loading. The NAS report notes, "Presently … the regulation of stormwater is hampered by its association with a statute that focuses primarily on specific pollutants and ignores the volume of discharges." The report notes that in an idealized regulatory system, "Future land-use development would be controlled to prevent increases in stormwater discharges from predevelopment conditions, and impervious cover and volumetric restrictions would serve as a reliable proxy for stormwater loading from many of these developments." The report also identifies roads and parking lots as the most significant land use with respect to stormwater pollution. The intent of the proposed EPA regulation is to reduce runoff volume from urbanized areas, including highways. However, the reduction in runoff volume from highways in urban areas is problematic. There is limited space in the right-of-way to accomplish infiltration, evapotranspiration, or re-use. Additionally, safety considerations limit the types of stormwater control measures that can be constructed in the right-of-way. Research is needed to develop methods to reduce runoff volumes from existing and new highways to comply with current and potential future NPDES regulation. The objective of this research is to develop guidelines for reducing the runoff volume from limited-access highway facilities in urban areas to meet proposed EPA regulatory requirements. The guidelines should provide assistance to state departments of transportation (DOTs) and other transportation agencies to: (1) Identify or develop viable solutions that can be applied within the highway right-of-way. These could include typical current methods or new and innovative approaches. The solution must be appropriate for specific site conditions (e.g., soil type, climate, utilities, right-of-way constraints, and local hydrology). (2) Evaluate potential solutions by comparing factors such as expected cost, performance, safety, effects on surrounding infrastructure, maintenance requirements, roadway operations, and life span. (3) In cases where it is not feasible or practical to achieve adequate runoff volume reduction within the highway right-of-way, the guidelines should identify and evaluate other approaches and solutions outside the highway right-of-way to reduce the volume of runoff. Contingent upon the extent of guidance that can be provided for items (1) and (2) above, item (3) may be assigned a higher or lower priority. KW - Drainage KW - Guidelines KW - Hydrology KW - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) KW - Regulations KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Runoff KW - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3193 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1330309 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01570490 TI - Recycled Materials Resource Center - Third Generation AB - The goal of the proposed Recycled Materials Resource Center- Third Generation (RMRC-3G) is to provide the resources and activities needed to break down barriers and increase utilization of recycled materials and industrial byproducts. This will be done through carefully integrated and orchestrated activities that include applied research in key areas relevant to transportation applications combined with outreach programs that provide the educational and technical resources needed to maximize the rate at which recycled materials and industrial byproducts are used in transportation applications. RMRC-3G would be supported by a pooled fund and focus specifically on issues of direct relevance to the contributing state departments of transportation (DOTs). The governance structure would include a Board of Directors comprised of representatives of participating State DOTs as well as Stephen R. Mueller, Pavement and Materials Engineer in the Federal Highway Administration's Resource Center in Lakewood, CO. Mr. Mueller was the technical representative and co-Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR) for RMRC-2. The Board would have direct input on the activities and priorities of RMRC-3G through a balloting process tied to the level of contribution provided by each state. Through research projects, workshops and outreach efforts, the RMRC-3G expects to achieve its goal via the accomplishment of the following objectives: (1) Maintain RMRC webpage as an up-to-date resource and be available as a resource to the highway materials and construction community on recycled materials. (2) Define, conduct or manage critical recycled materials research that will support and improve the sustainability of transportation systems construction. (3) Collect and share information between state agencies that will improve the understanding of recycled materials and the appropriate applications. (4) Reach out to and share ideas with private sector producers of recycled materials on approaches to making their availability, quality control, and delivery more smoothly. (5) Define a system of regionally significant recycled materials and establish performance expectations for those materials in various applications that will guide and enhance their use and management. (6) Evaluate and recommend effective technologies and other roadway appurtenances from a recycled materials perspective and in a manner that supports the reliable, efficient, safe and sustainable use of construction materials. (7) Identify issues or bottlenecks that frustrate the wide spread use of recycled materials and then taking actions, individually or as a group, to improve those conditions. (8) Actively contribute to the development of specifications and guidelines through the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (9) Organize webinars and workshops on critical recycled materials. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway maintenance KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycled Materials Resource Center KW - Road construction KW - Sustainable development UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/499 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1362131 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545227 TI - Material Properties of Cold In-Place Recycled and Full-Depth Reclamation Asphalt Concrete for Pavement Design AB - In recent years, many state highway agencies and the Federal Highway Administration have placed increasing emphasis on sustainability and recycling. In addition, with the current rapid escalation of the costs for building with virgin highway materials, there is a growing interest in making maximum use of existing pavement assets in rehabilitation strategies. Although there has been much research and testing efforts with warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies and the use of hot mix asphalt (HMA) with high reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content, minimal resources have been focused on exploring the advantages of cold-recycling technology, particularly cold in-place recycling (CIR) and full-depth reclamation (FDR). National Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 421: Recycling and Reclamation of Asphalt Pavements Using In-Place Methods, defines CIR of asphalt concrete (AC) as cold milling of the surface and remixing with the addition of asphalt emulsion, portland cement, foamed asphalt, or other additives to improve the properties of the RAP, followed by placing and compacting the new mix in one continuous operation. The synthesis defines FDR as a process that pulverizes an existing asphalt pavement along with one or more inches of the underlying base or subgrade; the pulverized material is mixed with or without additional binders, additives, or water, and then placed, graded, and compacted to provide an improved base layer for placement of surface layers. Recent dramatic improvements in asphalt emulsion chemistry that enable better aggregate coating, shorter curing times, and the elimination of solvents have substantially increased the applicability of these mixtures. These improvements have made CIR of AC and FDR of AC with aggregate base more viable rehabilitation alternatives at a time when there are increasingly more existing roads with deep-rooted distresses and limited highway budgets to provide for their total reconstruction. Unfortunately, there is minimal information on the material properties of CIR and FDR AC available to facilitate the structural design of pavements incorporating stabilized base materials produced with these processes. In particular, the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) developed under NCHRP Project 1-37A and now available as the AASHTOWare DARWin-ME program provides little if any guidance for using these processes. The objective of this research is to propose material properties and associated test methods and distress models for predicting the performance of pavement layers prepared with CIR of AC and FDR of AC with aggregate base and minimal amounts of subgrade material using asphalt-based materials. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3164 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332746 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573247 TI - Rapid Load Rating of Concrete Bridges AB - The project will develop a tentative technical approach identifying what, how, when, where, and for how long data needs to be collected, as well as how it might be used to produce ratings. The statistical and reliability theories employed by the Load and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) Specifications shall be reviewed for requirements and restrictions applicable to processes or procedures for the actual collection of data when developing this plan.After the plan has been approved by the Contracting Officer Technical Representative (COTR), the contractor shall conduct market research on sensors and data gathering technologies to determine if there are commercially available systems that will collect long-term field measurements of bridge data (strains and possibly deflections) under regular highway/roadway traffic. These sensors and data collection systems shall have the capability of gathering the data without having to impede traffic with lane closures or other forms of work zone traffic control. Rating equations and possible algorithms shall be developed. The equations and algorithms shall also utilize the statistical and reliability theory employed by the LRFR Specifications to produce reliability-based load ratings. Laboratory tests will be performed for validation of the equipment for use in the field without impact to traffic. After laboratory validation of the sensors and data collection systems and tools, field measurements will be taken with actual bridge traffic; however, consideration will be given to a heavy moving test load mixed with traffic, without interruption to traffic and without lane closures. A final report will document the entire research effort, including an American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) ballot item to be presented to AASHTO T-18 for consideration and possible incorporation into the AASHTO Bridge Evaluation Manual. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Concrete bridges KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Lane closure KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Sensors KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366317 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547485 TI - Effective Project Scoping Practices to Improve On-Time and On-Budget Delivery of Highway Projects AB - Transportation agencies have significantly improved many aspects of project delivery, yet they continue to be challenged by cost increases and time delays that occur after a project is programmed and funded. Increasing or changing the scope of a project to improve facility performance is a common source of cost increases and schedule delays, as is failure to adequately consider project impacts on utilities, communities, or the environment. While evaluating and accommodating risk are essential and ongoing activities throughout the project development process, the negative impacts that scope growth and related problems can have on a highway project's cost and schedule can be minimized if these problems are identified and mitigated early in project development. Industrial and commercial building construction sectors have experienced similar problems with construction project scope growth, cost increases, and time delays that occur after a project has been authorized for detailed design and construction. Recent research in these sectors has produced a structured and systematic process to help owners meet project cost and schedule objectives by defining a project to a suitable level of development prior to authorization of detailed design. Statistical evidence indicates that earlier and more detailed scoping efforts can reduce total design and construction cost by as much as 20%, and shorten total design and construction schedules by as much as 39%. Scoping processes, with supporting indices and tools to calibrate the level of scoping effort required to achieve these results, have become standard procedures that many private U.S. corporations use in their capital facilities development efforts. With modifications, these processes and tools may be transferable to the transportation industry. Transportation projects that are programmed before they are sufficiently defined have a greater risk of increased project cost and/or schedule delays. Because transportation funding is constrained, cost overruns on one project can mean that funding for other projects is reduced or even eliminated. These outcomes can have negative repercussions for transportation agency relationships with the public and legislative bodies. Recognizing that project delivery performance can be improved by using more sophisticated scoping and programming processes tailored to the type of project, a number of state departments of transportation (DOTs) have modified their scoping processes with varying degrees of success. A structured approach that provides guidance on the appropriate level of effort to accomplish these improvements is needed. The objectives of this research are to (1) produce a guidebook that demonstrates how a transportation agency can improve its scoping process and practices, and (2) develop a comprehensive and scalable scoping process template and related tools to support the guidebook that will enable a transportation agency to produce a project cost estimate and schedule that facilitates programming decision making and subsequent project delivery activities. KW - Budgeting KW - Cost estimating KW - Delays KW - Handbooks KW - On time performance KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project delivery UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3162 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334849 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545919 TI - Properties of Foamed Asphalt for Warm Mix Asphalt Applications AB - The objectives of this research are to (1) determine the key properties of foamed asphalt binders that significantly influence the performance of asphalt mixtures and (2) develop laboratory protocols for foaming of asphalt binders and laboratory mixing procedures. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mix design KW - Properties of materials KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3166 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01543084 AU - Cushman, David AU - Klein, Terry AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - SRI Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Planning for Environmental Linkages for Historic Preservation PY - 2012/06/01 SP - 55p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and state and local transportation agencies are working hard to deliver projects more quickly and efficiently, and for less cost. Many state departments of transportation (DOTs) and local transportation planning organizations have developed innovative programs to help them achieve these goals. Several of these programs focus on streamlining compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and improving historic resource stewardship, through the early consideration of historic preservation factors in planning and early project development. These programs are consistent with the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) "Every Day Counts" initiative to identify and implement innovative practices that expedite project delivery, enhance roadway safety, and protect the environment. An important element of the "Every Day Counts" initiative is FHWA’s Planning and Environment Linkages (PEL) program. PEL encourages the use of information developed in transportation system planning to inform the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) review process. PEL also is consistent with the regulations implementing Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (i.e., 36 CFR Part 800). This report was prepared in support of the FHWA "Every Day Counts" initiative. Presented are case studies showcasing effective state DOT and local transportation agency programs that consider historic preservation factors in planning and early project development. The achievements of these agencies and the lessons they have learned can serve as guidance for other agencies who may be thinking about developing and implementing similar programs. The majority of the case studies included in this report were originally showcased in a 2009 National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) report entitled NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 49, "Effective Practices for Considering Historic Preservation in Transportation Planning and Early Project Development." The current report updates the results of the NCHRP Task 49 study and provides analysis on the effectiveness and benefits of these programs. KW - Case studies KW - Compliance KW - Environmental protection KW - Environmental stewardship KW - Historic preservation KW - National Environmental Protection Act of 1969 KW - National Historic Preservation Act KW - Project delivery KW - Project development KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/histpres/HistPres_PEL_report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329079 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01541913 TI - Short-Term Laboratory Conditioning of Asphalt Mixtures AB - The objective of this research is to develop procedures and associated criteria for short-term laboratory conditioning of asphalt mixtures for mix design and performance testing to simulate the effects of (1) plant mixing and processing to the point of loading in the transport truck and (2) the initial period of field performance. These procedures and criteria shall be representative of the asphalt production facilities and production temperatures (approximately 240 to 340°F) currently found for asphalt mixtures. KW - Asphalt content KW - Binders KW - Deformation KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3165 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01518947 AU - Lee, Landris T AU - U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State Study 151 and 236: Yazoo Clay Investigation PY - 2012/06/01/Final Report SP - 260p AB - Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDoT) State Study 236 was assigned to the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) to analyze MDoT-furnished data, perform testing of Yazoo clay soil samples, and provide guidance concerning Yazoo clay identification and characterization. The first tasked portion was to analyze Yazoo clay data previously collected by MDoT researchers in order to finalize an antecedent study (MDoT State Study 151). The second portion was to conduct and document a lab testing program to include descriptions of test methods, analysis of results, conclusions, and recommendations. KW - Clay soils KW - Expansive clays KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mississippi KW - Recommendations KW - Soil mechanics KW - Test procedures UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20151%20and%20236%20Yazoo%20Clay%20Investigation.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300323 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01505869 TI - Effectiveness of Work Zone Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) AB - In the last decade, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies have been deployed in work zones by state departments of transportation (DOTs) to improve traffic operations and safety. Also known as Smart Work Zone Systems these deployments provide real-time information to travelers, monitor traffic conditions, and manage incidents. Although, there have been numerous ITS deployments in work zones to date, the evaluation of the effectiveness of these deployments has not been well documented. To justify the continuous development and implementation of work zone ITS, there is a need to determine the ITS effectiveness for specific work zone projects in terms of traffic diversion rate, delay, crash rate, queue, and speed management. In addition, there is a need to define threshold criteria for traffic volumes, work zone duration, and other work zone characteristics to help determine when implementing smart work zone systems will be beneficial to the agencies. And there is a need to provide consistent measures of performance so that ITS technologies can be compared with each other and against baselines. The main goal of the proposed research is to develop a procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of work zone ITS for specific work zone projects. KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident management KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Real time information KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/smartwz/projects/details.cfm?projectID=101 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610888 AU - Holmes, Jonathan AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Method to Remove Raised-Pavement Markers (RPMs) From Road Surfaces PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 91p AB - The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) uses raised pavement markers (RPMs) widely on roads throughout the State to increase road safety. Each of the approximate 3 million RPMs in Georgia was placed manually. Unfortunately, RPMs do not last as long as the road surface meaning they need to be replaced several times throughout the life of a road. There is a strong desire to remove the RPMs prior to placing new ones. GDOT contracted with the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) for a feasibility study of new methods of removing RPMs. Currently, RPM removal is a manually intensive process. To remove RPMs, workers use either a reciprocating chisel or an eradicator/scarifier. The approach that GTRI proposed was to use a high speed machining technique to mill the marker off of the road surface. This technique had not been attempted before and the machining rates were well beyond standard machining operations published in literature. Due to the unknowns, a prototype cutting cell was developed that demonstrated the ability to machine markers as proposed. This operation of the concept was confirmed through testing but some challenges that were highlighted from testing are discussed. Lastly, a conceptual design was completed that contains features needed to adapt the laboratory prototype into a mobile platform such as a truck. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Georgia KW - Machining KW - Milling KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Prototypes KW - Road markings UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/10-25.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1422583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587155 AU - Anderson, Keith W AU - Uhlmeyer, Jeff S AU - Sexton, Tim AU - Russell, Mark AU - Weston, Jim AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Long-Term Pavement Performance and Noise Characteristics of Open-Graded Friction Courses PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 113p AB - This report describes the first of three experimental installations of open-graded friction course (OGFC) “quieter pavements” designed to reduce the noise generated at the tire/pavement interface. Experimental sections of OGFC were built using asphalt rubber (AR) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer modified asphalt binders. A section of conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) served as the control section for the two experimental sections. The noise level of the OGFC-AR test section was audibly quieter than the HMA control section for only a period of four months after construction. The OGFC-SBS section was not initially audibly quieter than the HMA but attained that level of noise reduction for brief periods of time that extended to fourteen months after construction. The OGFC test sections were prone to excessive raveling and rutting, especially the OGFC-AR test section which in places wore through to the underlying pavement. The OGFC-AR test section was removed in the fall of 2010 after only four years of service due to safety concerns with vehicles having to cross the deep ruts during shifts of traffic necessary for the construction of new ramps for the Alderwood Mall interchange. Open graded friction course quieter pavements are not recommended for use in Washington State due to the short duration of their noise mitigation properties and higher life cycle cost. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Friction course KW - Life cycle costing KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Quiet pavements KW - Rutting KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Tire/pavement noise KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/683.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1394959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01535672 AU - Terfehr, Justin AU - Ksaibati, Khaled AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating Department of Transportation’s Research Programs: A Methodology and Case Study PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 120p AB - An effective research program within a transportation organization can be a valuable asset to accomplish the goals of the overall mission. Determining whether a research program is pursuing relevant research projects and obtaining results for the sponsoring organization has been a challenge in the past. This report will present a methodology for conducting an evaluation of a research program within a transportation agency. The methodology provides ten performance measures that are used to summarize the findings of the evaluation. These performance measures are quantifiable, meaning they are designed to place a score or value on the accomplishments of the research program which can then be used to make managerial decisions for the research program. The developed methodology was implemented for the Wyoming Department of Transportation’s (WYDOT's) Research Program to demonstrate how the methodology can be utilized. Specific recommendations and conclusions for the WYDOT Research Program are presented in the final chapter of this report. Final recommendations for implementing the methodology for any other agency looking to perform an evaluation of their research program are also presented in the final chapter of this report. KW - Case studies KW - Evaluation KW - Methodology KW - Performance measurement KW - Research management KW - Research projects KW - Wyoming Department of Transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51882/FHWA_1202F_RS_03211_Evaluating_DOT_REsearch_Programs.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1317678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508895 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Grand Parkway (State Highway 99) segment B from SH 288 to IH 45, Brazoria and Galveston counties : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/06//Volumes held: Draft (2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01499695 AU - Holland, R Brett AU - Moser, Robert AU - Kahn, Lawrence AU - Singh, Preet AU - Kurtis, Kimberly AU - Georgia Institute of Technology AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Durability of Precast Prestressed Concrete Piles in Marine Environment: Reinforcement Corrosion and Mitigation, Part 2 PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - v.p. AB - The overall purpose of this research was to determine methods which may be applied economically to mitigate corrosion of reinforcement in precast prestressed concrete piles in Georgia’s marine environments. The research was divided into two parts, reported in volumes 1 and 2: (1) to develop and evaluate concrete mix designs to prolong service lives of precast prestressed concrete piles in aggressive marine environments, and (2) to assess the potential of using stainless steel for prestressing reinforcement and to compare the strength and corrosion resistance of stainless steel strand to conventional prestressing strand. Studies of piles from Georgia’s coastal environment showed that the brackish waters caused both sulfate attack of the cement paste and biological attack to limestone aggregate. Use of granite aggregate, Type II cement, class F fly ash and slag are recommended. For corrosion resistance and high strength, the best, readily accessible stainless steel alloys were 2205 and 2304. Actual production of stainless steel wire and strand showed that induction heating, while the strand was under tension, increased the strand strength and lowered the relaxation from about 8% to about 2.5% for both 2205 and 2304. The presence of crevices in normal A416 prestressing strand geometry significantly increased and accelerated corrosion as compared with plain wires. Strands made with Grades 2205 and 2304 developed ultimate tensile strengths of 242 ksi and 261 ksi, respectively; but the 2304 exhibited notch sensitivity at the prestressing grips, and its use is not recommended in production at this time. KW - Coasts KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Durability KW - Georgia KW - Mix design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Salt water areas KW - Service life KW - Stainless steel UR - http://www.dot.ga.gov/BuildSmart/research/Documents/GDOT%20RP%2010-26%20Final%20Report%20Pile%20Durability%20Part%202%20Vol%202.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1267719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496674 AU - Rakha, Hesham A AU - Ahn, Kyoungho AU - Park, Sangjun AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AERIS: Eco-Driving Application Development and Testing PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 47p AB - This exploratory study investigates the potential of developing an Eco-Driving application that utilizes an eco-cruise control (ECC) system within state-of-the-art car-following models. The research focuses on integrating predictive cruise control and optimal vehicle acceleration and deceleration controllers within car-following models to minimize vehicle fuel consumption levels. This system makes use of topographic information, spacing to lead vehicle, and a desired (or target) vehicle speed and distance headway as input variables. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Algorithms KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Car following KW - Cruise control KW - Deceleration KW - Ecodriving KW - Fuel consumption KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Vehicle spacing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/47000/47500/47598/Final_Package_Eco-Driving-Applications_V3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01495870 AU - Proctor, Gordon D AU - Varma, Shobna AU - Gordon Proctor and Associates, Incorporated AU - StarIsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Risk-Based Transportation Asset Management Literature Review PY - 2012/06//Oct. 2011 to Feb. 2012 SP - 46p AB - This literature review summarizes existing research, publications and proceedings relating to risk management and how it can be applied to transportation asset management (TAM.) The review examines domestic sources from the public and private sectors, as well as reports from international public sector agencies. This report provides background for a series of five reports on how risk management can be incorporated into TAM. KW - Accountability KW - Asset management KW - Literature reviews KW - Risk management KW - Security KW - Sustainable infrastructure UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/pubs/hif12036.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01495868 AU - Proctor, Gordon AU - Varma, Shobna AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Risk-Based Transportation Asset Management: Evaluating Threats, Capitalizing on Opportunities: Report 1: Overview of Risk Management PY - 2012/06 SP - 44p AB - As the United states considers developing risk-based transportation asset management (TAM) plans, agencies will need to understand risk and how it can be used to improve decision making in asset management programs. This is the first of five reports that define risk, explain risk management and examine their application to TAM both in the U.S. and abroad. This first report provides an overview of risk management as applied to managing physical assets. KW - Asset management KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Risk assessment KW - Risk management KW - Threats KW - Transportation infrastructure UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/pubs/hif12035.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01488497 AU - Garder, Jessica A AU - Ng, Kam W AU - Sritharan, Sri AU - Roling, Matthew J AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Database for Drilled SHAft Foundation Testing (DSHAFT) PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 82p AB - Drilled shafts have been used in the United States for more than 100 years in bridges and buildings as a deep foundation alternative. For many of these applications, the drilled shafts were designed using the Working Stress Design (WSD) approach. Even though WSD has been used successfully in the past, a move toward Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for foundation applications began when the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) issued a policy memorandum on June 28, 2000. The policy memorandum requires all new bridges initiated after October 1, 2007, to be designed according to the LRFD approach. This ensures compatibility between the superstructure and substructure designs, and provides a means of consistently incorporating sources of uncertainty into each load and resistance component. Regionally-calibrated LRFD resistance factors are permitted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to improve the economy and competitiveness of drilled shafts. To achieve this goal, a database for Drilled SHAft Foundation Testing (DSHAFT) has been developed. DSHAFT is aimed at assimilating high quality drilled shaft test data from Iowa and the surrounding regions, and identifying the need for further tests in suitable soil profiles. This report introduces DSHAFT and demonstrates its features and capabilities, such as an easy-to-use storage and sharing tool for providing access to key information (e.g., soil classification details and cross-hole sonic logging reports). DSHAFT embodies a model for effective, regional LRFD calibration procedures consistent with PIle LOad Test (PILOT) database, which contains driven pile load tests accumulated from the state of Iowa. PILOT is now available for broader use at the project website: http://srg.cce.iastate.edu/lrfd/. DSHAFT, available in electronic form at http://srg.cce.iastate.edu/dshaft/, is currently comprised of 32 separate load tests provided by Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri and Nebraska state departments of transportation and/or department of roads. In addition to serving as a manual for DSHAFT and providing a summary of the available data, this report provides a preliminary analysis of the load test data from Iowa, and will open up opportunities for others to share their data through this quality–assured process, thereby providing a platform to improve LRFD approach to drilled shafts, especially in the Midwest region. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Drilled shafts KW - Iowa KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load tests KW - Manuals UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/DSHAFT_Final_Report_June_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1257199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482535 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Coordination with Railroads to Facilitate Acquisition of ROW PY - 2012/06 SP - 77p AB - It has been observed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Real Estate Services (HEPR) that there has been an emerging national trend for increasingly difficult and time consuming right-of-way (ROW) access agreements and acquisitions of smaller parcels from railroads. The frequent complaint is that railroads are slow to process requests for access rights and State Departments of Transportation (SDOTs) have a difficult time reaching an amicable negotiated settlement. FHWA has determined that it would be a worthy research effort to explore ways in which SDOT ROW access agreements and real estate acquisitions from railroads could be expedited to the benefit of all stakeholders and the safety and convenience of the traveling public. This project will be confined to research of this problem in the northeastern United States, specifically those states through which the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) operations its Northeast Corridor. The purpose of this research is to develop approaches which will be useful to acquiring agencies as they advance ROW access and land acquisition programs. This includes identifying the best ways to use HEPR resources to help SDOTs and other local public agencies successfully and expeditiously achieve railroad access agreements and acquisitions consistent with the provisions of the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisitions Policies Act of 1970 as amended, also known as the Uniform Act (UA). Objectives of this project were to identify strategies and institutional agreements that will facilitate beneficial relationships between railroad companies and public agencies; and identify barriers to an effective agreement process and propose remedies. Key observations, findings and best practice opportunities for DOTs are included, as well as opportunities and potential next steps for FHWA. KW - Best practices KW - Coordination KW - Northeast Corridor KW - Northeastern United States KW - Property acquisition KW - Railroads KW - Right of way (Land) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/real_estate/publications/row_railroad_coordination/finalacqrow.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/48000/48100/48199/finalacqrow.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481181 AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laredo District Laredo-Coahuila/Nuevo León/Tamaulipas Border Master Plan PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 225p AB - Border Master Plans document a region’s needs and priorities, and recommend a mechanism to ensure coordination on current and planned future port of entry (POE) projects and supporting transportation infrastructure to serve the anticipated demand imposed by a growing population and an increase in economic activity in the study area. The objectives of the Laredo-Coahuila/Nuevo León/Tamaulipas Border Master Plan were to: (1) design a stakeholder agency involvement process that is inclusive and ensure the participation of all involved in POE projects and the transportation infrastructure serving those POEs; (2) increase the understanding of the POE and transportation planning processes on both sides of the border; (3) develop and implement a plan for prioritizing and promoting POE and related transportation projects, including evaluation criteria and rankings over the short, medium and long term; and (4) establish a process to ensure continued dialogue among federal, state, regional, and local stakeholder agencies in Texas and Mexico to ensure continued coordination on current and future POE and supporting transportation infrastructure needs and projects. KW - Border regions KW - International borders KW - Laredo (Texas) KW - Master plans KW - Nuevo Leon (Mexico) KW - Ports of entry KW - Stakeholders KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas-Mexico Border region KW - Transportation planning KW - United States-Mexico Border UR - http://www.borderplanning.fhwa.dot.gov/documents/LaredoBMP_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01480519 AU - Bonaquist, Ramon AU - Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Flow Number (Fn) as a Discriminating HMA Mixture Property PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 110p AB - This research investigated the use of the flow number in asphalt concrete mixture design and acceptance. It included: (1) a review of completed research concerning the flow number and the effect of mixture composition on rutting resistance, (2) an evaluation of Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) criteria for mixture design and acceptance based on relationships between mixture composition and rutting resistance developed in National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Projects 9-25, 9-31, and 9-33, (3) a laboratory experiment to evaluate the effect of changes in asphalt content and filler content on rutting resistance as measured by the flow number, and (4) a laboratory experiment to develop flow number criteria for intersection mixtures. Recommendations and criteria for using the flow number test in mixture design and acceptance were developed. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Flow number KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Performance measurement KW - Rutting UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/WisDOT-WHRP-project-0092-09-01-final-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1249187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478149 AU - Zaniewski, John P AU - Yan, Yu AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Density, Bulk Specific Gravity and Permeability PY - 2012/06 SP - 128p AB - This research examined the density and permeability of samples from both field trials and a laboratory experiment. The NCAT permeameter was used to evaluate infiltration rates for both existing pavements, rehabilitation projects and for fog seals. There was some measurement success with the existing pavements and fog sealed surfaces and a distinct reduction in permeability was achieved with the fog seals. Measurements on new construction failed as the meter could not be properly sealed to the surface. Field density measurements from standard and thin lift nuclear gauges were compared to cores from the same location. The need to develop calibration factors for the nuclear gauges using cores was demonstrated. Laboratory densities were measured using the conventional SSD method (AASHTO T 166) and the CoreLok method (AASHTO T 331). This research demonstrated the T331 method should be used when the absorption of the sample is greater than one percent. The permeability of several mix designs were evaluated in the laboratory. In general, the rule of thumb that permeability greatly increases as air voids increase past eight percent was verified. However, lab evaluation of field cores indicates permeability is a potential problem at air voids as low as six percent. KW - Air voids KW - CoreLok KW - Density KW - Field tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Permeability KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://www2.cemr.wvu.edu/~wwwasph/wvdohreports/HMAC%20Density,%20Gmb%20and%20Permeability-Yan%2006-2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1247187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01476695 AU - Murphy, Ray AU - Swick, Ryan AU - Hamilton, Booz Allen AU - Guevara, Gabe AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices for Road Weather Management. Version 3.0 PY - 2012/06 SP - 92p AB - On average, there are over 6,301,000 vehicle crashes each year. Twenty-four percent of these crashes – approximately 1,511,000 – are weather-related, resulting in 7,130 fatalities and 629,000 injuries. In spite of these statistics, there is a perception that transportation managers can do little about weather. However, three types of mitigation measures may be employed in response to environmental threats: advisory; control; and treatment strategies. Advisory strategies provide information on prevailing and predicted conditions to both transportation managers and motorists. Control strategies alter the state of roadway devices to permit or restrict traffic flow and regulate roadway capacity. Treatment strategies supply resources to roadways to minimize or eliminate weather impacts. Many treatment strategies involve coordination of traffic, maintenance, and emergency management agencies. These road weather management strategies are employed in response to various weather threats including fog, high winds, snow, rain, ice, flooding, tornadoes, hurricanes, and avalanches. This report contains 27 case studies of systems in 22 states that improve roadway operations under inclement weather conditions. Each case study has six sections including a general description of the system, system components, operational procedures, resulting transportation outcomes, implementation issues, as well as contact information and references. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Emergency management KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Road weather information systems KW - State departments of transportation KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12046/fhwahop12046.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/47000/47800/47832/fhwahop12046.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475808 AU - Boriboonsomsin, Kanok AU - Sheckler, Ross AU - Barth, Matthew AU - University of California, Riverside AU - Calmar Telematics LLC AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - AERIS: Assessment and Fusion of Commercial Vehicle Electronic Control Unit (ECU) Data for Real-Time Emission Modeling PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 51p AB - Heavy-duty trucks (HDTs) play a significant role in the freight transportation sector in the United States. However, they consume a vast amount of fuel and are a significant source of both greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant emissions. In order to properly design strategies to reduce energy and environmental impacts of HDTs, accurate data of their fuel consumption and emissions are required, preferably in real-time. One of the important sources of these data is the on-board electronic control units (ECUs) that can provide hundreds of vehicle and engine operating parameters. This report investigates how data items from ECUs, such as engine speed, engine load, and fuel flow rate, might be collected and what value these data items might have in studying the environmental issues associated with highway transportation and in the development of advanced applications, such as real-time emission modeling and reporting system, to manage these issues. KW - Applications for the Environment: Real-Time Information Synthesis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Electronic control units KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Pollutants KW - Real time information UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46187/FINAL_PKG_FHWA-JPO-12-051.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01474176 AU - McCormack, Sarah M AU - Van Dyke, Chris AU - Suazo, Ashley AU - Kreis, Doug AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Temporary Flood Barriers PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 51p AB - This report investigates the use and effectiveness of temporary flood barriers (TFBs) to mitigate the impacts of flood waters on Kentucky's roadways. TFBs are structures, usually filled with sand, which are constructed along the edges of roadways and thus serve as a buffer against rising waters. In doing so, they can protect the structural soundness of roads, and ensure that roads remain open to traffic during flood events. The report is divided into four main sections. The first chapter introduces the concept of TFBs and notes situations in which they have been effectively deployed. The second chapter surveys the different kinds of TFBs currently available on the market and advances recommendations regarding which types are the most efficient and cost effective options for Kentucky. After this, the report investigates 8 potential sites at which TFBs may be deployed, in Kentucky's Highway Districts 1 and 2. Two sites are recommended for further testing and potential implementation, and two alternative sites are suggested in case the preferred sites prove unworkable. The fourth chapter briefly explores the legal issues related to TFB usage. Because of the potential liability issues involved, to avoid legal action being taken against state employees in the case of TFBs failing and causing damage to adjacent property, the report recommends subcontracting the installation and maintenance of TFBs out to private entities. A final chapter summarizes all of the conclusions and recommendations of this report, and suggests that the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet move forward by (a) inviting manufacturers to demonstrate their products onsite; and (b) developing, in consultation with emergency managers and other officials at the local level, a comprehensive flood mitigation strategy that incorporates TFBs. KW - Emergency management KW - Flood protection KW - Floods KW - Kentucky KW - Legal factors KW - Temporary barriers UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/12/KTC_12_14_SPR_448_11_1F-Temporary-Flood-Barrier.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01473054 AU - Kropp, Ramsey AU - Cramer, Steven M AU - Anderson, Marc AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laboratory Study of High Performance Curing Compounds for Concrete Pavements – Phase I PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 53p AB - Three emulsion-type and two sealing-type curing compounds were evaluated for their ability to impart freeze-thaw scaling resistance, and restrict evaporation, carbonation and chloride penetration to concrete specimens prepared to represent common pavement situations. Two coarse aggregate types and three cementitious material situations were the main variables in addition to the five membrane forming curing compounds (MFCC’s). The final finishing and curing compound applications occurred at a fixed-time of two hours after casting. Coarse aggregate type had little or no influence on the results but the effectiveness of the MFCCs varied with the mix type. Slag cement and fly ash mixtures displayed considerably higher levels of scaling than the ordinary portland cement mix. In addition to the base durability of each type of concrete, observed differences were also likely the result of different levels of paste moisture at the surface at the time the curing compounds were applied. The moisture sealing ability of the curing compounds did not correlate with the tendency to protect from freeze-thaw scaling, suggesting that the MFCCs alter the surface layer of the concrete in multiple ways. Overall the acrylic sealing compound provided the best protection. The interaction between the MFCC and the concrete surface is complex. These results show it is not simply a question of the effectiveness of the MFCC in sealing but rather a question of the resulting microstructure at the surface of the concrete following application of the MFCC. Thus effective concrete curing guidelines should consider the mix type and the state of the concrete surface at the time of MFCC application. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Curing agents KW - Evaporation KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Laboratory studies KW - Scaling (Concrete) KW - Slag cement UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/project?id=57 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1239131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472497 AU - Campbell, John L AU - Cluett, Christopher AU - Gopalakrishna, Deepak AU - Lichty, Monica G AU - Battelle Seattle Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Testing and Evaluation of Preliminary Design Guidelines for Disseminating Road Weather Advisory & Control Information PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 72p AB - The tremendous growth in the amount of available weather and road condition information, including devices that gather weather information, models and forecasting tools for predicting weather conditions, and electronic devices used by travelers, has led the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to develop effective and specific guidelines for communicating road weather information in a way that is consistent with what travelers need, want, and will use when making travel decisions. This project builds upon the earlier Human Factors Analysis of Road Weather Advisory and Control Information project which was initiated to assist transportation officials in communicating both pre-trip and enroute road weather information effectively, consistently, and timely to meet the needs of travelers for different weather conditions and travel scenarios. This earlier project resulted in preliminary guidelines. For the current effort, these preliminary guidelines were disseminated to a broad group of transportation and road weather officials for review and use. These reviewers included staff from private agencies and State Department of Transportation (DOT) staff working at Traffic Management Centers (TMCs). Evaluation of the guidelines followed through end user surveys, on-site interviews and discussions, and application of the preliminary guidelines to assess their suitability and effectiveness for traffic operations. Valuable feedback provided by these end users was used to modify the preliminary guidelines and develop the revised guidelines. This report documents the work of the completed project. The revised guidelines are available as Report No. FHWA-JPO-12-046. KW - Guidelines KW - Information dissemination KW - Road weather information systems KW - Surveys KW - Weather conditions KW - Weather forecasting UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46358/FHWA-JPO-12-073_FINAL_PKG.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1239165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470003 AU - Rao, Shreenath AU - Littleton, Paul AU - Mallela, Jagannath AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Missouri Demonstration Project: Design-Build Procurement Process for Construction on I-29/35 (kcICON) in Kansas City, MO PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 82p AB - As part of a national initiative sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration under the Highways for LIFE (HfL) program, the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) was awarded a $1 million grant to demonstrate the use of innovative technologies for the design-build procurement process. This report documents the contracting method used to encourage contractor innovation and promote fast construction of several bridges, ramps, sound walls, and pavement sections on a 4-mile portion of Interstate 29/35, a six-lane interstate highway in North Kansas City, MO and Kansas City, MO. This project included the construction of the landmark Christopher S. Bond bridge across the Missouri River. This report includes contracting details of the construction project with specifics on steps MoDOT and the contractor took to make timely decisions, minimize project delays, improve safety, and reduce costs, including details on the quality management program, additional applicable standards, and equal or better change proposals. The report also describes the project construction, including safety improvements and steps MoDOT and the contractor took to engage stakeholders. Details of the experiences of MoDOT and the contractor are also included. MoDOT’s overall conclusion was that the project was successful and the agency would use design-build at fixed-cost contracting on future projects when appropriate. Construction costs for the I-29/35 kcICON project would have likely placed traditional delivery and construction methods (baseline) at $23.3 million (low estimate) to $50.5 million (high estimate) more than the as-built case ($232 million). Moreover, delivering the project in only 2.75 years (compared to 8-plus years for traditional methods) saved highway users an estimated $11.4 million in delay costs and $27.5 million in safety costs. Therefore, the estimated total savings from using the innovative HfL project delivery approach range from $62.1 million to $89.4 million. In other words, the innovative approach to this $232 million corridor improvement project had a 27 to 39% cost benefit over traditional methods. Highway users also benefited from the increased capacity 5-plus years earlier than if traditional methods were used. KW - Christopher S. Bond Bridge KW - Construction management KW - Contracting KW - Design build KW - Economic analysis KW - Fixed costs KW - Highways for LIFE KW - Interstate highways KW - Kansas City (Missouri) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hfl/summary/pdfs/mo_i29_i35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469942 AU - Khattak, Aemal AU - Luo, Zheng AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Mid-America Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Safety Improvements at Highway-Railroad Crossing for Pedestrians and Bicyclist and the Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Centerline Curbing PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 73p AB - The focus of this research was on assessing the long-term effectiveness of median barriers at highway-rail grade crossings (HRGCs), the impacts of barrier maintenance in resurrecting safety, and on exploring and assessing ways to improve pedestrian and bicyclist safety at HRGCs. Nebraska has about 7,000 HRGCs and each one represents a potential conflict point among trains and highway users, i.e., motorists, pedestrians, and bicyclists. Safety at HRGCs is compromised when highway users resort to unsafe maneuvers, such as passing around closed gates when trains are approaching. Gate-related violations by motorists, pedestrians, and bicyclists were studied at three selected HRGCs in Waverly, Fremont, and Lincoln, all cities located in Nebraska. The barrier at the Waverly HRGC was removed after being in place for a long time while the dilapidated barrier at the Fremont HRGC was revived through maintenance. An educational activity focused on pedestrians and bicyclists at the Fremont HRGC was evaluated for reducing gate violations. Removal of the barrier in Waverly contributed to greater frequency of unsafe maneuvers by motorists. Specifically, the frequencies of aggregate unsafe maneuvers (i.e., the sum of motorist gate rush, U-turn and backup), as well as gate rush and U-turn, increased after barrier removal. Safety deteriorated over the long-term at the Fremont HRGC while maintenance resurrected safety by reducing the frequency of passing around fully lowered gates by 30-50%. Regarding the effects of the educational campaign focused on pedestrians and bicyclists at the Fremont HRGC, the drive successfully reduced passing around fully lowered gates by about 39%. The recommendations from this research include emphasis on maintenance of barriers in top condition after installation and educational campaigns focused on pedestrians and bicyclists for safety improvements at HRGCs. KW - Center lines KW - Cyclists KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance KW - Median barriers KW - Nebraska KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety education UR - http://nlc1.nlc.state.ne.us/epubs/R6000/B016.0189-2012.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46656/P323_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469918 AU - Hossain, Mustaque AU - Haritha, Musty AU - Sabahfer, Nassim AU - Mid-America Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of High-Volume Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) for Asphalt Pavement Rehabilitation Due to Increased Highway Truck Traffic from Freight Transportation PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 71p AB - A recent rise in asphalt binder prices has led state agencies and contractors to use higher quantities of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Besides being economic, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, RAP can be replaced for a portion of aggregates in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) where quality aggregates are scarce. In this project, the effect of increasing RAP percentage and using fractionated RAP (FRAP) in HMA mixture on moisture resistance, rutting, and fatigue cracking were evaluated. Mixtures with five different RAP and FRAP contents (20%, 30%, and 40% RAP, and 30% and 40% FRAP) were studied. The Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device (HWTD) Test (TEX-242-F), Kansas Standard Test Method KT-56 or modified Lottman Test, and Dynamic Modulus Test (AASHTO TP: 62-03) were used to predict moisture damage, rutting potential and fatigue cracking resistance of the mixes. HMA specimens were prepared based on Superpave HMA mix design criteria for 12.5 mm (1/2 inch) Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size (NMAS) and compacted using the Superpave gyratory compactor. Results of these tests showed that although mixture performance in the laboratory tests declined as the percentage of RAP increased in the mix, even mixtures with 40% RAP passed the minimum requirements in commonly used tests. When RAP is compared with FRAP, FRAP does not seem to improve performance of the HMA mixtures. This was largely confirmed by the statistical analysis. Mixtures with RAP performed more or less the same as or better than the mixtures with FRAP. KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Moisture resistance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Rutting KW - Superpave UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46665/Hossain_452_FINAL_COMBINED.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457370 AU - Abdel-Rahim, Ahmed AU - Khan, Mubassira AU - National Institute for Advanced Transportation Technology AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Potential Crash Reduction Benefits of Safety Improvement Projects – Part A: Shoulder Rumble Strips PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 90p AB - This research provides a comprehensive evaluation of the safety benefits of shoulder rumble strips in rural highways in Idaho. The effectiveness of shoulder rumble strips in reducing the number and severity of run-off-the-road (ROR) crashes was examined based on Idaho’s crash experience for 3 different roadway types: 2-lane rural highways, 4-lane rural highways and rural freeways. All ROR, severe ROR crashes, and truck ROR crashes were analyzed as part of this study. The evaluation was done using two different evaluation methods: Comparison Groups (CG) before-and-after analysis and Empirical Bayes (EB) before-and-after analysis. For cases where control section data was limited or not available, naïve before-and-after analysis was used. Based on Idaho’s crash data, the installation of shoulder rumble strips on 2-lane rural highways resulted in a 15 percent reduction in all ROR crashes and a 74 percent reduction in severe ROR crashes. The benefits seem higher in roadway segments that have little to moderate roadway curvature. For rural freeways, the percent reduction in all ROR crashes and severe ROR crashes was 29 percent and 67 percent, respectively. The big difference between the two numbers is because there seems to be a higher percentage of minor (less severe) crashes on the freeway segments tested. The percent reduction in all ROR crashes and severe ROR crashes when shoulder rumple strips were installed in 4-lane rural highways were 60 percent and 45 percent, respectively, which is statistically significant. Truck crashes in all rural highways also decreased after shoulder rumble strips installation by a range of 42 to 62 percent. KW - Bayesian analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Highway safety KW - Idaho KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Rural highways UR - http://www.webs1.uidaho.edu/niatt/research/Final_Reports/KLK556_RP191Final.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46349/RP191Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457120 AU - Ley, Tyler AU - Felice, Robert AU - Freeman, John Michael AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - Concrete Pavement Mixture Design and Analysis (MDA): Assessment of Air Void System Requirements for Durable Concrete PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 32p AB - Concrete will suffer frost damage when saturated and subjected to freezing temperatures. Frost-durable concrete can be produced if a specialized surfactant, also known as an air-entraining admixture (AEA), is added during mixing to stabilize microscopic air voids. Small and well-dispersed air voids are critical to produce frost-resistant concrete. Work completed by Klieger in 1952 found the minimum volume of air required to consistently ensure frost durability in a concrete mixture subjected to rapid freezing and thawing cycles. He suggested that frost durability was provided if 18 percent air was created in the paste. This is the basis of current practice despite the tests being conducted on materials that are no longer available using tests that are different from those in use today. Based on the data presented, it was found that a minimum air content of 3.5 percent in the concrete and 11.0 percent in the paste should yield concrete durable in the ASTM C 666 with modern AEAs and low or no lignosulfonate water reducers (WRs). Limited data suggests that mixtures with a higher dosage of lignosulfonate will need about 1 percent more air in the concrete or 3 percent more air in the paste for the materials and procedures used. A spacing factor of 0.008 in. was still found to be necessary to provide frost durability for the mixtures investigated. KW - Admixtures KW - Air entraining agents KW - Air voids KW - Concrete pavements KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Mix design UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14951/1/IA_DOT_TPF-5%28205%29_InTrans_mda_air_void.pdf UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/mda_air_void_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456640 AU - Connor, Robert J AU - Varma, Amit H AU - Marcu, Sorin AU - Sherman, Ryan J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Effects of Fire on the I-465 Mainline Bridges - Volume I PY - 2012/06//Final Report AB - On October 22, 2009, in Indianapolis, Indiana, a semi tanker carrying liquefied propane lost control on the underpass from I‐69 southbound to I‐465 eastbound, crashing beneath the east and westbound bridges carrying mainline I‐465 traffic. The tanker rolled, causing the tractor to catch fire and the propane tanker to explode. There were concerns the steel superstructure and the high‐strength (HS) bolts used in the beam splices were affected by the fire. Also, since the bridge deck was built composite with the steel superstructure, there were concerns the composite action might have been lost or diminished causing the bridge to not behave as it was originally designed. Therefore, the study was focused on identifying any short‐term or long‐term effects the bridge may have sustained due to the fire exposure. To address the short‐term effects, immediately after the accident, several core samples and HS bolts were removed and sent to independent testing laboratories. To establish any long‐term effects, field testing was performed over a period of approximately four (4) months. Weldable resistance strain gages were installed at key locations to understand the behavior of the bridge under load and to develop the stress‐range histograms. Both controlled load tests, using test trucks of known weight and geometry, and long-term monitoring of random traffic were performed as part of the study. The results presented in this report show the following: 1) The explosion and subsequent fire did not negatively impact the properties of the steel in the main girders, nor the properties of the HS bolts; 2) The explosion and subsequent fire did not negatively impact the overall load distribution nor adversely alter the behavior of the bridge; 3) Controlled load testing and long‐term monitoring confirmed the steel girders are acting compositely with the concrete deck; 4) Based on the results of the long‐term monitoring, infinite fatigue life is expected at all the monitored locations. KW - Explosions KW - Fire damage KW - Fires KW - Highway bridges KW - Indianapolis (Indiana) KW - Load tests KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural health monitoring UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3022&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314975 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46444/fulltext.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46447/Appendix_B.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46448/Appendix_C.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46449/Appendix_D.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455841 AU - Hoppe, Edward J AU - Eichenthal, Seth L AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Thermal Response of a Highly Skewed Integral Bridge PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 41p AB - The purpose of this study was to conduct a field evaluation of a highly skewed semi-integral bridge in order to provide feedback regarding some of the assumptions behind the design guidelines developed by the Virginia Department of Transportation. The project was focused on the long-term monitoring of a bridge on Route 18 over the Blue Spring Run in Alleghany County, Virginia. The 110-ft-long, one-span bridge was constructed at a 45° skew and with no approach slabs. It incorporated an elasticized expanded polystyrene material at the back of the integral backwall. Bridge data reflecting thermally induced displacements, loads, earth pressures, and pile strains were acquired at hourly intervals over a period of approximately 5 years. Approach elevations were also monitored. Analysis of data was used to formulate design recommendations for integral bridges in Virginia. Field results indicated that semi-integral bridges can perform satisfactorily at a 45° skew provided some design details are modified. The relatively high skew angle resulted in a pronounced tendency of the semi-integral superstructure to rotate in the horizontal plane. This rotation can generate higher than anticipated horizontal earth pressure acting on the abutment wingwall. Study recommendations include modifying the structural detail of the backwall-wingwall interface to mitigate crack formation and placing the load buttress close to the acute corner of a highly skewed abutment to reduce the abutment horizontal rotation. The use of elastic inclusion at the back of the semi-integral backwall resulted in the reduction of earth pressures and negligible approach settlements. The study recommendations include proposed horizontal earth pressure coefficients for design and a revised approach to calculating the required thickness of the elastic inclusion. While recommending that the existing VDOT guidelines allow an increase in the allowable skew angle from 30° to 45° for semi-integral bridges, the study also proposes a field investigation of the maximum skew angle for fully integral bridges because of the inherently low stiffness associated with a single row of foundation piles. The study indicates that current VDOT guidelines can be relaxed to allow design of a wider range of jointless bridges. The implementation of integral design has been shown to reduce bridge lifetime costs because of the elimination of deck joints, which often create numerous maintenance problems. KW - Bridge design KW - Field tests KW - Jointless bridges KW - Monitoring KW - Skew bridges KW - Thermal stresses UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/12-r10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455327 AU - Bradt, Thomas G AU - Rankin, Brent AU - Connor, Robert AU - Varma, Amit H AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Effects of Fire on the I-465 Mainline Bridges - Volume II PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 62p AB - Currently, when a bridge has been involved in a fire loading, DOT and inspectors are called to determine if the bridge is passable to traffic. Inspectors must close the bridge for an indefinite period of time to take material samples from the bridge and have them tested to find if the strength of the materials meets AASHTO specifications. This procedure can take time and severely impact the economy of surrounding municipalities due to bridge closure. When a bridge is visually distorted, the recommendations of what must be done to repair the bridge may be intuitive; but when no apparent deformations are visible, a way of inspecting the bridge should be uniform and easily performed. The implementation of the findings of this report and the included inspection guide will provide inspectors a general idea of the changes in material properties of the bridge steel, based on the visual appearance of the steel. A method of testing has been developed that allows researchers to take flange and web sections from a bridge girder and test them in real fire scenarios. The test setup allows researchers to examine the differences in outcomes due to a variety of paint coatings on the steel, thickness of steel, temperature and duration of fire exposure. After each different test, material properties may be determined and compared to virgin or unexposed steel and AASHTO specifications to see if the material properties have changed or if the material is below minimum standards. Each specific test is photographed at certain stages that would be seen at a bridge in the field after being involved in a fire. These photographs can then be compared to actual bridge damage and an estimate of surface temperature could be attained. The inspection guide would then give average values for the reduction or increase of tensile strength and toughness for a particular bridge. KW - Deformation KW - Fire damage KW - Fires KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Indiana KW - Inspection KW - Materials tests KW - Steel bridges KW - Test procedures UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314976 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46400/46442/fulltext.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454424 AU - Cleveland, Theodore G AU - Thompson, David B AU - Fang, Xing AU - Li, Ming-Han AU - Asquith, William H AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Establish Effective Lower Bounds of Watershed Slope for Traditional Hydrologic Methods PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 46p AB - Equations to estimate timing parameters for a watershed contain watershed slope as a principal parameter and estimates are usually inversely proportional to topographic slope. Hence as slope vanishes, the estimates approach infinity. The research identified, from literature, data, modeling, and physical experiments, the dimensionless topographic slope where “low-slope” behavior should be assumed. Alternate timing equations based from parametric studies using the Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model (DHM) were developed. A slope-offset approach was explored and is suggested as an adaptation of current technology. The offset value suggested is 0.0005 and an illustrative example is presented in this report. The dimensionless slope suggested for consideration of alternate approaches is 0.003. The researchers found that current streamgaging techniques are not well suited to low-slope hydrologic studies and different measuring methods are suggested. KW - Drainage KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Hydrologic models KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Watersheds UR - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/reports/complete_reports/0-6382-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46360/0-6382-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454147 AU - Ziehl, Paul H AU - Caicedo, Juan M AU - Rizos, Dimitris AU - Mays, Timothy AU - Larosche, Aaron AU - ElBatanouny, Mohamed K AU - Mustain, Brad AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Behavior of Pile to Bent Cap Connections Subjected to Seismic Forces PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 293p AB - Currently the South Carolina Department of Transportation employs a detail of a plain pile embedment for the connection between precast prestressed piles and cast-in-place bent caps. This connection has proved beneficial in terms of time and cost associated with construction, and has been previously investigated albeit in a limited capacity. As such an improved understanding of the behavior of the connection is warranted. The University of South Carolina has concluded a research program focusing on the behavior and design of this specific connection detail. South Carolina contains the highest level of seismicity along the east coast of the United States. The state relies heavily on the transportation infrastructure and a high level of confidence in bridge design practices is essential. This research began with a focus on the evaluation and understanding of the current detail employed in the connection between precast prestressed piles and cast-in-place bent caps. The work continues with the investigation of parameters that affect this connection detail and proceeds with potential improvements to the detail. The connections are evaluated in terms of moment capacity, ductility, and damage mechanisms. Findings indicate that when constructed with an appropriate embedment length the connection at interior portions of a bent cap is able to achieve desirable response. Connections at exterior portions of bent caps are also shown to respond desirably given sufficient pile embedment depth along with appropriate detailing of the bent cap. KW - Anchoring KW - Bents KW - Bridge design KW - Connection details (Bridges) KW - Pile caps KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Seismicity KW - South Carolina KW - Structural connection UR - http://www.clemson.edu/t3s/scdot/pdf/projects/SPR%20672%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46200/46265/SPR_672_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449687 AU - Moudon, Anne Vernez AU - Lin, Lin AU - Stewart, Orion AU - Transportation Northwest Regional Center X (TransNow) AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - A Census of Schools and School Neighborhoods in Five States PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 29p AB - This project contributes to developing a technical infrastructure to support the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) Program, specifically to monitor its growth and to evaluate its effectiveness. Since its inception in 2005, the SRTS program mandated by SAFETEA-LU has benefited about 6,489 schools nationally. The goals are to insure the safety of children attending schools and to encourage their walking and biking to school. Programs use the 4 Es—engineering, education, encouragement, and enforcement—to monitor and evaluate their success. The National Center for Safe Routes to School keeps track of these schools by compiling tallies of children walking or biking to school and by collecting parent surveys. Each state works to have a fair and effective distribution of resources to the neediest schools. This proposal adds to an ongoing Pooled Fund project spearheaded by the Washington State Department of Transportation to support information exchanges and research between several participating states, including Florida, Texas, Mississippi, and Wisconsin. Over the past two years, the Principal Investigator (PI) and her team have been working with WSDOT to provide technical support to members of the Pooled Fund. The researchers propose to geocode schools nationwide, in relation to existing transportation facilities. This would enable state SRTS coordinators to quickly evaluate the schools’ proximity to different types of transportation facilities, and to establish their related level of exposure to traffic. Geocoded schools would also allow coordinators to analyze the characteristics of the neighborhoods around the schools, based on spatial data that are readily available from the U.S. Census. KW - Bicycling KW - Census KW - Florida KW - Mississippi KW - Neighborhoods KW - Safe Routes to School (Program) KW - School children KW - Schools KW - Texas KW - Walking KW - Washington State Department of Transportation KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449599 AU - Hwang, Ho-Ling AU - Reuscher, Timothy AU - Wilson, Daniel AU - Schmoyer, Richard AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing a Visualization-Based Sketch Planning Tool for Non-Motorized Travel: Final Report for Phase I Study to Characterize the Market Potential for Non-Motorized Travel PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 183p AB - The idea of livable communities suggests that people should have the option to utilize non-motorized travel (NMT), specifically walking and bicycling, to conduct their daily tasks. Forecasting personal travel by walk and bike is necessary as part of regional transportation planning, and requires fine detail not only about individual travel, but also on transportation and neighborhood infrastructure. In an attempt to characterize the “market” potential for NMT, the Office of Planning, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) funded the Center for Transportation Analysis (CTA) of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to conduct a study. The objectives of this effort were to identify factors that influence communities to walk and bike and to examine why, or why not, travelers walk and bike in their communities. KW - Bicycling KW - Market assessment KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Pedestrians KW - Regional planning KW - Sketch planning KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Walking UR - http://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub36798.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1217134 ER - TY - SER AN - 01449497 JO - ATDM Program Brief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Active Parking Management PY - 2012/06 SP - 2p AB - Active Transportation and Demand Management (ATDM) is the dynamic management, control, and influence of travel demand, traffic demand, and traffic flow of transportation facilities. Through the use of available tools and assets, traffic flow is managed and traveler behavior is influenced in real-time to achieve operational objectives, such as preventing or delaying breakdown conditions, improving safety, promoting sustainable travel modes, reducing emissions, or maximizing system efficiency. Under an ATDM approach the transportation system is continuously monitored. Using archived data and or/predictive methods, actions are performed in real-time to achieve or maintain system performance. This brief focuses on the active parking management component of ATDM. It also discusses: examples of ATDM approaches; key aspects of active parking management; and finally, various examples of active parking management. KW - Active traffic management KW - Active Transportation and Demand Management KW - Highway traffic control KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Parking KW - Parking management KW - Real time control KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel demand management UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12033/fhwahop12033.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1217012 ER - TY - SER AN - 01448976 JO - ATDM Program Brief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Introduction to Active Transportation and Demand Management PY - 2012/06 SP - 2p AB - Active Transportation and Demand Management (ATDM) is the dynamic management, control, and influence of travel demand, traffic demand, and traffic flow of transportation facilities. Through the use of available tools and assets, traffic flow is managed and traveler behavior is influenced in real-time to achieve operational objectives, such as preventing or delaying breakdown conditions, improving safety, promoting sustainable travel modes, reducing emissions, or maximizing system efficiency. Under an ATDM approach the transportation system is continuously monitored. Using archived data and/or predictive methods, actions are performed in real-time to achieve or maintain system performance. The article discusses: examples of the ATDM approaches; the need for ATDM; various ongoing activities; cities and states where ATDM approaches are being implemented; and finally, how to get involved in the ATDM program. KW - Active traffic management KW - Active Transportation and Demand Management KW - Highway traffic control KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Real time control KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand management KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12032/fhwahop12032.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448663 AU - Chou, Eddie Y AU - Wang, Shuo AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Benefit Cost Models to Support Pavement Management Decisions PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 126p AB - A critical role of pavement management is to provide decision makers with estimates of the required budget level to achieve specific steady-state network conditions, and to recommend the best allocation of available budget among competing needs for maintenance, rehabilitation, and repair (MR&R) projects or among different networks such as among Districts. This research study developed a model/procedure that uses the current state of the network and a specified future target state, condition deterioration trends (based on the MR&R treatments received) expressed as Markov condition transition matrices, and the unit cost of treatments, to determine the minimum total cost required and the corresponding treatment policy to achieve the desired target state of the network. The model can also determine the best network condition state achievable (and the corresponding treatment policy) with a given budget. The corresponding optimization problems with the objective of either minimizing total cost or maximizing overall network condition are formulated as linear programming problems, so that they can be solved very efficiently. The network level optimization model provides a valuable tool to ODOT decision makers to determine the required network budget and optimal budget allocations. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Budgeting KW - Decision making KW - Markov processes KW - Optimization KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/6/OHI/2012/11/06/H1352227209682/viewer/file1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45619/134363_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448617 AU - Jackson, Eric AU - Lownes, Nicholas AU - Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alternative Methods for Safety Analysis and Intervention for Contracting Commercial Vehicles and Drivers in Connecticut PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 91p AB - This study evaluated Connecticut’s current system for qualifying contractors for the use of commercial vehicles on state contracts, identifies its impacts, and makes recommendations on how the state should revise the current system. The primary conclusion is that the current contractor qualification system used by Connecticut for the award of state contracts should be revised. Specifically, the use of a contractor’s out-of-service rating and CSA/SMS scores is neither statistically valid nor justified for the purpose of qualifying contractors for the use of commercial vehicles on state contracts. Under the recommended system, the state would qualify contractors based on proof of required insurance coverage and certification by the contractor that: they are enrolled in a drug and alcohol testing program, if applicable; they are not currently suspended from operating commercial vehicles by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA); their drivers are in good standing; they are in compliance with all state/federal regulations/laws; and they have no outstanding fines or fees due to the state. Additionally, state agencies would periodically sample contractor records to verify compliance with contractor qualification requirements throughout a contract period. It is also recommended that subcontractors should be held to the same standards as the primary contractor, as stated above. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Compliance KW - Connecticut KW - Contractors KW - Qualifications KW - Subcontractors UR - http://www.ctcase.org/reports/truckstudy_2012.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45900/45937/truckstudy_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1215976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01447867 AU - Qiao, Pizhong AU - Chen, Fangliang AU - Transportation Northwest Regional Center X (TransNow) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Enhanced Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Atomic Polymer Technology PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 79p AB - The atomic polymer technology, in the form of mesoporous inorganic polymer (MIP), can effectively improve material durability and performance of concrete by dramatically increasing inter/intragranular bond strength of concrete at nano-scale. The strategy of MIP is fundamentally different from most additives currently on the market for industrial applications. When MIP is added to a concrete or masonry mix, this atomic-level bonding means that the strength of the cement is defined by the strength of its atomic bonds; these bonds are incredibly strong. Atomic-level bonding also translates the flexibility of the MIP molecule, which is built like a coil, lending strong tensile and flexural strength, thus reducing the vulnerability of concrete to cracking. On the other hand, the recycled concrete aggregates from the demolished structures, when reused in concrete, often exhibit relatively low mechanical performance. It is thus anticipated that the inclusion of MIP in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) can effectively improve its performance and long-term durability. The objectives of the proposed study are two-fold: (1) to evaluate the performance of RAC with MIP, and (2) to assess improved performance and condition of RAC, using embedded smart piezoelectric sensors/actuators. The findings in RAC with MIP resulting from this study will promote the widespread application of recycled concrete in engineering, improve sustainability of RAC structures, and provide viable long-term health monitoring techniques for RAC. KW - Additives KW - Bond strength (Chemistry) KW - Bonding KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Durability KW - Inorganic compounds KW - Nanostructured materials KW - Performance measurement KW - Polymers KW - Recycled materials UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46200/46260/TNW2012-11_Enhanced_Performance_of_Recycled_Aggregate_Concrete_with_Atomic_Polymer_Technology.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1213877 ER - TY - SER AN - 01447856 JO - Traffic Volume Trends PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Volume Trends, June 2012 PY - 2012/06 SP - 10p AB - Traffic Volume Trends is a monthly report based on hourly traffic count data. These data, collected at approximately 4,000 continuous traffic counting locations nationwide, are used to determine the percent change in traffic for the current month compared to the same month in the previous year. This percent change is applied to the travel for the same month of the previous year to obtain an estimate of travel for the current month. Travel on all roads and streets changed by +0.4% (1.1 billion vehicle miles) for June 2012 as compared with June 2011. Travel for the month is estimated to be 257.6 billion vehicle miles. Cumulative Travel for 2012 changed by +1.1% (15.6 billion vehicle miles). The Cumulative estimate for the year is 1,455.7 billion vehicle miles of travel. KW - Highway travel KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic volume KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/12juntvt/12juntvt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01447507 AU - Zupan, Jeffrey M AU - Barone, Richard E AU - Whitmore, Jackson AU - Regional Plan Association AU - New York State Energy Research and Development Authority AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mileage-Based User Fees: Prospects and Challenges PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 125p AB - This report reviews the current research regarding mileage-based user fees for vehicle travel (MBUF), possibly as a replacement or supplement to fuel taxes, which is currently the primary source of transportation revenues in New York State and the nation. The report finds that there are significant but not insurmountable issues associated with the implementation of MBUF. The report also traces and projects the current motor vehicle based funding sources for New York State’s transportation capital needs, concludes that there will be a substantial and growing problem, for which MBUF might be able to address. However, there are numerous issues associated with MBUF implementation, primary among these are issues related to the transition from fuel taxes to MBUF, technical matters, privacy concerns, equity among motorists, and higher collection costs. KW - Costs KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - Mileage-based user fees KW - New York (State) KW - Privacy KW - Revenues KW - User charges KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-10-22_FINAL%20REPORT%20-%20062912.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46027/C-10-22_FINAL_REPORT_-_062912.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214774 ER - TY - SER AN - 01447433 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Simpson, David AU - Buttlar, William AU - Dempsey, Barry AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices for Bicycle Trail Pavement Construction and Maintenance in Illinois PY - 2012/06 IS - 12-009 SP - 95p AB - The main objectives of this report were to provide the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) with guidelines for the structural design of bicycle trail pavement and recommendations for bicycle trail pavement maintenance. A design procedure based on three construction traffic factors and three pavement load levels was developed for Portland cement concrete, hot-mix asphalt, and granular/surface treatment surfaces. The bicycle trail design is determined by the level of construction traffic and the weight characteristics of maintenance vehicles or any other vehicle that regularly operate on the trail. Comparisons were made between the proposed design procedures and the performance of trails surveyed in northern, central, and southern Illinois. The results of the survey indicated that the proposed design procedure should produce a structural trail section that performs well over time. Detailed life cycle cost analyses were conducted for different trail designs and different pavement materials for a design period of 20 years. The analyses showed that relative costs were influenced by surface type and maintenance strategies that were required based on the particular surface type used. KW - Bikeways KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Illinois KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving materials KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recommendations KW - Surface treatment (Pavements) UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/45812 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214600 ER - TY - SER AN - 01447429 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Al-Qadi, Imad L AU - Aurangzeb, Qazi AU - Carpenter, Samuel H AU - Pine, William J AU - Trepanier, James AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impact of High RAP Contents on Structural and Performance Properties of Asphalt Mixtures PY - 2012/06 IS - 12-002 SP - 108p AB - Currently, highway agencies in Illinois are exploring the feasibility of using higher amounts of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures. Concerns about variability in aggregate gradation and higher stiffness of aged RAP binder have limited this use, however. This research project was designed to characterize the performance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) with high amounts of RAP and to identify any special considerations that must be met to utilize these higher RAP contents. Two material sources from two districts were used to prepare eight 3/4-in nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) N90 binder mix designs. The mix designs included a control mix with 0% RAP and three HMAs with 30%, 40%, and 50% RAP for each district. A base asphalt binder (PG 64-22) was used in the mix design process; a single-bumped binder (PG 58-22) and a double-bumped binder (PG 58-28) were also used to prepare specimens for performance testing. The tests conducted on the HMAs were moisture susceptibility, flow number, complex modulus, beam fatigue, semi-circular bending, and wheel tracking. All tested HMAs with RAP performed equal to or better than the mixtures prepared with virgin aggregate. The study found that HMAs with high RAP content (up to 50%) can be designed with desired volumetrics. RAP fractionation proved to be very effective. Asphalt binder-grade bumping is vital for HMAs with 30% RAP content and above. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fracture tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Performance tests KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Stiffness tests KW - Volumetric analysis UR - https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/45810/FHWA-ICT-12-002.pdf?sequence=2 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446293 AU - Wang, Yinhai AU - Corey, Jonathan AU - Lao, Yunteng AU - Xin, Xin AU - Transportation Northwest Regional Center X (TransNow) AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Criteria for the Selection and Application of Advanced Traffic Signal Control Systems PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 103p AB - The Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) has recently begun changing their standard traffic signal control systems from the 170 controller running the Wapiti W4IKS firmware to 2070 controllers operating the Northwest Signal Supply Corporation’s Voyage software. Concurrent with this change in standard signal control systems, ODOT has taken the opportunity to install test sites with adaptive signal control systems and evaluate advanced features in the Voyage software. The evaluation of advanced features and adaptive signal control systems has led to a series of questions about how to measure performance, when to apply a given feature and, when should one system be preferred over another. To answer these questions a survey of literature and practicing professionals was conducted to determine the current state of the practice regarding conventional and adaptive signal control systems. The survey of practitioners indicated that practitioners in general were seeking answers regarding when and how to implement adaptive systems. Similar questions were found in literature, with the addition that the Federal Highway Administration's Model Systems Engineering Documents for Adaptive Signal Control Technology added questions regarding whether existing systems had potential performance gains available through feature enablement. This knowledge was used to create an evaluation framework to guide practitioners in evaluating the performance of their current systems. A decision support framework based on decision tree logic and queuing theory models was built on top of the analytical framework to analyze the existing system for features that may improve performance. The decision support framework also provides a means of estimating the performance of different control strategies given the existing conditions. As a means of evaluating the various systems and selected features, the research team created a series of simulation models in VISSIM 5.30. These simulations were controlled via external logic emulating the signal control logic of the various systems and features. In total, 4,536 simulation cases were examined. The results of these simulations were used to calibrate the decision support and queuing model logic. KW - Adaptive control KW - Advance traffic control signs KW - Decision support systems KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Literature reviews KW - Queuing theory KW - Selection criteria KW - Signalized intersections KW - Surveys KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46200/46263/TNW2012-17_Criteria_for_the_Selection_and_Application_of_Advanced_Traffic_Signal_Control_Systems.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1213863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446029 AU - Wang, Yinhai AU - Lao, Yunteng AU - Liu, Cathy AU - Xu, Guangning AU - Transportation Northwest Regional Center X (TransNow) AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Simulation-Based Testbed Development for Analyzing Toll Impacts on Freeway Travel PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 89p AB - Traffic congestion has been a world-wide problem in metropolitan areas all over the world. Toll-based traffic management is one of the most applicable solutions against freeway congestion. This research chooses two toll roads, the SR-167 high occupancy toll (HOT) lane and the SR-520 toll bridge (i.e. Evergreen Point Bridge), as study sites for simulation testbed developments to evaluate the toll impact on freeway operations. The research approach proposed in this study consists of three steps: first, external modules are developed to enable VISSIM models to simulate various traffic operations with complicated tolling schemes; then, a standardized calibration procedure is proposed for freeway traffic simulation to enhance the models’ creditability; and finally, a statistical method is developed to analyze simulation outputs against data autocorrelation problems. Two VISSIM external modules were developed for evaluating toll impacts on freeway operations in this research. For the SR-167 HOT lane site, an external tolling control module using the Component Object Model (COM) interfaces was developed to dynamically adjust the toll rate based on real time traffic conditions. For the SR-520 Evergreen Point Bridge site, an external routing module using Car2X module is developed to dynamically update vehicle routing. These external modules enabled testing customized tolling strategies often needed in toll impact studies. The simulation results from the SR-167 HOT lane study site found that among all the three operational strategies, HOT lane operation with dynamic toll outperforms the other two strategies under various traffic demand conditions. Compared with the high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane operation, dynamic toll strategy makes significant improvement on general purpose (GP) lane performance at regular segments, merging areas, on-ramps, and off-ramps. Compared with the time-of-day toll rate strategy, dynamic toll strategy is more flexible under a variety of traffic demands. The simulation results of the SR-520 toll bridge found that with an increase in toll at SR-520, the travel speed on SR-520 tends to increase and the speed on I-90 tends to decrease as more vehicles are diverted to use the non-tolled alternative. However, the change on I-5 and I-405 after tolling is insignificant since the number of vehicles turning from SR-520 to I-90 is much smaller than the existing volumes on I-5 and I-405. The two simulation testbeds developed in this study were applied to the SR-520 Evergreen Point Bridge and the SR-167 HOT lane projects and the results were satisfactory. These testbeds are capable of studying various customized tolling strategies on freeway operations. The methodology developed in this study for external module development and simulation output analysis can be used for other simulation studies of similar kinds. KW - Analysis KW - Dynamic tolls KW - Freeway operations KW - General purpose lanes KW - High occupancy toll lanes KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Toll bridges KW - Tolls KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - VISSIM (Computer model) KW - Washington State Route 167 KW - Washington State Route 520 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46200/46262/TNW2012-16_Simulation-Based_Testbed_Development_for_Analyzing_Toll_Impacts_on_Freeway_Travel.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1213590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446020 AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LTRC Annual Research Program: Fiscal Year July 1, 2012 - June 30, 2013 PY - 2012/06 SP - 224p AB - This report contains budget recaps, administrative line items, research support studies, active studies, and proposed research for Louisiana's State Planning and Research (SPR) funded research program. Information on research projects' budgets, funding source, purpose and scope, fiscal year accomplishments and proposed activities is organized by funding source including: Innovative Bridge Research Deployment (IBRD), Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP), State Transportation Program (STP), State Funded, Federal Funded, and Self-Generated Funded. KW - Annual reports KW - Budgeting KW - Financing KW - Louisiana Transportation Research Center KW - Research projects UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/final_press_7_30.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45886/final_press_7_30.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446017 AU - Lichty, Monica G AU - Richard, Christian M AU - Campbell, John L AU - Bacon, L Paige AU - Battelle Seattle Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidelines for Disseminating Road Weather Advisory & Control Information PY - 2012/06 SP - 122p AB - The tremendous growth in the amount of available weather and road condition information, including devices that gather weather information, models and forecasting tools for predicting weather conditions, and electronic devices used by travelers, has led the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to develop effective and specific guidelines for communicating road weather information in a way that is consistent with what travelers need, want, and will use when making travel decisions. This project builds upon the earlier Human Factors Analysis of Road Weather Advisory and Control Information project which was initiated to assist transportation officials in communicating both pre-trip and en route road weather information effectively, consistently, and timely to meet the needs of travelers for different weather conditions and travel scenarios. This earlier project resulted in preliminary guidelines. For the current effort, these preliminary guidelines were disseminated to a broad group of transportation and road weather officials for review and use. These reviewers included staff from private agencies and State Department of Transportation staff working at Traffic Management Centers. Evaluation of the guidelines followed through end user surveys, on-site interviews and discussions, and application of the preliminary guidelines to assess their suitability and effectiveness for traffic operations. Valuable feedback provided by these end users was used to modify the preliminary guidelines and develop the revised guidelines presented here. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Information dissemination KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Road weather information systems KW - Surveys UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45623/FinalPackage_JPO-12-046_V1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446015 AU - Al-Kaisy, Ahmed AU - Ewan, Levi AU - Veneziano, David AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Evaluation of a Variable Speed Limit System for Wet and Extreme Weather Conditions: Phase 1 Report PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 158p AB - Weather presents considerable challenges to the highway system, both in terms of safety and operations. From a safety standpoint, weather (i.e. precipitation in the form of rain, snow or ice) reduces pavement friction, thus increasing the potential for crashes when vehicles are traveling too fast for the conditions. Under these circumstances, the posted speed limit at a location may no longer be safe and appropriate. From an operations standpoint, inclement weather could have considerable impacts on the capacity of the highway system and the efficiency of using the system by motorists. Consequently, new approaches are necessary to influence motorists’ behavior in regards to speed selection when inclement weather presents the potential for reduced pavement friction at a given location. Among these approaches is the use of Variable Speed Limit (VSL) systems. This document presents the results of initial work completed in the development of such a system. The work completed included a literature review related to different aspects and types of VSL systems, as well as a review of sensor systems capable of providing roadway grip/friction measurements. The work also developed a Concept of Operations and Requirements for the prospective VSL system, with detailed information provided in the Appendix. Sensor testing was completed on the Vaisala DSC 111 to determine its accuracy and applicability for inclusion in the prospective VSL. Finally, a policy and legal implications review that was completed by Oregon Department of Transportation staff including a summary of Oregon’s recently enacted administrative rules on use of variable speed limits and statutes and rules adopted by other states is presented. KW - Highway operations KW - Laws KW - Literature reviews KW - Policy KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic speed KW - Variable speed limits KW - Weather conditions KW - Wet weather UR - http://cms.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/docs/Reports/2012/SPR743_VSL_System.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45500/45584/SPR743_VSL_System.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444842 AU - Watkins, Nealson AU - Baldauf, Richard AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Near-road NO2 Monitoring Technical Assistance Document PY - 2012/06 SP - 135p AB - On February 9, 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated new minimum monitoring requirements for the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) monitoring network in support of a newly revised 1-hour NO2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the retained annual NAAQS. In the new monitoring requirements, state and local air monitoring agencies are required to install near-road NO2 monitoring stations at locations where peak hourly NO2 concentrations are expected to occur within the near-road environment in larger urban areas. State and local air agencies are required to consider traffic volumes, fleet mix, roadway design, traffic congestion patterns, local terrain or topography, and meteorology in determining where a required near-road NO2 monitor should be placed. This document is the June 2012 release of the Near-Road NO2 Monitoring Technical Assistance Document (TAD). The TAD was developed to aid state and local air monitoring agencies in the implementation of required near-road NO2 monitoring stations. The TAD reflects the collaboration between partner state and local air monitoring agencies and associations, partnering state departments of transportation, the Federal Highways Administration, and the EPA. This document also reflects feedback, concepts, and suggestions from two reviews conducted by the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) Ambient Monitoring and Methods Subcommittee (AMMS). KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Environmental monitoring KW - Implementation KW - Nitrogen dioxide KW - Pollutants KW - Recommendations KW - Roadside KW - Technical assistance UR - http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/files/nearroad/NearRoadTAD.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444832 AU - Washington, Gregory AU - Merry, Carolyn AU - Van Volkinburg, Kyle AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Opportunity Zones Utilizing Transportation Assets PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 100p AB - Transportation, traditionally, is an afterthought when dealing with company site selection. This way of thinking results in two broad problems: the state’s transportation network is not marketed as an asset and desired infrastructure improvements might not be feasible. The purpose of the study was to develop a framework that, with regard to attracting and retaining companies, enables ODOT to identify ideal job sites around the state. The developed framework considers the needs of a company to optimally locate the company with sufficient existing transportation infrastructure. KW - Asset management KW - Businesses KW - Economic development KW - Job opportunities KW - Location KW - Transportation networks UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/816364177/viewonline UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45759/134559_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01421296 AU - Cowell, Timothy D AU - Pyo, Sang Chul AU - Gabr, M A AU - Borden, Roy H AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Verification of Undercut Criteria and Alternatives for Subgrade Stabilization – Coastal Plain PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 248p AB - The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) is progressing toward developing quantitative and systematic criteria that address the implementation of undercutting as a subgrade stabilization measure. As part of this effort, a laboratory study and numerical analysis were performed from 2008 to 2010 with the results providing proposed criteria for undercutting under various roadway site conditions and the adequacy of stabilization measures typically employed if undercut was deemed necessary. These criteria provide provisions for discerning possible rutting and pumping of the subgrade under construction loading, and provide response and subgrade stiffness under repeated loading of 10,000 cycles. The work in this report is focused on performing full-scale testing in the field on instrumented unpaved roadway sections to collect data for the validation of guidelines developed from the laboratory and modeling study. Four 16 feet wide by 50 feet long stabilized test sections were built on poor subgrade soils encountered in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. One test section encompassed undercutting and replacement with select material (Class II), the second and third test sections included reinforcement using a geogrid and geotextile, respectively, in conjunction with undercutting and replacement with ABC (Class IV), and a fourth test section included cement treatment of the soft subgrade soil. Full-scale testing was conducted on the test pad by applying 1000 consecutive truck passes using a fully loaded tandem-axle dump truck over a period of four days. During this time visual observations were noted and measurements were collected regarding rut depth, vertical stress increase at the base/subgrade interface, and subgrade moisture content with truck passes. Once trafficking was completed, the test pad was re-graded and proof roll testing was performed to look for signs of pumping and rutting. Based on the field results, the proposed undercut criteria are evaluated in regards to the ability to discern the need for undercutting as well as predict the performance of the stabilized test sections. Finally, a performance cost analysis is conducted to illustrate the relative cost of each stabilization measure in relation to the measured performance (rutting) such that an informed decision on cost-effective subgrade stabilization can be made. KW - Cement treated soils KW - Coastal plains KW - Field tests KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - North Carolina KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade stability KW - Undercutting UR - http://www.ncdot.gov/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2008-13finalreport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1164729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383588 AU - Mielke, Judy AU - Curella, Tisha AU - James, Jenni AU - Colebank, Wayne AU - Logan Simpson Design AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Salvage and Replanted Native Plants on ADOT Projects PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 121p AB - Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) has transplanted thousands of saguaros during the construction of roadway projects, and although the projects are typically tracked for two years, the long-term survivability of saguaros has never been documented. The purpose of this study is to examine ADOT projects in which saguaros were transplanted as part of the revegetation effort, and to evaluate the factors that contribute to the survival and good health of saguaros. The development of more successful techniques for salvaging saguaros will help ensure the long-term viability of transplanted saguaros and will enable ADOT to spend monies more effectively. Four projects involving saguaro salvage and replanting were selected for evaluation: State Route 86 Covered Wells, State Route 87 Tombstone Hill, State Route 188 Resort Road to Devore Wash, and US Route 93 Kaiser Spring. The projects occurred over a broad geographic area, with elevations ranging from 2,018 to 3,190 ft. An inventory of all saguaros, both alive and dead, was conducted in 2008. Each plant was assigned a number, its location was recorded using global positioning system equipment, a photograph was taken, and information was recorded regarding plant size and health and surrounding environmental conditions. Consistent among the four projects inventoried was the finding that the taller saguaros had a lower survival rate and exhibited poorer health after transplantation. Saguaros up to 12 ft in height typically exhibited good health. A sharp decrease in the percentage of plants in good health was observed in the 12 ft-plus saguaros, and particularly in the 20 ft-plus size. The presence of arms had a negative effect on saguaro survivability and overall health, an observation that held true for all the projects. A third variable affecting saguaro survivability and health was planting depth. A marked decrease in health was observed among saguaros that did not exhibit taper at the base of the plant, an indication that the saguaro was planted too deep. Recommendations are discussed regarding saguaro salvage and replanting techniques. KW - Arizona KW - Native plants KW - Planting KW - Revegetation KW - Roadside flora KW - saguaros KW - Transplanting UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ587.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383581 AU - Inman, Vaughan W AU - Haas, Robert P AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Evaluation of a Restricted Crossing U-Turn Intersection PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 52p AB - Four-lane divided highways are an economical design solution to increase the capacity of rural highways compared to grade-separated limited access facilities. Compared to two-lane undivided rural highways, four-lane divided highways have markedly lower rates of sideswipe, rear-end, and head-on collisions. However, right-angle crash rates are markedly higher on four-lane divided highway intersections than at two-lane undivided highway intersections, largely as a result of left-turn and through movements from minor roads conflicting with far-side vehicles on the divided highway. The restricted crossing U-turn (RCUT) intersection is a promising treatment to mitigate right-angle crashes where two-lane minor roads intersect with rural four-lane divided highways. This report includes a comparison of operations at an RCUT intersection in Maryland with a roughly comparable conventional stop-controlled intersection on the same corridor. It also includes before-after crash analyses for intersections converted from conventional to RCUT designs on two Maryland highway corridors. The operational analysis found that conflicts between vehicles entering or crossing the highway from a minor road were reduced, weaving movements were about the same for the two intersection types, the RCUT design added about 1 min to travel time for vehicles making left-turn or through movements from the minor road. Three approaches were used to estimate the affect of an RCUT conversion on crashes. All three approaches led to the same conclusion: the RCUT design reduces crashes. A simple 3-year before and 3-year after analysis suggested a 30 percent decrease in the average number of crashes per year. An analysis that adjusted the observed crash rate at RCUT locations for the observed crash rate at nearby conventional intersections on the same corridors suggested a 28 percent decrease in the average annual number of crashes. An empirical Bayes analysis that adjusts for, among other things, the expected number of crashes at similar intersections and average annual traffic suggested a 44 percent decrease in crashes. Furthermore, the analyses suggest an overall reduction in crash severity with the RCUT design. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Divided highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Maryland KW - Operational analysis KW - Restricted crossing U-turn intersection KW - Rural highways UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/hsis/11067/11067.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383577 AU - Rasmussen, Robert Otto AU - Sohaney, Richard C AU - Transtec Group, Incorporated AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tire-Pavement and Environmental Traffic Noise Research Study PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 161p AB - In response to an interest in traffic noise, particularly tire-pavement noise, the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) elected to conduct tire pavement noise research. Following a rigid set of testing protocols, data was collected on highway traffic noise characteristics along with safety and durability aspects of the associated pavements. This report completes a comprehensive, long-term study to determine if particular pavement surface types and/or textures can be used as quieter pavements, and possibly be used to help satisfy Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) noise mitigation requirements. The study addressed: the noise generation/reduction characteristics of pavements as functions of pavement type, pavement texture, age, time, traffic loading, and distance away from the pavement; correlations between source measurements using on-board sound intensity (OBSI) and wayside measurements including both statistical pass-by (SPB) and time-averaged measurements; and the collection of data that can be used for validation and verification of the accuracy of the FHWA Traffic Noise Model (TNM) to use on future Colorado highway projects. There are numerous findings from this study, along with associated implementation activities. The most promising finding is that each of the common pavement types in use by CDOT has the potential for quieter variants. As a result, implementation of this study could include the identification and specification of the specific asphalt mixtures and concrete textures that result in quieter pavements without compromising on safety or durability. KW - Close proximity (CPX) KW - Colorado KW - Noise control KW - On Board Sound Intensity KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tire/pavement noise KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic Noise Model KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383575 AU - Hitchcock, Wilbur A AU - Uddin, Nasim AU - Sisiopiku, Virginia AU - Salama, Talat AU - Kirby, Jason AU - Zhao, Hua AU - Toutanji, Houssam AU - Richardson, Jim AU - University of Alabama, Birmingham AU - University Transportation Center for Alabama AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge Weigh-in-Motion (B-WIM) System Testing and Evaluation PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 75p AB - The expansion in freight shipments on the nation’s highways has led to a substantial increase in road traffic congestion. Of particular concern is the increase in the number, size, and weight of heavy commercial vehicles. Because of the limited resources available to enforcement agencies, an effective program of highway maintenance and safety could benefit substantially from an affordable traffic sampling and enforcement program that is not manpower intensive. A reliable, accurate, and portable dynamic sampling system capable of delivering measurements of moving vehicle type, size, and weight would be attractive. The continued advancement and acceptance in Europe of bridge weigh-in-motion (B-WIM) technology as a tool for highway maintenance, safety, and enforcement has established an interest for field demonstrations of the technology and potential applications in the United States. In this project, a team of researchers from the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), University of Alabama (UA), and University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) was initiated to evaluate the potential use of B-WIM systems in Alabama. Over the course of eighteen months, the team consulted with experienced researchers and practitioners in Europe and the United States. A commercial B-WIM system developed in Slovenia was purchased for testing. System installation and calibration was conducted at two remote sites. A short, in-service field test at the second site resulted in accuracy classifications of C(15) for gross vehicle weight and lower accuracy for single axles and group of axles. After work at the two test sites was completed, an international one-day B-WIM workshop was held to discuss practical applications for B-WIM technology in heavy truck freight operations. The report concludes with recommendations for bridge selection, system installation, calibration techniques, and operational methods. KW - Alabama KW - Applications KW - Bridges KW - Calibration KW - Field tests KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Installation KW - Maintenance management KW - Overweight loads KW - Weigh in motion KW - Workshops UR - http://utca.eng.ua.edu/files/2012/07/07212-Final-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383563 AU - Porter, Richard J AU - Wood, Jonathan S AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Impacts of Design Exceptions in Utah PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 100p AB - The objective of this research was to compare safety, measured by expected crash frequency and severity, on road segments where design exceptions were approved and constructed to similar road segments where no design exceptions were approved or constructed. Data were collected for design exceptions in Utah in the years 2001 through 2006. Design exception request and approval forms, Google Earth, Google Street View, Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) functional classification maps, and UDOT traffic volume data were used to identify and define road segments with and without design exceptions. Ultimately, a total of 48 segments with design exceptions and 132 segments without design exceptions were used for modeling. Propensity scores were applied in this study to assess the comparison sites (i.e., sites without design exceptions). The relationship between design exception presence and crash frequency was explored using a negative binomial regression modeling approach. The relationship between design exception presence and crash severity was explored in three ways: 1) computing severity distributions at locations with and without design exceptions, 2) estimating separate negative binomial regression models by severity level, and 3) estimating multinomial logit models. Design exception presence was represented in the regression models by an indicator variable (1 = one or more design exceptions; 0 = no design exceptions). Crash data from the years 2006 through 2008 were used for model estimation. Road segments with one or more design exceptions had the same expected frequencies of total crashes (all types and severities), fatal-plus-injury crashes, and property-damage-only crashes as road segments without design exceptions. There were no detectable differences in the severity distributions of crashes occurring on roads with one or more design exceptions when compared to crashes occurring on roads without any design exceptions. KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Design exceptions KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Road segments KW - Utah UR - http://utah.ptfs.com/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=55720 UR - http://www.mountain-plains.org/pubs/pdf/MPC12-248.pdf UR - http://www.ugpti.org/resources/reports/details.php?id=724 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45738/UT-12.10.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46039/MPC_12-248.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380423 AU - Veneziano, David AU - Li, Yongxin AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Portable Concrete Barrier Condition and Transition Plan Synthesis PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 97p AB - Precast (or portable) Concrete Barrier (PCB) is a guardrail system that is intended to contain and redirect a vehicle that has left the travel lane. Barrier connections are typically formed using steel wire or bar to form loops which are joined by a steel pin. While the materials used in connection systems are quite strong, exposure to the elements and winter maintenance chemicals can, over time, lead to corrosion and loss of effectiveness. The identification of such corrosion was a concern to the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT), which decided that additional research should be done on this issue to determine what, if any, past research has been done regarding PCB in general, PCB connection corrosion, the maintenance of barrier connection systems, and approaches to address corrosion on existing and future installations. The research would also identify approaches that may be taken in developing and implementing a transition plan for replacing PCB if needed. This report presents a synthesis of information from past published research and reports, as well as information from a survey of transportation agencies conducted as part of this project, regarding precast concrete barriers, the corrosion of their connection systems, approaches to rating/ranking this corrosion, and current state department of transportation practices for their maintenance and replacement. Potential strategies for prioritizing barrier replacement are identified and discussed. KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Guardrails KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance practices KW - Median barriers KW - Structural connection UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/cmb/final_report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147524 ER - TY - SER AN - 01380297 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Alhassan, Mohammad A AU - Ashur, Suleiman A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Superiority & Constructability of Fibrous Additives for Bridge Deck Overlays PY - 2012/06 IS - 12-003 SP - 122p AB - Concrete overlays are highly susceptible to cracking due to the large surface area that is exposed to drying, the low water to cement ratio, the environmental exposure and loading conditions, the reflected cracks the underlying bridge deck, and the small thickness of the overlay. This research project investigated the potential benefits of synthetic fibrous additives with regard to the performance of bridge deck concrete overlays. Determining practical dosages and types of synthetic fibers that have the ability to enhance overlay performance, while maintaining convenient constructability without complications during mixing and finishing, was a major mission of this research. The project also outlined critical issues essential for successful and durable overlay applications with minimal cracking and delaminations. Various micro- and macro-fiber combinations were added to the fibrous overlay mixtures, resulting in 13 fibrous mix designs (nine LMC, two MSC, and two FAC). An extensive experimental laboratory program was then conducted to evaluate the major performance characteristics of each overlay mix design in terms of workability and finishability, compressive and flexural strengths, shrinkage, toughness, permeability, and bond strength. For further evaluation of the constructability of fibrous overlay—taking into consideration actual field conditions—demonstration bridges were selected and received fibrous overlays through actual IDOT contracts. Life-cycle cost analyses were also conducted to assess potential savings from incorporating fibrous additives within the concrete overlays. This research is pioneering in terms of using fibrous FAC overlay, which could be a potentially sustainable overlay system for preserving bridge decks with lower cost and minimized adverse environmental impact. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete overlays KW - Constructability KW - Cracking KW - Fly ash KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Shrinkage KW - Silica fume KW - Synthetic fibers UR - http://www.ict.illinois.edu/publications/report%20files/FHWA-ICT-12-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380247 AU - Stubstad, R AU - Carvalho, R AU - Briggs, R AU - Selezneva, O AU - Applied Research Associates, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Simplified Techniques for Evaluation and Interpretation of Pavement Deflections for Network-Level Analysis: Guide for Assessment of Pavement Structural Performance for PMS Applications PY - 2012/06//Guide SP - 38p AB - The objective of this study was to develop an approach for incorporating techniques to interpret and evaluate deflection data for network-level pavement management system (PMS) applications. The first part of this research focused on identifying and evaluating existing techniques, seeking out those that were simple, reliable, and easy to incorporate into current PMS practices, as well as those that produced consistent results. The second part of the research detailed the development of guidelines for the application of recommended techniques and procedures for determining optimum falling weight deflectometer (FWD) test spacing and data collection frequency. While there are many viable techniques available for evaluating the structural capacity of pavements that use FWD for project-level analysis, many of these techniques are time consuming and require an experienced analyst. As a result, using pavement deflection testing for network-level analysis has been limited to date. This guide provides information for the assessment of pavement structural performance for PMS applications. It reflects the general findings presented in the accompanying final report, Simplified Techniques for Evaluation and Interpretation of Pavement Deflections for Network-Level Analysis (FHWA-HRT-12-023). KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Rigid pavements UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/12025/12025.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46186/Simplified_techniques_for_evaluation_and_interpretation_of_pavement_deflections.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147471 ER - TY - SER AN - 01380178 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Relating Ride Quality and Structural Adequacy for Pavement Rehabilitation and Management Decisions PY - 2012/06 SP - 4p AB - This document is a technical summary of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)report, "Relating Ride Quality and Structural Adequacy for Pavement Rehabilitation/Design Decisions" (FHWA-HRT-12-035). This TechBrief discusses the relationship between pavement ride quality and structural adequacy. It presents highlights from a literature search and findings from the analysis and comparison of ride quality and structural adequacy data from the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program. Although a viable relationship between the two parameters could not be established, the lack of correlation is considered of value to pavement management system (PMS) practitioners, as it indicates that good ride quality does not mean good structural support or vice-versa. This becomes an important consideration for those who want to base performance measures on ride quality indicators. KW - Decision making KW - Literature reviews KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Ride quality KW - Structural adequacy UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/12046/12046.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380176 AU - Ozyildirim, H Celik AU - Sharp, Stephen R AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Preparation and Testing of Drilled Shafts with Self-Consolidating Concrete PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 36p AB - In this study, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) was evaluated in drilled shafts and the integrity of drilled shafts was determined using cross-hole sonic logging (CSL), a low-strain nondestructive integrity testing technique. SCC has very high flowability. It was placed in the drilled shafts of the bridge on Route 28 over Broad Run in Bristow in Prince William County, Virginia. There were two bridges at the site; the one carrying the northbound traffic had drilled shafts using conventional concrete with high consistency (i.e., flowability). Half of the shafts of the bridge carrying the southbound traffic were cast with SCC. During placement, properties of the fresh concrete were tested and specimens were prepared to determine the hardened properties. The integrity of the shafts within the reinforcing cage was determined using CSL, with sonic echo/impulse response also used to evaluate several test shafts. The use of acousto-ultrasonic (AU) measurements to determine the cover depth outside the reinforcing cage was also evaluated during laboratory testing. In addition to the Route 28 shafts, three test shafts with conventional and SCC concretes were cast in an area headquarters. These shafts had intentional voids created through the use of sand bags and Styrofoam to investigate further the ability of the nondestructive test equipment. The results indicated that SCC is highly desirable for drilled shafts; it flows easily, filling the hole, and the removal of the temporary casing is facilitated by this highly workable material. CSL is a satisfactory nondestructive method to determine the integrity of shafts. Sonic echo/impulse response also showed promise as a method that complements CSL for determining the integrity of a shaft. KW - Bridge construction KW - Concrete flowability KW - Crosshole sonic logging KW - Drilled shafts KW - Prince William County (Virginia) KW - Self compacting concrete KW - Sonic echo tests KW - Structural integrity UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/12-r15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380175 AU - Hossain, M Shabbir AU - Ozyildirim, Celik AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Precast Slabs for Pavement Rehabilitation on I-66 PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 84p AB - Highway agencies continuously strive to expedite pavement construction and repairs and to evaluate materials and methods to provide long-lasting pavements. As part of this effort, agencies have used precast concrete slabs for more than 10 years with successive improvements in processes and systems. The Virginia Department of Transportation recently used two precast systems along with conventional cast-in-place repairs on a section of jointed reinforced concrete pavement on I-66 near Washington, D.C. One precast system, precast concrete pavement (PCP), used doweled joints. The other precast system, prestressed precast concrete pavement (PPCP), used transversely prestressed slabs post-tensioned in the longitudinal direction. Both precast systems are performing satisfactorily after 1.5 years of traffic, and the contractor was satisfied with the constructability. In multiple locations, transverse expansion joints in PPCP were observed to be wider than the ½-in. width specified; excessively wide joints often compromise joint sealant performance, and erosion from water flowing through such joints may result in eventual loss of support over time. There were a few cracks in the PPCP section, originating mainly from grouting holes, cracks in the block-out patches, cracks and loss of epoxy at lifting hook holes, and corner breaks. There were some mid-slab cracks in the PCP slabs immediately after opening to traffic, but they are still tight and stable after 1.5 years of traffic. Even though the precast slabs initially cost more than the cast-in-place repairs to construct, the ability to construct the pavement within a short period of lane closure per day and the probability of improved quality control of plant-cast concrete warrant their use. Since this was the first application in Virginia, certain issues occurred and most were overcome, such as matching of slabs and grout leakage. The project was successfully completed and further implementation is recommended. KW - Doweled joints (Pavements) KW - Expansion joints KW - Pavement cracking KW - Posttensioning KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/12-r9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379903 AU - Anderson, Keith W AU - Uhlmeyer, Jeff S AU - Sexton, Tim AU - Russell, Mark AU - Weston, Jim AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Long-Term Pavement Performance and Noise Characteristics of Open-Graded Friction Courses – Project 2 PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 84p AB - This report describes the second of three experimental installations of open-graded friction course (OGFC) “quieter pavements” designed to reduce the noise generated at the tire/pavement interface. Experimental sections of OGFC were built using asphalt rubber (AR) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt binders. A section of conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) served as the control section for the two experimental sections. The noise level of the OGFC-AR test section was audibly quieter than the HMA control section for only a period of five months after construction. The OGFC-SBS section was not initially audibly quieter than the HMA and never attained that level of noise reduction for the entire monitoring period of four years. The OGFC-AR test section was prone to excessive raveling and rutting and in places wore through to the underlying pavement. The OGFC-AR was removed by grinding in January of 2012 because of safety concerns with the rutting and in preparation for a project that reconstructs the entire corridor. Open-graded friction course quieter pavements are not recommended for use in Washington State due to the short duration of their noise mitigation properties and unacceptable life cycle cost. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Bituminous binders KW - Experimental roads KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Quiet pavements KW - Rutting KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Styrene butadiene styrene KW - Test sections KW - Tire/pavement noise KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/691.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379899 AU - Qiao, Pizhong AU - McLean, David I AU - Chen, Fangliang AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Concrete Performance Using Low-Degradation Aggregates PY - 2012/06//Final Research Report SP - 104p AB - The durability of Portland cement concrete (PCC) has long been identified as a concern by transportation communities around the United States. In this study, the long-term performance of two batches of concrete incorporating either low-degradation (LD) or normal (NM) aggregates subjected to freezing and thawing conditions was experimentally studied. The freezing and thawing test method (ASTM C666) was followed to condition all the test samples. Dynamic modulus and fracture energy for both groups of concrete samples after different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were measured through nondestructive modal and cohesive fracture tests, respectively. Due to the higher air content in LD concrete, surface scaling was less severe under frost action. Test results showed that different aggregate degradation has an important effect on the freeze-thaw resistance of the concrete and the rate of decrease in fracture energy with number of freeze-thaw cycles for the LD concrete is higher than for the NM concrete. Compared to the dynamic modulus of elasticity, the fracture energy is a more sensitive parameter for evaluating concrete degradation caused by the frost action. Thus, the degradation of aggregate in concrete can be better evaluated by the cohesive fracture test. Additional research is needed to identify an appropriate threshold for when aggregate degradation properties become a concern. Until that time, it is recommended that WSDOT maintain their current restrictions on using low-degradation aggregates in concrete. KW - Air content KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Fracture energy KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Portland cement concrete UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/790.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379793 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Governors Highway Safety Association TI - Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) Guideline. Fourth Edition PY - 2012/06//Fourth Edition SP - 148p AB - The purpose of the Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) is to provide a dataset for describing crashes of motor vehicles in transport that will generate the information necessary to improve highway safety within each State and nationally. Efforts to standardize crash data have increased since the MMUCC was originally recommended as a voluntary guideline in 1998. The MMUCC data elements represent a core set of data elements, most of which were being collected by the States before the first edition of the MMUCC Guideline was published. The 107 data elements contained in the MMUCC Guideline, 3rd Edition (2008) were revised in response to emerging issues and other highway safety needs. The fourth edition of the MMUCC Guideline contains 110 data elements. The MMUCC Guideline, 4th Edition (2012) recommends that States implement all 110 data elements included in this document. To reduce the data collection burden, MMUCC recommends that law enforcement at the scene should collect 77 of the 110 data elements. From crash scene information, 10 data elements can be derived, while the remaining 23 data elements should be obtained after linkage to other State data files. States that are unable to link to other State data to obtain the MMUCC linked data elements should collect, at a minimum, those linked data elements that are feasible to collect on the crash report. At the same time, States should work to develop data linkage capabilities so they eventually are able to obtain, via linkage, all of the information to be generated by the MMUCC linked data elements. Because State datasets and systems are difficult to implement or change, no changes will be made to the MMUCC Guideline, 4th Edition (2012) for five years. During this period, each of the data elements and their attributes will be monitored to determine their usefulness and reliability. KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Standardization KW - States UR - http://mmucc.us/sites/default/files/MMUCC_4th_Ed.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379148 AU - Dusicka, Peter AU - Mehary, Selamawit T AU - Portland State University AU - Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Seismic Hazard Assessment of Oregon Highway Truck Routes PY - 2012/06 SP - 114p AB - This research project developed a seismic risk assessment model along the major truck routes in Oregon. The study had adopted federally developed software tools called Risk for Earthquake Damage to Roadway Systems (REDARS2) and HAZUS-MH. The model was the first time REDARS2 has been adopted and used in research outside of the original development team, presenting a number of unique challenges. The development of the model was a complex, intensive process that required a significant research effort, manipulation and adjustment of data. Furthermore, limitations of the software tools themselves had been identified that prevented the inclusion of important aspects such as liquefaction induced damage and refinement of the transportation network. The main objective of this research were to refine the data from a first generation of the model to more realistically represent the bridge inventory, to address the seismicity of the Pacific Northwest, conduct sensitivity analyses of soil data on the analyses results and develop a seismic network model of Oregon bridges for purposes of assessing the seismic vulnerability of roadway segments. The first generation model relied on default settings within the program to determine the economic loss due to repair and replacement of damaged bridges. The assumptions used in the analyses have been reviewed and Oregon specific data was incorporated for the model. The largest earthquake now considered to be at a highest level of probability in the Pacific Northwest is a subduction zone earthquake. The major shortcoming of REDARS2 is its inability to incorporate the subduction zone attenuation relationship into the analysis. To incorporate that capability into the model, shakemaps were developed by USGS for Cascadia subduction zone scenario events and incorporated as the demand on the refined model. Analyses of the transportation network incorporating bridge routes and post processing of the data with input from Oregon DOT bridge engineers resulted in recommendations toward bridge route priority strategies. The majority of the bridges that indicated the possibility of damage were types associated with multi-column bents, simply-supported concrete superstructures and simply-supported steel superstructures. Of the major highway routes that were considered, I-405, section of I-5 (from Multnomah to Clackamas Counties), I-84, I-205 and US-101 were the top five on the preliminary priority for seismic retrofit. These routes need to be analyzed more and advanced cost-benefit investigations should be done before retrofit decisions are made. KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquakes KW - Forecasting KW - Hazard evaluation KW - Highway bridges KW - Oregon KW - REDARS2 (Computer program) KW - Risk assessment KW - Seismicity KW - Truck routes UR - http://otrec.us/main/document.php?doc_id=1189 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45100/45159/OTREC-RR-11-22_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379147 AU - Wipf, Terry J AU - Phares, Brent M AU - Dahlberg, Justin M AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Debris Mitigation Methods for Bridge Piers PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 41p AB - Debris accumulation on bridge piers is an on-going national problem that can obstruct the waterway openings at bridges and result in significant erosion of stream banks and scour at abutments and piers. In some cases, the accumulation of debris can adversely affect the operation of the waterway opening or cause failure of the structure. In addition, removal of debris accumulation is difficult, time consuming, and expensive for maintenance programs. This research involves a literature search of publications, products, and pier design recommendations that provide a cost effective method to mitigate debris accumulation at bridges. In addition, a nationwide survey was conducted to determine the state-of-the-practice and the results are presented within. KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge waterways KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Debris flows KW - Deflectors KW - Mitigation KW - Rivers KW - Streams UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45100/45162/debris_mit_4_piers_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01378873 AU - Zornberg, J G AU - Ferreira, J A Z AU - Gupta, R AU - Joshi, R V AU - Roodi, G H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Geosynthetic-Reinforced Unbound Base Courses: Quantification of the Reinforcement Benefits PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 170p AB - As part of Research Project 0-4829, a new testing device was developed and a monitoring program was initiated to evaluate the performance of geosynthetics used as reinforcement for unbound base courses. This implementation involves the use of the new testing device and procedures developed by the 0-4829 research project. Specifically, the testing involves a modified pullout device for characterization of the confined stiffness in geosynthetic reinforcements. The project also provides continued monitoring of 32 experimental test sections constructed on FM2 (Bryan District) for the purposes of correlating field performance with material characterization. The experimental component of this implementation project was accomplished by testing four different geosynthetic reinforcement products in order to verify the draft specifications recommended by project 0-4829. The field component of this implementation project involved continued condition survey, moisture monitoring, falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing, and weather data gathering in order to establish the threshold of the proposed parameter in the new specification based on field performance. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Geosynthetics KW - Monitoring KW - Pullout tests KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Stiffness KW - Test sections UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_4829_01_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01378866 AU - Williams, Chris AU - Deschenes, Dean AU - Bayrak, Oguzhan AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strut-and-Tie Model Design Examples for Bridges: Final Report PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 276p AB - A series of five detailed design examples feature the application of state-of-the-art strut-and-tie modeling (STM) design recommendations. This guidebook is intended to serve as a designer’s primary reference material in the application of STM to bridge components. The examples are as follows: (Example 1) Five-Column Bent Cap of a Skewed Bridge – This design example serves as an introduction to the application of STM. Challenges are introduced by the bridge’s skew and complicated loading pattern. A clear procedure for defining nodal geometries is presented. (Example 2) Cantilever Bent Cap – A strut-and-tie model is developed to represent the flow of forces around a frame corner subjected to closing loads. This is accomplished, in part, through the design and detailing of a curved-bar node at the outside of the frame corner. (Example 3a) Inverted-T Straddle Bent Cap (Moment Frame) – An inverted-T straddle bent cap is modeled as a component within a moment frame. Bottom-chord (ledge) loading of the inverted-T necessitates the use of local STMs to model the flow of forces through the bent cap’s cross section. (Example 3b) Inverted-T Straddle Bent Cap (Simply Supported) – The inverted-T bent cap of Example 3a is designed as a simply supported member. Results for both the moment frame case and the simply supported case are compared to illustrate the influence of boundary condition assumptions. (Example 4) Drilled-Shaft Footing – Three-dimensional STMs are developed to properly model the flow of forces through a deep drilled-shaft footing. Two unique load cases are considered to familiarize the designer with the development of such models. KW - Bents KW - Bridge design KW - Cantilevers KW - Drilled shafts KW - Footings KW - Handbooks KW - State of the art KW - Strut and tie method UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_5253_01_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376383 AU - Persad, Khali R AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Qazi, Abdus AU - Harrison, Rob AU - Trevino, Manuel AU - Khwaja, Nabeel AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RTI Special Studies for TxDOT Administration in FY 2011 PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 151p AB - This research project was established by the Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT’s) Research and Technology Implementation Office to address special studies required by the department’s Administration during FY 2011. Three short-term, quick-turnaround tasks were completed and are documented. These three tasks were (1) Dallas District IH 30 Noise Project (continued from FY 2010); (2) Statistical Analysis of TxCAP and its Subsystems (continued from FY 2010); and (3) Assessment of TxDOT Full-Time-Equivalent staff (FTEs) for Project Development and Construction, and Plans, Specifications, and Estimates (PS&E) Backlog Analysis (FY 2011). KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Implementation KW - Pavements KW - Project management KW - Research projects KW - Selection and appointment KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Traffic noise UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6581_CT_3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376340 AU - Donaldson, Bridget M AU - Smith, Garrett P AU - Kweon, Young-Jun AU - Sriranganathan, Nammalwar AU - Wilson, David L AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Composting Animal Carcasses Removed from Roads: An Analysis of Pathogen Destruction and Leachate Constituents in Deer Mortality Static Windrow Composting PY - 2012/06//Final Report SP - 47p AB - More than 48,700 deer-vehicle collisions occurred in Virginia from 2010 through 2011, the fifth highest number in all U.S. states. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) is responsible for the removal and disposal of animal carcasses along the state road system. The predominant methods currently used (landfill and burial) have several costly disadvantages, including long travel distances to landfills, increasing landfill restrictions, and lack of viable burial areas. Other states have found static compost windrows to be an easy and cost-effective carcass management technique. Deer mortality static compost windrows were monitored for 1 year under conditions typical of a VDOT area maintenance headquarters facility. Windrows were analyzed for pathogen destruction and the degree to which underlying soil filtered leachate contaminants. In response to high windrow temperatures, indicator pathogens E. coli, Salmonella were reduced by 99.99% the first sampling day (Day 7) and ascarids were deemed non-viable by Day 77. Soil filtration of leachate was effective in reducing concentrations of ammonia, chloride, and total organic carbon. Nitrate, a contaminant of particular regulatory concern, had an estimated mass contaminant loss of 1.9 lb/acre, compared to the 8 to 45 lb/acre estimated loss from fertilizer application on agronomic crops in Virginia. Results from this study indicate that with properly constructed static compost windrows, (1) high temperatures destroy indicator pathogens; (2) the natural filtration of leachate through soil reduces deer mortality contaminant concentrations; and (3) the low volume of leachate from windrows results in nominal losses of nitrate and other contaminants. The study recommends that VDOT consider sharing these results with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality to discuss options for a statewide composting program. This could provide VDOT with an additional carcass management option. KW - Compost KW - Contaminants KW - Decomposition KW - Deer KW - Deer-vehicle collisions KW - Environmental impacts KW - Leachate KW - Maintenance practices KW - Road kill UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/12-r12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376333 AU - Bracci, Joseph M AU - Gardoni, Paolo AU - Eck, M Kathleen AU - Trejo, David AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of Lap Splices in Large-Scale Column Specimens Affected by ASR and/or DEF PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 380p AB - This research program conducted a large experimental program, which consisted of the design, construction, curing, deterioration, and structural load testing of 16 large-scale column specimens with a critical lap splice region, and then compared and calibrated models developed in the analytical program with the experimental behavior. Specimens were carefully instrumented both internally and externally to monitor the strain behavior of the concrete and reinforcing steel from specimen construction, curing, deterioration, and final structural load testing. KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Calibration KW - Columns KW - Delayed ettringite formation KW - Deterioration KW - Experiments KW - Lap splices KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Reinforced concrete UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-5722-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376332 AU - Epps, Jon AU - Sebesta, Stephen AU - Sahin, Hakan AU - Button, Joe AU - Luo, Rong AU - Lytton, Robert AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing a Mixture Design Specification for Flexible Base Construction PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 172p AB - In the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), flexible base producers typically generate large stockpiles of material exclusively for TxDOT projects. This large “state-only” inventory often maintained by producers, along with time requirements for testing and reduced manpower within TxDOT offices, resulted in this project’s investigation into a mixture-design specification for flexible base. The goals of this project are to develop a flexible base specification that reduces TxDOT’s burden for sampling and testing, reduces time and space burdens on producers for maintaining TxDOT-only stockpiles, and maintains or improves the quality of the base. To facilitate accomplishing these goals, this project developed a draft quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) specification for flexible base. Based on a thorough review of background information, sampling and testing placeholders for placement and production aggregate and mixture tests were selected and incorporated into a classical QC/QA format draft specification. While the current draft specification largely uses existing TxDOT test procedures, improvements may be realized by considering the Grace methylene blue method and the use of index tests as surrogates for modulus and permanent deformation properties. The methylene blue method may be able to better control the quantity and amount of fines, while linking index tests to mechanistic properties could enable acceptance testing better linked to design assumptions. The second year of this project will sample and test flexible base quarries around the state to determine material variability that is attainable in the real world without compromising the design strength. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Aggregate tests KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Index tests KW - Methylene blue test KW - Mix design KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6621-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376331 AU - Freeman, Thomas J AU - Epps, Jon AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HeatWurx Patching at Two Locations in San Antonio PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 52p AB - Patching asphalt pavement is an important, necessary part of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) operations. Cracked and failed areas need to be replaced by high quality, sound pavement in order to meet the needs of the traveling public. This report documents the placing, cost, and performance of the HeatWurx™ pavement patching process, which uses infrared heating to make the pavement soft enough to mill and scarify so that it can be mixed with a rejuvenator and pavement millings to form a patch that stays bonded to the surrounding material. A total of 83 4 ft by 8 ft patches were placed. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Infrared heating KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - San Antonio (Texas) UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/5-9043-01-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376330 AU - Dessouky, Samer AU - Oh, Jeong Ho AU - Yang, Mijia AU - Ilias, Mohammad AU - Lee, Sang Ick AU - Freeman, Tom AU - Bourland, Mark AU - Jao, Mien AU - University of Texas, San Antonio AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement Repair Strategies for Selected Distresses in FM Roadways PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 114p AB - Expansive soil is considered one of the most common causes of pavement distresses in Farm-to-Market (FM) roadways. Depending upon the moisture level, expansive soils will experience changes in volume due to moisture fluctuations from seasonal variations. The objective of this research was to evaluate existing repair projects on selected FM roadways. Those roadways experienced failures in the form of fatigue and rutting in the wheel path, and longitudinal (faulted) cracking including edge cracking. The causes of those failures were mainly linked to high Plasticity Index (PI) expansive soil and narrow pavement. This study involved field and laboratory testing on those projects to examine the effectiveness of the applied treatments. The projects presented in this report are examples of how Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) districts choose to address severe pavement conditions that lead to failure on FM roads. Some of those examples are innovative, and others are routine. These projects do not represent the only options for treatment, and each project should be designed based on its existing conditions, such as the intended design life cycle, cost effectiveness, local climate, local traffic, and available local materials. KW - Farm roads KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Plasticity index KW - Repairing KW - Rutting KW - Seasonal variations KW - Swelling soils UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6589-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376324 AU - Hueste, Mary Beth D AU - Mander, John B AU - Parkar, Anagha S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Continuous Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges. Volume 1: Literature Review and Preliminary Designs PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 176p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is currently designing typical highway bridge structures as simply supported using standard precast, pretensioned girders. TxDOT is interested in developing additional economical design alternatives for longer span bridges, through the use of the continuous precast, pretensioned concrete bridge structures that use spliced girder technology. The objectives of this portion of the study are to evaluate the current state-of-the-art and practice relevant to continuous precast concrete girder bridges and recommend suitable continuity connections for use with typical Texas bridge girders. A wide variety of design and construction approaches are possible when making these precast concrete bridges continuous with longer spans. Continuity connection details used for precast, prestressed concrete girder bridges across the United States were investigated. Several methods were reviewed that have been used in the past to provide continuity and increase the span length of slab-on-girder prestressed concrete bridges. Construction issues that should be considered during the concept development and design stage are highlighted. Splice connections are categorized into distinct types. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed with a focus on construction and long-term serviceability. A preliminary design study was conducted to explore potential span lengths for continuous bridges using the current TxDOT precast girder sections, standard girder spacings and material properties. The revised provisions for spliced precast girders in the "AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications" (2010) were used in the study. The results obtained from the literature review and preliminary designs, along with precaster and contractor input, are summarized in this report. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Literature reviews KW - Long span bridges KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Spliced girders KW - State of the art KW - State of the practice KW - Structural connection KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6651-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376322 AU - Walubita, Lubinda F AU - Das, Gautam AU - Espinoza, Elida AU - Oh, Jeongho AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Lee, Sang Ick AU - Garibay, Jose L AU - Nazarian, Soheil AU - Abdallah, Imad AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - University of Texas, El Paso AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Texas Flexible Pavements and Overlays: Year 1 Report - Test Sections, Data Collection, Analyses, and Data Storage System PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 168p AB - This five-year project was initiated to collect materials and pavement performance data on a minimum of 100 highway test sections around the State of Texas, incorporating both flexible pavements and overlays. Besides being used to calibrate and validate mechanistic-empirical (M-E) design models, the data collected will also serve as an ongoing reference data source and/or diagnostic tool for Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) engineers and other transportation professionals. Towards this goal, this interim report provides a documentation of the work completed in Year 1 of the project including the following: 1) literature review; 2) development of data collection and analysis plans, and 3) field test sections. The MS Access Data Storage System, used for storing and accessing the collected data, is also discussed in this interim report. KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Literature reviews KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Microsoft Access (Software) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Test sections KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6658-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376193 AU - Shon, Chang-Seon AU - Sebesta, Stephen AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation of Technology for Rapid Field Detection of Sulfate and Organic Content in Soils: Technical Report PY - 2012/06//Technical Report SP - 94p AB - The protocol using the Veris 3150 for determination of sulfate-rich soils has been implemented to two full-scale projects in Dallas and Paris Districts. The determination of organic-rich soil was not implemented in this project due to the unavailability of proper equipment. Researchers collected electrical conductivity (EC) data from two Veris 3150 units equipped at both Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and Texas Transportation Institute (TTI), simultaneously. Soil samples were collected on the basis of the constructed EC color map. The data collected from these projects were analyzed to identify potential relationships between Veris EC measurements and sulfate contents for different types of soil. Statistical modeling results indicate that Veris EC is a linear function of the natural log of the sulfate content, directly if other soil parameters such as moisture content, organic matter content, and clay content remain constant. Higher EC of soil responds to higher sulfate content of soil. It is imperative that soil samples be collected based on the EC map generated from the Veris 3150 data. Therefore, it is recommended that the Veris EC be used as a viable screening tool to identify areas where high sulfate-bearing soils may exist. A color-coded map indicates that the area that has the greater EC shows the higher sulfate content. The comparison study of TxDOT and TTI Veris units shows that the units produce comparable sets of data although the actual EC values may not be exactly matched. KW - Detectors KW - Electrical conductivity KW - Organic content KW - Soil mapping KW - Soils KW - Sulfates UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/5-6362-01-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613767 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Local Road Safety Peer Exchange - Region 7 PY - 2012/05/31 SP - 13p AB - This report provides a summary of the proceedings of the Local Road Safety Peer Exchange held in Denver, Colorado from May 31 to June 1, 2012. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored the Peer Exchange in coordination with Region 7 Local and Tribal Technical Assistance Program. Region 7 states include: Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. The goal of the Peer Exchange was to facilitate the exchange of information on local road safety and explore opportunities for greater coordination and communication between FHWA, State Departments of Transportation (DOTs), Local Technical Assistance Program Centers (LTAPs), Tribal Technical Assistance Program Centers (TTAPs), and local officials/practitioners within the States in the region. The Peer Exchange covered four key topics: (1) Improving local road safety data collection and analysis; (2) Increasing local agencies participation in the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP); (3) Encouraging local involvement in the development and implementation of the State’s Strategic Highway Safety Plans (SHSPs); and (4) Improving interagency collaboration. Representatives from all Region 7 states participated in the event. Participants from each State were charged with developing action plans at the end of the workshop for their respective states to address the four key topics noted above. The action plans identify objectives to address each issue, as well as resources and champions to achieve those objectives. The format of the Peer Exchange consisted of peer presentations on noteworthy practices, followed by breakout sessions and action planning on each of the four key topics. Following each presentation session breakout groups consisting of a mix of representatives from different organizations were formed to discuss the topic. Groups were then convened by State to develop action plans to address local and rural road safety in their respective states. Action plans included: Strategies for consideration/implementation; Resources needed for implementation; and Champions to lead implementation. KW - Coordination KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Improvement Program KW - Implementation KW - Peer exchange KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic Highway Safety Plan KW - Strategic planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59400/59452/peer_report_CO_MayJun2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425521 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549565 TI - Research Program Design---Administration of Highway and Transportation Agencies. Increasing Consistency in the Highway Performance Monitoring System for Pavement Reporting AB - The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is a national-level highway information system that includes data reported by states departments of transportation (DOTs) on the extent, condition, performance, use and operating characteristics of the nation's highways. This system is used by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to report national highway conditions, primarily pavement condition, to Congress every two years, to generate annual summary statistics that are posted on the FHWA website, and to quantify system characteristics used for formula-based funding programs. Although FHWA does not use HPMS to compare pavement performance among states, others have used the information to conduct such comparisons. Some departments of transportation (DOTs) have observed that HPMS-based reports of their states' performance and trends of performance over time differ from what the DOT produces for its own use, for example through a state's pavement management system. DOTs have expressed concern that data sources and collection procedures differ from state to state, making comparisons of states' performance difficult or meaningless. Studies in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 20-24(37) series have explored and verified such concerns. Further, DOTs have suggested that processing of their data to conform to FHWA input specifications may introduce anomalies that cause the state's performance as reported by HPMS to differ from the state's own assessment. Among the reasons cited for such problems are frequency and timing of reporting, reporting for only one direction of travel or only the outside lane of multi-lane highways, sampling rates, measurement methods, and data-conversion procedures. As part of the HPMS Reassessment conducted in 2007 and 2008, states were given an opportunity to identify issues for FHWA consideration as the new HPMS reporting requirements were developed. Many DOTs suggested that issues identified were not adequately addressed. Were it not for such concerns, many DOTs might be willing to make greater use of HPMS reporting to support their own pavement management decision making. It would in any case be advantageous to the DOTs and FHWA if results from HPMS were more closely matched by the overall evaluation from each state's own pavement management system. The objective of this study was to identify actions that could be taken to increase confidence in and use of the HPMS as a national source for reporting on pavement performance. The research team reviewed comments provided to FHWA during the agency's HPMS reassessment effort regarding pavement data; conducted a survey of states to assess the level of confidence with the reports of their states' pavement performance produced by HPMS and specific concerns regarding inconsistencies between HPMS reports and performance reports produced with state data and methods; recruited a representative set of volunteer states to take part in a comparison of HPMS data and reporting with the states' pavement condition data reporting; compared data sources and analyses underlying HPMS- and state-produced performance reports to identify consequent differences in reported performance trends; and identified steps that might be taken to reduce any inconsistencies between states' pavement performance as reported by HPMS versus state methods. The research team's final report may be downloaded by clicking here. KW - Data analysis KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway Performance and Monitoring System KW - Highways KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3231 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339719 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547847 TI - Research Program Design---Administration of Highway and Transportation Agencies. State DOT CEO Leadership Forum 2013 AB - The objective of this research project was to plan, organize, and hold a department of transportation (DOT) chief executive officer (CEO) Management Forum in 2013 on the subject of performance-based management and leadership. The forum was to follow the model represented by forums held in 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009; and organized to encourage discussion among the CEO's of state departments of transportation. The was held at the McNamara Alumni Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, April 7-9, 2013. A summary report of the discussions was prepared by the Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota and delivered to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). KW - Forums KW - Leadership KW - Management KW - Personnel performance KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3318 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376442 AU - Morian, Dennis A AU - Solaimanian, Mansour AU - Scheetz, Barry AU - Jahangirnejad, Shervin AU - Quality Engineering Solutions, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing Standards and Specifications for Full Depth Pavement Reclamation PY - 2012/05/25/Final Report SP - 137p AB - The report summarizes the work conducted during the development of procedures for conducting full depth reclamation of existing asphalt surfaced and unsurfaced roads. The report describes full depth reclamation, and includes a summary of available literature, a Best Practices document, construction of two field projects, development of design and construction guidance documents, and training materials for full depth reclamation. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Best practices KW - Chemical stabilization KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Paving KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_PDF_FILES/Documents/Research/Complete%20Projects/Extending%20Pavement%20Life/FDR%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613794 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Horizontal Curves Virtual Peer Exchange PY - 2012/05/24 SP - 11p AB - This report provides a summary of a peer-to-peer videoconference sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Safety. The videoconference, which piloted a virtual event format, is part of a series of roadway departure-focused peer exchanges sponsored by the Office of Safety as a follow-up to face-to-face peer exchanges held with roadway departure Focus States in 2008 and 2009. The Office of Safety selected seven States — Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington — to participate in this pilot virtual peer exchange. The selected States are among the top ten for percentage of fatal crashes on horizontal curves, and share mountainous topography. The peer exchange provided opportunities for participants to share: (1) Practices for systematic implementation of roadway departure countermeasures on horizontal curves, (2) Methods for addressing crash problems on local roads; and (3) Challenges encountered in implementing safety programs and countermeasures. The event also allowed stakeholders to learn from peers who demonstrated innovative approaches to safety on horizontal curves and strategies for funding safety projects and programs. Peer presentations were made by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC), Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), and the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). Forty-one participants representing Departments of Transportation (DOTs), Governor Highway Safety offices, Local Transportation Assistance Programs (LTAPs), and FHWA Division Offices attended the virtual peer exchange. The peer exchange discussions and presentations focused on the following topics : Crash reduction on curves, including selecting treatments and projects; Strategies and roadblocks to fund local safety projects; and Benefits and challenges to systematic implementation and treating local roads. Facilitated roundtable discussions on each of the topics were a significant component of the event. During the discussion, each State shared its experiences in addressing safety on horizontal curves, including innovative practices, challenges, and use of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solutions. KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Financing KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet KW - Minnesota Department of Transportation KW - Peer exchange KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Stakeholders KW - State departments of transportation KW - Virginia Department of Transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59400/59496/horizcurves_May2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584278 AU - Belella, Paul AU - Owens, Nick AU - Paul, Dennis AU - Lantz, Brenda AU - Bridgelall, Raj AU - Pierce, Dave AU - Schaefer, Will AU - Schaefer, Ron AU - Newton, Diane AU - Leidos AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Concept of Operations (ConOps) for Smart Roadside Initiative PY - 2012/05/21 SP - 88p AB - The Smart Roadside Initiative (SRI) is one of several U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) research and development projects intended to improve the efficiency and safety of the Nation’s roadways by providing for the exchange of important safety and operational information. The goal of this project is to define a framework to connect commercial vehicles, motor carriers, enforcement resources, highway facilities, intermodal facilities, toll facilities, and other nodes on the transportation system in order to provide more complete, timelier, and better operations-driven information exchange. This framework will provide a foundation upon which technology can be built to meet operational needs for improving motor carrier safety, security, operational efficiency, and freight mobility, and enhancing protection and maintenance of infrastructure. This document is a Concept of Operations for a system that will be used to: Uniquely identify commercial motor vehicles; Locate, analyze and make available to users information about the vehicles, the carriers that own and/or manage them, and the drivers that operate them, in order to facilitate electronic screening; Facilitate the delivery of information regarding truck parking facilities; and Support the development and delivery of functionality consistent with the USDOT’s V2X Cooperative Systems program. This Concept describes current operations, user needs for enhancement, justification for changes, proposed operational policies and constraints and expected outcomes, as well as sample scenarios for the application of the system. It will serve as a resource for development of engineering requirements for prototype SRI applications and SRI architecture, and support decision makers in their assessment of SRI systems. KW - Commercial truck parking KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Concept of operations KW - Electronic screening KW - Motor carriers KW - Real time information KW - Smart Roadside Initiative KW - Universal electronic commercial vehicle identification KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications KW - Virtual weigh stations KW - Wireless roadside inspections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56202/FHWA-JPO-16-259.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377220 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466564 TI - Electronic National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Collaboration Tool AB - The objective of this Task Order is to twofold: (1) Research available electronic process tools to enhance and expedite the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process (Phase I); and, (2) Develop and pilot, if determined necessary in Phase I, a prototype electronic tool that enhances and expedites interagency collaboration during the preparation and review of environmental documents (Optional Phase II). KW - Development KW - Documents KW - Electronic controllers KW - Environment KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - State departments of transportation KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454083 AU - Gunter, Caleb B AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Evaluation of Temperature Differential in HMA Mixtures PY - 2012/05/15/Final Report SP - 72p AB - Segregation is a common occurrence in hot mix asphalt (HMA) construction. The two types of segregation encountered are gradation segregation and thermal segregation. This investigation report involves mainly thermal segregation, which occurs when areas of the HMA mat are significantly colder than other areas. Various investigations have determined that cold areas within the asphalt mat during construction tend to show a corresponding decrease in finished pavement density, which could have a detrimental effect on pavement life. This investigation report outlines the effort to gain insight on the long term effects of thermal segregation on the life of a pavement surface. Instances of thermal segregation were identified during HMA construction using an infrared camera and the locations of these instances were noted using GPS coordinates. Then these locations were monitored every six months to develop a timeline for any temperature differential damage that occurred. The data and conclusions reached are outlined in this report. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Damage (Pavements) KW - Field studies KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Infrared photography KW - Pavement performance KW - Road construction KW - Segregation (Aggregates) KW - Temperature KW - Temperature differential UR - http://www.clemson.edu/t3s/scdot/pdf/projects/SPR%20673%20Thermal%20Segg%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46200/46243/SPR_673.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1220576 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547663 TI - Integration of the Incident Command System (ICS) Protocol for Effective Coordination of Multi-Agency Response to Traffic Incidents AB - The main objective of this study is to enhance the use of Incident Command System (ICS) protocols and incorporate Traffic Incident Management (TIM) best practices to more effectively manage day-to-day incidents on the Interstate roadway system in South Carolina. KW - Best practices KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident Command System KW - Incident management KW - South Carolina UR - http://www.scdot.scltap.org/projects/current/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335216 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547384 TI - A Guide for the Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems AB - In 2008, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Highway Subcommittee for Bridges and Structures approved a resolution for a tunnel definition: "Tunnels are defined as enclosed roadways with vehicle access that is restricted to portals regardless of type of structure or method of construction. Tunnels do not include highway bridges, railroad bridges or other bridges over a roadway. Tunnels are structures that require special design considerations that may include lighting, ventilation, fire protection systems, and emergency egress capacity based on the owners determination." Every year, significant public funds are needed to inspect and maintain tunnels that were not designed to be easily inspected and maintained. Nevertheless, well planned preventive maintenance is a cost-effective strategy to keep tunnels safe and operational. Tunnel preservation includes actions or strategies that prevent, delay, or reduce deterioration of tunnel systems (preventive maintenance), restore the function of existing tunnels (repair or rehabilitation), and keep tunnels in good condition and extend their useful life. Often practitioners apply preservation strategies on the basis of judgment or common sense using available resources. However, it is difficult to translate these strategies into coherent and convincing arguments that will lead to support for aggressive and well planned programs of highway tunnel preservation. These programs may be inadequately funded due to absence of a creditable, quantitative basis for measuring effectiveness. The objective of this research is to develop a guide for possible adoption by AASHTO that will (1) assemble a catalog of highway tunnel preservation actions; (2) quantify the benefits of tunnel preservation actions; (3) provide decision-making tools to optimize tunnel preservation actions; and (4) develop a method to determine appropriate levels of funding and staffing to achieve agency selected goals and performance measures. The guide shall cover tunnel systems that consist of the tunnel and its applicable structures, drainage systems, mechanical systems, electrical systems, lighting, security, signs, incident detection systems, overhead vehicle detection systems, traffic management systems, information management systems, and miscellaneous appurtenances within the tunnel. The guide will be applicable to the preservation of existing tunnels and to preservation planning during the design of new tunnels, in urban and rural areas. Accomplishment of the project objective will require at least the following phases: PHASE I--Preservation Actions That Impact Highway Tunnel Systems - Deliverables in this phase shall include the following: (1) A critical review of existing technical literature, pertinent international and domestic scans, and NCHRP research projects. In addition, the review should include owner and industry practices related to tunnel operation and maintenance for at least two major tunnels in the states; the FHWA Tunnel Operations, Maintenance, Inspection and Evaluation (TOMIE) Manual (Chapter 3--Maintenance); and other research findings from both foreign and domestic sources. (2) A catalog of highway tunnel systems preservation actions. (3) Metrics that can be used to analyze the effectiveness of preservation actions considering when and which action to apply and the impacts of applying or delaying an action. (4) A proposed method, for further analysis in Phase II, to prioritize preservation actions according to the identified metrics. (5) A proposed method to determine appropriate levels of funding and staffing to achieve agency selected goals and performance measures. (6) A detailed outline for the guide. The guide shall be developed for direct use with the flexibility to be customized by highway tunnel owners. (7) Interim Report No. 1 that documents deliverables 1 through 6 of Phase I and provides an updated work plan for the remainder of the project no later than 6 months after contract award. The updated plan must describe the process and rationale for the work proposed for Phases II through IV. PHASE II-- Development of the Proposed Methods - Deliverables in this phase shall include the following: (1) A detailed method with examples to prioritize preservation actions according to the identified metrics in Phase I. Proposals shall describe the number of examples to be provided. The examples shall consider different highway tunnels in urban and rural areas. The method shall be implemented into decision-making processes. (2) A detailed method with examples to determine appropriate levels of funding and staffing to achieve agency selected goals and performance measures. The research team shall consider consequences of different investment scenarios. (3) An annotated description of each section and subsection of the proposed guide along with the expected level of detail of each subsection. (4) A complete sample section of the guide that is publication ready with appropriate level of detail. (5) Interim Report No. 2 that documents deliverables 1 through 4 of Phase II and provides an updated work plan for the remainder of the project no later than 10 months after Phase I approval. The updated plan must describe the process and rationale for the work proposed for Phases III through IV. PHASE III--Draft Guide for Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems - The deliverable for this phase will be the draft guide to be submitted no later than 10 months after Phase II approval and 6 months before the contract end date. PHASE IV--Final Products - Deliverables in this phase shall include the following: (1) Revised guide for preservation of highway tunnel systems after consideration of panel's review comments. (2) A final report that documents the entire research effort including an implementation plan. KW - Design KW - Guides to information KW - Maintenance KW - Optimization KW - Performance measurement KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3173 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334648 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01541912 TI - Safety Impacts of Intersection Sight Distance AB - The provision of appropriate intersection sight distance (ISD) is an important element in intersection design. The approach to the determination of ISD in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official's (AASHTO's) "A Policy of Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (known as the "Green Book") is based on gap-acceptance developed in the 1996 NCHRP Report 383: Intersection Sight Distance. This approach includes the ability to more easily calculate ISD for both passenger cars and trucks by allowing the selection of an ISD "design vehicle". Calculations of ISD using this approach yield different results than those calculated with earlier methods. However, past research efforts to analyze and quantify the safety impacts of ISD have produced inconsistent results, making it difficult to fully evaluate the different approaches. The quantification of these safety impacts would allow better design evaluations that include variations in available ISD. It would also provide the opportunity to evaluate the potential safety impacts of the ISD criteria in the Green Book. Transportation agencies would benefit from guidance on incorporating the safety impacts of intersection sight distance into the decision-making process. The objective of this research is to determine the relationships between safety and available ISD and to develop guidelines for transportation agency decision making. The guidelines should be applicable to unsignalized intersections (no control, yield control, and stop control on the minor road). It is expected that the research and guidelines will address the following elements: (1) Identification of appropriate definitions and methods to measure ISD; (2) Quantification of the relationship between safety and available ISD (i.e., Crash Modification Factors and other appropriate functions); (3) Guidance to transportation agencies on how to apply these functions to evaluate the safety impacts of available sight distance. KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic volume KW - Trucks UR - http://www.trb.org/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3181 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449598 AU - Burgess, Lisa AU - Toppen, Alan AU - Harris, Mike AU - Kimley-Horn and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Vision and Operational Concept for Enabling Advanced Traveler Information Systems (EnableATIS) PY - 2012/05/13/Final Report SP - 61p AB - Enabling Advanced Traveler Information Systems (EnableATIS) is looking ahead to a future operational environment that will support and enable an advanced, transformational traveler information services framework. This future framework is envisioned to be enabled with a much more robust pool of real-time data through connected vehicles, public and private systems, and user-generated content. This Operational Concept does not seek to define specific future applications, but rather is formalizing a framework whereby multiple activities are envisioned to interact to support a diverse traveler information environment. Two operational scenarios are presented. One is a laissez-faire approach to an incremental build out and enhancement of traveler information services over time and with limited influence on the market from U.S. Department of Transportation. The second represents a desired end-state of a robust, multimodal, multi-source traveler information environment that leverages new data sources and generates transformative uses of that information to benefit travelers as well as system operations and management by agencies. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Connected vehicle technologies KW - Data collection KW - Operations KW - Real time information KW - Technological innovations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45900/45929/Final_Package_FHWA-JPO-12-052_508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469425 AU - Stolle, Cody S AU - Reid, John D AU - Bielenberg, Robert W AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improved Models of Cable-to-Post Attachments for High-Tension Cable Barriers PY - 2012/05/12/Final Report SP - 133p AB - Computer simulation models were developed to analyze and evaluate a new cable-to-post attachment for high-tension cable barriers. The models replicated the performance of a keyway bolt currently used in the design of a high-tension cable median barrier being developed at the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility. Component tests of the keyway bolts were simulated and compared to the component test results. Accurate friction, fracture strain, and stress-strain material properties were determined for a solid element model of the keyway bolt by applying actual load curve measured from the test to a simulated pull cable. By simulating the material properties of the solid element keyway bolt in bending, torsion, and tension of a rod, load curves were developed for a simplified beam element model of the keyway bolt as well. When material properties were finalized, the solid and beam element models of the keyway bolt were inserted in bogie test models and simulated again. By analyzing the bogie testing results, it was determined that due to the very small size of the keyway bolt and potential contact difficulties, solid element models of the keyway bolt may be impractical for full-scale simulation purposes. However, the beam element models were determined to be advantageous and had a very small computational cost in comparison. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Bolts KW - Cables KW - Highway safety KW - Median barriers KW - Simulation UR - http://ne-ltap.unl.edu/Documents/NDOR/Cable-to-Post_Attachments.pdf UR - http://nlcs1.nlc.state.ne.us/epubs/R6000/B016.0190-2012.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46733/Bielenberg_320_FINAL_COMBINED_1_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236829 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549637 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 318. Revised Chapter 8, Winter Maintenance Operations and Salt, Sand, and Chemical Management, of the Final Report on NCHRP Project 25-25(04) AB - National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 25-25(04), Environmental Stewardship Practices, Procedures, and Policies for Highway Construction and Maintenance, was conducted to develop a compendium of practices for integrating environmental stewardship into construction, operations, and maintenance activities. This final report on the project contains 11 chapters addressing different aspects of environmental stewardship practices for highway construction and maintenance. Chapter 8 of the report, Winter Operations and Salt, Sand, and Chemical Management, identifies recommended practices for strategic planning for reduced salt usage, and looks at initiatives by leading departments of transportation (DOTs), and practices and accomplishments in specific program areas to achieve such reductions and improve environmental outcomes. Although Chapter 8 provides the foundational elements that guide the development of environmental management systems and environmental strategic plans for state DOTs, many of the strategies contained in the chapter, particularly those in Chapter 8.3, Strategic Planning for Reduced Salt Usage, need to be updated.  NCHRP Project 20-07, Task 318 was conducted to prepare an updated version of Chapter 8 to replace the current chapter in the final report for NCHRP Project 25-25(04).  The project is complete.  The final report consisting of the revised chapter and a summary of the work performed to update the chapter has been forwarded to American Association of State Highway and Transportation (AASHTO) staff to make it available to the chair and members of the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Maintenance and other interested parties.  NCHRP staff will coordinate the actions required for incorporating the revised chapter in the final report for NCHRP Project 25-25(04).  KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental impacts KW - Road construction KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3198 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339866 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495349 TI - Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems Signalized Left-Turn Assistance AB - No summary provided. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Left turns KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264900 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495348 TI - V2I Communications AB - No summary provided. KW - Communication systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264899 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495347 TI - Mapping Technology Assessment for Connected Vehicle Highway Network AB - No summary provided. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Mapping KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264898 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495346 TI - Exploratory Research on Technology Options for Collection of Road User Fees AB - No summary provided. KW - Biodiesel fuels KW - Diesel fuels KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Feedstocks KW - Raw materials KW - Replacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264897 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495345 TI - Infrastructure Based ITS Migration Study for Connected Vehicle Program Applications AB - No summary provided. KW - Infrastructure KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Migration KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264896 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495330 TI - Connected Vehicle Program Safety Concept of Operations (ConOps) AB - No summary provided. KW - Concept of operations KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264881 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495290 TI - National Evaluation of the SafeTrip-21 Initiative AB - No summary provided. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - National quality initiatives KW - SafeTrip-21 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264784 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495289 TI - Requirements Specification and Specification Update for Roadside Equipment and Aftermarket Safety Device AB - No summary provided. KW - Aftermarket KW - Roadside structures KW - Safety equipment KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264783 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495230 TI - Clarus Multi-state Regional Demonstrations AB - No summary provided. KW - Clarus KW - Demonstration projects KW - Multi-state organizations KW - Regional development KW - Regional planning KW - Road Weather Management Program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264627 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01494997 TI - FRATIS AB - No summary provided. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Freight traffic KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mobility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264408 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01467471 TI - Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) and Related Messages for Connected Vehicle Program AB - No summary provided. KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal phases KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1235707 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01465091 TI - Advanced Crash Analysis Center Cooperative Research AB - The project will perform research in the areas of joint Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) vehicle model development, child safety research, and joint library operations. FHWA and NHTSA share requirements to conduct finite element crash simulations of vehicles to investigate vehicle and roadside hardware safety issues. Additionally, the Advanced Crash Analysis Center maintains a film library and conducts crash simulations on a range of highway and vehicle safety issues. KW - Child safety KW - Crash analysis KW - Finite element method KW - Roadside KW - Roadside hazards KW - Traffic simulation KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1233324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554196 AU - Balducci, Patrick AU - Burt, Matt AU - Gopalakrishna, Deepak AU - Pierce, Ben AU - Krile, Bob AU - Zimmerman, Carol AU - Lee, Ming-Shiun AU - Lee, Matt AU - Pack, Michael AU - Fincher, Scott AU - Kishan, Sandeep AU - Battelle AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Integrated Corridor Management Initiative: Demonstration Phase Evaluation Final National Evaluation Framework PY - 2012/05/07/Final Report SP - 160p AB - This report provides an analytical framework for evaluating the two field deployments under the United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) Initiative Demonstration Phase. The San Diego Interstate 15 corridor deployers and the Dallas U.S. 75 corridor deployers are implementing a suite of strategies aimed at balancing corridor transportation supply and demand to promote overall corridor efficiency and safety. The strategies include decision support systems to aid transportation operators in synthesizing incoming transportation system data and to develop, select and modify response plans; center-to-center information sharing and distribution strategies to promote coordinated, multi-modal and multi-agency responses; traffic signal timing adjustments and short-term transit capacity additions; and enhanced pre-trip and en-route traveler information to shift travelers to alternative modes or routes or to postpone trips to less congested periods. The evaluation will investigate and document the investments made by both sites, including ICM-related changes in policies and procedures; document and evaluate the capabilities acquired through ICM deployment and how those capabilities were utilized; and assess the impacts of the deployments, including mobility, safety, air quality and overall benefit-cost. Institutional and organization issues and lessons learned will also be investigated. The evaluation features eight individual analyses focusing on specific ICM capabilities and types of impacts. KW - Air quality KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Decision support systems KW - Evaluation KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Mobility KW - San Diego (California) KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation corridors UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54300/54350/ICM_National_Evaluation_Framework__FHWA-JPO-13-015_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01560475 AU - Alexiadis, Vassili AU - Sallman, Doug AU - Armstrong, April AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume XIII: Integrated Corridor Management Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation Guide PY - 2012/05/05 SP - 109p AB - As part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Traffic Analysis Toolbox (Volume XIII), this guide was designed to help corridor stakeholders implement the Integrated Corridor Management Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation (ICM AMS) methodology successfully and effectively. It provides a step-by-step approach to implementation of the ICM AMS methodology and reflects lessons learned in its application to the three ICM Pioneer Sites and a test corridor. It is specifically targeted at technical and/or program managers in transportation agencies at the State or local level who may oversee implementation of ICM and/or an ICM AMS initiative. This Guide will also be a helpful reference to all stakeholders involved in AMS, including technical modelers, by providing a framework for developing an effective analysis plan to support selection and application of available tools and models specifically conducive to ICM. KW - Analysis KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Methodology KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic simulation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/50000/50600/50615/30B00211.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1350275 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01576044 TI - Intelligent Situation Awareness and Navigation Aid for Visually Impaired Persons AB - In Phase I, the goal is to explore and develop situation awareness and assistive navigation technologies to provide blind or visually impaired persons with obstacle avoidance and intelligent wayfinding capabilities in indoor environments by using wearable sensors (e.g., cameras, 3D-orientation sensors, pedometers). In Phase II, the technology will be further improved and research will be extended to outdoor pedestrian environments to provide blind users with waypoint navigation, path planning, and advanced warning of events through interaction with global positioning system (GPS), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) infrastructure. KW - Awareness KW - Blind persons KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Navigation systems KW - Wayfinding UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/tfhrc/projects/projectsdb/projectdetails.cfm?projectid=FHWA-PROJ-12-0045 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369993 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547219 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 296. Alignment of the Draft AASHTO Transit Guide with the AASHTO Green Book AB - The objectives of this research were to review the comments made during the balloting of the draft American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Transit Guide and to revise the draft Guide appropriately to resolve those comments. The draft AASHTO Guide for Geometric Design of Transit Facilities on Highways and Streets is envisioned as a companion to the AASHTO Green Book, providing departments of transportation (DOTs), transit professionals, and design consultants with guidance specific to the proper incorporation of transit vehicles and facilities within the street environment. Transit vehicles in the guide include buses, streetcars, and light rail transit vehicles. The draft Transit Guide was developed through Transit Cooperative Research Project (TCRP) Project D-09, Transit Vehicles and Facilities on Streets and Highways. During the AASHTO balloting process, reviewers noted significant inconsistencies between the draft Guide and the AASHTO Green Book. Many states have not submitted ballots, perhaps owing to the length of the draft Guide. Satisfactory resolution of the comments is needed before another round of balloting is undertaken. The draft guide has been revised based on the balloting comments and delivered to AASHTO for their further handling. KW - Facilities KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Light rail vehicles KW - Rail transit facilities KW - Streetcars KW - Streets KW - Transit buses UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3002 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334200 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01467352 TI - Software Tools for Sharing and Integrating GIS Data AB - The goal of the consortium is to develop, implement and distribute a variety of tools and process for sharing and integrating geo-spatial transportation data. The basic objectives are to: (1) design and implementation of a core database, based on federal standards, within the state as a central repository of multi-jurisdictional location data; (2) translation of the data from provider's schema to a centralized database and from one database to another; (3) development of Internet portals for data providers to submit data and data users to download data and security to support data access; (4) integration of data from disparate data sources into a seamless whole; (5) quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) processes and software to monitor data quality, security, data entry and retrieval processes; (6) change detection, and change management to support maintenance of the data over time; (7) documentation of a set of processes necessary to support data sharing from a variety of sources, e.g. data sharing agreements, agreement points; (8) linear referencing integration. The initial timeline for this development is three to four years depending on funding. Annual consortium meetings and electronic communication are used to coordinate project activities. The timeline of the project and is updated based on current status and dependent upon available resources. KW - Data collection KW - Data sharing KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information dissemination KW - Software KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/340 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1235588 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01560730 TI - Surface-water Model System License Renewal Agreement AB - The objective of these pooled funds is to re-new the surface-water model system (SMS) license agreement for another five years and continue to provide licenses of the software to all Federal and State Department of Transportation employees. KW - Computer models KW - Graphical user interfaces KW - Highways KW - License agreements KW - Software KW - Water KW - Water at surfaces UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/495 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351293 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547378 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 305. Analysis of New Highway Lighting Technologies AB - The objective of this research is to evaluate the potential and proper application of light emitting diode (LED) lighting technology and if applicable, other new roadway lighting technologies, to determine if and what additional research is required to properly establish guidance for these technologies. In the event the research establishes that sufficient acceptable research has already been performed to provide guidance on the use of LED lighting or other alternate lighting technology, the research shall provide design guidance. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Guidelines KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting KW - Technological innovations UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3069 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334642 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546022 TI - Guidelines for Slope Traversability AB - Rollovers are the leading cause of fatalities in single vehicle ran-off-road (SVROR) crashes. Analysis of six years of data from the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) indicates that 31% of SVROR crashes result in a rollover. Approximately 75% of these rollover crashes are initiated by vehicles digging into the ground on embankments or in ditches after encroaching onto the roadside. Higher centers of gravity make light trucks (e.g., pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles, vans) inherently less stable than passenger cars. Numerous crash data studies have documented that light trucks are overrepresented in rollover crashes. For example, the above referenced analysis of the NASS CDS indicates the risk of a utility vehicle rolling over in a SVROR crash on a high-speed roadway is 2.2 times that of a passenger car. Sales of light trucks continue to increase each year. As a group, light truck sales currently outpace sales of passenger cars, accounting for over 50% of all new passenger vehicles sold. Thus, it is important to update roadside safety guidelines and practices to accommodate the current vehicle fleet. Due in part to a lack of roadside data in most crash databases, little information is available regarding the percentage of overturns versus total vehicle encroachments for different sideslope ratios. The 2006 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide (RDG) considers foreslope ratios ranging from 3:1 up to 4:1 to be traversable but non-recoverable. Slopes steeper than 3:1 have historically been considered critical foreslopes. The RDG states that such slopes "will cause most vehicles to overturn and should be treated (i.e., flattened or shielded with a barrier) if they begin within the clear-zone distance of a particular highway. . ." This guidance is based largely on studies that were conducted in the late 1960s and early 1970s and included only a very limited number of full-scale embankment tests and computer simulations with passenger cars. A recent study suggests that some roadside slope conditions that have for many years been considered traversable for passenger cars may not be traversable for light trucks. With the steadily increasing percentage of light trucks in the vehicle fleet, further research is needed to determine what constitutes recoverable, traversable, and critical sideslope conditions for today's vehicle fleet. Proper assessment of slope traversability will help reduce the number of rollover crashes and associated fatalities. The objective of this research is to develop guidelines for what constitutes recoverable, traversable, and critical sideslope conditions considering the characteristics of today's passenger vehicle fleet. KW - AASHTO Roadside Design Guide KW - Crash data KW - Embankments KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Light trucks KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Rollover crashes KW - Slopes UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3177 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332974 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545234 TI - Design-Management Guide for Design-Build and Construction Manager/General Contractor Projects AB - While the traditional design-bid-build (DBB) approach to project delivery remains prevalent among state departments of transportation (DOTs) and other owners of transportation facilities, some agencies have been selectively adopting alternative delivery methods that increase collaboration among the owner, designer, and constructor. Under the design-build (DB) process, for example, the designer and constructor act as a unified team to deliver a completed project at a set price. Under a construction manager-at-risk (CMR) process, designer and constructor are engaged separately by the owner (as is the case under DBB), but the constructor is involved from the earliest stages of the design process; the designer and constructor are expected to work collaboratively to deliver a project that meets the owner's requirements. Some agencies have adopted the term Construction Manager/General Contractor (CMGC) for a method that is generally similar to CMR but reallocates risk more reasonably among owner, constructor, and designer. (As used in this research, CMGC is understood to include CMR.) Among the attractions claimed for such alternative project-delivery methods are improved constructability, increased project cost certainty, improved schedule certainty, and actual cost savings. Experience has shown that policies used to develop and administer traditional design contracts (that is, under DBB) are inadequate for these alternative delivery methods. The objective of this research was to develop a guide to effective design-management practices for owners using CMGC or DB. The guide will include (a) a review and synthesis of recent experience of owners' management of design services under CMGC and DB; (b) critical assessments of the relative merits of alternative approaches to managing key aspects of the design that affect project scope, quality, and cost; and (c) lessons learned from design management under CMGC and DB that may be effectively applied under other project delivery methods. The research team reviewed recent experience of departments of transportation DOTs and other public agencies regarding design management practices used on projects under CMGC, DB, and similar methods for project delivery; and considered relevant experience in other construction industry segments. Considering such issues as liability and responsibility in CMGC and DB project development and measures of effectiveness for design management, the team developed a framework characterizing principal areas where owners' design management practices under CMGC and DB project delivery processes are likely to influence project success. The product is a guide for state DOTs and other transportation agencies on design management under CMGC and DB project delivery. The guide has been published as National Cooperative highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 787. KW - Construction management KW - Construction manager at risk KW - Costs KW - Design build KW - Risk management KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3176 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332753 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01530018 TI - Evaluation of a Mitigation Site: Amphibian Population AB - The Phase I wetland mitigation site was designed to provide woody riparian scrub-shrub wetland as mitigation for area lost in the same watershed due to road construction. This project is to quantify the success of the Phase I mitigation by a) estimating population parameters of two (2) amphibian species; b) survey invertebrate fauna; and c) assess site characteristics relative to amphibian success, and compare results between the Phase I mitigation site, the nearby swan pond, and two (2) reference sites. KW - Amphibians KW - Mitigation KW - Road construction KW - Watersheds KW - Wetlands UR - http://www.dot.state.wy.us/files/live/sites/wydot/files/shared/Planning/Research/RS04212%20amphibian.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1314822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01570340 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Updating Rhode Island’s Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP): An RSPCB Peer Exchange PY - 2012/05 SP - 18p AB - This report summarizes the peer exchange sponsored by the Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) held from March 18-19, 2012 in Warwick, Rhode Island. Rhode Island’s goals for the peer exchange included learning from other States’ experiences and incorporating success factors into its Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) update. RIDOT applied to the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Roadway Safety Professional Capacity Building (RSPCB) Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Program seeking technical assistance to learn from others’ experiences on the following topics: (1) Improving crash forms to better capture data on speeding, distracted driving, and toxicology; (2) Integrating databases to determine crash rates and contributing factors, as well as statistical outcomes of injury crashes; (3) Aligning Highway Safety Plan (HSP) and SHSP goals, particularly those related to “Toward Zero Deaths” (TZD); and (4) Measuring the effectiveness of the SHSP, maintaining stakeholder involvement, and incorporating the SHSP into all agency plans. Peers at the event included the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT), Georgia’s Governor’s Office of Highway Safety (GOHS), and the Maine Department of Transportation (MaineDOT). KW - Best practices KW - Data collection KW - Data fusion KW - Highway safety KW - Peer exchange KW - Performance measurement KW - Rhode Island Department of Transportation KW - Stakeholders KW - Strategic Highway Safety Plan UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/p2p/ri/ri.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55200/55263/ri.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59800/59832/peer_report_RI_March2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1360039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01562741 AU - Sulbaran, Tulio AU - Strelzoff, Andrew AU - University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices of MDOT's Survey Operation, Organization and Technology Implementation SN - 9781450796019 PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 317p AB - A critical activity performed by employees of the Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) is surveying. Surveying in some instances needs to be performed in hazardous environments such as rugged terrain and high-speed traffic. New surveying technologies [e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS)] are increasingly being adopted by surveying units of departments of transportation around the nation, because it has demonstrated increased efficiency and cost savings in topographical surveys (Uddin 2008, Hall 2006, Krugler 2006, NCHRP2004, MDOT2002). MDOT employees use a wide range of surveying methods and technologies throughout the state. Surveying operations vary within MDOT from manual conventional surveying technology requiring large numbers of field personnel to GPS and robotic technologies that are faster and require fewer employees to deploy. The technology, methodology, standards, quality controls and delivered results of these surveying operations need to be cataloged and evaluated to determine the best operational approach to use for the range of surveying operations employed by MDOT. In addition, surveying at the district level within MDOT is organized in many different ways. For example, in some districts surveying teams are centralized with most jobs filled by the main office while in other districts surveying tasks are spread among numerous field offices. These organizational strategies need to be studied to determine the most efficient organizational model/process for MDOT surveying operations. Some MDOT locations have embraced modern surveying technologies such as GPS RTK systems, robotic total stations, automated field data collection and CADD modeling procedures with great success. Others have been slower to adopt the newest technology and have had less success in field deployment. A study is needed to determine the best adoption strategies including potentially targeted training, field demonstration, new equipment, phase in strategy and computerized work flow for most effectively rolling out new surveying technologies (ex: GPS) to all MDOT districts. The overall goal of this project was to evaluate the surveying processes throughout MDOT to move toward providing electronic 3D surveys, improve accuracy and increase efficiency in MDOT survey efforts. This goal was achieved by targeting each district office to determine: (1) Best operational approach to use a range of surveying technologies, (2) Most effective organizational model/process to best utilize the newest surveying technologies; and (3) Best roll-out strategy which will help MDOT districts move to the most efficient surveying technology. KW - Best practices KW - Computer aided design KW - Drafting KW - Electronic equipment KW - Global Positioning System KW - Management and organization KW - Mississippi KW - Mississippi Department of Transportation KW - Robotics KW - Surveying KW - Three dimensional surveys KW - Topographic surveys UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20222%20-%20Best%20Practices%20of%20MDOT%92s%20Survey%20Operation%2C%20Organization%20and%20Technology%20Implementation.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1352331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548608 AU - Hall, Kevin D AU - Ramakrishnareddy, Jeevan AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Bond Strength Between Paving Layers for Hot-Mix Asphalt PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 88p AB - Poor adhesion between paving layers results in premature pavement distress, and ultimately causes pavement failure. Early detection of bond-related problems through good quality control and quality assurance help prevent expensive rehabilitation efforts. The bonding strength of two tack coat materials was investigated at three application rates, two temperatures, and three mix type combinations. All factors showed a significant effect on bond strength, with temperature exhibiting the greatest effect. While application rate showed an effect on strength, it is demonstrated that an application rate of 0.02 gal/yd² is sufficient to develop bond between all pavement type combinations studied – and with both tack coat materials. It is recommended that laboratory results from this study be validated using field cores taken from construction projects; further, it is recommended that an additional study of long-term strength be conducted to assess the variation of bond strength over time KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Evaluation KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Pavement layers KW - Quality assurance KW - Tack coats KW - Temperature UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%200706.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548528 AU - Crowson, Ginny AU - Deeter, Dean AU - Athey Creek Consultants AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Understanding Utilization of Third Party Data and Information PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 28p AB - There are a number of private vendors today who sell and provide third party data for a variety of transportation purposes. Data may be oriented to commercial freight companies, personal navigation systems, transportation agencies and many more. Speed, travel time, volume and occupancy data is important in maintaining the safety and mobility of the transportation network. Some transportation agencies use this type of data from third party providers to deliver traveler information, manage traffic, and conduct studies. ENTERPRISE initiated this project to better understand what providers are offering, how states are using the data and what their options might be for future use of such data. This report summarizes the information gathered during the project and is written in a format to accommodate easy future reference by the ENTERPRISE members. The information summarized in this report includes: (1) ENTERPRISE member survey of third party data needs and uses, (2) Third party data provider information and (3) Public agency experiences with using third party data. KW - Businesses KW - Data sharing KW - Information management KW - Private enterprise KW - Real time information KW - Surveys KW - Transportation departments UR - http://enterprise.prog.org/Projects/2010_Present/thirdpartydata/finalreport/ENT%203%20Third%20Party%20Data%20Final%20Report-Final%20053112.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547899 AU - Hall, Kevin D AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Quality Control Procedures for Hot-Mix Asphalt PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 34p AB - The Arkansas quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) specification for hot mix asphalt (HMA) construction was initially developed from data and experience gained with the Marshall method of mix design. The full implementation of Superpave resulted in questions relating to the suitability of the QC/QA specification. Research was undertaken to revise the existing program or create a new specification. Six projects were randomly sampled and tested by three operators (the contractor, the agency, and the research team) to establish typical HMA construction variability, in terms of the pay factors used in Arkansas: air voids, voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA), binder content, and field density. The testing data were normally distributed, validating a typical assumption regarding construction. Analyses showed testing variability among the three operators could be absorbed into the overall variability of test properties, rather than being considered a distinct factor. Three levels of HMA quality were identified by the mean and standard deviation of test data. A specification for QC/QA was proposed, which features acceptance criteria based on both the mean value of a given property (similar to the existing specification) and an acceptable range of the property. The acceptance criteria for both the mean and range are based on the standard deviation of the property expected in the field; for initial implementation, it is recommended that the ‘medium’ quality level as defined by the testing program be used. A limited validation study was performed to gauge the effect of implementation. The study suggested that implementation of the proposed system would not result in drastic cases of materials/pavement rejection. Further, the study indicated that field compaction would be the current acceptance property most affected by the proposed system. It is strongly recommended a full-scale field validation study be conducted; details of such a study are included. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Air voids KW - Arkansas KW - Binder content KW - Field density KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Superpave KW - Validation KW - Voids in mineral aggregate UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%200001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01545307 AU - Sullivan, Jim AU - Kenyan, Jennifer AU - Watts, Richard AU - University of Vermont, Burlington AU - University of Vermont, Burlington AU - Vermont Agency of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Efficiency in Transportation - Optimal Transit Networks for Vermont PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 43p AB - In previous work, Transportation Research Center (TRC) researchers surveyed transportation-system efficiency measures, trends in Vermont, and policy & education strategies that might encourage increased transportation-system efficiencies. In this report, researchers focus on investigating the relationships between (1) rideshare lots and fixed-route transit routes for the state and (2) an idealized fixed-route transit network and the existing fixed-route transit routes in the state. The intent is to identify relationships that will help planners strategically recommend new transit routes, site future rideshare lots, and explain under-utilization of existing services. KW - Casual carpooling KW - Fixed routes KW - Park and ride KW - Parking lots KW - Public transit KW - Vermont UR - http://vtransplanning.vermont.gov/sites/aot_program_development/files/documents/materialsandresearch/completedprojects/2012_-_01_Efficiency_in_Transportation_-_Optimal_Transit_Networks_For_Vermont.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01545299 AU - Sullivan, Jim AU - Kenyan, Jennifer AU - Watts, Richard AU - University of Vermont, Burlington AU - University of Vermont, Burlington AU - Vermont Agency of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Efficiency in Transportation - Community and State Transportation Efficiency Planning in Vermont PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 47p AB - This report summarizes state plans and local community planning efforts related very broadly to energy efficiency and transportation. This report also includes interview summaries with some Vermont planners and citizens engaged in transportation and efficiency related efforts. The purpose of this report broadly was to summarize this background for more focused additional research. KW - Energy conservation KW - Policy KW - Transportation planning KW - Vermont UR - http://vtransplanning.vermont.gov/sites/aot_program_development/files/documents/materialsandresearch/completedprojects/2012_-_03_Efficiency_in_Transportation_-_Community_and_State_Transportation_Efficiency_Planning_in_Vermont.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01545292 AU - Watts, Richard AU - University of Vermont, Burlington AU - University of Vermont, Burlington AU - Vermont Agency of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Efficiency in Transportation - Increasing Carpooling in Vermont: Alternatives to Single Occupancy Vehicle PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 25p AB - This report focuses on the GoVermont program – a state managed rideshare matching program – as a window into the obstacles and opportunities to increasing carpooling in Vermont. In this project, researchers conducted an initial survey of 370 GoVermont participants and then conducted four in-depth conversations with 25 of those respondents. Researchers also reviewed GoVermont materials, previous research on carpooling and examined data from the U.S. Census and National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data on travel behavior at the individual and household level. Findings indicate the difficulty in expanding carpool activities in the context of present settlement patterns, job distributions and car ownership. Regardless the results should be instructive to policy-makers seeking to improve car occupancy rates. KW - Households KW - Ridesharing KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel surveys KW - Vermont UR - http://vtransplanning.vermont.gov/sites/aot_program_development/files/documents/materialsandresearch/completedprojects/2012_-_02_Efficiency_in_Transportation_-_Increasing_Carpooling_in_Vermont_Alternatives_to_Single_Occupancy_Vehicle.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01539887 AU - Caldwell, Christopher AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a New Guardrail End Treatment: Self-Restoring Impact Attenuator PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 84p AB - This report explains the history of the “Development of a New Guardrail End Treatment” project, what was accomplished, what problems were encountered, and why it was ultimately terminated. This report also provides a summary of proprietary products that are currently available on the market that meet most of the initial and/or final design criteria. It is the hope of the authors that lessons learned from the problems encountered in this project will be of value in future roadside safety research. KW - Crash cushions KW - Design KW - Guardrail end treatments KW - Guardrail terminals UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Document/Download/4302 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1326073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01534777 AU - Reynolds, Tobey L AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determining a Strategy for Efficiently Managing Sign Retroreflectivity in New Hampshire PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 12p AB - The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) has developed minimum retroreflectivity requirements for sign sheeting that will become a federal mandate for roadside signs in 2015 and for overhead signs in 2018. In 2012, the New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT) was required by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to have a plan in place for meeting these requirements. The MUTCD has identified five acceptable methods that fall into two categories for determining if signs meet the requirements. In the Assessment category, the methods listed are Visual Nighttime Inspection and Measured Sign Retroreflectivity. In the Management category, the methods listed are Expected Sign Life, Blanket Replacement, and Control Signs. This project focused on determining a method that was most suited to the needs of the NHDOT. Each method has advantages and disadvantages that were considered during the selection of an appropriate plan. Once all the methods were assessed, it was determined that Visual Nighttime Inspection would be the most economical due to the quickness that the review can be accomplished and the minimal resources required to conduct the inspection. Another major factor for selecting the visual night inspection was that a statewide sign inventory is currently not available. If a current inventory was available, other methods may prove to be more efficient. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance management KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - New Hampshire KW - New Hampshire Department of Transportation KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Sign sheeting KW - Traffic signs UR - http://www.nh.gov/dot/org/projectdevelopment/materials/research/projects/documents/FHWA-NH-RD-14282V.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1320442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512537 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - South Padre Island, second access project, State Highway 100, across the Laguna Madre, to Park Road 100, Cameron County : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/05//Volumes held: Draft(4v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508888 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US 50 Crossing study, MD 611 to MD 378, and 3rd Street to Somerset Street, Worcester County : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/05//Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508884 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate 5/State Route 56 interchange project, San Diego County : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/05//Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507955 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - The Interstate 405 Improvement Project between State Route 73 and Interstate 605, Orange and Los Angeles counties : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/05//Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01488700 AU - Barfuss, Steven AU - Jensen, Austin AU - Clemens, Shannon AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation and Development of Unmanned Aircraft (UAV) for DOT Needs PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 49p AB - This research involved the use of high-resolution aerial photography obtained from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to aid UDOT in monitoring and documenting State Roadway structures and associated issues. Using geo-referenced UAV high resolution aerial photographic imagery, the project documented the before, during and after stages of the Southern Parkway construction near the new Saint George International airport, in addition to photographing and classifying wetland plant species in the Utah Lake wetland mitigation bank on the NE corner of Utah Lake. KW - Aerial photography KW - Classification KW - Condition surveys KW - Drone aircraft KW - Georeferencing KW - Plants KW - Road construction KW - Utah KW - Wetlands UR - http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=10710706202834543 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1257235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01486993 AU - Pigman, Jerry G AU - Graves, Clark AU - Hunsucker, David AU - Cain, David AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WIM Data Collection and Analysis PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 58p AB - The objectives of this study were to review and analyze current procedures in order to implement a process for collecting and analyzing weigh-in-motion (WIM) data to insure an adequate and accurate representation of weights of vehicles using Kentucky’s roadways. A literature review of WIM data collection equipment, practices and procedures indicated that a range of options are available and used by other agencies. Piezoelectric cable detection systems were most frequently used and provided adequate accuracy, if attention is given to monitoring and calibration. An overall assessment of Kentucky’s WIM data collection program resulted in recommendations for: 1) increased use of cell modems for more efficient data download, 2) attention to quality control of data with a routine program of polling sites and monitoring consistency of front-axle weights, 3) expansion of WIM data collection program to capture a wider range of functional class coverage of truck traffic, 4) attention to weight data collection on coal-hauling routes, 5) consideration of using static weigh station data to increase coverage of truck weight monitoring, 6) initiation of a data collection plan to capture sufficient data to develop length-based classification factors, 7) continued review and evaluation of new software that has the capability of increasing the efficiency and accuracy of WIM data processing, and 8) evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of expanded and accurate WIM data collection and the impact on pavement thickness designs. KW - Data collection KW - Kentucky KW - Literature reviews KW - Quality control KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weighing devices UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2013/07/KTC_12_05_SPR_404_10_1Fupdt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1256284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478356 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume XII: Work Zone Traffic Analysis: Applications and Decisions Framework. Executive Summary PY - 2012/05 SP - 16p AB - Work Zone Traffic Analysis (WZTA) is the process of analyzing the work zone traffic impacts and related impact mitigation strategies of construction, maintenance, or rehabilitation projects. The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on work zone traffic analysis applications and decision framework. It serves as a useful resource for practitioners in understanding the analytical methods involved in conducting a work zone traffic analysis. KW - Case studies KW - Decision making KW - Traffic analysis KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12029/fhwahop12029.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475816 AU - Breck, Andrew AU - Colton, Paige AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - Case Studies in Geographic Information Systems for Environmental Streamlining PY - 2012/05 SP - 23p AB - This 2012 summary report addresses the current use of geographic information systems (GIS) and related technologies by State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) for environmental streamlining and stewardship, particularly in relation to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The report presents background information, a series of case studies, and a summary of conclusions. In order to develop case studies, the authors of this report interviewed representatives from five agencies about their respective applications, including: California DOT’s Cultural Resource Database and GIS applications; Pennsylvania DOT’s Proposal Screening Tool; South Carolina DOT’s Project Screening Tool; Tennessee DOT’s Statewide Environmental Management System; and Washington State DOT’s Workbench. KW - Case studies KW - Environmental stewardship KW - Environmental streamlining KW - Geographic information systems KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46056/GIS4EST_Summary_Report_2012__2_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475813 AU - Kramer, Steven L AU - Arduino, Pedro AU - Sideras, Samuel S AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Earthquake Ground Motion Selection PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 60p AB - Nonlinear analyses of soils, structures, and soil-structure systems offer the potential for more accurate characterization of geotechnical and structural response under strong earthquake shaking. The increasing use of advanced performance-based design and evaluation procedures will require consideration of long-return-period motions for all structures, especially in western Washington where high seismicity is a concern and long-return-period motions are likely to be strong enough to induce nonlinear, inelastic response in soil deposits and structures. Nonlinear analyses require the specification of acceleration time histories as input; this requires the analyst to identify input motions that are consistent with the ground motion hazards at the site of interest. A considerable level of research effort has been directed toward the development of procedures for selection and scaling of earthquake ground motions for the purpose of using them in nonlinear structural analysis. This research has shown that structural response of buildings can be quite sensitive to the selection and scaling of ground motions used in nonlinear analyses. While the sensitivity of bridge structures to input motion characteristics has not been studied as explicitly as that of building structures, the response of bridges is also expected to be significantly influenced by input motion characteristics. As a result, engineers have identified the need for software tools that will automate, to at least a large degree, the process of identifying suites of ground motions that are most appropriate for use in nonlinear response analyses. Along with this report, a piece of software, SigmaSpectraW, was created for Washington State Department of Transportation to do just that. KW - Databases KW - Earthquake engineering KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Nonlinear analysis KW - Seismicity KW - Software KW - Structural analysis KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/791.1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46043/791.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472554 AU - Buncher, Mark S AU - Rosenberger, Carlos AU - Asphalt Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices for Constructing and Specifying HMA Longitudinal Joints PY - 2012/05//Draft Final Report SP - 52p AB - Longitudinal joint deterioration continues to be one of the highest listed reasons for premature failure of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. Improving longitudinal joint construction is probably the single most important thing that can be done at this time to improve the performance of pavements. The purpose of this project was not to do additional research on longitudinal joint construction, but rather to evaluate the work that has already been done and to search for consensus to make recommendations on how to construct and specify longitudinal joints in HMA pavements. The approach taken was a series of stratified steps: 1) analysis of the Federal Highway Administration's survey to their state Division Offices on specifications, methods and performance of longitudinal joints; 2) review existing literature and research; 3) identify areas where there is consensus and areas where there is not; 4)conduct focused interviews with acknowledged paving experts and contractors whom recently won the prestigious annual Sheldon Hayes Award for the “best” HMA project in the United States; and 5) perform visits to states that have implemented a longitudinal joint specification (either minimum density or method specification) to meet with the department of transportation, contractors, and researchers and also to visit working projects. After accomplishing these steps and additional review of specifications and literature, recommendations were developed that offer the best chance of specifying and constructing longitudinal joints whose performance (life) will equal the performance of the mat. This guidance includes key steps or best practices for contractors, along with specification recommendations and options for agencies. A 4-hour workshop was also developed as part of this project. KW - Best practices KW - Durability KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Literature reviews KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement joints KW - Specifications KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - http://www.asphaltinstitute.org/best-practices-for-construction-and-specifying-hma-longitudinal-joints/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1243318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458060 AU - Salgado, Rodrigo AU - Zhang, Yanbei AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Pile Driving Analysis for Assessment of Axial Load Capacity of Piles PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 34p AB - Driven piles are commonly used in foundation engineering. Pile driving formulae, which directly relate the pile set per blow to the capacity of the pile, are commonly used to decide whether an installed pile will have the designed capacity. However, existing formulae have been proposed based on empirical observations and have not been validated scientifically, so some might over-predict pile capacity, while others may be too conservative. In this report, a more advanced and realistic model developed at Purdue University for dynamic pile driving analysis was used to develop more accurate pile driving formulae. These formulae are derived for piles installed in typical soil profiles: a floating pile in sand, an end-bearing pile in sand, a floating pile in clay, an end-bearing pile in clay and a pile crossing a normally consolidated clay layer and resting on a dense sand layer. The proposed driving formulae are validated through well documented case histories of driven piles. Comparison of the predictions from the proposed formulae with the results from static load tests, dynamic load tests and conventional formulae show that they produce reasonably accurate predictions of pile capacity based on pile set observations. KW - Axial loads KW - Bearing capacity KW - Dynamic loads KW - Formulas KW - Indiana KW - Load tests KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Static loads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314671 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46652/fulltext2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457566 AU - Xiong, Yingge AU - Fricker, Jon D AU - McNamara, Kevin T AU - Longley, Joseph W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Socioeconomic Forecasting PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 56p AB - The role of the Regional Economic Models, Inc. (REMI) Policy Insight+ model in socioeconomic forecasting and economic impact analysis of transportation projects was assessed. The REMI PI+ model is consistent with the state of the practice in forecasting and impact analysis. REMI PI+, like its competitors, is vulnerable to the trends contained in the historical data it uses, especially recent trends. After the most recent periodic update in data, the performance of the REMI PI+ model improved, that is, it produced long‐term forecasts that were more credible. Zonal‐level population and employment forecasts for direct input to the Indiana Statewide Travel Demand Model (ISTDM) can be achieved by applying disaggregation regression methods. Indiana University’s Center for Econometric Model Research (CEMR) model is also a sound forecasting model. Because of the knowledge of in‐state economists, the CEMR‐IBRC model could provide forecasts of the Indiana economy that reflect characteristics not known to out‐of‐state forecasters. The researchers also examined economic impact analysis models that are possible alternatives to REMI PI+. Acquiring a new economic impact analysis package does not seem necessary for the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT), if REMI forecasts can be adjusted to (a) accommodate recent and reasonable expected trends in the Indiana economy, and (b) meet the geographic (TAZ) needs of the ISTDM. The Major Corridor Investment-Benefit Analysis System (MCIBAS) - which is currently used by the Indiana Department of Transportation - is a good hybrid system to use in the economic impacts analysis of transportation projects. Indiana University’s CEMR is capable of conducting economic impact analyses, with local knowledge of the Indiana economy, at a cost lower than REMI’s. However, INDOT would have to decide whether these potential advantages justify changing the present relationship with REMI. In cases where the credibility of data, forecasts, and/or impact analyses needs to be verified, an INDOT version of an expert panel along the lines of Michigan’s Transportation Technical Committee could be convened. KW - Demographics KW - Econometric models KW - Economic forecasting KW - Economic models KW - Forecasting KW - Impacts KW - Indiana KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Long range planning KW - Regional economics KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314664 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46600/46658/fulltext.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225537 ER - TY - SER AN - 01454090 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Alternative Asphalt Binder, Sulfur-Extended Asphalt (SEA) PY - 2012/05 SP - 13p AB - This Technical Brief provides an overview of the implications of the use of sulfur as a modifier/extender for asphalt concrete mixtures and the relationship to asphalt pavement performance. Sections include; background; engineering properties; environmental, health, and safety; safety practices; and a history of sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) construction projects. KW - Asphalt additives KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Bituminous binders KW - Environmental impacts KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/asphalt/pubs/hif12037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449700 AU - Barth, Matthew AU - Boriboonsomsin, Kanok AU - University of California, Riverside AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - ECO-ITS: Intelligent Transportation System Applications to Improve Environmental Performance PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 45p AB - This report describes recent research supported by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Applications for the Environment: Real-Time Information Synthesis (AERIS) program, building upon existing work through developing and improving data collection methods, developing new data fusion techniques to improve estimates, and applying appropriate models for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) environmental/energy assessments. In addition, the report includes a synthesis of information gathered on other programs in ITS environmental research, as well as a set of technical recommendations on how to proceed with Tracks 1-3 of the AERIS program. KW - Applications for the Environment: Real-Time Information Synthesis KW - Data collection KW - Energy analysis KW - Environmental assessments KW - Environmental impacts KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Pollutants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45636/FINAL_PKG_FHWA-JPO-12-042_V3.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46188/FINAL_PKG_FHWA-JPO-12-042_V3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1217362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449502 AU - Morse, Lindsey AU - Cotton, Benjamin AU - Frazier, Jonathan AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Alternative Transportation Feasibility Study: Phase I Final Report PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 75p AB - Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest (MBSNF) is located in close proximity to the Puget Sound metropolitan area in western Washington State. The Forest is facing a number of transportation issues, such as increasing congestion and decreasing availability of parking, which may negatively impact resources and visitors. The study is intended to assess transportation issues, and evaluate solutions for those issues, on and along the four major highway corridors through the MBSNF that offer winter and summer recreational opportunities: State Route (SR) 542, U.S. Route 2 (US-2), Interstate 90 (I-90), and SR 410. Due to the study’s large regional scope and multi-modal approach, the limited availability of funding, and the desire to lead to specific implementation projects, the study was divided into two phases. Phase I was the scoping phase and was intended to identify how the remainder of the funding could be best used, given the multiple corridors and issues and limited resources. Phase II is based on the recommendations from Phase I. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway corridors KW - Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest KW - National parks KW - Parking KW - Passenger transportation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation planning KW - Washington (State) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45900/45933/DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-12-04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1216160 ER - TY - SER AN - 01447857 JO - Traffic Volume Trends PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Volume Trends, May 2012 PY - 2012/05 SP - 10p AB - Traffic Volume Trends is a monthly report based on hourly traffic count data. These data, collected at approximately 4,000 continuous traffic counting locations nationwide, are used to determine the percent change in traffic for the current month compared to the same month in the previous year. This percent change is applied to the travel for the same month of the previous year to obtain an estimate of travel for the current month. Travel on all roads and streets changed by +2.3% (5.7 billion vehicle miles) for May 2012 as compared with May 2011. Travel for the month is estimated to be 258.4 billion vehicle miles. Cumulative Travel for 2012 changed by +1.2% (14.5 billion vehicle miles). The Cumulative estimate for the year is 1,198.1 billion vehicle miles of travel. KW - Highway travel KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic volume KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/12maytvt/12maytvt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446287 AU - Mostafavi, Ali AU - Abraham, Dulcy M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INDOT Construction Inspection Priorities PY - 2012/05 SP - 34p AB - In the last decade, the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has experienced an increase in their construction projects (e.g., INDOT’s construction spending was $789 million in 2006 and increased to $1,081.4 million in 2010); while the level of its in‐house inspection staff and resources has either remained the same or declined. There are different strategies to deal with the need for construction inspection resources and they may include strategies such as outsourcing the inspection of construction activities and using quality control and quality assurance certification programs to reduce the need for in‐process inspection. One strategy that could reduce the inspection workload is prioritizing construction activities for inspection. However, reducing the number of inspections also has risks, such as functional failures and reduced design life, if defects are not identified before the work is covered. Thus, available inspection resources should be allocated to the activities with significant risk consequences due to reduced inspection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the current inspection practices of INDOT and develop a risk‐based inspection protocol to facilitate efficient allocation of available inspection resources to minimize the risks associated with reduced inspection. First, the current inspection practices implemented by INDOT, other State Departments of Transportation, and consulting firms were identified and compared. The comparison between the inspection practices revealed that there is consistency between INDOT’s and consultants’ and other State Departments of Transportation’s inspection practices. To develop a risk‐based inspection protocol, first, the risk consequences associated with reduced inspection were identified for different transportation construction activities, based on the data collected from 20 site visits to INDOT projects. These risk consequences include short and long‐term functional failures, reduced design life, reduced safety, and increased maintenance cost. Based on data collected from 23 state Departments of Transportation, 58 engineers and inspectors from the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT), and 20 inspection consultants in the Midwest, the subjective perceived probabilities associated with the occurrence of each risk consequence were encoded using fuzzy analysis. Using these subjective probabilities, the risk impacts due to reduced inspection were derived. The construction activities subsequently were prioritized based on the risk impacts associated with reduced inspection into five priority levels: high, medium‐high, medium, medium‐low, and low. The greater the risk impacts were due to reduced inspection, the higher the priority would be for inspection of that activity. The study also included identification of value added of inspection and the critical items to be watched for different activities related to transportation construction. Deliverables of this project include: an inspection protocol, an inspection staffing guide and a list of pay items whose documentation requirements need to be modified to enhance the documentation process. The inspection protocol created in this study could assist INDOT in efficient allocation of inspection resources to construction activities. KW - Construction projects KW - Fuzzy algorithms KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Inspection KW - Quality assurance KW - Resource allocation KW - Risk analysis KW - Risk-based inspection KW - Strategic planning UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314669 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45889/fulltext.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45890/Appendix_B._Survey_Instrument.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1213819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01445994 AU - Rupnow, Tyson AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Girder Cores from the US 90 Bayou Ramos Bridge PY - 2012/05 SP - 19p AB - This technical assistance report documents the investigation conducted by the Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) of the cored concrete from girders of the US 90 Bayou Ramos Bridge near Morgan City, Louisiana. The unit weights of the cores were determined to be within the generally accepted range of portland cement concrete unit weight. The modulus of elasticity and compressive strengths were generally acceptable. The modulus of elasticity results were all within the general range of 4 to 6 million psi. The compressive strengths were acceptable with one core exhibiting low strength due to premature failure during the modulus test. The cores showed no visible signs of distress. KW - Bayou Ramos Bridge KW - Bridge decks KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Evaluation KW - Girders KW - Portland cement concrete UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/tar_12_01TA_C_press.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45887/tar_12_01TA_C_press.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01445010 AU - Sallman, Doug AU - Flanigan, Erin AU - Jeannotte, Krista AU - Hedden, Chris AU - Morallos, Dorothy AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Operations Benefit/Cost Analysis Desk Reference PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 119p AB - This Desk Reference is intended to meet the needs of a wide range of practitioners looking to conduct benefit/cost (B/C) analysis of operations strategies. The guidance provided in the Desk Reference includes basic background information on B/C analysis, including basic terminology and concepts, intended to support the needs of practitioners just getting started with B/C analysis, who may be unfamiliar with the general process. Building off this primer base, the Desk Reference also describes some of the more complex analytical concepts and latest research in order to support more advanced analysts in conducting their analysis. Some of the more advanced topics include capturing the impacts of travel time reliability; assessing the synergistic effects of combining different strategies; and capturing the benefits and costs of supporting infrastructure, such as traffic surveillance and communications. This Desk Reference is supported by an Operations B/C decision support tool, called the Tool for Operations Benefit/Cost (TOPS-BC). This spreadsheet-based tool is designed to assist practitioners in conducting B/C analysis. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Decision support systems KW - Definitions KW - Highway operations KW - Spreadsheets KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Travel time reliability UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12028/fhwahop12028.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01443817 AU - Kaufman, Matthew AU - Formanack, Matthew AU - Gray, Joddie AU - Weinberger, Rachel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Contemporary Approaches to Parking Pricing: A Primer PY - 2012/05 SP - 48p AB - Technological advances offer the opportunity to effectively manage and price parking. Improvements in parking management infrastructure and tools combined with innovative thinking by politicians, transportation and parking professionals, and researchers are advancing the field of parking management. New technologies are making it possible to collect and analyze large amounts of data about parking utilization. That in turn allows cities to define clear policy goals and accurately adjust pricing to meet those goals. Better technology has also improved revenue management, provided users with more payment options, and improved enforcement while lowering associated costs. This primer discusses advances covering a broad array of parking pricing applications, available technology, preferred user accommodations, and strategies for gaining public acceptance for policy changes. Case studies from Aspen, Colorado, Washington D.C., and Seattle, Washington are also included. The information provided is meant to increase awareness of innovative approaches, help communities design strategies that are applicable to their unique needs, and encourage new innovations in the field of parking pricing. KW - Case studies KW - Parking fees KW - Pay parking KW - Policy KW - Pricing KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12026/fhwahop12026.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383601 AU - Sargand, Shad M AU - Khoury, Issam S AU - Morrison, Jill AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Monitoring and Modeling of Pavement Response and Performance. Task B: New York. Volume 1: I490, RT9A, and I86 AC Pavement PY - 2012/05//Technical Report SP - 158p AB - This volume reports on experiments at three pavement sites in New York, I490 in Rochester, RT9A in New York City, and I86 near Angelica. I490 included jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) sections instrumented to monitor loss of support from curling and warping during curing and early use, plus an experiment on different dowel bar and tie bar configurations. Instrumentation included linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs) measuring displacement and vibrating wire strain gauges (VWSGs) measuring strain, stress, and temperature. Data were gathered by applying falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and with a Dipstick® and a profilometer. Environmental and response data from the embedded instrumentation were collected from construction in June 2002 through 2004, and FWD responses were measured during 2006-2011. In conclusion, evidence for loss of support resulting from both warping and built-in curling was found. Among the three dowel bar configurations, E2, which had the narrowest spacing and the smallest bar cross-sections, had test sections with the least curling and the best FWD load transfer efficiency (LTE) under negative temperature gradient (morning). All sections performed well under positive temperature gradient (afternoon), with LTE>93%. Instrumentation of a PCC section on RT9A adjacent to the Freedom Tower site in Manhattan, New York City, was installed in June 2008 to monitor the heavy construction related traffic. Instrumentation included LVDTs, VWSG, other strain gauges, and thermocouples. FWD data were collected after two months, but further data could not be collected due to restrictions accessing the site. On I86 near Angelica, a JRCP pavement was rubblized and covered with a 20 cm (8 in) asphalt pavement. A special test section substituted a perpetual pavement structure for the standard design, and included four layers ranging from 100 mm (4 in) to 40 mm (1.57 in) in thickness. The test pavement was instrumented with LVDTs, thermocouples, strain gauges, and pressure cells. FWD testing was conducted November 2006 through August 2011. After nearly five years of service, very slight distress could be observed in the standard AC pavement, and no distress was observed in the perpetual pavement section. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dowel bars KW - Dynamic loads KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Load transfer KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - New York (State) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Perpetual pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Tie bars UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/797213287/viewonline UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45100/45173/134287_Vol1__FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383599 AU - Sargand, Shad M AU - Khoury, Issam S AU - Padilla-Llano, David AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Monitoring and Modeling of Pavement Response and Performance. Task B: New York. Volume 2: I86 PCC PY - 2012/05//Technical Report SP - 320p AB - In Cattaraugus County, New York State, Interstate 86 exhibited major distresses, and the jointed reinforced portland cement concrete pavement (JRCP) and was in need of rehabilitation by 2004. Three experimental sections were constructed in June 2006 using an unbonded overlay of jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP). In one section the existing JRCP was untreated, in another it was rubblized, and in the third section it was broken and seated (B&S). Embedded sensors monitored strain, temperature, and displacement responses. The research effort included periodic monitoring of stress and strains due to environmental loads and measurement of responses induced by a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to account for dynamic loads. Results of this study suggest that thermal gradients in the concrete slabs induce highest vertical displacements (curling), strains, and stresses in the untreated section. From dynamic loads, the largest deflections and strains are induced in the rubblized and B&S sections, while the untreated section exhibits the least severe dynamic response. Environmental strain responses were typically more critical near the top surface of the concrete, often in tension, suggesting probable top-down cracking mechanisms. This research improves the understanding of the physical effects of these fracturing techniques on unbonded overlays through a fully monitored investigation using in-situ instrumentation. KW - Comminution KW - Concrete overlays KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Dynamic loads KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - New York (State) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Perpetual pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete pavements UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/797213287/viewonline UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45100/45174/134287_Vol2__FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383598 AU - Sargand, Shad M AU - Khoury, Issam S AU - Hatton, Drew AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Monitoring and Modeling of Pavement Response and Performance. Task B: New York. Volume 3: I90 PY - 2012/05//Technical Report SP - 186p AB - This research presents the evaluation and comparison of two Portland-cement concrete (PCC) pavement test sections with cement-treated permeable bases (CTPB) and dense-graded aggregate bases (DGAB) on the Interstate 90 Thruway in New York. Two instrumented test sections were constructed to assess rigid pavement performance with CTPB compared to DGAB. The first test section had a DGAB layer only, while the second section had a CTPB layer above the DGAB layer. Continual environmental data were collected and dynamic testing was conducted to evaluate the load response of each test section. The results from the environmental monitoring show that the CTPB section had higher strains and began to experience higher edge deflections after a year of service. The moisture probes indicated the CTPB did not affect subgrade moisture content. Dynamic truck load tests indicated the CTPB section had higher mid-slab strains and greater transverse joint deflections. The higher strains and deflections in the environmental and dynamic tests were attributed to the rigid CTPB layer, which caused a loss of support at the slab edges. This study found there were no benefits from the CTPB, and that the rigid base layer had a negative impact on early-age pavement performance. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection tests KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Dynamic loads KW - Load tests KW - New York (State) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Permeability KW - Perpetual pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Strain (Mechanics) UR - http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/SPR/Research/reportsandplans/Reports/2012/Pavements/134287_Vol3_FR.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45100/45175/134287_Vol3_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383589 AU - Barfuss, Steven L. AU - Jensen, Austin AU - Clemens, Shannon AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation and Development of Unmanned Aircraft (UAV) for UDOT Needs PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 49p AB - This research involved the use of high-resolution aerial photography obtained from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to aid the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) in monitoring and documenting State Roadway structures and associated issues. Using geo-referenced UAV high resolution aerial photographic imagery, the project documented the before, during and after stages of the Southern Parkway construction near the new Saint George International airport, in addition to photographing and classifying wetland plant species in the Utah Lake wetland mitigation bank on the North East corner of Utah Lake. KW - Aerial photography KW - Before and after studies KW - Drone aircraft KW - Georeferencing KW - High resolution digital photography KW - Plants KW - Road construction KW - Saint George (Utah) KW - Utah Lake KW - Wetlands UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45612/UT-12.08_UAV_report_July_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383576 AU - Morton, Tom AU - Woodward Communications AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NDE Virtual Laboratory Development Workshop Summary PY - 2012/05//Summary Report SP - 18p AB - On December 19, 2011, at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, VA, the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Exploratory Advanced Research (EAR) Program convened a 1-day workshop to consider the value of and process for developing a national virtual laboratory for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) for highway structures. A national virtual laboratory could include test and sample protocols to allow comparison and validation of research done at different locations, research data and metadata to allow future researchers and students to analyze or re-examine results, and analysis and visualization tools to aid in examining and reporting research data. Previously, FHWA’s EAR Program sponsored a National Research Council Associate to conduct a project, “NDE for corrosion detection in reinforced concrete structures incorporating time-resolved thermography combined with three-dimensional (3-D) microwave imaging” at TFHRC’s NDE Laboratory. The EAR Program then supported a workshop addressing the use of NDE tools at the Transportation Research Board’s 2011 Annual Meeting. The December 19th workshop was held to advance the findings from these efforts regarding an NDE Virtual Laboratory. KW - Bridges KW - Highway structures KW - Laboratories KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Research KW - Virtual laboratory KW - Workshops UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/12052/12052.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383560 AU - Cramer, Patricia AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Utah Division of Wildlife Resources AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determining Wildlife Use of Wildlife Crossing Structures under Different Scenarios PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 181p AB - This research evaluated Utah's wildlife crossing structures to help Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) and the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources assess crossing efficacy. In this study, remote motion-sensed cameras were used at 14 designated wildlife crossing culverts and bridges, and 21 existing culverts and bridges built for other purposes. Over three years (2008-2011), through June 2011, the 35 cameras recorded 23,957 mule deer passages through designated wildlife crossings, and 1,093 passages under existing culverts and bridges. The results support the statements: 1) mule deer will use bridges to pass under Utah highways, and the bridged overpass to pass over Interstate 15; 2) mule deer prefer shorter culverts, mule deer rates of repellency increased with culvert length, wildlife crossing culverts should be less than 120 ft (36.5 m) long ; 3) culvert width, as animals pass under the road, is more important to mule deer than culvert height, they prefer wider spaces; 4) mule deer, elk, and moose will rarely to never use existing concrete box culverts under interstates unless wildlife fencing (8 ft, 2.4 m high) is present, but once wildlife fencing is present, will only use these structures in limited numbers; 5) all US 6 and Interstate-70 wildlife crossing bridges, culverts, and arch bridges passed mule deer; 6) elk rarely used culverts and bridge structures, it is extremely difficult to build wildlife crossing structures for elk passage; and 7) overall wildlife crossings are working for mule deer. Future crossings that are predicted to work best should be short in length, and wide in span. KW - Culverts KW - Elk KW - Fences KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highway bridges KW - Mule deer KW - Utah KW - Wildlife crossings UR - http://utah.ptfs.com/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=54671 UR - http://www.udot.utah.gov/main//uconowner.gf?n=10315521671291686 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383551 AU - Hearn, George AU - University of Colorado, Boulder AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Deterioration and Cost Information for Bridge Management PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 354p AB - This study applies contract bid tabulations and element‐level condition records to develop element‐level actions, costs for actions, transition probabilities for models of deterioration of bridge elements, and transition probabilities for improvements to elements due to actions. The information on actions, costs, and transition probabilities is input to a Pontis BMS bridge database. The study uses transition probabilities for element deterioration to compute the number of years to possible loss of safety in bridges, and to compute the number of years for inspection intervals. It examines variations in costs of actions and deterioration of elements among Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) regions. A set of software applications was developed to handle bid tabulations, compute costs of actions, compute transition probabilities, and mediate the steps needed for movement of data into and out of Pontis BMS. An implementation plan is included with suggestions regarding: merging the Pontis bridge database with CDOT’s OnSys bridge database; developing procedures for element‐level tracking of repair and rehabilitation work on in‐service bridges; developing tools outside of Pontis for decision support for bridge projects. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Colorado KW - Costs KW - Deterioration KW - Highway bridges KW - Pontis (Computer program) KW - Preservation KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380451 AU - Bayomy, Fouad AU - El-Badawy, Sherif M AU - Awed, Ahmed AU - National Institute for Advanced Transportation Technology AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation of the MEPDG for Flexible Pavements in Idaho PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 375p AB - This study was conducted to assist the Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) in the implementation of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) for flexible pavements. The main research work in this study focused on establishing a materials, traffic, and climatic database for Idaho MEPDG implementation. A comprehensive database covering all hierarchical input levels required by MEPDG for hot-mix-asphalt (HMA) and binders typically used in Idaho was established. The influence of the binder characterization input level on the accuracy of MEPDG predicted dynamic modulus (E*) was investigated. The prediction accuracy of the NCHRP 1-37A viscosity-based Witczak Model, NCHRP 1-40D-binder shear modulus (G*) based Witczak model, Hirsch model, and Gyratory Stability (GS) based Idaho model was also investigated. MEPDG Levels 2 and 3 inputs for Idaho unbound materials and subgrade soils were developed. For Level 2 subgrade material characterization, two models were developed. First, a simple R-value regression model as a function of the soil plasticity index and percent passing No. 200 sieve was developed based on a historical database of R-values at ITD. Second, a resilient modulus (Mr) predictive model based on the estimated R-value of the soil and laboratory measured Mr values, collected from literature, was developed. For Level 3 unbound granular materials and subgrade soils, typical default average values and ranges for R-value, plasticity index (PI), and liquid limit (LL) were developed using ITD historical data. For MEPDG traffic characterization, classification and weight data from 25 weigh-in-motion (WIM) sites in Idaho were analyzed. Site-specific (Level 1) axle load spectra (ALS), traffic adjustment factors, and number of axles per truck class were established. Statewide and regional ALS factors were also developed. The impact of the traffic input level on MEPDG predicted performance was studied. Sensitivity of MEPDG predicted performance in terms of cracking, rutting, and smoothness to key input parameters was conducted as part of this study. MEPDG recommended design reliability levels and criteria were also investigated. Finally, a plan for local calibration and validation of MEPDG distress/smoothness prediction models for Idaho conditions was established. KW - Databases KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Idaho KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement performance KW - Resilient modulus KW - Rutting UR - http://www.itd.idaho.gov/highways/research/archived/reports/RP193Final.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45100/45138/RP193Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380421 AU - Porter, J David AU - Kim, David S AU - Park, SeJoon AU - Saeedi, Amirali AU - Magana, Mario E AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wireless Data Collection System for Travel Time Estimation and Traffic Performance Evaluation PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 127p AB - This report presents the results of the third and final research and development project of an implementable wireless travel time data collection system. Utilizing Bluetooth wireless technology as a platform, the prior projects focused on data collection hardware and network communication implementation. In this project the processing and synthesis of collected data was addressed. Results and procedures that address data filtering, travel time sample calculation, calculation of travel time statistics, travel time forecasting are described. Results for the use of collected data to estimate intersection performance are presented, as are the design and requirements for an automated travel time data collection system. The report includes a users’ manual. KW - Bluetooth technology KW - Data collection KW - Data filtering KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Travel time UR - http://cms.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/docs/reports/2012/SPR737_Wireless.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379832 AU - Chavel, Brandon W AU - Leshko, Brian J AU - HDR Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Primer for the Inspection and Strength Evaluation of Suspension Bridge Cables PY - 2012/05//Technical Report SP - 128p AB - This Primer is intended to be a practical supplement to NCHRP Report 534, "Guidelines for Inspection and Strength Evaluation of Suspension Bridge Parallel Wire Cables," and FHWA Report No. FHWA-PD-96-001, titled "Recording and Coding Guide for the Structure Inventory and Appraisal of the Nation’s Bridges." This Primer will serve as an initial resource for those involved in the inspection, metallurgical testing, and strength evaluation of suspension bridge cables in addition to providing necessary documentation for recording performed inspections, testing, and strength evaluations. Furthermore, this document is intended to provide field inspectors, technicians, and/or engineers with the necessary forms and information they need to perform an inspection. KW - Bridge cables KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Inspection KW - Materials tests KW - Metallography KW - Strength of materials KW - Suspension bridges UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/pubs/if11045.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379787 AU - Cable, James K AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Concrete Overlay Field Application Program: Iowa Task Report: US 18 Concrete Overlay Construction Under Traffic PY - 2012/05//Task Report SP - 124p AB - The National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa Department of Transportation, and Federal Highway Administration set out to demonstrate and document the design and construction of portland cement concrete (PCC) overlays on two-lane roadways while maintaining two-way traffic. An 18.82 mile project was selected for 2011 construction in northeast Iowa on US 18 between Fredericksburg and West Union. This report documents planning, design, and construction of the project and lessons learned. The work included the addition of subdrains, full-depth patching, bridge approach replacement, and drainage structural repair and cleaning prior to overlay construction. The paving involved surface preparation by milling to grade and the placement of a 4.5 in. PCC overlay and 4 ft of widening to the existing pavement. In addition, the report makes recommendations on ways to improve the process for future concrete overlays. KW - Concrete overlays KW - Construction management KW - Iowa KW - Lessons learned KW - Planning and design KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Two lane highways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/US_18_overlay_construction_web.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379207 AU - Nabors, Dan AU - Goughnour, Elissa AU - Thomas, Libby AU - DeSantis, William AU - Sawyer, Michael AU - Moriarty, Kevin AU - Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bicycle Road Safety Audit Guidelines and Prompt Lists PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 87p AB - Road Safety Audits (RSAs) are a formal safety examination of an existing or future roadway or off‐road facility and are conducted by an independent, experienced, multidisciplinary team. The purpose of the Bicycle Road Safety Audit Guidelines and Prompt Lists is to provide transportation agencies and RSA teams with a better understanding of the safety of cyclists in the transportation system when conducting an RSA. These Guidelines present the RSA team with an overview of basic principles of the safety of cyclists and potential issues affecting cyclists. They also provide information on how to conduct an RSA and effectively assess the safety of cyclists. Prompt lists describe safety considerations when conducting a cyclist‐specific RSA. These Guidelines will help RSA teams evaluate and suggest a multimodal approach to safety by improving the safety of cyclists and all roadway users. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Cyclists KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Safety audits KW - Safety procedures UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/tools_solve/fhwasa12018/fhwasa12018.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01378871 AU - Ha, Soojun AU - Yeon, Jungheum AU - Won, Moon C AU - Jung, Youn Su AU - Zollinger, Dan G AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - User’s Guide for TxCRCP-ME Design Software: Volume I - User's Guide and Volume II - Software Architecture PY - 2012/05 SP - 87p AB - Volume I, the user's manual, is organized to help users get accustomed to the operation modules of TxCRCP-ME, the structural design software for continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). An elaborate three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted to identify the mechanisms of punchout distress in CRCP, and the critical component that may cause the punchout distress was mechanistically evaluated. A full factorial parametric study was performed for significant input variables to compile the database of the analysis results. A program was written using the 2007 version of Microsoft Excel to perform the analysis of the pavement system for given inputs in estimating the frequency of punchouts, the primary structural distress in CRCP. The conversion from mechanistic structural responses to pavement distress is achieved by a transfer function determined empirically, utilizing data collected from the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) rigid pavement database project. The final results of the software are presented in the form of charts and tables. Volume II, the software architecture, provides more detailed information on how the program was assembled. KW - Computer architecture KW - Computer program documentation KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Software KW - TxCRCP-ME (Computer software) UR - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/Reports/Products/0-5832-P3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376420 AU - Coifman, Benjamin AU - Lee, Ho AU - Kim, Seoungbum AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Validating the Performance of Vehicle Classification Stations PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 99p AB - Vehicle classification is used in many transportation applications, e.g., infrastructure management and planning. Typical of most developed countries, every state in the US maintains a network of vehicle classification stations to explicitly sort vehicles into several classes based on observable features, e.g., length, number of axles, axle spacing, etc. Periodic performance monitoring is necessary to ensure the quality of collected data; however, such testing has been prohibitively labor intensive to do as thoroughly as needed. To address these challenges, this study examined three interrelated facets of vehicle classification performance monitoring. First, the authors manually evaluate the performance of vehicle classification station on a per-vehicle basis. Second they develop a portable LIDAR (light detection and ranging) based vehicle classification system that can be rapidly deployed, and third they use the LIDAR based system to automate the manual validation done in the first part using the tools from the second part. In the first part the authors examined over 18,000 vehicles, at several stations and found good performance overall, but performance for trucks was far worse than passenger vehicles. About a third of the errors were fixed by modifying the classification decision tree, the remaining two thirds of the errors are unavoidable because different classes have overlapping axle spacings or lengths (e.g., passenger vehicles and trucks, or commuter cars and motorcycles). All subsequent uses of the classification data must accommodate this unavoidable blurring. Next, they developed a side-fire LIDAR based classification system that does not require any calibration in the field. Finally, they developed a process to use the LIDAR system (or another temporary vehicle classification system) deployed concurrent to a permanent classification station to semi-automate the manual validation. The automated process does the bulk of the work, typically taking a user only a few minutes to validate all of the exceptions from all lanes over an hour of data. The authors found wide variance in performance from one station to the next. Since these errors are a function of the specific station, there would be benefit in the short term to leverage the LIDAR based system to evaluate the performance of many other classification stations to catch systematic errors that bias classification performance. KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Highway traffic KW - Laser radar KW - Performance measurement KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/798922401/viewonline UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45100/45123/134516_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376386 AU - Excalibur Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Considering Security and Emergency Management in the Planning of Transportation Projects: A Guide for Planners of New Transportation Projects PY - 2012/05 SP - 34p AB - This guide has been developed to increase the awareness of the transportation infrastructure project community, especially those individuals working for a State Department of Transportation (DOT) or a regional Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), about security and emergency management. The intended primary audience is those individuals responsible for developing new highway-related infrastructure projects. Security and emergency management have some basic similarities. While security is normally considered in the realm of prevention and protection related to man-made incidents, when steps are taken to reduce the impact of such incidents on transportation infrastructure, such measures may also act to mitigate the effects of a natural disaster. Emergency management generally includes preparedness, and the sets of steps undertaken when a government or organization responds to and recovers from a natural or man-made incident. Project planners and their partners should consider an all-hazards approach in their planning efforts because security and emergency management concepts and measures complement each other. This guide provides a rationale for the consideration of security and emergency management measures when planning transportation infrastructure projects; identifies potential partners for project planners; provides examples of these measures, but cannot, in the scope of this guide, identify them all; discusses when to incorporate the measures into the planning process; and provides a checklist for project planners to guide them through the initial phase of getting partners on board. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Emergency management KW - Handbooks KW - Highway projects KW - Infrastructure KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Security KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://www.planning.dot.gov/documents/ConsideringSecurityAndEM.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376339 AU - van Schalkwyk, I AU - Wemple, E A AU - Neuman, T R AU - Cambridge Systematics, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Integrating the HSM into the Highway Project Development Process PY - 2012/05 SP - 42p AB - This guide provides examples of opportunities for integrating the AASHTO Highway Safety Manual into the project development process. This includes integrating methods from the Highway Safety Manual into planning, alternatives development and analysis, design, operations, and maintenance. The guide provides a description of each of these steps in the project development process, and then provides a discussion of the methods from the Highway Safety Manual, and in some cases other resources, that support these steps. The application of safety analysis tools such as the Integrated Highway Safety Design Model, SafetyAnalyst, the CMF Clearinghouse, and example spreadsheet tools are discussed. Resources from FHWA and NCHRP are also presented. The purpose of this guide is to provide the practitioners with examples and ideas for integrating safety performance measures into the project development process. KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Planning stages KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project development process KW - Project management KW - Safety factors KW - Transportation planning UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/hsm/hsm_integration/hsm_integration.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376328 AU - Overman, John H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Texas RPO Workshop Implementation Project Summary PY - 2012/05//Technical Report SP - 32p AB - This report documents rural planning organization (RPO) workshops conducted throughout Texas. An RPO is a voluntary organization created and governed by locally elected officials responsible for transportation decisions at the local level. RPOs address rural transportation planning priorities and provide recommendations to the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) for areas outside the boundaries of a metropolitan planning organization (MPO). More than 145 community leaders participated in the workshops, including county judges, county commissioners, and mayors and representatives from TxDOT Districts, cities, MPOs, and councils of government. Since the RPO project was initiated, the number of RPOs in Texas has grown from four to 14. Additional RPOs are expected to organize and form in the next few years. The RPO workshops involved both new and existing RPOs throughout Texas. KW - Decision making KW - Local government KW - Rural areas KW - Rural planning organizations KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning KW - Workshops UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/5-6483-01-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376250 AU - Phares, Brent AU - Hosteng, Travis AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wind Monitoring of the Saylorville and Red Rock Reservoir Bridges with Remote, Cellular-Based Notifications PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 25p AB - Following a high wind event on January 24, 2006, at least five people claimed to have seen or felt the superstructure of the Saylorville Reservoir Bridge in central Iowa moving both vertically and laterally. Since that time, the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) contracted with the Bridge Engineering Center at Iowa State University to design and install a monitoring system capable of providing notification of the occurrence of subsequent high wind events. In subsequent years, a similar system was installed on the Red Rock Reservoir Bridge to provide the same wind monitoring capabilities and notifications to the Iowa DOT. The objectives of the system development and implementation are to notify personnel when the wind speed reaches a predetermined threshold such that the bridge can be closed for the safety of the public, correlate structural response with wind-induced response, and gather historical wind data at these structures for future assessments. This report describes the two monitoring systems, their components, upgrades, functionality, and limitations, and results from one year of wind data collection at both bridges. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Iowa KW - Monitoring KW - Motion KW - Safety KW - Wind UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/bridge_wind_monitoring_w_cvr3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376248 AU - Moulthrop, James S AU - Hughes, Charles S AU - Weed, Richard M AU - Burati, James L AU - Fugro Consultants, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of State Quality Assurance Program Effectiveness PY - 2012/05//Final Report SP - 134p AB - In early 2008, the Federal Highway Administration issued a task order under the Advanced Quality Systems Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity Contract for a contractor to quantify the effectiveness of State quality assurance (QA) programs. The objective of the study was to develop, apply, and make recommendations for the use of a procedure that transportation departments could use to quantify and improve the effectiveness of existing quality assurance programs. Based on the knowledge and experience of the research team, four State highway agencies (SHAs) were chosen to participate. An introductory project meeting was held in December 2008, but due to personnel problems, only three agencies participated. The goal of the meeting was to discuss the objectives and scope of the project with State representatives and request their input. The three SHAs agreed to provide QA data from construction projects in their State for the team to analyze. Because sufficient data were not available to accomplish the original task, the scope was modified to use an analysis of acceptance procedures included in the agencies’ specifications instead of using actual QA data. In summary, four SHA construction specifications were selected for analysis from three SHAs, two for hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements and two for portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. The study shows that either the computer program SPECRISK or computer simulation can be used to analyze the statistical risks of most, if not all, specifications. Both HMA pavement specifications and one of the PCC pavement specifications were amenable to analysis by SPECRISK because they are based on percent within limits as the statistical quality measure. The remaining PCC pavement specification was based on averages and had to be analyzed by computer simulation. Probabilistic Optimization for Profit (Prob.O.Prof) was one of the software programs anticipated to be useful in the analysis. However, it required data that were not available and thus could not be used in the analyses. The report includes analysis of the specifications, particularly the risks involved and recommendations for improving areas that are considered unclear or statistically invalid. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality assurance KW - State highway departments UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/12027/12027.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376240 AU - Guo, Junke AU - Suaznabar, Oscar AU - Shan, Haoyin AU - Shen, Jerry AU - Genex Systems, LLC AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pier Scour in Clear-Water Conditions with Non-Uniform Bed Materials PY - 2012/05//Laboratory Report SP - 66p AB - Pier scour design in the United States is currently accomplished through application of the Colorado State University (CSU) equation. Since the Federal Highway Administration recommended the CSU equation in 2001, substantial advances have been made in the understanding of pier scour processes. This report explains a new formulation for describing scour processes and proposes a new equation for pier scour design. A critical review of selected studies is summarized. A simplified scour mechanism is proposed in terms of a pressure gradient resulting from the flow-structure, flow-sediment, and sediment-structure interactions. An equilibrium scour depth equation is proposed based on this understanding of the scour mechanism and is validated and refined by a combination of laboratory and field data. The proposed equation is primarily applicable to clear-water scour conditions with non-uniform coarse bed materials. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Channel flow KW - Flow equations KW - Scour KW - Sediments KW - Subgrade materials UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/hydraulics/12022/12022.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46077/Pier_scour_in_clear-water_conditions.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143991 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01376147 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Collins, Darcel M AU - Hampton, Darryl D TI - Defense Access Roads PY - 2012/05 VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - pp 10-17 AB - When personnel from closed military bases relocate or commute to another base that remains open, the increase in traffic at that installation can place an unexpected burden on nearby state and local roadways. This paper describes the Defense Access Roads (DAR) program, jointly administered by Department of Defense's Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC) Transportation Engineering Agency and the Federal Highway Administration, which provides a means for the military to assist in funding public highway improvements near impacted facilities. Specifically, the program can provide a share of defense funding for off-installation projects to mitigate transportation impacts resulting from sudden and unusual military actions. The program’s history is described, and the process of determining need, eligibility, scope of work and the military’s financial contribution to the project is summarized. Four DAR project examples are highlighted to demonstrate the funding process. Given the magnitude of anticipated impacts of base closures, some congressional leaders have suggested that the DAR program should become a larger contributor to address transportation needs near military facilities. Congress has commissioned several recent studies on the subject by the U.S. Government Accountability Office and the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. These studies, in addition to a recent study by the SDDC, suggest that changes to the DAR program may be on the horizon. Recommendations from these studies vary and cover a range of concepts, including expanding the program's scope to include other modes of transportation and incorporating measures to manage transportation demand. The recommendations also describe opportunities for greater communication, coordination, and elevation of defense transportation needs in the local planning process. KW - Access roads KW - Case studies KW - Defense Access Roads KW - Government funding KW - Highway capacity KW - Improvements KW - Military facilities KW - U.S. Department of Defense KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12mayjune/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142432 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01376143 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Moran, Jack TI - The Fast 14 Project PY - 2012/05 VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - pp 18-23 AB - This paper describes how Massachusetts used accelerated bridge construction to replace fourteen aging structures on a major interstate. The I-93 Fast 14 project allowed the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) to accomplish 5 years of work in just 10 weekends. MassDOT developed the replacement concept for the bridges under the Commonwealth's Accelerated Bridge Program. The program employs innovative design, project management and construction techniques, including alternative procurement methods, aggressive traffic management, and prefabricated bridge components. All of these elements formed the foundation for I-93 Fast 14. The aggressive schedule required close collaboration and coordination between all involved parties, and a multi-faceted public awareness campaign. Temporary crossovers were constructed at either end of the project corridor and a moveable barrier was deployed to divide one side of the highway for bidirectional, two-lane operations while bridge work proceeded on the closed side of the highway. By Labor Day 2011, the Fast 14 project had accomplished its goal of substantially completing 14 bridges in 10 weekends without any major incidents. The innovative accelerated bridge construction approach allowed the project to be completed without delays or costly overruns and with minimal disruption to motorists. KW - Bridge construction KW - Case studies KW - Construction management KW - Construction projects KW - Highway bridges KW - Interstate highways KW - Massachusetts KW - Massachusetts Department of Transportation KW - Project management UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12mayjune/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142445 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01376043 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Strocko, Ed AU - Schoener, George TI - Moving the Nation's Goods PY - 2012/05 VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - pp 42-50 AB - Since freight movements often cross several state lines and pass through multiple metropolitan areas, solutions for improved mobility must span jurisdictional, modal, and institutional boundaries. At the same time, the stakeholder organizations that can address mobility concerns are diverse. An initial step toward implementing effective improvements for the movement of freight is to persuade stakeholders to mutually identify and pursue solutions. The Federal Highway Administration's Office of Freight Management and Operations, in partnership with the I-95 Corridor Coalition, convened a roundtable of national experts in 2009 to discuss institutional changes that could improve freight movement. The discussion centered on a white paper, "Multi-State Institutions for Implementing Improved Freight Movement in the U.S." The white paper explores overarching multistate institutional frameworks that could identify and implement ways to improve the efficiency and reliability of the U.S. freight network and determine the impacts of those improvements. The roundtable discussion explored eight types of institutional options and the ability of each to achieve the functions needed to strengthen the performance of multistate freight corridors. The eight options were: interstate compacts; federal agencies; federal corporations; voluntary coalitions; commercial companies; joint services agreements and interlocal cooperation agreements; special districts or authorities; and nonprofit corporations or foundations. After comparing the capabilities of the respective institutional structures, the roundtable reached the following conclusions as to which structure might best serve the goal of improving freight mobility. The roundtable rendered no formal recommendations, but the members believed that interlocal cooperative agreements, commercial companies, special districts, and nonprofits all had too many drawbacks to be effective models for a multistate institution to oversee the improvement of freight movement. Interstate compact organizations, federal agencies and commissions, federal corporations, and voluntary coalitions all had pros and cons, depending on the situation and goals. The roundtable suggested that a better approach in many cases might be to focus on providing the specific capabilities needed -- potentially added to an existing organization -- rather than creating a new institution. The roundtable did achieve consensus on one key point: It is urgent for the Nation to place greater emphasis on improving multistate corridor performance for freight movement in order to keep the United States competitive in the global marketplace. KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Institutional issues KW - Interstate commerce KW - Interstate transportation KW - Meetings KW - Organizations UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12mayjune/06.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142449 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01376038 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Morena, David A AU - Leix, Tracie J TI - Where These Drivers Went Wrong PY - 2012/05 VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - pp 33-41 AB - Although crashes caused by wrong-way drivers are rare, they kill or severely injure drivers and passengers at a much greater rate (per crash) than other types of freeway incidents. This paper describes a study conducted by the Federal Highway Administration and the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) regarding wrong-way crashes on freeways. Researchers analyzed 110 wrong-way crashes that occurred on the Michigan freeway system from 2005 to 2009. The researchers restricted their study to vehicles that were known or presumed to have entered the freeway system by traveling the wrong direction on an exit ramp. Findings show that some potential for driver confusion leading to wrong-way entry exists across the entire population, but is amplified in drivers impaired by alcohol or drugs, older drivers and drivers at night. The severity of a wrong-way crash was linked to how far the wrong-way vehicle progressed onto the system. A partial cloverleaf interchange provided the wrong-way ramp entry for 60% of the crashes for which the wrong-way entry point was known. The partial cloverleaf has a feature that appears to be the source of confusion leading to wrong-way freeway entry: a pair of freeway exit/entrance ramps that are adjacent and parallel to each other, and typically meet the crossroad at or near a 90-degree angle. The wrong-way entry mode for a driver is to turn onto the freeway exit ramp, thinking that they are entering onto the freeway entrance ramp. Most of the engineering solutions that can mitigate this problem involve positive cues to showcase the entrance ramp, and negative cues that make the exit ramp appear uninviting. Based on these findings, MDOT staff identified 161 interchanges that exhibit the suspect feature of partial cloverleaf. These interchanges are being targeted for systematic installation of low-cost countermeasures over the next 5 years. The countermeasures include: lowering the bottom height of DO NOT ENTER and WRONG WAY signs; installing reflective sheeting on the sign supports of these signs; placing stop bars at exit ramps; installing wrong-way pavement marking arrows at exit ramps; installing pavement marking extensions that will guide crossroad left-turning traffic past the exit ramp and safely onto the entrance ramp; painting the island between the exit and entrance ramp for a sufficient distance up the ramp; and placing red delineators along the exit ramp to discourage wrong-way vehicles that are headed up the exit ramp. MDOT has identified the first two of these countermeasures as being cost effective for all ramps, regardless of type. These countermeasures will be installed at the non-targeted interchanges as they come up for routine work. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash characteristics KW - Freeways KW - Michigan KW - Partial cloverleaf interchanges KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Wrong way driving UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12mayjune/05.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142447 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01376021 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Loh, Tracy Hadden AU - Smith, Andrea Livi TI - Making the Journey a Destination PY - 2012/05 VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - pp 2-9 AB - This paper discusses the benefits of incorporating art into transportation infrastructure, and provides some suggestions on how to navigate the financial, political and public challenges that may arise from the effort. Infusions of art into transportation infrastructure can help generate a sense of place, engage communities and support economic development. Art enhancements can help improve boring concrete surfaces, unwelcoming public spaces, and disruption of existing neighborhoods when new roads and noise walls are installed. Communities also find that art in transportation serves as a way of incorporating local culture into projects. Despite the many benefits of incorporating art into transportation projects, there are obstacles. In a time of tight budgets, identifying funding to cover the cost of public art can be challenging. The Federal Highway Administration’s Transportation Enhancement program activities can help meet the financial need. Devoting a fraction of the overall cost of constructing federally funded transportation infrastructure to quality improvements enables smaller communities to commission major artwork. Federal funding also makes possible large-scale projects that cross many jurisdictions. Defining a scope of work and structuring a public art procurement process that complies with Federal competition requirements and State department of transportation (DOT) procedures also can be challenging, so many states hire experienced consulting firms or partner with local arts commissions to develop and administer the process. Many communities also set aside a percentage of the local budget of capital construction projects for art. Partnerships with the private sector and business improvement districts also can be effective in generating funds. Another major challenge in integrating art and transportation is establishing political support. Public art boosters need to obtain buy-in from both stakeholders within DOTs, as well as members of the public, arts organizations, community groups, elected officials, and artists. The key to building political support is to emphasize that art in transportation is not frivolous, but instead is functional and serves the needs and goals of projects. KW - Aesthetics KW - Art KW - Communities KW - Construction projects KW - Financing KW - Planning and design KW - Political factors KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12mayjune/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142431 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01375757 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tokuyama, Hideo TI - Learning from Japan's Ordeal PY - 2012/05 VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - pp 24-32 AB - On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 earthquake shook the east coast of Japan. A series of aftershocks triggered a massive tsunami along the Pacific coastline of eastern Japan. High surges of 33-66 feet (10-20 meters) caused catastrophic damage in cities in the Tohoku region of the country. This paper describes the response of Japan’s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT) to the disaster, and highlights lessons learned from this experience. Although the office building of the Tohoku Regional Bureau of the MLIT was unusable following the earthquake, the Ministry was still able to initiate a quick response, due to strategic emergency planning before the event combined with creative problem solving during the crisis. On the first night after the disaster, the director general ordered that collecting information, establishing routes for rescue and the transport of supplies, and supporting the prefectural and local governments were to be the top priorities. The bureau was able to quickly clear and reopen routes, which was critical for evacuation and emergency response operations. Tight seismic structural standards that had been implemented following a 1995 earthquake ensured that bridges were not damaged by seismic motion and remained in service. Many aspects of MLIT's initial response to this disaster can serve as lessons for the future, including the importance of a unified organization and mission; securing of communications systems; collaboration with related organizations; bridge retrofitting; nationwide organization; and collaboration with the private sector. Overall, this lesson emerged from this disaster: measures prepared and put in place in advance proved to be the most effective. By reflecting on the lessons learned, the bureau hopes to determine measures to mitigate future possible damage in the Tohoku region, which has repeatedly endured catastrophic disasters. KW - Case studies KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disaster relief KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism KW - Lessons learned KW - Tohoku Earthquake (Japan), March 11, 2011 KW - Tohoku Region (Japan) KW - Tsunamis UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12mayjune/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375332 AU - Puppala, Anand J AU - Archeewa, Ekarut AU - Saride, Sireesh AU - Nazarian, Soheil AU - Hoyos, Laureano AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recommendations for Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Bridge Approach Slabs PY - 2012/05//Technical Report SP - 386p AB - Settlement and heave related movements of bridge approach slabs relative to bridge decks create a bump in the roadway. Several problems arise from these bumps, which include poor riding conditions, potential vehicle damage, loss of vehicle control causing injuries or even casualities, lowered perception of the department’s road works, increased maintenance works, and constant delays to rehabilitate the distressed lanes. All these make this bump problem a major maintenance problem in Texas. Several mitigation methods have been employed, and the results are not always satisfactory. In the present research, two treatment methods were investigated for controlling settlements of approach slabs of new bridge construction. Researchers from the University of Texas at Arlington and the University of Texas at El Paso performed two phases to accomplish these studies. During the first phase, the documented information that covers various methods used so far for approach slab settlement mitigation technologies was compiled and presented. The second and final phase focused on field evaluation studies of deep soil mixing and lightweight embankment fill treatment methods in reducing settlements. A few other technologies were also evaluated for reducing settlements of existing bridge approach slabs. Both design and construction specifications of the new methods that provided effective treatments in field conditions are presented. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Construction management KW - Deep soil mixing KW - Design practices KW - Embankments KW - Field studies KW - Fills KW - Lightweight materials KW - Literature reviews KW - Maintenance practices KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Specifications KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6022-2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45100/45156/0-6022-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375254 AU - Keating, Peter B AU - Christian, Lee C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Bending and Heat on the Ductility and Fracture Toughness of Flange Plate PY - 2012/05//Technical Report SP - 94p AB - Bridge fabricators for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) have occasionally experienced the formation of cracks in flange plate during bending operations, particularly when heat is applied. Bending the flange plate is necessary for certain details used in the fabrication of steel highway girders such as dapped end details. Heat is sometimes used to assist in the bending operation, particularly to help reduce the forces required to bend the plate. This report documents the findings of a TxDOT-sponsored research project that investigated the possible causes of the cracking and developed recommendations to prevent the occurrence of such cracking. The research project investigated the cracking problem using both experimental and analytical studies. The experimental study involved the use of small tensile specimens loaded to different strain levels under varying temperature conditions. Strain levels up to 15 percent were investigated. Temperature conditions included testing at room temperature, 450ºF, and 1150ºF. The results showed that strain levels above 10 percent generally reduced the ductility and fracture toughness of the plate. Additionally, it was found that the application of heat during the bending process significantly reduced ductility and was the major contributor to the formation of cracks. A finite element study of the heating process was used to extend the results for the experimental study. As a secondary study, the fatigue behavior of non-loaded bolted connection details was investigated along with the influence of plate thickness. These details occur when gusset plates are bolted to flanges of girders. Unlike flange or web splices where the load must transfer out of the main member, the load in these details passes through the main plate, resulting in higher stresses around the bolt holes. Pre-tensioning the bolts normally shields the bolt holes from fatigue damage due to the resulting compressive stress field. This study found that for plate thicknesses greater than 1.0 inch, a reduction in fatigue strength was warranted. KW - Bending KW - Bolted connections KW - Cracking KW - Ductility KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fracture properties KW - Girders KW - Heating KW - Steel plates KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Temperature KW - Texas KW - Thickness UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4624-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375245 AU - Sebesta, Stephen AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Taylor, Ross AU - Frazier, James AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alternative Methods of Flexible Base Compaction Acceptance PY - 2012/05//Technical Report SP - 94p AB - In the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), flexible base construction is governed by a series of stockpile and field tests. A series of concerns with these existing methods, along with some premature failures in the field, led to this project investigating the current system of flexible base acceptance. Specifically, concerns over the lack of moisture control during compaction, and the lack of stiffness or modulus parameters in the field testing stage, led to this project that investigated new mechanistic-based methods for flexible base acceptance. This report summarizes the concerns expressed with the current TxDOT methods, presents approaches some TxDOT districts have taken to overcome problems, and summarizes the current status of other agencies’ efforts at mechanistic-based acceptance for flexible base. Next, this report presents results and findings from a full-scale compaction experiment, where a Grade 1 and Grade 2 flexible base were placed and tested with new non-density based devices. The results to date indicate acceptance with nondensity based devices should be feasible. Additionally, the results indicate that flexible bases should not be worked significantly wet of optimum, because when the base is worked in that manner inferior mechanical properties result even though high density is achieved. To guide the second year’s work, possible approaches for non-density based acceptance, and a field test plan, are outlined. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Flexible pavements KW - Moisture content KW - Road construction KW - Stiffness KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6587-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374459 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Traffic Safety Services Association AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, 2009 Edition Including Revision1 and Revision 2 PY - 2012/05 SP - 862p AB - The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is approved by the Federal Highway Administration as the National Standard in accordance with Title 23 U.S. Code, Sections 109(d), 114(a), 217, 315, and 204(a), 23CFR 655, and 49 CFR 1.48(b)(8), 1.48(b)(33), and 1.48(c)(2). The MUTCD is presented in six parts: (1) General; (2) Signs; (3) Markings; (4) Highway Traffic Signals; (5) Traffic Control Devices for Low-Volume Roads; (6) Temporary Traffic Control; (7) Traffic Control for School Areas; (8) Traffic Control for Railroad and Light Rail Transit Grade Crossings; and (9) Traffic Control for Bicycle Facilities. There are two appendices: (1A) Congressional Legislation; and (2A) Metric Conversions. An index is provided. This is the official edition of the MUTCD as of May 2012, incorporating revision numbers 1 and 2. KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Highway traffic control KW - Light rail transit grade crossings KW - Low volume roads KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road markings KW - Schools KW - Temporary traffic control devices KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_2009r1r2.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374448 AU - Morgan, Curtis A AU - Protopapas, Annie AU - Warner, Jeffery E AU - Carlson, Todd B AU - Huang, Jun AU - Li, Ying AU - Olson, Leslie E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Identification of Priority Rail Projects for Texas - Initial Methodology/User Manual and Guidebook PY - 2012/05//Technical Report SP - 110p AB - This project developed a system of evaluative tools for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to prioritize its investments in rail-related projects on a statewide basis. This work is meant to ensure that the limited available funding for rail projects is applied in the most beneficial and efficient manner and is focused upon addressing TxDOT’s strategic goals. From the findings, researchers recommend a transparent methodology for evaluating proposed rail projects and establishing an initial process through which rail-related investments can periodically be re-evaluated. Existing project ranking tools were examined and assessed in order to determine opportunities for direct application or adaptation toward TxDOT uses and objectives. A set of performance-based criteria for TxDOT-funded rail projects were developed in the course of the project and adopted into the 2010 Texas Rail Plan. A guidebook to assist local and regional planners in routinely executing the methodology with an example case study project evaluation is also included in the report. Further refinement of the prioritization process will take place under TxDOT’s Short Term Rail development process in accordance with the Texas Rail Plan. KW - Case studies KW - Evaluation KW - Financing KW - Handbooks KW - Investments KW - Projects KW - Railroads KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas UR - http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth281740/m2/1/high_res_d/txca-0037.pdf UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6467-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44700/44753/0-6467-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142083 ER - TY - SER AN - 01372318 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ultra-High Performance Concrete Composite Connections for Precast Concrete Bridge Decks PY - 2012/05 SP - 12p AB - This document is a technical summary of the unpublished Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) report, "Ultra-High Performance Concrete Composite Connections for Precast Concrete Bridge Decks," which is available only through the National Technical Information Service (PB2012-107569). Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has been used to develop a novel composite connection detail for joining precast concrete bridge decks supporting superstructure elements. The results of the research effort and recommendations for the use of this connection detail are provided in this technical summary. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge superstructures KW - High performance concrete KW - Precast concrete KW - Structural connection KW - Ultra high performance concrete UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/hpc/12042/12042.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55700/55769/FHWA-HRT-12-042.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1140951 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573248 TI - Creation of Long-Term Bridge Performance (LTBP) Bridge Portal: A Web-based Application with Advanced Visualization and Analysis Tools AB - This project is the development and implementation of the long-term bridge performance (LTBP) bridge portal. The project also involves moving the current Web site to an internal Federal Highway Administration server. KW - Bridges KW - Computer online services KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data quality KW - Long-Term Bridge Performance Program KW - Visualization KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456901 AU - Stansbury, John AU - Moussavi, Massoum AU - Zhang, Tian AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Mid-America Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Feasibility of Integrating Natural and Constructed Wetlands in Roadway Drainage System Design PY - 2012/04/30/Final Report SP - 349p AB - Stormwater from roadways could have negative effects on the environment and aquatic ecosystems. Typical highway runoff pollutants include solids; heavy metals, particularly cadmium, copper, and zinc; petroleum hydrocarbons; gasoline constituents; polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); oxygen demanding compounds measured as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); and road salts. Roadway runoff falls under the legislation of the Clean Water Act (CWA) via the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). CWA regulates discharge of nonpoint source pollutants, such as roadway runoff, by issuing permits to public entities which manage Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s). The objectives of volume I of this research were to characterize the pollutants in roadway runoff and determine the effectiveness of the existing stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) at the study site. To accomplish these objectives, eleven rainfall events were sampled from November 2008 through November 2010. The objective of volume II was to fulfill the Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) permitting requirement of creating a design guide for BMPs to remediate roadway runoff in Nebraska. BMPs which were most applicable to treating roadway runoff were those which removed 80% of the total solid load in the runoff, reduced metal concentrations to below acute toxicity levels, had low maintenance burden, were cost effective, did not pose a safety hazard to motorists, could be implemented within the right-of-way, did not negatively impact the road subgrade, and were aesthetically pleasing. The BMPs which best fit these criteria were vegetated filter strips, vegetated swales, bioretention, sand filters, and horizontal filter trenches. In this study fact sheets and design guides were compiled for each of these BMPs. The fact sheet provides background on the BMP including cost considerations, siting constraints, and predicted maintenance requirements. The design guide provides the process for sizing the BMP, design criteria the BMP must meet, and a design example which goes through the design process for a hypothetical application. KW - Best practices KW - Design standards KW - Drainage KW - Nebraska KW - Pollutants KW - Runoff KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1224017 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01563744 TI - Next-Generation Transportation Construction Management AB - The Transportation Construction Management (TCM's) Group's objectives have been and will remain focused in three broad areas: (1) Efficiency - Improve the efficiency of the delivery of transportation projects through the use of appropriate project delivery methods, contracting methods and contract management provisions, new technology, new communication and documentation practices, etc., (2) Quality - Improve the quality of construction through the use of advanced construction management tools, practices, and performance measures and (3) Improve risk management procedures. KW - Best practices KW - Construction management KW - Information exchange KW - Performance measurement KW - Project delivery methods KW - Risk management KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/489 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1354926 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01467686 TI - Watershed Modeling System License Renewal Agreement AB - The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) is being used by many state departments of transportation (DOTs) to take advantage of the ever growing amount of terrain and land use data being made available to them from web based and other sources to develop accurate and reproducible hydrologic models. WMS also drastically reduces the amount of time needed to perform complicated hydrologic watershed analysis that are prepared using common hydrologic models. Use of the program saves Federal and State DOTs time and money in preparing reliable hydrologic analyses. The objective of these pooled funds is to renew the WMS license agreement for another five years and continue to provide licenses of the software to all Federal and State Department of Transportation employees. KW - Analysis KW - Hydrologic computer models KW - License agreements KW - Software KW - State departments of transportation KW - Watersheds UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/494 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1235922 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01543198 TI - Long-Term Performance and Life-Cycle Costs of Stormwater Best Management Practices AB - The objective of this research was to develop guidelines for the selection and maintenance of highway-related stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) based on long-term performance and life-cycle costs. For each broad category of BMP type, while providing flexibility to address the local context (e.g., topography, geology, climate, urban versus rural, soil type, site constraints), the final products provide decision-making guidance on the following: (1) Defining long-term performance and selecting appropriate performance measures; (2) Predicting long-term performance, service life, and maintenance costs based on the best current information and practice; (3) Determining appropriate inspection schedules and procedures; (4) Determining appropriate maintenance schedules and procedures; (5) Incorporating long-term performance and life-cycle costs into the BMP selection process; (6) Ensuring that funding, staffing, and training requirements are understood and considered by all relevant functional areas within the transportation agency for the selection, installation, inspection, and maintenance of BMPs; and (7) Identifying life-cycle data collection and analysis protocols to facilitate future evaluation of long-term BMP performance. KW - Best practices KW - Guidelines KW - Highways KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance management KW - Runoff KW - Service life UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3192 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1330432 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489574 TI - NCHRP - Design Guidance for Interchange Loop Ramps AB - Project based on NCHRP recommendations. KW - Handbooks KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Interchanges KW - Ramps (Interchanges) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258731 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489572 TI - Decision-Making Tools and Performance Measures AB - This project will develop products that will assist agencies in implementing retroreflectivity management practices. KW - Decision making KW - Decision support systems KW - Highway safety KW - Performance measurement KW - Retroreflectivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258729 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01465770 TI - Structural Improvement of Flexible Pavements Using Geosynthetics for Base Course Reinforcements AB - The objective of this project is to determine whether geosynthetics (geogrids and geotextiles) can be used to increase the structural capacity of pavements typically constructed by state departments of transportation (DOTs). To measure in situ stress/strain response of the reinforced material for use in current or future pavement design processes. To determine whether geosynthetics can be used to increase the service life of pavements typically constructed by state DOTs. To compare the performance of base course reinforced pavements subjected to traffic loading during non-frost periods with performance during thaw. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Geogrids KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotextiles KW - Pavement design KW - Service life UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/126 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234004 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01566742 TI - Imaging Tools for Evaluation of Gusset Plate Connections in Steel Truss Bridges AB - There are four main objectives of the proposed research: (1) Develop methods to collect dimensional gusset plate connection information including surface geometry and out-of-plane deformations on in-service gusset plates. (2) Develop methods to automate identification and optimization of reference target points. Develop methods to automate extraction of gusset plate edge locations, fastener locations and their corresponding member affiliations, and member orientations. (3) Develop finite element modeling and analysis techniques to directly rate gusset plates using extracted digital image data as the input source. (4) Develop software tools to manage and organize images and image data to enhance bridge management and allow identification of condition changes over time. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Gusset plates KW - Imaging systems KW - Steel bridges KW - Truss bridges UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/488 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1358398 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547337 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Public Transportation. Task 45. New Small Urbanized Area System: A Guidance Brief AB - The Guidance Brief discusses financial, administrative, planning, and operational issues for new small urban transit providers. It addresses issues likely to be encountered by transit operators as they transition to providing urban transit service; or start transit service for the first time. This Guidance Brief is primarily targeted at transit operators in the 36 urban areas created as a result of the 2010 Census. KW - Administration KW - Guidelines KW - Operations KW - Planning KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Urban transit UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3517 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334510 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545036 TI - Benefit-Cost Methodology for Behavioral Highway Safety Countermeasures AB - States are facing increasingly difficult decisions on budget expenditures and programs. Currently there is no nationally recognized methodology to assist the states in allocating safety resources among behavioral safety countermeasures. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 622: Effectiveness of Behavioral Highway Safety Countermeasures created a classification scheme to estimate the effectiveness of countermeasures. A benefit-cost methodology would assist states in making investment decisions concerning behavioral safety countermeasures and provide opportunities to compare the value of behavioral and engineering countermeasures side-by-side. NCHRP Report 622 identified 34 countermeasures that have been "proven" effective, 54 countermeasures whose effectiveness is rated as "unlikely/uncertain or unknown," and 13 countermeasures believed "likely" to work but for which evidence of effectiveness is not conclusive. Research is needed to develop a widely usable methodology to determine benefit and cost for behavioral countermeasures. Additional research is also needed to advance the state of knowledge on the effectiveness of behavioral countermeasures that are "likely" to work. The objectives of this research are to: (a) Develop a benefit-cost methodology for behavioral highway safety countermeasures that can be used by state and local entities. The methodology should provide a quantitative analytical approach that uses clearly defined criteria to determine the value of the countermeasure. It should also include an approach for isolating the effects of individual countermeasures. Costs should include specific state and local program implementation costs, other costs borne by government, and societal costs (e.g., private medical costs, lost wages, reduced productivity). (b) Apply the methodology to at least three proven (known effectiveness) countermeasures to demonstrate that the methodology is effective and widely usable. The proven countermeasures should come from the areas of occupant protection, alcohol/drug impairment, and speed. Revise the methodology as needed. (c) Once the benefit-cost methodology is successfully used (objective "b"), apply it to three to five of the countermeasures rated as "likely" to be effective (see NCHRP Report 622). This is a two-part process: (1) quantify the effectiveness and (2) apply the methodology to determine the benefit-cost of the countermeasure. KW - Behavior KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Highway safety KW - Investments UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3182 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332490 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01543701 TI - Research for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Public Transportation. Task 43. Best Practices in the Electronic Administration of Federal and State Transit Grants AB - Although many State departments of transportation (DOT's) federal transit grant application and management functions are automated with the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) on-line grant making tools, Transportation Electronic Award and Management (TEAM), and Electronic Clearing House Operation System (ECHO) for disbursements, there are still many grant management processes undertaken by DOTs that are not interfaced with these automated systems or are off-line paper processes. This is especially true for federally funded sub-recipients grants issued by State DOT's as well as state funded transit grant programs that are administered outside of the FTA's TEAM structure. State DOT's employ word processing documents as well as off-line spreadsheets and other databases to support the input requirements for TEAM and ECHO and for FTA reporting requirements not captured in TEAM. The lack of a direct interface of this information into TEAM and ECHO, as well as other reporting requirements creates much duplication of effort by state DOT transit program personnel. This research will describe current best practices by State DOT's in the automation of transit grant management activities as well as identify common grant management tasks, activities and reports that are need-based candidates for future automation. KW - Contract administration KW - Cost allocation KW - Government funding KW - Interfaces KW - Reporting requirements KW - Spreadsheets KW - State departments of transportation KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3515 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331737 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489641 TI - Assessment of Local and Rural Road Safety AB - This project will focus on assessing the integration of local and rural roads safety in existing initiatives identifying gaps and opportunities. KW - Highway safety KW - Roads KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483905 AU - Veal, Matthew W AU - Mayer, Michelle L AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of Bioenergy Crop Production Along North Carolina Right-of-Ways PY - 2012/04/13/Final Report SP - 78p AB - The production of flowering oilseeds along highway right-of-ways provides land managers with a unique opportunity to meet safety and vegetation management objectives while providing enhanced roadside aesthetics for motorists. Additionally, these operations provide an economically valuable grain commodity that can either be used to offset the management costs or provide a feedstock that can be used in the biodiesel production process. This two-year research effort, sponsored by the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) investigated the cultivation of oilseed crops along North Carolina highway rights-of-way (ROWs) which would ultimately be destined for conversion to biodiesel and use in their fleet of motor vehicles. To achieve this goal, objectives were established to (1) evaluate oilseed crop requirements and eligibility for production based on North Carolina’s climatic conditions and highway rights-of-way characteristics; (2) perform a series of plot trials to select an optimal tillage method (3) develop a geographic information system (GIS) program to quantify and map eligible NCDOT highway ROW acreage. Results of this study showed that canola and sunflowers are the most eligible oilseeds for production along highway right-of-ways in North Carolina. Both crops generated grain yields similar to yields produced in traditional agronomic settings. Additionally, no-till establishment produced yields similar to plots established with clean, conventional tillage systems. Based on GIS analysis, 14,962 mi (24,079 km) of eligible ROW was identified in North Carolina. KW - Agricultural products KW - Alternate fuels KW - Biodiesel fuels KW - Climate KW - Crops KW - Mapping KW - North Carolina KW - Oilseeds KW - Right of way (Land) UR - http://www.ncdot.gov/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2009-19FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1252513 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01566741 TI - Core Program Services for a Highway RD&T Program - FFY 2012 (TRB FY 2013) AB - The objective of this project is to provide a mechanism for State transportation departments to support the Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) core program and services. This pooled fund study permits States to make their contributions to the TRB Core Program instead of sending their contributions to TRB directly. The TRB Core Program provides support funding for the TRB annual meeting, the committee structure, State visits by TRB, and the TRB publication program. KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Program development KW - Research and development KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation Research Board UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/492 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1358397 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546288 TI - Proposed Update of the AASHTO Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities AB - The objective of this research is to develop a proposed update of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities. The updated Guide should generally follow the recommendations of National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 20-07/Task 263. The work should be coordinated with the U.S. Access Board, the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, and other relevant AASHTO committees. The research team should identify and coordinate with all relevant ongoing federal, state, and NCHRP initiatives. Safety and accessibility should be integrated throughout the Guide, not called out as separate topics. A different format or organization of the Guide may be proposed if the research team feels it is warranted. After completion of the proposed new Guide, the contractor will be required to address comments received during the AASHTO balloting process. While the Guide should contain guidance for most situations, it should also outline decision-making processes and criteria that would assist agencies in identifying flexible solutions. In addition to the revisions recommended in the NCHRP Project 20-07/Task 263 report, the updated Guide should include the following components and topics: (1) An organized list of additional tools, guides, and resources that would be useful for the pedestrian specialist; (2) References or relevant text from key federal statutes and regulations; (3) Expanded discussion of asset management for pedestrian facilities; (4) Performance measures to evaluate the impacts of improvements post-construction; (5) Criteria to determine and prioritize where facility improvements are needed and the most appropriate type of improvement; (6) Issues related to the quality of the facility; e.g., the level of comfort provided versus a minimum level of accessibility; (7) Expanded discussion of pedestrian accommodation in construction areas and work zones; (8) Expanded discussion on pedestrian facilities in or near parking lots and other sites outside the right-of-way; (9) Expanded discussion of the relationship between bicycle and pedestrian facilities; (10) Methods to collect and analyze pedestrian data needed to facilitate the decision-making process; and (11) Issues of coordination with other entities that own or operate other assets within the right-of-way. KW - Accessibility KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design of specific facilities KW - Handbooks KW - Operations KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Performance measurement KW - Strategic planning UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3175 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333170 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545916 TI - Methods and Technologies for Collecting Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data AB - The objective of this research was to assess existing, new, and innovative technologies and methods and provide guidance for transportation practitioners on to how to best collect pedestrian and bicycle volume data. The assessment considered, among other factors, feasibility, availability, quality, reliability, cost, and compatibility. The guidance (i.e., Guidebook) includes methods to (a) efficiently mine and manage existing data sources; (b) acquire and use data from new and innovative technologies; and (c) summarize and disseminate pedestrian and bicycle volume data for site-specific, local, and systemwide needs assessments, project development, and safety management. KW - Accessibility KW - Bicycle travel KW - Data collection KW - Needs assessment KW - Pedestrian counts KW - Safety management KW - Technological innovations UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3159 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332865 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489573 TI - Support for NCHRP 3-78B Pedestrian Accessiblity at Roundabouts AB - This project continues research efforts related to identifying treatments for mulitlane pedestrian crossings at roundabouts to make them ADA accessible for all users. KW - Accessibility KW - Barrier free design KW - Crosswalks KW - Highway safety KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Roundabouts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258730 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545920 TI - Development of a Guide for Transportation Technology Transfer AB - State departments of transportation (DOTs) and other organizations responsible for development and management of our surface transportation system seek to enhance both system performance and their capabilities to make improvements. Innovation through adoption of new technology is an important way to make improvements. The challenges to be faced in adoption of new technology, however, are widely acknowledged and persistent. Experience has shown that an important part of the technology transfer (T2) process is the first adoption; the pioneering effort of a courageous implementer is crucial. However, after the first adoption, other efforts are needed to ensure that the new practices are widely disseminated and applied to change current practices and ultimately improve system and organizational performance. The objective of this research was to develop a guide to strategies, methods, case examples, and techniques that facilitate adoption of innovations to improve performance. The research team reviewed the current state of practice in T2 and acceleration of innovation in government and industry, and described a process for addressing problems likely to be faced in a particular innovation-implementation situation. KW - Ground transportation KW - Guidelines KW - Innovation KW - State of the practice KW - Technology transfer UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3185 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332869 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01476462 TI - Non-Destructive and Destructive Investigation of Aged In The Field Carbon FRP-wrapped Columns AB - The purpose of the reseach is to determine the condition of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) concrete columns, wrapped and exposed to field conditions for 8 years. In addition, the reseach attempts a determination of concrete, steel, and carbon FRP properties and evaluates the strength of the retrofitted columns. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Concrete KW - Destructive tests KW - External wraps (Concrete columns) KW - Fiber reinforced polymer wraps KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Steel UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/434 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246446 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545908 TI - A Guide for Public Transportation Pandemic Planning and Response AB - An outbreak of a pandemic infectious disease is considered a certain event with an uncertain date of occurrence. Although there is an abundance of information to address these events, there has been little sharing of such information. As a result, state agencies with emergency management and response responsibilities, transit managers, human service transportation providers, and state transportation agency personnel have many unanswered questions and incomplete protocols for preserving essential functions, including (but not limited to) establishing the authority of agencies to act, the determination of critical thresholds of employee absenteeism at which to suspend operations, and the identification of core functions and infrastructure to enable essential personnel to work from home. The involvement of public health and other emergency management officials with state transportation agencies and local public transit providers is critical for the development of appropriate and effective planning for pandemic response from the transportation sector. To date, there has been limited interaction between public and community transportation and public health. In addition, these types of emergency events do not occur in isolation, and procedures must be established for public transportation to work in concert with other protocols. State transportation agencies that provide funding for public transportation and/or coordinate statewide public transportation systems need guidance regarding advice and direction that should be included in subrecipient training and technical assistance, as well as appropriate guidance that their personnel may utilize in coordinating public transportation services during a local, statewide, or regional response to pandemic events. State transportation agencies also need assistance in developing appropriate protocols for the use of local transit resources. In the area of public transportation, there are many unanswered questions regarding appropriate protocols and procedures to follow in the event of pandemic infectious disease. While some large urban public transit agencies have been heavily involved in establishing response and recovery plans, there is a great need to provide support and assistance to small urban public transit providers, rural public transit providers, and human service transportation providers on the appropriate protocols and procedures that should be established within these agencies for an effective response. There is a need for a process and guidance for smaller transit agencies that aligns with National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 525, Vol. 16: A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies, modified as appropriate to address pandemic infectious disease. The objective of this research is to develop a pandemic planning guide for use by all transit agencies with emphasis on (a) small urban and rural transit agencies; (b) human service transportation providers; and (c) the state departments of transportation (DOTs) that provide oversight for grant recipients in both categories. The Guide should include a synthesis of current practices, identifying gaps and opportunities for improved practices; simple step-by-step guidelines; planning and operations resources; checklists; and those steps necessary to facilitate coordination across the response spectrum. The Guide should identify recommended decision points and decision criteria to allow the audiences to identify and address changes that may be necessary in operations during a pandemic event. This may include a range of activities, such as limited services, added services, suspended services, modified/nontraditional services, or other activities identified by the study. The Guide should consider how continuity of operations may be maintained and should offer recommendations for how to integrate pandemic considerations with existing plans and protocols at a transit agency. Research tasks are as follows: Phase I - (1) Analyze, describe, and critique pertinent domestic and international research, on the basis of applicability, conclusiveness of findings, and usefulness for pandemic planning for U.S. public transportation. Include completed research and research currently underway, including (but not limited to) practices, guidelines, published plans, training, and exercises. (2) Prepare survey instruments and a sampling plan. Survey current and past practices as well as "lessons observed" regarding pandemic preparation and response among relevant state and local agencies (e.g., local, state, and regional agencies with emergency management and response responsibilities; transit managers; and state transportation agency personnel). What are their plans, what have they exercised, and what do they have budgeted? How did they fund (for example) emergency and contingency operations, supplies, and equipment? How and where are supplies cached? (3) Based on Tasks 1 and 2, prepare a synthesis of current practices, to include (but not limited to) identifying gaps and opportunities for improved practices. Pay particular attention to guidance and tools for smaller agencies and the state transportation agencies that provide oversight to them. Also identify real or perceived programmatic, organizational, administrative, and regulatory hurdles that limit effective planning and response in pandemic situations, as well as individual and group dynamics in a public health emergency. (4). Prepare an interim report, within 7 months, to document Tasks 1 through 3 for review by the NCHRP. Include a detailed outline of the Guide and a revised Phase II work plan. Phase II - (5) Develop an initial draft Guide that includes a sample planning document with checklists, general orders, standard operating procedures, and emergency operating procedures. The Guide should address internal and external response decision points and procedures. Draw from the Task 3 synthesis of current practices, and include simple step-by-step guidelines, planning and operations resources, checklists, and those steps necessary to facilitate coordination across the response spectrum. The initial draft Guide should do the following: (a) identify potential decision points and decision criteria to allow the target audience to identify and address changes which may be necessary in operations during a pandemic event, from limited services, added services, suspended services, and modified/nontraditional services (e.g., transporting health care workers, taking mobile dialysis to patients, transporting meals to people, and transporting people to people); (b) consider how continuity of operations may be maintained and offer recommendations for how to integrate pandemic considerations with existing plans and protocols at a transit agency; (c) concisely describe the range and potential courses of events appropriate to the levels of implementation (i.e., local, state, regional, tribal) during a pandemic; the impacts of these events upon public transit; and the possible responses of public transit agencies to safeguard personnel and patrons, agency operations, and agency financial management; (d) describe how public transit personnel and capital assets can serve to support emergency responders as well as the community during a pandemic crisis; associated costs; and cost-recovery mechanisms; (e) include scenarios upon which to craft coordinated actions that are adaptable and scalable in response to rapidly changing conditions, maintaining altered public transit service to preserve normalcy and minimize socioeconomic disruption, while slowing the spread of illness so hospitals are not overwhelmed; and, (f) address the need for multijurisdictional agency conduct, cooperation, and collaboration and include matrices of events for which procedures will be applicable; suggested policies to consider in communicating suspension of services; basic cost estimates for added oper KW - Communicable diseases KW - Continuity of operations KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Pandemics KW - Rural transit KW - Small cities KW - Social service agencies KW - State of the practice KW - Transit operating agencies UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3082 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332857 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549564 TI - Research Program Design---Administration of Highway and Transportation Agencies. Measuring Performance among State DOTs: Sharing Good Practices -- Serious Crash Injury AB - National Cooperative highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 20-24(37) activities are undertaken generally to support development of a commonly accepted set of measures state departments of transportation (DOTs) would use to assess system and agency performance; a single common data standard for each measure; a simple and reliable data submission process; and a basis for identifying, validating, and sharing best management practices that support high performance. Studies of specific aspects of performance entail comparison of data provided by several states and documentation of practices underlying best performance among participating states. Projects in the 20-24(37) series have been well received by the DOT community and others, demonstrating that benchmarks and comparisons among agencies can provide useful management insights and tools for senior agency leaders. Many of these leaders are adopting performance-based management principles in their own agencies and anticipate that federal legislation may apply such principles in national transportation funding programs, holding states accountable for progress toward goals of national importance like safety improvement and infrastructure preservation. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) established the Standing Committee on Performance Management (SCOPM) to provide DOTs and others the expertise and resources to support performance-based management and to create a results-driven environment to maximize the performance of both transportation systems and organizations. SCOPM has defined several areas in which national performance goals might be established and specific performance measures adopted. Studies under the NCHRP 20-24(37) series are intended to (a) help establish consensus regarding specific measures that states use to measure and mange performance and (b) provide a "proof of concept" demonstration of using performance measurement to identify good management practices. These studies have assembled data provided by a large number of states, reviewed the data to ensure "apples to apples" comparisons, and compared performance among participating states. The comparisons are made by the research team and results presented in ways that maintain DOT anonymity. Identities of agencies found to represent superior performance are revealed with those agencies' permission. Researchers interviewed personnel in these agencies to document what practices accounted for better performance. In many cases, consensus has not yet been reached among practitioners regarding precise definitions and methods for measuring and reporting performance. In these cases, the NCHRP 20-24(37) research is undertaken to lay a foundation and provide direction for continuing work to produce practical and effective performance measures. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Governors Highway Safety Association recently developed a series of safety performance measures that include use of fatalities and serious non-fatal injuries. AASHTO has identified serious non-fatal injuries as a specific measure that must be further developed and refined to become a useful management tool. NHTSA facilitates the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES). State CODES programs conduct a probabilistic matching of statewide health records with crash reports. However, only a limited number of states are participating in this system, and the technical process is complex. Efforts to connect police reports with any further medical outcome or cost data can be technically difficult, and in many states, may encounter organizational and other barriers. A practical, accurate measure of crash-injury severity and method for its collection based on a medical assessment are needed. The results of this projects will be considered for input into NCHRP 17-57 Development of a Comprehensive Approach for Serious Traffic Crash Injury Measurement and Reporting Systems. The objectives of this project were to (a) review and assess states' current practices for quantifying serious injuries from motor vehicle crashes, (b) describe issues to be addressed in adapting CODES or other available databases to provide a basis for comparative analysis of DOT performance regarding serious crash injuries and safety management, and (c) describe feasible options for addressing these issues and assess their relative merits. KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System KW - Crash reports KW - Databases KW - Injury severity KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3148 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01450878 AU - Connor, Billy AU - Collins, Rodney AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Stabilization of Horseshoe Lake Road using Geofibers and Soil-Sement® PY - 2012/04/03/Final Report SP - 38p AB - One solution to reducing the cost of importing gravel in areas where available soils are predominately silts and sands is to stabilize the local soils with geofibers and synthetic fluids. There have been several studies which have evaluated improvements in soil strength using geofibers. Laboratory work at the Alaska University Transportation Center has shown that the use of geofibers in combination with synthetic fluids has the potential to stabilize silts and sands, making them usable for roadway and airport construction. A 500 ft test section was constructed on Horseshoe Lake Road, near Wasilla, Alaska. The test section was comprised of 250 ft using six inches of geofiber and Soil-Sement® and 250 ft using twelve inches of geofiber and Soil-Sement®. The test section was monitored over 16 months for performance and soil strength. Overall the test section has performed well. KW - Alaska KW - Field tests KW - Geofibers KW - Sandy soils KW - Silts KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilizers KW - Strength of materials KW - Synthetic fluids UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2012/04/Conner-Collins-Horseshoe-Lake-S12609.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46190/Conner-Collins-Horseshoe-Lake-S12609.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218220 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01560329 TI - Improving Wildflower Longevity in Roadside Seeding Areas AB - Re-vegetation efforts on bare roadsides of newly-constructed highways are primarily focused on the stabilization of soil to reduce rates of erosion. The Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) seeds the roadsides with a diverse mixture of grasses and wildflowers for site stabilization as well as to enhance the visual quality of roadsides. Although grasses dominate roadside plantings in terms of cover and density, wildflowers are largely responsible for the visual enhancement of recently-seeded roadsides. In addition to the visual component, wildflowers provide essential ecological functions on roadsides. Wildflowers improve water and nutrient cycling in the compacted roadside soils by increasing water infiltration and nutrient availability. Leguminous wildflower species increase nitrogen content of soil. The variability of wildflower leaf size, shape and orientation provides a more continuous soil cover than grass alone. The diversity of wildflower growth habits and life cycles also allows for a greater range of stand establishment and persistence when compared to sites seeded to only grasses. Federal guidance states that wildflowers are to be used in roadside seeding mixtures. Wildflowers compose about 10% of the total seeds in the seeding mixtures used by NDOR. Wildflower seeds are relatively expensive; therefore, despite the low percentage of wildflowers in the seeding mixtures, they represent 30% of the total cost of seed. Staff of NDOR report that wildflower density of most roadside seeding projects is acceptable in the first 2 or 3 years after seeding, but that wildflower density and cover decline in the following years. A recent study completed by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in collaboration with NDOR has shown that wildflowers compose less than 10% of the botanical composition of highway roadsides 10 years following seeding. The study showed that the mature seeded stands along Nebraska highways are clearly dominated by seeded native grasses and invasive grasses, with only a few species of seeded wildflowers appearing occasionally. The common native grasses (e.g., Panicum virgatum) used in the NDOR seeding mixtures germinate and establish more readily than most native, perennial wildflowers included in the seeding mixtures. These grasses have higher germination rates, are well-adapted to a diversity of soil conditions, and grow rapidly following germination; therefore, they are able to out-compete most wildflowers when they are seeded in the same area. In some cases, however, wildflower presence in recently seeded, mixed stands can be enhanced by increasing the density or availability of wildflower seeds and/or spatially segregating the grass and wildflower seeds at seeding. The density or availability of seeds can be increased by using higher seeding rates or by establishing other sources of propagules or seeds, such as wildflower islands. Wildflower islands refer to small blocks within the area to be established that are seeded to wildflowers only. These localized areas seeded to wildflowers have the potential to remain as a dense stand of wildflowers and provide a source of seeds and propagules for wildflowers in the overall stand. When seeding new sites, the separation of grass and wildflower seed into separate rows has been shown to improve wildflower establishment by reducing the competition for resources between seedlings. Research in grassland ecology has shown that wildflower diversity declines over time because the grasses are more competitive when natural disturbances are removed from the ecosystem. In grassland systems, common natural disturbances are burning and the trampling and defoliation associated with grazing. The significance of disturbance is made evident by the relatively high plant diversity of grasslands periodically exposed to disturbances. Disturbances (e.g., grazing and/or burning) tend to favor wildflowers because they suppress grasses, thus opening areas and providing wildflowers greater access to water, nutrients and light interception. Burning or grazing roadsides in Nebraska is not realistic; however, mowing can be used as a reasonable substitute for grazing. The trampling effect and the patchiness of defoliation associated with grazing are difficult to replicate with mowing but the timing and intensity of defoliation can be manipulated with mowing. Research has shown that mowing or grazing at specific times and heights during the year can greatly impact plant communities by reducing the competition between grasses and wildflowers. The purpose of the proposed research is to test different strategies for establishing and maintaining wildflowers in roadside stands. In the first study, the interacting effects of the following seeding practices on the establishment of wildflowers in seeded mixtures of grasses and wildflowers will be determined: (1) increasing seeding rates of wildflowers, (2) segregating wildflower seeds from grass seeds in alternating rows when drilling the seed mixture, and (3) developing wildflower islands at the time of seeding. A second study will be conducted on recently established roadsides (4 to 6 years old) with fair to good wildflower composition. The objective of the study is to determine wildflower persistence in roadside stands in response to (1) interseeding of wildflowers, (2) timing of mowing, and (3) height of mowing. KW - Erosion KW - Grasses KW - Nebraska KW - Roadside flora KW - Seeding KW - Soil stabilization KW - Vegetation control KW - Wildflowers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1350055 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546289 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 331. Report on the Methods and Standards to Measure the Permeability of Concrete AB - The objective of this research is to investigate and report the current state of the practice for permeability measurements, permeability specifications and quality control/quality assurance procedures for concrete being used in various applications by state highway agencies. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Measurement KW - Permeability KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - State of the practice UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3286 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333171 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01534482 TI - Bicycle Trip Forecasting Model: Cincinnati Metropolitan Case Study AB - The potential of bicycle and pedestrian travel to provide convenient mobility, reduce congestion, improve environmental quality, and promote public health has received increasing attention since the last decade. For concerns with the emerging issues related to transportation greenhouse gases and energy saving in the recent years, non-motorized transport means has been highly desired to promote alternatives to automobile travel. The need for improving conditions for bicyclists and pedestrians has then become critically important to the relevant planning and policymaking efforts. As a vital analysis tool, bicycle and pedestrian travel forecasting models are anticipated to greatly benefit a variety of uses. For instance, estimating the benefits of a proposed project, prioritizing projects based on the greatest benefit to existing users or on the greatest payoff in attracting new bicyclists or walkers; planning bicycle or pedestrian paths and networks, identifying and correcting deficiencies in existing networks based on desired travel patterns and facility characteristics; and planning for bicycle and pedestrian safety by developing exposure information for crash/safety models. The modeling effort requires much data, such as travel and facility characteristics as well as user preferences, to advance the state-of-the-practice in this area. However, deficiencies and limitations in existing sources for these data often hamper these efforts. KW - Bicycle travel KW - Case studies KW - Cincinnati (Ohio) KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Mobility KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Travel patterns UR - http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/9/OHI/2014/10/28/H1414523602145/viewer/file1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1320113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01518992 AU - Chapman, Michael AU - Drobot, Sheldon AU - University Corporation for Atmospheric Research AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Vision for Use of Connected Vehicle Data in Practical Road Weather Applications PY - 2012/04/01/Final Report SP - 26p AB - With funding and support from the United States Department of Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Administration (USDOT RITA) and direction from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Road Weather Management Program, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is developing a Vehicle Data Translator (VDT) software system that incorporates vehicle-based measurements of the road and surrounding atmosphere with other weather data sources. The purpose of this document is to provide a short overview of the VDT software, a description of several possible applications for key potential end-users of the VDT, and a description of the data standards that are required in order for the mobile weather data to be useful for various road weather impact applications. KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - ITS program applications KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Road weather information systems KW - Software KW - Vehicle Data Translator KW - Weather conditions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/48000/48300/48370/1A82B8A8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302265 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489577 TI - Systematic HSIP Project Selection for Locals AB - Based on synthesizing best practices and techniques, this research will identify methods for prioritizing proactive safety projects with an emphasis on rural roads and locally owned roads KW - Highway safety KW - Local government KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Roads KW - Rural highways KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258734 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466560 TI - INVEST Marketing Support AB - The objective of this task order is to provide marketing, communications and branding services to develop a comprehensive communications strategy and successfully market and increase interest in the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Sustainable Highways Initiative and Self-Evaluation Tool (INVEST) across state and local transportation agencies and other potential users. KW - Communication systems KW - Initiatives KW - Local transportation KW - Marketing KW - Self evaluation KW - Sustainable development KW - Sustainable transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511612 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Salem River Crossing Project (OR 99E-Business, OR 22, OR 221) : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/04//Volumes held: Draft(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507948 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Newberg Dundee Bypass, Yamhill County : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/04//Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496735 AU - Zevenbergen, L W AU - Arneson, L A AU - Hunt, J H AU - Miller, A C AU - Ayres Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Institute TI - Hydraulic Design of Safe Bridges PY - 2012/04 SP - 280p AB - This document provides technical information and guidance on the hydraulic analysis and design of bridges. The goal is to provide information such that bridges can be designed as safely as possible while optimizing costs and limiting impacts to property and the environment. Many significant aspects of bridge hydraulic design are discussed. These include regulatory topics, specific approaches for bridge hydraulic modeling, hydraulic model selection, bridge design impacts on scour and stream instability, and sediment transport. KW - Bridge design KW - Channel flow KW - Hydraulics KW - Mathematical models KW - Regulations KW - Scour KW - Sediments UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/hif12018.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493308 AU - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Long Range Transportation Plan for Fish and Wildlife Service Lands in Region 1 PY - 2012/04//Final Version SP - 74p AB - Transportation infrastructure provides critical links and resources in connecting people with nature on all U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lands, specifically, at national wildlife refuges and national fish hatcheries. To this end the Service seeks to optimize transportation funding decisions and leverage its transportation dollars wisely, for the next 20 years and beyond. As defined by the Region 1 core planning team, the primary goals of this long range transportation plan are to: (1) Ensure that the transportation program helps to conserve and enhance fish, wildlife, and plant resources and their habitats. (2) Provide a safe and reliable transportation network to and within Service lands. (3) Develop and maintain a transportation network that welcomes and orients visitors. (4) „Integrate transportation planning into Service plans and processes. (5) Develop partnerships to leverage resources and develop integrated transportation solutions. (6) Adopt and promote sustainable transportation practices. KW - Conservation KW - Long range planning KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service UR - http://www.fws.gov/pacific/planning/main/docs/Transportation/LRTPFinal.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1262484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478347 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 2011 FHWA Infrastructure Research and Technology Strategic Plan PY - 2012/04 SP - 22p AB - This overarching Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Research and Technology (R&T) infrastructure strategic plan and its supporting roadmap will guide Infrastructure R&T efforts for the next 5 years and beyond. The plan will provide a comprehensive focus and direction across organizational boundaries and assist in prioritizing program initiatives, allocating resources, and improving the processes relative to how FHWA staff work together to achieve FHWA’s mission in the future. The strategic plan and roadmap will recognize the inter-relationships and interdependencies among the different infrastructure disciplines and provide a framework for collaboration across disciplines and with other FHWA programs. KW - Infrastructure KW - Interagency relations KW - Research KW - Resource allocation KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/12043/12043.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475823 AU - Newton, Diane AU - Cassady, Jim AU - Hovde, Al AU - Schaefer, Ron AU - Veile, Al AU - Fredman, Bob AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Electronic Freight Management Case Studies: A Summary of Results PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 119p AB - The Electronic Freight Management (EFM) initiative is a U.S. Department of Transportation-sponsored project that applies Web technologies that improve data and message transmissions between supply chain partners. The EFM implementation case studies contained in this document examine the degree to which the EFM applications can improve the operational efficiency within intermodal supply chains. Each case study documents the cost-effectiveness, long-term viability, and sustainability of the EFM package, as it was modified and implemented within the supply chain. The case studies also detail the environment into which the EFM package was being deployed, capturing the implementation parameters that were put in place to operate the package successfully, and assess implementation benefits in terms of business process cost savings and return on investment to the participating organizations. KW - Case studies KW - Data communications KW - Economic impacts KW - Electronic freight management KW - Freight traffic KW - Implementation KW - Information technology KW - Operations KW - Supply chain management UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46059/EFM_Case_Study_Final_Report_Combined_v5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469988 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 2011 Continuous Traffic Count Data and Traffic Characteristics on Nebraska Streets and Highways PY - 2012/04 SP - 292p AB - The Nebraska Department of Roads, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, collected and analyzed data at 61 continuous traffic count locations in 2011. Of these 61 locations, 38 are on rural state and federal highways, 8 on low volume rural roads, 2 on city streets in Grand Island, 3 on city streets in Lincoln, 7 on city streets in Omaha, 1 on the Interstate in South Sioux City, 1 on a city street in Scottsbluff, and 1 on a city street in Holdrege. Most of the machines have been converted to collect data on vehicle type, not just volume. As a result, continuous classification data is available at the majority of the stations. Short-term manual vehicle classification data was collected during 2011 at many of the remaining permanent continuous traffic counters. Severe flooding on the Missouri River from May to November caused disruption to the normal traffic pattern at the following stations: 4, 6, 12, 30, 32, 33, 41, 59, 63, 64, and 65. A traffic counter detects each passing vehicle and records hourly totals electronically. This information is retrieved periodically over the telephone lines by the Planning and Project Development Division of the Nebraska Department of Roads. Here the information is processed into Average Daily Traffic (ADT) figures. Some of the uses of these ADT values are determination of design standards, classification of highways, development of improvement programs and safety programs. Another important use of the information provided by these permanent traffic counters is to adjust many statewide 24- and 48-hour machine counts and 8-hour manual counts to annual average daily traffic volumes. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Nebraska KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle classification UR - http://nlc1.nlc.state.ne.us/epubs/R6000/S009-2011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469609 AU - Brewer, Wilson B AU - Alexander, Nancy AU - Langston University AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Best Practices Program for a Collaboration of Minority Truckers PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 80p AB - The Oklahoma Minority Trucking Cooperative Incorporated (OMTC) is the first service cooperative in the state of Oklahoma. As a result of this collaborative effort between the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Langston University (LU), this new cooperative of minority truckers has been empowered to enter and thrive in the mainstream transportation industry. Local elected officials, members of the new cooperative and the minority business community tell us that the formation of this new cooperative sends a strong message that ODOT is committed to an all-inclusive supplier base. A few of the LUBCT’s accomplishments in this effort include: (1) Promoting and substantially increasing the awareness of ODOT in its role, function and support of African American, Asian, Hispanic and Native American owned businesses. Providing unique and alternative custom training seminars to Disadvantaged Business Enterprises (DBE’s) e.g. bidding, estimating, record keeping and workman’s compensation which complemented the mission of the ODOT External Office of Civil Rights. (2) Offering one on one management and technical assistance to firms already certified as DBE’s and certifying the OMTC as a DBE company. (3) Referring new business to the External Office of Civil Rights for DBE Certification. KW - Certification KW - Cooperatives KW - Disadvantaged business enterprises KW - Management KW - Oklahoma KW - Technical assistance KW - Training programs KW - Truck drivers UR - http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/p-r-div/spr-rip/library/reports/rad_spr2-i2217-fy2011-rpt-final-brewer.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01449532 AU - McCullouch, Bob AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INDOT Technical Training Plan PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 19p AB - The study provides the background documents necessary for the development of a Technical Training Plan and makes recommendations for the content and structure of such a plan for the District Operations, Operations, Capital Program Management, and Engineering Services and Design Support Divisions. The product of the study is a web‐based tool for employees that provides training resource information by job category. The resources are grouped into three categories: in‐house training, training available through outside vendors or third party, and higher education resources. Recommendations specific to the Technical Training Plan include incorporating technical training requirements in the position descriptions currently being revised; re‐surveying employees and supervisors to ascertain employee training needs to ensure that the technical training requirements are appropriate; incorporating the list and schedule of Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) training programs in the State Personnel Department’s PeopleSoft system; establishing a readily accessible, centralized record management system for professional engineers to maintain their professional development hours (PDH) records; and broader circulation of INDOT’s Educational and Licensing Assistance Program (ELAP) to its employees. KW - Continuing education KW - Employee assistance programs KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Personnel development KW - Training KW - Web-based training UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314668 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46092/Technical_Summary.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1215931 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01447146 AU - Gonder, Jeffrey AU - Burton, Evan AU - Murakami, Elaine AU - National Renewable Energy Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Establishing a Secure Data Center with Remote Access PY - 2012/04 SP - 12p AB - Access to existing travel data is critical for many analysis efforts that lack the time or resources to support detailed data collection. High-resolution data sets provide particular value, but also present a challenge for preserving the anonymity of the original survey participants. To address the dilemma of providing data access while preserving privacy, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the U.S. Department of Transportation have launched the Transportation Secure Data Center (TSDC). TSDC data sets include those from regional travel surveys and studies that increasingly use global positioning system devices. Data provided by different collecting agencies vary with respect to formatting, elements included, and level of processing conducted in support of the original purpose. The TSDC relies on a number of geospatial and other analysis tools to ensure data quality and to generate useful information outputs. TSDC users can access the processed data in two different ways. The first is by downloading summary results and second-by-second vehicle speed profiles (with latitude/longitude information removed) from a publicly accessible website. The second method involves applying for a remote connection account to a controlled-access environment where spatial analysis can be conducted, but raw data cannot be removed. The TSDC website is http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/secure_transportation_data.html. U1 - 2012 Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology (FCSM) Research ConferenceWashington,DC,United States StartDate:20120110 EndDate:20120112 KW - Data collection KW - Data sharing KW - Global Positioning System KW - Privacy KW - Surveys KW - Transportation Secure Data Center KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel surveys UR - http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/54835.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446917 AU - Ostheimer, Chad J AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Flood-Warning System and Flood-Inundation Mapping in Licking County, Ohio PY - 2012/04//Draft Report SP - 26p AB - Digital flood-inundation maps for selected reaches of South Fork Licking River, Raccoon Creek, North Fork Licking River, and the Licking River in Licking County, Ohio, were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Ohio Department of Transportation; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration; Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service; and the City of Newark and Village of Granville, Ohio. The inundation maps depict estimates of the areal extent of flooding corresponding to water levels (stages) at the following USGS streamgages: South Fork Licking River at Heath, Ohio (03145173); Raccoon Creek below Wilson Street at Newark, Ohio (03145534); North Fork Licking River at East Main Street at Newark, Ohio (03146402); and Licking River near Newark, Ohio (03146500). The maps were provided to the National Weather Service (NWS) for incorporation into a Web-based flood-warning system that can be used in conjunction with NWS flood-forecast data to show areas of predicted flood inundation associated with forecasted flood-peak stages. As part of the flood-warning streamflow network, the USGS re-installed one streamgage on North Fork Licking River, and added three new streamgages, one each on North Fork Licking River, South Fork Licking River, and Raccoon Creek. Additionally, the USGS upgraded a lake-level gage on Buckeye Lake. Data from the streamgages and lake-level gage can be used by emergency-management personnel, in conjunction with the flood-inundation maps, to help determine a course of action when flooding is imminent. Flood profiles for selected reaches were prepared by calibrating steady-state step-backwater models to selected, established streamgage rating curves. The step-backwater models then were used to determine water-surface-elevation profiles for up to 10 flood stages at a streamgage with corresponding streamflows ranging from approximately the 50 to 0.2-percent chance annual-exceedance probabilities for each of the 4 streamgages that correspond to the flood-inundation maps. The computed flood profiles were used in combination with digital elevation data to delineate flood-inundation areas. Maps of Licking County showing flood-inundation areas overlain on digital orthophotographs are presented for the selected floods. The USGS also developed an unsteady-flow model for a reach of South Fork Licking River for use by the NWS to enhance their ability to provide advanced flood warning in the region north of Buckeye Lake, Ohio. The unsteady-flow model was calibrated based on data from four flooding events that occurred from June 2008 to December 2011. Model calibration was approximate due to the fact that there were unmeasured inflows to the river that were not able to be considered during the calibration. Information on unmeasured inflow derived from NWS hydrologic models and additional flood-event data could enable the NWS to further refine the unsteady-flow model. KW - Alert systems KW - Digital mapping KW - Flood protection KW - Floods KW - Hydraulic computer models KW - Hydrologic computer models KW - Inundation KW - Measurement of specific phenomena KW - Ohio KW - Stream gages KW - Warning systems UR - http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo30449/sir2012-5137_082212.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45900/45940/134517_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446042 AU - Zhang, Lin AU - Morallos, Dorothy AU - Jeannotte, Krista AU - Strasser, Jennifer AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume XII: Work Zone Traffic Analysis – Applications and Decision Framework PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 328p AB - Work Zone Traffic Analysis (WZTA) is the process of evaluating and determining the safety and mobility impacts within a construction, maintenance, or rehabilitation project. Establishing a procedure for analyzing work zone mobility and safety impacts aids agencies in the planning, decision-making, design, and financial aspects of the project. This report provides guidance on WZTA applications and presents the steps involved in the application of maintenance of traffic alternatives analysis (MOTAA) and decision framework. It contains step-by-step guidance to assist the analyst in determining the most suitable tools to perform the work zone analysis and presents a procedure for developing and applying models to work zone analysis. To illustrate the MOTAA process and decision framework contained in this guidebook, a variety of WZTA case studies are presented to demonstrate a diverse set of MOTAA applications. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Mobility KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic models KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12009/fhwahop12009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212653 ER - TY - SER AN - 01444840 JO - Traffic Volume Trends PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Volume Trends, April 2012 PY - 2012/04 SP - 10p AB - Traffic Volume Trends is a monthly report based on hourly traffic count data. These data, collected at approximately 4,000 continuous traffic counting locations nationwide, are used to determine the percent change in traffic for the current month compared to the same month in the previous year. This percent change is applied to the travel for the same month of the previous year to obtain an estimate of travel for the current month. Travel on all roads and streets changed by -0.4% (-1.0 billion vehicle miles) for April 2012 as compared with April 2011. Travel for the month is estimated to be 247.2 billion vehicle miles. Cumulative Travel for 2012 changed by +0.9% (8.6 billion vehicle miles). The Cumulative estimate for the year is 939.4 billion vehicle miles of travel. KW - Highway travel KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic volume KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/12aprtvt/12aprtvt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444747 AU - McDaniel, Rebecca S AU - Shah, Ayesha AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Maximizing the Use of Local Materials in HMA Surfaces PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 52p AB - One approach to reducing initial construction costs is to maximize the use of locally available aggregates. The main concern with using locally available carbonate aggregates, however, is that they tend to polish under traffic and provide inadequate friction. Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) specifications for asphalt surface mixes, especially for high volume traffic, require high friction aggregates like steel slag, blast furnace slag or sandstone, which are more resistant to polishing. These premium aggregates are not readily available in all parts of the state, requiring long haul distances from limited sources in Indiana or out of state. The study summarized here was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using greater quantities of local, less polish resistant aggregates, specifically limestones, in asphalt surfaces when blended with high friction aggregates. Samples of blends of various quantities of polish-susceptible aggregates with high friction aggregates were prepared, polished to simulate the action of traffic, and tested in the laboratory for their frictional properties. The variables considered include mix type [hot mix asphalt (HMA) and Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)], coarse aggregate type (two polish-susceptible aggregates blended with steel furnace slag, blast furnace slag and sandstone), polish-susceptible aggregate content, and amount of limestone fine aggregate (in HMA). The results of this study demonstrate that local, polish susceptible aggregates can be used to replace the high quality friction aggregates in HMA and SMA surface mixtures without detrimental effect on friction. In addition, the laboratory evaluation procedures used in this study could be implemented as a screening test for new materials or new types of mixtures. Such a screening test would allow contractors, material suppliers and INDOT to ascertain whether a material warrants further investigation before the effort and funds are invested in construction of a field trial. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Friction KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Indiana KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Local materials KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Sandstones KW - Stone matrix asphalt UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314667 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45699/fulltext2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01396836 AU - Hartshorn, Sophie AU - Lamm, Christopher AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA Freight and Land Use Handbook PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 138p AB - The goal of this "Freight and Land Use Handbook" is to provide transportation and land use planning practitioners in the public and private sectors with the tools and resources to properly assess the impacts of land use decisions on freight movement, as well as the impacts of freight development and growth on land use planning goals. The handbook identifies freight-related land use issues, key considerations, and available resources. Throughout the handbook, examples and case studies from a range of urban and rural areas across the country are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques. KW - Case studies KW - Freight transportation KW - Handbooks KW - Impact studies KW - Land use planning KW - Rural areas KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12006/fhwahop12006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01396835 AU - Margiotta, Richard A AU - Spiller, Neil C AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recurring Traffic Bottlenecks: A Primer: Focus on Low-Cost Operational Improvements PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 49p AB - While many of the nation's bottlenecks are addressed through costly major construction projects (i.e. "megaprojects") or costly transportation alternative solutions [e.g., High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) or High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes, dynamic pricing, investments in transit alternatives, parking and commuter incentive programs, et al.] there is a significant opportunity for the application of operational and low-cost "fixes" at spot-specific locations. This Primer is the signature product of the Localized Bottleneck Reduction (LBR) Program, which is administered out of the Office of Operations, Office of Transportation Management, at FHWA HQ in Washington, D.C. The LBR program is focused on relieving recurring congestion chokepoints (as opposed to nonrecurring congestion causes) and the operational influences that cause them. Widening, lengthening, retiming, metering, or bypassing these problem areas to unclog them can often be done with lower cost, less intensive "footprint" means than traditionally waiting for a complete facility rebuild or an out-year project. In much the same way that transportation agencies might have an annualized safety-spot improvement program, e.g., a "top 10 list" of high accident locations, so too should they have an annualized congestion-spot program. If the ultimate fix need be a complete facility overhaul, then so be it; but an agency needn't limit itself to only "building our way out of congestion." KW - Bottlenecks KW - Highway operations KW - Improvements KW - Low cost KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic congestion KW - Weaving traffic UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12012/fhwahop12012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383568 AU - Rasband, Eric AU - Forbush, Taylor AU - Ash, Kelly AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Horrocks Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UDOT Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI) Observations & Experience PY - 2012/04 SP - 37p AB - This report presents the results of a functionality evaluation, by the I-15 Utah County Corridor Expansion (CORE) traffic team, of the first Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI) in Utah, located at the intersection of American Fork Main Street (Pioneer Crossing) and I-15. The Pioneer Crossing DDI was opened to traffic in August 2010. This evaluation incorporates a review of population trends, traffic patterns, detoured traffic, and design features to understand how this new interchange operates for the traveling public. In general, this evaluation determined that the application of a new-construction DDI at this location resulted in better than expected traffic operation. Since the completion of the Pioneer Crossing DDI analysis, three other DDIs have been opened to traffic within Utah with differing site conditions and geometric provisions. Two of the DDIs were retrofits of previous conventional Diamond Interchanges. One was a new construction completed for the I-15 CORE project. The other three installations have added valuable insight to the traffic characteristics that influence the DDI design so that future DDIs can be even more successful. An observational study was completed at each of the new DDIs in Utah, and key characteristics were recognized for working well or not working well with the DDI design. These characteristics and conclusions from the study of the four DDIs currently in Utah are provided as lessons learned for use on future projects. Overall, the four DDIs have proven effective as viable interchange options at these locations. KW - Design KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Diverging diamond interchanges KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interstate 15 KW - Interstate highways KW - Population growth KW - Retrofitting KW - Travel patterns KW - Utah UR - http://utah.ptfs.com/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=55020 UR - http://www.udot.utah.gov/main//uconowner.gf?n=10172614219775523 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383566 AU - Rollins, Kyle M AU - Smith, Gabriel M AU - Brigham Young University AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reduction in Wick Drain Effectiveness with Drain Spacing for Utah Silts and Clays PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 129p AB - Although decreasing the spacing of vertical drains usually decreases the time for consolidation, previous field tests have shown that there is a “critical” drain spacing for which tighter spacing does not decrease the time for consolidation. This critical spacing is thought to be due to disturbance effects from installation of the drains. Installation disturbance is thought to depend on soil layering (uniform vs. layered) as well as mandrel and anchor geometry. Installation disturbance can be modeled using a smear zone or by using a back-calculated consolidation coefficient (Ch/Cv) ratio. To validate these design methods and assess the importance of soil layer and mandrel geometry on drain effectiveness, full-scale field tests were conducted at Mountain View Corridor in Lehi, Utah. Tests were performed for triangular drain spacings of 5.8, 5.0, 4.0 and 3.0 ft with both rebar or plate anchors. Test results showed that installation disturbance is less important for thick clay layers than for thin interbedded clay and silt layers. Disturbance was found to be a function of drain spacing divided by mandrel-anchor diameter. Results also showed that the rebar anchor caused about twice the disturbance of the plate anchor. Using the smear zone model, with a Ch/Cv ratio of 1.25 and ds of 3.07 times dm, the time rate of settlement was reasonably well predicted, while the back-calculated Ch/Cv ratio, with no smear zone, also predicted the time rate reasonably well. KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Field tests KW - Installation KW - Mandrels KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Road construction KW - Sensitive clays KW - Silts KW - Smear zone (Disturbed soil) KW - Spacing KW - Utah KW - Vertical drains KW - Wick drains UR - http://utah.ptfs.com/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=53861 UR - http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=9626407201510142 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380486 AU - Henault, John W AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing ConnDOT's Portland Cement Concrete Testing Methods Phase II PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 31p AB - This report presents a description of efforts to disseminate findings from the Phase I study (SPR-2244), provides examples of applied maturity testing and temperature monitoring in Connecticut, reviews several State Highway Agency protocols for using the method, and presents recommendations for future use in Connecticut. KW - Concrete maturity method KW - Connecticut KW - Mass concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Temperature measurement KW - Testing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44700/44728/CT-2252-F-12-3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380283 AU - Sharma, Anuj AU - Rilett, Laurence AU - Wu, Zifeng AU - Wang, Shefang AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Speed Limit Recommendation in Vicinity of Signalized, High-Speed Intersection PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 125p AB - The authors evaluated the traffic operations and safety effects of 5 mph and 10 mph speed limit reductions in the vicinity of high-speed, signalized intersections with advance warning flashers (AWF). Traffic operational effects of the reduced speed limits were analyzed for seven high-speed, signalized intersections with AWF using the Quantile regression model and Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation (SURE). Change of speed limit from 60 mph to 55 mph did not lead to any statistically significant reduction in 15th, 50th, or 85th percentile. The reduction from 65 mph to 55 mph hour led to a 4.6 mph reduction in 85th percentile speed; also, the speed dispersion based on inter-percentile range between 15th and 85th percentiles was reduced by 1.8 mph. About the mean and standard deviation of speed estimated by SURE, the only statistically significant impact is from the speed limit reduction of 10 mph from 65 mph, which reduced the mean speed of vehicles by 3.8 mph at the significance level of 95%. In the safety effect study, a crash analysis based on 56 approaches from 28 intersections was performed. The 10 mph speed limit reduction from 65 to 55 mph was found to reduce, on an average, 0.4 crashes per approach per year with 90% percent level of confidence while the 5 mph reductions in the dataset was found to reduce, on an average, 0.6 crashes per approach per year with 95% significance level. Also, the studied approaches with 10 mph reduction were found to have a lower probability of possible injury crashes and a higher probability of property damage crashes with a 90% level of confidence. The 5 mph reductions in this dataset did not show any significant effect on reducing crash severity. It was also found that lower speed limits in vicinity of the signalized intersection reduced the probability of fatal and injury crashes. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Highway safety KW - Signalized intersections KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45688/Sharma_SpeedLimitRecommendations_FINAL.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379709 AU - Martinez, Mark AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation of Warranties in State Contracts for Highway Construction PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 244p AB - In 1997, The Louisiana House of Representatives passed Bill Number 1698, which addresses warranties in state contracts for highway construction. This bill stated that every contract for the construction of or improvements to highways will include a warranty by the contractor as to the quality of materials and workmanship for duration of three years. The House has asked the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) to promulgate rules and regulations to effectuate the purpose of warranties and submit such to the Joint Legislative Committee on Transportation, Highways, and Public Works for approval. In response, Louisiana DOTD formed a committee to supervise the development of warranties made up of representatives from Louisiana DOTD, FHWA, and contractor organizations so as to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of warranties and to look at its impact on contracts and construction for highways in Louisiana. The purpose of the warranty is principally to ensure that Louisiana DOTD has an assurance from the contractor on highway projects that constructed items shall be free of defects in materials and workmanship for a three-year period from the project initial acceptance date. But, there is also an obligation on the part of Louisiana DOTD to ensure that contractors are treated fairly. This paper summarizes the efforts taken by the Department to meet the legislative directive to develop a warranties program for Louisiana that fulfills the legislative requirement and which also obeys federal regulations put in-place to ensure that contractors are treated fairly. KW - Implementation KW - Louisiana KW - Quality assurance KW - Road construction KW - Warranty UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_490.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45663/fr_490.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379708 AU - Wu, Zhong AU - King, Bill AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Surface Friction Guidelines for LADOTD PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 113p AB - The main objective of this study was to develop a Louisiana pavement surface friction guideline that considers polished stone value (PSV) and mixture type alike in terms of both micro- and macro-surface textures. The polishing and texture properties of aggregates were characterized using the British Pendulum, Micro-Deval and Aggregate Imaging System (AIMS). Asphalt mixture slabs were fabricated with different combinations of two aggregate sources (sandstone and limestone) and four mixture types and polished by a three-wheel accelerated polishing device developed by the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT). The surface frictional characteristics of each slab were measured by Dynamic Friction Tester (DFT) and Circular Texture Meter (CTM) at various pre-determined polishing cycles. In addition, an inventory dataset of field friction number (FN) measurements was obtained from the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development's (LADOTD’s) Materials Laboratory and analyzed in this study to determine the effects of traffic loading, aggregate and mixture types on the measured FN values. The laboratory results indicated that the accelerated polishing device used in this study performed just as expected, i.e., as the polishing cycle increases, the measured frictional property of testing slab surface decreases. It was found that the DFT measurements were fairly sensitive to the coarse aggregate types (related to micro-texture) used in mix design, but were not very sensitive to different mix types or aggregate gradations (related to macro-texture). The analysis of CTM measured Mean Profile Depth (MPD) results confirmed a strong relationship between MPD and mixture type, indicating MPD does reflect well of surface macro-texture. Because friction resistance of an asphalt mixture should account for both micro- and macro-texture, the International Friction Index (IFI) friction numbers, the F(60), were determined based on an IFI model using measured DF20 (the DFT measurement at a friction speed of 20 mi/hr) and MPD values for each slab tested. Further analysis of F(60) results generally indicated that an open-graded friction coarse (OGFC) mix type considered in this study had the highest friction resistance due to its largest surface macro-texture (or MPD values), followed by the stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mix type, and then by the two Superpave mix types considered (a 19-mm Superpave Level-II mix, a 12.5-mm Superpave Level-II mix). The F(60) results also indicated that a selected sandstone type (AB13) with a high polishing resistance (PSV>37) performed significantly better in terms of mixture friction resistance than a selected limestone (AA50) with a PSV of 31. Mixtures using an aggregate blend of 30 percent of selected sandstone and 70 percent of the limestone tended to have a better surface friction resistance than those with 100 percent of the limestone. This observation demonstrates that blending of low and high friction aggregates together can possibly produce an asphalt mixture with an adequate field friction resistance. The analysis has led to the development of a set of prediction models of mixture frictional properties, and a laboratory mix design procedure that addresses the surface friction resistance of an asphalt mixture in terms of both micro- and macro-surface textures. The developed frictional mix design procedure allows estimating a friction-demand based, design SN value for an asphalt mixture during the mix design stage. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Friction KW - Friction number KW - Guidelines KW - International Friction Index KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Macrotexture KW - Microtexture KW - Mix design KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Polished stone value test KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Sandstones KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Superpave KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_485.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45659/fr_485.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379191 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Associated General Contractors of America AU - American Road & Transportation Builders Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Construction Peer Network: A Guide to Collecting and Sharing Information to Improve Highway Construction Practices PY - 2012/04 SP - 39p AB - The United States spends billions each year to construct and maintain our world class highways, yet the Construction Peer Network (CPN) appears to be one of the first efforts to take a comprehensive look at State DOT delivery processes, along with partner contributions, to seek out those that have proven most effective. The CPN provides a structured approach for capturing and sharing exemplary construction delivery practices (generally those after contract award), which should provide a significant return on investment when implemented. FHWA partnered with AASHTO, along with its member State DOTs, AGC, and ARTBA to create the CPN. The CPN’s basic objective is to improve the quality of construction and the delivery of highway projects brought about as construction professionals share successful practices and innovations among their peers. The partners’ vision is to facilitate and encourage widespread deployment of such practices across the nation. Ultimately, the goal of the CPN is faster, more cost-effective construction of highway projects to benefit the American public and the nation’s economy. The CPN process involves two steps: 1) gathering State practices using a Program Information Tool (PI Tool) and 2) sharing those seen as having a high return on investment at Regional Peer Exchanges. These steps are discussed in more detail later in this document. Participation is voluntary. KW - Best practices KW - Construction management KW - Data collection KW - Data sharing KW - Peer groups KW - Questionnaires KW - Road construction KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://construction.transportation.org/Documents/CPN%20User%20Guide%20and%20PI%20Tool.v3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376441 AU - Clevenger, Kyle AU - Colello, Karen AU - Quirus, Jeannette AU - McCormick Taylor Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Retroreflectivity of Existing Signs in Pennsylvania PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 69p AB - The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) Bureau of Highway Safety and Traffic Engineering initiated this research effort in response to the release of the new 2009 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) which mandates that all states shall have a sign maintenance method designed to maintain traffic sign retroreflectivity at or above the established minimum levels in place by January 2012. The goal of this research effort was to collect and analyze sign retroreflectivity measurements on a subset of PennDOT owned and maintained signs throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in order to better understand the potential service life of signs with regard to nighttime visibility in Pennsylvania. As PennDOT implements its sign management system, with respect to compliance with the minimum retroreflectivity levels, the findings of this research will assist PennDOT in better determining when signs may need replacing. Retroreflectivity levels were measured on a sample of 1,000 traffic signs using a DELTA Light and Optics RetroSign 4500 retroreflectometer. In order to obtain regional variety, an equal portion of signs (one third in each county) were measured in Lackawanna, Lehigh and Lancaster counties to represent the northern, central and southern tiers of the state. The number of yellow warning signs, white regulatory signs, green directional signs and red Stop, Yield, Do Not Enter and Wrong Way signs to be measured was determined using the proportion of each sign color’s overall population in the state. PennDOT’s current standard specifications for reflective sheeting require the use of Type III or Type IV sheeting for post-mounted sign installations and the sign sheeting manufacturer warranties are typically 10 years; therefore the data collection efforts were limited to Type III signs aged 10 years or older. The study recommends an expected sign life of 15 years for yellow, white, red and green signs in Pennsylvania. KW - Maintenance KW - Pennsylvania KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Service life KW - Traffic signs UR - ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_PDF_FILES/Documents/Research/Complete%20Projects/Smart%20Transportation%20Solutions/Retroreflectivity%20of%20Existing%20Signs.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376435 AU - Schall, James D AU - Thompson, Philip L AU - Zerges, Steve M AU - Kilgore, Roger T AU - Morris, Johnny L AU - Ayres Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Institute TI - Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts, Third Edition PY - 2012/04//Third Edition SP - 323p AB - Hydraulic Design Series Number 5 (HDS 5) originally merged culvert design information contained in Hydraulic Engineering Circulars (HEC) 5, 10, and 13 with other related hydrologic, storage routing and special culvert design information. This third edition is the first major rewrite of HDS 5 since 1985, updating all previous information and adding new information on software solutions, aquatic organism passage, culvert assessment, and culvert repair and rehabilitation. The result is a comprehensive culvert design publication. The appendices of the publication contain the equations and methodology used in developing the design charts (nomographs) and software programs, information on hydraulic resistance of culverts, the commonly used design charts, and Design Guidelines (DG) illustrating various culvert design calculation procedures. The number of design charts provided has been reduced recognizing the increased use of software solutions; however, the full set of culvert design charts will continue to be available in the archived second edition of HDS 5. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Design charts KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/12026/hif12026.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375866 AU - Harrington, Dale AU - Rasmussen, Robert AU - Merritt, David AU - Cackler, Tom AU - Taylor, Peter AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Long-Term Plan for Concrete Pavement Research and Technology—The Concrete Pavement Road Map (Second Generation): Volume I, Background and Summary PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 136p AB - The Long-Term Plan for Concrete Pavement Research and Technology (CP Road Map) is a holistic strategic plan for concrete pavement research and technology transfer. The CP Road Map is a living plan that includes 12 distinct but integrated research tracks leading to specific products and processes. The resulting improvements will help the concrete pavement industry meet the challenges of, and achieve the industry’s full potential in, the 21st century. The plan was developed in close partnership with stakeholders representing all aspects of the concrete pavement community, public and private, and the research will be conducted through partnerships of stakeholders. Over the last several years, the plan has been managed through an operational support mechanism provided by a transportation pooled fund project. The CP Road Map is presented in two volumes. Volume I describes why the research plan is needed, how it was developed, and, generally, what the plan includes. Volume I also describes the research management plan that will guide the conduct and implementation of research. Volume II describes in detail the 12 tracks of research. Each track description includes a general overview, a track goal, track action items, a list of subtracks, and detailed problem statements within each subtrack. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Long range planning KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Research KW - Technology transfer UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/11065/11065.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46179/Long_term_plan_for_concrete_pavement_research_and_technology_vI_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375863 AU - Moses, Thomas AU - Eckoff, Travis AU - Connor, Billy AU - Perkins, Robert A AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Construction Dust Amelioration Techniques PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 28p AB - Dust produced on seasonal road construction sites in Alaska is both a traffic safety and environmental concern. Dust emanating from unpaved road surfaces during construction severely reduces visibility and impacts stopping sight distance, and contributes to the local burden of PM 2.5, small particulates that present an important environmental air quality concern. This research aims to assist ADOT&PF in developing safe, efficient techniques for short-term dust suppression. Experts believe applying a dust-control palliative like calcium chloride, Enviroclean, Durasoil, or EK35 to the unpaved surface during road construction will solve the dust problem. This research will gather necessary information to determine when, what type, in what concentration, and how often the dust-control palliative should be applied. The amount and size of the dust particles, the time the surface is to remain unpaved, the makeup of the unpaved road surface, local environmental conditions, and the availability and cost of the dust control palliatives are factors to consider. The project is especially valuable because measurement systems used in other states involve special equipment and/or certification of observers, neither of which may be practical in Alaska with our remote locations and short construction season. KW - Air quality KW - Alaska KW - Dust KW - Dust control KW - Road construction KW - Unpaved roads UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2012/05/RR10.03.-Perkins.-March-2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375858 AU - Sebesta, Stephen AU - Taylor, Ross AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation of the Soil Compactor Analyzer into Test method Tex-113-E: Technical Report PY - 2012/04//Technical Report SP - 54p AB - Test method Tex-113-E prepares laboratory aggregate base test specimens with an impact hammer compactor. These specimens are used for compaction characteristics and design tests. Although the historical Tex-113-E required a certain amount of compaction energy, no method to validate attainment of that energy existed until Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Project 0-5135 developed the Soil Compactor Analyzer (SCA). The SCA measures the kinetic energy applied by each drop of the impact hammer. In this project, the SCA system was modified to control the compactor, where the SCA starts the machine and then turns off the compactor when the prescribed amount of energy is attained. This project then evaluated how changing the machine operational parameters, such as hammer weight, drop height, and number of blows per lift, impacted test results. In this evaluation, the SCA was used in all cases to control the compactor, so the prescribed amount of total energy was always applied regardless of machine operational parameters. The results showed that while using the current TxDOT-approved SCA to control total energy per lift between 740 and 765 ft-lbf, the number of blows per lift may vary between 45 and 60 with no impact on test results. Finally, this project conducted an interlaboratory study to develop precision statistics of Tex-113-E compaction. This study showed that the SCA enables excellent precision of total compaction energy. Total compaction energy should be repeatable and reproducible within about 27 ft-lbf, or approximately 1 percent of the specification value. Compacted dry density should be repeatable within about 2.5 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) and reproducible within about 3.3 pcf. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compactors KW - Energy KW - Kinetic energy KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil compaction test KW - Test procedures UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/5-5135-01-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44600/44697/5-5135-01-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375857 AU - Anderson, Stuart AU - Beaty, Curtis AU - Ding, Liang AU - Ellis, David AU - Epps, Jon AU - Estakhri, Cindy AU - Glover, Brianne AU - Hoelscher, Michelle AU - Norboge, Nick AU - Rajbhandari, Rajat AU - Ramani, Tara AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Shelton, Jeff AU - Shon, Chang Seon AU - Stockton, William AU - Vadali, Sharada AU - Venglar, Steven AU - Zietsman, Joe AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TxDOT Administration Research: Tasks Completed FY 2011 PY - 2012/04//Technical Report SP - 368p AB - This research project evaluates numerous transportation issues and develops findings and/or recommendations based on results. This project has been structured to address some of the emerging, critical, and unique considerations related to transportation. KW - Research projects KW - Research reports KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6581-TI-3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375846 AU - Zhou, Fujie AU - Button, Joe W AU - Epps, Jon A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practice for Using RAS in HMA PY - 2012/04//Technical Report SP - 72p AB - The use of recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of asphalt paving mixes while conserving energy and preserving the environment. This report documents the best practices for the use of RAS in HMA in terms of RAS processing, characterizing the processed RAS (binder content, gradations, and performance grade [PG]), RAS mix design, production, and field construction. First, a six-step RAS processing guideline was proposed in this study, including collecting, asbestos testing for the tear-off asphalt shingles, sorting, grinding, screening, and storing the processed RAS. Researchers found that tear-off shingles have higher binder content than manufacture waste shingles. The manufacture waste shingles have a consistent 20 percent binder content; the tear-off shingles evaluated in this study have various binder contents, ranging from 23 percent to 28 percent. Furthermore, the overall RAS variability in terms of asphalt binder content and gradation is low for both manufacture waste and tear-off shingles. Obviously, the RAS binders are very stiff and their high temperature PG is beyond 140°C, and the low temperature PG is above 0°C. This study compared the ignition oven method with the extraction method, and found that, except for one shingle source, both methods produced similar aggregate gradations and asphalt contents. Issues related to RAS mix design, production, and field construction were identified and discussed in this report. One important area needing further investigation is the long-term performance of RAS mixes. Generally, RAS mixes have good rutting resistance, but its resistance to reflective cracking, fatigue cracking, and potential raveling needs to be evaluated. Life-cycle cost analyses should be performed to determine the economic viability of using RAS. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Processing (Materials) KW - Production KW - Recycled materials KW - Shingles UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6614-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44600/44696/0-6614-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375833 AU - Briaud, Jean-Louis AU - Medina-Cetina, Zenon AU - Hurlebaus, Stefan AU - Everett, Mark AU - Tucker, Stacey AU - Yousefpour, Negin AU - Arjwech, Rungroj AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Unknown Foundation Determination for Scour PY - 2012/04//Technical Report SP - 358p AB - Unknown foundations affect about 9,000 bridges in Texas. For bridges over rivers, this creates a problem regarding scour decisions as the calculated scour depth cannot be compared to the foundation depth, and a very conservative costly approach must be taken. The objective was to develop a global approach, which will reduce significantly the level of uncertainty associated with unknown foundations. This approach was developed in two parts: a data mining and inference approach where no testing at the site was necessary, and a testing approach where new tests for unknown foundations were used. The data mining and inference task made use of existing data such as soil type, known foundations on neighboring bridges, design practice, and the age of the bridge to infer the type and length of unknown foundation elements. The testing task consisted of developing two geophysical techniques, resistivity and induced polarization imaging, to obtain a picture of the soil and foundation below the surface level or river bottom. The outcome was a global framework in which one of the approaches or any combination thereof, as well as the most useful current techniques (nondestructive testing methods if necessary), can be used to decrease dramatically the uncertainty associated with the unknown foundation. The inference process was trained by using bridges where the foundation was known and verified by comparison against case histories. The two testing techniques mentioned above were tested at the National Geotechnical Testing Site on Texas A&M’s Riverside campus and then against full-scale bridges selected in cooperation with TxDOT. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Data mining KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Scour KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Testing KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6604-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44600/44695/0-6604-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375341 AU - Ha, Soojun AU - Yeon, Jungheum AU - Won, Moon C AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRCP ME Design Guide PY - 2012/04 SP - 33p AB - In this Guide, the history of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) design methods for slab thickness and longitudinal steel reinforcement is reviewed. It is stated that, in general, CRCP design methods evolved from actual experience or field testing based on more mechanistic analysis. However, CRCP is a complicated system with a number of variables interacting with each other. It appears that CRCP design procedures based on mechanistic analysis with empirical performance information, such as the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) or the TxCRCP-ME, will be the primary design program for the foreseeable future. A table is presented describing the current state of practice for CRCP design in selected states. It shows that most states still use the 1993 "AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures" for slab thickness design. It also shows that most states determine steel percentages based on experience and use steel amounts between 0.7% and 0.8% except for Texas. In Texas, steel percentage is not as high as in other states. Further discussion in this Guide concerns transverse crack spacing, crack width, load transfer efficiency, and subbase support. The remaining sections of the Guide briefly discuss materials for CRCP and construction of CRCP. KW - AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures KW - Construction management KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - History KW - Load transfer KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - State of the practice KW - Texas KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/reports/products/CRCP_ME_Design_Guide-0-5832-P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143220 ER - TY - SER AN - 01375339 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Construction Quality Assurance for Design-Build Highway Projects PY - 2012/04 SP - 8p AB - A majority of State transportation agencies use the design-build (DB) contracting method to deliver some transportation projects. Documented benefits of DB include faster project delivery, improved constructability, less cost growth, early cost certainty, and fewer claims. The purpose of this TechBrief is to help clarify the roles, responsibilities, and activities related to construction quality assurance (QA) on DB projects. The specific topics discussed include QA, quality control (QC), and acceptance. Related topics such as independent assurance (IA), dispute resolution, personnel qualification, laboratory qualification, and warranties are also discussed. Some request for proposals (RFP) and contract documents for DB projects have incorrectly assigned responsibility for acceptance to the design-builder, which is not in accordance with 23 CFR 637. Additionally, because the DB project delivery method is often used on large, complex, fast-paced projects, it presents some unique challenges that merit discussion. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Design build KW - Disputes KW - Highway projects KW - Independent assurance KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Road construction KW - Solicitations UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/12039/12039.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375255 AU - Arneson, L A AU - Zevenbergen, L W AU - Lagasse, P F AU - Clopper, P E AU - Ayres Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Institute TI - Evaluating Scour at Bridges, Fifth Edition PY - 2012/04//Fifth Edition SP - 340p AB - This document is the fifth edition of HEC-18. It presents the state of knowledge and practice for the design, evaluation and inspection of bridges for scour. There are two companion documents, HEC-20 entitled "Stream Stability at Highway Structures," and HEC-23 entitled "Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures." These three documents contain updated material from previous editions and continued research by NCHRP, FHWA, State DOTs, and universities. This fifth edition of HEC-18 also contains revisions obtained from further scour-related developments and the use of the 2001 edition by the highway community. The major changes in the fifth edition of HEC-18 are: expanded discussion on the policy and regulatory basis for the FHWA Scour Program, including risk-based approaches for evaluations, developing Plans of Action (POAs) for scour critical bridges, and expanded discussion on countermeasure design philosophy (new vs. existing bridges). This fifth edition includes: a new section on contraction scour in cohesive materials, an updated abutment scour section, alternative abutment design approaches, alternative procedures for estimating pier scour, and new guidance on pier scour with debris loading. There is a new chapter on soils, rock and geotechnical considerations related to scour. Additional changes include: a new approach for pier scour in coarse material, new sections on pier scour in cohesive materials and pier scour in erodible rock, revised guidance for vertical contraction scour (pressure flow) conditions, guidance for predicting scour at bottomless culverts, deletion of the "General Scour" term, and revised discussion on scour at tidal bridges to reflect material now covered in HEC-25 (2nd Edition). KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Cohesive soils KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Granular soils KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Rocks KW - Scour KW - State of the practice UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/hif12003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375246 AU - Lagasse, P F AU - Zevenbergen, L W AU - Spitz, W J AU - Arneson, L A AU - Ayres Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Institute TI - Stream Stability at Highway Structures, Fourth Edition PY - 2012/04//Fourth Edition SP - 328p AB - This document provides guidelines for identifying stream instability problems at highway stream crossings. It is an update of the third edition published in 2001. The HEC-20 manual covers geomorphic and hydraulic factors that affect stream stability and provides a step-by-step analysis procedure for evaluation of stream stability problems. Stream channel classification, stream reconnaissance techniques, and rapid assessment methods for channel stability are covered in detail. Quantitative techniques for channel stability analysis, including degradation analysis, are provided, and channel restoration concepts are introduced. Significant new material in this edition includes chapters on sediment transport concepts and channel stability in gravel bed streams, as well as expanded coverage of channel restoration concepts. KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Geomorphology KW - Gravel bed channels KW - Highway bridges KW - Hydraulics KW - Manuals KW - Scour KW - Sediment transport KW - Stream crossings KW - Stream restoration KW - Streams UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/hif12004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374586 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - Report to the U.S. Congress on the Outcomes of the Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program, SAFETEA‐LU Section 1807 PY - 2012/04 SP - 105p AB - Section 1807 of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) P.L. 109-59 established the Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program (NTPP) in August 2005. Over the span of 4 years, the NTPP provided roughly $25 million annually in contract authority allocated equally among four pilot communities (Columbia, Missouri; Marin County, California; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Sheboygan County, Wisconsin) “to construct … a network of nonmotorized transportation infrastructure facilities, including sidewalks, bicycle lanes, and pedestrian and bicycle trails, that connect directly with transit stations, schools, residences, businesses, recreation areas, and other community activity centers.” From its inception, the NTPP was designed as a demonstration program to gather statistical information on transportation mode share shifts before and after the implementation of nonmotorized transportation infrastructure and educational or promotional programs. The program was intended to “demonstrate the extent to which bicycling and walking can carry a significant part of the transportation load, and represent a major portion of the transportation solution, within selected communities.” Throughout the program to date, the four communities, each with unique physical and demographic characteristics, identified and implemented a locally devised strategy to significantly increase the use of nonmotorized transportation, along with the accompanying safety, environmental, and health benefits. This report represents the culmination of that initial implementation and analytical effort. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bicycling KW - Bikeways KW - Columbia (Missouri) KW - Demonstration projects KW - Highway facilities for nonmotorized users KW - Marin County (California) KW - Minneapolis (Minnesota) KW - Modal split KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pilot studies KW - Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users KW - Sheboygan County (Wisconsin) KW - Sidewalks KW - Trails KW - Walking KW - Walkways UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/ntpp/2012_report/final_report_april_2012.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44700/44750/final_report_april_2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374550 AU - Abbas, Ala R AU - Sarker, Priyanka AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Nighttime Visibility of 3M AWP and 3M 380WR ES Durable Tape under Dry, Wet, and Rainy Conditions PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 103p AB - Snow plowable raised pavement markers (RPMs) have been used in Ohio for the last four decades to provide visual guidance to motorists under inclement weather conditions. In recent years, due to the extended pavement resurfacing cycle employed by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT), rare incidents have occurred where the aged pavement surface failed to provide adequate support to the RPM castings. As a result, ODOT adopted a rigorous plan to identify and replace loose RPMs. In addition, ODOT initiated this study to evaluate the performance of other alternative materials and determine whether they can provide equivalent or better delineation than the existing system. These materials included 3M all weather paint (AWP) and 3M 380 wet retroreflective (WR) extended season (ES) durable tape, in addition to the standard extruded thermoplastic that is commonly being used by ODOT on new asphalt surfaces. All materials were installed on Interstate 70 following an asphalt resurfacing project. The 3M AWP was installed on rumble strips and on the surface, while the 3M 380WR ES durable tape and the extruded thermoplastic were installed in groove and on the surface. These materials were evaluated for dry and wet retroreflectivity, dry and wet night visibility, daytime color, and durability for a period of 1.5 years. As expected, the extruded thermoplastic had the lowest retroreflectivity values and night visibility distances under wet conditions. The 3M AWP and the 3M 380WR ES durable tape provided high initial dry and wet retroreflectivity and night visibility. However, their performance was significantly compromised during the first and second winter seasons due to traffic and snow plowing activities. Finally, the RPMs had consistently higher wet night visibility distances than all pavement markings. Therefore, it was concluded that given the harsh environmental conditions in Ohio, it will not be cost effective to use 3M AWP or 3M 380WR ES durable tape as a replacement for RPMs. KW - Color KW - Durability KW - Night visibility KW - Ohio KW - Raised road markings KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road marking tapes KW - Road markings KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Wet weather UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/798348428/viewonline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374492 AU - Anderson, Stuart AU - Beaty, Curtis AU - Ding, Liang AU - Ellis, David AU - Epps, Jon AU - Estakhri, Cindy AU - Glover, Brianne AU - Hoelscher, Michelle AU - Norboge, Nick AU - Rajbhandari, Rajat AU - Ramani, Tara AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Shelton, Jeff AU - Shon, Chang Seon AU - Stockton, William AU - Vadali, Sharada AU - Venglar, Steven AU - Zietsman, Joe AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TXDOT Administration Research: Tasks Completed FY2011 PY - 2012/04//Technical Report SP - 368p AB - This research project evaluates numerous transportation issues and develops findings and/or recommendations based on results. This project has been structured to address some of the emerging, critical, and unique considerations related to transportation. From the table of contents: Work Order 14: Alternative Fuels Scanning Project Electric Vehicle Literature Review Summary; Work Order 15: Operation and Control Alternatives for the Port Aransas Ferry; Work Order 18: Loop 410 Project Context, Analysis, and Economic Impacts; Work Order 19: Evaluation of Inland Environmental Modified Drilling Fluid as a Base Course Material; and Work Order 20: Assessing the Cost Attributed to Project Delays. KW - Administration KW - Alternate fuels KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Economic impacts KW - Electric vehicles KW - Ferry terminals KW - Project delays KW - Reconstruction KW - Research KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Traffic control KW - Waste products UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6581-TI-3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374405 AU - Rajagopal, Arudi AU - Infrastructure Management and Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Phase 2 - A Comparison of Optical Gradation Analysis Devices to Current Test Methods PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 109p AB - Optical devices are being developed to deliver accurate size and shape of aggregate particles with, less labor, less consistency error, and greater reliability. This study was initiated to review the existing technology, and generate basic data to determine when and where such devices are appropriate from the standpoint of both economies and performance. The study was taken up in two phases. Phase-1 incorporated a review of the existing devices for gradation analysis. Following a review of available optical devices, an optical device called Computerized Particle Analyzer (CPA) was selected for laboratory evaluation to determine its suitability for gradation analysis. This device examines particles as they freely fall in front of a light source, while a camera capable of making 10,000 scans per second captures 2-D images. Aggregate samples were collected from 46 different sources in Ohio. These sources included various sizes of lime stone and gravel with varying amounts of crushed faces. Gradation tests were first performed according to standard American Society for Testing and Materials/American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ASTM/AASHTO) procedures. The samples were then tested in CPA. The results of the tests showed that the maximum difference between the test results was less than 1%. Phase-2 was initiated: to validate the gradation results derived from CPA ; and to investigate its suitability for the measurement of shape characteristics of aggregates such as % Fractured Face (FF) (ASTM D5821) and Flakiness and Elongation Index (F/E) (ASTM D4791). The Fractured Face test is subjective and requires visual inspection of aggregate surface to estimate percent of fractured surface. The CPA device is not configured to directly output this property. However, the device measures another property termed ‘Spherecity’. The researchers attempted to establish a correlation between %FF and the Spherecity values. To pursue this goal, a total of 202 aggregate samples (78 gravel and 204 limestone) were tested. Flat and elongated test requires the measurement of largest and least dimension of each particle. A free falling particle always falls with its largest dimension exposed to the camera. However, the width exposed to the camera may not always correspond to the least dimension. This is particularly true for flaky particles which lie on their flat surface. In order to overcome this limitation and to capture the least dimension, the feeder bin was redesigned so as to allow only one particle to fall at a time. The effort culminated in the redesign of feeder so as to allow only one particle to fall at a time. The study led to the following conclusions: 1. CPA device is capable of producing gradation results with great repeatability, reproducibility, reliability, and precision. The results clearly demonstrate the capability of CPA in matching traditional sieve analysis results. 2. The device is rugged, durable, and user friendly. 3. A primary advantage of CPA is its capability to be installed as in-line systems for continuous monitoring at the crusher and/or asphalt plant. With such systems, the results are continuously transferred to the control plant for making necessary adjustments for process control. However, the present study focused on the use of CPA device in the laboratory environment. 4. In its current format, the CPA is not capable of determining %FF and F/E Index. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate tests KW - Aggregates KW - Angularity KW - Computerized particle analyzer KW - Gravel KW - Limestone KW - Optical devices KW - Sieve analysis UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/798264968/viewonline UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44700/44729/134330_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374271 AU - Sun, Xiaoduan AU - Das, Subasish AU - University of Louisiana, Lafayette AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Improvement from Edge Lines on Rural Two-Lane Highways PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 84p AB - The previous study "Impact of Edge Lines on Safety of Rural Two-Lane Highways" completed in 2005 concluded: with edge lines, centralization of vehicles’ positions is more apparent during night time, which reduces the risk of run-off road (ROR) and head-on collisions, and edge line markings generally cause drivers to operate their vehicles away from the road edge, irrespective of the roadway alignment. Does the changed vehicle lateral position reduce the frequency of crashes? Answering this question is important to Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD) since implementing and maintaining edge lines on narrow two-lane highways require significant resources from LADOTD. More than 40 percent of rural, two-lane highways in Louisiana has a pavement width (excluding shoulders) less than 22 ft with no edge lines. Thus, the goal of this project was to investigate the safety impact of edge lines on narrow, rural two-lane highways in Louisiana by analyzing crash frequencies before and after edge line implementations on a group of selected narrow, rural two-lane highways from all LADOTD districts. Using the latest safety analysis statistical method, this project analyzed the crash data before and after edge line implementation and concluded that: placing pavement edge lines on rural two-lane highways in Louisiana can not only change vehicles’ lateral positions but also reduce crashes. The crash modification factor (CMF) for edge line on narrow, rural two-lane highways is 0.78. Considering the decreasing trend in crashes in the state for the past three years, the modified CMF is 0.83, which implies that, on average, implementing edge lines can reduce 17 percent of crashes. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash data KW - Crash modification factors KW - Crash rates KW - Edge lines KW - Lateral placement KW - Louisiana KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_487.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44600/44687/fr_487.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374269 AU - Wilmot, Chester G AU - Fu, Haoqiang AU - Radhakrishnan, Mini AU - Akbarzadeh, Meisam AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Statewide Traffic Safety Study Phase II: Identification of Major Traffic Safety Problem Areas in Louisiana PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 152p AB - This report summarizes a study that seeks to identify the factors leading to the high crash rate experienced on Louisiana highways. Factors were identified by comparing statistics from the Louisiana Crash Database with those from peer states using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database and to the nation as a whole using the General Estimates System (GES) database. Peer states for Louisiana are Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Kentucky, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. A list of 23 problem areas were identified and were then further investigated to try and identify root causes. The root causes were suggested as including high alcohol-impaired driving, high crash rates among young drivers, low seatbelt usage, an elevated use of improper driver licenses, speeding, and inadequate adherence to traffic control. Countermeasures were identified to address some of the main problem areas and prioritized on their cost, need, and performance. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - General Estimates System KW - Louisiana KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_434.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44600/44683/fr_434.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374267 AU - Wu, Zhong AU - Yang, Xiaoming AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Current Louisiana Flexible Pavement Structures Using PMS Data and New Mechanistic- Empirical Pavement Design Guide PY - 2012/04//Final Report SP - 169p AB - The new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) developed under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 1-37A represents a major change as compared to the 1993 AASHTO Pavement Design Guide. The MEPDG provides a rational pavement design framework based on mechanistic-empirical principles to characterize the impacts of traffic, climate, and material properties on the pavement performance. Before replacing the 1993 Pavement Design Guide (and its accompanying DARWin 3.1 design software) currently used by Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD), the nationally calibrated MEPDG distress prediction models need to be further validated and calibrated against the local conditions in Louisiana. The objectives of this study were to use the MEPDG design software (version 1.1) to evaluate the performance of typical Louisiana flexible pavement types, materials, and structures as compared with the pavement performance data from the pavement management system (PMS) and identify the areas for further local calibration of the MEPDG in Louisiana. In this study, a total of 40 asphalt concrete (AC) pavement projects were strategically selected throughout Louisiana with different design traffic and subgrade properties. The selected projects included five typical Louisiana flexible pavement structure types: AC over AC base, AC over rubblized Portland cement concrete (RPCC) base, AC over crushed stone, AC over soil cement base, and AC over stone interlayer pavements. The original pavement structural design information as well as network-level PMS data for the selected projects were retrieved from multiple LADOTD data sources, including the Louisiana pavement management system (LA-PMS) and other project tracking databases. Based on the sensitivity analyses and available pavement design information, a set of Louisiana-condition-based design inputs (i.e., materials, climate, and traffic inputs) for the MEPDG flexible pavement design was developed, and the results were stored in a database named LAMEPDG along with the pavement performance data retrieved from the LA-PMS for all the projects evaluated in this study. The comparison results between the MEPDG-predicted and the LA-PMS-measured distresses indicated that the MEPDG rutting model tended to over-predict the total rutting for AC over RPCC base, AC over crushed stone, and AC over soil cement base pavements in Louisiana. However, it seemed to be adequate for those AC over AC base pavements selected. Meanwhile, the MEPDG load-related fatigue cracking models were found to be adequate for Louisiana’s AC over AC base, AC over RPCC base, and AC over crushed stone pavements. However, for AC over soil cement base pavements in Louisiana, the MEPDG-predicted fatigue cracking was considerably less than the wheel-path cracking reported in the LA-PMS. Further statistical analyses generally indicated that the MEPDG prediction errors for both the rutting and the load-related fatigue cracking models could be significantly influenced by different design factors, such as pavement type, traffic volume, subgrade modulus, and project location. Finally, based on the available data, a preliminary local calibration of the MEPDG rutting model was conducted for the selected AC over RPCC base and AC over soil cement base pavements, respectively. A set of local calibration factors was proposed for different pavement materials. On the other hand, further local calibration of the MEPDG fatigue cracking models was recommended before using the MEPDG for the AC over soil cement based pavement design in Louisiana. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Calibration KW - Computer models KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Flexible pavements KW - Louisiana KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rutting KW - Software UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_482.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44600/44685/fr_482.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01373489 AU - Kassem, Emad AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Masad, Eyad AU - Chowdhury, Arif AU - Liu, Wenting AU - Estakhri, Cindy AU - Dessouky, Samer AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comprehensive Evaluation of Compaction of Asphalt Pavements and Development of Compaction Monitoring System PY - 2012/04//Technical Report SP - 162p AB - This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of compaction of asphalt pavements and develop software for monitoring field compaction in real time. In the first phase of this study, the researchers built several test sections that were constructed using different asphalt mixtures and various compaction methods. The results of these experiments were used to determine the effects of compaction temperature, compaction method, mixture design, and base type on the compactability of asphalt mixtures. The researchers found that the efficiency of the compactive effort across the steel rollers was non-uniform. A point on the mat closer to the center of the roller was subjected to more compaction than a point closer to the edge of the roller. The compaction temperature was found to have a great effect on compaction irrespective of mixture type. The researchers presented a method for predicting the density of asphalt pavements in real time. This method utilizes the location of the roller on the mat and the compaction curves for each roller to predict the density. The predicted density was close to the measured one. In the second phase of this study, the researchers developed a system for monitoring and documenting the compaction process of asphalt mixtures. This system is called the compaction monitoring system (CMS). The CMS uses the latest global positioning system technologies and various sensors to provide full coverage of the newly constructed mat. The CMS shows maps of coverage, compaction index, and temperature of the first roller pass in real time. The CMS was found to be simple and easy to install and use. The CMS was able to show some inconsistencies in the compaction process, for example, unequal converge across the mat, non-uniform temperature, and significant delay in compaction after placement of the mixtures. The CMS documents the compaction process for the whole project, and the data are saved on the computer. The data can be opened using the same software for reviewing the whole compaction process. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Monitoring KW - Road rollers KW - Software KW - Temperature KW - Test sections UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6992-2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44600/44613/0-6992-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01373122 AU - Carlson, Paul J AU - Higgins, Laura AU - Re, Jon AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Research and Recommendations for a Statewide Sign Retroreflectivity Maintenance Program PY - 2012/04//Technical Report SP - 109p AB - This study evaluated the Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT’s) current sign retroreflectivity maintenance practices, assessed their effectiveness, and recommended statewide sign retroreflectivity maintenance practices that could be easily and effectively implemented to ensure that TxDOT would be in compliance with the new Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) (U.S. DOT, 2009) language related to minimum sign retroreflectivity. The researchers measured the retroreflectivity of almost 1400 signs across the state to assess the effectiveness of TxDOT’s current practices, evaluated a mobile sign retroreflectivity measurement technology, visited district and maintenance offices across the state, studied the effectiveness of using the calibrated sign and comparison panel procedures of the visual nighttime sign inspection maintenance method, developed a standardized form for making and documenting nighttime inspection, and made recommendations for changes in TxDOT’s current sign retroreflectivity maintenance practices. Researchers concluded that TxDOT’s current practices are quite effective compared to the minimum retroreflectivity levels in the 2011 Texas MUTCD. Three specific recommendations are provided that will bring TxDOT’s current practices into compliance with the 2011 Texas MUTCD. First, TxDOT should provide calibration signs to the maintenance sections. Second, a standardized form should be used to conduct inspections and document inspections. Finally, a training program should be implemented to educate the inspectors on how to conduct the inspections and the importance of sign retroreflectivity. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Night KW - Recommendations KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Texas KW - Traffic signs UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6408-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01372896 AU - Hu, Sheng AU - Zhou, Fujie AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Texas M-E Flexible Pavement Design System: Literature Review and Proposed Framework PY - 2012/04//Technical Report SP - 143p AB - Recent developments over last several decades have offered an opportunity for more rational and rigorous pavement design procedures. Substantial work has already been completed in Texas, nationally, and internationally, in all aspects of modeling, materials characterization, and structural design. These and other assets provided the technical infrastructure that made it possible to develop the Texas Mechanistic-Empirical (TxME) pavement design system. In the first year of this project, a comprehensive literature review was made to identify and recommend available performance models in terms of rutting, fatigue cracking, low temperature cracking, endurance limit, top-down cracking, and crushing of lightly stabilized base materials. Additionally, the researchers reviewed different reliability approaches used in existing pavement design systems, and the most practical, promising reliability approach was recommended for TxME. Finally, this report discusses the framework proposed for the TxME flexible pavement design system, including pavement structure, material properties, traffic, climate, design reliability, and user interfaces. KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Flexible pavements KW - Literature reviews KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement design KW - Reliability KW - Rutting UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6622-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44592/0-6622-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1140754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01372807 AU - Sebesta, Stephen AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Monitoring Pavements with Thermal Segregation in Texas PY - 2012/04//Technical Report SP - 118p AB - This project conducted work to investigate the performance of asphalt surface mixtures that exhibited thermal segregation during construction. From 2004 to 2009, a total of 14 construction projects were identified for monitoring. Five of these projects did not exhibit thermal segregation, while the remaining projects did exhibit thermal segregation. In all cases, a Pave-IR thermal profiling system collected data during construction. Follow-up surveys using visual examination, ground-penetrating radar, and in some cases focused coring, were used to evaluate whether the locations of thermal segregation showed significant distress. The projects constructed free of thermal segregation have not shown any distress due to segregation. Results from projects constructed with thermal segregation present were mixed. In some cases, traffic action seems to have homogenized the pavement surface. On other projects, evidence of thermal segregation still exists shown by different surface appearance and localized changes in radar data. One project showed evidence of cracking due to segregation. Core results from field projects suggested the segregated locations will be more prone to cracking. This research project’s results certainly do not show that thermally segregated locations will definitely fail within three to seven years of service; however, the results do show that instances of thermal segregation may continue to be anomalous locations in the layer, even after subsequent overlays, and exhibit properties that could lead to failures in the pavement structure. KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Infrared imagery KW - Pave-IR KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Quality control KW - Segregation (Aggregates) UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6080-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44600/44614/0-6080-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1140743 ER - TY - SER AN - 01372525 JO - Technote PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Graybeal, Ben AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Construction of Field-Cast Ultra-High Performance Concrete Connections PY - 2012/04 SP - 8p AB - Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is an emerging construction material that has been demonstrated to advance the state of the art for construction of prefabricated bridge elements and systems (PBES). Specifically, UHPC allows for significant simplifications in the design of the component connections, while simultaneously affording enhanced durability and simplified construction practices. As of early 2012, 18 bridges in the United States and Canada have been constructed using field-cast UHPC connections, and this note displays two of those bridges. The first bridge shown is the first bridge in the United States to use field-cast UHPC connections. Eight simple span deck-bulb- tee girders were joined with non-contact lap splice deck-level connections. The second bridge has precast concrete deck panels and field-cast UHPC connections. However, as with any new technology, initial deployments of field-cast UHPC technology face hurdles relating to inevitable construction process changes. This TechNote provides an introduction to many of the topics that should be considered when deploying UHPC connections. KW - Bridge construction KW - Building materials KW - Cast in place concrete KW - Precast concrete KW - Structural connection KW - Ultra high performance concrete UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/12038/12038.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01371491 AU - Miller, John S AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Model to Forecast Peak Spreading PY - 2012/04//Final Report - Phase II SP - 56p AB - As traffic congestion increases, the K-factor, defined as the proportion of the 24-hour traffic volume that occurs during the peak hour, may decrease. This behavioral response is known as peak spreading: as congestion grows during the peak travel times, motorists may shift their departure time to a non-peak hour. Knowing whether K-factors will remain constant or will change will affect the estimation of travel demand, and the resultant transportation performance, since the traffic volume during a given hour may affect travel speed and vehicle emissions. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for forecasting peak spreading whereby peak spreading is measured as change in the K-factor. Data were collected from 32 continuous count stations in the six Northern Virginia counties of Arlington, Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudoun, Prince William, and Stafford for the period 1997-2010. Because some stations gave two-directional counts and some gave only one-directional counts, there were 52 station-direction combinations, or sites, for analysis purposes. The data collected showed that the average annual K-factor adjusted for months for which data were not available decreased by an average of 0.006 (p < 0.01), from 0.103 to 0.097, during the period. The 24-hour volume-to-capacity ratio, which is a surrogate for travel congestion, increased by an average of 0.7 (p < 0.01), from 7.3 to 8.0. Both changes were statistically significant. Two models to forecast K-factors were developed in this study. Model 1, for use with an established roadway with an existing K-factor, explained 88% of the variation in K-factors and is based on the previous K-factor, the percentage increase in the jurisdiction’s employment, and the roadway functional class. Model 2, for use with a new roadway without an existing K-factor, explained 66% of the variation in K-factors and is based on the percentage change in the jurisdiction’s employment; circuity, i.e., whether the route is radial or circumferential; and for freeways, the 24-hour volume-to-capacity ratio. Use of these variables is advantageous as they are typically available when a 10-year forecast is made. The two models have three implications for forecasting peak spreading. First, site characteristics (e.g., functional class, 24-hour volume-to-capacity ratio) and regional socioeconomic characteristics (e.g., jurisdictional employment growth) affect the K-factor. Second, the 24-hour volume-to-capacity ratio affects the forecasts, even though the effect is evident only after controlling for other variables. Third, the K-factor varies more across sites with the time period held constant than across time periods with the site held constant. The study recommends that the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) consider the use of the two models when more detailed data are not available; their use would provide an empirically based alternative to assuming the K-factor will remain constant. A potential study limitation is that congestion during the “before” period in Northern Virginia was already so great that any congestion-based effects on peak spreading had already occurred. However, as the large variability in K-factors across sites dampened the overall effect of congestion, it may be the case repeating this study in other locations would yield similar results. KW - Design hourly volume KW - Design volume KW - Northern Virginia KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Peak periods KW - Traffic volume UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/12-r11.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44600/44644/12-r11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139838 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371250 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Donaher, Garrett AU - Fu, Liping AU - Usman, Taimur AU - Perchanok, Max S TI - Quantifying the Mobility Effects of Winter Snow Events and the Benefits of Winter Road Maintenance PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 173-186 AB - A number of past studies have attempted to quantify the impact of winter snow events on highway mobility in terms of traffic volume, speed, and capacity. While consistent in their general findings, these studies have shown considerably different results in terms of effect size and contributing factors. More importantly, most of these efforts have not been able to capture the effects of winter maintenance operations on mobility or isolate them from those of snow event characteristics, rendering their results and the proposed methods of limited use for estimating the benefits of maintenance activities. This research attempts to address this issue through a statistical analysis of a data set that is unique in terms of spatial and temporal coverage and data completeness. The data set includes event-based observations of road weather and surface conditions, maintenance operations, traffic volume and speed, as well as several other measures from 21 highway routes over a period of three years. A matched-pair technique was employed to determine the changes in traffic volumes and speeds under matched conditions with and without snow events. A regression analysis was subsequently performed to relate the changes in traffic volume and speed over an event to various contributing factors such as highway type, snow event characteristics, and road surface conditions. A case study was conducted to illustrate the application of the developed models for quantifying the mobility impact of road surface condition and the mobility benefit of winter maintenance operations. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Data files KW - Mathematical models KW - Mobility KW - Regression analysis KW - Snowstorms KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138922 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371249 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Yang, ChoongHeon AU - Yun, Duk-Geun AU - Sung, Jung Gon TI - Model to Forecast Short- and Long-Term Prediction of Road Surface Temperature in South Korea PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 453-464 AB - The main objective of this study is to validate a performance forecasting model for road surface temperatures ranging from 3 to 24 h in the future using real-time weather forecasts as provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration. The model used here was developed by researchers at the Korea Institute of Construction and Technology. The core concept of the model is based on heat transfer between road surfaces and the atmosphere. Preliminary tests were performed by comparing historically observed road surface temperatures obtained from road sensors with predicted temperatures from model runs at a specific site on the CheongWon–Sang Joo Expressway. After testing, the model was partially run on the CheongWon–Sang Joo Expressway at the Bo-Eun Branch of the Korea Highway Corporation to predict road surface temperatures 24 h in advance. Test results showed that predicted road surface temperatures matched well with the observed temperatures. In addition, the average (either hourly or daily) difference between the two temperatures lies within ±2°C, indicating that the model performance is reasonable. For a real-time model run, road surface temperatures were predicted only at night because there were no instruments to measure solar radiation in real time along the roads. Nonetheless, a 12-h forecast performed well, showing the average temperature differences between observed and predicted temperatures of about ±0.5°C. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Real time information KW - South Korea KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface temperature KW - Weather forecasting UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139484 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371248 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kaneko, Manabu AU - Watanabe, Takashi AU - Matsuzawa, Masaru AU - Ito, Yasuhiko TI - Revision of "Highway Snowstorm Countermeasure Manual": Focus on Snowbreak Woods PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 143-153 AB - Hokkaido is a cold, snowy region located in the northernmost part of Japan and depends heavily on automobiles for transportation in daily life and socioeconomic activity. Forty percent of recent road closures on national highways in Hokkaido have been caused by snowstorms, including large-scale phenomena in which significant numbers of vehicles were stranded for extended periods. Such incidents adversely affect socioeconomic activity in the region. The Hokkaido Regional Development Bureau, which manages national highways in Hokkaido, published the first edition of the "Highway Snowstorm Countermeasure Manual" in 1990 as a collection of technical criteria for facilities to control blowing snow. The publication was revised in 2003. However, over seven years have passed since the last revision, and user demand has grown for the manual to reflect new findings and blowing-snow control technologies. Against this backdrop, the Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region (CERI) spent 3 years revising the publication from 2008 onward. This document provides an overview of the revised "Highway Snowstorm Countermeasure Manual," with particular emphasis on snowbreak woods. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Countermeasures KW - Hokkaido (Japan) KW - Japan KW - Manuals KW - Revisions KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snowbreaks KW - Snowdrifts KW - Snowstorms UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138918 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371247 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hershey, Benjamin W AU - McClellan, Anthony K AU - Mewes, John J TI - Decision Support Technologies: Beyond Winter Operations PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - p 104 AB - Since the late 1990s there has been a push to develop and deploy a system that can integrate maintenance and weather data for winter maintenance operation decision makers to conduct safe and effective maintenance strategies on the roadway. In 2002, a group of states joined together [Pooled Fund Study Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS)] to develop a MDSS that could augment current winter operation techniques with weather information and provide a one-stop shop for decision makers regarding snow and ice. As states deployed MDSS technology into their maintenance operations, their benefits included actual dollars saved, improved internal communications, and a more consistent level of service on the roadway. A new question arose as these benefits were realized: Are there more benefits to be realized with this data, and could it be integrated with other weather-based type operations that occur throughout the year? As the understanding of MDSS technology has grown so has the realization of MDSS’ utility beyond winter maintenance operations. One of the new uses of MDSS data is expanding the route-specific recommendations to non-wintertime operations performed by agencies. These operations include but are not limited to pavement repair, pavement preservation, lane and intersection marking, herbicide spraying, or any other highway operation that is dependent on the weather and road conditions. Each operation has specific weather thresholds that will restrict or not restrict that specific operation to occur. Accurate weather forecast information is critical because many non-wintertime operations projects can be completely ruined or ineffective if precipitation occurs or if temperatures or moisture levels fluctuate quicker than expected. The combination of improved weather forecasts with acceptable operating weather thresholds for non-winter maintenance activities provide agencies a larger cost benefit when deploying a fully operational MDSS within their agency. This paper and presentation will investigate and illustrate possible uses of MDSS data and current methods to communicate that data. Examples will be presented assessing the use of MDSS for non-wintertime operations decisions. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Benefits KW - Decision support systems KW - Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS) KW - Maintenance management KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138906 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371246 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Koefod, Scott AU - Adkins, Jessica AU - Akin, Michelle R TI - Alternative Approaches to Measuring Deicer Ice-Melting Capacity: Optimization of Test Accuracy and Precision PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 432-442 AB - The current industry standards for measuring ice-melting capacity are the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) methods H-205.1 and H-205.2. Depending on the test conditions, the accuracy and precision of the method can vary greatly. Ice-melting capacities measured using standard application rates are not always accurate measurements of total ice-melting capacity. It is important to understand the effect of test conditions on the results of the SHRP ice-melting capacity test so that the results can be correctly understood and applied. The authors have carried out an analysis of variance of the SHRP ice-melting capacity test under different conditions of application rate, temperature, and time. The data show that total ice-melting capacities are underestimated at low application rates and tend to converge on a constant value at high application rates. The data also show that test precision can be increased substantially by using higher application rates and longer measurement times. An alternative ice-melting capacity test in which ice cubes are allowed to melt in concentrated solutions of deicers until equilibrium is reached is also presented; ice melt quantity is determined by weight gain in the deicer solution, reducing the error associated with incomplete recovery of melt from the ice surface in the SHRP test. The data are presented with a discussion of the importance of distinguishing ice-melting rate from total ice-melting capacity, the relevance of this to deicer residual effect, and the utility of precise measurements in determining the effect of low-level additives in deicer blends. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Analysis of variance KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Melting KW - Performance tests KW - Snow and ice control KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139472 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371245 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Burlarley-Hyland, Amy TI - Evaluation of Three Methods for Delivery of Winter Operations Contracting PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 391-400 AB - Many states and localities subcontract part or all of their winter operations. DBi Services has three contracts with the Virginia Department of Transportation (DOT) that include winter operations. Each of these contracts is distinctly different in the manner in which winter work is managed, performed and paid for by Virginia DOT. The Woodrow Wilson Bridge contract is a full asset maintenance contract with the entire responsibility of management and operations of winter work resting with DBi Services. Payment for snow and ice operations is included in the lump sum monthly fee for all maintenance of this section of Interstate. The Northern Virginia Interstate 66 winter operations contract is a line item contract managed by Virginia DOT. DBi Services is paid by the hour for each piece of equipment that it provides and operates at the direction of Virginia DOT. The Staunton North Turnkey Asset Maintenance contract is a hybrid contract for winter operations work. DBi Services is completely responsible for winter operations up to a specific snowfall amount. Above that amount Virginia DOT reimburses DBi Services per inch of snowfall over 6 in. as measured at specific sites along the project corridor. The purpose of this paper is to describe each of these contract methods and compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of each. This information will assist those agencies currently contracting winter maintenance looking for additional options as well as agencies considering contracting winter operations in determining which method would be most beneficial for their particular application. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Contracting KW - Virginia KW - Virginia Department of Transportation KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139464 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371244 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tokunaga, Roberto A AU - Kiriishi, Makoto AU - Takada, Tetsuya AU - Takahashi, Naoto AU - Yamazaki, Tatsuya TI - Weather and Friction Data Collection for Winter Road Performance Evaluation PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 198-207 AB - In this project, the authors constructed a Winter Road Management System as part of technological development contributing to improvements in the efficiency, accuracy, and transparency of winter road management by providing weather forecasts, road-surface forecasts, and real-time friction data to road administrators and operators. At the same time, in this system a database linked to the data and combined with winter maintenance data and digital road maps was constructed to display the data on geographic information system maps and also to conduct winter road performance evaluation by using the accumulated data. As a result, it is possible to evaluate the judgment, results, and achievements of winter road management using more objective and transparent methods, which is expected to contribute to more efficient plan-do-check- action cycle-based management. In this report, the authors used the collected and accumulated data by the system to carry out a series of basic analyses on temporal and spatial changes in winter road performance as a function of meteorological variation and road characteristics, with a case study on the 45-km section of National Highway 230 in the Sapporo area. This paper describes a summary of the system development to date, the usability of accumulated data for winter performance evaluation, and future prospects to promote more effective and efficient winter road management. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Digital maps KW - Friction KW - Geographic information systems KW - Maintenance management KW - Real time information KW - Sapporo (Japan) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139282 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371243 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Chapman, Michael B AU - Drobot, Sheldon TI - Present and Future of Practical Road Weather Decision Support Research PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 88-103 AB - Maintaining control of snow and ice buildup on roadway surfaces during winter storms is challenging for road maintenance entities. Some of the critical challenges include making effective and efficient decisions for treatment types and timing of treatments, and knowing the location of greatest impact to the roadway based on precipitation rates and types and other weather conditions. These decisions are critical because of the implications to roadway safety, as well as economic impacts to the agency and the environmental impacts of treatments. In order to mitigate the challenges associated with winter road maintenance, the FHWA under the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) initiated the development of the Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS) in 1999. MDSS provides a single platform that blends existing road and weather data sources with numerical weather and road condition models in order to provide information on the diagnostic and prognostic state of the atmosphere and roadway (with emphasis on the 1- to 72-h lead time period) as well as a decision support tool for roadway maintenance treatment options. MDSS was engineered with a robust modular design. The flexibility of this design allows for smaller sections of the system to be modified without having to redesign the entire system. Porting MDSS to a decision support system for non-wintertime weather impacts (visibility, flooding, non-winter maintenance, etc.) to the roads is being considered as the next step for this system. Also, customizing modules for other non-DOT user groups (e.g., emergency medical services, school planning, and fleet trucking companies), which are also highly impacted by adverse road weather, is a future direction for this research. This paper gives an overview of the most recent advancements to the federal prototype MDSS system as well as a discussion on the future direction of road weather decision support for not only the road maintenance community but also different user groups that may benefit from better and more useful road weather decision support. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Decision support systems KW - Future KW - Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS) KW - Road weather information systems KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138905 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371242 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gopalakrishna, Deepak AU - Cluett, Chris AU - Balke, Kevin AU - Pisano, Paul A TI - Clarus Multistate Regional Demonstrations: Summary of Evaluation Results and Lessons Learned PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 238-252 AB - Clarus is a national data management system that integrates road weather data from multiple agencies and shares quality-checked surface transportation weather and pavement observations. Operated as an experimental system for demonstration and evaluation purposes, Clarus has grown substantially since its inception in 2004. As of August 2011, Clarus ingests data from over 2,250 environmental sensor stations in 38 states, four Canadian provinces, and five local department of transportation (DOT) organizations. To spur the growth of applications using Clarus data, the FHWA funded a phased multistate research effort to create and demonstrate operational decision tools in a real-world setting. In addition to an overall application demonstrating the enhanced weather forecasting capabilities possible using Clarus data, four new applications, termed use cases, were developed as part of this effort. These included tools for seasonal load restrictions decision support, nonwinter maintenance and operations decision support, multistate control strategy coordination, and enhanced road weather content for traveler advisories. Proof-of-concept prototype applications were developed by two different systems integrators and deployed by the participating state DOTs during 2010–2011. These deployments were independently evaluated for their potential to improve system operations. This paper summarizes the results of the independent evaluations, providing a glimpse into the value of these applications to state DOTs. Results show that the Clarus system enables innovative applications that provide a wide array of decision support system possibilities. While each of the applications has additional research requirements and implementation challenges to overcome, they demonstrate the potential to proactively change maintenance and weather-responsive management. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Clarus KW - Decision support systems KW - Deployment KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Maintenance management KW - Road weather information systems KW - State departments of transportation KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139289 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371241 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Koller, Daniel AU - Hershey, Benjamin W AU - Mewes, John J AU - McClellan, Anthony K TI - New Methods to Quality Check Road and Weather Observations for Vehicle Data PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 349-362 AB - The FHWA’s Connected Vehicle (formerly IntelliDrive) research project initiative for mobile data collection from consumer automobiles requires knowledge and trust in the quality of data coming from these vehicles. Connected Vehicle is designed to create a fully connected transportation system to provide road and weather data collection from an extensive array of vehicles. While the implementation of Connected Vehicle is in the future, some of the elements and technologies are already in place today. Since 1996, automobiles sold in the United States are required to be equipped with an Onboard Diagnostic Version 2 (OBDII) port that streams live data from sensors located onboard the vehicle. While these sensors were designed for vehicle diagnostics, some of the data can be used to determine weather characteristics around the vehicle. The OBDII data can be collected by a smartphone and sent to a server in real-time to be processed, thus providing a test bed for research into potential applications of mobile data. Some initial studies raise the question about the quality and biases from the OBDII data. Over time, effective operational techniques for stationary atmospheric sensor data have been developed; yet, no techniques exist for operational quality control of surface mobile data. Current methods of road weather data reporting have been limited to static in situ sensor stations. These road weather information systems (RWIS) provide varied data about precipitation, winds, temperature, road conditions, and more, but their siting does not always provide an accurate representation of weather and road conditions along the roadway. The use of mobile data collection from vehicles travelling the highway corridors may therefore assist in the locations where RWIS sitings are sparse or nonexistent. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Data quality KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Onboard diagnostics KW - Real time information KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139380 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371240 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Blomqvist, Goran AU - Gustafsson, Mats TI - Residual Salt and Road Surface Wetness: Comparison of Field Techniques PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 443-449 AB - Understanding the processes behind salt loss from road surfaces is of great importance if optimization of the system is to be facilitated. Salt loss has been shown to be largely dependent on road surface wetness, and this is why accurate measurements of both the salt amount and the road surface wetness are crucial to predict the future salt amount. In this paper, two field techniques for salt measurements and two field techniques for wetness measurements are compared. Both SOBO 20 and the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute wet dust sampler (WDS) have been shown to be suitable to measure residual salt on wet road surfaces with dissolved salt. However, when it comes to measurements of dry salt crystals, the WDS is preferred. Measuring salt that has been in solution and then dried on the road surface is also possible by both the SOBO 20 and the WDS, but the variation is larger than when measuring on wet surfaces and the measured salt amount is underestimated. The wetness of a road surface can be well established using the Wettex cloth method, but the degree of underestimation seems to be positively related to the road surface texture. The wetness comb is a very fast and easily operated method to establish the road surface wetness. The measured value is, though, strongly dependent on the road surface characteristics and illustrates why further development of the method is needed before it is recommended for field use. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Measuring methods KW - Residual salt KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139483 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371239 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jang, Jinhwan AU - Baik, Namchul TI - Diagnosing Hazardous Road Surface Conditions Through Probe Vehicle as Mobile Sensing Platform PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 54-61 AB - Harsh weather has adverse effects on traffic safety as well as on traffic flow. To mitigate the adverse effects, quick recognition of hazardous road surfaces caused by harsh weather is essential. Conventionally, Road Weather Information System (RWIS) has been used to collect road weather data. However, because RWIS can only collect spot data, not section data, the benefit could be limited, considering that road surface conditions vary dynamically even in a short roadway segment. Noting this limitation of the current RWIS, a new cost-effective approach to diagnosing hazardous road surfaces, using a probe vehicle as a mobile sensing platform was motivated in this research. The probe car equipped with a Global Positioning System receiver, a wheel speed (antilock braking system) sensor, and a G-sensor can diagnose slipperiness and roughness of a given road section. To detect slipperiness, a vehicle wheel slip ratio defined as the relative difference between vehicle body and wheel rotation speeds was used. To detect roughness, the vehicle vertical acceleration collected by the G-sensor was used. Experiments were performed under dry and wet road conditions. The slip ratios exhibited under the two conditions were significantly different. Also, it was found that the roughness caused by potholes on a rainy day can be determined on the basis of G-sensor outputs, especially when a probe car travels over a pothole. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Global Positioning System KW - Hazard evaluation KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Probe vehicles KW - Road weather information systems KW - Roughness KW - Slipperiness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138895 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371238 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Vaa, Torgeir AU - Hol, Ivar TI - Side Friction as a Parameter in Optimizing Winter Road Operations PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 107-116 AB - When measuring the coefficient of friction, researchers normally focus on friction in the driving direction—in other words, the friction available for stopping a vehicle presuming that all the measured friction can be used for braking. However, this is not the case when the vehicle rounds a curve. With curves, a component of the friction will be used to counteract the centrifugal force. The size of this component will depend on the vehicle’s speed, radius, and super elevation. The relationship between these parameters and the resulting friction available for braking is well known, but it has so far been impossible to measure directly the side friction component. This possibility now has become available to us through the friction device referred to as Traction Watcher One (TWO), which is a continuous measuring device. A new sensor has been developed that combines gyro and accelerometer. If researchers know the speed of the vehicle, the radius can be derived from these data, which form a basis for calculating critical speed. The new sensor went through extensive testing throughout the 2008–2009 winter season. The first studies showed promising results with regard to obtaining reliable data. Since the initial studies in 2008–2009, more road measurements have been conducted, as well as trials in closed test areas, to compare the calculated critical speed to the actual speed of passenger cars slipping on curves. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Highway curves KW - Measuring instruments KW - Side friction KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traction KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138907 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371237 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Asano, Motoki AU - Watanabe, Masayoshi AU - Matsuzawa, Masaru AU - Kumagai, Masayuki AU - Yanagisawa, Yuji TI - Research Programs for Winter Road Maintenance in Third Medium-Term Plan of Public Works Research Institute of Japan PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 401-412 AB - Recent years have seen an increased need for efficient and effective improvement of winter road characteristics to promote favorable socioeconomic conditions and quality of life under the constraints of today’s challenging financial environment. At the same time, Japan is influenced by extreme regional heavy snowfall, windstorms, and abnormal warm winds, which have caused intensification of snow and ice-related accidents and a change in the characteristics of disaster occurrence in recent years. As many factors related to the attribution of such disasters are not yet understood, clarifying them and developing countermeasure technologies are important considerations. The Public Works Research Institute has implemented research programs under 5-years medium-term research plans in recent decades. The third such plan, started in FY 2011 (April 2011 to March 2012), includes 16 research projects in five categories. Two of these projects are related to winter road maintenance. One of these two projects is called Research on Winter Road Performance Improvement Technologies and has five individual study programs titled as follows: (a) Study on Decision Support Technology for Winter Road Surface Maintenance Using Continuous Friction Testers; (b) Study on the Development of Efficient Composite Road Surface Maintenance Technology; (c) Study on Technology for Efficient and Effective Snow Removal Management Using Information and Communication Technology; (d) Study on Technology for Sidewalk Surface Maintenance; and (e) Study on the Development of Measures to Prevent Lane Deviation in Suburban Areas. The other winter-related research project is titled Research on Technologies for Reducing Snow–Ice Disasters and has four individual study programs titled as follows: (a) Study on Changes in Snow–Ice Environments under the Influence of Climate Change; (b) Study on the Development of Technology for Forecasting Large Snowstorms-Induced Poor Visibility; (c) Study on Technology for Continuous Evaluation of Snowstorm Risk Along Routes; and (d) Study on Technology for the Evaluation of Avalanche Risk Accompanying Rainfall in Winter. This paper presents an outline of the third medium-term plan of the Public Works Research Institute of Japan. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Avalanches KW - Climate change KW - Communication KW - Decision support systems KW - Information technology KW - Japan KW - Research KW - Risk analysis KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal KW - Snowstorms KW - Technology KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139466 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371236 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nixon, Wilfrid A TI - Factors for Consideration in Selecting Snowplow Cutting Edges PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 502-509 AB - The nature of cutting edges in use in winter operations in North America has changed dramatically over the past two decades, and instead of simply being a piece of high-speed steel, today’s cutting edge is often a hybrid of multiple materials and may in fact include more than one blade all together. While cutting edges have not quite got to the level of razors, with five blades they are indisputably more complex and when used appropriately more effective than the cutting edges of old. With this complexity a challenge arises for agencies that handle winter operations: What sort of cutting edge is best? This paper approaches this challenge within the context of sustainability, acknowledging that the correct choice of cutting edge for an agency will reflect not only cost concerns but also environmental and societal issues. One benefit of this approach is that it avoids any sort of one-size-fits-all solution; because every agency faces different issues, the optimal solution should be different for each agency. In examining cutting-edge performance, two factors are obviously significant: the longevity of the cutting edge (how many miles or how many hours can it be used before it must be replaced) and the ability of a given cutting edge to remove snow from the road (how much snow or ice is left behind). These two factors in turn raise other issues. For example, the condition of the roads that the cutting edge will be used on is clearly of importance. If roads have significant ruts, then cutting edges need a heightened ability to conform to the road surface. If roads are particularly rough, then cutting edges must be very resistant to shock loading. If roads use any sort of raised pavement markings, then the cutting edges must not destroy these markings. An additional area that drives the selection of a cutting edge is the age and type of the truck fleet. A modern cutting edge can in many ways give an old plow new life. Additionally, some older vehicles may be more prone to vibration being transmitted from the cutting edge to the operator, in which case the ability of an edge to reduce vibration (and thus minimize plow noise) is an important factor. This paper describes a method where all these (and additional) behaviors can be incorporated into the cutting edge selection process. Various scenarios exhibit how this method works and show how changes in emphasis for different agencies can result in different selections. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Durability KW - Selection criteria KW - Selection process KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snowplows KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139488 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371235 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Usmant, Taimur AU - Fu, Liping AU - Miranda-Moreno, Luis F AU - Perchanok, Max S TI - Application of Collision Prediction Models for Quantifying the Safety Benefit of Winter Road Maintenance PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 28-42 AB - Winter road maintenance activities are intuitively beneficial due to their critical roles in maintaining the safety and mobility of highway networks in winter seasons. There is, however, no robust methodology currently available for quantifying these benefits. This paper introduces a set of collision risk models that have the potential to address this knowledge gap. The models were developed using a unique data set containing detailed hourly records of road weather and surface conditions, traffic counts, and collisions over 31 maintenance routes from Ontario, Canada, from 2000 to 2006. The developed models were used in several case studies to show their application for evaluating alternative winter maintenance policies and operations, such as shortening bare pavement recovery time, changing maintenance operation deployment time, and raising level of service standards. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138893 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371234 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gryteselv, Dagfin AU - Giaever, Terje AU - Vaa, Torgeir TI - Friction and Side Friction: Comparing Measuring Equipment with Passenger Cars PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - p 139 AB - The coefficient of friction is one of the parameters measured to tell something about the maintenance and driving standard in winter condition. Normally it is assumed that all of the friction is used for braking. When driving in curves some of the friction is used to maintain a steady curve track, or the centripetal force. The continuous friction measuring device Traction Watcher One (TWO) has a relatively new sensor combining a gyro and an accelerometer, registering side forces and angular deflection. Adding the known vehicle speed, the driving radius can be calculated. Using the measured friction, the highest possible speed without skidding sideways can be estimated. This speed is denoted critical speed. By knowing the critical speed drivers can better adapt speed to current conditions. It is important to be aware of the critical spots, especially when friction changes along a road section and also as a parameter when considering locally increased maintenance efforts. To verify this critical speed measuring device two field experiments were conducted during winter 2010–2011. The TWO measuring device critical speed was compared with that of different passenger cars on a level icy prepared track with curve radii from 50 to 150 m. Passenger cars were of different sizes and weights and had somewhat different tires. The cars were driven with increasing speed through the curves until side skidding occurred. Actual speed and curve radius was monitored using a high-frequency Global Positioning System logger. Traditional breaking tests and breaking tests in curve also were conducted. Preliminary results indicate that TWO calculates somewhat lower critical speed in curves than observed by driving the passenger cars. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Automobiles KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Field tests KW - Friction KW - Highway curves KW - Measuring instruments KW - Side friction KW - Speed KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138915 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371233 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nixon, Wilfrid A AU - DeVries, R Mark TI - Sustainable Winter Maintenance and a 22-in. Blizzard: Case Study PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 11-19 AB - On February 1 and 2, 2011, a particularly severe winter storm occurred across a broad swath of the United States. The storm hit the Midwest particularly hard, and areas around Chicago, Illinois, received close to 2 ft of new snow. Additionally, winds during the storm were very high, with wind speeds in excess of 50 mph not uncommon. Snowfall began on Tuesday, February 1 and for the most part had ended in the Chicago area by 9:00 a.m. on Wednesday, February 2. Many roads in the area were blocked with abandoned cars and other vehicles, and drifts in excess of 6 ft in height were not uncommon. For example, as shown in many news reports (See http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/chatter/2011/02/lake-shore-drive.html, http://www.examiner. com/community-life-in-chicago/lake-shore-drive-chicago-reopened-after-blizzard-car-claiminfo, and http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/04/chicago-blizzard-stranded_0_n_818577. html as examples), several hundred vehicles were caught in deep drifts on Lakeshore Drive in Chicago. McHenry County, Illinois, is located about 50 mi north of Chicago and received 22 in. of new snow in this storm. The County Division of Transportation has been implementing sustainable winter maintenance practices over the past several years, with a particular (although not exclusive) emphasis on limiting chemical usage. This paper reports on how McHenry County handled this storm, emphasizing how planning guided the storm response, and the end results of the activities. By 6:00 p.m. on Wednesday, February 2, all county roads were passable, and more than 70% of the lane miles were in a bare and wet condition. This makes clear that application of the principles of sustainability does not have to mean a reduced level of service for road users in winter conditions. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Level of service KW - McHenry County (Illinois) KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snowdrifts KW - Snowfall KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138890 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371232 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Alfelor, Roemer M AU - Pisano, Paul A AU - Osborne, Leon F AU - Hart, Robert D TI - Evaluating Quality and Value of Road Weather Information PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 253-264 AB - Road weather information is used by transportation agencies for maintenance decision making, traffic management, and other operational activities that are impacted by weather condition. In 2007 the FHWA Road Weather Management Program initiated a baseline study to characterize the quality and value of road weather information and to establish a framework for tracking and monitoring these attributes over time. The results of the study are intended to be used by surface transportation weather data users and providers as a benchmark for identifying needs and measuring improvements in road weather information resulting from advanced technologies and tools for data collection, communication, and management such as Clarus. Two online surveys have since been conducted and summarized for this study, one in 2008 and the other in 2010. The surveys focused on the content and usefulness of road weather information as evaluated by transportation agencies presently using this information for weather-responsive advisory, control, and treatment strategies. The characterization used attributes that the majority of users felt were important and directly applicable to weather information and associated products. In addition to importance, six quality attributes were used to describe quality, namely (a) accuracy and precision, (b) completeness, (c) relevance, (d) currency and latency, (e) timeliness and reliability, and (f) ease of use. This paper discusses the results of the 2008 and 2010 surveys, describes how the quality and importance of road weather information have changed between both surveys, explains the nature and sources of the observed differences, and recommends ways to improve or enhance the quality assessment process. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Clarus KW - Data quality KW - Decision making KW - Road weather information systems KW - Road Weather Management Program KW - Surveys KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139295 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371231 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hans, Zachary AU - Hawkins, Neal AU - Nlenanya, Inya AU - Lavrenz, Steve TI - Safety Impacts of Winter Weather on Iowa’s Rural Primary Highways PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - p 62 AB - Each winter, hundreds of drivers are injured on Iowa’s highways due to weather-related crashes. Transportation agencies spend millions of dollars on proactive and reactive maintenance and roadway–roadside improvement strategies to ensure the best possible pavement and visibility conditions for traveling motorists. However, there does not currently exist a way to easily measure the impacts of these activities on winter weather-related safety and mobility. Furthermore, there is no systematic method to identify potentially problematic weather-related crash locations. Using historic crash data, techniques were developed to systematically evaluate the safety of the state-maintained rural highway system in Iowa during winter weather conditions and identify locations potentially in the greatest need for crash mitigation resources. Three evaluation metrics were developed (winter weather-related crash density, crash proportion, and crash severity) and applied over multiple analysis periods and roadway types. The results of these analyses were then presented within the Google maps and Earth environments. The impact of different analysis periods was evaluated and preliminary site specific analysis demonstrated. A preliminary work plan was also developed outlining procedures for identification and evaluation of candidate improvement sites and selection of potential mitigation strategies. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Crash data KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Iowa KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Primary highways KW - Rural areas KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138896 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371230 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bogren, Jorgen AU - Gustavsson, Torbjorn TI - Intelligent Transportation Systems and Support System for Winter Road Maintenance PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 65-71 AB - Using the information available within modern cars and data from road weather information systems (RWISs) makes it possible to find solutions for detection of different kinds of maintenance needs. Three models are presented: slippery road information system (SRIS), bearing information through vehicle intelligence (BiFi), and support system for winter maintenance (SSWM). The SRIS integrates information from a weather model and car data to give a view of the current condition of the road, and has shown very promising results. During the trial period, 100 cars were connected to deliver online data. The model can be used to give information to different kinds of road users, such as winter maintenance personnel and private drivers, about where there are slippery conditions as well as when it is time to lower speed limits or to perform maintenance activities. The BiFi is a model for detection of quality of the road coating and detection of bearing strength during thaw–freeze periods. The BiFi is used as a tool for judging the load-bearing capacity of the road network in a detailed and dynamic way. Tests have been successful and are a basis for further product implementation. SSWM combines information from sources such as RWIS, salt trucks, and weather forecast models, resulting in a powerful tool for winter road maintenance. The SSWM includes models for calculation of road surface temperature and road conditions, the spatial variation of slipperiness, the severity of a specific weather situation with respect to risk for road slipperiness, and need for maintenance activity. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Decision support systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138902 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371229 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bell, Brian AU - Heppner, Paul TI - National Mobile Environmental Observation Network: Increasing Insight to Road Weather and Surface Conditions PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 363-372 AB - Global Science & Technology, Inc. (GST) primarily developed the United States’ first mobile (vehicle-based) environmental observation network. Funded by the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS), GST has established a foundational infrastructure for a national mobile environmental observation network that offers enormous potential for providing real-time road weather and surface conditions for the entire country. The funded Mobile Platform Environmental Data (MoPED) system is a proprietary environmental sensing system with partner commercial fleets on which the sensing systems are installed. MoPED is an information processing system that acquires and disseminates mobile environmental and vehicle data to government and commercial interests. Through the development of MoPED, GST has established new mobile observation and metadata standards and created quality control methodologies. The MoPED project is presented as a case study to share GST’s experience and knowledge related to the state-of-the-art technologies and methods for vehicle acquisition of environmental observations as weather information to improve operations, safety, and performance of surface transportation systems. MoPED’s purpose to acquire mobile environmental and vehicle data for inclusion in the national mesonet is per the policy recommendation of the National Research Council to improve meteorological observation and detection of phenomena at the mesoscale level. The first prototype MoPED system was successfully demonstrated to NOAA with the U. S. Department of Transportation, FHWA, and Research and Innovative Technology Administration in attendance. GST then advanced the prototype into an initial capability with national coverage provided by hundreds of commercial vehicles, which provide millions of data observations. This detailed national coverage of environmental data along important transportation corridors provides enormous insight to road weather and surface conditions. The benefit to the user is increased situational awareness, which potentially factors into decisions taken regarding travel risk. Moreover, the NWS is able to refine forecasts, watches, and warnings based on the detailed data provided by mobile platforms in areas that otherwise would be unsampled. NWS further benefits by the possible inclusion of mobile platform observations from MoPED into the initialization of predictive models. Because the participating commercial fleets travel major transportation routes, the fleets provide excellent urban coverage near population centers, as well as more remote areas between the origin and destination points of travel. Using mobile platforms to acquire environmental data supplements traditional fixed weather stations from airports and road weather stations (i.e., Clarus) with observations that have finer temporal and spatial resolutions. Vehicles taking data observations every 10 s at highway speeds provide data at the microscale level of spatial detail to the MoPED system, which exceeds expectations for mesoscale meteorological data resolution. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Mobile Platform Environmental Data (MoPED) system KW - Real time information KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139452 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371228 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Matsuzawa, Masaru AU - Harada, Yusuke AU - Ueda, Masayo AU - Matsushita, Hiroki AU - Ito, Yasuhiko TI - Recent Trends in Changes in Snowfall and Snow Depth in Japan and Their Impact on Snow Control Measures PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 292-301 AB - Recently, cold snowy regions of Japan have occasionally seen trends of lighter snowfall due to warm winters, heavy snow in areas that previously had little snowfall, very heavy localized snowfall, and other unusual snowfall patterns. It is considered important for the snow and ice control to understand the climate change-related metamorphosis of snow and ice environments to enable contribution to the development of long-term snow and ice-control plans and measures. Accordingly, in this study, trends of change in snowfall and snow cover over the last 26 years were surveyed using past data. The items surveyed were seasonal maximum snow depth; accumulated seasonal snowfall; maximum 24-, 48-, and 72-h snowfall from the onset of snowfall; the frequency of days with snowfall totaling 30 cm or more; and the number of days with continuous snow cover in winter. The collected results revealed that the annual maximum depth of snow cover and the number of days with snowfall totaling 30 cm or more were on the rise in eastern Hokkaido, where it faces the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean. In general, this region is considered to have little snowfall as long as stable winter pressure patterns continue, while snowfall increases when low pressure develops over the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. It was clarified that there were changes in snowfall patterns and in the distribution of areas with heavy snowfall. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Climate change KW - Hokkaido (Japan) KW - Impacts KW - Japan KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow cover KW - Snowfall KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139372 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371227 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McArdle, Steven AU - Grover, Patrick AU - Hellas, Neil TI - Implementing Winter Climate Studies for Transportation Projects in Ontario, Canada PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 279-291 AB - Ontario highways are exposed to a variety of severe winter conditions that can lead to significant road hazards resulting in economic loss and impact to society from the loss of life. According to provincial transportation records, collisions resulting from snow and drifting snow conditions were the second largest cause of fatalities, personal injury, and property damage in Ontario. Over the past few years the Ontario Ministry of Transportation has elevated the importance of incorporating winter study components into a range of transportation projects. These studies pertained to projects involving new highway extensions, redesign of highway sections, winter transportation studies resulting from severe collisions, and highway bypass routes. The studies included snowdrift severity, identification of microclimate zones, impacts of lake-effect snow, equilibrium drift analysis at highway cross sections and mitigation assessment (i.e., snow fences, hedges, and ditches). The analysis conducted in these projects utilized the latest technology and information from satellite imagery, geographic information system tools, regional reanalysis data, roadway weather information system data, and weather radar composites. Through these studies new knowledge and tools have emerged, including a new numerical snow transport model that has been developed to enhance the mitigation of winter hazard conditions. The outcome has led to improved placement of snow fences, alterations to highway cross sections, landscape modifications, changes to the placement of highway guiderails, and an understanding of the impacts of winter weather. This paper presents an insight into Ontario’s recent studies focused on the better understanding and control of snowdrift events through new modeling techniques, field observations, and climate analysis. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Computer models KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway design KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Road weather information systems KW - Satellite imagery KW - Snow fences KW - Snowdrifts KW - Weather and climate KW - Weather radar KW - Winter KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139371 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371226 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Greenfield, Tina AU - Haubrich, Matt AU - Kaiser, Mark AU - Zhu, Zhengyuan AU - Fortin, Daniel AU - Li, Jing TI - Winter Performance Measurement Using Traffic Speed Modeling PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 187-197 AB - Traffic flow is often disrupted to varying degrees during precipitation, frost, and blowing snow events. In general, as winter weather events cause road conditions to deteriorate, traffic has a tendency to slow down. Winter maintenance activities affect road conditions and therefore impact traffic speed, so a measurement system using traffic speed has the potential to be a direct measure of the impact of maintenance activities. A prototype model has been developed to predict the average traffic speed at a given time during a winter storm event using commonly reported and forecast road weather data. The prototype model has shown much promise in the quantitative evaluation of winter maintenance by comparing the simulated traffic speed at any point in time to the actual traffic speeds observed by traffic speed sensors. Winter operations may be considered successful when observed traffic speed is found to be at or above the model prediction, and operations may be considered unsuccessful when speeds are significantly less than the model predicts. The minute-by-minute nature of the model output makes it easier to evaluate the specific series of events contributing to the microscale successes or failures over the course of an event. The prototype model is being analyzed and improved for incorporation into real-time performance analysis systems. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Performance measurement KW - Sensors KW - Traffic speed KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138923 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371225 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pouliot, Benoit AU - Delannoy, Paul AU - Woodhams, Phil AU - Allan, Shawn AU - Kidson, Olga TI - Measuring and Predicting Soil Temperature and Moisture Content Beneath Highways in Nova Scotia, Canada: One Year of Observations and Forecasts PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 465-477 AB - Heavy traffic during the spring thaw causes faster degradation of the pavement and leads to increased maintenance fees. To reduce the damage, most provinces in Canada implement spring load restrictions for heavy traffic. Given that conditions often veer from climatology, imposing load restrictions at fixed dates every year is not optimal. It can lead to increased road damage or increased costs to the transportation industry. With funding from the Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal (NSTIR), probes capable of measuring both soil temperature and moisture to a depth of 110 cm were installed at six different locations around Nova Scotia in fall 2010. Immediate uses of the observations by NSTIR are discussed. An objective guidance tool was developed to help departments of transportation to determine the beginning of the seasonal load adjustment periods, far enough in advance for the road transportation industry to adjust their plans. To achieve this, a soil energy and mass balance model was used to predict soil temperature. The model, SNTHERM, is initialized with the probe observations and driven by atmospheric conditions from numerical weather prediction models. Simulations are run daily, out to 5 days for the six Nova Scotia sites and for one site in the Northwest Territories. Results to date are promising and indicate that it is possible to provide advance warning of the spring thaw in roads. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Forecasting KW - Load limits KW - Mathematical models KW - Moisture content KW - Nova Scotia KW - Spring load restrictions KW - Spring thaw KW - Subsurface temperature KW - Temperature sensors KW - Thaw KW - Weather conditions UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139485 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371224 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Grover, Patrick AU - Hellas, Neil AU - McArdle, Steven TI - Snow Transport and Mitigation Modeling System for Managing Snow Drifting Along Highways PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 154-168 AB - This paper presents an overview of the snow drift and snow barrier modeling tools developed by 4DM over the past 6 years to assist in the mitigation of snow drift issues along Ontario’s roadways. A continuous three-dimensional (3-D) snow transport model was developed to simulate snow transport along highways. This model uses a topographically based wind field submodule to account for the effects of terrain on wind speeds. A mass–balance snow transport submodule accounts for various processes such as saltation and turbulent flux, sublimation, melting, accumulation, and hardening of the snow pack. The model uses a description of the vegetated land cover to adjust the threshold shear velocity. The snow transport model results are fed into a snow mitigation model that uses a mass–balance approach to simulate the evolving snow trapping efficiency of snow fences and hedges throughout the winter season. The mitigation model also can simulate the impact of snow ditches and calculate drift profiles created by highway embankments. This numerical model produces more cost-effective snow control solutions since it predicts the downwind drift length and reduction of drifting snow produced by different mitigation approaches more accurately than is possible using traditional rule-of-thumb approaches. This paper presents an overview of the development of the modeling system and its theoretical aspects. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Embankments KW - Living snow fences KW - Mathematical models KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Simulation KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow fences KW - Snowdrifts KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138919 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371223 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Vaa, Torgeir AU - Hol, Ivar TI - Trafficability of Heavy Vehicles on Inclines PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 125-138 AB - The trafficability of heavy vehicles on steep hills is a matter of great concern in Norway due to the nature of the topography with its many mountain passes and inclines. Vehicles stranded on the roadway constitute a big problem on many roads in winter, and this is why the Norwegian Public Roads Administration has carried out a project designed to establish what factors influence the ability of trucks to keep moving even in poor driving conditions in winter. Four vehicles with different axle configurations were used in the trials carried out in February 2009: (1) bogie truck with three-axle trailer; (2) semitrailer with bogie and three-axle trailer; (3) semitrailer without bogie and three-axle trailer; and (4) semitrailer with bogie and three-axle trailer. The trials included the following configurations for vehicles 1–3: vehicle and trailer without cargo, 10-tonne cargo, 20-tonne cargo, and with and without use of bogie (vehicles 1 and 2). The results show that the weight at the driving wheels is of key importance to whether the vehicle is able to reach the top of the gradient or not. The tests also clearly demonstrate the considerable advantage of a bogie. When the bogie is retracted, the weight on the driving wheels is significantly increased, and this makes it easier to maintain speed on an up-hill gradient. Also, it is often an advantage to increase the pressure of an axle beyond 10 tonnes, which is the legal limit on many Norwegian roads U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hills KW - Mountain roads KW - Norway KW - Trafficability KW - Winter UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138914 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371222 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Niska, Anna TI - Potential of Using Warm Wetted Sand for Skid Control on Walkways and Bike Paths PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 117-124 AB - In Sweden, the government’s goal is to promote cycling even during winter, and one way to do that is by improving the winter maintenance service level of bike paths. In 2006 the municipality of Umeå invested in equipment for spreading warm wetted sand on bike paths and walkways. By mixing the sand material with hot water while spreading, it will adhere to a cold surface through a process of melting and freezing. The method has been used for skid control on roadways during several years, but Umeå has the only equipment available for use on bike paths and walkways. A research project was started at the Swedish National Road and Transport Institute in 2010 to evaluate the method and its applicability on bike paths and walkways. During the winter of 2010-2011 the method was evaluated through road condition observation and interviews with cyclists and pedestrians. However, the paper focuses on the practical experience using the method. From road weather data it can be concluded that the method has the potential to decrease the number of actions needed to maintain a sufficient friction level on bike paths and walkways. The best effect is on hard packed snow and thick ice. The most crucial problem to be solved is the freezing of the sand material in the hopper. The mixture of the sand material used needs to be adjusted and the operational routines must be improved. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Bikeways KW - Hot water and sand mixture KW - Sand KW - Skid resistance KW - Sweden KW - Umea (Sweden) KW - Walkways KW - Wet sanding KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371221 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Vaa, Torgeir AU - Brandli, Per TI - Registration of Road Vehicle Rescue Actions as a Basis for Traffic Safety Measures PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 43-53 AB - Traffic safety is one of the areas prioritized by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, and efforts have been made to improve the basis for establishing which locations are generally hazardous or pose a heightened risk in winter. This is the reason for looking into the possibility of increasing the volume of data available for traffic safety analysis by systematically registering road vehicle rescues by means of a personal data assistant (smartphone). The main idea behind the Road Rescue Research and Development project is to develop a new method for electronic registration of towing operations. The system has been collaboratively developed by a number of parties with different objectives: (1) Road rescue operators: to simplify their further processing of incidents; (2) The insurance company: to simplify and speed up the process of obtaining documentation of conditions at the accident site; and (3) The Public Roads Administration: to obtain an overview of accident locations on the road network with a view to implementing road repairs and strengthening road maintenance services. In winter, this can, for example, involve the improvement of winter road operations on routes that are especially prone to accidents. All registrations are treated confidentially and only the above mentioned agencies can access the material obtained. Photos are taken on site to supplement the other records that are made. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - High risk locations KW - Smartphones KW - Towed vehicles KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupant rescue KW - Winter KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138894 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371220 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Elhouar, Souhail AU - Mahmoud, Enad TI - Synthesis and Best Practices for Performance Evaluation of Snow and Ice Plows PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - p 510 AB - Removal of ice and snow from road surfaces is a critical task in the northern tier states of the United States, including Illinois. Highways with high levels of traffic are expected to be cleared of snow and ice quickly after each snowstorm. This is necessary for maintaining the safety of the public and the efficiency of the highway system. Earlier this year, the Illinois Department of Transportation (DOT) started a research project to conduct a comprehensive study to evaluate the performance of snow and ice plows. The project targets several plow performance indicators, including blade type, scrapping forces, and shock acceleration. This paper will present the first part of the study in which a comprehensive literature review is conducted to summarize documented snow and ice plow performance evaluation measures. In addition to a traditional literature review through research reports and papers, the research team will conduct interviews with agency personnel, Illinois DOT engineers, and consultants actively involved in snow and ice plowing. The focus of these interviews is to collect information related to best practices and standards for plow and blade selection, installation, and maintenance. Based on the results of this review, the research team is to develop a performance evaluation procedure that would include the identification of controlling parameters for performance measures (e.g., scraping force, shock acceleration, plow design, plow angle, and speed), the development of an instrumentation plan for measuring scraping forces and shock accelerations on the plows, and the design of a test matrix for data collection. The authors will also present the experimental plan in which several plows and blades will be tested under actual snow and ice conditions using different angles, speeds, and plow designs. The testing will be conducted on Illinois Interstate highways and secondary roads during snowstorms of the 2011–2012 winter season. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Best practices KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Illinois KW - Performance indicators KW - Performance tests KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snowplows KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139489 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371219 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gustafsson, Mats AU - Blomqvist, Goran AU - Hafner, Wolfgang TI - Combined Use of Chemicals for Deicing and Dust Binding of Paved Roads: Possibilities and Problems PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 425-431 AB - Deicing agents normally have high hygroscopicity, which results in prolonged wetness of treated roads and streets. This is often considered a problem, causing increased pavement wear and risk for reduced friction. But high hygroscopicity is simultaneously a desired property when trying to reduce road dust emissions through dust binding. In countries with freezing temperatures in winter, use of wintertime sanding and, in some countries, studded tires, results in high loads of road dust during winter and spring. Road dust contributes strongly to exceedances of air quality limit values for inhalable particles. One of several measures against road dust is dust binding. Agents like chloride salts (magnesium chloride and calcium chloride) used for deicing and dust binding of unpaved roads have been tested on paved roads and are now implemented in some cities in the Nordic countries. In the CMA+ project (EU Life+ Programme), the dust binder calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is tested and implemented but also used for deicing in three cities in Austria and Italy. Since the periods with need for deicing and dust binding overlap, deicing measures might contribute to improved dust binding. Some dust binders are, however, known to decrease friction when applied, which affects traffic safety. This paper describes the possibilities and problems of the combined use of agents for deicing and dust binding, based on experiences from dust-binder tests in the Nordic countries and within the CMA+ project. Topics discussed are deicing and dust binding effect of different agents as well as influence on friction and which factors are important for a successful combinatory use. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Deicing KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Dust control KW - Dust palliatives KW - Friction KW - Scandinavia KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139471 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371218 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Osborne, Leon F AU - Hershey, Benjamin W AU - Mewes, John J TI - Operational Blowing Snow Modeling: Benefits for the End User PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - p 169 AB - Wintertime precipitation presents a maintenance decision maker with challenges on how to address the varying road conditions that inevitably occur. Many locations that respond to snow and ice also undergo excessive high wind conditions resulting in blowing snow. Along with freezing rain, blowing snow conditions can strike fear into any maintenance decision maker on how best to address blowing snow effects and whether chemical treatments are required. The need to know when blowing snow will be affecting the roadway, including timing and severity of the event, is critical for the maintenance decision maker. The process of modeling blowing snow within the roadway presents many challenges. These challenges include the ability to effectively determine the snow pack characteristics (e.g., snow pack surface tension, snow pack temperature, snow depth, snow age, and more), the analysis of weather conditions along the roadway, and surrounding roadway vegetation contributing to snow fetch distance. The use of snow pack model data allows for an assessment of snow pack conditions, depth, and temperature. This information is then integrated to provide locations where snow may be affected by the wind and to an extent given in snow mass flux. Once an analysis of snow pack conditions has been determined and route-specific weather information is integrated into the model, a forecast of blowing snow conditions can be produced on a route-by-route basis. This information is valuable to winter maintenance decision makers in the field. However, a mechanism for conveying this information is critical for reviewing and assessing the future risk. The integration of blowing snow information into a maintenance decision support system (MDSS) provides the needed integrated interface for users to access the information. The MDSS can provide users a route-by-route visualization of blowing snow risk along with the severity of the alert that will be affecting the roadway for an extended period into the future. The blowing snow model also provides MDSS information about blowing snow risks, which allows the system to provide precautionary recommendations to maintainers. This information can be invaluable when weather conditions, other than wind, seem to be mundane and nonthreatening, but blowing snow may still present serious maintenance issues. In this paper and presentation the modeling aspects of the blowing snow model will be presented and discussed. The integration of observations and model data will demonstrate how this integration is brought to the route level. A demonstration and case study approach will be shown on how the blowing snow model provides MDSS the information needed to alert maintenance managers of possible issues that may occur due to blowing snow. Also, information will be presented on the effectiveness of the model to assist MDSS in the suppression of deicing chemical when blowing snow is a concern on the roadway. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Decision making KW - Decision support systems KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS) KW - Maintenance management KW - Risk analysis KW - Snowdrifts KW - Visualization KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138921 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371217 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ningyuan, Li AU - Wang, Wei TI - Performance Measures and Prediction Models Applied to Management of Henan, China, Provincial Highways PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 413-422 AB - This paper describes pavement performance measures and prediction models applied to management of the provincial highway networks in Henan, China. The primary objectives of the paper are twofold: to discuss the key performance indicators applied in evaluation of pavement structural and functional conditions during all seasons and to present the performance prediction models used to guide maintenance activities and operation strategies. Covered are a wide range of study areas, including pavement condition survey and data collection in the field, selection of the most appropriate prediction models for the provincial highway networks consisting of different pavement types and functional classified highways, performance trigger levels for maintenance and rehabilitation needs, and treatment activities. This study deals with pavement evaluation indicators and prediction models, focusing on impacts of the individual indicators on sensitivity analysis of pavement performance assessment. The main findings and conclusions resulting from the study include (a) impacts of changing individual performance indicators on pavement assessment and maintenance programming, (b) the needs to modify and improve the existing decision-making process in selection of the most effective treatments from the local experience, and (c) impacts of alternative performance indicators and changing performance trigger levels on pavement assessment and maintenance programming. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Decision making KW - Henan (China) KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance indicators KW - Performance measurement KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139467 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371216 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McClellan, Anthony K AU - Hershey, Benjamin W AU - Hart, Robert D AU - Mewes, John J TI - Assessment and Evaluation of Maintenance Decision Support System Recommendations PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 374-388 AB - Since the late 1990s there has been an effort to develop and deploy a system integrating maintenance and weather data for winter maintenance operation decision makers to conduct safe and effective maintenance strategies on the roadway. In 2002, a group of state departments of transportation (DOT) created the Pooled-Fund Study (PFS) maintenance decision support system (MDSS) to develop a system that could augment current winter operation techniques and provide decision makers with a one-stop shop for road weather information. The primary objective was the integration of road, weather, maintenance actions, and traffic information to generate the most cost-effective maintenance recommendations for snow and ice control. The PFS MDSS solution was developed as a cooperative research program and has evolved into an operational decision support tool for the seventeen states that have participated in the program. As part of the ongoing evaluation of the program the DOT participants in this study have asked “Are DOT personnel who make the final maintenance treatment decisions using the recommendations; and, if not, why not?” An evaluation tool was developed to capture whether maintenance personnel accepted or rejected the MDSS recommendations during routine operations and, if they rejected the MDSS recommendations, why the MDSS recommendation was declined. This paper discusses how the evaluation tool was developed and the results from the evaluation. It addresses the process developed to assess how, when, and what recommendations would be evaluated and who would participate in the evaluation. Case studies were done on the road weather conditions concurrent with and prior to the evaluated recommendations to provide greater insight into the DOT selection regarding whether to use or not use the recommendation. The paper discusses the findings of these case studies and the complexities involved in assessing whether to honor an MDSS recommendation or use alternative maintenance actions. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Decision making KW - Decision support systems KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS) KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Snow and ice control KW - State departments of transportation KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139463 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371215 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Davies, Peter AU - Virshbo, Kristin AU - Unruh, Dane TI - Condition Acquisition and Reporting System–Common Alerting Protocol Automated Weather Reporting PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 535-542 AB - The National Weather Service (NWS) has adopted extensible markup language standards for distributing weather alerts in a format known as Common Alerting Protocol (CAP). Following that release, Castle Rock worked with the Iowa Department of Transportation, the Idaho Transportation Department, the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, the Indiana Department of Transportation, and the Sacramento Area Council of Governments to develop a CAP-importing module that pulls automated weather watches and warnings into these agencies’ statewide or regional 511 traveler information systems. NWS warnings are imported automatically and translated into the Traffic Management Data Dictionary (TMDD) standard for traffic reporting. The TMDD messages use a controlled set of standard phrases in order to convey the information through 511 and other public channels. NWS issues watches and warnings at the county or weather zone level. The Phase-1 system developed in this project maps those polygon-based conditions to individual stretches of roadways so that they can be announced on the 511 phone system. Zone-based weather reporting, however, does not always provide the desired level of precision, particularly when it comes to fast-moving storm systems or tornado corridors. The states and Castle Rock are now pursuing a Phase-2 deployment of the CAP importing system that pulls in gridded weather data feeds from NWS. Gridded weather data allows the display of weather events across a grid of 5-km cells. Additionally, imports of NWS polygons will be pursued under Phase 2 for reporting severe thunderstorms, flash flood warnings, and tornadoes. The size and shape of severely weather-affected areas change continually as the weather event progresses. Representing these changing conditions accurately and simply for the general public is the goal of moving beyond zoned-based CAP warnings. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - 511 (National Travel Information Number) KW - Common Alerting Protocol KW - Flash floods KW - Standards KW - Thunderstorms KW - Tornadoes KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - U.S. National Weather Service KW - Weather conditions UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139492 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371214 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hart, Robert D AU - Osborne, Leon F AU - Mewes, John J AU - Askelson, Mark A AU - Hershey, Jennifer L TI - Evaluation of a Simulation of Subpavement Conditions as They Affect the Implementation and Removal of Seasonal Load Restrictions PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 478-490 AB - The structural stability of highway pavements is significantly impacted by freeze–thaw processes, especially during the thaw period when a layer of water gets trapped between the pavement and the remaining frozen layer below. This reduces the structural stability of the sub-pavement materials and the subsurface structure remains in this weakened state until the freeze layer is completely thawed. The pavement degradation caused by heavy vehicles that traverse weakened pavements during this thaw may appear as rutting, depressions, cracking, frost heaving, pot holes, and corrugation. One current practice to minimize damage to the pavement is the application of load limits called seasonal weight restrictions (SWR). The decisions on when to employ SWR depend upon knowledge of when structural weakening begins and ends. Phase 3 of the Clarus Initiative included a demonstration of a Seasonal Weight Restriction Decision Support Tool to develop a data analysis, meteorological, and pavement modeling decision support tool to assist transportation agency control strategies during critical freeze–thaw periods. The Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model (EICM) was used to integrate Clarus-enhanced observations and forecasts into the EICM and display the EICM results in a web-based presentation. This paper discusses the structure of the EICM, its configuration requirements, and how the output relates to the sub-pavement conditions that impact structural stability of the base and subgrade layers. It provides presentations of past and current conditions based upon observed data and forecast guidance, and the findings from the 2-year demonstration test and findings from the 2-year demonstration project. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Clarus KW - Decision support systems KW - Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Load limits KW - Pavements KW - Simulation KW - Spring load restrictions KW - Subsurface conditions UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139486 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371213 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Betts, Andrew AU - Perera, Nandana AU - Gharabaghi, Bahram TI - Identification of Salt-Vulnerable Areas: A Critical Step in Road Salt Management PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - p 20 AB - Northern communities repeatedly encounter snow and ice conditions forming hazardous environments on road networks during winter months. Millions of tons of road salts are applied in urban watersheds in North America for winter deicing operations. Although chlorides are nontoxic to humans, it has been shown to create toxic environments in aquatic habitats. Increasing numbers of agencies involved with winter road maintenance are working proactively to develop salt management plans that minimize the adverse environmental effects of deicing chemicals. However, the attention that has been given to another important aspect of developing a salt management plan, the identification of salt-vulnerable areas, seems to be lacking. Too few agencies attempt to identify areas vulnerable to road salts within their jurisdictions for better use of best management practices (BMPs). The low rate of participation of road agencies’ work on salt-vulnerable areas seems to be due to lack of clear guidelines, proper understanding of the process, and the perception that the process may require expensive and advanced data collection and analysis. Because the effectiveness of salt management practices is highly visible in salt-vulnerable areas, it is prudent to put more effort into identification of the vulnerable areas and take action to reduce the risks. This paper presents a risk-based approach for identification of salt-vulnerable areas considering salt application rates at varying land use types, transport pathways, and exposure to receptors. A fuzzy set methodology will be used to estimate the risk associated with the exposed receptors. Transport pathways include both surface and subsurface conveyance of chlorides. This paper also highlights the significance of the contribution by private contractors on salt loadings in urban areas. This risk-based approach would help provide the opportunity to prioritize implementation of management practices in the salt-vulnerable areas. The approach presented is based on research work at Highland Creek Watershed in Toronto, Canada, and Hanlon Creek Watershed in Guelph, Canada. Part of the research work done at Highland Creek and Hanlon Creek Watersheds was monitoring at different land use types by contractors with varying winter maintenance practices. Currently there are no guidelines with respect to salt application rates in parking lots, and as a result the quantity of applied salts tends to vary based on land use and contractor. For example, a contractor who is responsible for a commercial parking lot may apply more road salts then a contractor who is responsible for an industrial parking lot. The different perceived risks associated with the varying land use typically plays a major role in the amount of salt applied in an area, and this concept must be accounted for when identifying salt-vulnerable areas. In addition to the evaluation of the potential for reducing and optimizing salt application rates, other BMPs are identified and assessed. Lining the vegetated roadside ditches to minimize groundwater contamination and the use of capture and controlled release of chloride-laden snowmelt in storm water ponds to reduce chloride peaks in stream water are presented as possible BMPs. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Best practices KW - Canada KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental impacts KW - Land use KW - Maintenance management KW - Risk analysis KW - Watersheds KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138891 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371212 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Takahashi, Naoto AU - Takada, Tetsuya AU - Kiriishi, Makoto AU - Tokunaga, Roberto A AU - Kamiyama, Shigeru TI - Subjective and Objective Assessment of Winter Driving Environment PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 521-534 AB - The deterioration of driving environments in cold, snowy regions during winter causes unfavorable traffic characteristics such as reduced travel speeds, winter-type traffic accidents, and lower user satisfaction. Road administrators work to maintain a safe, smooth flow of road traffic in winter by carrying out road maintenance. However, under the constraints of the current financial crisis, there is a need for further improvements in the appropriateness and efficiency of winter road maintenance. To achieve this, it is important to understand how the deterioration of road conditions affects user satisfaction and driving behavior. In this study, the authors sought to evaluate winter driving environments by simultaneously carrying out evaluation of road conditions, a user satisfaction survey, and a driving behavior test both in autumn and in winter. The test results indicated a tendency for driving speeds and acceleration rates to decrease in winter. However, it remained unclear whether these changes in driving behavior were caused by the deterioration of road surfaces or by the narrowing of roads due to the presence of piled snow. Meanwhile, results corresponding to the characteristics of changes in road conditions were attained in the user satisfaction survey, confirming the effectiveness of subjective assessment. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Behavior KW - Driving KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Winter KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139491 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371211 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Santiago-Chaparro, Kelvin R AU - Chitturi, Madhav AU - Szymkowski, Todd AU - Noyce, David A TI - Benefits of Implementing Automatic Vehicle Location Technologies in Wisconsin for Winter Maintenance Operations PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 511-518 AB - Winter maintenance operations are a major expense for state departments of transportation (DOTs) located within the snow belt of North America. In the state of Wisconsin alone winter maintenance related expenses billed to the Wisconsin DOT by counties ranged from $46 to $87 million per year from 2005 through 2010, depending on the severity of the winter. During the past two winters the Wisconsin DOT implemented several technologies intended to optimize winter maintenance performance and costs. Among the technologies implemented was automatic vehicle location (AVL). AVL is a combination of systems capable of monitoring the location of a vehicle, material application rates, and road conditions from a central location. An evaluation of the AVL technology for winter maintenance operations is presented in this paper. The evaluation presented focuses on the reduction in salt usage by counties that implemented the AVL technology. Savings from increasing the efficiency of salt applications after the implementation of AVL resulted in benefit–cost ratio values that ranged from 1.05 to 1.89. Benefit–cost values were computed by considering only benefits from salt savings to create an evaluation as objective as possible, thus leaving room for an increase in the benefit–cost values if other intangible benefits are included. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Winter maintenance KW - Wisconsin UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139490 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371210 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mewes, John J AU - Ostermeier, Gregory M AU - Theisen, Julie L TI - Multistate, Multisensor, and Predictive Road Condition Information PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - p 373 AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation established the Clarus Initiative in 2004 to reduce the impact of adverse weather conditions on surface transportation users. Clarus has been a research and development initiative to demonstrate and evaluate the value of “Anytime, Anywhere Road Weather Information” to the breadth of transportation users and operators. The goal of the initiative was to create a robust data assimilation, quality checking, and data dissemination system that could provide near real-time atmospheric and pavement observations from the collective states’ investments in road weather information systems and related weather-observing technologies. Beginning in 2008, the FHWA initiated multistate regional demonstrations intended to show how Clarus facilitates better transportation system management and enables the private sector to create improved road weather information business solutions. In response to Use Case 5 of the Clarus Regional Demonstration, termed Enhanced Road Weather Content for Traveler Advisories, Meridian Environmental Technology teamed with the state agencies that comprise the North–West Passage Transportation Pooled Fund study to design and develop an enhanced, multistate traveler information system. This traveler information system, composed of a web portal and computer telephone systems, was intended to leverage the multistate nature of Clarus’ data to provide a seamless source for traveler information across the I-90, I-94, and intervening corridors that make up the North–West Passage. The demonstration was also intended to break new ground in the provision of traveler information via enhancement of road weather content, enabled through multisensor analyses enhanced by Clarus’ environmental sensor station data, and through predictive road and travel condition information leveraging maintenance decision support system technologies. This paper will provide an overview of the resulting traveler information system as well as the lessons learned through its implementation. Specific topics of discussion include addressing the conflicts between the underlying systems for tracking and reporting road conditions between the participating states, issues encountered in interpreting and conveying potentially conflicting data from competing information resources, considerations in the provision of predictive road condition information, and an assessment of user receptiveness to these concepts as determined via independent evaluation of the Clarus Use Case 5 Regional Demonstration. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Clarus KW - Decision support systems KW - Demonstration projects KW - Implementation KW - Lessons learned KW - Road conditions KW - Road weather information systems KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139454 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371209 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Matsushita, Hiroki AU - Matsuzawa, Masaru AU - Sakase, Osamu AU - Nakamura, Hiroshi TI - Measures Against Avalanches Where Snow Slides Through Supporting Surfaces of Snow Bridges PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 267-278 AB - In this study, analysis of avalanche cases in Hokkaido was carried out to clarify the conditions under which snow that has accumulated on slopes slides through snow bridges to prevent avalanche. Field tests and model experiments were also conducted using naturally accumulated snow to determine the effectiveness of nets installed on such bridges with the aim of preventing the occurrence of slide-through. The results of the analysis showed that slide-through mainly occurs with dry-snow avalanches when the air temperature is low and the snowfall intensity is high. According to theoretical estimation of the stability of snow accumulated on slopes and snow hardness, it was concluded that avalanches accompanied by slide-through occurred when the snow became unstable after about 12 h from the onset of snowfall under high snowfall intensity conditions. It was also considered that low hardness of the snow due to low temperatures caused accumulated snow on slopes to slide through the supporting surfaces of bridges. Field tests in which natural avalanches were caused confirmed that net installation prevented the occurrence of slide-through. Furthermore, the results of the model experiments using naturally accumulated snow with low density and hardness indicated that net installation increases the snow contact area on the supporting surface of a bridge, thereby distributing the snow load and preventing the occurrence of slide-through, resulting in a lower likelihood of compression fracture even with low-hardness snow. Accordingly, it can be concluded that net installation has a slide-through prevention effect. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Avalanches KW - Case studies KW - Experiments KW - Field tests KW - Hokkaido (Japan) KW - Nets KW - Scale models KW - Snow bridges KW - Snowfall UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139296 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371208 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Alfelor, Roemer M AU - Pisano, Paul A AU - Galarus, Douglas AU - Yohanan, David TI - Using Clarus Data for Disseminating Winter Road Weather Advisories and Other Weather-Related Alerts PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 223-236 AB - FHWA’s Road Weather Management Program worked with two contractors to demonstrate the use of Clarus data for disseminating road weather advisory and control information to travelers. One application, developed by Telvent Inc. and designed for the New York State 511 system (511NY), combines the road weather information from Clarus and other weather data sources to generate various weather alerts pertaining to snow, ice, winds, and other severe weather conditions, and posts these alerts on the 511NY website. The other application, developed by Western Transportation Institute, produced a website that displays weather and other relevant travel conditions for a four-state region that includes California, Oregon, Washington, and Nevada. For this one-stop shop, web portal users view a map that allows them to see a variety of information for a selected point along the roadway, including closed circuit television images, road closures, Clarus weather sensor readings, and National Weather Service forecasts. The web portal also offers route and trip planning tools. This paper describes the applications that have been developed and their effectiveness in disseminating road weather information. It also provides recommendations and some guidelines on how Clarus data can be used or improved for these types of applications. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - 511 (National Travel Information Number) KW - Clarus KW - Driver information systems KW - Information dissemination KW - Road weather information systems KW - Road Weather Management Program KW - Weather conditions KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139286 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371207 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mewes, John J AU - Kuntz, Jeffrey AU - Hershey, Benjamin W TI - Simulating Winter Maintenance for Performance Measurement PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 208-220 AB - A common problem for transportation agencies performing winter maintenance is adequately measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of winter maintenance operations. A lack of quantifiable data hinders an agency’s capability to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of winter maintenance operations. The current practice for many agencies is to use or create winter severity indices to measure whether or not the overall efficiency of maintenance operations has improved relative to historical norms. However, when deviations from historical norms are noted, it is difficult to know whether (weather-normalized) changes in resource utilization are the result of changes in maintenance efficiency and effectiveness, or limitations of the underlying winter severity index. One promising new approach is to leverage maintenance information decision support technologies being developed and deployed to support real-time winter maintenance decision making. Technologies such as the Pooled Fund Study (PFS) Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS) can be re-tasked to simulate likely maintenance requirements (resource utilization) and expected maintenance outcomes (road conditions) on a particular maintenance route given input–observed weather conditions and maintenance resource constraints. This simulation capability, applied over an extended time, promises to provide a new understanding of the relationships between weather conditions, roadway characteristics, resource constraints, and the resulting maintenance resource utilization and road conditions. This paper will provide an overview of current efforts to apply the PFS MDSS to the problem and will include an overview of the obstacles encountered and preliminary results of the concept in several locales across the United States. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Decision making KW - Decision support systems KW - Performance measurement KW - Resource allocation KW - Simulation KW - United States KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139284 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371206 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jeon, Woo Hoon AU - Yang, Choon Heon AU - Kim, In Su AU - Oh, Jun-Seok TI - Potential Impacts of a Multipurpose Snow Removal Instrument on Snow Removal PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 493-501 AB - A multipurpose snow removal instrument is being developed to help effectively remove snow on the roads from urban areas. The instrument is detachable from a regular cargo truck and consists of a blower and a snow melter. The blower transports snow from the road surface to the melting tank and the water melted in the tank is drained away to sewers on the roadsides. The main purpose of the instrument is to melt away snow quickly from the road surface. The rapid snow removal is expected to recover road capacity considerably. This study is to evaluate its effectiveness by incorporating microscopic traffic simulation modeling and travel demand elasticity with respect to snowfall. The simulation analysis result shows that the multipurpose snow removal instrument helps increase traffic volume by 6% and travel speed by 13% when compared with those of ordinary snowplows. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Equipment KW - Melters KW - Snow blowers KW - Snow disposal KW - Snow removal KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139487 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371205 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rall, Jaime TI - Weather or Not? State Liability and Road Weather Information Systems PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 305-314 AB - Weather significantly affects the traveling public and the transportation agencies that operate and maintain the nation’s roadways. As of 2010, at least 44 states and the District of Columbia used advanced technologies called road weather information systems (RWIS) to provide accurate, detailed, and timely information about weather-related road conditions. By having up-to-date weather conditions for roadways, transportation agencies can make decisions that improve public safety, mobility, and productivity—decisions such as when to deploy snowplows, close roads, or warn motorists of dangerous conditions. Although these systems are a vital resource for states and their transportation agencies, as with most new technologies, RWIS has raised some concerns about potential legal liabilities related to its use. The National Conference of State Legislatures— in collaboration with the FHWA—issued a report in 2010 entitled “Weather or Not? State Liability and Road Weather Information Systems.” The report details states’ RWIS liability concerns and offers a menu of state-of-the-practice strategies for addressing those concerns. Strategies include limitations on data sharing, online disclaimers regarding RWIS data, public outreach and education, and allocation of funds by state legislatures. Based on original survey data and legal research, the report is illustrated by real-life knowledge and experiences from the states and includes in-depth legal information for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The findings can help transportation and weather managers, planners, and other practitioners as well as state legislators assess and mitigate liability issues related to surface transportation weather management and RWIS technologies. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Road weather information systems KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139375 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371204 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Arvidsson, Anna K AU - Blomqvist, Goran AU - Oberg, Gudrun TI - Impact of Climate Change on Use of Anti-Icing and Deicing Salt in Sweden PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 3-10 AB - The future needs for winter maintenance will probably be influenced by the climate change in different ways in different parts of the world. As Sweden is a country with several climate zones, the influence of climate change on winter maintenance will therefore differ between regions within the country. To understand the influence of climate change on the future needs of salt consumption in winter maintenance, modeled road weather data were calculated in the IRWIN project (a joint research project through ERA-NET ROAD funded by the 6th Framework Program of the European Commission), where climate change scenarios from ECHAM5 (the fifth generation of the European Centre Hamburg Model general circulation model from the Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology) were combined with field data from the road weather information system in Sweden. These modeled road weather data were used in project KLIVIN (the study presented here) in three Swedish regions (Gothenburg, Stockholm, and Sundsvall) and was combined with the Swedish winter severity index in order to calculate the trends of future salt needs. In this study the needs of salt for each of the three investigated regions were calculated in 30-year periods between 1970 and 2100. The results show that salt use related to snowfall will decrease in all three regions, while the salt use related to temperature will increase in the northernmost region (Sundsvall) and show a small decrease in the two other regions (Gothenburg and Stockholm). U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Climate change KW - Consumption KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Field data KW - Forecasting KW - Future KW - Impact studies KW - Road weather information systems KW - Sweden UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138889 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371203 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Boyce, Brenda TI - Clarus System PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - p 237 AB - The Clarus Initiative, established in 2004, is a multiyear program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT’s) FHWA Road Weather Management Team and the Research and Innovative Technology Administration Joint Program Office to organize and make available more effective environmental and road condition observation capabilities in support of four primary motivations: (1) Provide a North American resource to collect, quality check, and make available surface transportation weather and road condition observations so that DOTs and other transportation agencies can be more productive in maintaining safety and mobility on all roads and surface transportation modes. In addition to increasing productivity, it will maximize their road weather information system and environmental sensor station investments; (2) Surface transportation-based weather observations will enhance and extend the existing weather data sources that support general-purpose weather forecasting for the protection of life and property; (3) Collection of real-time surface transportation-based weather observations will support real-time operational responses to weather; and (4) Surface transportation-based weather observations integrated with existing observation data will permit broader support for the enhancement and creation of models that make better predictions in the atmospheric boundary layer and near the Earth’s surface to support more accurate forecasts. The Clarus initiative specifies the necessary infrastructure to consolidate data from a multitude of independent data collection systems. This infrastructure offers the benefits of enhancing data coverage, improving the performance of meteorological support services, and providing guidance to owners of these data sources regarding the quality of their data and performance of their data collection systems. The Clarus system has been developed using proven systems engineering practices, best practices in information technology and coding standards, and industry standards such as the TMDD and NTCIP 1204. Throughout the Clarus initiative and the Clarus system design, public and private stakeholders have been actively engaged through the Initiative Coordinating Committee and task force meetings to provide guidance and consensus for the documentation, system design, quality checking algorithms, metadata, and system performance. The purpose of this presentation is to describe the Clarus system design details, demonstrate the system, and highlight the broader initiative activities. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Clarus KW - Data consolidation KW - Maintenance management KW - Real time information KW - Road weather information systems KW - System design KW - Weather conditions KW - Weather forecasting KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139288 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371202 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Duensing, Jeremy TI - Geospatial Weather Decision Support for Transportation Applications PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 72-87 AB - Weather is a major factor in surface transportation: it impacts traffic flow and patterns, and is often a precursor to accidents, a significant portion of which cause injury or death. Integration of current and forecast weather information into intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications, including 511 systems, can provide transportation managers with the information they need to make better decisions and provide alerts that can reduce congestion while improving safety. Improved routing, logistics coordination, maintenance operations, and efficiencies for the transport of materials can also be gained through a better understanding of weather issues that affect the transportation network. The merge of weather information with geographic information system (GIS) technology provides new and exciting capabilities now being realized by the transportation industry to mitigate weather-related risks through operational decision support. Telvent DTN has developed unique capabilities to merge weather information with non-weather assets, both stationary and mobile, to provide unparalleled weather risk monitoring and location-based alerting. Weather parameters that are relevant to specific business requirements are continuously monitored and compared to customer asset locations. Automated alerts are generated when critical weather thresholds are exceeded at the identified asset locations. These real-time location-based alerts can provide dramatically enhanced public safety, improved logistics support, and provide a superior advantage in operating business efficiencies relating to weather conditions. This advanced capability provides effective, accurate, and precise weather decision support for varied transportation applications. Covered in this paper will be the methodology, data sets (both stationary and mobile), and benefits behind this geospatial decision support for various transportation applications. Also included will be a demonstration of how this technology was utilized in conjunction with roadway weather information system (RWIS) information from Clarus in the 511NY traveler information system. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - 511 (National Travel Information Number) KW - Alert systems KW - Decision support systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geospatial information KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Road weather information systems KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138904 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371201 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nixon, Wilfrid A TI - Measuring Sustainability in Winter Operations PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 21-26 AB - Prior work has indicated that a useful way to consider how to make winter operations sustainable is to consider the interaction of three driving considerations: societal, environmental, and economic. Sustainable practice will be found in the region where all three considerations intersect. This approach is valuable in that it allows an agency to determine whether a given approach or operational pattern is sustainable. However, it does not readily allow for comparison between two approaches, each of which is sustainable. In other words, it does not provide a measure of the degree of sustainability for any given action. The purpose of this paper is to describe a method where sustainability of certain winter maintenance actions can be measured, specifically in context of the three considerations (societal, environmental, and economic). By way of case studies, the use of this method is demonstrated, and areas of further work are indicated. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Measurement KW - Social impacts KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138892 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371200 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Takechi, Hirotaka AU - Matsuzawa, Masaru AU - Kawanaka, Toshirou AU - Nakamura, Hiroshi AU - Kaneko, Manabu TI - Study on Provision of Winter Road Snowstorm Information to Road Users PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 543-559 AB - In recent years, Hokkaido has seen traffic hazards caused by snowstorms as a result of rapidly developing low-pressure systems even in areas where, until now, the frequency of snowstorms has been relatively low. This fact highlights the importance of providing information on winter road driving environments such as snowstorm conditions, prompting appropriate responses from drivers to enhance the safety and reliability of winter roads. Thus, the authors conducted tests on providing information on winter road conditions, such as visibility during snowstorms, via personal computers (PCs) and mobile phones. The information provided in the test was as follows: (1) Information on visibility in each area of Hokkaido during a snowstorm (PCs and mobile phones); (2) Information on visibility on roads in each municipality during a snowstorm (PCs and mobile phones); (3) Information on driving time required according to the winter driving environment (only PCs); and (4) Snowstorm information on winter roads collected from road users (only PCs). An online questionnaire survey was also conducted on the effectiveness of the information on visibility in each area of Hokkaido during a snowstorm. The results showed that 90% or more respondents found the snowstorm visibility information of each Hokkaido area useful, confirming the effectiveness of the information. In addition, 80% or more respondents used the information on visibility conditions and driving time for routes in each municipality as reference for departure and arrival times, and approximately 50% referred to it for examining alternative routes. This showed the information was useful for road users to make driving plans. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Cellular telephones KW - Hokkaido (Japan) KW - Personal computers KW - Snowstorms KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Visibility UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139493 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371199 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Goodhart, Charles C AU - Fields, Bonnie J AU - Vance, Robert J AU - Renz, Michael S AU - Treisbach, Mary W AU - Harder, Barbara T TI - Implementing the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation’s Winter Services Strategic Plan PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 315-330 AB - This paper describes events associated with a major winter storm that convinced the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (DOT) of the need to create and implement a strategic plan to improve its winter service operations. A leadership team directed the work of expert task groups who wrote a plan that addresses major deficiencies revealed by the storm. The plan’s five objectives, 17 strategies, and 63 action items emphasize fundamentals including staffing, equipment, materials application, situational awareness, contingency planning, environmental stewardship, and performance management. With the aid of Pennsylvania DOT's implementation system staff and consultants, deployment followed the system’s principles of effective implementation. These principles include top management support, dedicated resources, effective communications, implementation teams with the requisite skills, credibility, enthusiasm, broad involvement of the field, and a supportive culture of innovation. Work began to accomplish quick-kill action items even before the plan was completed and continues with a goal of full deployment by late 2013. Implementation challenges and lessons learned are described. Notable successes in fighting recent storms attest to the value of a coordinated and consistent approach. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Implementation KW - Lessons learned KW - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139377 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371198 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Drobot, Sheldon AU - Chapman, Michael B AU - Anderson, Amanda AU - Lambi, Brice AU - Pisano, Paul A AU - Guevara, Gabriel TI - Tomorrow’s Forecast: Informed Drivers PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 560-572 AB - The transportation community is well on its way toward the development of wireless vehicle capabilities where vehicles communicate with other vehicles and the road infrastructure to improve safety and mobility and to reduce environmental impacts. In the near future, it will be possible for millions of vehicles to anonymously collect direct (e.g., temperature) and indirect (e.g., wiper status) measurements of the road and atmospheric conditions in their immediate surroundings. This will greatly expand the current weather observation network, particularly in respect to the roadway environment. However, the volume and anonymity of vehicle-based observations, and the fact that the observations are from a moving platform, pose several challenges related to data integrity. These must be addressed before the data will be broadly usable and acceptable. With funding and support from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Research and Innovative Technology Administration and direction from FHWA’s Road Weather Management Program, the National Center for Atmospheric Research is conducting research to develop a vehicle data translator (VDT) to address these vehicle-based data challenges. The main function of the VDT is to quality check individual vehicle probe data elements, such as temperature and pressure, and then combine them into “derived observations” that are valid along a given length of roadway over a given time. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the VDT Version 3. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Data collection KW - Data quality KW - Vehicle Data Translator KW - Vehicle-based technology KW - Weather conditions KW - Weather forecasting UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139494 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371197 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bergner, David L TI - Importance of a Comprehensive Winter Operations Plan and Manual PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - pp 332-346 AB - Snow and ice control is a primary function of public works (PW) and department of transportation agencies in most of the United States and Canada. Regardless of size of agency or amount and frequency of snow events, it is essential to have a sound operations plan and comprehensive manual that explains the mission, goals, and objectives; states the policies, protocols, priorities, and level of service; details specific duties, roles, and responsibilities; defines the operational strategies and tactics; improves training; outlines the communication and control structures; enhances public information and relations; and reduces liability exposure. Though many managers realize the value of such a manual, developing and maintaining one is difficult because of the time and effort involved and a general dearth of good examples. PW agencies have incurred substantial reductions in staff and budgets in recent years, a trend that likely will continue for some time. Therefore, management will have to find ways to provide critical snow and ice control with limited resources and ensure transfer of knowledge to newer staff. This paper discusses the general components of a plan and subjects recommended for inclusion in a manual. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Maintenance management KW - Manuals KW - Snow and ice control KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139379 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371196 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Keltner, Paul TI - Winter Storm Responses: Adverse Conditions Communication–Coordination Plan 2008 PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - p 331 AB - The State of Wisconsin partners with all counties within its borders to maintain roads to be reliable, safe, and passable in all types of conditions. To be in a constant state of readiness, the state’s Emergency Transportation Operations (ETO) plan was developed by the Wisconsin Division of Transportation System Development (DTSD) and the Division of State Patrol (DSP). The ETO Plan formalizes Wisconsin’s coordinated, performance-oriented approach to operating the transportation system during and between ETO events. An ETO event is an exceptional event that disrupts the normal flow of traffic on the Interstate or state highway network and requires an extreme response beyond normal operation and capabilities—or when the operations of a Wisconsin Department of Transportation (DOT) business facility are disrupted. For Wisconsin, most ETO events are due to adverse weather conditions. The responsibility for monitoring conditions and communicating weather event and incident notifications, resource requests, and road closure notifications for Wisconsin DOT falls upon the Statewide Traffic Operations Center (STOC), which is manned on a 24/7/365 basis. Once storm-related winter driving conditions degrade to an emergency level, and an advisory or warning is issued by Wisconsin DOT, the STOC immediately begins providing information (where needed) to federal and state agencies, county highway and law enforcement agencies, state border agencies, various advisory agencies, freight carriers, and the media. The STOC may activate a Regional Incident Management Coordinator (an ETO plan-defined role) who is deployed on scene to help those responding to the emergency and to provide information back to the STOC for further action and updates. Acting as the communication hub during these types of severe winter weather emergency conditions, the STOC is in constant contact with the supporting agencies until the emergency status is lifted or on-scene personnel deem that their local situation is no longer hazardous. The STOC’s communication of traffic conditions also extends to the general public via the state’s 511 Travel Information website and call center, dynamic messaging signs located on major expressways, closed circuit television camera’s (CCTV) broadcasting road conditions to the web and associated television stations, and most recently, Twitter. The value of this approach to the STOC coordinating information between various agencies, while also providing information to the public, is evidenced in statistics related to the December 11–12, 2010, storm that produced nearly 20 in. of snow in some regions of Wisconsin. This midweek storm required a regional ETO response which was, per plan, communicated by the STOC in an orderly, efficient, and effective manner. The public flocked to the 511 real-time information system by phone and via the Internet to help them decide on the viability of travel during and after the storm. More than 175,000 visits were recorded to the 511 website (www.511.gov/Web) and calls to the 511 phone system skyrocketed. Television stations were able to broadcast, in real-time, the actual conditions of the roads via the STOC CCTVs, which also helps locate stranded motorists and manage related traffic incidents. The winter storm response of the STOC and Wisconsin DOT is designed to quickly and efficiently assess the need for an emergency response, coordinate communication, deploy resources, and inform the public to improve safety by alleviating or avoiding road hazards. It is also an ongoing effort that is refined and expanded as needed based on statistical information and the experience of all agencies and personnel involved in emergency responses. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - 511 (National Travel Information Number) KW - Closed circuit television KW - Emergency management KW - Highway operations KW - Maintenance management KW - Storms KW - Twitter KW - Variable message signs KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter KW - Winter maintenance KW - Wisconsin UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139378 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01371195 JO - Transportation Research E-Circular PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation Weather. International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation Weather, April 30–May 3, 2012, Coralville, Iowa PY - 2012/04 IS - E-C162 SP - 608p AB - The 2012 International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation Weather was held April 30–May 3, 2012 in Coralville, Iowa. The conference was conducted by the TRB Committees on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation Weather in cooperation with Iowa Department of Transportation, AASHTO, and FHWA. This conference included papers and presentations on Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability, Road Safety Under Winter Conditions, Decision Support Systems, Winter Surface Friction, Blowing and Drifting Snow, Winter Mobility and Maintenance Performance, Road Weather Data Management, Climate Trends and Large-Volume Snow Control, Winter Maintenance Policy and Management, Data Networks and Quality, Delivery Approaches and Performance Measures, Optimizing Winter Maintenance Materials, Measuring and Forecasting Pavement Surface and Subsurface Conditions, Innovations in Winter Maintenance Equipment, and Weather Information to Improve Driver Decisions. Maintenance managers, engineers, and researchers from the following countries presented their papers: Canada, China, Japan, Korea, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. The papers were not subjected to the TRB peer review process. U1 - International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation WeatherTransportation Research BoardIowa Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationCoralville,Iowa,United States StartDate:20120430 EndDate:20120503 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration KW - Climate change KW - Conferences KW - Data quality KW - Decision support systems KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental stewardship KW - Friction KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Mobility KW - Road weather information systems KW - Snow KW - Sustainable development KW - Weather KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/167060.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01370012 AU - Battey, Randy L AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Preventive Maintenance Treatments PY - 2012/04 SP - 22p AB - Scrub seals were placed in 2007 in Tallahatchie, Marshall, Carroll and Grenada Counties to evaluate their effectiveness and feasibility as preventive maintenance treatments. Condition data was collected and evaluated on the project sections. KW - Evaluation KW - Mississippi KW - Pavement cracking KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Scrub seal KW - Scrubbers KW - Slurry seals UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44564/State_Study_173_-_Evaluation_Of_Preventive_Maintenance_Treatments.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481179 AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Commercial Border Crossing and Wait Time Measurement at Laredo World Trade Bridge and the Colombia-Solidarity Bridge PY - 2012/03/31/Final Report SP - 88p AB - This research is to establish a baseline and on-going measurement of border crossing times and delay by measuring travel times for commercial trucks crossing the port of entry (POE) from Mexico into Texas at the Laredo World Trade Bridge and the Colombia-Solidarity Bridge. In 2006, the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) analyzed various technologies that can be used to support automated measurement of border delay and crossing time at U.S./Mexico land ports of entry. This project was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and radio frequency identification (RFID) was the selected technology for most of the U.S./Mexico land ports of entry. This report covers the work that TTI developed under an interagency cooperation contract with Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), which includes the technology implementation, equipment procurement and installation and the data collection and analysis of information collected at the World Trade Bridge and the Colombia Solidarity Bridge. KW - Colombia-Solidarity International Bridge KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Freight traffic KW - Implementation KW - International borders KW - Laredo/Nuevo Laredo border crossing KW - Ports of entry KW - Radio frequency identification KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel time KW - United States-Mexico Border KW - Waiting time KW - World Trade International Bridge UR - http://www.borderplanning.fhwa.dot.gov/LaredoCrossingReport/LaredoCrossingReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481106 AU - Mahendra, Anjali AU - Grant, Michael AU - Swisher, Myron AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - ICF Incorporated LLC AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effective Approaches for Advancing Congestion Pricing in a Metropolitan Region – A Primer on Lessons Learned and Best Practices PY - 2012/03/31 SP - 52p AB - This primer is intended to raise awareness among staff at metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and their partner agencies about the potential role of congestion pricing in supporting regional goals as well as the most effective approaches for advancing congestion pricing strategies in a region. It draws upon lessons learned from pilot and ongoing programs implemented around the United States as well as efforts to integrate congestion pricing into regional transportation plans. The content of the primer is based on discussions that took place at four peer-to-peer practitioner workshops organized by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in September 2011. Using illustrative case studies, this primer provides information on effective approaches for addressing the challenges of advancing congestion pricing in a regional context, including: (i) building public and decisionmaker acceptability; (ii) linking congestion pricing to regional goals and objectives; (iii) achieving interagency collaboration; (iv) analyzing congestion pricing impacts as part of the planning process; and (v) addressing implementation challenges and sustaining user support. The primer ends with recommendations of initial steps that planners, policymakers, and others can take in developing comprehensive regional congestion pricing plans, while maximizing the chances of acceptance from the public and decisionmakers. KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Congestion pricing KW - Cooperation KW - Interagency relations KW - Lessons learned KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Regional planning KW - Transportation planning KW - United States UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12030/fhwahop12030.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1249877 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547543 TI - Research for AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. Task 323. Developing a Long-Range Strategic Plan for the MUTCD AB - The objective of this task was to develop a long-range vision (25-30 years from now) of what the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) should be and develop a strategic plan or roadmap for how the MUTCD should be revised to be consistent with the vision. KW - Guidelines KW - Long range planning KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3203 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334980 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466557 TI - Co-Sponsorship for the 2012 "Weeds Across Borders" Conference AB - The Weeds Across Borders (WAB) is a biennial trilateral conference covering the interests of professionals and organizations involved in North American weed management and regulation. The purpose with a common interest in sharing information and promoting weed management throughout North America. Composed of an affiliation of organizations from Canada, Mexico, and the United States, the WAB Conference is unique in that it connects scientists, practitioners, and policy-makers with their counterparts in Canada, Mexico and the United States. The fact that all three countries are connected by land and roads requires that all three must work together to stop the spread of invasive plants across the continent to mutual benefit. This interdisciplinary approach leads attendees to share information that can ward off the invasive threat with research, best practices, and policy support. KW - Best practices KW - Conferences KW - Information dissemination KW - Invasive plants KW - North America KW - Policy making KW - Regulations KW - Weeds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01373960 AU - Huijser, Marcel P AU - Begley, James S AU - van der Grift, Edgar A AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Center AU - Salmo Consulting Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mortality and Live Observations of Wildlife on and Along the Yellowhead Highway and the Railroad through Jasper National Park and Mount Robson Provincial Park, Canada PY - 2012/03/21 SP - 380p AB - This project focuses on providing a strategy for the potential future implementation of wildlife mitigation measures along the Yellowhead Highway (Hwy 16) and the railroad through Jasper National Park (JNP) and Mount Robson Provincial Park (MRPP). The general objectives of the mitigation measures are to reduce direct wildlife mortality of medium and large carnivore species on Hwy 16 and the railroad and to maintain or improve habitat connectivity for wildlife, specifically medium and large carnivore species, across Hwy 16 and the railroad. KW - Canada KW - Carnivores KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highway corridors KW - Jasper National Park KW - Mortality KW - Mount Robson Provincial Park KW - Railroads KW - Strategic planning KW - Wildlife KW - Wildlife crossings UR - http://www.westerntransportationinstitute.org/documents/reports/4W3419_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141596 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01570493 TI - Western States Rural Transportation Consortium (WSRTC) AB - The purpose of the Western States Rural Transportation Consortium (WSRTC) is to promote innovative partnerships, technologies and educational opportunities to facilitate and enhance safe, seamless rural travel throughout the western United States. The WSRTC shall also provide a collaborative mechanism to leverage research activities in a coordinated manner to respond to rural transportation issues among western states related to technology, operations and safety. KW - Education KW - Partnerships KW - Research management KW - Rural transportation KW - Safety KW - Technology KW - Transportation operations KW - Western States UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/469 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1362134 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01560753 TI - Support of the Transportation Curriculum Coordination Council (TCCC) AB - Rebuilding and maintaining the Nation's highways requires agencies and industry to have a trained and qualified workforce from agencies and industry. With the loss of experience in the workforce, training is an industry priority. Agencies and the highway industry across the country face this serious shortage of trained and experienced personnel because of attrition and an aging workforce. The challenge must be met to preserve the system investments and carry out capital improvements for future growth. Since 2000, the Transportation Curriculum Coordination Council (TCCC), a partnership between the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), State and local departments of transportation (DOTs), and private industry, has diligently worked to support the training of transportation industry's technical personnel. The TCCC's mission is to: (1) Provide leadership at the national level. (2) Develop and maintain national curricula for the various transportation disciplines. (3) Identify training and certification requirements. (4) Coordinate/facilitate training efforts. To achieve its mission, the TCCC embraces the following objectives: (a) Optimize resources through concentrated efforts in the development of core training and qualification mediums. (b) Improve the skills and abilities of the transportation technical personnel. (c) Promote the sharing of technical training resources among government and private transportation industry organizations. (d) Promote uniformity in training content and qualification requirements to facilitate reciprocity between States, local organizations, and regions. (e) Optimize the usage of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards in training development. KW - Certification KW - Curricula KW - Highways KW - Job skills KW - Labor force KW - Personnel KW - Training KW - Transportation Curriculum Coordination Council UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/435 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351316 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545911 TI - Improving Export Freight Logistics AB - According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, the United States is the world's third-largest exporter (behind China and Germany), with goods exports totaling $1.3 trillion in 2010. Further, U.S. exports consist of a huge variety of products and commodities, including (in 2010) $108 billion in food and agricultural products (e.g., grain, meat and poultry, animal feed); $392 billion in industrial supplies and materials (e.g., chemicals, coal, fuel oil, forest products, steel products); $447 billion in capital goods (e.g., machinery, semiconductors, medical equipment, telecommunications equipment, aircraft); $112 billion in motor vehicles and parts; and $166 billion in consumer goods (e.g., pharmaceuticals, jewelry, sporting goods, cosmetics). Therefore, exports play a key role in U.S. economic growth. Their role has been even more important in recent years as the growth of foreign demand has helped compensate for the sluggishness of domestic demand. In 2010, for example, exports contributed 1.3% of the 2.9% overall gross domestic product (GDP) growth for the year. In the years ahead, exports will continue to be key contributors to economic recovery and sustained economic growth. In recognition of this fact and in the hope of using exports to boost the U.S. economy, President Obama recently announced an ambitious goal of doubling U.S. exports in 5 years. A host of different economic, social, and political factors collectively determine the level of U.S. exports. Some of these factors are effectively beyond U.S. control. Others, though, can be greatly influenced by the actions or inactions of U.S. firms and policymakers. One such factor is the effectiveness of the logistical system that, in its totality, connects U.S. farmers, manufacturers, and resource producers with the global marketplace. In today's extremely competitive global economy, the efficiency with which U.S.-made goods can be moved from where they are produced domestically to where they are consumed abroad can go a long way in determining whether a sale goes to a U.S. firm or to a competitor elsewhere in the world. Put simply, export supply chains matter. The United States has the best developed freight transportation system, but it is by no means perfect. For example, a major logistical problem for many U.S. exporters, especially small- and medium-size enterprises, is the availability of containers. Containers are either unavailable or, when they are, the costs of repositioning and drayage can be prohibitive. In view of trade imbalances and the higher container rates they impose on the inbound trip, ship owners usually opt to send their empty containers back to Asian export markets rather than wait for U.S. export loads. In light of this, unnecessary costs can be the difference between being able to export from the United States or not. The market impediments of a few extra miles to the nearest intermodal terminal, the cost of repositioning a container, and empty miles to pick up a chassis all adversely affect the export decision. There are also numerous hidden costs and inefficiencies in the freight transportation system that are barriers to exports. All the factors discussed above and the many others that exist impede export freight logistics and need to be identified and quantified using appropriate metrics. Improving this system will improve the global competiveness of U.S. goods and provide a welcome boost to the U.S. economy. Research is needed to identify and, where appropriate, quantify factors that impede export freight logistics and discuss ways that these impediments might be addressed. The objectives of the research are to (1) identify the domestic impediments (e.g., those related to infrastructure and equipment supply; environmental, safety, and security legislation and regulations; land use issues; and transportation service) that currently restrict U.S. export supply chains; and (2) identify options for improving export freight logistics without degrading the existing import supply chain. KW - Competition KW - Drayage KW - Economic growth KW - Exports KW - Gross domestic product KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Logistics KW - Supply chain management UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3126 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332860 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01528661 TI - Updating A Guide to Standardized Highway Lighting Pole Hardware AB - The objective of this project is to update the Guide to Standardized Highway Lighting Pole Hardware. This guide has not been updated since 1980 and is well out of date. The 1980 guide is outdated in several areas including the following: It does not reflect the requirements of the 1994 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Structural supports for Highway Signs, Luminaries and Traffic Signals; It does not reflect Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) mandated crash testing of components; It does not include other materials currently being used such as prestressed concrete, fiber reinforced plastic and wood: Nor does it include a wide array of hardware associated with traffic signal poles. The project deliverables are an updated Guide, in hard copy and electronic formats, and a final report which describes the project, and which recommends a process for future updating. KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Impact tests KW - Lighting columns KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Roadside safety hardware KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic signs UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/124 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1313442 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489642 TI - Maintain CMF Clearinghouse AB - The crash modification factor (CMF) Clearinghouse users can search the clearinghouse for needed CMFs, submit CMFs & recommend needed CMFs. KW - Crash modification factors KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258872 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01489575 TI - Develop an Unsignalized Intersection Informational Guide w/NCHRP AB - Develop a companion guide to the Signalized Intersection Guide for unsignalized intersections. KW - Handbooks KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258732 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466561 TI - Extensive Web-Based Application Development Framework for Non-Motorized Modeling Applications AB - This project supports the livability initiative of the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). In addition, this effort supports FHWAs objective to disseminate present and future research results in a form suitable for use in transportation planning applications with the goal of improving the quality and value of non-motorized transportation system analysis specifically and improving travel demand modeling generally. KW - Information dissemination KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Quality KW - Quality of life KW - Sustainable development KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234796 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01560768 TI - Mid America Freight Coalition Pooled Fund Program AB - The industries and farms of the Mississippi Valley region can compete in the marketplace only if their products can move reliably, safely and at reasonable cost to market. Growing congestion threatens the sustainability of this freight movement. The people of the region are dependent upon farms and industries for their livelihoods and their economic quality of life depends on the flow of goods to our markets. The Mississippi Valley Freight Coalition was created to protect and support the economic wellbeing of the industries, farms and people of the region by keeping the products of those industries, farms and people flowing to markets reliably, safely, and efficiently. The objective of this project are as follows: (1) Share information between agencies that will improve the understanding of freight issues and the management of freight services and facilities. (2) Reach out to and share ideas with private sector shippers and carriers on approaches to making freight flow more smoothly through the region. (3) Gather, analyze and share information on the movement of freight throughout the region with sister agencies and with private sector interests. (4) Define a system of regionally significant freight highway, rail and water corridors and facilities and establish performance expectations for those facilities that will guide their management and operations. (5) Evaluate, implement and operate technologies and other roadway appurtenances from a regional perspective and in a manner that supports the reliable, efficient and safe movement of freight. (6) Evaluate, implement and enforce traffic and vehicle regulations that promote the reliable, efficient and safe movement of freight. (7) Identify corridors or bottlenecks that frustrate the movement of freight and then taking actions, individually or as a group, to improve those corridors or bottlenecks. (8) Define and support national transportation policies that will support and improve the movement of freight in the region. KW - Bottlenecks KW - Freight flow KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Mississippi Valley Freight Coalition KW - Traffic regulations KW - Transportation corridors UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/382 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351331 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573322 TI - Research Program to Support the Research, Development, and Deployment of System Operations Applications of Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) AB - Through a set of pooled fund studies, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) is working with federal, state and local departments of transportation, to establish a multi-phase program to facilitate the field demonstration, and deployment of Connected Transportation Systems infrastructure applications. In Phase I, the participants are focused on modeling, development, engineering and planning activities that will aid transportation agencies in justifying and promoting the large scale deployment of Connected Transportation Systems. Phase 2, of the program will continue research and development to prepare agencies to deploy connected vehicle environments. KW - Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure Systems KW - Deployment KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Research KW - System operations KW - Vehicle infrastructure integration KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/431 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380490 AU - Schmidt, Jennifer D AU - Sicking, Dean L AU - Faller, Ronald K AU - Lechtenberg, Karla A AU - Bielenberg, Robert W AU - Reid, John D AU - Rosenbaugh, Scott K AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Phase II Development of a Non-Proprietary, Four- Cable, High Tension Median Barrier PY - 2012/03/12/Final Report SP - 229p AB - During the last decade, the use of cable median barriers has risen dramatically. Cable barriers are often utilized in depressed medians with widths ranging from 30 to 50 ft (9.1 to 15.2 m) and with fill slopes as steep as 4H:1V. A careful review of accident records has indicated that passenger vehicles do occasionally penetrate through the standard 3-cable median barrier and enter opposing traffic lanes. As a result, the Midwest States Pooled Fund Program sponsored a research and development project to improve the safety performance of existing, non-proprietary, cable median barriers. These safety improvements included increased cable spacing, increased cable height, the use of four cables, increased cable tension, and optimized cable attachment to posts. Two Test Level 3 crash tests were performed on a four-cable, high-tension median barrier placed in a 46-ft (14.0-m) wide, 4H:1V Vditch. All tests were conducted according to the safety performance guidelines provided in the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). The first test utilized an 1100C small car impacting the barrier located 27 ft (8.2 m) laterally away from the front slope break point. The vehicle was contained and redirected by the barrier and deemed acceptable according to the MASH guidelines. The second test utilized a 2270P pickup truck impacting the barrier placed on a downslope and 12 ft (3.7 m) laterally away from the front slope break point. The pickup truck overrode the system and subsequently rolled, thus the second crash test was deemed unacceptable according to the MASH guidelines. KW - AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware KW - Acceptance tests KW - Cable guardrails KW - Crash records KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Roadside safety hardware UR - http://ne-ltap.unl.edu/Documents/NDOR/Phase_II_Dev_of%20High_Tension_Barrier.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45100/45169/Phase_II_Dev_of_High_Tension_Barrier.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147521 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01541251 TI - Enhancements to the FHWA-FST2DH Model for Simulating Two-dimensional Depth-averaged Flow and Sediment Transport AB - The objectives of this research is to enhance the FHWA-FST2DH Model for Simulating Two-dimensional Depth-averaged Flow and Sediment Transport. The research will address the following needs: (1) Improve Equation Solution Schemes - Implement parallel versions of several popular iterative methods for solving systems of equations. This will allow much faster computation times thus increasing productivity and the application of more complicated solutions to complex surface water flows. (2) Update and Testing of Sediment Transport Algorithms - Existing sediment transport algorithms will be tested using both hypothetical cases and comparison to measured data from both laboratory experiments and onsite studies of scour at river bends and constrictions (such as bridge openings). Sediment transport formulas not currently included in the existing formula library will also be added. (3) Update of Bridge Pier Local Scour Calculations - Bridge pier local scour calculations will be updated to include the most recent HEC-18 procedures, as well as other optional local scour calculation methods not currently coded in the model. (4) Update FST2DH Manual that would include the following: (a) Descriptions of improved sediment transport algorithms. (b) An added appendix that describes sediment transport test applications and new sediment transport formulas. (c) An added appendix that describes use of new equation solution schemes. (d) An added appendix that describes solution parameter uncertainty estimate calculations and how they can be used in practical design of hydraulic structures such as bridges and river training works. (e) Conversion of current WordPerfect electronic format to Microsoft Word electronic format. This encompasses much more than an import/export operation from either WordPerfect or Microsoft Word since all equations will need to be re-typed and the document will need to be reformatted completely. KW - Algorithms KW - Flood plains KW - Flow capacity (Water flow) KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Scour KW - Streambeds UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/476 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1328367 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01465830 TI - A Peer Exchange and Review of Deep Foundation Testing Methodologies at Caltrans AB - There are two objectives of this study; first to perform a peer review of the Caltrans Geotechnical Services Foundation Testing Branch (FTB). This review will evaluate current practices used to for deep foundations (piles) on Caltrans construction projects. Some of the current test methods, practices and procedures include gamma-gamma logging (GGL); crosshole sonic logging (CSL); pile load testing, Pile Driving Analyses ,Sonic Caliper Testing and Vibration Monitoring. Information to be reviewed includes current operational practices and procedures associated with managing the testing program, conducting the tests, and managing the analysis and reports generated for Caltrans projects. In addition to reviewing Caltrans current practice, the review will identify best practices and improvements that can be made to the current methodologies used to accept deep foundations. Included in this effort will be the identification of new technologies that should be considered by Caltrans for adoption. The second objective of this review effort is to be available to provide advice to the Department regarding their continuing effort of reviewing existing GGL data and to evaluate processes for adequacy. KW - Best practices KW - Crosshole sonic logging KW - Deep foundations KW - Peer exchange KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Technological innovations KW - Vibration UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/491 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01371309 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Refinements to DOT’s Management of the Highway Trust Fund’s Solvency Could Improve the Understanding and Accuracy of Shortfall Projections PY - 2012/03/06 SP - 43p AB - In recent years, the Highway Trust Fund (HTF), comprised of the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Highway Account (HA) and the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) Mass Transit Account (MTA), has confronted solvency concerns as its outlays have significantly outpaced its excise tax receipts. An insolvency event in HTF could have severe consequences across the economy, possibly causing States to suspend billions of dollars in highway projects and transit agencies to suspend public transportation services. At the end of fiscal years 2008 and 2009, HA faced possible shortfalls, and Congress transferred $8 billion and $7 billion, respectively, from the General Fund. In fiscal year 2010, Congress made another General Fund transfer to HA of $14.7 billion and $4.8 billion to MTA. As a result of these infusions, HA and MTA avoided the shortfalls that both were projected to experience by early fiscal year 2011. While DOT is responsible for the management of HA and MTA’s balances, it does not control the amount and timing of revenues and outlays. The U. S. Department of Transportation Office of Inspector General (OIG) was asked to identify and assess (1) the procedures that FHWA and FTA use to monitor HA and MTA’s balances and identify and manage possible shortfalls in those accounts, and (2) DOT’s methods of communicating with Congress and recipients regarding possible shortfalls in HA and MTA. The requester also asked OIG to review the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Airways and Airport Trust Fund (AATF) because it is similar to HTF but has not experienced similar solvency problems. Accordingly, OIG reviewed the practices that FAA uses to manage AATF to assess whether they would be useful to FHWA and FTA. In summary, as a result of HA’s 2008 shortfall, both FHWA and FTA (the OAs) instituted cash tracking procedures to forecast shortfalls, and FHWA instituted additional procedures to adjust when necessary the amount and timing of HA’s outlays to States. While these forecasts are accurate over the long term, they do not account for revenue variances and short-term outlay deviations, which makes it difficult to predict the specific date on which a shortfall will occur. While DOT communicates regularly with Congress regarding HA and MTA’s balances and possible shortfalls, it does not inform recipients of its management procedures─information that would provide context for the accounts’ balances. FAA’s AATF has certain fail-safe funding mechanisms that are unavailable to HTF. However, FAA employs some practices for tracking of AATF’s outlays which, if adopted by HTF’s managers, could improve the accuracy of HTF’s short-term outlay estimates. KW - Accounting KW - Airport and Airways Trust Fund KW - Communication KW - Estimating KW - Financial analysis KW - Financial management KW - Financing KW - Highway Account KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Mass Transit Account KW - Shortfall analysis KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration UR - http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/HTF%20Solvency%20Audit%20Report%5E3-6-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139383 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573319 TI - ITS Pooled Fund Program (ENTERPRISE) AB - The objectives of this project are to: (1) Investigate and promote intelligent transportation systems (ITS) approaches and technologies that are compatible with other national and international ITS initiatives. (2) Support the individual ITS program plans of ENTERPRISE participants. (3) Provide a mechanism to support multistate and international project cooperation and technical information interchange. (4)Facilitate the formation of public-private partnerships for appropriate program activities. (5) Pursue emerging ITS project opportunities in areas of interest to the group. (6) Provide test beds in a variety of environments and locations for emerging ITS technologies. (7) Identify common needs within the group and proceed with appropriate technical activities. KW - Cooperation KW - Information dissemination KW - Information exchange KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Public private partnerships KW - Technical information KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/459 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366543 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01563874 TI - Traffic Signal Systems Operations and Management AB - Signalized arterial represent a substantial component of the highway transportation network in the United States. The National Transportation Operations Coalition (NTOC) in their 2007 Traffic Signal Report Card noted that nationally 5 to 10 percent of all traffic delay is caused by improper traffic signal timings along major roadways. In 2007, the National Report Card for overall traffic signal systems operations was a D. The situation is not expected to improve as travel demand is forecast to grow significantly faster than network capacity. The increase in national attention on sustainable and livable communities necessitate a concentrated effort be placed upon improved management and operation of our nations traffic signal system inventory. The Transportation Management Center (TMC) Pooled fund study (SPR-2(207)) initiated in 2000, has been very successful at generating consensus on best management practices for traffic management centers oriented mainly towards freeway operations. It is desirable to develop a similar pooled fund study oriented toward traffic signal operations and management that would complement SPR-2(207) and engage a broad cross section of agencies on the leading edge of active traffic signal management. The objective of this project is to develop a network of transportation agencies to: (i) develop consensus on operational standards of performance; (ii) define a central management model that can leverage commercial wireless IP offerings that can be competitively outsourced; and (iii) management principles for using a central system to identify when and where resources are most needed to maximize return on investment. The level of participation and associated funding commitments will allow for additional opportunities over time or in parallel to explore additional traffic signal initiatives beyond those described herein. For example, the evaluation of adaptive control field deployments and associated systems engineering guidance documents under development by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). KW - Adaptive control KW - Best practices KW - Management models KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/487 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1354980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582866 AU - Hunter, Michael AU - Fujimoto, Richard AU - Guin, Angshuman AU - Laval, Jorge AU - Henclewood, Dwayne AU - Suh, Wonho AU - Huang, Ya-Lin AU - Li, Ying AU - Stebar, Brian AU - Chari, Prashant AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Real Time Estimation of Arterial Travel Time and Operational Measures through Integration of Real Time Fixed Sensor Data and Simulation PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 189p AB - The effort presented in this report aims to compliment real-time freeway information by addressing the more limited availability of real-time arterial performance measures. This research project explores the feasibility of integrating real-time data streams with an arterial simulation to support an arterial performance monitoring system. Such information will facilitate increased efficiency in facility utilization by enabling more informed decisions in the use and management of Georgia’s transportation facilities. This objective was accomplished by undertaking the following tasks: 1) Describe the current state of practice concerning the estimation of real-time arterial performance measures, 2) Develop a federated (integrated) simulation test-bed for testing procedures and algorithms, 3) Determine the feasibility of integrating point sensor data with simulation to create a data-driven, on-line simulation tool, 4) Develop procedures and algorithms to calibrate an on-line simulation tool that estimates travel time and other performance measures in real-time, 5) Determine any potential improvements in travel time estimation resulting from sensors placed in atypical locations, such as immediately downstream of an intersection, 6) Field-test the data-driven, on-line arterial simulation tool on a target corridor, and 7) Devise method(s) to deliver travel time and other operational characteristics to the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) and the general public. KW - Arterial highways KW - Data integration KW - Georgia KW - Operational performance KW - Real time data processing KW - Sensors KW - Simulation KW - Travel time UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/09-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510706 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Elgin O'Hare-West Bypass study, tier two, Cook and DuPage counties : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/03//Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510705 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-395/Route 9 transportation study : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/03//Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509782 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Construction of a new State Route and Port of Entry in the East Otay Mesa area of the City and County of San Diego, California from the State Route 905/State Route 125 interchange to the U.S.-Mexico border Route 11 post mile (PM) 0.0 to 2.8; Route 905 PM R8.4 to 10.1 : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/03//Volumes held: Draft, F KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507937 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Eastern Hills Drive and connecting roadways, Pottawattamie County : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/03//Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01478251 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Standard Highway Signs 2004 Edition, 2012 Supplement PY - 2012/03 SP - 390p AB - The information contained in this document reflects the new and revised sign designs that have been adopted in the 2009 Edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD). This Supplement serves as an interim update until a new edition of the Standard Highway Signs and Markings publication is released at a future date. The sign designs contained in this Supplement will be incorporated into the new edition of Standard Highway Signs and Markings. The new edition, currently in progress, will contain expanded sign design guidelines, the Standard Alphabets, and updated information for standard arrow designs, pavement markings, and symbolic traffic control signal indications. The new and updated sign designs in this Supplement supersede any previous designs for the same signs contained in the 2004 Edition of Standard Highway Signs. KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Lettering KW - Road markings KW - Specifications KW - Symbol signs KW - Traffic signs UR - http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/shse/shs_2004_2012_sup.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475850 AU - McGrath, Tim AU - Schaefer, Ron AU - Newton, Diane AU - Schoka, Andy AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Electronic Freight Management (EFM) Governance PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 32p AB - The Electronic Freight Management (EFM) initiative is a U.S. Department of Transportation-sponsored project that applies web technologies to improve data and message transmissions between supply chain partners. This report describes a new EFM Governance Model and the necessary steps to implement the model. EFM Governance is the system through which the national and international freight communities’ demand for and supply of electronic business services to support freight operations (EFM) is directed and controlled. Governance involves evaluating and directing the implementation and operations of EFM communities among collaborating organizations and monitoring its employment to achieve planned business objectives. It also includes the strategy and policies for using EFM among those collaborating communities. This document outlines and details these overarching strategies and policing for using EFM and assesses the options for structural models that are appropriate for EFM Governance. KW - Data communications KW - Electronic freight management KW - Freight traffic KW - Information technology KW - Strategic planning KW - Supply chain management UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46088/EFM_Governance_v7_FINAL.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475835 AU - Morian, Dennis A AU - Van Dam, Thomas AU - Perera, Rohan AU - Quality Engineering Solutions, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Pavements PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 149p AB - This report presents available information regarding the use of air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) as coarse aggregate in concrete pavements. The report discusses ACBFS aggregate production and properties, and the properties of concrete produced with ACBFS coarse aggregate. Both the physical and chemical properties of ACBFS are presented, as are the properties of the concrete produced with ACBFS coarse aggregate. Additionally, the field performance of concrete pavements containing ACBFS coarse aggregate and observed material related distresses in these pavements are presented, along with results from laboratory evaluations of concrete containing ACBFS coarse aggregate. Finally, the life-cycle and maintenance costs associated with concrete pavements incorporating ACBFS aggregate in the concrete are also discussed in the report. While the available information included both domestic and international experience with the use of ACBFS aggregate in concrete, the predominance of information reviewed came primarily from States which have, or previously have had, supplies of ACBFS aggregate: Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and New York. KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Slag UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46184/Use_of_air-cooled_blast_furnance_slag_Final_rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472548 AU - Shenoda, Michael AU - Karaa, Fadi AU - College of New Jersey AU - New Jersey Institute of Technology AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development and Implementation of a Segment/Junction Box Level Database for the ITS Fiber Optic Conduit Network PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 27p AB - This project initiated the development of a computerized database of intelligent transportation system (ITS) facilities, including conduits, junction boxes, cameras, connections, etc. The current system consists of a database of conduit sections of various lengths. Over the length of a section, materials sometimes change and the numbers, types, and locations of junction boxes are unknown. The accurate location of conduits in the medium and long-term can be best undertaken with a cross-referenced segment and junction box inventory. This work focused on fiber optic conduit and junction boxes and the development of a detailed database of segment-level conduits. It involved locating, surveying, and inspecting various conduits and junction boxes to allow the identification of physical characteristics (diameter, length, material, etc.) and location characteristics (global positioning system (GPS) coordinates, soil type, under asphalt/concrete/grass, proximity to other utilities/clutter, etc.). This field verification will improve the quality and accuracy of inventory information for future construction and expansion of the network. The existing inventory database(s) of the ITS fiber optic conduit system, which are at the section level and do not include junction box data, was used as a starting point for the development of an expanded and improved system. A joint College of New Jersey and New Jersey Institute of Technology team worked to develop the system. KW - Databases KW - Fiber optics KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Inventory KW - Junction boxes KW - New Jersey KW - Underground conduits UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46200/46250/FHWA-NJ-2012-001_Development_and_implementation_of_a_segment_junction_box.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1239150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472477 AU - Casavant, Ken AU - Simmons, Sara AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Transportation Northwest Regional Center X (TransNow) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Economic and Environmental Impacts of the Columbia-Snake River Extended Lock Outage PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 85p AB - This report’s main objective is to analyze the change in rates and modal costs for shippers, commodity industries and ports prior to, during and after the fifteen week lock outage and to determine the impacts on the environment in the form of energy consumption and emissions production prior to, during and after the lock outage. Waterborne movements are one of the more economical and cost-efficient methods of transport among all modes of transportation, comprising a key component of the Pacific Northwest multimodal transportation system. Commodity shipments moving through this river system were recently halted for 15 weeks during the winter of 2010-2011 for an unprecedented extended lock outage. The specific research objectives and methodology for the entire study as well as economic and environmental impacts are reviewed in Section 1. Section 2 summarizes the four phases of the study and includes data and sections from those commentaries. Additional tables are available in Appendix A. Section 3 reviews the economic costs of the lock outage for major commodity industries, shippers and ports. Section 4 discusses the environmental impacts of the lock outage. This section begins with a review of literature of energy intensity coefficients and emissions coefficients for various transportation modes. Then energy used via different modes prior to and during the lock outage are calculated and discussed. The same is done for emissions produced during these time periods. Section 5 provides a summary of the entire study and describes the value of the river. KW - Barges KW - Columbia-Snake River Waterway KW - Economic impacts KW - Energy consumption KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight traffic KW - Locks (Waterways) KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Pollutants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46200/46253/TNW2012-01_Economic_and_environmental_impacts_of_the_Columbia-Snake_River.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1239153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469569 AU - Hatami, Kianoosh AU - Mahmood, Tahsina AU - Zaman, Musharraf AU - Ghabchi, Rouzbeh AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of ODOT Guidelines for the Use of Geogrids in Aggregate Bases PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 210p AB - A primary objective of the current study was to help the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) expand its selection of approved geogrid products for base reinforcement applications by producing measured data on selected geogrids and a dense-graded base aggregate commonly used in ODOT roadway projects. The study involved in-isolation and in-aggregate laboratory testing of several base reinforcement geogrid products from major geosynthetic suppliers. In-isolation test included rib strength and junction strength tests, and in-aggregate tests included pullout and plate load tests. Field-scale installation damage tests were also performed. Test results on different geogrids in this study were aimed to quantify the significance of the geogrids in-isolation properties on their in-aggregate response under control conditions. KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Geogrids KW - Geosynthetics KW - Plate bearing test KW - Pull out test KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Strength of materials UR - http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/p-r-div/spr-rip/library/reports/rad_spr2-i2220-fy2011-rpt-final-hatami.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458213 AU - Lebow, Stan AU - Kirker, Grant AU - White, Robert AU - Amburgey, Terry AU - Barnes, H Michael AU - Sanders, Michael AU - Morrell, Jeff AU - Department of Agriculture AU - Forest Products Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guide for In-Place Treatment of Wood in Historic Covered and Modern Bridges PY - 2012/03//General Technical Report SP - 50p AB - Historic covered bridges and current timber bridges can be vulnerable to damage from biodeterioration or fire. This guide describes procedures for selecting and applying in-place treatments to prevent or arrest these forms of degradation. Vulnerable areas for biodeterioration in covered bridges include members contacting abutments, members near the ends of bridges subject to wetting from splashing and members below windows or other openings that allow entry of wind-blown precipitation. Pressure-treated timber bridge members can be vulnerable when untreated wood is exposed by field fabrication or by the development of drying checks. The objective of an in-place preservative treatment is to distribute preservative into areas of a structure that are vulnerable to moisture accumulation and/or not protected by the original pressure treatment. Types of field treatments range from finishes, to boron rods or pastes, to fumigants. A limitation of in-place treatments is that they cannot be forced deeply into the wood as is done in pressure-treatment processes. However, some can be applied into the center of large members via treatment holes. These preservatives may be available as liquids, rods or pastes. Bridge members can be treated with fire retardants to delay ignition, reduce heat release, and slow the spread of flames. In-place coating products are available to reduce surface flammability, but these coatings may need to be reapplied on a regular basis if exposed to weathering. For more integrated protection, fire retardant treatment of bridge members may be combined with other forms of protection such as lights, alarms, sprinklers and monitoring systems. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Covered bridges KW - Deterioration KW - Fires KW - Moisture damage KW - Wood preservatives KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr205.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457118 AU - Taylor, Peter C AU - Yurdakul, Ezgi AU - Ceylan, Halil AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - Concrete Pavement Mixture Design and Analysis (MDA): Application of a Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Technique to Assess Concrete Mix Proportions PY - 2012/03//Technical Report SP - 33p AB - Any transportation infrastructure system is inherently concerned with durability and performance issues. The proportioning and uniformity control of concrete mixtures are critical factors that directly affect the longevity and performance of the portland cement concrete pavement systems. At present, the only means available to monitor mix proportions of any given batch are to track batch tickets created at the batch plant. However, this does not take into account potential errors in loading materials into storage silos, calibration errors, and addition of water after dispatch. Therefore, there is a need for a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable field test that estimates the proportions of as-delivered concrete mixtures. In addition, performance based specifications will be more easily implemented if there is a way to readily demonstrate whether any given batch is similar to the proportions already accepted based on laboratory performance testing. The goal of the present research project is to investigate the potential use of a portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique to assess the proportions of concrete mixtures as they are delivered. Tests were conducted on the raw materials, paste and mortar samples using a portable XRF device. There is a reasonable correlation between the actual and calculated mix proportions of the paste samples, but data on mortar samples was less reliable. KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Mix design KW - Performance based specifications UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14952/1/IA_DOT_TPF-5%28205%29_InTrans_mda_xrf.pdf UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/mda_xrf_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454871 AU - Ceifetz, Andrew H AU - Bagdade, Jeffrey AU - Nabors, Dan AU - Sawyer, Michael AU - Eccles, Kim AU - Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing Safety Plans: A Manual for Local Rural Road Owners PY - 2012/03 SP - 66p AB - Local road practitioners across the country play a critical role in addressing crash risks at the local level and may be able to identify the specific or unique conditions that contribute to crashes within their jurisdictions. The Local Road Safety Plan (LRSP) offers a foundation for consensus and focus. It defines key emphasis areas and strategies that impact local rural roads and provides a framework to accomplish safety enhancements at the local level. The LRSP helps communities take a proactive stance in reducing and preventing local road fatalities and injuries. This document guides the development of an LRSP. KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Local government agencies KW - Local Road Safety Plan KW - Local roads KW - Manuals KW - Rural highways KW - Strategic Highway Safety Plan UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/local_rural/training/fhwasa12017/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1223380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01448619 AU - Barnes, David L AU - Seefeldt, Steve AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Attenuation and Effectiveness of Triclopyr and 2,4-D Along Alaska Highway Rights-of-Way in a Continental and a Coastal Subarctic Environment PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 111p AB - After more than 20 years of only mechanical brush cutting, the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (ADOT&PF) evaluated the use of herbicides to manage vegetation that interferes with line-of-sight and maintenance of the roadway. While researchers have investigated herbicide effectiveness and attenuation in more-temperate climates, little study has focused on cold regions. The purpose of this project was to measure the effectiveness and attenuation of two different selective auxin-type herbicides, 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl acetic acid (triclopyr) in two subarctic climates: an extremely cold continental climate and a maritime climate. Conclusions from this study will aid the ADOT&PF in developing a plan for controlling vegetation along highway rights-of-way in Alaska. KW - Alaska KW - Frigid regions KW - Herbicides KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Vegetation control UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2012/10/107024.Barnes.-Veggie.-2009a.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46300/46327/Attenuation_and_effectiveness_of_triclopyr_and_2_4-D.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1215925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444746 AU - Day, Christopher M AU - Wasson, Jason S AU - Brennan, Thomas M AU - Bullock, Darcy M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of Travel Time Information for Traffic Management PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 43p AB - This report summarizes findings and implementations of probe vehicle data collection based on Bluetooth MAC address matching technology. Probe vehicle travel time data are studied in the following field deployment case studies: analysis of traffic characteristics on key routes during a special event (the Brickyard 400 race in Indianapolis, IN); assessment of delay to motorists during road construction; assessment of motorist compliance with work zone speed limits with and without heavy police enforcement; analysis of route choice during road construction in northwestern Indiana; and evaluation of winter operations on a signalized arterial. In addition to these case studies, the data collection equipment infrastructure was used to collect data for several other concurrent projects that focused on measuring arterial travel time. A discussion of the results from those studies is also provided. In addition to case implementation summaries, Appendixes provide recommendations for sensor deployment height and the construction of efficient SQL queries. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bluetooth technology KW - Case studies KW - Highway traffic control KW - Probe vehicles KW - Road construction KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel time KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314666 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45703/fulltext.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444745 AU - McDaniel, Rebecca S AU - Kowalski, Karol J AU - Shah, Ayesha AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for Surface Mixtures PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 43p AB - The Indiana Department of Transportation has successfully used Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) for decades because of its economic and environmental benefits. Because of uncertainties regarding the types of aggregates contained in RAP and their resulting frictional properties, however, INDOT has until recently disallowed the use of RAP in asphalt surface mixtures. In addition, the hardened asphalt binder in the RAP could potentially increase the occurrence of thermal cracking. This research was conducted to explore the effects on RAP with poor or unknown aggregate qualities to establish maximum allowable RAP contents to provide adequate friction. The effects of RAP on thermal cracking were then investigated at the potential allowable RAP contents. Laboratory testing showed that the addition of poor quality RAP materials did impact the frictional properties and cracking resistance of the mixtures, but that lower amounts of RAP had little effect. The frictional performance of the laboratory fabricated and field sampled RAP materials was acceptable at contents of 25% but may be questionable at 40%. Field friction testing was also conducted on existing roadways with RAP to explore their field frictional performance. Several low volume roadways and one experimental interstate project were tested. The field results showed acceptable performance after 3 to 5 years of low volume traffic at RAP contents of 15‐25% and after more than 10 years of interstate traffic with 15% RAP. The low temperature testing showed an increased susceptibility to thermal cracking as the RAP content increased but the change in critical cracking temperature was relatively small at the 25% RAP level. At 40% RAP without a change in the virgin binder grade, the critical cracking temperature was about 6°C warmer than the control mixture. This finding supports the need for a binder grade change for RAP contents greater than 25%, as indicated in other research and as required by the current INDOT specifications. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Field tests KW - Friction tests KW - Indiana KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement cracking KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Thermal degradation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314665 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45697/fulltext.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383569 AU - Rensel, Eric AU - Lebo, Dennis AU - Graves, Brett AU - Malarich, Kathy AU - Yorks, Charles AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Gannett Fleming, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Incident Management: Cost Management and Cost Recovery PY - 2012/03 SP - 66p AB - This publication provides mid-level managers at transportation agencies with the resources they need to explain the benefits of traffic incident management (TIM) and TIM cost management and cost recovery to executive leadership. It also provides the same mid-level managers with information that will help them implement TIM cost management and cost recovery techniques. Costs recovery is the reimbursement for services from sources outside of the direct budget that funds the program seeking reimbursement. Cost management includes all efforts to maximize the cost-benefit relationship of program activities and involves a cyclical loop of cost planning, tracking, analysis, and evaluation and reprogramming. While costs related to responder and motorist injury, disability, fatality, and the related medical and societal costs are not addressed here as those issues are addressed in a variety of ways in the existing literature, “recoverable costs” related to TIM such as tactical and strategic costs are addressed. Costs are classified as being recovered when the program receives full or partial reimbursement from sources outside of the budget. The publication begins with a discussion of the fundamentals of what constitutes a TIM program as well as the more intricate details of what makes a TIM program effective. The document also details information about the fundamentals of cost management and cost recovery, the current state of the practice, and how practitioners can take advantage of opportunities to manage and recover costs. The document concludes by recognizing that the conversation of how to pay for recurring costs of TIM and transportation operations is just beginning, suggesting what research is still needed to progress in TIM cost management and cost recovery. KW - Cost accounting KW - Cost management KW - Cost recovery KW - Costs KW - Incident management KW - Traffic incidents KW - Transportation departments UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12044/fhwahop12044.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1148267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376251 AU - McGowen, Patrick AU - Albert, Stephen AU - Chaudhari, Jaydeep AU - Gleason, Rebecca AU - Ewan, Levi AU - Scott, Andy AU - Johnson, Jerry AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Livability for Montana Transportation PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 159p AB - The concept of livability is not new to Montana or the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT). Helping build great places in great environments has long been embedded in the department’s mission, and even the state constitution. In light of the current national dialogue on livability, the challenge facing MDT is to more formally define livability for Montana and its communities and understand how livability relates to Montana’s transportation needs. The purpose of this study is to determine what livability means for Montana and the role of transportation. To achieve the goal of the study, the research team: (1) scanned existing demographic data and literature; (2) conducted interviews of peer states; (3) conducted a qualitative analysis on Montana TranPlan 21 public comments; (4) conducted a public survey of Montana communities and a local elected leader survey; and (5) interviewed Montana partner agencies and key MDT staff. The study finds that Montana has some unique characteristics that may have a bearing on measures of its livability. For example, sixty-two percent of Montanans live in areas where the population density is 800 people per square mile or higher, but those areas account for only 0.1 percent of the land area. Along with its unique character, the surveys conducted for this study indicate that Montana is also a good place to live. Survey respondents endorsed the belief that MDT projects add value to their quality of life. There were some consistent themes identified through the various tasks of this study. One size does not fit all, and any definition of livability should have some flexibility and scalability based on local needs and a community vision. Well maintained road system, safety, public transportation systems, bike and pedestrian facilities, and winter maintenance are important features of livability for Montana communities. Based on research and outreach, the research team proposes the following definition for livability in Montana as it relates to transportation: “Provide a transportation system that emphasizes a safe, maintained road network; allows for multimodal transportation opportunities; and considers local community values.” – This report and related materials can be found at http://www.mdt.mt.gov/research/projects/planning/benchmarks.shtml. KW - Communities KW - Highway maintenance KW - Montana KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Quality of life KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Transportation safety UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/benchmarks/final_report_apr12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376111 AU - Molders, Nicole AU - Tran, Huy N Q AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Fairbanks North Star Borough AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Assessment of the Contribution of Traffic Emissions to the Mobile Vehicle Measured PM2.5 Concentration by Means of WRF-CMAQ Simulations PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 50p AB - The Alaska adapted version of the Weather Research and Forecasting and the Community Modeling and Analysis Quality (WRF-CMAQ) modeling systems was used to assess the contribution of traffic to the PM2.5-concentration in the Fairbanks nonattainment area and to develop an algorithm to interpolate mobile measurements into areas without any observations. Simulations were performed with WRF-CMAQ with and without consideration of traffic emission for two episodes in winter 2009/10 and 2010/11. Comparison of the simulation results with observations showed that the Alaska adapted WRF-CMAQ has relatively good performance in simulating meteorological quantities and PM2.5-concentrations. Comparison of the simulations with and without consideration of traffic emissions revealed that emissions from traffic contributed to about 10% on average to the total PM2.5-concentration in the Fairbanks nonattainment area during the two episodes. The interpolation algorithm was developed based on the WRF-CMAQ results of the first episode and its performance was demonstrated by the results of the second episode. The algorithm can be used in the future to produce spatial distributions of PM2.5-concentrations over the nonattainment area based on the limited observation made by the instrumented vehicle. The interpolated distributions can be visualized and put onto the web to serve as a tool to provide spatially differentiated air quality advisory to the public. KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental policy KW - Exhaust gases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mobile sources KW - National Ambient Air Quality Standards KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants KW - Simulation KW - Uncertainty UR - http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/files/2012/05/Assessment-of-the-Contribution-of-Traffic-Emissions.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376098 AU - Agrawal, Anil K AU - Liu, Huabei AU - Imbsen, Roy A AU - Zong, Xin AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Seismic Design Considerations, Volume I: Technical Approaches and Results and Volume II: Appendices II - VIII PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 604p AB - New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) has adopted “AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design” approved by the Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures in 2007. The main objective of research presented in this report has been to resolve the following issues for an effective implementation of American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide Specifications: (i) AASHTO Guide Specifications don’t provide any specific guidelines for classification and performance requirements for critical bridges. This issue is resolved by proposing performance requirements and classification criteria for critical bridges in New Jersey. (ii) Guide Specifications present displacement based approach, which is significantly different than the force-based approach in previous versions of seismic guidelines. Nine examples of reinforced concrete and steel bridges of different characteristics (spans, skew, etc.) illustrating the use of newly adopted seismic guide specifications have been developed for training of engineers in New Jersey. (iii) NJDOT maintains an extensive electronic database of soil boring logs for the State of New Jersey. A zip-code based soil site map for New Jersey has been developed by analyzing soil boring data and other available New Jersey soil information. This map can be used for a rapid seismic hazard evaluation for the entire state or for a network of bridges in the state. (iv) AASHTO Guide Specifications introduce seismic design categories based on local seismicity and soil properties. Using the seismic soil map and zip code based seismic spectra provided in the AAHSTO Guide Specifications, seismic design category maps for critical and standard bridges in New Jersey have been developed. A detailed analysis has also been carried out to develop liquefaction potential maps for the state of New Jersey. These maps can be used to determine the need for a detailed liquefaction analysis for a particular bridge site. A detailed guideline on developing site-specific spectra has also been developed, since AASHTO Guide Specifications recommend site-specific spectra for critical bridges. (v) Existing bridges in New Jersey are required to be retrofitted on the basis of the 2006 Edition of the “Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures: Part 1 – Bridges”. Simplified guidelines for seismic retrofit of existing bridges, that are consistent with guidelines for the design of new bridges in AASHTO Guide Specifications, have been developed. KW - AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - New Jersey KW - Performance measurement UR - http://www.nj.gov/transportation/refdata/research/reports/FHWA-NJ-2010-006.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46200/46249/FHWA-NJ-2010-006_Seismic_design_considerations.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376067 AU - Barendse, Matthew AU - Machan, George AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Evaluations of “ShapeAccelArray” In-place MEMS Inclinometer Strings for Subsurface Deformation Monitoring PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 14p AB - Continuous monitoring of subsurface ground movements is accomplished with in-place instruments utilizing automated data acquisition methods. These typically include Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) or assemblies of several servo-accelerometer-based, electrolytic level transducer-based, or Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) -accelerometer-based inclinometer probes that are usually aligned within special grooved casing. In-place inclinometers can determine the magnitude and direction of ground deformation, whereas TDR is primarily used to identify depths of active shearing only. Because the number of sensors in an in-place inclinometer chain may be somewhat limited due to cost or technological constraints, installation of in-place inclinometers on landslides has typically been preceded by the use of TDR or traversing probe inclinometers to target zones of interest. The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) participated in prototype installations to evaluate long MEMS-inclinometer strings that do not utilize grooved casing or guide wheels. The new, guideless device and installation method is being used to achieve detailed deformation profiling to detect multiple zones of ground deformation. This approach can survive very large ground deformations and continue to collect measurements, and is able to be retrieved from severely distorted casing and redeployed. KW - Deformation KW - Inclinometers KW - Instruments for measuring deformation or deflection KW - Landslides KW - MicroElectroMechanical System (MEMS) device KW - Subsurface motion KW - Time domain reflectometers UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-06-02%20final%20report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44700/44738/C-06-02_final_report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374556 AU - Helmicki, Arthur J AU - Hunt, Victor J AU - Nims, Douglas K AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Instrumentation of the Maumee River Crossing PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 150p AB - This project has focused on the instrumentation, monitoring and testing of the main span unit of the Veterans' Glass City Skyway (VGCS), one of Ohio’s first long-span, cable-stayed bridges and one of only a few dozen such bridges in service in the nation. This effort looked at five main areas: (1) health monitoring; assessment of the changes in force distribution and bridge condition during erection and early service, (2) verification of design assumptions during erection, (3) investigation of the unique design features which have been incorporated into the VGCS, (4) investigation into the unique erection features and sequencing which were used during its construction, and (5) investigation of stay cable vibration which is a general, unresolved issue for bridges of this type. The purpose of this and associated documents is to outline the completed scientific study, which happened to consist primarily of two phases. The first phase (Nims, 2002), contracted at the District level, included the initial structural analysis, modeling, instrumentation package design for the monitor, and casting into the segments of the embedded sensors. The goal of this first phase was to capture the critical instrumentation issues associated with this construction project and to develop a detailed instrumentation and testing in close consultation with Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) officials, bridge designers, and construction contractors. The second phase (Helmicki, 2003), contracted through Central Office, included permanent instrumentation operated through a computer controlled, digital data acquisition system located on-site and accessible tele-remotely via direct fiber optic internet connection, field calibration of a main span finite element model using truckload and modal field tests; verification of various design assumptions and erection load conditions; creation of a database of measurements for use as a supplement to the designer’s maintenance manual to provide guidance for conducting future maintenance, and determination of vibration performance of stay cable damping system under wind and rain-induced excitation. The goal of the second phase was to finish the monitor installation begun in the first phase, establish a baseline concept of structural behavior and performance by utilizing a combination of field tests and ambient monitoring, capturing the overall structural concept by calibration of the finite element models, and finally benchmarking the condition of the structure by comparison of the above with its design values. KW - Bridge design KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Field tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Long span bridges KW - Maintenance management KW - Maumee River Crossing Bridge KW - Ohio KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Vibration UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/798649713/viewonline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374404 AU - Hanson, Todd D AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the RapidAir 457 Air Void Analyzer PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 60p AB - An adequate air void system is imperative to produce concrete with freeze-thaw durability in a wet freeze environment such as found in Iowa. Specifications rely on a percentage of air obtained in the plastic state by the pressure meter. Actual, in place air contents, of some concrete pavements in Iowa, have been found with reduced air content due to a number of factors such as excessive vibration and inadequate mixing. Determining hardened air void parameters is a time consuming process involving potential for human error. The RapidAir 457 air void analyzer is an automated device used to determine hardened air void parameters. The device is used in Europe and has been shown to quickly produce accurate and repeatable hardened air results. This research investigates how well the RapidAir 457 results correlate to plastic air content and the image analysis air technique. The repeatability and operator variation were also investigated, as well as, the impact of aggregate porosity and selection of threshold value on hardened air results. KW - Air voids KW - Concrete KW - Concrete tests KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Hardened air KW - Iowa KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374317 AU - Wu, Zhong AU - Zhang, Zhongjie AU - King, William M AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Accelerated Loading Evaluation of Stabilized BCS Layers in Pavement Performance PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 101p AB - BCS is short for blended calcium sulfate, a recycled fluorogypsum mixture that has been used in Louisiana as a roadway base for more than a decade. Without further chemical stabilization, the major concern of using raw BCS as a pavement structural layer is its moisture susceptibility. In order to verify the efficiency of laboratory-derived BCS stabilization schemes and further assess related field performance and potential cost benefits, an accelerated pavement testing (APT) experiment was recently conducted at Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) using the Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF). The APT experiment included three different base test sections: the first one contained a granulated ground blast furnace slag stabilized BCS base course (called BCS/Slag), the second used a fly ash stabilized BCS base course (called BCS/Flyash), and the third had a crushed limestone base. Except for using different base materials, the three APT sections shared a common pavement structure: a 2-in. asphalt wearing course, an 8.5-in. base course, and a 12-in. lime-treated working table layer over an A-6 soil subgrade. Each section was instrumented with one multi-depth deflectometer and two pressure cells for measuring ALF moving load induced pavement responses (i.e., deflections and vertical stresses). The instrumentation data were collected at approximately every 8,500 ALF load repetitions; whereas, non-destructive deflection tests and surface distress surveys (for surface rutting and cracking) were performed at every 25,000 ALF load passes. The accelerated loading results generally indicated that the test section with a BCS/Slag base course outperformed the other two APT sections (i.e., the BCS/Flyash and the crushed stone sections) by a large margin. This was evidenced by all measurements in surface deflection, vertical compressive stress, rutting resistance, and pavement life. Post-mortem trench results revealed that the BCS/Slag base performed just like a lean concrete layer inside the pavement without any moisture-induced damage issues. The backcalculated layer moduli of the BCS/Slag base ranged from 1,190 ksi to 2,730 ksi, much higher than that of an asphalt concrete layer. In addition, the BCS/Flyash test section performed significantly better than the crushed stone test section in terms of the load carrying capacity, rutting resistance, and pavement life. However, post-mortem trench results showed a shear failure initialized inside the BCS/Flyash base layer on a failed station of the corresponding test section. Whether or not such a shear failure is indicative of a long-term moisture susceptibility problem for the BCS/Flyash base layer, especially under a constantly wet environment, remains a concern due to the relatively short loading period associated with any APT experiment. Based on APT results, it was estimated that structural layer coefficients for the BCS/Slag and BCS/Flyash base courses used in this APT study would be 0.34 and 0.29, respectively. A cost-benefit analysis showed that the implementation of a slag stabilized BCS base in lieu of a crushed stone base will lead to a thinner asphalt pavement design, which can result in an initial construction cost reduction up to 16 percent without compromising future pavement performance. On the other hand, a 30-year life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) based on a typical Louisiana low volume road pavement structure indicated that using an 8.5-in. slag stabilized or 8.5-in. fly ash stabilized BCS base course, in lieu of a 8.5-in. crushed stone base, will potentially result in an LCCA cost savings up to 62 percent and 56 percent per lane mile, respectively. Overall, it is concluded that both the slag and fly ash stabilized BCS materials evaluated in the study should be a good base material candidate for a flexible pavement design in Louisiana. However, caution should be made when using a fly ash stabilized BCS base under a constantly wet environment. KW - Accelerated loading facilities KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Blends KW - Calcium sulfates KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fly ash KW - Granulated slag KW - Louisiana KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Stabilized materials UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_474.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01373488 AU - Goyal, Raka AU - Dhonde, Hemant B AU - Dawood, Mina AU - University of Houston AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fatigue Failure and Cracking in High Mast Poles PY - 2012/03//Technical Report SP - 272p AB - This report presents the findings of a comprehensive research project to investigate the fatigue cracking and failure of galvanized high mast illumination poles (HMIP). Ultrasonic inspection of poles throughout the state has revealed the presence of weld toe cracks at the shaft-to-base-plate connections of some galvanized poles that the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) owns. However, the effect of these galvanization-induced cracks on the fatigue life of the poles has not been clearly defined. The first phase of this research involved extensive review of published and unpublished data, to identify key factors that contribute to galvanization-induced cracking. Best fabrication practices to minimize such cracking are recommended. In the second phase, a comprehensive reliability analysis of several TxDOT pole configurations was conducted for different regions in Texas to predict the fatigue lives of the cracked poles. Critical pole configurations and locations are identified to facilitate cost-effective decisions related to inspection, repair, and replacement of poles. KW - Failure KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Galvanizing KW - High mast lighting KW - Inspection KW - Lighting columns KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Texas KW - Ultrasonic waves KW - Weldments UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6650-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01373030 AU - Carlson, Paul J AU - Pike, Adam M AU - Miles, Jeff D AU - Ullman, Brooke R AU - Borchardt, Darrell W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Traffic Control Devices, Year 3 PY - 2012/03//Technical Report SP - 126p AB - This project was established to provide a means of conducting small-scale research activities on an as-needed basis so that the results could be available within months of starting the specific research. This report summarizes the research activities that were conducted between September 2010 and August 2011. There were five primary activities and five secondary activities. The five primary activities were evaluating nighttime visibility along rural highways with bright signs, continuing the evaluation of lead-free thermoplastic pavement markings, evaluating contrast pavement marking layouts, continuing the evaluation of accelerated pavement marking test decks, and providing district support for hurricane evacuation routing. In addition, the researchers also started to evaluated criteria for setting 80 mph and 85 mph speed limits, evaluated bridge clearance signing, narrowed the focus of a rotational sign sheeting study, provided technical support for the Texas Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), and provided technical support for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) sign sheeting specification. KW - Evacuation KW - Hurricanes KW - Night visibility KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road markings KW - Sign sheeting KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/9-1001-2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44500/9-1001-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01372885 AU - Jung, Youn su AU - Zollinger, Dan G AU - Cho, Byoung Hooi AU - Won, Moon AU - Wimsatt, Andrew J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Subbase and Subgrade Performance Investigation and Design Guidelines for Concrete Pavement PY - 2012/03//Technical Report SP - 170p AB - The main issue associated with this research is if cheaper alternatives can be configured for subbase construction. Subbase layers have certain functions that need to be fulfilled in order to assure adequate pavement performance. One key aspect is resistance to erosion, and assessment of each of these functions relative to different alternatives is key to understanding the capability of different alternatives to perform adequately. In this respect, this project was poised to examine the design assumptions associated with each alternative and provide design recommendations accordingly to include test methods and material specifications. This report describes some of the work accomplished by summarizing data on subbase performance and testing relative to concrete pavement subbase and subgrade erosion but mainly addresses guidelines for concrete pavement subbase design. Findings from field investigations are discussed to identify factors associated with erosion. An approach to mechanistically consider the erosion process was introduced and review of current design procedures was conducted to reveal how they address erosion. This review was extended to include erosion models described in the literature as a means to shed light on the relationship between measurable material properties and performance. Additionally, past and current design procedures relative to erosion were reviewed in terms of test methods, erosion models, and their utility to characterize subbase materials with respect to erosion resistance. With this information, a new test configuration was devised that uses a rapid tri-axial test and a Hamburg wheel-tracking device for evaluating erodibility with respect to the subbase type and degree of stabilization (cement content). Test devices, procedures, and results are explained and summarized for application in mechanistic design processes. A proposed erosion model was validated by comparing erosion predictions to erosion results. Several computer program analyses were conducted to assess the design and performance implications of different subbases alternatives. Guidelines are provided to promote economical and sustainable design of concrete pavement subbases. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Erosion KW - Field tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6037-2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44581/0-6037-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1140752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01372857 AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strength and Durability of Near-Surface Mounted CFRP Bars for Shear Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Bridge Girders. Appendices PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 103p AB - This document contains the Appendices A through D for the report Strength and Durability of Near-Surface Mounted CFRP Bars for Shear Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Bridge Girders published in a separate 123-page document. KW - Durability KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Near surface mounted reinforcement KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Shear strength KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44400/44467/SPR712_Appendices.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1140750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01372756 AU - Huijser, Marcel P AU - Haas, Chris AU - Crooks, Kevin R AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - SWCA Environmental Consultants AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Reliability and Effectiveness of an Electromagnetic Animal Detection and Driver Warning System PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 70p AB - This report contains data on the reliability and effectiveness of an animal detection system project along US Hwy 160 between Durango and Bayfield, Colorado. The system that was first installed was a Perimitrax® system from Senstar Corporation. In the fall of 2010 this system was replaced by an OmniTrax® system, manufactured by the same company, Senstar Corporation. The Perimitrax® system was also installed at a controlled access facility near Lewistown, Montana. Here more detailed investigations were conducted into the reliability of the system using horses, llamas and sheep as a model for wild ungulates. When it was implemented, if was found that the number of reported large mammal carcasses and crashes with wild animals was highly variable and the number of years that data were available for after system installation in the fall of 2008 was low. Therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions about the potential effectiveness of the system on the number and severity of wildlife-vehicle collisions at this time. KW - Animal vehicle collisions KW - Animals KW - Detection and identification technologies KW - Electromagnetic devices KW - Prevention KW - Warning systems KW - Wildlife crossings UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2012/avc/at_download/file UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141144 ER - TY - SER AN - 01372416 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Use and Performance of Asphalt Binder Modified with Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA) PY - 2012/03 SP - 13p AB - This technical brief provides an overview of the implication of the use of Polyphosphoric Acid as a modifier for asphalt binders and implications in relation to asphalt pavement performance. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous binders KW - Pavement performance KW - Polyphosphoric acid UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/asphalt/pubs/hif12030.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01372321 AU - Harrison, Robert AU - Johnson, Donovan AU - Loftus-Otway, Lisa AU - Hutson, Nathan AU - Seedah, Dan AU - Zhang, Ming AU - Lewis, Carol AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Southern University, Houston AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Megaregion Freight Planning: A Synopsis PY - 2012/03//Technical Report SP - 137p AB - Megaregion interest has grown strongly in the last decade and is now seen by a growing number of planners as offering effective contributions to problems such as modal congestion, development disparity, and air pollution that individual metropolitan areas or cities cannot resolve individually. Megaregion planning presents an alternative way of mitigating metropolitan problems of large-scale transportation systems, green infrastructure, and economic development and has attracted a number of transportation advocates since 2000. Central questions addressed in this report include how this approach might change freight planning in Texas, what benefits and costs are associated with its adoption, and what characteristics might be of specific interest to the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The work was structured to give the Department a comprehensive literature review, take directions of interest from the Project Monitoring Committee, undertake preliminary analysis, and present these to a workshop audience comprising TxDOT planners, Metropolitan Planning Organization staff, transportation providers, public transit agencies, and federal officials. A major recommendation is a program of future work that complements TxDOT freight planning, especially at the state transportation planning level. KW - Freight transportation KW - Megaregions KW - Planning KW - Texas UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6627_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01371312 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Volume Trends, January 2012 PY - 2012/03 SP - 10p AB - Travel on all roads and streets changed by +1.6% (3.5 billion vehicle miles) for January 2012 as compared with January 2011. Travel for the month is estimated to be 224.8 billion vehicle miles. Cumulative Travel for 2012 changed by +1.6% (3.5 billion vehicle miles). The Cumulative estimate for the year is 224.8 billion vehicle miles of travel. KW - Highway travel KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic volume KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/12jantvt/12jantvt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01370213 AU - Weiss, Norm AU - Olson, Larry AU - Hristovski, Kiril AU - Podversich, Sabina AU - Brown, Al AU - N. Weiss Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona State University, Mesa AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effectiveness of Microbe Application to Petroleum Spills at Crash Sites PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 64p AB - Each year vehicular accidents cause gasoline and diesel spills on Arizona roadways. ADOT currently uses Micro-Blaze®, a commercially available microbial solution, as a supplement to natural degradation of vehicular petroleum spills in soils. With an emphasis on minimizing or eliminating environmental and public health hazard, ADOT is interested in determining cost-effective methods to address spills involving petroleum products from roadway vehicular accidents. This study investigated whether Micro-Blaze, Hydro Clean®, Miracle-Gro®, or water accelerated the degradation process significantly over natural processes and if it will help to determine their effectiveness in accelerating the remediation of petroleum products (diesel No. 2 and unleaded gasoline) on predominant Arizona soil types from roadway vehicular accidents. The soil types evaluated were aridisols from Burro Creek, alfisols from Show Low, and entisols from Mesa. All three soil types contaminated with gasoline showed a reduction in BTEX levels to below ADEQ’s SRLs within 21 days, even in the absence of added microorganisms or nutrients. In none of the sample treatments was the diesel (total petroleum hydrocarbon) concentration below either residential or non-residential SRLs by day 83. The results are discussed referencing ADEQ’s SRL in effect for 2006; ADEQ changed SRLs in 2007. When compared to the new 2007 levels, BTEX are below SRL and there is no longer an ADEQ SRL for total petroleum hydrocarbon. KW - Biodeterioration KW - Bioremediation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Diesel fuels KW - Environmental protection KW - Gasoline KW - Petroleum KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ600.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01370197 AU - Kuzmyak, J Richard AU - J. Richard Kuzmyak, LLC AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Land Use and Traffic Congestion PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 292p AB - The study investigated the link between land use, travel behavior, and traffic congestion. Popular wisdom suggests that higher-density development patterns may be beneficial in reducing private vehicle dependency and use, which if true, could hold important implications for urban transportation planning and related goals such as congestion relief, air quality, and sustainability. However, an important consideration is whether more higher-density development also exacerbates traffic congestion on adjacent streets and roads simply because of its concentration of activity. Researchers performed a detailed analysis of the relationships between higher-density land use and traffic conditions in four Phoenix transportation corridors. The corridors included three older, high-density, mixed-used urban areas and a more contemporary suburban area with lower density but high traffic volumes. The analysis showed that the urban corridors had considerably less congestion despite densities that were many times higher than the suburban corridor. The reasons were traced to better mix of uses, particularly retail share, which led to shorter trips, more transit and nonmotorized travel, and fewer vehicle miles of travel (VMT). Also recognized was the importance of a secondary street grid in the three urban areas, which allows for better channeling of traffic and enables walking. Researchers developed a set of regression models to quantify the effects of key land use variables on household vehicle ownership and VMT, illustrating the mitigating effects of higher density, better mix, and better transit accessibility. Researchers also performed an extensive review of literature on transportation and land use interaction, and surveyed local officials to elicit information about familiarity with compact, mixed land use concepts; perceptions of impact on travel and traffic; and desirability of greater proliferation in Arizona’s metropolitan areas. KW - Land use KW - Mixed use development KW - Phoenix (Arizona) KW - Population density KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transit oriented development KW - Travel behavior KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ618.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01370145 AU - Hunter-Zaworski, Katharine AU - Mueller, Jon AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Alternative Pedestrian Traffic Control Devices PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 125p AB - A literature review, field study of Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon (RRFB) installations in Oregon, and a static survey on the sequencing of the Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB) were completed. The field study conducted in this project was designed to compare side and overhead-mounted beacons and RRFBs. The field study results indicated that the environment surrounding the crossing has an impact on compliance and that the presence of a median can increase compliance. The PHB study verified that drivers are confused about what these devices are and how they operate. For the first deployment of a PHB in an area, a public education program is recommended during the early deployment of the PHB. The Guidelines that have been developed as part of this project were based on the literature review and the Oregon field study. The major recommendation is that RRFBs be installed on medians when side-mounted devices are considered and at locations with posted speeds of 40 mph or less unless additional features such as stripping, signing , and advance warning RRFBs are used. To reinforce the guidelines, a decision matrix was developed. KW - Crosswalks KW - Evaluation KW - Flashing beacons KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Traffic control devices UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/SPR721pedreport.pdf?ga=t UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1136629 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01369908 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Martin, Clark AU - Carter, Stephanie TI - Recruiting the Next Generation PY - 2012/03 VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - pp 2-7 AB - In the face of retirements in the baby boom generation, concern is growing in the transportation community about the industry's ability to meet its workforce needs. At the same time, demand for transportation services is increasing faster than available resources. One response from the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) to these challenges is the annual National Engineers Program, which started in 2000 to introduce middle school, high school, and college students to various engineering fields as they relate to transportation. On April 6, 2011, USDOT held the National Engineers Program in Washington, DC. This paper describes this event. At the April event, Transportation Deputy Secretary John Porcari led a host of presenters drawn from the department's operating administrations, university engineering schools, and professional engineering organizations. The purpose was to recognize the continuing contribution that engineers make to the transportation enterprise and to describe the unique and rewarding opportunities available through a career in transportation-related engineering disciplines. The specific objectives of the 1-day program were to acquaint students with the challenges involved in providing a safe, effective, and efficient transportation system and to describe the policies and programs to address those challenges. Other objectives were to familiarize them with the programs, expectations, and cultures of university engineering programs and to inform them about the missions and activities of national professional engineering organizations, including programs for students and support for engineering career professionals. More than 350 students from the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia participated in the program, including 100 girls. Students came away from the program knowing more about transportation, the engineering discipline, and the wide range of career opportunities available in the transportation industry. The program helped to reinforce USDOT's commitment to developing the transportation workforce. In a survey distributed for feedback, the overall consensus was that the program was informative. Students suggested that next year's program include a more hands-on approach with problem-solving activities. Plans currently are underway for the 2012 program. KW - Meetings KW - Recruiting KW - Students KW - Transportation careers KW - Transportation engineering KW - Transportation engineers KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12marapr/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138091 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01369869 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Perrigo, Maggie TI - Best of the Best: America's Transportation Awards PY - 2012/03 VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - pp 14-19 AB - To showcase the excellent work of state departments of transportation, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), along with the American Automobile Association and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, created the America's Transportation Awards competition. Launched in 2008 to build support for transportation at the federal, state, and local levels, the awards program has assessed the merits of more than 170 nominated projects in its 4 years of existence. This article describes the awards program and the winning projects in 2011, which reflect the extraordinary level of innovation, design, and delivery occurring at every step of the transportation process. A panel of transportation experts chose Florida Department of Transportation's (FDOT) I-10 to I-95 interchange in Jacksonville as the winner of the grand prize. The project involved reconstructing 17 bridges, 21 ramps, and 25 lane miles (40 kilometers) built over and around traffic moving through one of the busiest interchanges in the state. FDOT finished the project 6 months ahead of schedule. The people's choice award, chosen by public voting, went to Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) for its Operation I-5 Partnership to Relieve Congestion project. For this project, WSDOT partnered with officials from the military installation Joint Base Lewis-McChord to solve a growing congestion problem that often led to 11-mile (18-kilometer) backups along the heavily traveled I-5 corridor between Tacoma and Olympia. WSDOT and base personnel upgraded the interchanges at military gates with improved alignments and optimized traffic signal timing. Unused gates were unlocked so military personnel could have improved access to the base, and the partners revamped incident response to deploy resources faster to alleviate congestion. These projects, along with 8 semi-finalists, illustrate how state DOTs are using innovation and ingenuity to deliver quality projects on time and under budget. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - American Automobile Association KW - Awards KW - Case studies KW - Congestion management systems KW - Construction projects KW - Florida Department of Transportation KW - Military facilities KW - Project management KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic engineering KW - U.S. Chamber of Commerce KW - Washington State Department of Transportation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12marapr/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138293 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01369843 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Olivera, Lucia TI - Nurturing the Next Big Thing PY - 2012/03 VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - pp 8-13 AB - The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) is partnering with small businesses to foster new transportation technologies, products, and services through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. This article describes the SBIR program and provides a case study to illustrate how the program works. SBIR was created by Congress in 1982 to solve two problems. First, by reserving a percentage of Federal research and development funds for small businesses, SBIR enables small companies to enter the marketplace and compete on a level similar to larger firms. Second, the program addresses the needs of Federal agencies to solve problems that require high-risk research with the potential to develop successful products for commercialization. The SBIR program, a competitive three-phased program, provides funds for the critical startup and developmental stages and fosters innovation and entrepreneurship among small and/or socially and economically disadvantaged persons and businesses. The goal of SBIR-funded research is to be cost-effective, efficient, and beneficial for U.S. industries, creating technologies that might be either ignored by large companies as being too minor for them to be concerned with or not considered a high-profit opportunity. The SBIR program has helped the Federal Highway Administration advance research and development practices, particularly in areas such as sensors, intelligent transportation systems, and green technologies. In the case of USDOT, the products to be developed would likely be used by State and local departments of transportation. Many projects end after the first phase if the company is unable to produce the research results it originally expected. Even if Phase II funding to further develop the idea is awarded and the project is completed, commercialization (Phase III, which requires non-SBIR funding) can continue to pose an ongoing challenge. Even when a company does achieve commercialization of its product, tracking that success is difficult for the Federal agency that supported the research. Other challenges involve the inherent risks of working with small businesses that might lack longevity or broad experience. Despite the challenges, Federal researchers find that the SBIR program is a great way to engage small businesses to achieve national goals and spark interest in innovations and new technologies. Migma Systems, which recently received SBIR funding for Phase I and Phase II of a stereo camera system for pedestrian detection in crosswalks, is one of many small businesses to benefit from the SBIR program. KW - Case studies KW - Government funding KW - Innovation KW - Migma Systems KW - Product development KW - Research KW - Small business KW - Small Business Innovation Research KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12marapr/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01369833 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bartlett, Jennifer AU - Graves, Brett AU - Petritsch, Theo AU - Redmon, Tamara TI - Proven Countermeasures for Pedestrian Safety PY - 2012/03 VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - pp 20-23 AB - Transportation agencies across the country are searching for ways to make walking safer. Increasingly, these agencies are recognizing the role that pedestrian facilities can play in reducing accidents. This article discusses how the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is helping agencies achieve the goal of pedestrian safety. In 2008, the FHWA published a "Guidance Memorandum on Consideration and Implementation of Proven Safety Countermeasures." The memorandum highlights when and where certain processes, design techniques, and safety countermeasures are the most effective at increasing roadway safety in general. Two countermeasures in the memorandum specifically address pedestrian safety: (1) medians and pedestrian refuge areas, and (2) walkways. FHWA developed promotional materials, a best practices report, and a webinar to educate state and local transportation professionals about the benefits of using these countermeasures. Numerous agencies have successfully implemented programs that require medians and sidewalks. Several states' programs, including those in Florida, New York, and Oregon, are described in the FHWA memorandum's best practices report and are summarized in this article. The Florida Department of Transportation has a policy requiring raised medians on divided highways. Similarly, the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) have policies that promote the inclusion of raised medians, but do not require it. NYSDOT also mandates paved shoulders for pedestrians on roadways where sidewalks may be impractical, and ODOT acknowledges shoulders for use as pedestrian facilities. FHWA continues to work to help states and communities identify and implement the most effective countermeasures for keeping pedestrians and bicyclists safe. In early 2012, FHWA released an updated version of the safety memorandum that highlights medians, pedestrian hybrid beacons, and road diets. Although walkways and shoulders are no longer specifically highlighted in the latest version of the memo, FHWA continues to champion their use and effectiveness. By installing proven safety countermeasures, communities can make their transportation systems safer for all users. KW - Best practices KW - Countermeasures KW - Florida KW - Highway design KW - Medians KW - New York (State) KW - Oregon KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Road shoulders KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Walking KW - Walkways UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12marapr/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138310 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01369788 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Coley, Nathaniel TI - Spotlight on Benefit-Cost Analysis PY - 2012/03 VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - pp 24-29 AB - In this time of limited resources and competing demands for public services, government spending is closely scrutinized. This paper describes how transportation agencies can use the analytical process of benefit-cost analysis (BCA) to demonstrate accountability for expenditures from their budgets. The BCA process estimates the benefits and costs to society of transportation investments. When discounted future benefits equal or exceed the discounted life-cycle costs, a project is considered economically efficient. Applied correctly, BCA can support the selection and prioritization of projects that have the best potential to achieve long-term performance objectives of transportation investments. BCA explicitly identifies the benefits to the users of the system and the costs to the agency, providing transparency and accountability for investment decisions. Most BCA ensures that transportation investment decisions are based on more than immediate benefits and initial construction costs. BCA includes benefits such as savings in travel time and vehicle operating costs, plus reductions in crashes. BCA also includes the life-cycle costs of a project, such as construction and maintenance costs incurred over an analysis period. Various software tools are available for performing a BCA on a project level as well as on a network level. These tools employ an engineering economic analysis process of analyzing highway projects to identify, qualify, and value the benefits and costs of highway projects and programs over a multiyear timeframe and to identify those projects that generate the highest return for each dollar invested in the Nation's transportation system. The use of consistent tools within an agency can help standardize the BCA and facilitate consistent and fair comparisons among projects. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Construction projects KW - Highway planning KW - Infrastructure KW - Investments KW - Life cycle costing KW - Software UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/12marapr/05.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01369605 AU - Gliebe, John P AU - Strathman, James G AU - Portland State University AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development and Sensitivity Testing of Alternative Mobility Metrics PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 140p AB - The Oregon Highway Plan’s (OHP) mobility policies guide various planning and programming activities of the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT). Among these activities are ODOT’s land use change review responsibilities under the Transportation Planning Rule, as adopted by the state’s Land Conservation and Development Commission. This report examines supplemental transportation performance metrics beyond the volume-to-capacity metric that currently supports OHP mobility policies. Selected supplemental metrics are empirically analyzed using a travel demand model calibrated for a Medford, Oregon study area. KW - Highway planning KW - Land use planning KW - Medford (Oregon) KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Mobility KW - Oregon KW - Oregon Department of Transportation KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Travel demand KW - Volume-to-capacity ratio (Traffic) UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/SPR716_Mobility.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01369604 AU - Dixon, Karen AU - Xie, Fei AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Safety Edge SM Application in Oregon PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 87p AB - This report summarizes a recent assessment of the Safety Edge SM that was performed to determine the feasibility of using this pavement edge treatment on Oregon construction projects. The report includes a review of research that has been published about the performance of the Safety Edge SM. The report also incorporates a state of practice review of the states currently using or considering the use of this treatment. Specifications, standard drawings, or technical documents developed by other agencies are included in the report appendix. The Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) performed one demonstration project and assessed the ease of use, time to train, and issues related to deploying the Safety Edge SM treatment in Oregon. It was found that the initial mounting of the shoe on the paving equipment was straightforward and could be done with limited training required. The site selected was free of guardrail and driveways, so the researchers could not assess functionality of the shoe at locations with obstructions. As a result of this research effort, the research team developed draft language for a sample Oregon specification for the Safety Edge SM as well as a Technical Bulletin that addresses key issues related to benefits, cost, deployment, and similar for the Safety Edge SM. Though the Safety Edge SM will likely benefit most pavement projects, it should particularly be considered if the following conditions are present: a history of run-off-the-road crashes; numerous sharp horizontal curves subjected to off-road tracking; locations subject to roadside erosion; or locations where vehicles can be expected to frequently exit and re-enter the active lane (i.e. rural mailbox clusters). It should be acknowledged that the guidance included in the Technical Bulletin as well as the details given in the draft specification are based on the findings of the current research effort. As projects begin to incorporate use of the Safety Edge SM and ODOT staff and contractors become more familiar with the application process, it is expected that the specific guidance may be modified. KW - Dropoffs (Pavements) KW - Oregon KW - Paving KW - Safety edge (Pavement safety feature) KW - Specifications KW - State of the practice UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44501/SPR714_SafetyEdge.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01369603 AU - Goebel, Jake H AU - Johnson, Brandon A AU - Higgins, Christopher AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strength and Durability of Near-Surface Mounted CFRP Bars for Shear Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Bridge Girders PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 123p AB - During the interstate expansion of the 1950s, many conventionally reinforced concrete deck girder bridges were built throughout the country. These aging bridges commonly exhibit diagonal cracking and rate inadequately for shear; thus, they are candidates for shear strengthening to extend their useful life. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are emerging as effective materials for strengthening and rehabilitating such bridges. Near surface mounting (NSM) is a newer technique for application of CFRP for retrofitting bridge members that provides advantages over other strengthening techniques. The technique is still new and uncertainties remain regarding strength, long-term durability, and design, including the influence of member proportions, flexural reinforcing steel, and CFRP spacing. Bridge girders retrofitted with NSM-CFRP may be exposed to millions of load cycles and environmental conditions and the influence of these exposures on performance are not established. To address these issues, laboratory tests were performed on ten full-size reinforced concrete girders, representative of in-situ bridge members, to determine the performance of NSM-CFRP retrofitting for shear strengthening. One of the specimens was exposed to fatigue loading, two were subjected to environmental exposures, and one was subjected to combined environmental exposure and fatigue loading. Results indicated that NSM-CFRP retrofitting provided significant shear capacity increases, and the high-cycle fatigue and environmental exposures considered did not adversely affect the strength or behavior of the girders. Environmental exposures of some of the adhesives considered did show somewhat reduced performance; therefore, careful selection of materials is important to ensure performance over the expected lifetime. Recommendations for shear strength design with NSM-CFRP are made. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Durability KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Girders KW - Near surface mounted reinforcement KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Retrofitting KW - Shear strength KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/SPR712_NSM_CFRP.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44400/44466/SPR712_NSM_CFRP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01368816 AU - Andereck, Kathleen L AU - Arizona State University, Phoenix AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Impact of Arizona Highways Magazine on Tourism PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 99p AB - The purpose of this study was to: 1) examine the effect of Arizona Highways Magazine (AHM) on tourism, 2) determine trip characteristics of AHM subscribers traveling in Arizona, and 3) calculate a benefit/cost ratio for AHM based on the magazine’s cost and revenues as well as the value-added economic impact. KW - Arizona KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Subscribers KW - Tourism KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ686.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44300/44355/AZ686.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1137376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01368795 AU - Theimer, Tad AU - Sprague, Scott AU - Eddy, Ellyce AU - Benford, Russell AU - Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Genetic Variation of Pronghorn across US Route 89 and State Route 64 PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 43p AB - This study investigated whether highways acted as barriers to gene flow for pronghorn in northern Arizona. Deoxyribo Nucleic AcidEdit (DNA) samples from 132 pronghorn were analyzed using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci. Samples represented animals living on opposite sides of US Route 89 (US 89) and State Route 64 (SR 64). Two different modeling approaches indicated that both US 89 and SR 64, and to a lesser extent US Route 180 (US 180), acted as barriers to gene flow. The genetic structuring caused by highways, especially across US 89, is consistent with behavioral data that demonstrated pronghorn rarely cross this highway. This study found no evidence of inbreeding or reduced genetic variation in any of the populations examined, but those effects may take longer to appear. Based on these results, the researchers recommend future genetic monitoring of these populations or assessment of genetic variation across highways with larger traffic volumes or longer histories to determine whether the barrier effects documented here lead to loss of genetic diversity. KW - DNA analysis KW - Gene flow KW - Genetics KW - Highways KW - Northern Arizona KW - Pronghorn UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ659.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44300/44356/AZ659.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1137273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01368698 AU - Quiroga, Cesar AU - Fernando, Emmanuel AU - Oh, Jeongho AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Energy Developments and the Transportation Infrastructure in Texas: Impacts and Strategies PY - 2012/03//Technical Report SP - 218p AB - In recent years, Texas has experienced a boom in energy-related activities, particularly in wind power generation and extraction of oil and natural gas. While energy developments contribute to enhance the state’s ability to produce energy reliably, many short-term and long-term impacts on the state’s transportation infrastructure are not properly documented. Examples include the impact of frequent truckloads on state highway infrastructure such as pavement structures and shoulders, as well as impacts on roadside infrastructure such as driveways and drainage facilities. There is also a lack of documentation on the impact on Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT’s) ability to manage the state highway right-of-way effectively, e.g., with respect to driveway access and utility crossings. This report describes the work completed to measure the impact of increased level of energy-related activities on the TxDOT right-of-way and infrastructure, as well as develop recommendations to reduce and manage TxDOT’s exposure and risk resulting from those activities. The report addresses a number of topics, including the process to develop a geodatabase of energy developments in the state, field visits, pavement impacts, roadside impacts, operational and safety impacts, and economic impacts. The geodatabase includes non-renewable energy datasets, renewable energy datasets, energy use datasets, and geology-related datasets. The recommendations for implementation were grouped into the following categories: early notification and coordination (five recommendations), road maintenance and repair (four recommendations), roadside management (two recommendations), and funding (five recommendations). KW - Driveways KW - Economic impacts KW - Energy KW - Energy development KW - Geodatabases KW - Impacts KW - Infrastructure KW - Pavements KW - Public utilities KW - Recommendations KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6498-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44400/44463/0-6498-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1137347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01368221 AU - Goldbaum, Jay E AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cost-Benefit Evaluation of Short-Term Warranties for Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements PY - 2012/03//Final Report SP - 139p AB - The purpose of this report is to provide the reader with the ten-year analysis for the cost-benefit of hot mix asphalt projects constructed using the three and five-year warranty specifications developed by the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT). There were eight projects evaluated using the three-year warranty specifications and two projects evaluated using the five-year warranty specifications. Each warranty project was evaluated with a comparable non-warranty (control) project. Overall, 214.6 lane-miles of warranty projects were constructed and compared to 276.6 lane-miles of control projects. After ten years of comparison performance information between the warranty and control projects, the three and five-year, short-term warranty pavements had a rougher ride, slightly deeper ruts, a few more transverse cracks, and slightly less longitudinal cracking. The initial cost to construct the warranty projects was $12,635 per lane-mile more than the control projects. This cost could be reduced by about $5,548 per lane-mile if CDOT were to eliminate the Pavement Evaluation Team and the need to construct weigh-in-motion stations. As of January 1, 2012, the average annual cost of maintenance for the warranty projects was $5,616 per lane-mile less than the control projects. There is a shift in risk and responsibility as a result of the warranty projects, but there was no tangible benefit in extended life identified. Based on the evaluation of these pavements, the implementation of short-term warranties of hot mix asphalts (HMAs)is currently not a cost-effective tool for CDOT. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement performance KW - Rutting KW - Specifications KW - Warranty UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2012/shorttermwarranties.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44400/44432/shorttermwarranties.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1136905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01368215 AU - Abu-Farsakh, Murad Y AU - Chen, Qiming AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Base/Subgrade Soil under Repeated Loading: Phase II– In-Box and ALF Cyclic Plate Load Tests PY - 2012/03//Final Report - Phase II SP - 97p AB - This research study aims at evaluating the performance of base and subgrade soil in flexible pavements under repeated loading test conditions. For this purpose, an indoor cyclic plate load testing equipment was developed and used to conduct a series of large-scale in-box tests and full-scale field tests on several pavement sections. The in-box cyclic plate load tests were conducted to evaluate the performance and benefits of geogrid base reinforcement in flexible pavements. A total of 12 tests were performed on unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced pavement sections. The parameters investigated in this study included the aperture shape (geometry) of the geogrid, location of the geogrid within the base layer, and geogrid tensile modulus. The stress distribution and permanent vertical strain in the subgrade, the development of excess pore water pressure in the subgrade, and the strain distribution along the geogrids were also investigated. The test results showed that the inclusion of geogrids can significantly improve the performance of flexible pavements on weak subgrades [California Boring Ratio (CBR) ≤ 1%], and that the traffic benefit ratio (TBR) can be increased up to 15.3 at a rut depth of 0.75 in. (19 mm). Better performance was observed when the geogrid was placed within the upper one third of the base aggregate layer. The inclusion of geogrid helps redistribute the applied surface load to a wider area on top of the subgrade layer, thus reducing the accumulated permanent deformation within the subgrade. Full-scale field tests were also conducted on several test lane sections built at the Pavement Research Facility (PRF) site using two types of loadings: cyclic plate load test and rolling wheel load test. These sections include blended calcium sulfate (BCS), stabilized BCS, stabilized recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), and stabilized soil as base/subbase materials. The differences in pavement responses of the tested sections to cyclic plate and rolling wheel loads were investigated. The measured rut depth caused by rolling wheel load, in all test sections, were much higher than those measured from the cyclic plate load test. The difference can be as much as 3 to 7 times between these two types of loading. This is mainly due to the effects of principal stress rotation and lateral wander on the permanent deformation of pavements. The field test results also indicate that the cyclic plate load test can be a good performance indicator test for the evaluation and pre-selection of pavement sections for field tests. KW - Deformation KW - Geogrids KW - Load tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Repeated loads KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44400/44440/fr_471.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1136909 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549566 TI - Research Program Design---Administration of Highway and Transportation Agencies. National Report on Transportation System Performance -- State DOTs Telling the Story AB - This project was intended to produce an illustrative national-level management report (both print-based and web-based) of state surface transportation system performance. When fully developed, such a report would be a means for state departments of transportation (DOTs) to "Tell the Story" concerning system performance, using explicit performance measures and reflecting implementation of sound transportation performance management principles. Underlying the report would be an AASHTO-administered Comparative Performance Management (CPM) website, housing a well articulated database representing state-maintained performance statistics made available within an accepted framework. The reporting system would include visualization tools such as charts, graphs, and figures that can be used effectively to communicate and analyze information available in a CPM website. The website would enable state DOT managers to meaningfully portray their state system's performance and learn from others' experience. The prototype was intended to illustrate how comparative performance statistics, such as those developed in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 20-24(37) project series, may be presented and used to characterize and direct state performance management efforts. The intended audience for this report includes state-level decision makers (e.g., Governors, legislatures, DOTs) as well as those at the national-level decision makers (e.g., U.S. Congress and U.S. Department of Transportation), providing a consistent mechanism with which state DOTs can showcase their ability to successfully implement performance management principles for the betterment of the transportation system at the national-level. The research team provided support to the AASHTO Standing Committee on Performance Management (SCOPM) as that group worked to develop wide acceptance of selected performance measures and to provide states' perspectives to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). With enactment of the extensive performance-based management provisions of federal MAP-21 legislation, SCOPM efforts continued in cooperation with FHWA's. KW - Decision making KW - Ground transportation KW - Management KW - Performance measurement KW - Reports KW - State departments of transportation KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3321 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339720 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01566743 TI - Highway Safety Manual Implementation AB - The objectives of the study are (1) to advance ongoing efforts by lead states to implement the Highway Safety Manual (HSM), and (2) to expand implementation to all states. This study would be coordinated with other ongoing and planned implementation activities sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and Transportation Research Board (TRB), including National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 17-50 "Lead States Initiative for Implementing the Highway Safety Manual". It will also be coordinated with projects that develop content for future editions of the HSM including NCHRP Project 17-45 "Enhanced Safety Prediction Methodology and Analysis Tool for Freeways and Interchanges" NCHRP Project 17-54 "Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual" and Transportation Pooled-Fund Study TPF-5(099) "Evaluation of Low Cost Safety Improvements." KW - Freeways KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Implementation KW - Interchanges UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/484 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1358399 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01548900 TI - Traffic Analysis and Simulation AB - The goal of this study is to improve the state-of-the-practice in traffic analysis and simulation so public agencies can make the best possible transportation investment decisions based upon high-quality traffic analyses. The objectives of this study are to assemble regional, State, and local agencies, and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to: (1) identify challenges and issues common among those responsible for conducting, managing, and/or approving traffic analysis and simulation studies; (2) suggest approaches to addressing identified issues; (3) initiate and monitor projects intended to address identified challenges and issues; (4) provide guidance and recommendations and disseminate results; (5) provide leadership and coordinate with other agencies, groups, or forums interested in traffic analysis and simulation; and 6) promote and facilitate technology transfer related to traffic analysis and simulation issues nationally. KW - Decision making KW - Information dissemination KW - Investments KW - Simulation KW - State of the practice KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic analysis UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/403 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1336375 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01534947 TI - Full-Scale Seismic Performance Testing of U.S. Highway Bridge Column AB - The current seismic design procedure for bridge columns in the U.S. are based on theoretical and computational models that are calibrated against experimental data. Nearly all of these data are from tests on reduced-scale specimens. Many critical behavior modes, such as shear and cracking of concrete, bond between reinforcing steel and concrete, and local buckling and fatigue-related rupture of steel rebars are known to be sensitive to scale.( i.e. scale effects.) Quasi-static and pseudo-dynamic tests, and reduced-scale shaking table tests, alter strain rates, which can also affect dynamic behavior. Innovative technologies, such as seismic isolation and supplemental energy dissipation systems, have properties that can be sensitive to scale and rate. The lack of shaking table data on full-scale benchmark specimens that validate our understanding of the highly non-linear, multi-axial performance of full-scale bridge columns subjected to input motions representative of large earthquakes, has led many researchers, bridge engineers and practitioners to call for the validation of current experimental testing, design and analysis methods. The objective of this pooled-fund study is to provide a benchmark of the seismic performance testing of the U.S. highway bridge column under full-scale shake-table tests. The test results from this study will be used to evaluate and calibrate current design and analysis practices; and will be compared with previous scaled model tests to understand the scale effects. KW - Base isolation KW - Bridge columns KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Highway bridges KW - Performance tests KW - Seismicity KW - Shaking table tests UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/422 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1320751 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01495907 TI - Improving Resilient Modulus (MR) Test Procedures for Unbound Materials AB - The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide requires that the resilient modulus of the subgrade be used to design the pavement thickness for both asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete(PCC) concrete pavements. Due to the complexity of the test, test results have been inconsistent. For example, data to date has shown that: (a) Two different laboratories testing split samples of the same soil or aggregate layer get widely different results. (b) Two technicians on the same equipment would also get widely different results. (c) Repeated tests on the same sample by one technician on the same equipment would not always produce consistent results. The resilient modulus of a soil or unbound aggregate material is the recoverable stress/strain relationship of the soil. The greater the resilient modulus of the soils is, the "stiffer" the soil will be, and the greater the strength will be for supporting transmitted wheel loads. This parameter is considered to be the best indicator of a subgrade's strength since the test replicates the dynamics of moving wheel loads. This pooled fund study has three primary goals to: (1) reduce the variability currently associated with resilient modulus testing of unbound materials; (2) conduct a precision and bias study of the test procedure; and (3) provide assistance to states to properly equip and setup a laboratory for successful resilient modulus (MR) testing. KW - Laboratory tests KW - Resilient modulus KW - Soils KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Unbound aggregates UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/404 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265848 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01563883 TI - CP Road Map Operations Support AB - The CP Road Map is strategic in that it guides the investment of concrete pavement research dollars toward the development of specific technologies and systems identified by stakeholders as critical for accomplishing customer-driven goals. It is comprehensive in that it helps the concrete pavement community meet today's paving needs and tomorrow's pavement challenges. Through this solicitation, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and industry are seeking partner State departments of transportation (DOTs) to share the cost of operations support services. Continued FHWA funding is, to some degree, contingent on industry and States sharing the burden. Industry has committed to participating as described briefly in the full length proposal (see link at the bottom of this solicitation) and also has the flexibility to provide some special-needs funds. By participating in this pooled fund, State DOTs will help ensure that Federal support continues. They will also demonstrate their own commitment to ensuring that the CP Road Map's groundbreaking approach to research will succeed and that they will be able to reap its potential benefits. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost sharing KW - Research KW - State departments of transportation KW - Support services KW - Technology UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/409 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1354989 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01560765 TI - Evaluation of Test Methods for Permeability (Transport) and Development of Performance Guidelines for Durability AB - The primary purpose of this project is to develop a test procedure that directly evaluates the permeability (transport properties) of concrete and relates these to anticipated performance with the use of exposure conditions. This consists of the following distinct objectives: (1) Evaluation of existing permeability (transport) test procedures. (2) Development of new, or improvement of existing test, procedures to evaluate permeability (transport) properties of concrete. (3) Correlation between permeability (transport) properties and measured material response to existing durability tests. (4) Develop guidelines to relate permeability, exposure conditions, and field performance for use in specifications and quality control processes. KW - Concrete KW - Durability tests KW - Performance based specifications KW - Permeability KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/406 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351328 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01560757 TI - HY-8 Culvert Analysis Program - Phase Three of Development Efforts AB - The HY-8 is a computerized implementation of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) culvert hydraulic approaches and protocols. The FHWA publication "Hydraulic Design Series 5: Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts" (HDS-5) [publication FHWA-NHI-01-020, May 2005 revision] documents the technical methods applied in the HY-8 program and should be considered the primary technical reference for the software. In 2005, the FHWA contracted with the Brigham Young University to develop a 32-bit (and 64-bit) Windows compatible version of HY-8. This version provided graphical user interface (GUI) for the same hydraulic calculations performed in DOS versions of HY-8. FHWA intended to plan and fund this development effort using a series of planned phases. The first phase resulted in an initial release (version 7.0) that performed basic culvert hydraulics. The second phase (version 7.1) incorporated energy dissipater module; performed hydraulic analyses of embedded culverts; allowed use of modified outlet loss coefficients; incorporates dynamic culvert shape database with new materials; and implemented various improvements, technical updates, and bug corrections. The objective of this research effort is to continue the phased development of HY-8. The effort would be funded by FHWA and other State departments of transportation (DOTs) contributors (PFP members). The anticipated scope of work consists of continued development efforts on the HY-8 software (beginning with phase three of the on-going development effort). KW - Culverts KW - Databases KW - Graphical user interfaces KW - HY-8 (Computer model) KW - Hydraulic modeling software KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Software UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/428 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351320 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01560750 TI - Ultra-High Performance Concrete Connections Between Precast Bridge Deck Elements AB - Precast concrete bridge deck panels and precast concrete deck-bulb-tee girders both present solutions capable of facilitating accelerated construction/reconstruction/rehabilitation of highway bridges. However, the connections between these elements, which must be completed in the field, have proved to be a hurdle to successful implementation. In short, the connections between elements present long-term durability concerns and often result in less than desirable performance of the system as a whole. Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a type of advanced cementitious material that is particularly well suited to highway bridge applications due to its enhanced durability and increased strengths as compared to conventional concretes. UHPC has the potential to work particularly well in connection details between precast elements due to its ability to develop mild steel reinforcement over short distances allowing for the design of minimal width cast-in-place joints which do not require post-tensioning or complex embedments. New York State DOT (NYSDOT) is particularly interested in this concept and is completing two bridge rehabilitation projects during the summer of 2009 which implement the cast-in-place UHPC connection. NYSDOT has partnered with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to investigate the performance of the cast-in-place UHPC connection detail through full-scale structural testing at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. The objective of this study is to investigate the structural performance of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) connection details developed for implementation in precast concrete bridge deck systems. KW - Accelerated construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Bulbtee girders KW - Cast in place structures KW - Durability KW - Precast concrete KW - Ultra high performance concrete UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/445 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351313 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01560732 TI - Evaluation of Guide Sign Fonts AB - The objective of this study is to conduct a field evaluation of new available highway fonts versus the Series E (Modified) and Clearview 5WR fonts for use on guide signs. This study will provide the analysis necessary for decision to be made on inclusion of fonts for older drivers in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). In previous studies comparing Clearview fonts to previously used types, legibility distance, the distance at which a subject can read an unknown word, has been a robust measure of effectiveness. Researchers believe that in order to test the proposed font against the current standard, nighttime data collection in which participants drive an instrumented vehicle along a closed course while researcher's record data would be most conducive. KW - Clearview font KW - Legibility KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Nighttime driving KW - Sight distance KW - Sign fonts UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/490 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351295 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01537908 TI - Census Transportation Planning Products (CTPP) from the American Community Survey AB - The objective of this project is to provide data tabulations from the American Community Survey (ACS) that are designed specifically for the needs of transportation planners. This data project will be called Census Transportation Planning Products (CTPP). This will include tabulations for residence, workplace, and flow between home and work. Both 3-year ACS data aggregates, and 5-year ACS data aggregates will be used for the tabulations. The geographic level of detail for the 5-year ACS will include Transportation Analysis Zones (TAZs) and census tracts. The data will be distributed to State departments of transportation (DOTs) and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) using the best format available which may include Internet or CDs and DVDs. In addition to data tabulations, the project will include technical support, training and capacity building, research, and project oversight. KW - American Community Survey KW - Census tracts KW - Data collection KW - Residential location KW - Transportation analysis zones KW - Transportation planning KW - Workplaces UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/392 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1324287 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01502438 TI - Deer Vehicle Crash Information and Research (DVCIR) Center Pooled Fund AB - This study will: (1) Expand on the critical evaluation of past and current research in the deer vehicle crash (DVC) problem area, and become the repository for safety-focused summaries of this work. Critically evaluate the validity of past and current DVC-related research. Summarize and disseminate the relevant study details, implementation issues, and safety results. (2) Expand on the existing Deer-Vehicle Crash Information Clearinghouse (DVCIC) activities as a repository for deer population estimates, vehicle-travel amounts, reported DVC or animal-vehicle crash data, and roadside carcass (if available) information from participating states. Summarize and disseminate data by state and region and, as appropriate, define relevant trends. (3) Identify and prioritize gaps in DVC-related research, define a strategy, and create requests for proposal (RFPs) for projects to evaluate the DVC questions identified by participating states. Provide funding for properly designed DVC-related research. Potential research areas include: Identification and definition of DVC-related data sources, collection, estimation, and management techniques; Definition and/or prediction of the magnitude and locations of DVC problem segments; Evaluation of existing and potential DVC countermeasure crash reduction capabilities and their implementation issues; and Investigation of and options to DVC-related roadway development programming, planning, design, operations, and maintenance decision-making approaches and policies. KW - Carcasses KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Deer-vehicle collisions KW - High risk locations UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/352 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1284014 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01488010 TI - The Effects of Implements of Husbandry "Farm Equipment" on Pavement Performance (MnROAD Study) AB - The objectives of this study are to determine the pavement response under various types of agricultural equipment (including the impacts of different tires and additional axles) and to compare this response to that under a typical 5-axle semi tractor-trailer. This may be accomplished by constructing new instrumented test sections at Minnesota Road Research Facility (MnROAD) and/or to retrofit instrumentation into the existing test sections. The final scope and work plan for the study will be developed by the participating agencies. This pooled fund study, with contributions from the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) and other participating organizations, will fund both the possible construction of pavement test sections and the research on heavy farm equipment. This research will allow policy and design decisions to be driven by direct experimental results rather than by models that may not have been calibrated for the types of loadings and tire configurations of current and evolving agricultural equipment. KW - Farm vehicles KW - Load tests KW - Minnesota Road Research Facility KW - Pavement response data KW - Pavement test sections KW - Tire mechanics UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/375 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1257050 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01530610 TI - An Analytical Review of Child Mobility Assessments for School Site Programs AB - This Transportation Pooled Fund (TPF) project is to support state-level management of the Federal Safe Routes to School Program. The overall thrust of the project is to provide State departments of transportation (DOTs) with: (1) Tools for establishing benchmarks of children walking and biking to school. This includes identifying existing sources of data, potential sources of data, and data collection methods. (2) Recommendations for future allocation of Safe Routes to School (SRTS) funds so that grants will be awarded to the most effective projects. This includes, but is not limited to identifying the impact of potential barriers to success, such as age of children, size of schools, maximum walking distances, transportation infrastructure, number of children living within a mile of school, program planning requirements, etc. (3) Methods and tools to continue to evaluate the effectiveness of SRTS investments. This includes, but is not limited to, identifying methods for obtaining counts of children walking/biking to school, recommending requirements for schools applying to the program, and recommending methods for schools to measure the effect of SRTS. The project consists of two phases. Phase one, which is nearing completion, focused on item (1). Phase two will focus on items (2) and (3). KW - Data collection KW - Mobility KW - Resource allocation KW - Safe Routes to School (Program) KW - School children KW - State departments of transportation KW - Walking distance UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/399 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1316704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493317 AU - Crampton, Douglas D AU - Holloway, Kurt P AU - Fraczek, John AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of Weathering Steel Bridge Performance in Iowa and Development of Inspection and Maintenance Techniques PY - 2012/02/21/Final Report SP - 144p AB - Weathering steel is commonly used as a cost-effective alternative for bridge superstructures, as the costs and environmental impacts associated with the maintenance/replacement of paint coatings are theoretically eliminated. The performance of weathering steel depends on the proper formation of a surface patina, which consists of a dense layer of corrosion product used to protect the steel from further atmospheric corrosion. The development of the weathering steel patina may be hindered by environmental factors such as humid environments, wetting/drying cycles, sheltering, exposure to de-icing chlorides, and design details that permit water to pond on steel surfaces. Weathering steel bridges constructed over or adjacent to other roadways could be subjected to sufficient salt spray that would impede the development of an adequate patina. Addressing areas of corrosion on a weathering steel bridge superstructure where a protective patina has not formed is often costly and negates the anticipated cost savings for this type of steel superstructure. Early detection of weathering steel corrosion is important to extending the service life of the bridge structure; however, written inspection procedures are not available for inspectors to evaluate the performance or quality of the patina. This project focused on the evaluation of weathering steel bridge structures, including possible methods to assess the quality of the weathering steel patina and to properly maintain the quality of the patina. The objectives of this project are summarized as follows: (1) Identify weathering steel bridge structures that would be most vulnerable to chloride contamination, based on location, exposure, environment, and other factors. (2) Identify locations on an individual weathering steel bridge structure that would be most susceptible to chloride contamination, such as below joints, splash/spray zones, and areas of ponding water or debris. (3) Identify possible testing methods and/or inspection techniques for inspectors to evaluate the quality of the weathering steel patina at locations discussed above. (4) Identify possible methods to measure and evaluate the level of chloride contamination at the locations discussed above. (5) Evaluate the effectiveness of water washing on removing chlorides from the weathering steel patina. (6) Develop a general prioritization for the washing of bridge structures based on the structure’s location, environment, inspection observations, patina evaluation findings, and chloride test results. KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Iowa KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance of specific facilities KW - Measuring methods KW - Steel bridges KW - Weathering steel UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/14956/1/Iowa_Weathering_Steel_Final_Report_2-21-2013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1262145 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547221 TI - A Guide to Regional Transportation Planning for Disasters, Emergencies, and Significant Events AB - Disasters in the United States and internationally have highlighted the consequences of disasters not only on the immediately impacted area, but also on other jurisdictions and regions. Responding to disasters, emergencies, and significant events requires regional planning, with plans designed to facilitate responses by public and private transportation stakeholders and planners. The 2010 National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 525, Volume 16: Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies addresses internal planning processes used at departments of transportation (DOTs) and other state agencies to align their plans with other entities. Transportation stakeholders need to communicate and coordinate responsibilities, roles, limitations, and capabilities among all public and private entities involved in operations and planning for regional disasters, emergencies, and significant events. Research is needed to develop a Guide that will aid users by providing a logical thought process as to what should be considered, with whom to collaborate both inside and outside the transportation community, and how to lead discussions with or ask questions of those unfamiliar with emergency transportation planning and operations. The objective of this research is to develop a Guide with principles and resources for facilitating regional transportation planning, coordination, and operations across all modes for disasters, emergencies, and significant events. The Guide should be appropriately designed for use by transportation planning and emergency management stakeholders (i.e., local, state, regional, tribal, federal, and private emergency planners, stakeholders, and transportation providers). It should provide sufficient detail to allow users to adapt it to their individual entities. KW - Communication systems KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency management KW - Guidelines KW - Regional planning KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3079 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334202 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01545236 TI - Input Guidelines for Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator Model AB - The objective of this research is to produce guidelines for transportation practitioners on methods, procedures, and datasets needed to develop and obtain transportation-related regional- and project-level inputs for using Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) 2010 to estimate emissions of criteria pollutants, air toxics, and greenhouse gases. The guidelines should be intended for all practitioners at state department of transportation (DOT) and metropolitan planning organizations (MPO) agencies that are addressing transportation air quality analyses at the regional or project level. KW - Air quality management KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) KW - Pollutants KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3191 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332755 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549267 TI - Consortium of Accelerated Pavement Testing (CAPT) and Technical Exchange Partnership AB - The main objective of the Consortium of Accelerated Pavement Testing (CAPT) Pooled Fund is to develop technical deliverables unique to Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) facilities and to accelerate technology transfer among APT owners. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Consortium of Accelerated Pavement Testers (CAPT) KW - Information dissemination KW - Partnerships KW - Technology transfer UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/358 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1336482 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01557617 TI - I-95 Corridor Coalition Vehicle Probe Project AB - The objective of the second phase of the project is to continue to push forward to realize the entire vision of the Vehicle Probe Project, that of an ubiquitous and high quality source of travel time and speed data creating a seamless traffic monitoring system that spans the entire eastern seaboard using probe technology, and driving a variety of applications. The applications include not only operations, but also planning and engineering, and not only existing applications, but also uses of the data not previously leveraged. KW - Highway operations KW - I-95 Corridor Coalition KW - Probe vehicles KW - Speed data KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Travel time UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/481 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1347120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01447515 AU - Rosenbaugh, Scott K AU - Faller, Ronald K AU - Bielenberg, Robert W AU - Sicking, Dean L AU - Reid, John D AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Phase I Development of an Aesthetic, Precast Concrete Bridge Rail PY - 2012/02/13/Final Report SP - 360p AB - Precast concrete bridge rail systems offer several advantages over traditional cast-in-place rail designs, including reduced construction time and costs, installation in a wide range of environmental conditions, easier maintenance and repair, improved railing quality, and greater flexibility for aesthetic treatments. The objective of this project was to develop a precast concrete bridge rail system that met the TL-4 impact safety standards provided in MASH. The design criteria for the new bridge rail system included criteria for barrier geometry, provisions for open and closed rail options, constructability, weight limitations, segment length, design impact loads, connection of barrier segments, and connection to the bridge deck among other factors. The research effort proceeded in several phases. First, the research focused on determining the overall concept for the new bridge rail system in terms of the rail configuration and geometry as well as the required barrier reinforcement. Next, design concepts for the joints connecting adjacent rail segments were designed and subjected to dynamic component testing in order to select a design capable of meeting design criteria for the precast bridge rail system. After selection of an appropriate rail joint, the researchers developed connection details for the attachment of the rail to the bridge deck. Once the design of the various precast bridge rail components was completed, a complete set of CAD details for the prototype precast concrete bridge rail system were completed. Following the design effort, recommendations were made regarding the full-scale testing required to implement the new, precast concrete bridge rail system. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge railings KW - Design KW - Impact tests KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Precast concrete KW - Testing UR - http://ne-ltap.unl.edu/Documents/NDOR/TRP-03-239-12%5B1%5D.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46953/Phase_I_Development_of_an_Aesthetic_Precast_Concrete_Bridge_Rail.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444845 AU - Rosenbaugh, Scott K AU - Faller, Ronald K AU - Bielenberg, Robert W AU - Sicking, Dean L AU - Reid, John D AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Phase 1 Development of An Aesthetic Precast Concrete Bridge Rail PY - 2012/02/13/Final Report SP - 360p AB - Precast concrete bridge rail systems offer several advantages over traditional cast-in-place rail designs, including reduced construction time and costs, installation in a wide range of environmental conditions, easier maintenance and repair, improved railing quality, and greater flexibility for aesthetic treatments. The objective of this project was to develop a precast concrete bridge rail system that met the Test Level 4 impact safety standards provided in the American Association for State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) document entitled Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). The design criteria for the new bridge rail system included criteria for barrier geometry, provisions for open and closed rail options, constructability, weight limitations, segment length, design impact loads, connection of barrier segments, and connection to the bridge deck among other factors. The research effort proceeded in several phases. First, the research focused on determining the overall concept for the new bridge rail system in terms of the rail configuration and geometry as well as the required barrier reinforcement. Next, design concepts for the joints connecting adjacent rail segments were designed and subjected to dynamic component testing in order to select a design capable of meeting design criteria for the precast bridge rail system. After selection of an appropriate rail joint, the researchers developed connection details for the attachment of the rail to the bridge deck. Once the design of the various precast bridge rail components was completed, a complete set of computer-aided design (CAD) details for the prototype precast concrete bridge rail system were completed. Following the design effort, recommendations were made regarding the full-scale testing required to implement the new, precast concrete bridge rail system. KW - AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware KW - Aesthetics KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge railings KW - Impact tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Rail joints UR - http://ne-ltap.unl.edu/Documents/NDOR/TRP-03-239-12%5B1%5D.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212436 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01563749 TI - Northwest Passage Phase III AB - The North/West Passage Corridor encompasses the states along I-90/I-94 from Wisconsin to Washington. The states within the North/West Passage Corridor are predominately rural and face similar transportation issues related to traffic management, traveler information, and commercial vehicle operations. Within the corridor states, there are numerous systems for collecting, processing, and integrating traveler and road maintenance information. At present, this information is not readily shared across state borders. Recognizing the value of coordinated, cross-border collaboration for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) deployment to address these issues, the states formed the Transportation Pooled Fund (TPF-5(093) in 2003. Building on several projects recommended in the ITS Integrated Corridor Strategic Plan for North/West Passage, Work Plan 4 presents a series of projects targeted for completion in 2008-2009. The projects continue to integrate traveler information systems and coordinate maintenance operations across state borders. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Maintenance practices KW - Northwest Passage UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/412 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1354931 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01560331 TI - Open-bottom Culverts in Nebraska AB - The overarching goal of this research is to provide the Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) with a clear procedure for assessing the practicability of bottomless culverts installation at stream-crossing construction sites. Exact definitions of practicability will be established by the permitting agency, but the project will provide a frame work that can be used to assess practicability, depending on real-world site characteristics, some that are already known, some that will be identified as a result of literature review, and some that potentially will be identified as the research progresses beyond the literature review. Based on the above goal, the following objectives has been identified: (1) Literature that is relevant to bottomless culverts, including state-of-the-art examples, stream stability issues, biological issues, local erosion issues, local soil properties, and hydraulic issues will be reviewed. (2) Focusing on stream stability, criteria that impact the feasibility or practicability of bottomless culvert installation will be identified. (3) A reproducible methodology for evaluating and recording stream stability and other pertinent stream characteristics in order to assess bottomless culvert practicability at stream-crossing sites will be established. (4) In collaboration with NDOR personnel, potential design alternatives that can be tested further for effectiveness for Nebraska conditions will be identified. This work will provide a framework for identifying locations where bottomless culverts are and are not practical. It is very likely that bottomless culverts will be required in some locations in Nebraska. At the end of the project the research team expect that NDOR may want to evaluate new bottomless culvert design ideas and design modifications since existing bottomless culverts are generally found in locations where stream characteristics differ significantly from those found in Nebraska. KW - Culverts KW - Erosion KW - Nebraska KW - Soil properties KW - State of the art KW - Stream stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1350057 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01466554 TI - National Research and Innovation Liaison Position at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) AB - The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Water (OW) administers Federal clean water and safe drinking water laws, provides support for municipal wastewater treatment plants, and takes part in pollution prevention efforts aimed at protecting watersheds and sources of drinking water. The OW carries out both regulatory and voluntary programs to fulfill the Agency's mission to protect the Nation's waters. Transportation infrastructure development occurs on a project by project basis as well as in long-term planning through the activities promoted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Project Development and Environmental Review and the Office of Natural and Human Environment. KW - Drinking water KW - Environmental protection KW - Regulations KW - Sewage treatment KW - Strategic planning KW - Water quality management KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1234789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454131 AU - Sarasua, Wayne AU - Bell, Lansford AU - Davis, William J AU - Clemson University AU - The Citadel AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimating the Lifecycle of Pavement Markings on Primary And Secondary Roads in South Carolina PY - 2012/02/01/Final Report SP - 147p AB - The absence of systematic procedures and standardized methods to quantitatively evaluate pavement marking materials on South Carolina's primary and secondary roads has made it difficult for the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) to track performance and determine lifecycle duration of pavement markings from installation to eventual restriping applications. In 2008, SCDOT issued a problem statement for research supporting development of guidelines for pavement marking applications. Objectives of this research focused on determination of evidence-based guidelines and recommendations to support pavement marking best practices for consistent implementation across the state. Through the use of a data-driven research methodology and measured retroreflectivity values systematically collected at selected representative control sites, lifecycle models and degradation models were determined for waterborne, high-build and thermoplastic pavement marking applications for the State’s primary and secondary road network. A comparison of marking lifecycles was performed and recommendations regarding material selection for typical applications were developed. This report summarizes findings of a three-year research project and includes a literature search, discussion of data collection and analysis, development of retroreflectivity degradation models, comparison of marking materials, and identification of recommended guidelines. KW - Best practices KW - Degradation (Materials) KW - Durability KW - Implementation KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Performance KW - Primary highways KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - Secondary roads KW - South Carolina UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46200/46248/SPR_669.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554183 AU - Alexiadis, Vassili AU - Armstrong, April AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Integrated Corridor Management Modeling Results Report: Dallas, Minneapolis, and San Diego PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 328p AB - This executive summary documents the analysis methodologies, tools, and performance measures used to analyze Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) strategies; and presents high-level results for the successful implementation of ICM at three Stage 2 Pioneer Sites, including 1) the U.S. 75 corridor in Dallas, Texas; 2) the I-15 corridor in San Diego, California; and 3) the I-394 corridor in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The executive summary provides an overall summary of benefits, followed by brief descriptions of the corridors, operational conditions and ICM strategies, analyzed, and summaries of estimated benefits for each corridor. It also provides a summary of the analysis methodology employed in the three sites, including model calibration methodology, analysis for different operational conditions, performance measures, analysis plans, and calculation of ICM benefits. Reports providing detailed summaries of analysis approaches used at each of the sites, and benefits, are also provided. KW - Analysis KW - Benefits KW - Calibration KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Implementation KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Methodology KW - Minneapolis (Minnesota) KW - Performance measurement KW - San Diego (California) KW - Transportation corridors UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54300/54346/ICM_Modeling_Results_Report__FHWA-JPO-12-037_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547286 AU - Tamayo, Sarah AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of High Performance Curing Compounds on Freshly Poured Bridge Decks PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 45p AB - Shrinkage cracking is a critical factor affecting the durability of concrete bridge decks. On their own, these cracks are not typically large enough to compromise the structural integrity of the bridge deck, but the presence of these cracks does allow potentially corrosive substances to enter the interior of the bridge deck (Poole, 2005) accelerating deterioration of the concrete and reinforcement, thus reducing the life span of the bridge. The four main types of shrinkage cracks that occur in concrete are autogenous, plastic shrinkage, drying, and carbonation. Plastic shrinkage cracking occurs when water is lost from the surface of freshly poured concrete pavement. This research will focus on plastic shrinkage cracking and is a continuation of the laboratory work completed in TRC 0603. Plastic shrinkage cracking is the most common type of cracking to occur in concrete pavement. These cracks may manifest in two different forms. The first form of cracking is large, shallow, well-spaced, parallel cracks. The second form of cracking that occurs is a shallow, fine, map cracking pattern. The map type cracking pattern is difficult to see on concrete where tining has been introduced (Poole, 2005). Curing compounds can help reduce the amount of shrinkage cracking. Selection criteria for curing compounds can include water retention, pigments, drying time, amount of solids, volatile organic compounds, coating, and viscosity (Poole, 2005). Standard curing compounds typically require the addition of water throughout the curing process. The additional water is typically added through the application of wet burlap, insulation blankets, or misters to keep the surface of the concrete hydrated. Though wet burlap or insulation blankets are typically used, their installation process is labor intensive and time consuming (Cable, Wang, & Ge, 2003). Newer, high performing curing compounds (HPCC) may reduce the amount of shrinkage cracking in bridge decks as well as eliminating the need for the burlap, insulation blankets and misters. These HPCC, also referred to as shield-forming curing compounds, can be lithium-based, and do not require the same curing process as standard curing compounds. Chemical admixtures are the most common uses of lithium in the construction industry. Lithium compounds such as (Li₂CO₃, LiOH, Li₂SO₄) are used in the formulation of set accelerators for calcium-aluminate-cement concrete. Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H₂O) and lithium nitrate (LiNO₃) have been used to control alkali-silica reaction in Portland cement concrete (Thomas, 2007). KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete curing KW - Cracking KW - Curing agents KW - Lithium compounds KW - Plastic shrinkage KW - Shrinkage UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%201002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512516 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR 126 (Memorial Boulevard) corridor improvement project from East Center Street to Interstate 81 in Sullivan County, Kingsport, Tennessee : environmental impact statement PY - 2012/02//Volumes held: Draft, Dapp KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505640 AU - Kalra, Nidhi AU - Ecola, Liisa AU - Keefe, Ryan AU - Weatherford, Brian AU - Wachs, Martin AU - Plumeau, Peter AU - Lawe, Stephen AU - Smith, Colin AU - RAND Corporation AU - RSG, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reference Sourcebook for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation Sources PY - 2012/02 SP - 229p AB - The prospect of global warming and increased climate variability has become a major policy issue during the last decade. Since transportation is a major—and growing—contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, transportation agencies will increasingly seek ways to address it by developing ways to mitigate GHG emissions. This will be especially challenging because agencies simultaneously face reduced revenue, increased congestion, and growing demands for transportation. Therefore, agencies will need guidance and information in order to meet climate change mitigation goals amid these other challenges. This report, sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), helps address that need. It presents the results of a literature review of GHG mitigation strategies, summarizing what has been published about the GHG effects of different strategies, their costs, and the social feasibility of implementing them. This report does not endorse or recommend particular strategies and did not involve a direct analysis of strategies; therefore, it is best thought of as a sourcebook of information. This information can be used by transportation agencies—principally Departments of Transportation (DOTs) and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs)—to inform decision-making about strategies in their own jurisdictions. This document may also be of interest to other government agencies, researchers, transportation consultants, and students. KW - Climate change KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Global warming KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Literature reviews KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Pollutants KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/mitigation/publications_and_tools/reference_sourcebook/referencesourcebook.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1285484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01497506 AU - Varma, Amit H AU - Sohn, Youngmoo AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Realistic Heat Straightening Repair on the Properties and Serviceability of Damaged Steel Beam Bridges PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 141p AB - The permanent deformations in steel beam bridges caused by collision with high profile vehicles can be repaired by heat straightening, which is a structurally efficient and cost-effective repair process developed by many engineers over the years. Guidelines for conducting heat straightening repair have been developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and many state departments of transportation (DOTs). The guidelines establish limits for: (a) the maximum damage that can be repaired, (b) the maximum restraining force, and (c) the maximum heating temperature to prevent the side effects of heat straightening repair process. However the heat straightening guidelines are violated in the field due to time and economic issues. These violations include, but are not limited to: (a) underheating below 1200°F, (b) overheating above 1200°F, (c) overstraining above restraining force limit (0.5 Mp) and (d) multiple heat straightening of the same beam more than two times. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge of the effects of these imperfections in the heat straightening repair process on the condition and serviceability of the damaged-repaired beams. This knowledge is needed to develop more realistic guidelines for evaluating and replacing bridge members subjected to damage followed by imperfect heat straightening repair. The overall goal of this research is to develop recommendations and guidelines for evaluating steel beam bridges in Indiana subjected to damage followed by heat straightening repair with imperfections (overstraining, overheating, or multiple heat straightening). KW - Beams KW - Guidelines KW - Heat straightening KW - Indiana KW - Repairing KW - Steel bridges UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315184 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1266683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496658 AU - Goldstein, Thomas AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National Review on Nonstructural Precast Concrete Elements PY - 2012/02//Program Review Final Report SP - 60p AB - One of the purposes of the national review on nonstructural precast concrete elements was to review the acceptance processes for state highway agencies (SHA) to determine if they allow for enough oversight of precast concrete producers to minimize the risk of material not meeting the specifications for nonstructural precast concrete elements. The other purpose was to verify if producers placed steel reinforcement in the precast concrete elements in accordance with applicable shop drawings and specifications. KW - Acceptance KW - Evaluation KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Oversight KW - Precast concrete KW - Quality control KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Specifications KW - State departments of transportation KW - Steel UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/materials/program_review.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1265759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01475832 AU - Smith, Kurt D AU - Morian, Dennis A AU - Van Dam, Thomas J AU - Quality Engineering Solutions, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Pavements—A Guide to Best Practice PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 36p AB - This document contains recommendations for best practices related to the use of air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) as coarse aggregate in concrete pavements. It is primarily based on the results of a review of available literature regarding the production and use of ACBFS as coarse aggregate in concrete pavements, information provided through interaction with the project’s expert task group, and limited pavement field surveys and petrographic analysis of extracted cores from ACBFS concrete pavements. This best practices document discusses the production, physical, and chemical properties of ACBFS aggregate, highlighting how this material differs from natural aggregates. It also discusses the properties of concrete produced with ACBFS coarse aggregate and identifies specific production issues and quality control practices applicable to ACBFS concrete. The document further provides design and construction recommendations for improving the quality of concrete pavement made using this material. Results from field inspections and laboratory evaluations of concrete pavements made with ACBFS coarse aggregate are discussed. Finally, the life-cycle and maintenance costs associated with concrete pavements incorporating ACBFS aggregate in the concrete are also discussed in the report. KW - Best practices KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Literature reviews KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Petrographic analysis KW - Quality control KW - Slag UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46100/46185/Use_of_air-cooled_blast_furnance_slag_Guide_best_practice.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1244569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470767 AU - Rohde, John AU - Terpsma, Ryan J AU - Zhu, Ling AU - Dickey, Benjamin J AU - Rosenbaugh, Scott K AU - Faller, Ronald K AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Mid-America Transportation Center AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Development of a Socketed Foundation for Cable Barrier Posts – Phase I PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 75p AB - Four socketed foundation designs were evaluated for use as a new reusable base for high-tension, cable barrier systems. Each foundation was a reinforced concrete cylindrical shape. The top of the foundation had an open steel tube to accept the post during installation. The four foundation designs were installed in sand and subjected to dynamic component testing in order to simulate a weak/saturated soil and evaluate maximum displacements during impact events. An S4x7.7 (S102x11.5) post was selected for each test assembly after a review of the current Federal Highway Administration-accepted, high-tension cable barrier systems revealed the section to be the strongest and most critical post. Both the 24 in. (610 mm) and 36 in. (914 mm) deep foundations rotated through the soil and were deemed too shallow to prevent excessive deformations. The other two assemblies, both 60 in. (1,524 mm) deep, fractured during the impact event. As a result, the 60 in. (1,524 mm) deep configurations were deemed too weak to sustain the full load capacity of the S4x7.7 (S102x11.5) post. Further, the displacement for the 60 in. (1,524 mm) deep foundations could not be determined due to premature fracture. Therefore, none of the four socketed foundation configurations was found to be acceptable and further development and testing was recommended. KW - Cables KW - Footings KW - Foundations KW - Guardrails KW - Impact loads KW - Median barriers KW - Posts KW - Socket connection UR - http://matc.unl.edu/assets/documents/matcfinal/Rohde_DevelopmentosaSocketedFoundationforCableBarrierPosts-Phase1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1238457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470179 AU - Massachusetts Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 2011 Massachusetts Road Inventory Year End Report PY - 2012/02 SP - 103p AB - This report contains selected 2011 year-end statistics from the Massachusetts Road Inventory file and supersedes the 2010 report issued last year. The Road Inventory file, maintained by the Office of Transportation Planning, contains information on mileage, identification, characteristics, and condition for all roadways in the state. It is a widely used transportation planning resource within the Massachusetts Department of Transportation [MassDOT] and is the foundation of several important programs. The Road Inventory file also serves as the foundation of Massachusetts Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities. It is linked to 1:5,000 Centerlines using ArcGIS and contains approximately 470,000 road inventory records representing over 36,000 centerline miles of roadway. This GIS system allows for easy mapping of any of the 78 attributes in the Road Inventory file at any geographic level (i.e., State, MassDOT Highway District, Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), Town, etc.). This 2011 year-end report contains centerline and lane mileage data on jurisdiction, functional classification, and federal-aid status at the town, MPO, MassDOT Highway District, and state levels. Please note that not all mileage for ramps are included in any of these reports and that lane miles do not include any shoulders. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highways KW - Inventory KW - Mapping KW - Massachusetts KW - Roads KW - Statistics KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/17/docs/RoadInventory/2011_ye_rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469678 AU - Hossain, Zahid AU - Solanki, Pranshoo AU - Zaman, Musharraf AU - Adje, David AU - Lewis, Sharon AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Langston University AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Test Methods for Use of Recycled Asphalt Pavement in Asphalt Mixes PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 128p AB - Usage of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in the construction of new pavements has increased in recent years due to the movement to conserve energy and raw materials, and reuse waste materials. To assess the effectiveness of RAP materials in new asphalt mixes, it is important to evaluate the properties of the recovered binders and aggregates. he widely used "Abson" method is employed in this study to recover asphalt binder from RAP. Also, the frequency used "NCAT Ignition" method is used to extract aggregates. A laboratory study comprising of two field RAP materials, four simulated RAP materials and corresponding virgin materials, was undertaken to assess possible influences of the aforementioned recovery processes. Gradation, specific gravity, durability (L.A. Abrasion and Micro-Deval), sand equivalent, and insoluble residue of the extracted aggregates, and performance grade (PG), viscosity and penetration values of the recovered binders were evaluated as per the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) standards. It was observed that gradation, specific gravity, durability and sand equivalent of the extracted aggregate were inconsistent with their virgin counterparts, and would result in conservative designs in a majority of cases. On the other hand, acid solubility, percentage of crushed face and surface properties were not influenced by the NCAT ignition oven processes. Binder test results showed that the Abson method positively influenced the critical PG temperatures of the recovered binder by about 4°C. The Abson method did not show any statistically significant influence on the viscosity values of the recovered binders at ODOT mixing and compaction temperatures. The penetration test results of recovered binder via the Abson method were found to be higher than laboratory aged binder in 75% of the time. In regard to the PG grade, based on limited test results, the Abson method is less conservative than the Rotavapor method. The findings of this study are expected to be helpful in the evaluation of RAP for reuse in asphalt paving. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Durability KW - Mix design KW - Recycled materials KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/p-r-div/spr-rip/library/reports/rad_spr2-i2223-fy2012-rpt-final-zaman.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1237829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446273 AU - Deshpande, Yogini AU - Olek, Jan AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dowel Bar Retrofit Mix Design and Specification PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 287p AB - The focus of this project was on identifying critical properties that control long‐term performance of repair concrete, especially rapid-setting materials extended using pea gravel (maximum size aggregate 9.5 mm). In the first phase of this project, four commercial rapid‐setting materials (CRSMs) were selected and development of mixture proportions in terms of optimum pea gravel content and water content was performed. Optimized mixtures were further evaluated at three different initial temperature conditions. The properties evaluated included workability, setting time, rate of compressive strength developed, slant shear bond strength, freeze‐thaw resistance, air‐void system characteristics of hardened concrete, drying shrinkage and cracking potential. It was observed that some of the CRSMs evaluated did not meet requirements of ASTM C 928. All, except one, CRSMs tested exhibited low resistance to freezing and thawing but all had high resistance to cracking. In the second phase of the project, rapid‐setting self‐consolidating concrete (RSSCC) was developed using ternary blend of cementitious materials, high‐range water reducer (HRWR) and accelerators. Slump flow, visual stability index (VSI), compressive strength at various ages and the power consumption values for the mortar mixer indicated that a five minutes mixing sequence involving a 2‐Step addition of HRWR produces stable RSSCC mixture. The results of various tests carried out indicate that it is possible to develop a small aggregate size‐based self‐consolidating repair concrete that achieves a compressive strength of 19 MPa at the end of 6 hrs, has good bond characteristics and excellent freezing and thawing durability (DF>90%). The sensitivity of RSSCC to aggregate characteristics and production variables was also evaluated. Specifically, the influence of aggregate gradation and aggregate moisture content using different types of mixers and re‐mixing after a period of rest was evaluated. It was observed that variation in aggregate moisture content and aggregate gradation resulted in noticeable changes in fresh concrete properties such as the slump flow, stability and V‐funnel flow values. While changes in moisture content and gradation of aggregates had an impact on the early (6 h) compressive strength, the compressive strength at the end of 24 hours was not significantly affected. KW - Concrete KW - Dowel bar retrofit KW - Durability KW - Mix design KW - Rapid set materials KW - Repairing KW - Self compacting concrete KW - Setting (Concrete) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314859 UR - https://engineering.purdue.edu/JTRP/files/2789-Technical-Summary.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45764/fulltext.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376384 AU - Carrion, Migdalia AU - Guzman, Claire AU - Seedah, Dan AU - Prozzi, Jolanda AU - Walton, C Michael AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - User Manual for the Relational Multimodal Freight Database PY - 2012/02 SP - 17p AB - This document was developed as part of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) project 0-6297 entitled: Freight Planning Factors Impacting Texas Commodity Flows. The research team developed a Relational Multimodal Freight Database that can capture relevant publicly-available freight variables required for updating TxDOT freight models and studies. From the Multimodal Freight Database, TxDOT is able to identify any missing data that the public databases do not capture. The missing data can be obtained through purchasing a commercial database or by collecting the relevant data. This user manual provides step-by-step guidance on how to use the TxDOT Relational Multimodal Freight Database Software, as well as information on how the database was developed, and the public databases from which the data were extracted. KW - Commodity flow KW - Computer program documentation KW - Freight transportation KW - Missing data KW - Relational databases KW - Texas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/products/0-6297-P3_UserManual.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376378 AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Relational Multimodal Freight Database Webinar PY - 2012/02 SP - 11p AB - The relational Multimodal Freight Database (MFD) was developed as part of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Research Project 0-6297 entitled Freight Planning Factors Impacting Texas Commodity Flows. This document summarizes the outcome of Task 2: Conduct Multimodal Freight Database Webinar. The objective of Task 2 was to demonstrate the MFD to FHWA freight leaders and TxDOT Division staff to gain support for the development of a national database and to discuss the integration of proprietary data into the existing MFD. The webinar was hosted by Mr. Kirk Fauver (Statewide Planning Engineer, FHWA) and Ms. Jolanda Prozzi (Assistant Director, CTR). The webinar was conducted using Adobe Connect on December 8, 2011 from 1:00 to 2:30 p.m. (CST). KW - Freight transportation KW - Relational databases KW - Texas KW - Webinars UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_6297_01_P1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45751/5_6297_01_P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376377 AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Relational Multimodal Freight Database Workshops PY - 2012/02 SP - 78p AB - The relational Multimodal Freight Database (MFD) was developed as part of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Research Project 0-6297 entitled Freight Planning Factors Impacting Texas Commodity Flows. This document summarizes the outcome of Task 1: Conduct Multimodal Freight Database Workshops. The objective of Task 1 was to demonstrate the MFD to key potential users for review and comment. Thus, the research team hosted six workshops and invited potential users in TxDOT’s District and Regional Offices, at Texas MPOs, and at Texas cities to attend. During the workshops, the research team (i) reviewed the development of the MFD, (ii) demonstrated the installation and use of the MFD, (iii) provided participants with the opportunity to conduct a number of data searches, (iv) gathered feedback from participants as to their experience using the Database, and (v) gathered feedback as to any improvements that participants deemed necessary to improve the MFD and workshops. KW - Freight transportation KW - Relational databases KW - Texas KW - Workshops UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_6297_01_P2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376242 AU - Rao, Chetana AU - Sadasivam, Suri AU - Littleton, Paul AU - Ullman, Gerry AU - Mallela, Jagannath AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Virginia I-66 Concrete Pavement Replacement Using Precast Concrete Pavement Systems PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 226p AB - As part of a national initiative sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration under the Highways for LIFE (HfL) program, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) was awarded a $1 million grant to showcase and demonstrate the use of precast concrete pavement system (PCPS) technology for the replacement of concrete slabs. The I- 66 rehabilitation project in Fairfax was selected to implement this technology, and the replacement was done on two segments—a 1,020-ft length of the mainline spanning 4 lanes using precast prestressed concrete pavement (PPCP) panels and a 3,552-ft-long segment of the outside lane of the ramp leading to US-50 West using a jointed precast pavement system, Super-Slab®. The construction activities were performed between 9:00 pm and 5:00 am. The mainline was repaired using two-lane or three-lane closures, while the ramp was repaired using full ramp closures and providing detours. This report documents all details of this project, including a description of the PCPS technologies and their design, the construction staging techniques and maintenance of traffic, slab installation, and the performance evaluations and economic analysis. This report also contains other items relevant to HfL projects, including a description of HfL goals, other technology transfer activities on the project, and a detailed analysis of data to evaluate if the HfL goals were satisfied. A detailed economic analysis is included in the report to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using the innovative technology. Individual analyses were performed for the mainline and the ramp segments. Overall, it was determined that VDOT met the HfL goals on this project and realized cost savings of about 7 percent relative to cast-in-place alternatives. KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interstate 66 KW - Jointed plain concrete pavements KW - Lane closure KW - Paving KW - Precast concrete pavements KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Replacement KW - Road construction KW - Slabs KW - Virginia UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hfl/summary/va_i66.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375425 AU - Zornberg, Jorge G AU - Freilich, Brian J AU - Guzman, Carlos AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Validation of Field Test Methods for Use of Tire Bales PY - 2012/02//Technical Report SP - 39p AB - This implementation project validates field test methods for checking the conformity of tire bales used in transportation applications. It also provides guidelines for instrumentation of installations involving tire bales. Specific components include field evaluation of tire bale dimensions, tire bale unit weight, tension in the baling wires as well as field assessment of mechanical and thermal properties. New test methods for field application to test the bales are developed. KW - Field studies KW - Instrumentation KW - Mechanical properties KW - Quality control KW - Recycled materials KW - Scrap tires KW - Size KW - Test procedures KW - Thermal properties KW - Tire bales KW - Tires KW - Weight UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/5_5517_01_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375344 AU - Jaiswal, Harshita AU - Ryu, Sungwoo AU - Choi, Pangil AU - Choi, Seongcheol AU - Jayawickrama, Priyantha AU - Senadheera, Sanjaya AU - Yeon, Jeongheum AU - Won, Moon C AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rational Use of Terminal Anchorages in Portland Cement Concrete Pavements PY - 2012/02//Technical Report SP - 114p AB - It has long been stated that portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements can grow and push bridges, resulting in damage to bridge structures. To protect bridge structures from damages due to the expansion of PCC pavements, three terminal systems are currently used in Texas: anchor lug (AL), wide-flange (WF), and expansion joint (EJ) systems. However, the effectiveness of these three systems has not been fully evaluated. This study investigated the parameters affecting the movements of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) due to temperature variations near bridge terminal areas, whether thermal expansion of CRCP causes damage to bridge structures, and if it does, which terminal type is the most cost effective. Field evaluations revealed that subbase friction plays an important role, and the movement of CRCP due to temperature variations was not excessive if the subbase friction is adequate and may not cause damage to the bridge structures. Most of the distresses near the bridge terminal areas were due to volume changes or instability in the embankment materials. The end movement of CRCP could be accommodated by a simple EJ system if there is adequate subbase friction. The benefits of WF and AL systems are doubtful considering their higher initial construction costs compared with that of a simple EJ system. On the other hand, it should be noted that in a few CRCP projects, observations were made of CRCP expanding beyond the thermal expansion limits, implying that there are other expansion mechanisms than thermal expansions. The investigation of CRCP expansions due to factors other than thermal volume changes was out of the scope of this project. Simple structural analysis showed that if CRCP expands beyond thermal expansion limits, it is practically impossible to restrain the slab expansions with known methods including the AL system. KW - Anchorages KW - Bridge approaches KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Expansion joints KW - Flanges KW - Friction KW - Lugs KW - Pavement design KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Texas KW - Thermal expansion UR - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/reports/complete_reports/0-6326-1-FINAL_REPORT-2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56100/56115/TTU_0-6326-1.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375343 AU - Kim, Yungon AU - Quinn, Kevin AU - Satrom, Neil AU - Garcia, Jose AU - Sun, Wei AU - Ghannoum, Wassim M AU - Jirsa, James O AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Shear Strengthening of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Beams Using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Sheets and Anchors PY - 2012/02//Technical Report SP - 325p AB - The ability to quickly apply carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials with a minimum of disruption to the use of a structure and with virtually no change in the geometry or weight of the element makes CFRP a viable and attractive material for strengthening existing elements. However, without adequate anchorage of CFRP sheets to the concrete surface, premature failures by debonding of the CFRP from the concrete significantly limit the capacity of CFRP strengthening systems. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using anchored CFRP for shear strengthening of large bridge girders or supporting elements. An extensive experimental program was undertaken on several full-scale T-beams and I-girders to achieve project objectives. CFRP anchors used in the study performed well and were able to develop the full capacity of CFRP sheets thereby precluding debonding failures. Studied anchored CFRP systems were thus able to generate significant shear strength gains of up to 50% of the unstrengthened beam capacity. Experimental results, installation procedures for CFRP sheets and anchors, specifications for fabrication and installation of CFRP anchors, and anchored CFRP shear design guidelines are presented. KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Carbon fibers KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Girders KW - I girders KW - Installation KW - Shear strength KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - T beams UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6306_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374497 AU - Zornberg, Jorge G AU - Thompson, Nathan AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application Guide and Specifications for Geotextiles in Roadway Applications PY - 2012/02//Technical Report SP - 127p AB - Geotextiles, one among the different geosynthetic products, can be used for a number of functions or applications in pavement design. The benefits of using geotextiles in pavements and other transportation applications have triggered a proliferation of products. While this abundance of new products has led to reduction in costs, it has also made it difficult for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) personnel to choose appropriate products based on their engineering properties. Consequently, this report provides the basis for (i) guidelines for proper use and selection of geotextiles in pavements, (ii) material specifications for geotextiles in pavement applications, and (iii) draft construction specifications. KW - Geotextiles KW - Guidelines KW - Materials selection KW - Pavements KW - Specifications UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5812_1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55871/FHWA-TX_0_5812_1_APPLICATION_GUIDE.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1142172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374455 AU - Aguiar-Moya, Jose Pablo AU - Smit, Andre de Fortier AU - Prozzi, Jorge A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Monitoring of Experimental Sections Using a Web-based Database PY - 2012/02//Technical Report SP - 132p AB - In recent years, a number of databases have been developed as part of the Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT’s) Research Program for a diversity of goals and objectives. However, there is no one database that collects and stores lessons learned from long-term field application of different technologies or methods—in particular, after the original research project has concluded. Establishing a database that can hold information from research and construction projects provides TxDOT personnel, practitioners, and researchers with a tool to reference information from past studies to supplement data and avoid duplication of efforts. A database of this type is useful not only for tracking the performance of different types of materials or construction techniques, but also as a warehouse to archive case studies and observations about different projects that can be accessed by TxDOT engineers and others. This access is fundamental for ensuring that the experience and knowledge gained by the TxDOT personnel through the years by developing and implementing research technologies is preserved and the mistakes from the past are not repeated. Besides, the long-term monitoring and documenting of the performance of the various projects could provide valuable information in terms of the effectiveness and the efficiency of the various technologies and products developed during the original study. Based on the analysis of the advantages and limitations of existing database systems developed previously under TxDOT’s Research Program, this project created a wiki-type online database system to house all of the required information and meet the project’s requirements and goals. The availability of wiki tools allowed for the development of an online database system that can store all of the required information and be easily accessed and modified by users to accommodate changing requirements and needs. A wiki consists of a collection of web pages designed to enable anyone with access to contribute or modify content, using a simplified markup language. The project’s website address is http://pavements2.ce.utexas.edu:8080/txdot. This study was a “low-cost, high-payoff” project because most of the research and expensive testing had already been done but several valuable lessons were missing. This database is a useful tool that can help communicate the experiences and lessons learned not only from different projects, but from engineers themselves. KW - Case studies KW - Data warehouses KW - Databases KW - Knowledge management KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement performance KW - Test sections KW - Texas KW - Web applications KW - Wikis (Websites) UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_6357_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374403 AU - Ice, Ronald C AU - Bauer, Jocelyn K AU - Loudon, William R AU - Fehon, Kevin AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - R.C. Ice and Associates AU - DKS Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Applying a Regional ITS Architecture to Support Planning for Operations: A Primer PY - 2012/02 SP - 100p AB - This primer offers transportation planners and operations managers a menu of opportunities for applying the regional Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) architecture to enhance planning for operations. It provides specific entry points for leveraging the regional ITS architecture in integrating operations into the planning process. This primer centers on the use of an objectives-driven, performance-based approach to planning for operations; an approach that can leverage regional ITS architectures given the approach’s emphasis on operational objectives and performance measures and the architecture’s use of data and services to address operational needs. Additionally, the primer leads planners and operators through techniques to make a regional ITS architecture relevant and more accessible to practitioner needs in planning for operations. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - ITS program applications KW - Regional ITS architecture KW - Technology UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12001/fhwahop12001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374396 AU - Ganapuram, Sai AU - Adams, Michael AU - Patnaik, Anil AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Quantification of Cracks in Concrete Bridge Decks in Ohio District 3 PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 108p AB - The development of cracks in reinforced bridge decks is a critical problem, not only in Ohio state, but the whole of United States. Many bridge decks constructed within the last 10 years in Ohio have already shown varying levels and patterns of cracking. Bridge deck cracking is a serious issue because cracks allow harmful and corrosive chemicals to penetrate the concrete and deteriorate the reinforcing steel embedded in it, regardless of the bridge design type, length of spans, deck thickness and concrete mixture designs. Proper precautions need to be taken to avoid rapid deterioration of the bridges which can lead to increased maintenance costs and the need for possible replacement. The Ohio Department of Transportation’s current procedure for bridge inspection requires periodic surveying of the whole bridge. However, this inspection procedure offers only a qualitative assessment of the bridges inspected. In this study, a quantitative measurement strategy was adopted by measuring the crack densities of twelve bridges in District 3. Two types of bridges were inspected: three structural slab bridge decks and nine stringer supported bridge decks. Crack densities were determined based on crack maps corresponding to the surveys for each bridge deck. The crack densities determined for the twelve bridge decks indicated that structural slab bridge decks have slightly higher shrinkage crack densities compared to the bridge decks constructed with stringer supports. However, the “structural” cracks seem to be wider for structural slabs (greater than 0.007 inch). Particularly on bridge ASD-42-0656, which is a continuous slab bridge, there were several large “structural” cracks that were parallel to the intermediate supports. These cracks were very wide (much greater than 0.007 inch). The shrinkage crack densities of the twelve bridge decks determined in this study were considerably lower than the crack densities of similar bridge decks located in other states, demonstrating that Ohio bridge decks in general have lower crack density than those in other states. The shrinkage crack densities of the bridges constructed with Quality Control/Quality Assurance (QC/QA) type of concrete have lower values than the bridges made with other types of concrete. KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion KW - Crack density KW - Cracking KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Ohio KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Service life KW - Structural analysis KW - Tensile strength UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/798567035/viewonline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01374310 AU - Rupnow, Tyson D AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Ternary Cementitious Combinations PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 86p AB - Portland cement concrete (PCC) is the world’s most versatile and most used construction materials. Global demand for PCC sustainability has risen as of late. To meet that need, engineers have looked to alternative binders such as fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and other supplementary cementitous materials (SCMs) to increase pavement durability while lowering the initial and life-cycle cost. Ternary mixtures were produced and the fresh and hardened characteristics were determined. Fresh concrete properties of air content, slump, unit weight, and set time were determined. Hardened concrete properties measured included: compressive strength, flexural strength, length change, coefficient of thermal expansion, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, rapid chloride permeability, and freeze-thaw durability. Compressive strength results showed equal to or greater compressive strengths especially at later ages of 56 and 90 days. The compressive strengths of all mixtures with SCM replacements up to 80 percent met LADOTD specifications of 4000 psi. The ratios of the seven to 28 day compressive strengths showed that they are more resistant to early age cracking due to the lower modulus at early ages allowing for more creep. Flexural strengths of the ternary mixtures were generally greater than 650 psi with some reaching 1000 psi. These results show that the mixtures will prove adequate for most concrete paving applications, including interstate applications. The results also indicate that the pavement thickness may be reduced in some instances for certain traffic loading conditions. The length change, or shrinkage, results showed that the ternary mixtures performed the same of better than the control mixtures. This ensures that the risk of shrinkage cracking of properly mixed, placed, and cured ternary concrete mixtures is no greater than that of currently mixed, placed, and cured concrete mixtures. Additional curing may be required to prevent plastic shrinkage cracking. The rapid chloride permeability results show that the ternary mixtures will easily meet the new permeability specifications for all structural class concrete requiring less than 1500 Coulombs at 56 days or 27 kΩ-cm at 28 days of age. The CTE results show that addition of SCMs increase the CTE for certain mixtures, and decrease the CTE values for mixtures containing both class C and class F fly ash. The freeze-thaw results showed adequate freeze-thaw durability when the entrained air content was sufficient to prevent frost damage. The results point to an inadequacy in the ASTM standard for high SCM replacements in that the resulting concrete is usually not of sufficient strength to resist freeze-thaw damage at 14 days of age when the test is started. A change may need to be instituted for states where freeze-thaw damage is of concern where the concrete being tested is allowed to cure for a greater numbers of days before the onset of testing. A portland cement replacement level with SCMs of about 70 percent for LADOTD concrete projects was determined to be reasonable. Care should be taken when interpreting these results and the results apply only to the materials used and tested through the course of this study. Producers and contractors wanting to implement these results are strongly encouraged to produce trail batches with their locally available materials to ensure the mixture’s ability to meet and exceed the standards and specifications. The cost benefit ratio for implementation of the results may be as high as 21 depending upon the mixture used for construction and the number of cubic yards of concrete constructed in the state on any given year. Implementation of ternary mixtures will result in an estimated 62,000 tons of CO2 saved for PCC pavements only and the number will be increased when accounting for structural concrete. KW - Binders KW - Fly ash KW - Granulated slag KW - Paving materials KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Properties of materials KW - Supplementary cementing materials KW - Ternary cements UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_486.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01373961 AU - Radlinska, Aleksandra AU - Yost, Joseph AU - McCarthy, Leslie AU - Matzke, James AU - Nagel, Francis AU - Villanova University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Coatings and Treatments for Beam Ends PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 134p AB - With an aging national transportation infrastructure, many existing bridges require frequent maintenance and repairs. The objective of this project was to conduct an in-depth analysis of new and existing types of beam end coatings and treatments that have been proven to extend the life of new and existing concrete and steel bridge beams. A comprehensive literature review as well as online surveys and phone interviews were conducted to gather information about existing and recently developed technologies. The study revealed that while many promising coatings and treatments are offered on the market, there is a lack of readily available laboratory results that would enable direct comparison of the available methods. This finding applies in terms of the coatings' durability and the potential for extending the service life of existing bridges. Most of the interviewed State departments of transportation personnel assessed the products listed in respective Qualified Products Lists as performing 'well'. However, there was significant variability between states in the products used, and, of the agencies contacted, none was able to suggest the most promising or advanced products either for concrete or steel bridge beam end treatments. This suggests that comprehensive laboratory evaluation would be needed to select the best available beam end treatments and coatings. KW - Beams KW - Bridges KW - Coatings KW - Durability KW - End treatments KW - Maintenance KW - Service life UR - ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_PDF_FILES/Documents/Research/Complete%20Projects/Improving%20Pennsylvania%20Bridges/Coatings%20and%20Treatments%20for%20Beam%20Ends.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01373018 AU - Connor, Robert AU - Fisher, John AU - Gatti, Walter AU - Gopalaratnam, Vellore AU - Kozy, Brian AU - Leshko, Brian AU - McQuaid, David L AU - Medlock, Ronald AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - Murphy, Thomas AU - Paterson, Duncan AU - Sorensen, Ove AU - Yadlosky, John AU - HDR Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Manual for Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Orthotropic Steel Deck Bridges PY - 2012/02 SP - 291p AB - This Manual covers the relevant issues related to orthotropic steel deck bridge engineering, including analysis, design, detailing, fabrication, testing, inspection, evaluation, and repair. It includes a discussion of some the various applications of orthotropic bridge construction to provide background with case study examples. It also provides basic criteria for the establishment of a cost-effective and serviceable orthotropic bridge cross section with detailing geometry that has been used on recent projects worldwide. The manual covers both the relevant information necessary for the engineering analysis of the orthotropic steel bridge and the requirements for complete design of orthotropic steel bridge superstructures. Additionally, design details such as materials, corrosion protection, minimum proportions, and connection geometry are addressed as well as basic fabrication, welding, and erection procedures. Portions of the manual also cover methods for maintaining and evaluating orthotropic bridges, including inspection and load rating. Wearing surfaces are also covered in depth. The culmination of all the information is demonstrated in two design examples. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge engineering KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Orthotropic plates KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/pubs/if12027/if12027.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01371314 AU - Wargelin, Laurie AU - Stopher, Peter AU - Minser, Jason AU - Tierney, Kevin AU - Rhindress, Mindy AU - O'Connor, Sharon AU - Abt SRBI, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GPS-Based Household Interview Survey for the Cincinnati, Ohio Region PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 64p AB - Past Household Travel Surveys (HTS) in the United States have only piloted small subsamples of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) completes compared with 1-2 day self-reported travel inventory diaries. The Ohio Department of Transportation Research Division, in cooperation with the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana (OKI) Council of Governments, in 2009 initiated the first exclusively GPS Household Travel Survey (HTS) (e.g., no diaries). In addition, the ODOT GPS-only HTS is one of a few initial US studies to successfully use a personal devise GPS. Most past subsample studies have installed GPS in vehicles for recording and comparison of auto travel only. Additionally, this study was one of the first completed address-based HTS, which includes cell only households, with Internet recruit available. This research documents the protocols used for GPS deployment to all members of a household over 12 years old for a three-day recording period. Simplified diaries were provided for children under age 12. The main survey commenced in August of 2009. Recruitment of over 5,000 households progressed over a twelve month period, with proportional distribution. The highly stratified address-based sampling method used is described as well as the forms and materials, response rates for recruitment, and the compliance rates and experiences with households. Also described are the logistical challenges of getting 4+ persons households to all carry a GPS unit on a concurrent day and the challenge of loss rates on GPS units not returned. This research documents the Internet-based prompted recall (PR) verification method used and its outcomes. The PR was essentially used to impute mode of travel and trip purpose from GPS recordings. These imputation methods and findings are described. Also presented and discussed is the depth and degree of accuracy of core trip variables obtained using GPS-only methods, including modes, travel time and distance, and purpose at locations. Lessons learned are recorded. The primary conclusion to be drawn from this research is that it is feasible to undertake a GPS-only household travel survey, achieving a high standard of representativeness for the sample, while imputing mode and purpose at a sufficiently accurate level to support modeling work. The high level of accuracy attained in this survey for imputing mode and purpose with 96 percent on mode and around 90 percent on activity (other than detailed breakdowns of the “other” category) is far superior to self-report surveys. The richness of the “ground-truthing” of time, location, distance, speed, and route information from this survey surpasses what can be achieved from any other form of survey. KW - Cincinnati (Ohio) KW - Data collection KW - Global Positioning System KW - Households KW - Imputation KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel surveys KW - Trip purpose UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/784088238/viewonline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1139547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01370169 AU - McHenry, Michael T AU - Rose, Jerry G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Railroad Subgrade Support and Performance Indicators — A Review of Available Laboratory and In-Situ Testing Methods PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 39p AB - The quality and support of the subgrade portion of a railroad trackbed are vital to the overall performance of the track structure. The subgrade is an integral component of the track structure and its performance properties must be considered in order to effectively assess its influence on subsequent track quality. European and Asian railways are particularly advanced in implementing subgrade performance indicators into their track designs and assessments. As train speed and tonnage increase in the U.S., the evaluation and influence of subgrade performance will become even more paramount. There are numerous means of measuring and predicting subgrade performance. Both laboratory and in-situ test methods have been used. A review of available testing methods is presented herein in the context of railroad subgrade assessment. Discussion on the applicability of each test to the American railroad industry is also included. In-situ tests likely provide the greater advantage in railway engineering because results can typically be obtained quickly, more cost effectively, and with a larger data set. Newer rail-bound, continuous testing devices, while not testing the subgrade directly, are extremely convenient and will likely become more common in the future. KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Railroad track beds KW - Railroads KW - Subgrade (Railroads) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/06/KTC_12_02_FR_136_04_6F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01369577 AU - Silvestri, Chiara AU - Arrington, Dusty R AU - Bligh, Roger P AU - Menges, Wanda L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development Guidance for Sign Design Standards PY - 2012/02//Test Report SP - 384p AB - Many of the design practices that Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) uses for large and small sign mounting were established many years ago. These mounting details may no longer be appropriate, given changes in sign materials, fabrication methods, and installation practices. Further, the vehicle fleet and operating conditions on our highways have changed considerably, and there is a need to assess the compliance of some existing sign support systems with current vehicle testing criteria, and to evaluate new technologies that offer to enhance performance and maintenance. This two-year research project was designed to provide TxDOT with a comprehensive review and update of mounting details and standards for large and small sign supports, and to provide a mechanism for TxDOT to quickly and effectively evaluate and address high priority needs related to sign support systems. The information provided through the project will be used to update standard Sign Mounting Detail (SMD) sheets, revise or set policies and standards, and evaluate new products and technologies. The issues researched under this project are formulated on an annual basis, with the ability to modify priorities as needed. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Design standards KW - Guidelines KW - Impact tests KW - Sign supports KW - Texas KW - Traffic signs UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6363-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1138088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01369380 AU - Tao, Mingjiang AU - Zhang, Mo AU - Worcester Polytechnic Institute AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Update LADOTD Policy on Pile Driving Vibration Management PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 136p AB - The main objective of this project was to update the current Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD) policy on pile driving vibration risk management with a focus on how to determine an appropriate vibration monitoring area. The current best practice of managing the risk of pile driving by federal and state highway agencies was identified by conducting a comprehensive literature review and a questionnaire survey. Ground vibration data were collected from previous pile driving projects in the state of Louisiana, which were statistically analyzed on the basis of the scaled-distance concept to develop regression equations for predicting ground vibration Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) values. A rational procedure for determining an appropriate vibration monitoring distance (VMD) was developed for Louisiana’s local conditions based on a 99 percent prediction-level regression equation for predicting PPV values. The findings (the threshold PPV limits and the VMD) obtained from the empirical scaled-distance concept were further verified with dynamic finite element method (FEM) simulations. The results from this study indicated that the vibration criteria specified in the current Louisiana’s special provision are generally too conservative (i.e., a PPV limit of 0.2 in/s for residential buildings and a pre-construction survey distance of 500 ft.) and should be revised. Regarding the threshold PPV limits, the results suggest that 0.5 and 0.1 in/s should be used for a general scenario (neither historic buildings nearby nor loose sandy soil layers present) and for a special scenario (either a historic building or a loose sandy layer existing near pile driving sites), respectively. Consequently, VMDs of 200 and 500 ft. are recommended for general and special scenarios, respectively. The values of VMD in the case of a large pile driving hammer (i.e., its rate energy larger than 100,000 ft-lbf) being used were also recommended. The pre-construction survey distance was suggested to take the same value as the VMD. A specification draft was developed on the basis of the major findings from this study, which is included in Appendix E and ready to be implemented by LADOTD in future pile driving projects. KW - Best practices KW - Literature reviews KW - Pile driving KW - Risk management KW - Surveys KW - Vibration UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_483.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1137971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01369375 AU - Barnett, Jeff AU - Harrison, Jennifer AU - Steede-Terry, Karen AU - Inner Corridor Technologies, Incorporated AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DOTD GPS Technology Management Plan PY - 2012/02//Final Report SP - 92p AB - Over many years, Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has been adopted by different sections within the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD), with no uniform standards for accuracy, operation, hardware, or software. As a result, it was unknown who was using GPS, what makes and models were being used, and for what purposes. The current state of GPS within the Department needed to be assessed and compared with current best practices as defined by use within the Department, other large agencies, and the GPS industry. Surveys and interviews of GPS at DOTD, other organizations using GPS, and vendors of GPS technology have been utilized to formulate management concepts to be considered as best practices for GPS usage at DOTD. The goal of this project was to create a management plan to guide the Department’s use of GPS technology into the future, based on best practices. The plan proposes at least one high quality GPS receiver at each district office and several for sections located at DOTD headquarters. Receivers are to have laser range finders so points can be collected faster and at safe distances. The plan also proposes GPS management through the implementation of a GPS technology committee within DOTD, comprised of GPS users and GPS technology support staff. The committee will drive the overall vision of GPS usage and set standards for databases, operating procedures, coordinate accuracy, and training. Executing the plans will be a GPS coordinator (either a new position or modification to an existing position). The coordinator will also maintain an inventory of GPS units and manage device maintenance and upgrades. KW - Best practices KW - Data collection KW - Global Positioning System KW - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development KW - Management KW - Standards UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2012/fr_489.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1137972 ER -