TY - RPRT AN - 00365727 AU - Dokko, W AU - Ramohalli, K AU - Jet Propulsion Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - APPLICATION OF THERMOCHEMICAL MODELING TO AIRCRAFT INTERIOR POLYMERIC MATERIALS PY - 1982/06 SP - 75 p. AB - This report summarizes the results from a twelve-month study of the feasibility of applying certain basic concepts in the thermochemical modeling to aircraft cabin fire safety. The concepts developed earlier on a NASA-sponsored program were applied to six specific tasks dealing with the thermochemical performance of interior carpets and seat cushions. The specific objective was to predict the burning rate as a function of the material property values, geometry and heat flux; more important, it was the aim to predict and provide rationale for certain special features that have been experimentally observed by the FAA. It was also the specific objective to introduce new concepts that have not been the subject of pursuit at other centers. That is, the novel concepts developed at JPL were highlighted. Three fundamental hypotheses were introduced; the condensed phase degradation of the polymeric material is the overall rate-limiting step; the extent of degradation at the vaporization step (at the surface) is not arbitary but has to be specified by a scientific criterion such as the vapor pressure equilibrium criterion; and the diffusion/mixing of the pyrolysis products with the oxidizer (air) is the rate-limiting step in the vapor phase combustion. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft fires KW - Burning rate KW - Carpets KW - Combustion KW - Cushioning KW - Cushioning materials KW - Fibers KW - Fire resistant materials KW - Fires KW - Flammability KW - Flow KW - Heat flux KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Internal KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Polymers KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Pyrolysis KW - Safety KW - Seats KW - Textiles KW - Thermal properties KW - Volatilization KW - Woolen textiles UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26995/ct82-83.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365668 AU - Tashker, M AU - Bell, M AU - Chapel, W AU - COMSIS Corp AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ARTS IIA DESIGN ANALYSIS PY - 1982/06 SP - 100 p. AB - This report documents the analysis performed by the COMSIS Corporation and SRI International of the proposed design for the ARTS IIA air traffic system for terminal areas with low to medium traffic density. ARTS II will be upgraded to ARTS IIA with the replacement of the LSI-2/20 minicomputer by the LSI-2/40, which is faster and has more memory capacity, and the addition of minimum safe altitude warning (MSAW), conflict alert (CA), a tracker to support these, and a training target generator (TTG). The study addressed the use of semiconductor memory in an air traffic system and the requirement for a battery backup power supply. The algorithms for the enhancements were studied to determine whether the LSI-2/40 has sufficient speed to perform them under traffic and display loads expected in 1990. It is concluded that the replacement computer has the capacity to perform the enhancement functions under maximum target and display load for the expected air traffic environment. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Algorithms KW - Alphanumeric data KW - Backup systems KW - Compatibility KW - Density KW - Equipment replacement KW - Fail safe systems KW - Low density KW - Memory devices KW - Minicomputers KW - Replacement KW - Requirement KW - Semiconductors KW - Specifications KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Transportable KW - Velocity KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365454 AU - Davenport, J E AU - SRI International AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PARAMETERS FOR OZONE PHOTOLYSIS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AT 280-330 NM. REVISION PY - 1982/05 SP - 43 p. AB - This study was undertaken to obtain the parameters for ozone photolysis in the 280-330 nm region as a function of temperature in the 200-300 K range. The absolute absorption coefficients for 03 were measured at 298, 271, 225, and 206 K and were tabulated at 1-nm intervals over the 250-370 nm wavelength range. Uncertainties in the absorption coefficients range from 2% at room temperature to about 14% at 206 K and mainly fall in the 3-7% range. Pressure of 0.02-100 torr ozone were used, and no pressure effect was observed up to 800 torr N2. KW - Absorption coefficients KW - Constants KW - Fluorescence KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Laser beams KW - Measurement KW - Ozone KW - Parameters KW - Photolysis KW - Pressure KW - Quantum mechanics KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365458 AU - Koshar, A AU - Smithmyer, J AU - Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM (MLS) CHANNEL PLANS AND TRAFFIC LOADING PY - 1982/05 SP - 94 p. AB - A Standard Traffic Loading Model (STLM) was constructed and the pulse traffic within the STLM was determined. Four proposed channel plans were compared to determine their ability to satisfy the channel requirements within the STLM. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft landing KW - C band KW - Channels KW - L band KW - Landing KW - Landing aids KW - Microwave beams KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Microwaves KW - Particle beams KW - Pulses KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Tactical air navigation system KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964713 AU - Higgins, E A AU - Mertens, H W AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Funkhouser, G E AU - WHITE, M A AU - Milburn, N J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL FATIGUE AND ALTITUDE ON PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND PERFORMANCE RESPONSES PY - 1982/05 SP - 24 p. AB - Twelve healthy young males were evaluated in each of four experimental conditions involving the possible combinations of two exercise conditions given prior performance testing (1 hr of heavy exercise vs. no exercise) and two altitude conditions (ground level vs. 12,500 ft) which were administered during performance testing. Performance was measured with the multiple task performance battery (MTPB) which involved time-shared performance in monitoring of warning lights and meters, mental arithmetic, problem solving and tracking. Heart rate was statistically higher after exercise than after no exercise and higher at 12,500 ft than at ground level. Norepinephrine excretion rate was higher during exercise experiments than during no-exercise experiments. There was no altitude effect for this measurement. The overall composite score of MTPB performance was significantly lower at 12,500 ft than at ground level. The adverse effect of higher altitude was greatest in the tracking task. The 1-h period of vigorous physical exercise had no significant main effect on overall MTPB scores. Residual effects of exercise resulting in increased arousal may account for the tendency for performance to be slightly higher in several individual tasks of the MTPB following exercise and significantly higher in the case of problem solving. The interaction of altitude with exercise was also significant in the case of tracking performance. The most important aspect of this interaction was that tracking performance was significantly better at 12,500 ft following exercise. This finding is possible due to the increase in cardiovascular circulation induced by prior exercise. Possible protection from mild hypoxia by prior exercise and exercise breaks should be examined in future research. KW - Altitude KW - Aviation medicine KW - Biochemistry KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Heart rate KW - Human subject testing KW - Hypoxia KW - Males KW - Personnel performance KW - Physical exercise KW - Physiological aspects KW - Problem solving KW - Tracking UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am82-10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365407 AU - Moss, A R AU - Apostolakis, G C AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY EVAUATION OF THE MODE S SYSTEM PY - 1982/05 SP - 43 p. AB - A reliability and maintainability evaluation was performed on Mode S (formerly the Discrete Address beacon System (DABS)) engineering model sensors located at the Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center, Elwood, and Clementon, New Jersey. The observed system mean-time-between-failure (MTBF) based on chargeable failures ranged from 767 hours for the Technical Center sensor to 1,913 hours for the Elwood site sensor. The preponderance of failures at the Technical Center sensor probably occured because the system was stressed to a greater extent than the other two sites. Elements which failed and caused system outrage at all three sites were the transmitter, processor, and WWVB receiver. The transmitter and processor, which are single-string elements, were found to be the weak points in the system reliability design. The measured failure rates for these two elements, in particular the processor, exceeded the predicted values. Problem areas were: inadequate radio station WWVB receiver output; damage to wire-wrap pin in the computer ensembles caused by power cables rubbing against them, excessive failures in the traveling wave tube associated circuitry, failure of cooling fans, susceptibility of the sensor to lightning damage, and loose and dirty printed circuit board contacts. (Author) KW - Building sites KW - Cables KW - Cooling fans KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Electronic cables KW - Electronic equipment KW - Failure KW - Fans KW - Location KW - Maintainability KW - Mode S KW - Printed circuit board KW - Reliability KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365340 AU - Frey, E J AU - Theobald, C E AU - HH Aerospace Design Company, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT CRASH, FIRE, AND RESCUE: TECHNICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1982/05 SP - 37 p. AB - This report is part of a larger series of reports that studies government regulations and policies pertaining to airport crash, fire, and rescue services (CFR). The purpose of this report is to identify areas in which research and development programs might lead to improved CFR and to determine whether there are R&D programs in these areas. The conclusion is that there are active R&D programs in all of the promising areas. The only recommendation is that more attention be paid to various operations research questions. The areas covered include aircraft technology (structures, propulsion and fuel systems, cabin furnishings, and emergency protection and egress), CFR equipment and facilities (chemicals, CFR vehicles, ground communications systems, and airport facilities), and training and operations research questions. The potential relevance of possible R&D in each area to CFR is discussed. KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Fires KW - Legislation KW - Level of service KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Rescue equipment KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Services KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle occupant rescue UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365410 AU - SUTHERLAND, L C AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF FILTER RESPONSE ON ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT NOISE DATA PY - 1982/05 SP - 83 p. AB - This report analyzes the effects of non-ideal filter transmission characteristics upon the measurement, correction, or extrapolation of aircraft noise dat a. The report is based primarily upon, and represents an abbreviated summary of, two previously published, more detailed reports on this topic. The basic approach used to correct aircraft spectra for analysis errors due to finite filter sidebands and signal spectrum slopes involves defining same type of approximation to the true spectrum shape of all frequencies. The closer this approximation is to the true spectrum slope, the more accurate the correction for filter effects. This report reviews several such filter effect correction methods of varying degrees of accuracy. Measurements on the ground of noise from aircraft in flight can involve propagation distances of the order of 300 to 2,000 m or more. In this case, band levels at high frequencies can be substantially in error, by more than 10 dB, unless filter effects are considered. However, it is also shown that while the band levels may be subject to large errors due to filter effects , errors in composite noise levels such as PNL, LA or EPNL will usually be small - less than 1 dB. KW - Accuracy KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft noise KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Electric filters KW - Electrical equipment KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Errors KW - Filters KW - Frequency bands KW - Frequency response KW - Radio frequency KW - Sidebands KW - Signal processing KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Spurious effects KW - Values in measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365412 AU - Brown, D AU - SUTHERLAND, L C AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY AND ALTERNATIVE NOISE CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR PROPELLER-DRIVEN SMALL AIRPLANES PY - 1982/05 SP - 224 p. AB - This report considers the effectiveness of current noise regulations in Appendix F of FAR Part 36, examines the potential effectiveness of future technology to achieve further noise reduction, and evaluates a number of new concepts for noise certification procedures for propeller-driven small aircraft. The latter were based, in part, on results of a flight test program carried out with Cessna Aircraft Company, to evaluate the utility of takeoff noise tests and the possible use of sound exposure level as a suitable metric for noise certification of the subject aircraft. The study indicates that existing regulations have been effective in stimulating development of quieter propellers for the existing fleet of propeller-driven small aircraft. However, it does not appear economically feasible to achieve more noise reduction in most of this fleet using existing technology with the possible exceptions of some of the two-engine aircraft. However, application of future noise reduction technology, primarily for quieter propellers, should allow a reduction in current noise limits by about 6 dB and should reduce levels of the noisiest aircraft in the current fleet by as much as 10 dB. A takeoff test is appropriate for all propeller aircraft except those equipped with cruise-optimized fixed-pitch propellers. For this test, the current level flyover test appears to represent the noisiest operating condition. KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft industry KW - Aircraft noise KW - Cavitation noise KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Data management KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Federal laws KW - Information processing KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Propellers KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) KW - Takeoff KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365409 AU - Oliver, R G AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FIBER OPTICS REMOTING OF TERMINAL RADAR AND BEACON SIGNALS PY - 1982/05 SP - 68 p. AB - This report discusses the study phase of the terminal radar-beacon fiber optics remoting project. Fiber optics technologyis discussed and applied to the remoting of airport sureveillance radar (ASR) and air traffic control beacon interrogator (ATCBI) video and control signals. The requirements of this system are outlined and an engineering model, using multiplexed and nonmultiplexed video transmissions, is specified for installation at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center. Tests to be conducted on this system are briefly outlined. Cost estimates are presented as well as suggested sources of supply fort the fiber optic components. The interface to the ASR and ATCBI systems is described. It is recommended that the system be built by the technical center. A schedule for completion of the remainder of the project is presented. (Author) KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airport terminals KW - Fiber optics KW - Radar KW - Radar beacons KW - Remote control KW - Remote systems KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365339 AU - Oiesen, J F AU - HH Aerospace Design Company, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT CRASH, FIRE, AND RESCUE: POLICY ALTERNATIVES SUITABLE FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS PY - 1982/05 SP - 76 p. AB - Part 139 of the Federal Aviation Regulations specifies the minimum level of crash/fire/rescue (CFR) services that must be maintained at air carrier airports. This report is one in a series designed to evaluate these proposed changes. The first purpose is to compile a list of proposed changes to Part 139 that are worthy of a detailed analysis. The second purpose is to spell out the roles played by the various parties involved with CFR and to indicate how the costs and benefits of CFR are distributed among these parties. Tentative conclusions are drawn concerning the most promising directions in which to search for suitable changes to make in Part 139. KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Fires KW - Legislation KW - Level of service KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Services KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365411 AU - Robinson, L A AU - PEER Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS TO DEVELOP FUTURE CIVIL AIRCRAFT NOISE REDUCTION ALTERNATIVES PY - 1982/05 SP - 75 p. AB - This executive summary contains the results of the study 'System Analysis to Develop Future Civil Aircraft Noise Reduction Alternatives' performed by Wyle Laboratories under contract no. DOT-FA77-WA 3900 (July 1980). The original study first developed and examined a set of projected scenarios of U.S. carrier aircraft fleet compositions for three planning years: 1980, 1990, and 2000 (hereinafter referred to as the planning years). An analysis of the costs and benefits of alternative methods of achieving noise reductions around airports was then made, based on information available in 1979. Forecasts may not necessarily represent present (October 1981) situations. The study involved six specific technical areas, for which separate volumes were prepared: Volume I - Aircraft Classification Specification, Volume II - Aircraft Certification, Volume III - Technology Assessment, Volume IV - Definition of Flight Path Options, Volume V Land Use Options, and Volume VI - Cost/Benefit Analysis. Due to the large amount of data collected for the study, the FAA determined that it would not be economically feasible to publish such a voluminous report. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airports KW - Analysis KW - Benefits KW - Civil aviation KW - Classification KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Flight paths KW - Land use KW - Modifications KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365706 AU - Mahapatra, P R AU - ZRNIC, D S AU - DOVIAK, R J AU - National Severe Storms Lab AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONSIDERATIONS FOR OPTIMUM SITING OF NEXRAD TO DETECT CONVECTIVE PHENOMENA HAZARDOUS TO TERMINAL AIR NAVIGATION. PART 1 PY - 1982/05 SP - 39 p. AB - The aviation community has been concerned for some time about the number of aircraft accidents during terminal flight in which weather has been identified as the cause or a contributing factor. The next generation weather radar (NEXRAD), for which final specifications are being worked out on a multi-service basis, offers the possibility of dedicated and detailed surveillance of hazardous weather in the terminal airspace. This report outlines considerations for choosing a site for a NEXRAD installation to fulfill this role in an optimum manner. It is shown that the detection of low level wind shear without precipitation imposes the most severe constraints on NEXRAD siting. Three general siting areas are considered (1) within the airport area, (2) within the terminal area, but outside the airport area, (3) outside the terminal area. When a single NEXRAD radar must cover all hazardous phenomena over the terminal area, siting within the airport area appears to be the best choice. Under certain conditions, a case exists for siting the NEXRAD outside the terminal area. KW - Aeronautics KW - Aircraft KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airport terminals KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Building sites KW - Communities KW - Convection (Fluid mechanics) KW - Crashes KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Doppler radar KW - Flight KW - Hazards KW - Location KW - Low level KW - Navigation KW - Optimization KW - Precipitation KW - Radar KW - Specifications KW - Surveillance KW - Weather KW - Weather radar KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365342 AU - Oiesen, J F AU - HH Aerospace Design Company, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF AIRPORT CRASH, FIRE, AND RESCUE POLICY ALTERNATIVES: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1982/05 SP - 70 p. AB - Part 139 of the Federal Aviation Regulations sets the requirements that must be met by the crash/fire/rescue (CFR) services at air carrier airports. This report is the last in a series of five reports that carries out a cost-benefit analysis of the leading changes to Part 139 that have been proposed. This report has two purposes. First, it summarizes the findings of other reports in this series on the pros and cons of each of the eleven leading policy alternatives. Second, it makes a recommendation for each alternative and outlines the choices that are open to the FAA. KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Fires KW - Legislation KW - Level of service KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Services KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365609 AU - Evans, J E AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - L-BAND DME MULTIPATH ENVIRONMENT IN THE MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM (MLS) APPROACH AND LANDING REGION PY - 1982/04/13 SP - 265 p. AB - The multipath environment in the approach and landing region represents an important factor in the optimization and ultimate performance of the Microwave Landing System (MLS) Precision Distance Measuring Equipment (DME/P). Various types of multipath are assessed in the context of the proposed DME/P implementation error characteristics to ascertain the principal challenges. It is shown (analytically and experimentally) that specular reflections from buildings represent a significant challenge, particularly at low altitudes (e.g., category II decision height and below) where terrain lobing can cause the effective multipath levels to exceed the effective direct signal level. However, the time delay discrimination capabilities of the proposed DME/P should effectively eliminate the bulk of such multipath. Limited S-band (3 GHz) measurements of diffuse reflections from nominally flat terrain indicated very low levels. However, specular reflections from bare, hilly terrain may present problems in some cases. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport runways KW - Approach KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - L band KW - Landing KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Multipath radar KW - Multipath transmission KW - Precision KW - Reflection KW - S band KW - Specular reflection KW - Terrain KW - Waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365671 AU - Nickum, J D AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF PRECIPITATION STATIC AND LIGHTNING ON THE AIRBORNE RECEPTION OF LORAN-C. VOLUME I. ANALYSIS PY - 1982/04 SP - 139 p. AB - Results of a ground p-static survey of an aircraft to determine p-static noise reduction are given. The effects of the airborne reception Loran-C in actual thunderstorm conditions are described. Additionally, data from flight tests conducted using an airframe biased discharger producing p-static airframe charging in flight are presented. P-static noise reduction using quality static-wick dischargers to improve Loran-C reception in flight is demonstrated. (Author) KW - Acrylic resins KW - Airborne KW - Aircraft KW - Airframes KW - Digital computers KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Electrical insulation KW - Flight KW - Flight tests KW - Ground level KW - Inflight KW - Ions KW - Lightning KW - Loran KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Precipitation KW - Radio receivers KW - Simulation KW - Surveys KW - Thunderstorms KW - Very low frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365452 AU - Spieth, H H AU - Gaume, J G AU - Luoto, R E AU - Klinck, D M AU - McDonnell Douglas Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A COMBINED HAZARD INDEX FIRE TEST METHODOLOGY FOR AIRCRAFT CABIN MATERIALS. VOLUME I PY - 1982/04 SP - 168 p. AB - This report describes a laboratory test method and the modeling of the resultant data to produce a means of ranking aircraft cabin materials for the combined hazards produced in a survivable post-crash fire. Ranking is based on reducing each hazard accumulating in a cabin during a 5-minute crash fire scenario to the common denominator of a passenger escape time. Combined Hazards Index (CHI) is expressed as the number of seconds of scenario burn time at which the sum of the fractional hazards doses reaches an escape limit. All data was obtained using a computer-augmented Ohio State University Calorimeter modified to measure the major combustion gases in addition to heat and smoke as a material burns. A computerized fire analysis model was developed to predict cabin environmental hazards from the laboratory data. A human survival model relating short term hazard dose to incapacitation time was incorporated in this program. The changing cabin environment was compared continuously with the human survival model limits to calculate the unaided escape time ranking for each material. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft fires KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Aviation safety KW - Burning rate KW - Calorimeters KW - Combustion KW - Combustion products KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Escape systems KW - Fire hazards KW - Fire prevention KW - Fires KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Information processing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials KW - Measurement KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Survival KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365453 AU - Spieth, H H AU - Gaume, J G AU - Luoto, R E AU - Klinck, D M AU - McDonnell Douglas Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A COMBINED HAZARD INDEX FIRE TEST METHODOLOGY FOR AIRCRAFT CABIN MATERIALS. VOLUME II PY - 1982/04 SP - 217 p. AB - This report supplements the description of the methodology developed for ranking cabin materials for combined hazards generated in a survivable crash fire presented in Part I of the report. More comprehensive procedures are presented for the calibration and operation of the computer-augmented Ohio State University Calorimeter modified to derive the new materials fire hazards testing apparatus known as the Combined Hazards Analysis System (CHAS). Definitive derivations of the human survival models for temperature, smoke, and toxic gases used in the hazards analysis and a thorough presentation of the mathematics used in the Fortran Fire Analysis Computer Program are presented. A full description of the full-scale fire testing method used during the development and demonstration phases of the program is presented to give a better understanding of the capability of the laboratory methodology to rate materials on the basis of the relative passenger escape time potential from a cabin section. Part II is, essentially a working manual which will assist greatly those committed to duplicating and successfully operating the CHAS. The CHAS methodology is useful for development of new fire resistant materials. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft fires KW - Burning rate KW - Calibration KW - Calorimeters KW - Computer programs KW - Escape systems KW - Fire hazards KW - Fire prevention KW - Fires KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Hazards KW - Incapacitation KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Laboratory animals KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials KW - Measurement KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Survival UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365305 AU - Pantano, P J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION OF LOW LOSS, OVER-MODED WR-187 WAVEGUIDE TO THE ASDE-3 RADAR PY - 1982/04 SP - 16 p. AB - Overmoded WR-187 waveguide has been incorporated into the short-range ASDE-3 system to provide a low-loss interconnection between the antenna and the transmitter/receiver. WR-62 to WR-187 transitions and WR-187 mode suppressors were developed specifically for this short-range radar application to provide low loss transmission of 0.01 dB per ft. The 36-nanosecond, 160-dB dynamic range ASDE-3 system is operating without resonance effects down to the required minimum radar range of 500 ft. This report presents pertinent technical detail and briefly describes the testing process. (Author) KW - Circuit interconnections KW - Distance KW - Low loss KW - Radar KW - Radar receivers KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Resonance KW - Short range distance KW - Suppressors KW - Transceivers KW - Transitions KW - Transmittance KW - Waveguides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365302 AU - Goulding, M K AU - Goulding (Merrill K.) and Associates AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STUDY OF THE DE-ICING PROPERTIES OF THE ASDE-3 ROTODOME PY - 1982/04 SP - 132 p. AB - A study was conducted of the thermal characteristics of the ASDE-3 system's rotating radome (rotodome), a spheri-toroidal thin wall structure, approximately 18 feet in diameter and 6 feet in height. The purpose of the study was to determine the thermal transmissivities of the various regions of the design, discover 'hot spots,' determine the need for insulation, heater exhaust deflectors and other enhancements, and to make a prediction of the ability of its heaters to prevent system outages due to ice accretion on the rotodome. An analysis made using test data to predict the ability of the rotodome to resist icing conditions was very encouraging, demonstrating that convection becomes the dominant mode of heat loss during high wind conditions. A conservative analysis was made with winds applied at full velocity across all regions of the rotodome. The results indicate that the goal of de-icing the rotodome appears achievable using 30 kW of power. Although there are hot spots about the rotodome, the de-icing function using the hot air blower system is satisfactory. To reduce hot spots near the blower assembly, a deflector is recommended at the output of the blower. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Blowers KW - Deicing KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Electric power KW - Facilities KW - Fans KW - Heaters KW - Ice formations KW - Insulating materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Rotodomes KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964719 AU - Thackray, R I AU - Touchstone, R M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF 40- TO 50-YEAR-OLD SUBJECTS ON A RADAR MONITORING TASK: THE EFFECTS OF WEARING BIFOCAL GLASSES AND INTERPOLATED REST PERIODS ON TARGET DETECTION TIME PY - 1982/04 SP - 11 p. AB - The present study examined the effects of wearing bifocal glasses and interpolated rest periods on the performance of 40- to 50-year old subjects on a radar monitoring task. The visual display was designed to resemble an air traffic control radar display containing computer-generated alphanumeric symbols. Forty men and women were divided into equal-sized groups, with each group consisting of one of the four possible combinations of bifocal/no-bifocal and rest/no-rest conditions. All subjects were tested over a 2-hour session. Rest periods (1 5-minute break every 30 minutes) significantly reduced the performance decrement of 40- to 50-year old subjects, bringing performance to a level approximating that of 18- to 29-year old subjects without rest periods. The wearing of bifocal glasses did not contribute to visual strain or somatic discomfort. KW - Age KW - Bifocal eyeglasses KW - Eyeglasses KW - Human subject testing KW - Monitoring KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radar displays KW - Radar targets KW - Rest periods KW - Vigilance UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/1982/198216/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964705 AU - Thackray, R I AU - Touchstone, R M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SPECIALISTS (ATCS'S) ON A LABORATORY RADAR MONITORING TASK: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF COMPLACENCY AND A COMPARISON OF ATCS AND NON-ATCS PERFORMANCE PY - 1982/04 SP - 8 p. AB - The role of the air traffic control specialist (ATCS) in proposed highly automated air traffic systems of the future is currently receiving considerable attention. A prevalent conception is that role of the future controller will be less that of an active planner and more that of a passive responder to alternative courses of action presented by the computerized system. Such a change in role has raised concerns that increased controller complacency, inattentiveness, boredom and reduced readiness to react in emergencies may become serious problems in some of the planned systems. A complex monitoring task was used to study the effect of complacency on attentional processes. The task was designed to approximate an automated air traffic control radar system. Sixteen experienced ATCSs were tested over a 2-hour session, with half assigned to a subject-controlled and half to a computer-controlled condition. Although the subject-controlled appeared to be generally superior to the computer-controlled condition, the differences in target detection time were not significant. Additional comparisons of ATCSs with non-ATCSs on the radar monitoring task revealed that ATCSs were significantly superior to non-ATCSs in target detection time, number of targets detected and rated attentiveness. Both groups, however, showed a similar increase in target detection time after 90 minutes of task performance. The results suggest that 90 minutes may be the maximum time that attention can be uniformly sustained in a laboratory monitoring task of this type. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Attention lapses KW - Automated radar terminal system KW - Automation KW - Laboratory studies KW - Monitoring KW - Personnel performance KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radar targets KW - Reaction time KW - Time periods KW - Vigilance UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/1982/198201/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964709 AU - Lategola, M T AU - Flux, M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CARDIOPULMONARY FACTORS CRITICAL TO SUCCESSFUL EMERGENCY PERINATAL AIR TRANSPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 24 p. AB - Regionalization of specialized perinatal care is a fully viable and progressing concept. The two major components of regionalized care are the level III care facility and the air transport service. In descending importance, the medical transport team, the pilot and aircraft, and related technology and equipment are the three most important components of the transport service. Although significant reductions in perinatal morbidity and mortality have already resulted from development of regional care, additional progress is possible and desirable. Areas of possible improvement include: earlier precrisis diagnosis of maternal and/or fetal risk at level I care; supplementary training of medical transport personnel in perinatal aspects of aviation medicine, physiology and safety; technology of preflight stabilization of the pregnant mother or the neonate; adjunct medical training of transport pilots; exclusive use of multiengine, fixed-wing, all-weather aircraft; and technology of in-flight life support and monitoring equipment and methods. KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation KW - Airplanes KW - Aviation medicine KW - Aviation safety KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency equipment KW - Emergency medical services KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Emergency training KW - Emergency transportation KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Infants KW - Life support systems KW - Lungs KW - Medical equipment KW - Medical personnel KW - Monitoring KW - Perinatal air transportation KW - Physiology KW - Pregnant women KW - Regional transportation KW - Specialized training KW - Technology UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am82-05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964708 AU - Lategola, M T AU - Lyne, P J AU - Burr, M J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF PRIOR PHYSICAL EXERTION ON TOLERANCE TO HYPOXIA, ORTHOSTATIC STRESS, AND PHYSICAL FATIGUE PY - 1982/03 SP - 12 p. AB - Ten healthy men, 20-35 years old, were tested for tolerance to hypoxia, orthostatic stress, and physical fatigue after a period of rest and, on another occasion, after a period of physical exertion. Exertion consisted of four 10-min periods of pedal ergometry; each period consisted of a 30-watt (W) load imposed for 2 min, 60 W for 4 min, and 100 W for 4 min. Testing included a 100-min exposure to an oxygen/nitrogen gas mixture equivalent to 3658 m of altitude, 2 min of lower body negative pressure at -40 torr differential pressure, and 6 min of 50 W pedal ergometry. Psychomotor testing was conducted during hypoxic exposure. Although some statistically significant physiological decrements were associated with prior physical exertion, psychomotor performance and mental activity were not significantly affected. In this study, prior physical exertion produced no adverse effects on physiological tolerances, mentation or psychomotor performance. KW - Altitude KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hypoxia KW - Males KW - Mental condition KW - Physical exertion KW - Physiology KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am82-04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964712 AU - Reynolds, H M AU - Snow, C C AU - Young, J W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SPATIAL GEOMETRY OF THE HUMAN PELVIS PY - 1982/03 SP - 37 p. AB - This report presents a three-dimensional description of adult female and male pelvises from the Hamann-Todd skeletal collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Based on a linear height/weight matching strategy and the 1961-1964 U.S. Health and Examination Survey data, specimens were selected to represent the small female, medium male and large male pelvic sizes. Over 120 anatomically defined points are used to describe the spatial pelvic geometry in a pelvic-anatomical axis system. A statistical summary of means and standard deviations is presented as x, y, and z coordinate value sets to identify each point in three-dimensional space. Full-scale models of each size category were produced for design modeling of anthropomorphic test devices. These data will also be useful as comparative standards for forensic investigations of air crashes and quantitative information on size and shape variability of adult human pelvises. KW - Aircraft crash victims KW - Anatomical models KW - Anatomy KW - Anthropometry KW - Crash investigation KW - Females KW - Forensic medicine KW - Males KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Pelvis KW - Spatial geometry KW - Standard deviation KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am82-09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964706 AU - Boone, J O AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A GENERIC MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF THE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SPECIALIST TRAINING PROGRAMS PY - 1982/03 SP - 29 p. AB - The Systems Analysis Research Unit at the Civil Aeromedical Institute has developed a generic model for Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Academy training program evaluation. The model will serve as a basis for integrating the total database into a common format across all training programs. The model consists of four components: design; implementation; formative; and summative evaluation. Design evaluation is an assessment of the comprehensive implementation plan; implementation evaluation is a determination that the plan is completely and accurately implemented according to prescription; formative evaluation is a continual monitoring of the program to keep the process reliable, stable and on track; and summative evaluation monitors the product of the training program. The design evaluation relies on the task, knowledge, and skills analysis and the documents in the implementation plan. The implementation evaluation makes use of the data from frequent status studies. Formative and summative evaluations make use of statistics and mathematical modeling, primarily linear regression models, to monitor the process and products of the program, and to estimate and determine the impact of changes made to the programs. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Implementation KW - Knowledge KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Monitoring KW - Specialized training KW - Statistics KW - Systems analysis KW - Task analysis KW - Training programs KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am82-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964707 AU - Lategola, M T AU - Lyne, P J AU - Burr, M J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ALCOHOL-INDUCED PHYSIOLOGICAL DISPLACEMENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FLIGHT-RELATED FUNCTIONS PY - 1982/03 SP - 18 p. AB - Tolerances of human subjects for orthostasis and physical work were determined at a simulated altitude of 3,048 m. Orthostasis was induced with a lower body negative pressure (LBNP) device and physical work was done on a pedal ergometer. Altitude was simulated in a hypobaric chamber. Tests were carried out under two experimental conditions: (1) after subjects drank an alcoholic beverage; or (2) after subjects drank a placebo beverage with no alcohol. The alcoholic beverage produced blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of about 90 mg/100 ml of blood (90 mg percent). At altitude, arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation remained adequately compensated but was lower after alcohol than after placebo intake. Arithmetic and eye/hand coordination performances were both significantly decreased after alcohol. Ergometry, after alcohol, was well tolerated despite some decreased cardiorespiratory efficiency. The LBNP applied around peak BAC at altitude was tolerated without subjectively adverse symptoms despite significant decreases in several cardiovascular parameters. Cardiovascular adequacy along with maintained plasma volume around peak BAC appeared to be temporarily protective against orthostatic incapacitation during LBNP. Reversal of this temporary orthostatic protection during BAC recession is possible. KW - Air pilots KW - Alcohol effects KW - Alcohol use KW - Altitude KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Human subject testing KW - Orthostasis KW - Physical coordination KW - Physiological aspects KW - Simulation KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am82-03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365403 AU - Bauchspies, J S AU - Costello, F A AU - Felder, J AU - Hilliard, H AU - THOMPSON, J K AU - ORI, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCRAFT ENERGY CONSERVATION DURING AIRPORT GROUND OPERATIONS PY - 1982/03 SP - 313 p. AB - This study identifies and assesses potential fuel conservation options which are available for use during ground operations at Dulles International (IAD) and Washington National (DCA) airports. The study also identifies and analyzes ground operations fuel savings options which have been considered and/or implemented by the various airlines operating at IAD and/or DCA since 1971. In addition, an evaluation of computer models which could be used for analyzing these fuel conservation options at other airports is included. The impact of socio/economic factors such as safety, environment, limitation on expansion and restrictions on accommodating forecast activity at DCA and IAD were considered during the analysis of each option. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft landing KW - Aviation fuels KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Ground level KW - Ground roll aeronautics KW - Landing KW - Mathematical models KW - Savings KW - Simulation KW - Starting KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Systems analysis KW - Taxiing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365267 AU - Siddiqee, W AU - Tornow, J AU - CHAN, M AU - SRI International AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TERMINAL INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM BENEFITS AND COSTS PY - 1982/03 SP - 79 p. AB - No abstract available. KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Analysis KW - Automation KW - Benefits KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance KW - Productivity KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Savings KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Video display terminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365260 AU - Rigolizzo, R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF MODE C ALTITUDE DATA COLLECTED AT HIGH ALTITUDES OVER THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES PY - 1982/03 SP - 101 p. AB - This report describes the reduction and analysis of mode C altitude data collected over the en route centers of Cleveland, Ohio; Memphis, Tennessee; and Albuquerque, New Mexico. The data were gathered under the aegis of the separation standards program primarily for the study of lateral navigation performance over the continental United States at high altitudes. This study provides a procedure for estimating the vertical flight technical error as evidenced from mode C altitude data recorded at the en route centers. It does not account for basic altimeter system error or flight technical error biases and/or fluctuations that are not observable in the ground-derived mode C reported altitude. The data are fitted to six different analytical distributional forms. The effect that data quantization has on the estimation of the parameters of the distributions is examined. Then statistical tests are performed to evaluate the appropriateness of each distributional model in representing the histogram of the mode C deviations. A preliminary analysis is conducted to investigate the association between mode C altitude and aircraft environmental performance characteristics commonly utilized in evaluating separation criteria, as well as identifying aircraft attributes that are of major interest when evaluating vertical flight technical error. (Author) KW - Altitude KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Data collection KW - Data management KW - Data reduction KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Error analysis KW - Flight paths KW - Graphs KW - High altitude KW - Information processing KW - Mission profiles KW - Separation KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Systems analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test and evaluation KW - Test procedures KW - Tests KW - Transmeridian flights KW - United States KW - Vertical orientation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365118 AU - Sanford, G G AU - Gross, B D AU - Ball Aerospace Systems Divisiion AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - ADVANCED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DEVELOPMENTS. VOLUME II. MICROSTRIP GPS ANTENNAS FOR GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT PY - 1982/03 SP - 48 p. AB - This report describes the application of microstrip antenna technology to the design of general aviation (G/A) aircraft antennas for use with the Global Positioning System (GPS). For most G/A aircraft, only single frequency operation will be required. However, air-carrier and some large corporate aircraft may make use of dual-frequency operation. For this reason, some dual-frequency designs have been investigated. The main effort was given to the design of antennas with broad beamwidths which could be switched or steered to compensate for aircraft maneuvers, with the goal of maintaining near-hemispherical carriage in flight. A hybrid microstrip crossed-slot and sleeve-dipole element used with a suitable combining network gives a suitable, controllable broad-beam pattern. This element and its performance are described. In addition, radiation patterns are presented using scale-model aircraft and simple crossed-slot antennas. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft antennas KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Arrays KW - Broadband KW - Circuits KW - Civil aviation KW - Compaction KW - Configuration KW - Control KW - Corporations KW - Dual mode transportation systems KW - Electric circuits KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Maneuvering KW - Operations KW - Phase shift (Electricity) KW - Phase shift circuits KW - Phased arrays KW - Radiation patterns KW - Radio frequency KW - Scale models KW - Shape KW - Slot antennas KW - Statistics KW - Steering KW - Strip transmission lines KW - Transmission lines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365041 AU - Hogle, L AU - Markin, K AU - TOTH, S AU - ARINC Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF VARIOUS NAVIGATION SYSTEM CONCEPTS PY - 1982/03 SP - 169 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to identify the capabilities and limitations of a particular set of navigation systems and evaluate their performance in the current airspace environment. The navigation systems evaluated are Loran-C, Omega, VHF Omnidirectional Range/Distance Measuring Equipment (VOR/DME), Global Positioning System (GPS), Doppler navigation system, and inertial navigation system (INS). In addition to detailed technical and operational analyses of each navigation system, consideration is also given to the constraints imposed by and the deficiencies existing in the standards by which accuracy and effectiveness of navigation systems are measured. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Doppler navigation KW - Environment KW - Global Positioning System KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Loran KW - Navigation KW - Omega navigation KW - Omega navigation system UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321381 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CRASHWORTHINESS STUDIES: CABIN, SEAT, RESTRAINT AND INJURY FINDINGS IN SELECTED GENERAL AVIATION ACCIDENTS PY - 1982/03 AB - The accidents were reviewed for a number of features of crashworthiness and, in particular, for injuries to occupants in relation to the severity of the impact and the performance of cabin and restraint systems. Opinions were rendered by trained crash injury investigators as to the role or expected role in seats and upper torso restraints in adding to or lessening the injuries. The data support the general concepts that nonoccupiable portions of the aircraft receive greater physical damage than occupiable areas. The greatest damage to the occupiable area is to the forward portion of cockpit/cabin and the occupants have a greater chance of survival if the cockpit/cabin remains reasonably intact. Occupants seated forward in the cockpit/cabin receive greater injuries than those seated more rearward. Further, the findings suggest the seat placement or seat failure to one degree or another intensified injuries (as compared to more optimum crashworthy seats) to occupants in at least 30 percent of the accidents reviewed. Upper torso restraints, in the few instances used, were beneficial, and had they been used by all occupants, would have significantly reduced the injuries. The report discusses the relation of the occupant to the seat and restraint system and the apparent benefit to be derived from a well-designed impact attenuating seat and, in particular, use of an upper torso restraint. (Author) KW - Air KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am82-07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365451 AU - Huffman, W AU - Imbembo, S AU - National Weather Service AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AUTOMATED LOW-COST WEATHER OBSERVATION SYSTEM (ALWOS) PY - 1982/02 SP - 164 p. AB - One of the primary objectives of this program was to design a developmental model ALWOS for the lowest possible cost. Reliability and maintenance costs over the life of the system were considered in addition to the initial purchase and installation costs. To this end, field proven, off the shelf components were used wherever possible throughout the system. Another primary objective was modularity of design. The hardware and software were constructed to allow flexibility in interfacing a variety of sensors or adding additional sensors to measure new parameters. The ALWOS as configured at Dulles Airport is a low-cost and flexible system which can provide an automatic weather observation from the data acquisition, processing and display point of view, with the potential for good long-term system reliability. After a period of familiarization with the equipment and dealing with an assortment of system and sensor problems, the functioning of the system became relatively trouble-free. Evaluation of the ALWOS supports the generally accepted concept that automated, low-cost weather observation systems can indeed perform such a function given suitable sensing devices. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Civil aviation KW - Computer programs KW - Field tests KW - Ground handling KW - Ground support equipment KW - Low costs KW - Meteorological instruments KW - Microcomputers KW - Weather stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964710 AU - Mertens, H W AU - Lewis, M F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF APPROACH LIGHTING AND VARIATION IN VISIBLE RUNWAY LENGTH ON PERCEPTION OF APPROACH ANGLE IN SIMULATED NIGHT LANDINGS PY - 1982/02 SP - 19 p. AB - Previous experiments have demonstrated illusions due to variations in both length and width of runways in nighttime "black hole" approaches. Even though approach lighting is not designed to provide vertical guidance, it is possible that cues from approach lights could interact with cues from runway lighting to reduce illusions due to variation in runway size. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of approach lighting on perception of approach angle in simulated night approaches. In the first experiment, 40 pilots made simulated visual approaches to a 150-by-6,000-ft runway with and without a 3,000-ft approach light system. Pilots controlled a moving runway model to produce a constant "normal" angle of approach over the distance range of 23,000 ft to 8,000 ft from threshold. In the second experiment, 24 pilots made simulated approaches to a 150-by-6,000-ft runway which was either fully visible or which had lights of the upwind half occluded. In addition, a 1,400-ft abbreviated approach light system was used at three intensities. Decreasing the visible length of the runway by occulting lights of the far half increased mean generated approach angles from 2.2 to 2.7 deg. Neither the presence of equal intensity approach lights nor uncomfortable glare from approach lights 20 times brighter than runway lights had an effect of practical significance on responses. These findings reinforce previous experimental demonstrations of the importance of runway size cues related to varying runway length, and also show that potential size cues provided by approach lights do not prevent illusions due to variations in runway size. KW - Air pilots KW - Airport runways KW - Approach KW - Flight simulators KW - Glare KW - Landing KW - Length KW - Lighting KW - Luminous intensity KW - Night visibility KW - Visual aids KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am82-06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365408 AU - Zarrelli, L B AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE BCAS ALERT RATES AND PROTECTION BASED ON ACTUAL AIRCRAFT TRACKS PY - 1982/02 SP - 239 p. AB - This document describes an evaluation of the performance of the Active Beacon Collision Avoidance System (Active BCAS) using the Houston data base and simulated midair collision scenarios. The Houston data was extracted from ARTS III tapes and consisted of 65 hours of operation. This data was used to measure alert rates and assess desensitization techniques aimed at reducing the number of unnecessary alerts. The midair data base consisted of the reconstructed flight paths of 15 actual midair collisions. Measures of protection and tradeoffs were made based on the performance of the BCAS logic in resolving these simulated collision scenarios. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Control systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Desensitizing KW - False alarms KW - False alarms (Security) KW - Logic KW - Logic (Mathematics) KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar tracking KW - Railroad tracks KW - Simulation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transport aircraft KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365402 AU - Mohleji, S C AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OPERATIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE NAVIGATION SYSTEM IN TERMINAL AREAS PY - 1982/02 SP - 63 p. AB - A comprehensive set of operational requirements relating the capabilities of the navigation system and its use in the ATC environment are developed in this paper by modifying the operational requirements for MLS established by the International Civil Aviation Organization. In order to establish the functional requirements, an interrelationship is established between the navigation system parameters, route geometry and ATC procedures considering system uncertainties. An impact of each ATC uncertainty (navigation, surveillance, communication delays, airspeeds and winds) is first examined individually by computing the time dispersions between the planned vs. the achieved aircraft performance. Then a total dispersion and control interaction is established by calculating the time variability due to speed adjustments permitted under ATC procedures, and by statistically combining the impact of the ATC uncertainties using a root sum square (RSS) approach. This technique is general enough to permit evaluation of functional requirements (accuracy, coverage and channel capacity) of any navigation system under varying ATC parameters, procedures and operational requirements. Several navigation scenarios are evaluated based on the existing and future capabilities of the navigation systems. These include: (1) existing VOR/DME systems with airline quality avionics; (2) existing, VOR/DME system with a + or - 40 deg MLS providing guidance within the coverage; and (3) a highly accurate navaid such as DAS (DME/Azimuth system) proposed by the Federal Republic of Germany. KW - Accuracy KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Errors KW - Functional analysis KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Navigational aids KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365003 AU - OFFI, D L AU - Lewis, W AU - Lee, T AU - DeLaMarche, A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF THE AIRPORT RADAR WIND SHEAR DETECTION SYSTEM PY - 1982/02 SP - 39 p. AB - A wind shear detection system, developed by the Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) to operate with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airport Surveillance Radar ASR-(8), was installed and tested at the FAA Technical Center. Initial tests consisted of hardware and software shakedown and feasibility determinations. Second phase tests compared radar with aircraft and tower winds, evaluated the wind shear measurement capability under various weather conditions, and investigated the effectiveness of a simple two-azimuth pointing strategy. Final efforts consisted of observations in all-weather regimes and tests of a modified velocity-azimuth display (VAD) and a glide slope scan. Results showed the system to be compatible with and to operate satisfactorily with the ASR-8. The processing and spectral display of clear air and precipitation returns is feasible. The accuracy of agreement between radar-measured winds and components of the aircraft-measured winds in both radially oriented flights and runway offset flights using a two-azimuth pointing technique, a glide slope scan, and a modified VAD was examined. Radar versus tower wind agreement was also examined. Potentially dangerous wind shears associated with weather during these tests were detectable. Certain system limitations were also defined and considered. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Agreements KW - Air KW - Aircraft KW - Computer programs KW - Doppler radar KW - Limitations KW - Measurement KW - Precipitation KW - Radar KW - Search radar KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Towers KW - Velocity KW - Wave motion KW - Weather KW - Weather radar KW - Wind KW - Wind shear KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365001 AU - Weitz, P G AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT AIRFRAME FUEL SYSTEMS SURVEY AND ANALYSIS PY - 1982/02 SP - 55 p. AB - A selection of commercial aircraft airframe fuel systems has been studied to determine areas where incompatibility with antimisting kerosene fuel (AMK) may exist. Incompatibility can be due to reduced fuel system component performance with AMK or shear degradation of the AMK by the fuel system components. Survey results, to date, indicate that potential component performance problems with AMK are more significant than loss of AMK flammability protection due to shear degradation. Components of interest include ejector pumps, fuel filters, and auxiliary power units. The solubility of water in AMK and its effect on fuel system performance under actual operating conditions is also of major importance. (Author) KW - Airframes KW - Compatibility KW - Degradation KW - Electrical equipment KW - Fire prevention KW - Fires KW - Flammability KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel filters KW - Fuel pumps KW - Fuel systems KW - Jet engine fuels KW - Kerosene KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Power equipment KW - Safety KW - Shear stress KW - Shear stresses KW - Solubility KW - Transport aircraft KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365710 AU - BOLZ, E H AU - KING, L D AU - Systems Control Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - 3D LORAN-C NAVIGATOR DOCUMENTATION PY - 1982/01 SP - 62 p. AB - The purpose of this task was to develop a 3D Loran-C Navigator by configuring an interface unit between an airborne Loran-C navigator (Teledyne TDL-711) and an Altitude Alerter/VNAV Guidance system (Intercontinental Dynamics model 541). The digital computer-based interface unit was designed to allow the flight crew to specify the approach slope (3.0 to 9.9 degrees). This report documents the hardware and software in the interface unit, and interconnection with the other involved systems. The availability of accurate, three-dimensional approach guidance information at airports where no ILS is available provides significant operational advantages, to helicopter operators in particular. The 3D Loran-C navigator system was bench tested and flight demonstrated. Smooth, accurate (within the limitations of Loran-C) descent guidance information was obtained. (Author) KW - Algorithms KW - Approach KW - Computer program documentation KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Glide path systems KW - Helicopters KW - Information processing KW - Instrument landing KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Loran KW - Navigators KW - Three dimensional KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964711 AU - Pollard, D W AU - Folk, E D AU - Chandler, R F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FLIGHT ATTENDANT INJURIES: 1971-1976 PY - 1982/01 SP - 60 p. AB - Data from 206 reports of 377 flight attendant injuries occurring from 1971 through 1976 are summarized. These data were obtained from the Cabin Safety Data Bank of the Civil Aeromedical Institute, and are based on Federal Aviation Administration and National Transportation Safety Board accident/incident reports. Information relating to the severity and location of the injury is provided when available from original reports. Data relating to the flight condition and location in the aircraft where the injury occurred are provided. Findings indicate that most flight attendant injuries occurred during turbulence, usually while the flight attendant was up, in the galley, or in the aisle. These injuries were usually minor cuts and bruises. The most serious in-flight injuries were generally to the limbs and occurred as a result of severe turbulence. The highest percentage of serious injuries occurred during survivable impact while the flight attendants were in their seats and the highest percentage of these injuries was to the limbs. Summaries of each reported injury are included in the appendices. KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash reports KW - Flight attendants KW - Injuries KW - Injury causes KW - Injury severity KW - Injury types KW - Turbulence KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - U.S. National Transportation Safety Board UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/AM82-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365259 AU - Pullins, D G AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE FAA/MITRE WEATHER DATA DEVICE PY - 1982/01 SP - 59 p. AB - A Cockpit Weather Display unit developed for the FAA by the MITRE Corporation was evaluated. Twenty subject pilots were flown using prerecorded weather information, and, when possible, real-time weather information from the Columbus weather radar uplinked to the aircraft on the Zanesville VOR. The airborne system consisted of a VOR receiver, a processor unit, a control module, and a hardcopy printer that provided the pilot with ground weather radar information in the cockpit upon demand. Throughout the evaluation, pilot acceptance of the unit was universal and enthusiastic. Each pilot felt that this was a long-needed aid for weather avoidance by all types of aircraft. The immediate and thorough understanding of the system operation by pilots of all experience levels illustrates that operational utilization of this unit should be successful. A clear conclusion is that providing the pilot with a low-cost, real time radar weather information source, will be a distinct factor in reducing unnecessary radio transmissions, controller workload, and will aid the pilot in his decision-making process. This can be further reinforced with the realization that such a unit installed in the cockpit would eliminate errors due to verbal communication of the weather picture, provide useful information, and most significantly, directly attack the major problem of aviation thunderstorm avoidance. Importantly, the widespread use of this unit would directly address the flying safety problem of pilots flying into adverse weather conditions which they are not equipped to handle. KW - Air pilots KW - Aviation safety KW - Avoidance KW - Cockpits KW - Data collection KW - Information display systems KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Surveys KW - Thunderstorms KW - Weather forecasting KW - Weather radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365116 AU - Burnham, D C AU - Hallock, J N AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CHICAGO MONOSTATIC ACOUSTIC VORTEX SENSING SYSTEM. VOLUME III. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: DECAY OF B-707 AND DC-8 VORTICES PY - 1982/01 SP - 29 p. AB - A Monostatic Acoustic Vortex Sensing System (MAVSS) was installed at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport to measure the strength and decay of aircraft wake vortices from landing aircraft. The MAVSS consists of an array of acoustic antennas which measure the vertical profile up to 60-m altitude of the vertical component of the wind. The decay in wake vortex strength is measured as the vortex passes over successive antennas in the array. In this volume, the results of Volume II are summarized in terms of the safety implications of categorizing all landing B-707s and DC-8s as Large aircraft. KW - Acoustic detection KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Aircraft landings KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Flow noise KW - Illinois KW - International airports KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Jet transports KW - Landing KW - Trailing vortices KW - Vortex shedding KW - Vortices KW - Wakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364931 AU - Carro, A AU - Goff, R C AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND FIELDS CALCULATED FROM ASSUMED MODE S DATA LINK INPUTS PY - 1982/01 SP - 19 p. AB - The future availability of the Mode S data link has suggested the possibility of using data collected by airplanes flying in the airport environment to reconstruct the atmospheric wind field in the airport area. These reconstructed fields would conceivably be of use to the metering and spacing personnel as well as to meteorologists and pilots flying through this particular atmospheric environment. An investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of using a numerical method developed by J. T. Schaefer and C. A. Doswell III to produce an objectively analyzed wind field from sparse aircraft observations. A theoretical wind field resembling atmospheric conditions was used to compare the predicted field with the assumed theoretical field. Also investigated were (1) the degradation of the technique produced by decreasing the number of observations and (2) the influence of wind wavelength in the accuracy of the wind field prediction. KW - Accuracy KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airports KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Databases KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Flow KW - Forecasting KW - Numerical analysis KW - Radar KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364972 AU - Swanseen, W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SURVEILLANCE PERFORMANCES OF THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR BEACON SYSTEM MODE OF THE MODE S AND THE AUTOMATED RADAR TERMINAL SYSTEM PY - 1982/01 SP - 24 p. AB - A test and evaluation was conducted at the Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center to compare the surveillance performance and the range and azimuth accuracy of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) mode of the Mode S (formerly the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS)) to that achieved with the existing Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS) III. Targets of opportunity and ATCRBS-equipped Technical Center test aircraft were used in this evaluation. The 5-foot ATCRBS antenna at the Technical Center Mode S terminal sensor was used to collect data at both the Mode S and the ARTS III sensors. Data reduction and analysis tools developed by the Technical Center were used to determine sensor performance characteristics and to highlight areas for further analysis. It was concluded that the ATCRBS mode of the Mode S sensor provided improved blip scan ratio, Mode A code, and altitude reliability performance when compared to the ARTS III. The Mode S sensor also provided better range and azimuth accuracy than the ARTS III. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Altitude KW - Automation KW - Azimuth KW - Data reduction KW - Detectors KW - Direction finding KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Mode S KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Radar KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar signals KW - Radio direction finders KW - Range finding KW - Rangefinders KW - Reliability KW - Signals KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161631 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Dulles Airport access road, parallel toll roads right of way : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161630 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Hartford-Brainard Airport localizer directional aid approach facility : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161629 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Washington National Airport runway safety area modifications : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161628 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Palmdale International Airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Proposal for planning grant and Secretary of Transportation findings B1(2v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101811 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Falcon Field facilities expansion, Mesa : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070272 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Southern California aviation system study, supplemental draft environmental impact report PY - 1982///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070271 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Front Range airport development plan, airport master plan study, Adams County PY - 1982///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070270 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Lebanon municipal airport runway extension, industrial park development : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v), Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070269 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Clackamas County reliever airport construction, Mulino : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070268 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - William B. Hartsfield International Airport runway 9L easterly aircraft departure procedure, Atlanta : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070262 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Ocean Shores Airport construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00852483 AU - McCabe, L AU - GORSTEIN, M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT LANDSIDE. T2 - AIRPORT LANDSIDE SIMULATION MODEL (ALSIM) DESCRIPTION AND AND USERS GUIDE. PY - 1982 IS - AD-A117 600 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airport access KW - Airport terminals KW - Airports KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/550576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365699 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT ACTIVITY STATISTICS OF CERTIFICATED ROUTE AIR CARRIERS - 12 MONTHS ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1981 PY - 1981/12/31 SP - 349 p. AB - This report furnishes airport activity of the Certificated Route Air Carriers. Included in the data contained in Table 6 are passenger enplanements, tons of enplaned freight, express, and mail. Both scheduled and non-scheduled service, and domestic and international operations are included. These data are shown by airport and carrier. Table 7 includes departures by airport, carrier and type of operation, and type of aircraft. KW - Air transportation KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Commodities KW - Common carriers KW - Freight transportation KW - Passenger transportation KW - Postal service KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365489 AU - Mullins, T AU - Luebbers, R AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PERFORMANCE TESTS RESULTS OF AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER RECEIVER INTERFERENCE SUSCEPTIBILITY PY - 1981/12 SP - 101 p. AB - The intent of this effort was to measure the interference susceptibility of present-day ADF equipment and to determine if RTCA and ICAO documents dealing with this subject are still representative. The results of these tests show that the equipment tested meet the specifications of DO-142 Category A. Recent works had indicated that the interference susceptibility characteristics of ADF receivers may be dependent primarily on the absolute level of the undesired signal, and secondarly on the ration of the desired to the undesired signal. The data presented in this report, however, demonstrated that the interference characteristics of the aircraft ADF system are a funciton of the ratio of the desired to the undesired signal levels present at the antenna, and are not correlated to the absolute undesired signal levels. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Electromagnetic susceptibility KW - Measurement KW - Navigational aids KW - Performance tests KW - Radio direction finders KW - Radio receivers KW - Radio signals KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177526 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365220 AU - Adams, R J AU - Systems Control Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AVIONICS CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES ERROR BUDGETS FOR VOR/DME RNAV, LORAN-C, OMEGA AND GPS INCLUDING FLIGHT TECHNICAL ERROR PY - 1981/12 SP - 160 p. AB - This study assessed the availability and applicability of error budget data for avionics certification requirements. The investigation includes a review of data for both station oriented (VOR/DME-RNAV) navigation systems and wide area (Loran-C, Omega and GPS) navigation systems. The primary thrust of the analysis was to determine the operational capabilities of the various navigation systems currently being certified. A secondary objective was to examine the viability of current certification procedures, techniques and accuracy criteria to any advanced navigation system. To accomplish these objectives, a detailed assessment of error budget data, error combination techniques and functional performance standards was performed. KW - Avionics KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Error analysis KW - Global Positioning System KW - Loran KW - Navigational aids KW - Omega navigation KW - Omega navigation system KW - Radio navigation KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365239 AU - NEWMAN, J S AU - Rickley, E J AU - Ford, D W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HELICOPTER NOISE DEFINITION REPORT: UH-60A, S-76, A-109, 206-L PY - 1981/12 SP - 683 p. AB - This document presents noise data for the Sikorsky UH-60A Blackhawk, the Sikorsky S-76 Spirit, the Agusta A-109 and the Bell 206-L. The acoustical data are accompanied by phototheodolite tracking data, cockpit instrument panel photo data, and meteorological data acquired from radiosonde balloons. Acoustical metrics include both noise certification metrics (EPNL, PNLT, PNL) as well as community/airport noise assessment metrics (SEL, dBA). Noise data have been acquired systematically to identify variations in level with variations in helicopter airspeed and altitude. Data contained in this report provide essential information for development of helicopter noise exposure contours as well as further evaluation of ICAO helicopter noise certification standards. KW - Acoustic arrays KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft noise KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Data collection KW - Flight maneuvers KW - Flight paths KW - Helicopters KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364896 AU - Luebbers, R AU - Mullins, T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A METHOD OF PREDICTING THE INTERFERENCE MARGIN FOR NON-DIRECTIONAL BEACONS PY - 1981/12 SP - 40 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to describe a new method for determining the electric field strength produced by a Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) as a function of the important parameters involved which include distance, frequency, ground conductivity, and effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). This method enables the determination of the coverage area within which the signal level from the NDB exceeds some critical value, usually 70 microvolts per meter (peak power). Applied to another NDB which might cause interference to the first, correcting for frequency difference to account for receiver selectivity, one can determine at any point the interference margin, (i.e., the amount by which the desired NDB signal exceeds the undesired and potentially interfering signal). This interference margin must be at least 15 dB for satisfactory operation. The scope of this report includes frequencies from 190 to 535 kHz. (Author) KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Beacons KW - Conductivity KW - Directional KW - Electric fields KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Field intensity KW - Field strength KW - Ground level KW - Interference KW - Isotropy KW - Peak power KW - Peak value (Electricity) KW - Power KW - Present value KW - Radio beacons KW - Signals KW - Value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347883 AU - Network Analysis Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NATIONAL AIRSPACE DATA INTERCHANGE NETWORK (NADIN) SUPPORT OF REMOTE MAINTENANCE MONITORING SYSTEM (RMMS) PY - 1981/12 SP - 111 p. AB - National Airspace Data Interchange Network (NADIN) architectural enhancements necessary to support the Remote Maintenance Monitoring System (RMMS) and MMS programs are described. Several alternative approaches are formulated. These alternatives are compared and recommendations are made. It is found that: The NADIN backbone has sufficient capacity to handle initial RMMS traffic at adequate performance levels; An X.25 compatible interface for the NADIN and MPS connection is recommended; Additional frame routing capabilities at the NADIN concentrator and front end processors are required; and Future MPS communications will be best served by a fully distributed packet switched NADIN capable of supporting complete X.25 functions. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Communication systems KW - Electronic switching KW - Electronics KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Information processing KW - Management information systems KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Monitoring KW - Requirement KW - Routing KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364806 AU - Castle, B B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IN-SERVICE TESTING OF THE PRECISION APPROACH PATH INDICATOR (PAPI) AT NEWARK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, NEW JERSEY PY - 1981/12 SP - 11 p. AB - This report covers that portion of the Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) tests involving 4 months of in-service testing at Newark International Airport, New Jersey. Basically, the PAPI was compared against the standard red/white Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) system at a large airport and on a runway with an Instrument Landing System (ILS). The PAPI system was installed in a manner to take care of aircraft of all sizes; that is, different wheel-to-eye distances. The information was obtained from pilots of large commercial aircraft. Questionnaires from general aviation aircraft pilots were not used for this particular report. Results showed that under these conditions about 60 percent of the pilots (a total of 117 questionnaires) preferred the PAPI over the VASI system. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Approach control KW - Approach indicators KW - Civil aviation KW - Flight tests KW - Glide path systems KW - Instrument landing KW - Instrument landing systems KW - International airports KW - Landing aids KW - New Jersey KW - Questionnaires KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321375 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERAL AVIATION ACTIVITY AND AVIONICS SURVEY PY - 1981/12 AB - This report presents the results and a description of the 1980 General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey. The survey was conducted during 1981 by the FAA to obtain information on the activity and avionics of the United States registered general aviation aircraft fleet, the dominant component of civil aviation in the U.S. The survey was based on statistically selected sample of about 14.0 percent of the general aviation fleet and obtained a response rate of 65 percent. Survey results are based upon responses but are expanded upward to represent the total population. Survey results revealed that during 1980 an estimated 41.0 million hours of flying time were logged by the 211,045 active general aviation aircraft in the U.S. fleet, yielding a mean annual flight time per aircraft of 190.5 hours. The active aircraft represented about 83 percent of the registered general aviation fleet. The report contains breakdowns of these and other statistics by manufacturer/model group, aircraft type, state and region of based aircraft, and primary use. Also included are fuel consumption, lifetime airframe hours, avionics, and engine hours estimates. (Author) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348927 AU - Chamberlain, E J AU - U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOIL (REVIEW OF INDEX TESTS) PY - 1981/12 SP - 110 p. AB - Methods of determining the frost susceptibility of soils are identified and presented in this report. More than one hundred criteria were found, the most common based on particle size characteristics. These particle size criteria are frequently augmented by information such as grain size distribution, uniformity coefficients and Atterberg limits. Information on permeability, mineralogy and soil classification has also been used. More complex methods requiring pore size distribution, moisture-tension, hydraulic-conductivity, heave-stress, and frost-heave tests have also been proposed. However, none has proven to be the universal test for determining the frost susceptibility of soils. Based on this survey, four methods are proposed for further study. They are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Frost Susceptibility Classification System, the moisture-tension hydraulic-conductivity test, a new frost-heave test, and the CBR-after-thaw test. (FAA) KW - Criteria KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Mineralogy KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture tension KW - Permeability KW - Permeability coefficient KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365262 AU - Karp, D AU - Anderson, J R AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MOVING TARGET DETECTOR (MOD II) PY - 1981/11/03 SP - 159 p. AB - Under FAA sponsorship, MIT/Lincoln Laboratory has developed a second generation, field operable Moving Target Detection System (MTD-II) which has been tested at operational FAA terminal and enroute radar sites, and serves as the basis for the ASR-9 MTD technical performance specifications. This summary report covers the period October, 1976 through September, 1979 in which design, development, field testing and system performance evaluation were carried out. Report No. FAA-RD-76-190, ATC-69, 'Description and Performance Evaluation of the Moving Target Detector' dated 8 March 1977, serves as the technical foundation of this work. MTD-processing design modifications were effected to handle conditions of excessive ground clutter and moving ground traffic. The rationale for the modified algorithms is provided, and measured performance characteristics at several FAA field sites are discussed. (Author) KW - Adaptive control KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airport terminals KW - Doppler radar KW - Field equipment KW - Moving target indicators KW - Parallel processors KW - Radar KW - Radar signals KW - Radar target designators KW - Signal processing KW - Signals KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365374 AU - PEARSONS, K S AU - Wilby, J F AU - Bolt Beranek and Newman, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - POSSIBILITY OF HEARING LOSS FROM EXPOSURE TO INTERIOR AIRCRAFT NOISE PY - 1981/11 SP - 81 p. AB - This report reviews criteria for hearing damage developed by the Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics and Biomechanics (CHABA) of the National Academy of Science. It presents noise levels occurring in narrow and wide body commercial aircraft, business jet aircraft and short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft. It presents estimates of time exposure for pilots and crews based on FAA permitted flight times. It also provides estimations of possible hearing damage resulting from different exposures to interior noise of various aircraft types. KW - Aerodynamic noise KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft noise KW - Auditory perception KW - Crash exposure KW - Criteria KW - Exposure KW - Noise KW - Noise sound KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365413 AU - PEARSONS, K S AU - Wilby, J F AU - Bolt Beranek and Newman, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - POSSIBILITY OF HEARING LOSS FROM EXPOSURE TO INTERIOR AIRCRAFT NOISE PY - 1981/11 SP - 80 p. AB - This report reviews criteria for hearing damage developed by the Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics and Biomechanics (CHABA) of the National Academy of Science. It presents noise levels occurring in narrow and wide body commercial aircraft, business jet aircraft and short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft. It presents estimates of time exposure for pilots and crews based on FAA permitted flight times. It also provides estimations of possible hearing damage resulting from different exposures to interior noise of various aircraft types. (Author) KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft noise KW - Auditory perception KW - Civil aircraft KW - Cockpits KW - Deafness KW - Effective sound pressure KW - Exposure physiology KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Loss and damage KW - Losses KW - Quantities KW - Risk assessment KW - Short takeoff aircraft KW - STOL aircraft KW - Transport aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365405 AU - Patrick, G AU - KEECH, T AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPACT OF AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM ON THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR BEACON SYSTEM AND THE DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM PY - 1981/11 SP - 39 p. AB - A computer analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of an omnidirectional version of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) on the performance of: (1)the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS), and (2) the planned Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) in selected air traffic environments. The performance of ATCRBS and DABS was examined both with and without the TCAS in operation. Additional simulations were conducted to quantify the effect of TCAS when employing its interference-limiting function. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Computer aided diagnosis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Environment KW - Mode S UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347878 AU - BILLMANN, B R AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF A NONLINEAR ALTITUDE TRACKING METHOD PY - 1981/11 SP - 57 p. AB - This report analyzes the performance of the nonlinear altitude tracker developed for the Active Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS) by Lincoln Laboratory. The tracker is intended for use in the collision avoidance logic of the BCAS system. The nonlinear tracker performance was characterized through comparisons with the previous altitude tracker. The original tracker, used by the collision avoidance logic, was a simplistic alpha-beta tracker. The nonlinear tracker performance evaluation was conducted in three phases: (1) The stand-alone error characteristics of the tracker were obtained. Simulated mode C report sequences were provided directly to the tracker. (2) The nonlinear tracker was integrated directly into the collision avoidance logic. With the use of the Fast-Time Encounter Generator (FTEG), a comparative study of performance with the nonlinear tracker versus the alpha-beta tracker was made. (3) Selected live flight test encounters were used to analyze the relative performance of the alpha-beta tracker versus the nonlinear tracker. The stand-alone analysis revealed that the nonlinear tracker consistently had smaller maximal errors in vertical rate estimation and a smaller transient rate response delay than did the alpha-beta tracker. Both the live flight test encounter simulations and the FTEG scenario simulation indicated that nonlinear tracking often caused an increase in separation for encounters with vertically accelerating threats and reduced occurrences of incorrect command sense choice. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Algorithms KW - Altitude KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data rate KW - Error analysis KW - Flight tests KW - High rate KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Performance tests KW - Radar beacons KW - Rate of climb indicators KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347880 AU - Sulzer, R AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT COCKPIT STANDARDIZATION (FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS PART 25) PY - 1981/11 SP - 42 p. AB - The present status of transport aircraft cockpit standardization was evaluated by examination of regulations and other design practice documents and by interviews with airline pilots and engineers. Flight critical areas most in need of increased standardization were identified as (1) primary flight guidance instrumentation and (2) pilot input keyboards. Additional areas proposed for further industry consultation, possibly leading to further standardization at a future date, include flap, slat, and leading-edge device control and display systems; indicated airspeed (IAS)-Mach indicators; powerplant instrumentation; and electric and hydraulic power diagrams, displays, and controls. The continued use of a mixed metric and English unit measurement plan in both United States and foreign manufactured aircraft is noted, and the incidence of pilot dual qualifications and the need for criteria for digital system software certification are also discussed. KW - Aeronautical engineering KW - Air pilots KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airworthiness KW - Altimeters KW - Cockpits KW - Computer programs KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Flight control systems KW - Flight instruments KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human machine systems KW - Keyboards KW - Metric system KW - Qualifications KW - Regulations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Systems engineering KW - Transport aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347812 AU - TOTH, S AU - Lovelace, W AU - Markin, K AU - ARINC Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON AVIONICS COST TRENDS PY - 1981/11 SP - 84 p. AB - This study provides an overview of nonmilitary generally aviation and commercial avionics price and cost structures as influenced by technology. It quantifies, computes, and evaluates the unique characteristics and behavior patterns of the industry, especially those that affect the frequency of innovation, the rate of technology diffusion from manufacturer to manufacturer or from product to product, and the anticipated major cost drivers of the future. The report reviews the impact of technology on the cost of avionics during the past 20 years and projects this impact for the next 20 years. This report concentrates on avionics in the low-performance general aviation aircraft category because they are the major components of the avionics industry. Typical units of detailed study are transponders, transceivers, navigation receivers, and course deviation indicators (CDIs). An examination of the price histories of more than twenty equipment families indicates that unit prices have been and are likely to continue increasing at the Producer Price Index (PPI) rate. This rate of price growth results from a balance between costs rising at the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rate and manufacturing cost reductions made possible through the introduction of new technologies. (Author) KW - Avionics KW - Civil aviation KW - Costs KW - Course indicators KW - Forecasting KW - Growth general KW - Indicating instruments KW - Labor KW - Manufacturing KW - Navigational aids KW - Parts KW - Price index KW - Transceivers KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365304 AU - Lee, J T AU - DOVIAK, R J AU - National Severe Storms Lab AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FIELD PROGRAM OPERATIONS - TURBULENCE AND GUST FRONT STUDIES PY - 1981/11 SP - 43 p. AB - The 1980 Spring Observation Program extended from April 15 to June 19 at the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma. Aircraft, rawinsonde network, mesoscale surface network, low-level wind shear alert system at Will Rogers World Airport, 444 m instrumented tower and satellite observations augmented a conventional weather radar and a new, dual Doppler weather radar system to obtain concurrent data on weather hazards to aircraft. Storm days and data acquired are detailed. An objective for the spring program was to determine the characteristics and detectability of turbulence, wind shear and other aircraft operational weather hazards using indirect (radar) probes. The South Dakota School of Mines T-28 aircraft and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's F-106 aircraft made thunderstorm penetrations during Doppler radar and lightning operations. Data obtained are discussed, and the analysis of a turbulence case and two gust front cases are presented. These indicate the Doppler radar's potential use to detect and dimensionalize aviation weather hazards both in-cloud and in optically clear air. These studies and additional ones now in progress will provide material for guideline development as to siting and uses of the Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) in aviation-related situations. (Author) KW - Airborne KW - Altitude KW - Doppler radar KW - Fronts (Meteorology) KW - Ground level KW - Gusts KW - Low altitude KW - Meteorological instruments KW - Oklahoma KW - Radar reflection KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research facilities KW - Thunderstorms KW - Turbulence KW - Weather radar KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349931 AU - Korbus, L AU - Barenberg, E J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL JOINT SYSTEMS IN SLIP-FORMED RIGID PAVEMENTS. VOLUME IV--RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALTERNATE JOINT SYSTEMS AND FOR STRENGTHENING EXISTING JOINTS PY - 1981/11 SP - 65 p. AB - Load transfer across joints is a key factor in the performance of PCC pavements. The common load transfer devices in longitudinal joints for airport pavements have for many years been concrete keyways. Many of these keyways fail under heavy aircraft loads and are very difficult to construct using slip-formed pavers. Alternate joint systems which are potentially more reliable than keyways and which can be constructed using slip-formed pavers are presented in the report. Also, procedures are described for retrofitting existing slabs with devices to provide load transfer across joints or cracks. Laboratory and field tests with these load transfer devices are described, and data on their performance are presented. Recommendations for joint designs for PCC airport pavements are given based on the level of traffic anticipated. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Retrofitting KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slabs KW - Slip form paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365077 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Port Authority of New York and New Jersey TI - AIRPORT DELAY AND IMPROVEMENT STUDY: JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AND LAGUARDIA AIRPORT PY - 1981/10 SP - 28 p. AB - This study of air traffic delay in the New York area, its causes, and potential solutions, has identified a comprehensive program of delay reduction measures which reduce the level and costs of delay at John F. Kennedy International and LaGuardia Airports. The potential cost savings outlined for each airport are not intended to represent absolutes but rather to offer a means for comparing potential benefits which would accrue should the particular delay reduction measures be implemented. The study resulted in specific recommendations for improvements for both John F. Kennedy International and LaGuardia Airports. Some of these recommendations have already been implemented while others are currently being processed. The balance of the recommendations are offered for consideration by the appropriate agencies for early implementation. KW - Air traffic KW - Airports KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Improvements KW - New York (State) KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364898 AU - Schust, A AU - Young, P AU - Peter, K AU - ARINC Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - LIFE-CYCLE-COST ANALYSIS OF THE MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM GROUND AND AIRBORNE SYSTEMS PY - 1981/10 SP - 348 p. AB - This report presents the results of a life-cycle-cost analysis of the Microwave Landing System ground and airborne configurations that may be implemented for the National Airspace System. The ground configurations evaluated consisted of 3 deg, 2 deg, and 1 deg beamwidth azimuth subsystems. The airborne configurations evaluated were for air carrier aircraft, high-performance general aviation aircraft, and low-performance general aviation aircraft. (Author) KW - Airborne KW - Analysis KW - Avionics KW - Computer programming KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Ground handling KW - Ground support equipment KW - Labor KW - Life cycle costing KW - Logistics KW - Maintenance KW - Microwave landing systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364836 AU - Adams, D L AU - Alvania, S M AU - Brubaker, R AU - Levin, K M AU - Marek, R J AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PRELIMINARY FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF INTEGRATED FLOW MANAGEMENT PY - 1981/10 SP - 246 p. AB - A preliminary functional description of Integrated Flow Management (IFM) is documented in this report. The objective is to provide a strawman concept so that further IFM development activities will proceed from a common reference point based upon agreement among all related program organizations. The distribution of flow management functions among the various ATC facilities and the related interfacility communications requirements are central issues addressed in this report. A road map projection of the IFM near term evolution through the late 1980s and remaining open issues related to the IFM development are also presented. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Analysis KW - Automation KW - Communication systems KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Information processing KW - Integrated systems KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Planning KW - Radio KW - Technological forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364801 AU - Vilcans, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TEST PLAN FOR SSR ANTENNA ROTATION RATE STABILIZATION PY - 1981/10 SP - 143 p. AB - A comprehensive test plan is presented to evaluate the impact of wind and ice loading on the rotation rate stability of a Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) antenna used for air traffic control surveillance. Antenna rotation rate variations may introduce errors in the estimate of a position of an intruding aircraft in a passive collision avoidance system used in conjunction with the SSR antenna. The test plan provides a method for determining the statistics of the antenna rotation rate variations. Analytical methods are then presented to assess the effects on CAS performance. The measurement system design, mathematical model development of the antenna system, test data reduction, and analysis programs are presented in detail. Sample calculations of preliminary field data are given and compared with the results obtained from computer simulations. The computer simulations are also intended to predict antenna rotation rate variations at the upper limits of the FAA specified range, which were not generally encountered during normal operations. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Antennas KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data reduction KW - Experimental data KW - Impacts KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Models KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive systems KW - Planning KW - Radar antennas KW - Rates KW - Rotation KW - Search radar KW - Secondary KW - Simulation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stabilization KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364809 AU - Meyerhoff, N J AU - Wang, G H AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND TIME SERIES MODELING OF AIR TRAFFIC OPERATIONS DATA FROM FLIGHT SERVICE STATIONS AND TERMINAL RADAR APPROACH CONTROL FACILITIES: TWO CASE STUDIES PY - 1981/10 SP - 60 p. AB - Two statistical procedures have been developed to estimate hourly or daily aircraft counts. These counts can then be transformed into estimates of instantaneous air counts. The first procedure estimates the stable (deterministic) mean level of hourly or day of the week patterns by statistical models. The second procedure estimates both deterministic and stochastic periodic (hourly or day of the week) patterns by stochastic time series models. Both statistical procedures have been used to analyze traffic at the St. Louis TRACON and Los Angeles Flight Service Station. This report analyzes hourly variations in operations at the St. Louis TRACON, for each day in four representative months in 1979. It also analyzes daily variations for three months in 1979 of flight plan activity at the Los Angeles FSS. The results of these analyses are given preliminary interpretations, and are available for possible application to other facilities. They are also available for other applications, such as estimation of instantaneous air counts in hubs. KW - Air traffic control KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Mathematical models KW - Mean KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Radar homing KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical processes KW - Statistics KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Terminal guidance KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347813 AU - BRABSTON, W N AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF COMPACTION CRITERIA FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENT SUBGRADE SOILS PY - 1981/10 SP - 174 p. AB - A study was conducted to determine the effect of lowering soil density requirements for subgrades under airport pavements. The investigation was primarily a laboratory effort in which molded specimens of three different soil types, compacted to densities at and below those currently specified by FAA criteria, were subjected to repeated axial loadings in a triaxial compression chamber. The primary response parameters of interest were permanent and resilient axial strain. Test results were formulated into a statistical model to predict permanent soil strain based on soil characteristics such as density, clay content, compaction characteristics, and sheer strength. The strain model was used to calculate values of permanent soil deformation at the surface of the subgrade for various combinations of soil density. Results of the test indicated that the wide variation in soil response among the three materials tested precluded any general alteration in current FAA compaction criteria. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Clay KW - Compaction KW - Deformation KW - Density KW - Dynamics KW - Flexible structures KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Moisture content KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Sand KW - Soil dynamics KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stiffness KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347771 AU - BELL, W E AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF WILCOX MODEL 585B VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RADIO RANGE (VOR) SYSTEM. PART 3 PY - 1981/10 SP - 53 p. AB - A three-part investigation of the Wilcox 585B Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Radio Range (VOR) System was conducted. In Part 1, the magnitude of the ground error was reduced by modification and suitable adjustment of antenna element lengths of the field detector, In Part 2, investigation developed an acceptable calibration procedure for system 30 hertz (Hz) modulation. Obtaining compatible 30 Hz modulation reading between aircraft (far-field) and edge of counterpoise (near-field) measurements was an additional requirement. In Part 3, tests resolved any discrepancies in the tuning adjustments prescribed by the manufacturer's equipment manuals. This report, which is the last in a series of three, contains an outline of the tests and procedures for setting the lengths of the adjustable field detector elements, a recommended procedure for obtaining compatible near-field and airborne 30 Hz modulation readings, and recommended changes to the manufacturer antenna tuning procedures in order that the system meet required operational tolerances. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Antenna components KW - Antennas KW - Components KW - Detectors KW - Errors KW - Extendable structures KW - Far field KW - Field equipment KW - Ground level KW - Industries KW - Length KW - Modulation KW - Modulation (Communications) KW - Near field KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - Radio beacons KW - Radomes KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Solid state electronics KW - Spectrum analyzers KW - Test and evaluation KW - Test procedures KW - Tests KW - Tolerance KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Very high frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347724 AU - Spanier, G AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH-SPEED ROTARY PRINTING DEVICE FOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL APPLICATIONS: A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION PY - 1981/10 SP - 16 p. AB - This report describes a unique, high-speed rotary printing device evaluated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center to determine potential applicability in air traffic control (ATC) work stations. The report discusses general performance of the unit, basic ATC operational problems being addressed by the study, concepts of application, and future activities for more comprehensive evaluations in simulated and real work station environments. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Contact printers KW - Data displays KW - High rate KW - Information processing KW - Man computer interface KW - Microprocessors KW - Printers KW - Systems analysis KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347766 AU - Alpert, R L AU - Mathews, M K AU - Modak, A T AU - Factory Mutual Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MODELING OF CEILING FIRE SPREAD AND THERMAL RADIATION PY - 1981/10 SP - 105 p. AB - The pressure modeling technique is used to study fire spread under five different ceiling materials and analytical and numerical techniques are used to compute thermal radiation to floor level from the resultant layer of hot gases near the ceiling. In the physical modeling part of the study, measurements are obtained at one atmosphere (full-scale) and at elevated air pressure characterizing fire growth in a ceiling channel exposed to a developing PMMA wall fire. Pressure modeling predictions of flame spread rates under a PMMA ceiling and flame lengths under an inert ceiling are found to be in reasonable agreement with full-scale behavior. Although fire spread under aircraft material ceilings occurs only at elevated pressure and not at one atmosphere (due to charring effects and the use of full-scale material thickness in the models), exponential growth factors characterizing fire spread rates, mass loss rates and radiant heat loss in the model tests are used to group the five ceiling materials according to fire growth hazard. In the second phase of the study, an exact, numerical solution technique is formulated for computing the radiant flux from hot gas layers with arbitrary, three-dimensional variations in gas temperature and absorption coefficient. A simplified analytic approximation involving the use of a suitably averaged gas temperature and absorption coefficient is compared with the exact technique for the calculation of radiant flux to targets below the ceiling gas layer. It is found that the analytic approximation is adequate even when the gradients in temperature are much larger than those expected from real aircraft cabin fires. (Author) KW - Absorption coefficients KW - Air pressure KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft fires KW - Ceilings KW - Fires KW - Flame propagation KW - Forecasting KW - Gases KW - Heat radiation KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Numerical analysis KW - Physical properties KW - Radiant heating KW - Rates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346693 AU - Guishard, R AU - Bolshev, A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - JOINT U.S./U.S.S.R. MODE S COMPATIBILITY TEST PROGRAM. VOLUME 2 PY - 1981/10 SP - 143 p. AB - This document consists of the data collected during the joint tests conducted at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center to determine the compatibility of a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) designed transponder with the United States (U.S.) Mode S system. A U.S. transponder was included in these tests for convenient comparison of results. Both bench tests and flight tests were conducted to ascertain compatibility to the U.S. Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) National Standard of 1978. Radial and orbital flight profiles were used to gather statistical data to draw conclusions about the transponder's performance in conjunction with the Mode S system. Both the methods of conducting these tests and the results obtained are described. KW - Air traffic control KW - Compatibility KW - Data KW - Tests KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346692 AU - Guishard, R AU - Bolshev, A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - JOINT U.S./U.S.S.R. MODE S COMPATIBILITY TEST PROGRAM. VOLUME 1 PY - 1981/10 SP - 36 p. AB - This document describes the joint tests conducted at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center to determine the compatibility of a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) designed transponder with the United States (U.S.) Mode S system. A U.S. transponder was included in these tests for convenient comparison of results. Both bench tests and flight tests were conducted to ascertain compatibility to the U.S. Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) National Standard of 1978. Radial and orbital flight profiles were used to gather statistical data to draw conclusions about the transponder's performance in conjunction with the Mode S system. Both the methods of conducting these tests and the results obtained are described. KW - Air traffic control KW - Compatibility KW - Tests KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365532 AU - Britting, K AU - Cocanower, A AU - Gupta, A AU - Hsu, M AU - Marcus, F AU - H.H. Aerospace Design Company, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF REHOSTING THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM SOFTWARE PY - 1981/10 SP - 162 p. AB - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is planning to replace within the next ten years the computers used to provide en route air traffic control services; in carrying out this replacement there are many different strategies the FAA could follow. The purpose of this report is to study the strategy known as rehosting the National Airspace System (NAS) software on instruction-compatible machines. The idea is that the current computers (and associated peripherals) would be replaced by modern hardware that executes the same machine-language instructions. The current NAS software would be changed only insofar as proves necessary for the software to run on the new machines; these changes to the software are expected to be minor. The rehosting strategy is evaluated in seven areas. First, how reliable is the system. Second, how well will the system perform under expected workloads. Third, how serious are the technical obstacles to adapting the software to run on the new machines. Fourth, what would the new system cost. Fifth, what problems would be encountered during the transition to the new system. Sixth, how quickly could the system be procured. Seventh, how well adapted is the system to future growth. The conclusion is that the rehost strategy is technically feasible, but there is some uncertainty about what this strategy would cost and how long the procurement process would take. (Author) KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Air traffic control KW - Compatibility KW - Computers KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Equipment replacement KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Government procurement KW - Governments KW - Growth general KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Procurement KW - Reliability KW - Replacement KW - Strategy KW - Transitions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364802 AU - Gustafson, G B AU - Crane, R K AU - Environmental Research and Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DETECTION AND TRACKING ALGORITHM REFINEMENT PY - 1981/10 SP - 194 p. AB - A previous aircraft hazard detection algorithm shown to have high detectability but with a high false alarm rate has been modified to improve reliability for aircraft warnings. The derived Doppler parameter tangential (or radial) shear is incorporated as a radar cell attribute and used in the determination of significant hazard. Further modifications to the processing structure allow for radar operation in a non-automatic mode, thereby accomodating arbitrary changes in PRF, integrator type or scan geometry. A revised output format provides a sorted hierarchical list of derived meteorological structures in a form readily adapted to a graphics display. (Author) KW - Algorithms KW - All weather aviation KW - Aviation safety KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Doppler radar KW - Hazards KW - Instrument flying KW - Lagrangian functions KW - Radar scanning KW - Reliability KW - Simulation KW - Storms KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349263 AU - Epps, J A AU - Wootan, C V AU - Epps (JA) AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Naval Facilities Engineering Command TI - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AIRPORT PAVEMENT REHABILITATION ALTERNATIVES PY - 1981/10 SP - 82 p. AB - The manual describes a method for evaluation of pavement rehabilitation alternatives based on a present worth or present value economic model. Methods for selecting pavement rehabilitation, recycling and maintenance alternatives are presented together with a method for determining thickness requirements for over lay on airport pavement facilities. Guidelines are presented to allow the engineer to select an appropriate discount rate, analysis period and salvage values for use in the life cycle cost calculations. Prices and costs of pavement rehabilitation and recycling maintenance techniques are given and are suggested for use if costs of these operations are not available from historical records. Cost updating procedures are also defined. Two example problems are included in the manual to illustrate the techniques of present worth life cycle costing. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economic analysis KW - Guidelines KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Manuals KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345777 AU - BRABSTON, W N AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF COMPACTION CRITERIA FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENT SUBGRADE SOILS PY - 1981/10 SP - 174 p. AB - A study was conducted to determine the effect of lowering soil density requirements for subgrades under airport pavements. The investigation was primarily a laboratory effort in which molded specimens of three different soil types, compacted to densities at and below those currently specified by FAA criteria, were subjected to repeated axial loadings in a triaxial compression chamber. The primary response parameters of interest were permanent and resilient axial strain. Test results were formulated into a statistical model to predict permanent soil strain based on soil characteristics such as density, clay content, compaction characteristics, and shear strength. The strain model was used to calculate values of permanent soil deformation at the surface of the subgrade for various combinations of soil density. Results of the test indicated that the wide variation in soil response among the three materials tested precluded any general alteration in current FAA compaction criteria. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Airport runways KW - Axial loads KW - Clay KW - Compaction KW - Criteria KW - Density KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Repeated loads KW - Shear strength KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365137 AU - Carter, P AU - Trembley, N AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY, FY 81 PY - 1981/09/30 SP - 234 p. AB - This report furnishes terminal and enroute air traffic activity information of the National Airspace System. The data have been reported by the FAA-operated Airport Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs), Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), Flight Service Stations (FSSs), Combined Station Towers (CS/Ts), International Flight Service Stations (IFSSs), and Approach Control Facilities. KW - Air traffic KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airports KW - Approach KW - Flight plans KW - Instrument flying KW - Landing KW - Takeoff KW - Terminal air traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347775 AU - Nagy, F J AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ATCRBS UPLINK ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT NEAR JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA PY - 1981/09/25 SP - 124 p. AB - Airborne measurements of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) 1030 MHz uplink environment are described. Measurements were made using the AMF, a special purpose airborne sensor-recorder, during a 23 May 1979 flight in the greater Jacksonville, Florida area. The 2-way flight covered the 450 nm coastline between Fayetteville (NC) and Vero Beach (FL) first at 10,000 then at 25,000 feet. Data recorded at 61 locations have been analyzed to plot combined pulse, interrogation and suppression rates for all locations and individual rates, received powers and angles for 37 locations. Fifty-nine ground interrogators were detected and a list included serves as an all-interrogator/all location (59 x 37) visibility matrix. PRI/PRF distributions of interrogations received are shown at three selected measurement locations. A pulse-by-pulse plot of over 50 Mode 4 interrogations shows their effect on a typical transponder. A worst location is examined for peak instantaneous interrogation rates capable of causing transponder reply-rate limiting (RRL), desensitization and track loss. Durations and periods of recurrence of synchronous jamming for 23 near-equal scan periods are computed. Probabilities of multiple mainbeam coincidences (multi-PRF jamming) are also calculated. Airborne (AMF) and ground based (FAA En-route) coverages are compared, and reported operational problems (target splits, lost tracks, poor coverage) are addressed. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne KW - Environment KW - Florida KW - Interrogation KW - L band KW - Location KW - Losses KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Measurement KW - Physical distribution KW - Position fixing KW - Radar beacons KW - Railroad tracks KW - Rates KW - Suppression KW - Transponders KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365457 AU - Douglas, C A AU - Kilkeary, Scott and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A STATE-OF-THE-ART SURVEY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TAXIWAY GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1981/09 SP - 41 p. AB - This study consisted of a review and analysis of the historical background of taxiway lighting and marking, its functions and development. The study emphasized the block control system used at Heathrow, the problems associated with manual and automated control of stop, hold and clearance bars, and the problems associated with automated surface movement control. The study provides the present status of developments and recommendations for future research endeavors. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Control systems KW - Ground traffic KW - Indicating instruments KW - Indicator lights KW - Marker lights KW - Markers KW - Obstruction markers KW - Remote control KW - State of the art KW - Taxiways KW - Visual aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365117 AU - Broadley, W AU - Freeman, H AU - Oiesen, J AU - RUTLEDGE, R AU - Thurber, K AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ENHANCEMENTS TO THE EN ROUTE CENTRAL COMPUTING COMPLEX PY - 1981/09 SP - 105 p. AB - This report analyzes selected hardware enhancements that could improve the performance of the 9020 computer systems, which are used to provide en route air traffic control services. These enhancements could be implemented quickly, would be relatively inexpensive, and would provide a solution to the short-term but not the long-term problems that the system faces. Three memory enhancements are discussed. First, the storage element (SE) memory boxes could be replaced. Second, the memory stacks in the SE's could be replaced. Third, the memory stacks in the input-output control elements (IOCE's) could be replaced. Three processor enhancements are discussed. First, the processors in the compute elements (CE's) could be sped up. Second, the processors in the IOCE's coulde be sped up. Third, the CE's could be replaced. KW - Air traffic control KW - Bandwidth KW - Capacity quantity KW - Central processing units KW - Central processing units (Computers) KW - Data processing equipment KW - Equipment replacement KW - Input output devices KW - Memory devices KW - Problem solving KW - Processing KW - Replacement KW - Routing KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Solutions general UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364803 AU - Burnham, D C AU - Hallock, J N AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CHICAGO MONOSTATIC ACOUSTIC VORTEX SENSING SYSTEM. VOLUME II. DECAY OF B-707 AND DC-8 VORTICES PY - 1981/09 SP - 136 p. AB - A Monostatic Acoustic Vortex Sensing System (MAVSS) was installed at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport to measure the strength and decay of aircraft wake vortices from landing aircraft. The MAVSS consists of an array of acoustic antennas which measure the vertical profile up to 60-m altitude of the vertical component of the wind. The decay in wake vortex strength is measured as the vortex passes over successive antennas in the array. In this volume, the data are analyzed to examine whether landing B-707 and DC-8 aircraft need to be divided into Heavy and non-Heavy categories on the basis of wake vortex hazard. Volume I (published in October 1979) described the MAVSS principles of operation, the hardware developed, and the data reduction methods employed. KW - Acoustic detection KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Aircraft landings KW - Airports KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Data reduction KW - Flow noise KW - Hazards KW - Illinois KW - International airports KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Jet transports KW - Landing KW - Payload KW - Trailing vortices KW - Vortex shedding KW - Vortices KW - Wakes KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364838 AU - Fain, R L AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OVERVIEW OF THE O'HARE RUNWAY CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1981/09 SP - 52 p. AB - The O'Hare Runway Configuration Management System (CMS) is an interactive computer algorithm designed to assist the Assistant Chief of the O'Hare facility in selecting runway configurations which minimize delay. The current version of CMS utilizes a full screen input/output structure to enhance near-term implementation within O'Hare's manual ATC environment. This paper presents an overview of the runway selection logic (including the impacts of transitioning between configurations and balancing demand) and describes the system hardware configuration and the functional responsibilities of the participants in the O'Hare application. The historical development of CMS, future potential enhancements in system logic and system implementation, and application of CMS at other airports are also discussed. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Algorithms KW - Configuration management KW - Illinois KW - Information processing KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347877 AU - MCCONKEY, E D AU - Systems Control Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WEATHER DETERIORATION MODELS APPLIED TO ALTERNATE AIRPORT CRITERIA PY - 1981/09 SP - 103 p. AB - Flights under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) require the filing of a flight plan. The flight plan must contain an alternate airport unless certain conditions at the destination are met. These conditions concern the availability of an instrument approach procedure and anticipated meteorological conditions within one hour of the estimated arrival time. Certain other conditions must be met for an airport to qualify as an alternate airport. These conditions also are based on instrument approach procedure availability and forecast meteorological conditions. Relaxation of the current requirements regarding alternate airports could benefit some aircraft operators by improving schedule reliability and reducing the number of weather related departure delays. The investigation quantified the increased risk of ceilings and visibilities being below landing minimums at several cities in the conterminus U.S. if requirements are relaxed. The study methods utilized climatology data and weather deterioration models to calculate the probability of an airport being below precision and non-precision approach minimums. (Author) KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airports KW - Ceilings KW - Climate KW - Deterioration KW - Instrument flying KW - Landing KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Probability KW - Statistical analysis KW - Visibility KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347774 AU - Huntley, MSJ AU - Mumford, R L AU - Rudich, R AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - BUFFALO AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER OPERATIONS ANALYSIS PY - 1981/09 SP - 266 p. AB - This report provides a description of the non-surveillance aspects of the FAA air traffic control facility operation at Greater Buffalo International Airport from the air traffic controller's point of view. It includes photographs of all controller consoles with all equipment and posted paper identified; descriptions of weather, NOTAMs, flight data and methods for distributing information on equipment status; and controller requirements for this information. In addition the terminal airspace, major arrival and departure routes, aircraft mix, and hourly operation activity levels are briefly described. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport control towers KW - Control panels KW - Information processing KW - New York (State) KW - Operations KW - Subsonic flow KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347777 AU - Newman, L C AU - Swedish, W J AU - Shimi, T N AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTRUMENT APPROACHES TO CONVERGING RUNWAYS PY - 1981/09 SP - 116 p. AB - This document discusses the technical issues relevant to converging approaches and examines the feasibility of conducting instrument approaches as a means of increasing airport capacity. The main considerations in the analysis were: runaway geometry; missed approach paths; and pilot acceptance. A safety analysis was conducted to determine requirements and control procedures to provide protection against: random lateral variation from the missed approach path; Heading blunder; and rare and unexpected events. Requirements for final and missed approach are presented as are strategies for applying these requirements to airports with a wide variety of converging runway geometries. Preliminary recommended procedures are presented for conducting independent instrument approaches to Category I minima. KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airport runways KW - Approach KW - Convergence KW - Errors KW - Instrument flying KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347768 AU - Adkins, A AU - THOMAS, J AU - Billmann, B AU - Windle, J AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ACTIVE BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE LOGIC EVALUATION. VOLUME II. COLLISION AVOIDANCE (BCAS) THREAT PHASE PY - 1981/09 SP - 59 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to evaluate and refine the April 1979 version of the Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS) logic prior to Active BCAS prototype flight testing. The April 1979 version of the BCAS logic added changes to support multiple aircraft conflict resolution, Conflict Indicator Register (CIR) interfacing and new surveillance logic interfacing. The results of the first phase of the Active BCAS logic, evaluating the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) threat phase, identified several improvements that should be made to the BCAS logic. These improvements were incorporated into the logic prior to beginning the second phase, the BCAS equipped threat phase. The second phase was conducted from September to November 1979 and was designed to evaluate the BCAS performance against BCAS equipped threats. The results are presented in this report. Several logic improvements have been identified. These changes have been implemented in both the threat logic and the BCAS command coordination logic (CIR logic). In general, BCAS performance for equipped threats was not as sensitive to vertical rate tracker noise as in the ATCRBS threat case. Resolution performance has been improved through a reduction in undesirable BCAS alarms and by reducing excessive separation with the inclusion of a projected vertical miss distance (VMD) filter for equipped threats. A better method of selecting threat volume parameters has been incorporated. KW - Aircraft KW - Aviation safety KW - Beacons KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Flight tests KW - Functions KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Horizontal orientation KW - Logic KW - Logic (Mathematics) KW - Maneuvering KW - Modifications KW - Multiple operation KW - Noise KW - Parameters KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Phase KW - Prototypes KW - Radar beacons KW - Rates KW - Resolution KW - Surveillance KW - Threats KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Vertical orientation KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347770 AU - Newman, L C AU - Shimi, T N AU - Swedish, W J AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SURVEY OF 101 U.S. AIRPORTS FOR NEW MULTIPLE INSTRUMENT APPROACH CONCEPTS PY - 1981/09 SP - 85 p. AB - Several new concepts for multiple instrument approaches have been proposed to improve capacity and reduce delays at U.S. airports. The concepts include: dependent parallel approaches at reduced runway spacing; independent parallel approaches at reduced runway spacing; converging approaches; and triple approaches. One of the runways involved may be a separate short runway for general aviation and commuter traffic. A survey of 101 top U.S. airports was performed to determine the potential for applying the concepts to the existing runways. Specific applications of each relevant concept are provided. Calculations were performed for the top 30 U.S. air carrier airports to determine the actual delay improvement which could be expected to result from application of the multiple-approach concepts. Additionally, some general results are obtained for the remaining 71 airports. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airport runways KW - Approach KW - Capacity quantity KW - Instrument flying KW - Multi access systems KW - Multiple access KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Surveys KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346157 AU - Wilson, A R AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CATHODE-RAY TUBE PROTECTION FOR THE ELECTRONIC TABULAR DISPLAY SUBSYSTEM (ETABS) ENGINEERING MODEL PY - 1981/09 SP - 17 p. AB - This report describes the safety evaluation of the 25-inch (diagonal) rectangular cathode-ray tube (CRT) that is used in the engineering model of the Electronic Tabular Display Subsystem (ETABS). An evaluation of ETABS will be performed at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center for possible application in FAA Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC). The safety evaluation included standard industry pressure testing and special implosion testing on 12 CRT samples. Eleven of the twelve CRT samples satisfactorily met the safety requirements for both the pressure and implosion testing. One CRT cracked when subjected to 45 pounds per square inch (psi) of air pressure; however, the CRT did not implode. The 25-inch rectangular CRT will therefore provide a high degree of safety for use in each of the two tabular displays of the ETABS engineering model. (Author) KW - Air pressure KW - Air traffic control KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Experimental data KW - Implosions KW - Information display systems KW - Performance tests KW - Protection KW - Rectangles KW - Rectangular bodies KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964748 AU - Collins, W E AU - Schroeder, D J AU - Elam, G W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF SOME EFFECTS OF THREE ANTIMOTION SICKNESS DRUGS ON NYSTAGMIC RESPONSES TO ANGULAR ACCELERATIONS AND TO OPTOKINETIC STIMULI PY - 1981/08 SP - 28 p. AB - While the basic efficacy of antimotion sickness drugs is rooted in the reduction of motion sickness symptoms, adverse side effects are important practical considerations of their usage in aviation. This study examined the influence of three established antimotion sickness drugs on nystagmic eye movement responses to angular acceleration (whole-body movement) with vision either permitted or denied, and to optokinetic stimulation (visual field movement). Dimenhydrinate and promethazine hydrochloride, particularly at higher dose levels, reduced optokinetic nystagmus, thereby making less accurate the following ability of the eye. During whole-body motion in darkness, there was little placebo-drug difference in the vestibular response under alert conditions; under relaxed conditions, dimenhydrinate and promethazine hydrochloride produced significant declines in the vestibular eye movements. These same drugs also interfered with the ability of the individual to fixate adequately on a visual task during motion. Subjects who received a combination of promethazine plus d-amphetamine were able to suppress vestibular eye movements under the task condition and maintain good visual fixation. Thus, the effect of a drug on nystagmus may be a poor indicator of its value in preventing motion sickness. Moreover, assessments of antimotion sickness drugs for many practical situations should include as a possible adverse side effect the inability to maintain visual fixation during motion. KW - Angular acceleration KW - Aviation medicine KW - Eye fixations KW - Eye movements KW - Medication KW - Motion sickness KW - Nystagmus KW - Optokinetic stimulation UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/1981/198116/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365216 AU - Matheson, R J AU - Smilley, J D AU - Lawrence, V S AU - National Telecommunications and Information Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - S-BAND RADAR PULSE DENSITIES IN THE LOS ANGELES AREA PY - 1981/08 SP - 85 p. AB - This report contains results of spectrum occupancy measurements made of the 2700-3100 MHz radar bands in the Los Angeles, CA, area. Approximately 500 sets of measurements were made, which included peak pulse amplitude, as well as the number of pulse counts at three threshold levels measured in 1 MHz frequency increments. These measurements have been combined and are displayed in this report in graphs showing the maximum, average, and minimum amplitude and pulse counts in 1 MHz frequency increments (400 samples). These measurements were made for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) by the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) using the Radio Spectrum Measurement System, a computer-controlled spectrum analyzer system. The measurements will be used to quantify the S-band electromagnetic environment expected to be encountered with NEXRAD, a doppler weather radar currently under development. (Author) KW - California KW - Control KW - Density KW - Doppler radar KW - Electromagnetic environments KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Graphics KW - Interference KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Measurement KW - Peak periods KW - Peak values KW - Pulse generators KW - Pulses KW - Radar KW - Radar interference KW - Radar pulses KW - Radio frequency KW - S band KW - Spectrum analyzers KW - Telecommunications KW - Values in measurement KW - Weather radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346001 AU - Rickley, E J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HELICOPTER NOISE ANALYSIS--ROUND-ROBIN TEST PY - 1981/08 SP - 79 p. AB - This report documents the results of an international round robin test on the analysis of helicopter noise. Digital spectral noise data of a 3.5-second simulated helicopter flyover and identical analog test tapes containing helicopter noise data, reference signals, test tones and time code signals were sent to 13 participating organizations. The purpose of the test was to evaluate data reduction systems and procedures; to determine the magnitude of the variability between representative systems and organizations; and to identify potential causes and assist in establishing recommended procedures designed to minimize the variablity. (Author) KW - Acoustic data KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustic signal processing KW - Acoustic signals KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft noise KW - Analog computers KW - Analog systems KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Data reduction KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Helicopters KW - Indexes ratios KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Overflight KW - Power spectra KW - Ratios KW - Signal processing KW - Simulation KW - Sound transmission KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Standardization KW - Tape recording KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Values in measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346156 AU - Goodchild, W AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MOVING TARGET DETECTOR/AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR (ASR-7) FIELD EVALUATION PY - 1981/08 SP - 52 p. AB - The Moving Target Detector (MTD) II, a sophisticated radar processor, was evaluated to determine its capability to provide improved radar detection in an air traffic control (ATC) environment. The MTD II was installed on one channel of an airport surveillance radar (ASR-7) at Burlington, Vermont. The major objective of testing was to compare the performance of the MTD II with that of the ASR-7 Moving Target Indicator (MTI). This report concentrates on the comparative probability of detection, false alarm rate, MTI improvement factor, subclutter visibility, dynamic range, velocity response, and the simultaneous flight test results of the two systems. Comparison of the MTD II to the MTD I system is made when necessary to show major improvements or deficiencies in the MTD II design. The results of the tests have shown that the MTD II provides surveillance capabilities superior to those of the ASR-7/MTI. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airports KW - Channels KW - Dynamic range KW - False alarms KW - False alarms (Security) KW - Field conditions KW - Field tests KW - Moving target indicators KW - Moving targets KW - Probability KW - Processing KW - Processing equipment KW - Radar KW - Radar clutter KW - Rates KW - Response KW - Search radar KW - Surveillance KW - Synchronism KW - Target detection KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Tracking systems KW - Velocity KW - Vermont KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347887 AU - Spooner, C R AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE FLIGHT SERVICE AUTOMATION SYSTEM (FSAS) SYSTEM BENCHMARK. VOLUME II: THE MODEL OF THE APPLICATION PY - 1981/08 SP - 344 p. AB - In support of the FAA procurement of the Flight Service Automation System (FSAS), MITRE has developed a new system benchmarking technology to meet the requirements of an interactive, dedicated application. This methodology is applicable to procurements in which the hardware/operating system configurations are off-the-shelf and the applications software has not yet been implemented in its eventual form. In this methodology, a model of the application is interfaced with the operating system and is executed, while being driven by a specified load, and performance of the proposed configuration is measured. This report documents the requirements of the FSAS application of this system benchmark methodology and is published in the present form to record and make available the concepts and techniques of the methodology. A pervious version of this report had been invoked in the FAA's procurement process. The entire report consists of eight parts, published in four volumes. This volume contains Part IV, Model. This part describes the model of the application and provides requirements and guidelines for mapping the model to the proposed configurations and for selection of options in the model. KW - Flight plans KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Models KW - Performance evaluations KW - Planning KW - Systems analysis KW - Weather communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347888 AU - Spooner, C R AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE FLIGHT SERVICE AUTOMATION SYSTEM (FSAS) SYSTEM BENCHMARK. VOLUME III: THE VENDOR INTERFACE PACKAGE PY - 1981/08 SP - 175 p. AB - In support of the FAA procurement of the Flight Service Automation System (FSAS), MITRE has developed a new system benchmarking technology to meet the requirements of an interactive, dedicated application. This methodology is applicable to procurements in which the hardware/operating system configurations are off-the-shelf and the applications software has not yet been implemented in its eventual form. In this methodology, a model of the application is interfaced with the operating system and is executed, while being driven by a specified load, and performance of the proposed configuration is measured. This report documents the requirements of the FSAS application of this system benchmark methodology and is published in the present form to record and make available the concepts and techniques of the methodology. A previous version of this report had been invoked in the FAA's procurement process. The entire report consists of eight parts, published in four volumes. This volume contains Part V, Vendor Interface Package. The Vendor Interface Package (VIP) is prepared by the vendor and provides a standard interface for the model with the proposed system. This part presents the VIP requirements and implementation guidelines. KW - Flight plans KW - Information systems KW - Methodology KW - Performance evaluations KW - Planning KW - Systems analysis KW - Weather communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347886 AU - Nystrom, R G AU - Koslow, S AU - Spooner, C R AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE FLIGHT SERVICE AUTOMATION SYSTEM (FSAS) SYSTEM BENCHMARK. VOLUME I: SUMMARY, INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTS PY - 1981/08 SP - 80 p. AB - In support of the FAA procurement of the Flight Service Automation System (FSAS), MITRE has developed a new system benchmarking technology to meet the requirements of an interactive, dedicated application. This methodology is applicable to procurements in which the hardware/operating system configurations are off-the-shelf and the applications software has not yet been implemented in its eventual form. In this methodology, a model of the application is interfaced with the operating system and is executed, while being driven by a specified load, and performance of the proposed configuration is measured. This report documents the requirements of the FSAS application of this system benchmark methodology and is published in the present form to record and make available the concepts and techniques of the methodology. A previous version of this report had been invoked in the FAA's procurement process. This report consists of eight parts published in four volumes. This volume contains the Executive Summarty, Part I, Summary, Part II, Technical Introduction, and Part III, Technical Concepts, providing a brief summary for managerial prsonnel and an introduction to the concepts and to the efforts required of the vendor. KW - Flight plans KW - Information systems KW - Methodology KW - Performance evaluations KW - Planning KW - Systems analysis KW - Weather communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347772 AU - Watt, T M AU - Abrams, L E AU - Karkalik, F G AU - Systems Control Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DIFFERENTIAL OMEGA SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION PY - 1981/08 SP - 105 p. AB - This report describes a development and evaluation program for Differential Omega in general aviation. The program was a cooperative venture between the FAA and Transport Canada. SCT performed system design, program management, and flight test on behalf of the FAA. Tracor, Inc. provided modified Omega airborne receivers under subcontract to SCT. Flight tests took place in Alaska aboard a Convair 580 provided by the FAA. Monitor stations were located in Anchorage and at Deadhorse. The most definitive results were obtained from flight tests conducted in October 1980 and February 1981. Important results included: (a) data-link range varied from 44 nm to 198 nm, (b) random component of navigation error was 0.25 nm, 2-D RMS, (c) range decorrelation error was about 2 nm over a distance of 550 nm, (d) transient response of the system-following aircraft procedure turns was characterized by a positional overshoot of about 1.5 nm, followed by a monotonically decreasing error with a two-minute time constant. Recommendations are made for improving system performance. (Author) KW - Avionics KW - Correlation analysis KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Errors KW - Flight tests KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Omega navigation KW - Omega navigation system KW - Radio receivers KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346658 AU - Babcock, C D AU - Bettes, W H AU - California Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - DETERMINATION OF AIRLOADS ON CERTAIN AIRPORT TOWERS DUE TO ADDITION OF RADOMES PY - 1981/08 SP - 135 p. AB - This report presents the results of wind tunnel tests conducted on three different radome configurations mounted atop three different airport tower designs. The wind tunnel tests were conducted on 1/12th scale models. Field tests were conducted on one full-scale radome and tower configuration and the data compared with the wind tunnel data. The data are useful for comparing the airloads transmitted into an airport-tower roof by the various radomes and for evaluating the effects tower geometry can have on these airloads. (Author) KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamic loading KW - Airport terminals KW - Airports KW - Configuration KW - Determination KW - Field tests KW - Geometric configurations and shapes KW - Geometric forms KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Radomes KW - Roofs KW - Scale models KW - Search radar KW - Shape KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural properties KW - Towers KW - Wind KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346653 AU - GERSHKOFF, I AU - ARINC Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE USE OF FLIGHT MANAGEMENT COMPUTERS IN AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS IN THE 1980S PY - 1981/08 SP - 113 p. AB - The use of on-board flight management computers (FMCs) in air carrier operations has the potential for significant fuel savings. This report assesses the general capabilities of the FMCs currently available. From this information, economic benefits and rates at which aircraft would be equipped were developed. Minimum-cost flight profiles were analyzed for various common conditions to determine the problems associated with incorporating the capabilities of FMCs into a heavy traffic Air Traffic Control environment. KW - Air transportation KW - Aviation fuels KW - Avionics KW - Civil aviation KW - Computer aided design KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy management KW - Error analysis KW - Flight paths KW - Navigation computers KW - Optimization KW - Trade UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964714 AU - Rock, D B AU - Dailey, J T AU - Ozur, H AU - Boone, J O AU - Pickrel, E W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SELECTION OF APPLICANTS FOR THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER OCCUPATION PY - 1981/07 SP - 173 p. AB - This report covers personnel research efforts during the past nine years directed toward improving the selection of applicants to work in the air traffic control (ATC) occupation. The report summarizes the various research efforts and makes specific recommendations for changes in present Office of Personnel Management (OPM) tests through which applicants qualify for employment consideration in the ATC occupation, and the rating and ranking procedures used to establish a register of eligible applicants for appointment to the occupation. New tests developed for inclusion in a revised ATC test battery include the Multiplex Controller Aptitude Test (MCAT) and an Occupational Knowledge Test (OKT). Both tests are paper-pencil, machine scorable, multiple choice type tests. The MCAT presents simulations of air traffic flow in each item. The applicant must solve air traffic problems or a related cognitive skill problem in completing each item. The OKT measures important aspects of knowledge associated with prior experience that are related to successful performance as an air traffic control specialist. The revised test battery recommended to OPM includes the MCAT and the present OPM test, Abstract Reasoning and Letter Sequence. The OKT is used for granting additional earned credit in place of the present OPM rating guide. This new test battery meets all professional requirements for an effective test including fairness. KW - Ability tests KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aptitude tests KW - Cognition KW - Knowledge KW - Selection and appointment KW - U.S. Office of Personnel Management UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am82-11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364934 AU - Bain, J D AU - Emerson Electric Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MODIFICATION OF OE-258/URN TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION (TACAN) ANTENNA GROUP PY - 1981/07 SP - 70 p. AB - The OE-258/URN TACAN Antenna Group has been modified to provide a remote monitor capability. This remote monitor meets the requirements of the IEEE-488 interface specification. A test set (controller) has been provided for use with the antenna group. (Author) KW - Antenna components KW - Antennas KW - Components KW - Cylindrical antennas KW - Modifications KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Phased arrays KW - Radio navigation KW - Remote control KW - Remote systems KW - Specifications KW - Tactical air navigation system KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346152 AU - Network Analysis Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION DATA COMMUNICATIONS REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS PY - 1981/07 SP - 149 p. AB - Data communications requirements are documented for eight Department of Transportation (DOT) administrations and offices; data communications and data transmission characteristics have been identified. Results are presented as: summarized agency requirements which profile the total DOT environment; individual administration requirements which profile, in detail, each administration environment; codified terminal information presented in a machine readable data base format for all agency requirements. (Author) KW - Communication systems KW - Computer communications KW - Computer networks KW - Data communications KW - Data management KW - Databases KW - Digital computers KW - Federal government KW - Information processing KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Requirement KW - Routing KW - Scheduling KW - Specifications KW - Tables (Data) KW - United States KW - Video display terminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346007 AU - Network Analysis Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMPUTER B (NAS-NAS) COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT PY - 1981/07 SP - 171 p. AB - An analysis has been performed to determine the feasibility and desirability of incorporating into NADIN the message traffic currently serviced by the Computer B (NAS-NAS) Network. The use of NADIN to support NAS-NAS communications was found to be feasible and cost-effective. The most attractive approach to such support was found to be the enhancement of the NADIN architecture, using packet-switching technology, to provide virtual circuit and alternate routing capabilities between all NADIN backbone modes. The results of this analysis are to serve as inputs to other tasks under this contract that will investigate a consolidated NADIN enhancement approach for supporting future FAA data communications requirements, including enhancements to support the replacement of FAA's enroute computer system, and the Remote Maintenance Monitoring System. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Communication systems KW - Communications traffic KW - Computer communications KW - Computer networks KW - Control systems KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Electronic switching KW - Electronics KW - Information transfer KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Routing KW - Technology transfer KW - Throughput UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346654 AU - Shimi, T N AU - Swedish, W J AU - Newman, L C AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTRUMENT APPROACHES TO TRIPLE PARALLEL RUNWAYS PY - 1981/07 SP - 148 p. AB - Current ATC procedures do not consider instrument approaches to more than two parallel runways. This document discusses the engineering results of an analysis that examined the technical feasibility of conducting triple parallel instrument approaches as a means of increasing the aircraft flow at congested airports. The technical criteria that were subjected to analysis include the physical characteristics of the airfield, airspace and aircraft mix, surveillance (the radar and display systems), and control (procedures for normal and abnormal operations. The expected performance in safety and capacity was estimated for alternative landing concepts. An analysis was conducted of blunders and evasion strategies. It was found that, for a given configuration, a single blunder recovery strategy could be specified that would produce acceptable separations between aircraft. Missed approaches on triple parallels and pilot acceptance of triple approaches are also discussed. Lastly, recommended requirements and control procedures for triple parallel instrument approaches are presented. (Author) KW - Acceptance tests KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airport runways KW - Airport surface traffic control KW - Airports KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Approach control KW - Approach indicators KW - Aviation safety KW - Capacity quantity KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Graphs KW - Ground controlled approach radar KW - Human machine systems KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Parallel orientation KW - Radar KW - Tables (Data) KW - Vector analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346724 AU - Dille, J R AU - Booze, CFJ AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE PREVALENCE OF VISUAL DEFICIENCIES AMONG 1979 GENERAL AVIATION ACCIDENT AIRMEN PY - 1981/07 SP - 10 p. AB - Analyses of the accident experience of pilots who were monocular, did not meet (even the liberal) vision standards, had color vision defects and no operational restrictions, or wore contact lenses, have shown higher-than-expected accident experience in previous studies. However, no causal role had been assigned by accident investigators and reexamination of the records failed to show any obvious pattern or relationship between the defects and the accidents. In the present study of 1979 accidents, the relatively small number of pilots with aphakia and artificial lens implants, as well as the total eye pathology population, had significantly higher accident rates, but the monocular pilots did not. Again, no causal role had been ascribed. Some associations are debatable, but there is no clear recurring problem. There are still unresolved questions about the consistent operational performance of monocular pilots, those who are not fully corrected to 20/20 distant visual acuity bilaterally, airmen with near vision deficiencies only who are not required to wear corrective glasses, those without fusion, and several with appreciable pathology who have 20/20 corrected central visual acuity but about whom we know very little concerning their dynamic, peripheral, depth or accommodative function. (Author) KW - Abnormalities KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Color vision KW - Deficiencies KW - Eye KW - Lenses KW - Lenses (Optics) KW - Pathology KW - Rates KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) KW - Vision KW - Vision disorders KW - Visual acuity UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am81-14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346006 AU - Shelnutt, J B AU - Spears, W D AU - Prophet, W W AU - Seville Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTIONS OF TRAINING TIME ON THE ACQUISITION OF CONTACT FLYING SKILLS PY - 1981/07 SP - 156 p. AB - As costs rise in general aviation, many private pilots are forced to reduce the rates at which they fly, both during training and after certification, in order to spread out expenses. This report describes the results of the first phase of a two and one-half year study designed to study the impact on pilot performance of reductions in the rates at which student and private pilots fly. The major objective of the first phase of the study was to determine the impact of different rates of flying during private pilot training on the effectiveness and efficiency of instruction. The second phase of the study, which was still in progress when this report was written, will assess the impact of differenced in the rates of flying before and after certification on the retention of flight skills after certification. In general, it was found that different rates of flying during training had no significant influence on overall instructional effectiveness. The different rates did have a significant, practical impact on instructional efficiency. Students whose flying was spread out more (i.e., distributed) tended to fly fewer flight hours, particularly dual hours with their instructors, than students whose training was more concentrated. In response to questions on an opinion survey, students in the concentrated flying program indicated that they felt their training was more harried and that it distracted them more from their jobs. They were also less confident and less positive toward their flight training. KW - Acquisition KW - Air pilots KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Flight KW - Flight training KW - Instructions KW - Motor skills KW - Property acquisition KW - Rates KW - Retention psychology KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346652 AU - Steelman, D A AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE WORD RECOGNITION PY - 1981/07 SP - 69 p. AB - The Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center's Utterance Recognition Device (URD) was tested to determine its recognition rate and other pertinent operating characteristics for a vocabulary of 25 words. Audio input for the test was by means of standard voice grade telephone lines. No specific speaker training of the URD was performed prior to the test. Analysis of the resulting data base indicated that the 219 test subjects achieved an overall recognition rate of 85 percent. Computer simulation of subdividing the possible word choices, according to function-oriented subgroups, resulted in a 5 percent increase in the overall recognition rate. The results of this test will be used as reference for similar, future tests, using an expanded vocabulary to explore the possibility of using a device, such as the URD, as the input medium for direct user filing of flight plans over standard voice grade telephone lines. (Author) KW - Data communications KW - Data files KW - Experimental data KW - Graphs KW - Information processing KW - Language KW - Man computer interface KW - Performance tests KW - Speech KW - Tables (Data) KW - Telephone KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Voice communication KW - Weather forecasting KW - Word recognition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346004 AU - Copes, R E AU - Dardano, R V AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EN ROUTE DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM/AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (BUILD I) TECHNICAL TESTING PY - 1981/07 SP - 35 p. AB - Tests of the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) in an air traffic control (ATC) en route National Airspace System (NAS) environment were conducted at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center. These tests included: (1) surveillance performance in the areas of track initiation, track continuity, and track swap; and (2) surveillance related communication responses employing the Common International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Data Interchange Network (CIDIN) protocol for Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) identification (ID) requests. Test results indicate that the en route DABS/ATC Build I software successfully processed DABS sensor surveillance information. Although analyzed on a limited basis, the transmission of surveillance related communication messages between the DABS sensor and the en route DABs/ATC Build I system is considered to operate as expected. It is concluded that the DABS/ATC en route Build I system accepts, processes, tracks, and displays DABS and ATCRBS surveillance data from one DABS and multiple ATCRBS sensors with no degradation to the baseline function of the NAS software system A3d2.4. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Civil aviation KW - Communication systems KW - Data communications KW - Detectors KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Information processing KW - Mode S KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343703 AU - Evaluation Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) SOFTWARE SYSTEM RELIABILITY MODELING AND PREDICTION PY - 1981/06 SP - 64 p. AB - This report contains the results of a pilot study accomplished to demonstrate the ability to determine the magnitude of software reliability encountered in large-scale computer-based equipment. The engineering model of the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) currently undergoing development was used as the subject. Based on software failure and test time data, a software reliability model was developed for the engineering model of DABS and used to measure software reliability and its growth during the debugging process. The software reliability model was merged with the hardware reliability model into a DABS system model suitable for prediction. The Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) determined by this study applies only to an early version of the software associated with the engineering model of the DABS. The report also includes recommendations for the specification of software reliability and the modification to the failure reporting system. KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Debugging computers KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Error analysis KW - Failure KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Mean KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Mode S KW - Models KW - Random variables KW - Reliability KW - Statistics KW - Stochastic processes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343709 AU - Quinby (Gilbert F) AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE PUBLIC WORKSHOP ON ALTERNATIVE SEPARATION CONCEPTS: PRESENTATIONS, DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, HELD AT ATLANTIC CITY AIRPORT, NEW JERSEY, JANUARY 7, 8 AND 9, 1981 PY - 1981/06 SP - 207 p. AB - This report documents the proceedings of a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) public workshop on Alternative Separation Concepts during January 7-9, 1981. The first day was devoted to presentations describing FAA/NASA ongoing programs to improve the ATC system with an emphasis on those aspects which would directly improve the services offered to pilots. These improvements would primarily ease the entry into and exit from the IFR system, and the accommodation of pilot preferred routings. The second and part of the third day were devoted to participant discussions which are unrecorded. There were three working groups, technical, procedural and economic which reported their recommendations at the close of the workshop. The participants at the workshop did not identify a fundamentally new concept for air traffic control. They concluded that it would be desirable to continue development of existing and planned Secondary Surveillance Radar-based systems. The promising approaches to system improvements to permit a greater degree of freedom of GA operations were classified by the availability of surveillance services. Within ground-based surveillance coverage, and automatic ground-based primary separation service was the recommended approach. Outside of surveillance coverage, an airborne-based primary separation service utilizing the signal format of the improved secondary surveillance radar system was recommended for further development. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Automation KW - Civil aviation KW - Conferences KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Flight KW - Flight paths KW - Inflight KW - Instrument flying KW - Navigation computers KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radar beacons KW - Regulations KW - Separation KW - Surveillance KW - Transponders KW - Visual flight KW - Visual flight rules UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343711 AU - Smith, F D AU - DeLucien, A G AU - PACER Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A HELIPORT CLASSIFICATION METHOD AND AN ANALYSIS OF HELIPORT REAL ESTATE AND AIRSPACE REQUIREMENTS PY - 1981/06 SP - 97 p. AB - A helicopter performance related heliport classification method is developed which accommodates an applicable range of operating conditions and factors which impact helicopter performance. Dimensional values for use in planning both real estate and airspace surfaces are determined for application to the identified heliport classifications. Those values are incorporated into generalized guidelines for heliport planners to meet site-specific and non-standard operational conditions. Requirements for flight manual performance charts and published heliport information are also identified. (Author) KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft landing KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Classification KW - Climbing KW - Databases KW - Flight maneuvers KW - Flight paths KW - Ground effect KW - Ground effect KW - Helicopters KW - Heliports KW - Instrument flying KW - Land use KW - Landing KW - Location KW - Planning KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343652 AU - Galloway, W J AU - Wilby, J F AU - Bolt Beranek and Newman, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NOISE ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR CONVENTIONAL TURBOPROP AIRPLANES PY - 1981/06 SP - 115 p. AB - The practical application of noise control technology to new and derivative conventional turboprop airplanes likely to come into service in the 1980's has been analyzed with a view to determining noise control cost/benefits. The analysis identifies feasible noise control methods, applies them to four study airplanes, and presents the noise reductions in terms of the equivalent perceived noise level at takeoff, sideline and approach locations, and the effect on the area within selected EPNL contours. Noise reductions of up to 8.3 dB for takeoff and 10.7 dB for approach are calculated for the study airplanes but, for most cases, the changes are less than 5 dB. Weight and cost increases associated with the noise control treatments are determined under the assumption that they are no changes to airplane performance or fuel consumption. (Author) KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airports KW - Cavitation noise KW - Control KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fuel consumption KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Public relations KW - Technological forecasting KW - Turboprop engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343705 AU - Adkins, A AU - Billmann, B AU - THOMAS, J AU - Windle, J AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ACTIVE BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE LOGIC EVALUATION. VOLUME I. MODE C EQUIPPED (ATCRBS) THREAT PHASE PY - 1981/06 SP - 93 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to evaluate and refine the April 1979 version of the Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS) logic prior to Active BCAS prototype flight testing. The April 1979 version of the BCAS logic added changes to support multiple aircraft resolution, conflict indicator register interfacing, and new surveillance function interfacing. The first phase of the evaluation was conducted from April 1979 to September 1979. This phase evaluated logic performance against mode C equipped (ATCRBS) threats. The evaluation identified modifications which could improve logic performance. Interim improvements have been made to the vertical tracker. The modifications improve command sense choice logic performance for ATCRBS threats (by using greater dependence on current relative vertical position), resolution performance (by modifying ATCRBS-threat sense choice logic), and vertical speed limit (VSL) alarm performance. Generally, good protection was provided by the BCAS logic against abrupt horizontal maneuvers by ATCRBS threats. VSL alarms generated sufficient vertical separation when the BCAS aircraft's vertical rate was above 1,000 feet per minute. Below 1,000 feet per minute, tracker noise often resulted in a transition from VSL alarms to positive or negative BCAS maneuver advisories. Before proceeding to subsequent phases of the evaluation, large portions of the logic modifications that were identified in this report became permanent algorithm changes. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Algorithms KW - Aviation safety KW - Beacons KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Flight tests KW - Functions KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Horizontal orientation KW - Logic KW - Logic (Mathematics) KW - Maneuvering KW - Modifications KW - Multiple operation KW - Noise KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Phase KW - Prototypes KW - Resolution KW - Separation KW - Surveillance KW - Threats KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Vertical orientation KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170526 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343651 AU - Spencer, R H AU - Sternfeld, H J AU - Boeing Vertol Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPACT OF PREDICTION ACCURACY ON COSTS - NOISE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN HELICOPTERS PY - 1981/06 SP - 49 p. AB - This study is an extension of the work reported in AD-A083 935, and considers the effect which uncertainties in the prediction and measurement of helicopter noise have on the development and operating costs. Although the number of helicopters studied is too small to permit generally applicable conclusions, the following are the primary results: (1) the Effective Perceived Noise (EPN) Levels tended to be overpredicted for takeoffs, underpredicted for approaches, with no general trend noted for level flyovers; (2) prediction accuracy for the cases studied ranged from 1 to 6 EPNdB; and (3) test and measurement repeatability can give a range of up to 3 EPNdB. Each helicopter must be studied as an individual case and generalization of cost trends should be avoided. KW - Accuracy KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft noise KW - Analysis KW - Auditory perception KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Effective sound pressure KW - Estimates KW - Flight tests KW - Helicopters KW - Intensity KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Rotors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343710 AU - TAYLOR, F R AU - Adams, R J AU - Champlain Technology Industries AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NATIONAL ICING FACILITIES REQUIREMENTS INVESTIGATION PY - 1981/06 SP - 150 p. AB - An analysis of National Icing Facilities requirements was performed at the request of the Federal Aviation Administration. This effort consisted of a five-month investigation to determine the scope and character of current and future icing facilities needs. This investigation included current aircraft needs as well as facilities that might be required for icing research, developing and certification testing through the year 2000. The information used for this study included all icing certification regulations for both fixed wing airplanes and rotorcraft. These regulatory requirements for icing certification were supplemented by a comprehensive analysis of current and future aircraft operational requirements. This independent facility requirements assessment was then compared to a previously published NASA review of icing facilities capabilities. The conclusion was reached that the need for an inventory of National Icing Facilities currently exists and will become intensified in the next decade. The technical characteristics of these facilities were described and it was recommended that a joint FAA/NASA/DOD Task Force be established to formulate and spearhead the development of a National Icing Facilities Program. (Author) KW - Airplanes KW - Atmosphere KW - Cooperation KW - Federal government KW - Ice formations KW - Ice prevention KW - Meteorology KW - Military organizations KW - Military research KW - Requirement KW - Research KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research facilities KW - Research management KW - Rotary wing aircraft KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346009 AU - Lentz, R H AU - Love, W D AU - Signore, T L AU - Tornese, R A AU - Zeitlin, A D AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC ADVISORY AND RESOLUTION SERVICE (ATARS) ALGORITHMS INCLUDING RESOLUTION-ADVISORY-REGISTER LOGIC. VOLUME 2. SECTIONS 12 THROUGH 19. APPENDICES PY - 1981/06 SP - 602 p. AB - This document presents details computer algorithms for programming the Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS). A major feature of this version of the ATARS algorithms is the capability to exchange resolution advisory information via the airborne Resolution Advisory Register (RAR). This provides for coordination of resolution advisories between ATARS and airborne collision avoidance systems and between adjacent ATARS sites in the absence of ground communication lines. The ground based ATARS computers use the surveillance data from the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) to provide properly equipped aircraft with traffic advisories and collision resolution advisories. These advisories are discretely delivered to the aircraft via the DABS data link. The ATARS algorithms are presented in two volumes rather than one large document in order to provide the algorithms in a more manageable form. (Author) KW - Advisory activities KW - Advisory groups KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Algorithms KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Computer programming KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Mode S KW - Separation KW - Surveillance KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346008 AU - Lentz, R H AU - Love, W D AU - Signore, T L AU - Tornese, R A AU - Zeitlin, A D AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC ADVISORY AND RESOLUTION SERVICE (ATARS) ALGORITHMS INCLUDING RESOLUTION-ADVISORY-REGISTER LOGIC. VOLUME 1. SECTIONS 1 THROUGH 11 PY - 1981/06 SP - 459 p. AB - This document presents detailed computer algorithms for programming the Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS). A major feature of this version of the ATARS algorithms is the capability to exchange resolution advisory information via the airborne Resolution Advisory Register (RAR). This provides for coordination of resolution advisories between ATARS and airborne collision avoidance systems and between adjacent ATARS sites in the absence of ground communication lines. The ground based ATARS computers use the surveillance data from the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) to provide properly equipped aircraft with traffic advisories and collision resolution advisories. These advisories are discretely delivered to the aircraft via the DABS data link. The ATARS algorithms are presented in two volumes rather than one large document in order to provide the algorithms in a more manageable form. KW - Advisory activities KW - Advisory groups KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Algorithms KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Computer programming KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Mode S KW - Separation KW - Surveillance KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346003 AU - Sanford, G G AU - Ball Aerospace Systems Divisiion AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - ADVANCED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DEVELOPMENTS. VOLUME I. TECHNOLOGY STUDIES FOR AIRCRAFT PHASED ARRAYS PY - 1981/06 SP - 75 p. AB - Work has continued on improvement of microstrip phased-array antenna technology since the first microstrip phased-array was flight-tested during the FAA 1974-1975 ATS-6 test program. The present development has extended this earlier work in three areas: the microstrip radiating elements, the array configuration, and the control circuitry. The effort has been successful in developing important new phased-array techniques. These techniques were demonstrated with working hardware, but a complete array was not within the scope of the program. Radiating elements with broad beamwidths were required to permit steering the array to angles near endfire. The most significant improvement was the development of a microstrip crossed-slot element. Dual-band or broad-band elements were developed to permit operation in both the receive and transmit bands. Several approaches were experimented with, the most promising of which was the use of stacked crossed-slot elements. This achieves broad beamwidth and dual-band operation in a compact device. Static arrays for end-fire operation were investigated, and a 4x4 array demonstrated promise for this application. Several phase shifters were developed; the three-bit switched-line phase shifters gave excellent performance. KW - Aircraft antennas KW - Antennas KW - Arrays KW - Broadband KW - Circuits KW - Compaction KW - Configuration KW - Control KW - Electric circuits KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Phase shift (Electricity) KW - Phase shift circuits KW - Phased arrays KW - Shape KW - Statics KW - Steering KW - Strip transmission lines KW - Transmission lines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346151 AU - Henline, J C AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COLUMBUS, OHIO, VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION AND EVALUATION PY - 1981/06 SP - 54 p. AB - The Voice Response System (VRS) was subjected to a 4-month demonstration in the Columbus, Ohio, Flight Service Station (FSS) preflight area. The purpose of the experiment was to test and evaluate the VRS system, user acceptance, and the effects on the specialists/facility workload, and to determine the general impact of VRS on the Columbus (CMH) FSS preflight area. In addition, the test permitted collection of technical performance data which could serve as the framework for an integrated national system for the mass dissemination of weather information. It is concluded that the VRS caused a shift in user demand/preference, reduced FSS briefer workload, reduced demand for basic pilots automatic telephone weather answering service (PATWAS), and was determined to be acceptable to the general aviation user. (Author) KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Automation KW - Collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Demonstrations KW - Facilities KW - Flight KW - Impacts KW - Integrated systems KW - Labor KW - Mass KW - Needs assessment KW - Ohio KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Physical distribution KW - Railroad stations KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Response KW - Specialists KW - Speech KW - Telephone equipment KW - United States KW - User needs KW - Voice communication KW - Weather communications KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346104 AU - Fiorentino, A AU - De Saro, R AU - Franz, T AU - Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Group AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF ANTIMISTING FUEL IN TURBOFAN ENGINES PY - 1981/06 SP - 53 p. AB - An evaluation was made on the effects of using antimisting kerosene (AMK) on the performance of the components from the fuel system and the combustor of a current in-service JT8D aircraft engine. The objectives were to identify problems associated with using antimisting kerosene and to determine the extent of shearing or degradation required to allow the engine components to achieve satisfactory operation. The program consisted of a literature survey and a test program which evaluated the antimisting kerosene fuel in laboratory and bench component testing, and assessed the performance of the combustor in a high pressure facility and in an altitude relight/cold ignition facility. Performance of the fuel pump and control system was evaluated in an open loop simulation. Thus far, results of the program would not preclude the use of antimisting kerosene in a jet engine application. (Author) KW - Altitude KW - Altitude chambers KW - Antifogging agents KW - Combustors KW - Control systems KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel pumps KW - High pressure KW - Ignition KW - Jet engine fuels KW - Kerosene KW - Pressure KW - Test chambers KW - Test procedures KW - Turbofan engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343701 AU - Goff, R C AU - Willoughby, P W AU - Barboza, G AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISSEMINATION OF WEATHER INFORMATION IN THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1981/06 SP - 19 p. AB - This report addresses the present day methods of disseminating weather information in the Air Traffic Control System. The report is based on the information gathered during visits to various air traffic control facilities by a Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center team. The team responsibility was to observe and analyze weather dissemination methodologies and to interview involved personnel. Based on the data gathered and the problems identified, recommendations are made which can be implemented in the near-term (9 to 12 months). These recommendations, if adopted, may require some modification or redirection of current orders defining weather dissemination procedures. Also included are recommendations for purchase of new, but off-the-shelf, automating equipment which should aid in the timely deliverance of needed weather products to the users. A trip report, noting observed facility-by-facility dissemination problems, is included as appendix A. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Broadcasting KW - Facilities KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Meteorologists KW - Meteorology KW - Scientists KW - Weather KW - Weather communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343706 AU - Input Output Computer Services, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - TWENTY-CHANNEL VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM PY - 1981/06 SP - 435 p. AB - This report documents the design and implementation of a Voice Response System, which provides Direct-User Access to the FAA's aviation-weather data base. This system supports 20 independent audio channels, and as of this report, speaks three weather products over a push-button telephone interface: hourly surface observations, terminal forecasts, and forecast winds aloft. The system is implemented on two linked computers: a PDP 11/70 host which maintains the data base, and a PDP 11/34 front-end which manages the weather briefings. KW - Communication systems KW - Computers KW - Databases KW - Digital computers KW - Forecasting KW - Information processing KW - Linkages KW - Links (Networks) KW - Multichannel communications KW - Observation KW - Reports KW - Response KW - Speech KW - Surfaces KW - Telephone equipment KW - Voice communication KW - Weather communications KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364807 AU - Lee, J T AU - National Severe Storms Lab AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DOPPLER RADAR-RESEARCH AND APPLICATION TO AVIATION FLIGHT SAFETY, 1977-1979 PY - 1981/06 SP - 45 p. AB - Thunderstorm turbulence detection and the display of the turbulence location offer a significant advance toward improvement in flight safety and utilization of critical air space. A cooperative program involving the Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Air Force's Aeronautical Systems Command, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Severe Storms Laboratory has been conducted under a code name of 'Rough Rider'. An F-4-C aircraft instrumented to record turbulence, temperature and wind during thunderstorm penetrations has been used to obtain in situ measurements of these parameters concurrently with Doppler and conventional weather radar observations. The results of this program indicate that the Doppler measured radial wind component's spectral width holds promise as a turbulence indicator. Turbulence of the severe or greater nature was always accompanied by spectral widths greater than 4 m/s. A second part of the program was to display forenoted Doppler radar data in real time at a Radar Approach Control office and at an Air Route Traffic Control Center. This display provided an insight into requirements for an operational system. (Author) KW - Aeronautics KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Approach KW - Aviation safety KW - Control KW - Control centers KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Doppler radar KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Federal government KW - Indicators KW - Location KW - Pendulum tests KW - Position fixing KW - Radar KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Thunderstorms KW - Traffic KW - Turbulence KW - United States KW - Weather radar KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00421872 AU - GILBERT, G A AU - VICKERS, T K AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RECOMMENDED CHANGES TO ATC PROCEDURES FOR HELICOPTERS PY - 1981/06 SP - 179 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - Helicopters KW - Pilotage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/234388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00421539 AU - VICKERS, T K AU - FREUND, D J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HELICOPTER AREA AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PLAN PY - 1981/06 SP - 20 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - Helicopters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/234252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365261 AU - Labitt, M AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COORDINATED RADAR AND AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS OF TURBULENCE PY - 1981/05/26 SP - 44 p. AB - Interim results of a program to measure and correlate radar-and aircraft-sensed turbulence in rainstorms are presented. The dissipation factor of a turbulent air mass can be measured by an aircraft and a weather radar. Comparisons are made between precipitation reflectivity and spectral width measurements as indicators of turbulence. The instrumentation and data processing procedures are described. Examples of turbulence observations made with a storm-penetrating aircraft and the weather radar are given. The relationship between the radar observations and the physical properties of the turbulent atmosphere are derived. The relationship of radar spectral width (variance) to turbulence intensity is discussed. (Author) KW - Aerial reconnaissance KW - Algorithms KW - Aviation safety KW - Coefficients KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dissipation KW - Dissipation factor KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Factors (Statistics) KW - Ground level KW - Indicators KW - Information processing KW - Intensity KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Radar reflection KW - Rain KW - Reconnaissance KW - Reflectivity KW - Storms KW - Synchronism KW - Turbulence KW - Utility aircraft KW - Variables KW - Variations KW - Weather KW - Weather radar KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343547 AU - Trippe, J C AU - Waters, P F AU - Hadermann, A F AU - General Technology Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - APPLICATION OF GENERAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS, INCORPORATED (GTA) BLENDING PROCESS TO ANTIMISTING FUEL ADDITIVES PY - 1981/05 SP - 28 p. AB - This program examines the applicability of a proprietary blending process to blending antimisting additives in JET A aviation fuel. The first phase of the program covers use of the process with a high molecular weight polyisobutylene. The second phase covers the use of the process with Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd's proprietary polymer, FM-9. The results of the program indicate that high molecular weight polyisobutylene can be blended rapidly with JET A using the proprietary process and that the resulting blend demonstrates antimisting behavior within minutes. There was no evidence that the proprietary process is effective in the blending of FM-9 in JET A. (Author) KW - Antifogging agents KW - Blending KW - Butenes KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Flammability KW - Fuel additives KW - Jet engine fuels KW - Molecular weight KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Polymers KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Solvation KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964745 AU - Kirkham, W R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPROVING THE CRASHWORTHINESS OF GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT BY CRASH INJURY INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1981/05 SP - 13 p. AB - An accident investigative research program has correlated injuries to aircraft occupants with the accident severity and structural changes in the crash. Findings brought to the attention of aircraft manufacturers have led to specific aircraft being made more crashworthy. Following the finding of a failure in a shoulder harness attachment, the manufacturer strengthened the attachment brace. The way a shoulder harness was joined to a lapbelt was modified as a followup to failure of the attachment in an accident. Noted fractures of lapbelt and shoulder harness cable tiedowns led to the use of stronger cables and modification of the installation. Other accident findings resulted in a shoulder strap guide being placed on an inertia reel and a side-mounted seat being modified. Also described are three seat-related features which, although meeting Federal Aviation Administration standards, may lack desirable energy attenuation during the dynamics of a crash. These are: installation in which the seat is mounted directly over the wing spar so that there is little provision for attenuation of vertical impact forces on seat occupants; a side-mounted seat which has been found to have broken from its mounting in several accidents, even after a modification; and seats with cast alloy legs and pedestals, that have been found to fracture and come loose from the seat tracks in accidents. These findings illustrate the value of making crash injury correlations in general aviation accidents. KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft crash victims KW - Attenuation (Engineering) KW - Aviation safety KW - Cables KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashworthiness KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Installation KW - Restraint systems KW - Seat belts KW - Seats KW - Set forward force KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am81-10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964747 AU - Collins, W E AU - Mastrullo, A R AU - Kirkham, W R AU - Taylor, D K AU - Grape, P M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF CIVIL AVIATION PROPELLER-TO-PERSON ACCIDENTS: 1965-1979 PY - 1981/05 SP - 10 p. AB - The interest of manufacturing, governmental and safety personnel using paint schemes on propeller and rotor blades is based on improving the visual conspicuity of those blades when they are rotating. While propeller and rotor blade paint schemes may serve to reduce the number of fatalities and injuries due to contact with a rotating blade, there is little information available regarding analyses of the circumstances surrounding such accidents. Brief reports provided by the National Transportation Safety Board of all propeller-to-person accidents from 1965 through 1979 were examined and analyzed in terms of airport lighting conditions, actions of pilots, actions of passengers and ground crew, phase of flight operation and weather conditions. Analyses based on a total of 319 accidents showed a marked drop in the frequency of propeller-to-person accidents from 1975 through 1978. Several types of educational efforts directed toward pilots and ground crew, both prior to and during that 4-year period, were examined as possible factors contributing to the accident rate decline. Accident patterns provide a basis for assessing the probable efficacy of various recommendations (including propeller conspicuity) for further reducing propeller-to-person accidents. KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Flight KW - Ground crews KW - Injuries KW - Lighting KW - Paint KW - Passengers KW - Propellers KW - Rotor blades KW - Safety education KW - Visual perception KW - Weather conditions UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am81-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346154 AU - Walker, H L AU - Ellerbe, R AU - Teledyne Systems Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DESIGN STUDY REPORT FOR GENERAL AVIATION LORAN-C RECEIVER PY - 1981/05 SP - 257 p. AB - This document summarizes the results of studies and trade-off analysis conducted for a low cost Loran-C Receiver. The Loran-C Receiver is intended to meet the Minimum Operational Performance Standards for area Navigation (RNAV) equipment for General Aviation Aircraft operating in the National Aerospace System. The studies and analysis examined the required receiver performance, design approaches and design criteria, and cost to the user of the receiver. The study concludes that a low cost receiver meeting the General Aviation RNAV requirements is practical. A design approach for the receiver is described. (Author) KW - Aerospace industry KW - Aerospace systems KW - Aircraft KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Loran KW - Low costs KW - Navigation KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Radio receivers KW - Standards KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346721 AU - Hanneman, G D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FACTORS RELATED TO THE WELFARE OF ANIMALS DURING TRANSPORT BY COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT PY - 1981/05 SP - 17 p. AB - This report contains a brief history of the transportation of animals by air. It describes how various organizations contributed to the safe and humane care of animals during transport and how regulations to insure safer shipping conditions were developed by the United States Department of Agriculture. The two classes of cargo spaces in large aircraft used to transport small animals are discussed in relation to fire safety, environmental considerations and the possible health effects on animals during shipment. Also discussed are problems encountered in the airport terminal holding area, practical considerations in shipping dogs, and examples of animal losses. (Author) KW - Air transportation KW - Animals KW - Civil aircraft KW - Dogs KW - Domestic animals KW - Health KW - History KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Shipping KW - Transportation UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am81-11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346656 AU - Ball, C T AU - Swedish, W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - UPGRADED FAA AIRFIELD CAPACITY MODEL COMPILED FROM THE FOLLOWING REPORTS: FAA-RD-76-128 AND FAA-EM-81-1-VOL-1 PY - 1981/05 SP - 240 p. AB - The FAA Airfield Capacity Model is a computer program which analytically calculates the maximum operational capacity of a runway system under a wide range of conditions. The user has considerable freedom to vary the characteristics of the runway, aircraft, and ATC system. A major effort to upgrade the capacity model has been concluded. Modifications to the program focused on three principal areas: adding new functions and abilities; updating to incorporate the latest ATC procedures; and correcting minor program errors. This report constitutes Volume I of a two-volume set of documentation on the upgraded capacity model. Volume I, the Supplemental User's Guide, includes a brief, non-technical description of the principal changes to the program (Section 2) and a summary of changes to the model input and output (Section 3). In addition, two appendices contain revised versions of the chapters in the original User's Manual (FAA-RD-76-128, Reference 1) which pertain to the Airfield Capacity Model. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Arrival KW - Civil aviation KW - Computer program documentation KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Needs assessment KW - Schedules KW - Simulation KW - Taxiways KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346158 AU - Lynn, W A AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FLIGHT EVALUATION OF LORAN-C AS A HELICOPTER NAVIGATION AID IN THE BALTIMORE CANYON OIL EXPLORATION AREA PY - 1981/05 SP - 43 p. AB - A series of flight tests were conducted to investigate the use of long range navigation (LORAN)-C as a helicopter navigation system in the offshore New Jersey Baltimore Canyon oil exploration area. Tests were flown aboard the Federal Aviation Adminstration (FAA) Technical Center's CH-53A using a Teledyne Systems TDL-711 LORAN Micro-Navigator. The purpose of the tests was to determine the accuracy and operational usability of LORAN-C for offshore en route navigation and nonprecision approaches. The total system accuracy met or exceeded the requirements of Advisory Circular (AC) 90-45A 'Accuracy Requirements of Area Navigation Systems' for terminal and en route phases of flight, provided the proper LORAN triads were selected. The LORAN-C System did not meet AC 90-45A nonprecision approach accuracy criteria. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Aeronautics KW - Canyons KW - Federal government KW - Helicopters KW - Loran KW - Navigation KW - Navigational aids KW - New Jersey KW - Offshore structures KW - Oils KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346655 AU - Haines, A L AU - Swedish, W J AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REQUIREMENTS FOR INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT PARALLEL INSTRUMENT APPROACHES AT REDUCED RUNWAY SPACING PY - 1981/05 SP - 182 p. AB - Independent parallel instrument approaches are conducted today only if the runway centerlines are 4300 ft apart or more. The rationale behind this criterion is reviewed, and the requirements for reducing the criterion to 3000 ft are evaluated. Although some benefit is derived from improvements in navigational accuracy, the performance of the surveillance system has the greatest impact on the required runway spacing. Dependent alternating instrument approaches to parallel runways are also evaluated. Currently such approaches require a runway spacing of 3000 ft or more. The effects of reducing this runway spacing are discussed, especially with regard to blunder recovery. Reducing the runway spacing required for these approaches could increase the arrival capacity and reduce delays at certain airports and would provide increased flexibility for planning new runways. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airport runways KW - Airport surface traffic control KW - Airports KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Approach control KW - Approach indicators KW - Aviation safety KW - Capacity quantity KW - Graphs KW - Ground controlled approach radar KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Parallel orientation KW - Radar KW - Scheduling KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346155 AU - Medville, H AU - Starry, C AU - Bernstein, G AU - Wilson-Hill Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMMUTER AIRLINE FORECASTS PY - 1981/05 SP - 116 p. AB - This publication presents forecasts of commuter air carrier activity and describes the models designed for forecasting Conterminous United States, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Hawaii, and individual airport activity. These forecasts take into account the recent dynamic growth of the commuter industry and the effects of the changed operating and marketing environment created by the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. A separate forecast is provided for commuter cargo activity. Lastly, modeling approaches were evaluated to forecast activity at individual airports which the FAA expects to utilize in preparing its annual Terminal Area Forecast. Descriptions of the models are provided in the Appendices. The models developed under this contract represents an initial effort by FAA to described and Forecast a major sector of Aviation. It is anticipated that there will be further refinements to the models as the commuter industry evolves and additional data becomes available. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Airport terminals KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Commodities KW - Economic models KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - Hawaii KW - Marketing KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Passenger aircraft KW - Puerto Rico KW - Regulations KW - Simulation KW - U.S. Virgin Islands KW - United States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343548 AU - Rzonca, L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WORLDWIDE OMEGA AND VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF) TRANSMITTER OUTAGES, JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1980 PY - 1981/05 SP - 24 p. AB - An investigation of worldwide OMEGA and very low frequency (VLF) transmitter outages during 1980 was conducted with emphasis on simultaneous outages. Data includes frequency and duration of simultaneous outages and total yearly percentage shutdown for each transmitter. Scheduled outages are specifically noted. The most significant dual OMEGA outage lasted 4.9 hours when the Argentina transmitter was shutdown to correct tower structural problems while La Reunion was down for annual maintenance. (Author) KW - Argentina KW - Hyperbolic navigation KW - Maintenance KW - Omega navigation KW - Omega navigation system KW - Radio navigation KW - Radio transmitters KW - Reliability KW - Shutdowns KW - Structures KW - Towers KW - Very low frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00416944 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF THE AIRLINE DEREGULATION ACT ON THE LEVEL OF AIR SAFETY: ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS PURSUANT TO SECTION 1 PY - 1981/05 SP - 110 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 KW - Airlines KW - Crashes KW - Laws and legislation KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/235367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364897 AU - BARKER, J R AU - Trevor, P L AU - Kenley, R A AU - Chang, J S AU - Davenport, J E AU - SRI International AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STRATOSPHERIC REACTIONS OF PEROXYNITRIC ACID PY - 1981/04/23 SP - 151 p. AB - Both HO2 and NO2 play crucial roles in the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. For several years, these two species were thought to react via a radical disproportionation reaction, although it was suggested that a longer-lived complex could be formed according to reaction (1): HO2 + NO2 + M reversible reaction HOONO2 + M. The importance of reaction (1) has recently been verified by direct observation of HO2NO2 by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, the rate of reaction (1) has been measured, and its reverse reaction (-1) has been studied. Also, RRKM theory has been applied to these data for reaction (-1) so that its rate can be reliably estimated as a function of both temperature and pressure. In another publication, the effect of HO2NO2 on tropospheric photochemical smog chemistry was discussed. KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Diatomic molecules KW - Disproportionation KW - Fourier transforms KW - Hydrogen peroxide KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Kinetics KW - Motor reactions KW - Nitric acid KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Peroxides KW - Photochemical reactions KW - Reaction kinetics KW - Reversible KW - Smog KW - Stratosphere KW - Troposphere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343550 AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ASDE-3 ANTENNA DEVELOPMENT AND TEST PY - 1981/04 SP - 72 p. AB - The ASDE-3 radar antenna was developed so that closely spaced targets on an airport surface could be resolved. The requirement of accurately detecting targets as close as 500 feet from the antenna necessitated some type of near field focussing. A variable focus, shaped beam, doubly curved reflector was designed and successfully tested for this application. Additional features included an integrated rotating radome and circular polarization. Representative azimuth and elevation patterns are presented. During the development, a method for taking and plotting radiation patterns of the antenna scanning at its operational rotation rate was devised and is described. (Author) KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airports KW - Altitude KW - Beams radiation KW - Circular KW - Curvature KW - Curved profiles KW - Elevation KW - Focusing KW - Near field KW - Particle beams KW - Patterns KW - Plotting KW - Polarization KW - Radar KW - Radar antennas KW - Radiation patterns KW - Rates KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Rotation KW - Shape KW - Surfaces KW - Targets KW - Tracking systems KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343707 AU - Brownie, R B AU - Navy Civil Engineering Lab AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - LIME-STABILIZED NATIVE SOIL AS A BASE COURSE FOR LIGHT AIRCRAFT PAVEMENT PY - 1981/04 SP - 130 p. AB - Present Federal Aviation Administration policy does not recommend the use of lime-stabilized soil as base course for airport pavements. The potential savings in cost and materials by using this type of construction for light-duty airport pavements (aircraft gross weights less than 30,000 lbs) led to the use of lime-stabilized native soil in place of other base course materials at three airports in the Southwestern United States. Those airports are located at Chino, California, Big Bear Lake, California, and Payson, Arizona. The compositions of those base courses were determined by laboratory analyses of core borings and soil samples. Visual condition surveys were performed, and surface deflections under load were measured. Climatological data and aircraft traffic histories were obtained. All of those factors and the performance of the pavements were analyzed, and a suggested specification was prepared for constructing lime-stabilized base courses. KW - Additives KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium oxide KW - Compressive properties KW - Compressive strength KW - Core sampling KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavements KW - Sampling KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964743 AU - Higgins, E A AU - Mertens, H W AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Funkhouser, G E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND PERFORMANCE RESPONSES TO A 24-HOUR CRASH DIET PY - 1981/04 SP - 23 p. AB - Twelve overweight male subjects were evaluated, once on a normal diet and once on a 24-h crash diet of low-calorie liquids only. Experiments were one week apart. During complex performance tests given at the end of the diet period, subjects breathed an oxygen/nitrogen gas mixture equivalent to 12,500 ft altitude. There were no significant physiological and biochemical findings due to diet for heart rate, blood pressure, serum electrolytes, subjective fatigue and urinary excretion of potassium, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Body temperatures were lower for the crash diet than for the normal diet. Serum glucose levels were normal but increased during the normal diet and decreased during the crash diet. Hematocrit increased from pretest to posttest under both conditions, but was greater for the crash diet. Urinary excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids was less for the sleep period for the crash diet than for the normal diet. Urinary excretion rate of sodium was less for the crash diet than for the normal diet. Complex performance showed no significant differences when subjects were tested under low workloads. Several measurements showed enhancement of performance during the crash diet when subjects were being tested under the medium and high workload conditions. KW - Altitude KW - Biochemistry KW - Blood pressure KW - Diet KW - Electrolytes KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Heart rate KW - Human subject testing KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Temperature KW - Urine KW - Workload UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am81-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964746 AU - Thackray, R I AU - Touchstone, R M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN COMPLEX MONITORING PERFORMANCE PY - 1981/04 SP - 16 p. AB - This study examines the effect of age on the ability to sustain attention to a complex monitoring task. The visual display was designed to resemble an air traffic control radar display containing alphanumeric symbols. Subjects in age groups 18-29, 40-50, and 60-70 years were tested over a 2-hour session. Sixteen symbols appeared on the screen at all times, with ten critical stimuli (a designated change in the alphanumerics) occurring during each half-hour. Performance decrement was significantly related to age, with performance declining earlier in the session in the oldest group of subjects. Recordings of eye movement activity, skin conductance level and subjective assessments of fatigue, boredom, monotony and attentiveness generally failed to reveal any clear reasons for the greater performance decrement of older subjects. Possible directions for further research are discussed. KW - Ability tests KW - Age KW - Air traffic control KW - Attention KW - Eye movements KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human subject testing KW - Monitoring KW - Personnel performance KW - Radar displays KW - Symbols KW - Vigilance UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am81-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964744 AU - Booze, C F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PREVALENCE OF SELECTED PATHOLOGY AMONG CURRENTLY CERTIFIED ACTIVE AIRMEN PY - 1981/04 SP - 10 p. AB - It has been the policy of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to medically certify individuals, for a variety of flying privileges, who also have medical deficiency or disease, provided it can be determined that such action does not compromise air safety. During recent years, for example, standards have been relaxed with respect to contact lens use and medication allowed for control of hypertension. This descriptive epidemiologic study presents the point prevalence of pathology among active airmen as of January 1, 1980, by major body system and for other selected pathologies of interest within the major body systems. Data were obtained from active computer files maintained by the Aeromedical Certification Branch of the FAA's Civil Aeromedical Institute in connection with the certification program. Some 350,701 (42%) active airmen require correction for some visual deficiency. Of this total, 20,058 are contact lens wearers. After eye pathology, cardiovascular and abdominal pathology represent the most prevalent medical conditions among active airmen (3.7% and 2.6% respectively). Overall, disease prevalence is greater among currently certified airmen than among previous groups studied. This increase in prevalence is probably a reflection of more liberal standards more than any other single factor. KW - Air pilots KW - Aviation medicine KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Certification KW - Contact lenses KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Pathological data KW - Pathology KW - Statistical analysis KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - Vision disorders UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am84-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343001 AU - Bellantoni, J AU - Kodis, R AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF RUNWAY-TAXIWAY TRANSGRESSIONS AT CONTROLLED AIRPORTS PY - 1981/04 SP - 94 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the cause of aircraft making inadvertent or unauthorized takeoffs and transgressions onto active runways during takeoff and landing operations. The study was conducted in four phases: (1) Prior studies by FAA, NASA and MITRE/METREK were reviewed; (2) Existing data bases containing information on accidents and incidents resulting from transgressions were examined and compared; (3) Investigations were carried out by the FAA Eastern, Great Lakes and Western regions of the occurrence of transgressions at selected airports within their jurisdictions; (4) A detailed analysis was carried out for 166 occurrences drawn from the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) data bases. A summary of the results includes some observations with respect to possible system improvements and suggestions for further work. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Airport runways KW - Crash investigation KW - Databases KW - Ground traffic KW - Statistical analysis KW - Taxiways UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36000/36052/DOT-TSC-FAA-81-09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343011 AU - Network Analysis Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT FOR AREA A AND REQUEST/REPLY PY - 1981/04 SP - 228 p. AB - Service A communication requirements were analyzed to determine the optimal communications support strategy, with the National Airspace Data Interchange Network (NADIN) integration as one of the primary alternatives to be evaluated. That analysis yielded the following conclusions: integration of Service A into NADIN will reduce monthly leased line recurring costs; NADIN use will result in little or no increase in total present value cost; Service A integration into NADIN is not feasible prior to WMSC replacement; WMSC Replacement design will be simplified by use of NADIN support for Service A; and NADIN will improve Service A performance by permitting cost effective circuit reconfiguration. In addition, the analysis determined detailed enhancements to NADIN required to support Service A while adequately maintaining other NADIN traffic. KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Analysis KW - Communication systems KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Nodes KW - Nodes (Networks) KW - Parameters KW - Radio KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Weather communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365218 AU - Sulzer, R L AU - COX, W J AU - Mohler, S R AU - Wright State University AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FLIGHT CREWMEMBER WORKLOAD EVALUATION PY - 1981/04 SP - 208 p. AB - This is a report on transport category airplane flight crew workload measurement techniques as used in cockpit development and aircraft certification tests by major U.S. airframe manufacturers. It reviews the fundamentals of: crew size certification; workload measures and criteria; workload studies made during aircraft design; and workload studies made after the design has been established, including those used in flight test. Certain documentation practices are identified. The limitations of the currently used practices and the needs for improved workload measurement techniques are addressed. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Cockpits KW - Experimental design KW - Flight crews KW - Human factors engineering KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Work measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337865 AU - Howard, F AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN PROPULSION SAFETY PY - 1981/04 SP - 35 p. AB - Assessment of technology advances relative to existing civil aviation regulations indicates that near- and far-term research and development is necessary to resolve potential problems areas and to improve the data base required for proper rule-making. Milestone schedules and recommended funding requirements are included for each task. The five areas of investigation are ingestion, durability, stability, fuels, and materials. The overall scope of work in safety and reliability involves investigations and evaluations in three major propulsion program subdivisions and one propulsion functional systems program area. These are: aircraft gas turbine engines, aircraft piston engines, helicopter propulsion systems, and propulsion functional systems and components. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Ambulances KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Databases KW - Engines KW - Gas turbines KW - Helicopter engines KW - Ingestion engines KW - Loss and damage KW - Piston engines KW - Planning KW - Regulations KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347814 AU - Caldwell, J D AU - Jones, T G AU - Lockheed-Georgia Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYTICAL STUDY OF COCKPIT INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - 165 p. AB - An assessment is made of cockpit information requirements likely to be imposed on aircraft in the next fifteen years as a result of improvements in the ATC system and in aircraft design. These requirements are analyzed by work centers and include flight control, navigation, collision avoidance, flight management, communications, caution/warning and monitoring, and checklist functions. From a baseline of current requirements and technology, the application of new requirements and technology is analyzed. Three aircraft are hypothesized representing three time periods of technical development. The purpose is to investigate the impact of future ATC changes on differently equipped aircraft. KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Cockpits KW - Communication devices KW - Control systems KW - Flight instruments KW - Forecasting KW - Information display systems KW - Information systems KW - Integrated systems KW - Navigational aids KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346728 AU - Melton, C E AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Wicks, S M AU - Saldivar, J T AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FATIGUE IN FLIGHT INSPECTION FIELD OFFICE (FIFO) FLIGHT CREWS PY - 1981/04 SP - 51 p. AB - Studies related to FIFO aircrew stress and fatigue were carried out at seven FIFO's in the Continental U.S. Forty-one men served as subjects and all crew positions were presented. Each crewmember was studied during flight activities and during office-based activities. Generally, crews were in travel status during flight inspection activities and away from the office for 5 d. Crewmembers completed fatigue checklists before and after each duty on every workday. Urine specimens were collected that represented the night sleep period and the work period; they were analyzed for 17-ketogenic steroids, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, and values were expressed as weight per hundred milligrams of urinary creatinine. Ambulatory electrocardiograms were recorded for determination of heart rate (HR) during work. The data indicate that office work is distinctly less fatiguing than flight work. This finding is supported by the HR data that indicate a lower workload in the office than in flight. The statement is commonly made by crewmembers that office work is more fatiguing than flight work. It is probable that such statements are based on work preference rather than work level. Some crewmembers at Oklahoma City, Atlanta, Los Angeles, and Battle Creek show severe fatigue associated with flight work. KW - Creatinine KW - Epinephrine KW - Excretion KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Flight KW - Flight crews KW - Heart rate KW - Hormones KW - Inflight KW - Inspection KW - Labor KW - Levarterenol KW - Sampling KW - Steroids KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Urine KW - Work UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am81-13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343004 AU - BELL, W AU - Dong, J AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF WILCOX MODEL 585B VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RADIO RANGE SYSTEM PART 2 PY - 1981/04 SP - 14 p. AB - This report establishes a calibration procedure which employs a space modulation chart to adjust percent modulation for the Wilcox 585B very high frequency omnidirectional radio range (VOR) System. This procedure is recommended for solid-state VOR designed systems in which the rotatable goniometer has been replaced by a solid-state unit. Ground and airborne modulation tests were made using a spectrum analyzer for determining percent modulation. Results of these measurements indicated 1.5 percent modulation be added to the normal 30 percent modulation adjustment when made with the detector at counterpoise edge to provide equality between near and far afield modulation measurements. KW - Air traffic control KW - Modulation KW - Modulation (Communications) KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - Radio beacons KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Solid state electronics KW - Spectrum analyzers KW - Test and evaluation KW - Test procedures KW - Tests KW - Very high frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337951 AU - Fisher, D AU - Pino, J AU - Fox, D AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) COMPUTER PERFORMANCE/TEST AND EVALUATION PY - 1981/04 SP - 58 p. AB - This document describes tests conducted on the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) engineering model sensor with the release 6.4 software package to measure the performance characteristics of the computer subsystem distributive architecture. Tests were conducted for various aircraft load conditions in three specific areas: system data bus contention, global memory address space utilization, and processor utilization. Both the methods of conducting these tests and the results obtained are described. It was concluded that system data bus contention is not a problem with the distributive architecture used. Release 6.4 of the DABS software uses less than 20,480 words of the available 24,576 global memory address space in 24 of the 29 active processors. This leads to the conclusion that no problem should be experienced in expanding the size of the processor local memories from 8,192 words to 12,288 words. Additionally, an expansion of the local memories to 16,384 words appears feasible with minor software changes. The expansion of local memory will enable each processor to perform more functions. This will reduce the total number of processors required and lead to less complexity and a smaller overall volume for DABS. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Bus drivers KW - Computer architecture KW - Computer communications KW - Computer networks KW - Conductors (Buses) KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Databases KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Information processing KW - Memory devices KW - Mode S KW - Multiprocessors KW - Performance tests KW - Radar beacons KW - Test and evaluation KW - Test procedures KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364837 AU - HOLDEMAN, J D AU - Nastrom, G D AU - Department of the Navy AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE LEVELS AT COMMERCIAL AIRPLANE CRUISE ALTITUDES IN WINTER AND SPRING 1976-77 PY - 1981/04 SP - 18 p. AB - It has been speculated that the ozone sickness experienced by some airline passengers and crew members during the winter and spring of 1976-77 were induced by abnormally high concentrations of ambient atmospheric ozone. To investigate the possibility that 1976-77 was anomalous, ozone measurements from balloons for up to 13 years and from Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) equipped aircraft for 3 years have been studied. The analyses show that the winter and spring seasons of 1976-77 were averaged statistically, and no evidence was found to suggest that there was more than a usual variation in the frequency that commercial airplanes encountered high ambient ozone concentrations. KW - Air KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Aviation medicine KW - Balloons KW - Civil aircraft KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Flight crews KW - International KW - Ozone KW - Passengers KW - Sampling KW - Spring KW - Spring season KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343646 AU - Hironaka, M C AU - Brownie, R B AU - Wu, G Y AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RECYCLING OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AIRPORT PAVEMENTS - A STATE-OF-THE-ART STUDY PY - 1981/04 SP - 36 p. AB - An investigation was performed to assess the state-of-the-art of recycling Portland cement concrete (PCC) airport pavements. Previous laboratory studies have shown that recycling of PCC pavements is technically and economically feasible. This has been demonstrated in airport reconstruction projects at Jacksonville International Airport (Florida), Love Field (Texas), and Coffeyville Municipal Airport (Kansas), where PCC was recycled into econocrete base and aggregate subbase, cement stabilized base, and part of the aggregate base course, respectively. Recycling of PCC for surface courses in airport pavement construction has not yet been performed, but this should also prove to be beneficial as has been experienced by the Iowa DOT and other state highway agencies who have recycled PCC for surface courses. Equipment for recycling PCC pavements is currently available in the construction industry; however, these, along with the technology of PCC recycling, could be improved substantially. Recommendations for specific improvements are therefore made. (Author) KW - Aggregates KW - Airport runways KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Concrete KW - Crushing KW - Econocrete KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mixtures KW - Pavements KW - Physical properties KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Removal KW - State of the art studies KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343593 AU - Shoenberger, J E AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONDITION SURVEY OF POROUS FRICTION SURFACE COURSE PY - 1981/04 SP - 48 p. AB - The objectives of this report are to identify performance problems observed with the porous friction course (PFC) and to evaluate the effectiveness of the current maintenance and repair practices used. Ten airports, seven commercial and three military, with existing PFC runways were selected for the survey. These PFC airport pavements were built with various materials and construction techniques and had been in place for various lengths of time. The seven commercial airports evaluated are also included in the Federal Aviation Administration National Runway Friction Measurement Program. Conversations with airport personnel, local engineers, and other knowledgeable sources provided information on mix design, construction procedures, and performance problems. Based on the survey, the performance problems were identified and maintenance procedures to correct these problems were investigated. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Construction management KW - Cracking KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Friction KW - Inspection KW - Mix design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Permeability KW - Porous materials KW - Porous pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343649 AU - Magenheim, B AU - AMAF Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPACT OF LOW ALTITUDE COVERAGE REQUIREMENTS ON AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS PY - 1981/03/31 SP - 92 p. AB - A representative area of Appalachia surrounding Charleston, West Virginia is analyzed in terms of existing helicopter traffic patterns and communications facilities. Traffic patterns were established from telephone interviews with pilots flying this area regularly. Communications coverage was established from computer generated coverage contours obtained from the Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center (ECAC) and verified by pilot interviews and one flight test (as reported by the FAA Technical Center). Techniques for improving coverage are discussed. These include two new remote communication outlets located in the mountains west and south of Beckley, W.Va., a high gain antenna at Charleston pointed in a southerly direction, the use of mobile radio telephone to permit pilots to access nearby telephone facilities when on the ground at a remote site, short range less than 150 miles, hf radio, and a discrete frequency for exclusive use by low-flying aircraft. FAA activities directed at improving communications to helicopter flying to and from offshore oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico is presented in an Appendix. (Author) KW - Accessibility KW - Air pilots KW - Air to surface KW - Aircraft KW - Altitude KW - Antennas KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Building sites KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Gulf of Mexico KW - Helicopters KW - High gain KW - Interviewing KW - Location KW - Low altitude KW - Mountains KW - Offshore structures KW - Oils KW - Radio equipment KW - Remote areas KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Telephone KW - Traffic KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365601 AU - ANDREWS, J W AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE FOR ALTITUDE TRACKING OF AIRCRAFT PY - 1981/03/25 SP - 62 p. AB - When simple linear recursive tracking techniques are applied to quantized altitude reports, certain errors in estimation of altitude and altitude rate can be attributed to the response of the tracker to transitions between quantization levels. These errors can be reduced by use of an estimation technique which explicitly recognizes the quantized nature of the inputs. Smoothing of the level occupancy time (i.e., the time spent at each quantization level) can be used to control the response to redundant samples taken at the same quantization level. Further improvement is achieved by consistency tests which use particular properties of quantized data to detect changes in rate. This document presents a theoretical analysis of tracker response to quantized inputs. A tracking algorithm is synthesized using these techniques and simulation results using various altitude profiles are presented. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Algorithms KW - Altitude KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Flight paths KW - Mathematical models KW - Radar tracking KW - Rates KW - Recursion theory KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177591 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00427963 JO - ADVISORY CIRCULAR ; AC NO 121445-1B -UNTRACED PB - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PILOT IN COMMAND QUALIFICATIONS FOR SPECIAL AREA ROUTES AND AIRPORTS: FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (FAR) SECTION 121.445 PY - 1981/03/25 IS - 1214 SP - 6 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air pilots KW - Certification KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/243763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343543 AU - Sandholm, R G AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RADAR BEACON TRANSPONDER (RBX) INSTALLATION AND SITING CRITERIA PY - 1981/03/13 SP - 21 p. AB - The Radar Beacon Transponder (RBX) is a ground-based facility used in conjunction with other elements of the Active Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS) to control the threat detection sensitivity level of BCAS aircraft and to convey displayed Resolution Advisories from the BCAS aircraft to the local ATC terminal facility. This paper describes the mechanisms of specular multipath reflection and signal shadowing, and discusses their impact on the RBX link power budget. Criteria for choice of RBX antenna height and location are presented. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Antennas KW - Building sites KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Facilities KW - Fading electromagnetic waves KW - Ground level KW - Height KW - Location KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar devices KW - Sensitivity KW - Threats KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964740 AU - Hutto, G L AU - Smith, R C AU - Thackray, R I AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - METHODOLOGY IN THE ASSESSMENT OF STRESS AMONG AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SPECIALISTS (ATCS): NORMATIVE ADULT DATA FOR THE STATE-TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY FROM NON-ATCS POPULATIONS PY - 1981/03 SP - 21 p. AB - Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) studies of psychological work stress among air traffic control specialists (ATCSs) have typically employed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to assess stress. Interpretation of the findings has been tempered by concern that use of the college student normative data available for this test might underestimate actual ATCS stress levels. Since ATCSs differ from college students in a number of respects, a study was undertaken to obtain baseline STAI data from a sample of adult, non-ATCS FAA personnel. Biographical and STAI data were collected from 1,972 men and women, ranging in age from the twenties into the sixties. Respondents were classified according to age, sex, education, occupational supervisory level, and degrees of present work-shift difficulty. STAI scores were compared according to each method of classification. Significant age differences were found for both State and Trait anxiety scores in comparisons involving the 25-29 and the 60-69 year age groups. However, there were no differences in State or Trait anxiety scores between age groups below 60. Comparisons of the scores of individuals within the 25-59 year age range with college undergraduate data revealed either no differences or significantly higher anxiety scores for the college undergraduate group. No significant differences in State or Trait anxiety scores were found between men and women, between different levels of occupational supervision, or between different educational levels. State anxiety scores were found to differ significantly in relation to work shift difficulty, with shifts rated as "very difficult" having higher state scores than shift ratings of lower difficulty; these changes, however, were not appreciably different from those previously obtained for ATCSs. KW - Adults KW - Age KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Anxiety KW - College students KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Human subject testing KW - Methodology KW - Psychological aspects KW - Psychological tests KW - Shifts KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - Working conditions UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/1981/198105/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343003 AU - Bloom, P J AU - Bishop, G J AU - Kuhn, J E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DETECTION PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE ASDE-3 USING FIXED FREQUENCY AND FREQUENCY-AGILE OPERATION PY - 1981/03 SP - 102 p. AB - The ASDE-3 (Airport Surface Detection Equipment) Radar design has many features to enhance operational usefulness. The purpose of all these features is to provide a better airport surface surveillance display for the control power tower cab. One of these features is the use of frequency agility, the transmission at a different frequency within a frequency band during each radar transmit time. The function of this feature is to improve the detection performance of the ASDE radar and thereby improve the quality of the information presented on the operational display. The use of frequency agility reduces image breakup of aircraft on the display and, in rainy weather, allows the display of ground traffic during much heavier precipitation than achievable with fixed frequency operation. This report discusses the role of the ASDE in airport surface traffic control, and the theory of frequency agility benefits, and gives the empirical results obtained during field experiments using the ASDE-3 engineering model test bed. KW - Aircraft KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airports KW - Behavior KW - Benefits KW - Control KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Field tests KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Frequency agility KW - Ground traffic KW - Operations KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Power KW - Precipitation KW - Radar KW - Radar images KW - Rain KW - Surfaces KW - Towers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337857 AU - Dvorsky, L A AU - Swezeny, A J AU - Hartz, E R AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT SURFACE DETECTION EQUIPMENT (ASDE)-3 OPERATIONAL EVALUATION PY - 1981/03 SP - 37 p. AB - Operational tests were performed on the Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE)-3 radar. Three teams of air traffic controllers, two per team, with current field ASDE-2 experience, were used as test subjects. The controllers were from the Eastern and New England Regions. These tests were conducted to determine the extent to which the ASDE-3 met requirements as presented by the Air Traffic Service and what the controllers' opinions were of the radar. Tests conducted were: airport surface coverage, capability, target detection as a function of speed between aircraft and aircraft to obstruction resolution, target size and shape determination, standing target heading, and runway clearance. (Author) KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Error analysis KW - Fading electromagnetic waves KW - Field tests KW - Fog KW - Masking KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Radar tracking KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Reliability KW - Snow KW - Taxiways KW - Terminal air traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337950 AU - Naimo, M AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF REMOTE AREA PRECISION POSITIONING SYSTEM (RAPPS). PHASE 1 PY - 1981/03 SP - 25 p. AB - Described is the test and evaluation of an airborne multilateration-distance measuring equipment (DME) position reference system to be used with a long range navigation (LORAN)-C data collection system. The system, Remote Area Precision Position System (RAPPS), was developed by Amex Systems, Incorporated under an Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)/Systems Research and Development Service (SRDS) contract. In August 1979, the FAA Technical Center determined system accuracy using a Convair 580 aircraft as a test platform. Space position measurement of the aircraft was determined by the Center Nike-Hercules radar. When the range biases of the four DME ground stations were removed by postflight computation, flight test results from orbits about the Atlantic City DME beacon indicated a standard deviation error of 256 feet about a mean range error of +345 feet. Operational evaluation of the RAPPS airborne and ground subsystems was conducted during the winter in Vermont. The field evaluation determined that both the ground and airborne subsystems have significant design deficiencies of the hardware/software. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Aeronautics KW - Distance KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Flight tests KW - Intercity transportation KW - Long range distance KW - Loran KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - Precision KW - Quick reaction KW - Reaction time KW - Standard deviation KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337953 AU - CHILDS, J M AU - Prophet, W W AU - Spears, W D AU - Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF PILOT EXPERIENCE ON ACQUIRING INSTRUMENT FLIGHT SKILLS. PHASE I PY - 1981/03 SP - 42 p. AB - NTSB accident data indicate that low-time, non-instrument rated general aviation pilots are disproportionately involved in fatal weather-related accidents. In view of the existing 200-hour experience requirement (FAR 61.65) for an instrument rating, some 150 hours of flight time must be accumulated between Private Pilot Certification and issuance of the rating. During this period there is a fairly high probability of encountering weather conditions that present task demands which exceed the capabilities of the pilot. Suggestions have been made to reduce the 200-hour requirement in the hope that earlier instrument training would be sought, thereby reducing these accidents. The study reported here examined the relationship of pilot experience to the acquisition of instrument flight skills. Seventy-nine Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University students were assigned to one of three experimental training groups in which a full program of private, instrument, and commercial pilot training was administered. Prior to taking their instrument checkrides, the groups had 113, 138, and 171 mean hours of flight time, respectively. Inflight performance was assessed objectively and subjectively. Non statistically significant differences were found among tracks in instrument flying skill. Results suggest that a reduction in the 200-hour experience requirement should be considered. Such a reduction would encourage earlier training of instrument skills and could reduce the weather-related accident rate for low-time private pilots. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Flight KW - Flight training KW - Instrument flying KW - Motor skills KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Ratings KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337858 AU - BOTTOMLEY, D AU - Ezekiel, E G AU - Matos, R AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NEW TOWER CAB MOCKUP FOR PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA PY - 1981/03 SP - 17 p. AB - Mockup techniques which used foamcore and plywood were employed by the federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center to achieve two major goals in assisting the Regional Office and the Air Traffic Control Facility to establish a new control tower at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Goal one was to determine the best physical location of present and planned equipment for operational positions and to suggest innovations which would improve their functional capability. Goal two was to design, develop, fabricate, and evaluate the central interior console which is not common to most tower cabs and is not a standard configuration. The result of this effort was a more functional and efficient layout for a standard 525-square-foot Welton-Beckett tower cab. Several new modules were introduced to the peripheral consoles, and a unique central console was designed. A new, innovative technique was created to house the bright radar indicator tower equipment (BRITE) displays on swivel, console-height mounts. (Author) KW - Airport control towers KW - Consoles KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Modifications KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343542 AU - Sandholm, R G AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RADAR BEACON TRANSPONDER (RBX) FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION PY - 1981/02/18 SP - 31 p. AB - The Radar Beacon Transponder (RBX) is a ground-based transponder used to control the threat detection sensitivity level of BCAS aircraft operating in high density terminal airspace. The RBX is also used to deliver displayed resolution advisories from BCAS to the ATC facility. The normal DABS interrogation waveforms and message formats are used for communication between the RBX and BCAS aircraft. The appropriate BCAS sensitivity level is selected by comparing the BCAS aircraft position with an internally stored sensitivity level map of the surrounding airspace volume. This document provides a functional description of the RBX and shows that reliable performance is achievable in the presence ofinterference from ATCRBS and BCAS air-to-air interrogations. (Author) KW - Air KW - Air to air KW - Aircraft KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Fading electromagnetic waves KW - Ground level KW - High density KW - Information display systems KW - Interrogation KW - Location KW - Maps KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Multipath transmission KW - Position fixing KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar devices KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Resolution KW - Sensitivity KW - Specifications KW - Threats KW - Transponders KW - Volume KW - Waveform KW - Waveform analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964741 AU - Mertens, H W AU - Lewis, M F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RUNWAY SIZE ON PILOT PERFORMANCE DURING SIMULATED NIGHT LANDING APPROACHES PY - 1981/02 SP - 18 p. AB - Both anecdotal reports from pilots and theories of visual cues would predict lower approaches to narrow or long runways than to wide or short runways. Practice with a particular width of runway would also be predicted to increase subsequent approach angles flown to wider runways, and decrease approach angles to narrower runways. Two experiments with instrument-rated pilots made quantitative tests of these predictions. In Experiment I, three pilots flew simulated approaches and landings in a fixed base simulator with a computer-generated image visual display. Practice approaches were flown with an 8,000-ft-long runway that was either 75, 150 or 300 ft wide; test approaches were to runways with widths of 75, 100, 150, 200 and 300-ft. In Experiment II, 40 pilots controlled the slant of a moving model runway during simulated night visual approaches. Five different models simulated runways from 100 to 300 ft wide and 3,000 to 9,000 ft long. As predicted, training on a wide runway in Experiment I lowered approach angle in approaches to narrower runways; a narrow practice runway also raised approach angles to wider runways. The magnitude of these practice effects increased as distance from runway threshold decreased. There was also a general tendency for approach angles to decrease as runway width decreased. The latter effect was corroborated in Experiment II; in addition, generated approach angles decreased with increasing runway length. Giving half the pilots information about runway size prior to each approach had no effect on responses. These findings add to the quantitative evidence of danger in night visual approaches due to visual illusions and large variability in the visual perception of approach angle. KW - Air pilots KW - Airport runways KW - Approach KW - Approach angle KW - Flight simulators KW - Human subject testing KW - Landing KW - Night KW - Size KW - Training KW - Visual aids KW - Visual flight KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am81-06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964742 AU - Chesterfield, B P AU - Rasmussen, P G AU - Dillon, R D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EMERGENCY CABIN LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF CEILING VS. LOWER CABIN-MOUNTED LIGHTING DURING EVACUATION TRIALS PY - 1981/02 SP - 42 p. AB - In this study, six series of human subject evacuation tests were conducted to compare the evacuation rates with two different emergency lighting systems in an aircraft cabin filled with nontoxic white smoke. Cabin emergency lighting and exit signs mounted near the ceiling were almost completely obscured by smoke, which layered most heavily in the upper one-half of the cabin. A comparison lighting system mounted below layered smoke in aisle seat armrests, with exit signs mounted at and below the cabin midpoint, provided light directly in the aisle and cross aisle. Results indicated that lights and signs mounted lower in the cabin were more readily visible in smoke and enabled subjects to evacuate from a smoke-filled cabin more rapidly than conventional ceiling-mounted lights and signs. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aisles KW - Aviation safety KW - Ceilings KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency exits KW - Evacuation KW - Human subject testing KW - Lighting systems KW - Seats KW - Signs KW - Smoke KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am81-07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337862 AU - American Medical Association AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NEUROLOGICAL AND NEUROSURGICAL CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AVIATION SAFETY PY - 1981/02 SP - 236 p. AB - Contents: Cerebrovascular Disease; Intracranial Tumors; Head Injuries; Common Demyelinating and Degenerative Diseases and Extrapyramidal Disorders; Common Neuromuscular Disorders and Injuries to the Peripheral and Cranial Nerves and Spinal Cord; Seizure Disorders and Disturbances of Consciousness; Migraine and Other Headaches; and Dizziness and Disorders of Equilibrium. KW - Aviation safety KW - Cerebrovascular system KW - Consciousness KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Equilibrium physiology KW - Head KW - Headaches KW - Injuries KW - Neoplasms KW - Neurology KW - Psychological aspects KW - Surgery UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/AM81-03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337233 AU - Maurer, J J AU - Castle, B AU - Novakoff, A K AU - Nelson, R AU - Roditi, S AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VISUAL CONFIRMATION OF VOICE TAKEOFF CLEARANCE (VICON) OPERATIONAL EVALUATION. VOLUME II. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL PY - 1981/02 SP - 284 p. AB - This document is Volume II of the Visual Confirmation of Voice Takeoff Clearance (VICON) Operational Evaluation. It contains working drawings and schematic diagrams, technical details, and maintenance and detailed operational procedures for the VICON system that was installed at Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, Connecticut. The drawings, instructions, and charts in this volume are reproduced exactly as they were used by the Bradley maintenance and air traffic control specialists; no effort was made to formalize or improve the appearance of this information. This volume, therefore, would be utilized if one is interested in considering future implementation or design modification of the VICON system. Seven appendices were added in order to consolidate under one cover the various operational, maintenance, and design details for the VICON system and its components. KW - Air traffic control KW - Diagrams KW - Electrical wiring KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Parts KW - Schematic diagrams KW - Signal lights KW - Takeoff KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Training KW - Wiring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337861 AU - Asch, A AU - Wuebker, L AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONSOLIDATED CAB DISPLAY (CCD) SYSTEM, PROJECT PLANNING DOCUMENT (PPD) PY - 1981/02 SP - 79 p. AB - This report provides the planning guidance for the development, installation, testing and evaluation for the Consolidated Cab Display (CCD) System. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is acquiring two systems for engineering tests and operational evaluations to determine system reliability and design acceptability to Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) and Terminal Radar Control (TRACON) controllers. One system will be installed at the FAA Technical Center for engineering and operational evaluations, and a second one at the Atlanta ATCT/TRACON for operational evaluations. The evaluations will provide the FAA with information for making decisions and developing programs for future automation support to the ATCT/TRACON air traffic control specialists. (Author) KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Automation KW - Information display systems KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Planning KW - Procurement KW - Specifications KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Test and evaluation KW - Test procedures KW - Tests KW - Towers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337231 AU - Maurer, J J AU - Castle, B AU - Dowe, E AU - HUGHES, B AU - Nelson, R AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VISUAL CONFIRMATION OF VOICE TAKEOFF CLEARANCE (VICON) OPERATIONAL EVALUATION. VOLUME I PY - 1981/02 SP - 369 p. AB - An operational evaluation was conducted at Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, Connecticut, to test and experimental visual (light) system which would confirm the voice takeoff clearance issued by the controller. The effort was in response to the tragic incident which occurred in March of 1977 on Tenerife Island where two Boeing 747's collided because of an apparent misunderstanding of air traffic control verbal instructions. This experimental system called Visual Confirmation of Voice Takeoff Clearance (VICON) consisted of a cluster of three PAR56 lamps with green lenses which were installed at all departure points on the airport with the activation of each cluster controlled by the air traffic controller. Results indicated that the VICON system equipment and components operated in a highly reliable fashion during the entire evaluation period. Data collected and analyzed by a contractor indicated that VICON was technically feasible; however, VICON did not demonstrate that it enhanced safety. (Author) KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport runways KW - Aviation safety KW - Car clearances (Railroads) KW - Clearances KW - Control panels KW - Glare KW - Green KW - International airports KW - Lenses KW - Lenses (Optics) KW - Remote control KW - Signal lights KW - Signals KW - Takeoff KW - Taxiways KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Visual signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337119 AU - Barab, J D AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST (TWEB) SYSTEM AND ALTERNATIVES. VOLUME II. COST ANALYSES OF THE TWEB RADIO AND TELEPHONE ACCESSIBLE MASS WEATHER DISSEMINATION SERVICES PY - 1981/02 SP - 97 p. AB - In Volume II, a comprehensive, in-depth account is afforded for each facet of the cost analyses. Explanations are furnished as to methodologies of approach followed, procedures used, and criteria adhered to in the collection, reduction, and analyses of data pertinent to the component categories of costs applicable to each service. In each instance, the individual analyses were based on the respective equipment configurations of the services as they existed in the contiguous United States at the close of calendar year 1978. The narrative aspects of the cost analyses are augmented by tabular data which reflect the estimated costs incurred for each cost component on a region-by-region basis. Overall, the total estimated calendar year 1978 national aggregate cost for the TWEB radio service and telephone accessible mass weather dissemination services was determined to be approximately $4.8 million. KW - Air traffic control KW - Analysis KW - Broadcasting KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Information systems KW - Telephone KW - Weather communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337118 AU - Lawrence, D M AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GROUNDSPEED/AIRSPEED DIFFERENCES AS A WIND SHEAR INDICATOR AND FLIGHT EVALUATION OF A DME-DERIVED SYSTEM TO DETERMINE GROUNDSPEED PY - 1981/02 SP - 64 p. AB - The use of groundspeed in conjunction with airspeed as a wind shear indicator is discussed. It is shown that a satisfactory indication of headwind can be obtained using indicated airspeed and a low-cost groundspeed measurement device. This report describes the flight test and evaluation of a distance measuring equipment (DME) range-rate derived system for measuring airplane groundspeed. The system consists of a specially developed airborne unit operating in conjunction with unmodified very high frequency omnidirectional radio range (VOR)/DME ground stations. Operating at ranges up to 50 nautical miles in level flight directly toward or away from the ground station, the root mean square (RMS) groundspeed error is 3 to 5 knots. In landing approaches or climbout, the RMS error is 4 to 8 knots. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft equipment KW - Airspeed KW - Avionics KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Equipment KW - Ground speed KW - Ground speed indicators KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Measurement KW - Radio KW - Radio ranges KW - Transmission KW - Very high frequency KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329119 AU - Daiutolo, H AU - Grisel, C R AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF A UNITED STATES AIR FORCE FOUR-GROOVE 49 X 17 AIRCRAFT TIRE WITH AND WITHOUT SIPES PY - 1981/02 SP - 36 p. AB - Braking tests were conducted to determine if large aircraft tires with laterally-cut sipes in the tread improve the braking performance on a wet surface. A tire with 1/4-inch deep by 3/16-inch spaced sipes showed improved braking performance over the nonsiped tire when tested on a wet surface. The improvement, however, becomes insignificant when the depth of the sipes is reduced to 1/8-inch, and there is no improvement when standing water is present regardless of the sipe depth. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft tires KW - Braking KW - Friction KW - Hydroplaning KW - Pavement grooving KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Railroad tracks KW - Test facilities KW - Tires KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346012 AU - Swedish, W J AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - UPGRADED FAA AIRFIELD CAPACITY MODEL. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF REVISIONS PY - 1981/02 SP - 161 p. AB - The FAA Airfield Capacity Model, a computer program designed to quickly calculate the runway capacity of an airport, has recently been upgraded. Several new features have been implemented in the upgraded version. Among these are improved input and output formats for easier usage, the capability to compute runway capacity for up to eleven different percentages of arrivals in a single run (as opposed to a separate run for each percentage), and provisions for calculating the capacity of alternating arrivals to a pair of parallel runways. Several other runway configurations have been added to the model, or improved, as well. Other changes have been made to the internal logic of the model which will result in reduced running times and/or improved accuracy. The resulting capacities may, therefore, differ from the results obtained with the previous version. In most cases this will not affect the ranking of the potential airfield changes under evaluation. This report documents the upgraded FAA Airfield Capacity Model. Volume II is a detailed technical description of the revisions to the program, including flow charts of the logic and evaluations of various alternative logics. This volume is intended as a programmer's guide, but it may also be useful for the experienced analyst who desires a fuller understanding of the model. KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Capacity quantity KW - Computer programs KW - Ground traffic KW - Logic KW - Logic (Mathematics) KW - Modifications KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346011 AU - Swedish, W J AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - UPGRADED FAA AIRFIELD CAPACITY MODEL. VOLUME I. SUPPLEMENTAL USER'S GUIDE PY - 1981/02 SP - 119 p. AB - The FAA Airfield Capacity Model, a computer program designed to quickly calculate the runway capacity of an airport, has recently been upgraded. Several new features have been implemented in the upgraded version. Among these are improved input and output formats for easier usage, the capability to compute runway capacity for up to eleven different percentages of arrivals in a single run (as opposed to a separate run for each percentage), and provisions for calculating the capacity of alternating arrivals to a pair of parallel runways. Several other runway configurations have been added to the model, or improved, as well. Other changes have been made to the internal logic of the model which will result in reduced running times and/or improved accuracy. The resulting capacities may, therefore, differ from the results obtained with the previous version. In most cases this will not affect the ranking of the potential airfield changes under evaluation. This report documents the upgraded FAA Airfield Capacity Model. Volume I, 'Supplemental User's Guide,' provides a general overview of the major changes that have been made to the program and includes revised versions of the relevant chapters in the existing User's Manual, FAA-RD-76-128, 'Model User's Manual for Airfield Capacity and Delay Models.' Volume I may also be used by itself as a guide to the input and output requirements of the upgraded model. Volume II is a detailed technical description of the revisions to the program, including flow charts of the logic and evaluations of various alternative logics. KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Capacity quantity KW - Computer programs KW - Ground traffic KW - Handbooks KW - Modifications KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346723 AU - Lategola, M T AU - Lyne, P J AU - Burr, M J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CARDIORESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT OF 24-HOUR CRASH-DIET EFFECTS ON ALTITUDE, +GZ, AD FATIGUE TOLERANCES PY - 1981/02 SP - 23 p. AB - Eleven male surrogates of general aviation pilots, 25-40 years old, were tested for altitude, +Gz, and fatigue tolerances with and without previous fasting for 24 h. Testing included 2 min of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at -40 torr (equivalent to +2Gz) after 118 min at 3,810 m chamber altitude and, after returning to ground level pressure, ergometry of 50 watts (W) for 6 min. The fast had no statistically significant effect on altitude and fatigue tolerances. One subject, who tolerated 2 min of LBNP in the nonfasting condition, lost useful consciousness during this test in the fasting condition. Although the remaining 10 subjects tolerated 2 min of LBNP in both fasting and nonfasting conditions without statistically significant differences in quantitated parameters, 2 of them during fasting manifested symptoms usually associated with impending syncope. Pilots should be informed that a 24-h fast may reduce the margin for safe tolerance of > or = +2Gz flight maneuvers. (Author) KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Acceleration tolerance KW - Air pilots KW - Altitude KW - Blood chemistry KW - Body fluids KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Diet KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Losses KW - Males KW - Respiratory system KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerances physiology KW - Water UR - http://www.faa.gov/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364804 AU - Zrnic', D S AU - Hamidi, S AU - National Severe Storms Lab AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF GROUND CLUTTER CANCELERS FOR WEATHER RADAR PY - 1981/02 SP - 85 p. AB - Study of the ground clutter problem at the Norman site indicates that clutter cross sections of 40 to 50 dB below 1 sq. m/sq. m are typical. Doppler spectrum width, Tau sub c, of the clutter signal is between 0.1 and 1 m/s with the mean value of 0.25 m/s at an antenna rotation rate of 10 deg/s. The design of clutter filters is very much dependent on this width and for proper cancellation the passband cutoff velocity v sub p must be larger or equal to 4.8 Tau sub c. Several canceling schemes are investigated, and the most efficient one is with a third order recursive filter. This filter achieves a 50 dB rejection in the stop band with total annihilation of DC. One dB ripple is in the passband, and the ratio of passband cutoff v sub p to stop band cutoff v sub s is about 3.5. The filter operates best in steady state, but it can also be made to operate in transient by properly initializing its memory elements. Performance on 64 simulated and real time samples show that no more than 10 dB loss in effective canceling over steady state occurs if the filter is initialized. To minimize weather signal loss, canceling is recommended only in regions that contain clutter. Therefore, the range extent over which canceling is performed should vary with elevation. Also the antenna rotation at the two lowest angles should be slower. (Author) KW - Altitude KW - Antennas KW - Cross sections KW - Doppler effect KW - Doppler radar KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Elevation KW - Filters KW - Frequency bands KW - Ground clutter KW - Losses KW - Mean KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Memory devices KW - Present value KW - Radar antennas KW - Radar clutter KW - Radio frequency KW - Rates KW - Ratios KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Recursion theory KW - Signals KW - Steady state KW - Value KW - Weather KW - Weather radar KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337859 AU - Brewer, T E AU - Leach, M J AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GROUNDING, BONDING, SHIELDING, AND LIGHTNING BIBLIOGRAPHY 1972 TO 1979 PY - 1981/02 SP - 160 p. AB - As a result of a literature search carried out in conjunction with an extensive effort concerning grounding, bonding, shielding, and lightning a bibliography was compiled. The bibliography, covering the period 1972 to 1979, is contained in this report. (Author) KW - Bibliographies KW - Bonded joints KW - Bonding KW - Electrical grounding KW - Ground currents KW - Guides to the literature KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Lightning KW - Literature reviews KW - Shielding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169226 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00405229 JO - ADVISORY CIRCULAR ; AC 1505100-14A -UNTRACED PB - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ARCHITECTURAL, ENGINEERING AND PLANNING CONSULTANT SERVICES FOR AIRPORT GRANT PROJECTS PY - 1981/01/13 IS - 150/ SP - 10 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airports KW - Consultants KW - Contracts KW - Engineers KW - Selection and appointment KW - Specifications KW - Transportation KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/222913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365303 AU - Huntley, MSJ AU - Mumford, R L AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ALBUQUERQUE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER OPERATIONS ANALYSIS PY - 1981/01 SP - 224 p. AB - This report provides a description of the non-surveillance aspects of the FAA air traffic control facility operation at Albuquerque International Airport from the air traffic controller's point of view. It includes photographs of all controller consoles with all equipment and posted paper identified; descriptions of weather, NOTAM, flight data, and equipment status distribution systems; and controller requirements for this information. In addition the terminal airspace, major arrival and departure routes, aircraft mix, and hourly operation activity levels are briefly described. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport control towers KW - Communication devices KW - Control panels KW - Electrical equipment KW - Electronic equipment KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological instruments KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Navigational aids KW - New Mexico KW - Operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343704 AU - Lyon, T F AU - Bahr, D W AU - General Electric AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CF6-50 ENGINE EMISSIONS TESTING WITH TRAVERSE PROBE PY - 1981/01 SP - 81 p. AB - The variation in emissions over the exhaust area of a General Electric CF6-50 model engine was investigated in order to determine the requirements for a representative sample. The emission measurements were made in a systematic pattern of 120 sample points using a traversing probe system. These data were used to develop detailed emission profiles at three power levels. At idle power, variations over the exhaust area are attributed to the particular fueling pattern used in current CF6-50 model engines. At higher power levels, where uniform fueling is employed, emission levels are more uniform and are characterized by a slightly peaked radial profile. Average values from the 120-point traverse were comapred with selected 12-point averages in the EPA prescribed cruciform pattern. Generally good agreement between the two averages was obtained. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Exhaust gases KW - High bypass turbofans KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Pollutants KW - Power level (Electricity) KW - Power levels KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Profiles KW - Sampling KW - Test procedures KW - Traversing mechanisms KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964739 AU - Simpson, L P AU - Goulden, D R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENTLY TRANSLATED MATERIAL. X. PY - 1981/01 SP - 40 p. AB - This report presents an annotated bibliography of translations of foreign-language articles in the field of aviation medicine. Of the 86 listed entries, 53 are concerned with studies of shift work, and 10 are concerned with studies of alcohol. The remaining entries can be subsumed under the following descriptions: sickle cell anemia; exogenous and endogenous components of sleep and wakefulness; use of barbituric acid in photometric determination; high-speed magnified cardiography; data on age characteristics of the female pelvis; tolerance of contact lenses by commercial flight crews; accidents and sickness in coal mines; attitudes toward work and working conditions among air traffic control personnel; pilot landing performance and amount of visual information; use of human bones and hair in forensic identification; motor reaction time to acoustic stimuli; anthropological methods; cupulo-endolymphatic reactions to head turning during natural conditions and in rotation; and expert testimony in aircraft accident investigation. Procedures for obtaining copies of the translations are included. KW - Age KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Alcohol effects KW - Anthropology KW - Attitudes KW - Aviation medicine KW - Bibliographies KW - Coal mines KW - Contact lenses KW - Crash investigation KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Flight crews KW - Forensic medicine KW - Head motion range KW - Landing KW - Pelvis KW - Reaction time KW - Shifts KW - Sleep KW - Translations KW - Working conditions KW - Workload UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/AM81-04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343012 AU - Mundra, A D AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A LOS ANGELES BASIN 1100 AIRCRAFT TRAFFIC MODEL PY - 1981/01 SP - 45 p. AB - This document describes a static model of air traffic in the Los Angeles basin in the 1995 time frame. The model is a 'snapshot' of a 'peak' instant in 1995, i.e., an instant when the greatest number of aircraft are predicted to be seen at any time in 1995 in the Los Angeles basin. Derived from an earlier model, it contains 1105 instantaneously airborne aircraft. Position, velocity, and other relevant descriptors of each aircraft are provided. The model reflects realistic constraints such as topography, expected airspace restrictions, and aircraft performance characteristics. The total number of aircraft predicted in the model is obtained on the basis of historical data and air traffic projections by the Federal Aviation Administration for the Los Angeles basin. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Aircraft KW - California KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Position fixing KW - Simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328954 AU - Flythe, M C AU - CACI, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INM, INTEGRATED NOISE MODEL, VERSION 2. INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS PY - 1981/01 SP - 64 p. AB - This document provides the necessary instructions for programming personnel to install Version 2.7 of the Integrated Noise Model (INM) on the CDC 6000, Cyber 170 or IBM S/360-370 computers. The manual describes the model history, the model components, the hardware and software requirements, the characteristics of the model release tapes, the installation procedures and the execution procedures. The instructions contained within this manual apply to INM Version 2.7 magnetic tapes released after January 1, 1981. The installation instructions for CDC compatible tapes released between September 1979 and January 1981 are contained in 'INM, Integrated Noise Model, Version 2 - Programmer's Guide' (Report No. FAA-EE-79-10). (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Crash exposure KW - Environment KW - Exposure general KW - Installation KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Programmers KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347723 AU - Boucek, G P AU - Po-Chedley, D A AU - BERSON, B L AU - Hanson, D C AU - Leffler, M F AU - Boeing Commercial Airplane Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCRAFT ALERTING SYSTEMS STANDARDIZATION STUDY. VOLUME I. CANDIDATE SYSTEM VALIDATION AND TIME-CRITICAL DISPLAY EVALUATION PY - 1981/01 SP - 116 p. AB - This report is one of a series of documented studies directed to the improvement and standardization of aircraft alerting systems. The purpose of the study was to develop and validate, through simulation, functional design criteria that can be used in designing effective aircraft alerting systems. The major objectives of this phase study were to: resolve system component questions; validate the two candidate system concepts by comparison to a representative baseline system, for both the pilot and flight engineer stations; evaluate presentation media and display formats for time-critical warnings; develop guidelines for the design of alerting systems. The system component questions were resolved in a series of experiments and the results were integrated into two system concepts for validation. In the validation tests, line-qualified pilots exercised the three alerting systems in a full-mission, fixed-base simulator. In all areas of measurement pilot performance was as good or better with the two candidate system designs than with the conventional, baseline system. The results indicate that a flight engineer station should contain the visual display components offered by the candidate system concepts. Voice was the recommended medium of presentation when rapid response is required. The time-critical display tests showed that fastest pilot response performance was obtained when graphic guidance alerts were placed in the pilot's primary field of view. The functional design criteria that were developed are contained in 'Aircraft Alerting System Design Guidelines, ' Report Number DOT/FAA/RD-81/38/11. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Aircraft KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Aviation safety KW - Base lines KW - Flight crews KW - Graphics KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Speech KW - Validation KW - Voice communication KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346726 AU - BERSON, B L AU - Po-Chedley, D A AU - Boucek, G P AU - Hanson, D C AU - Leffler, M F AU - Boeing Commercial Airplane Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCRAFT ALERTING SYSTEMS STANDARDIZATION STUDY. VOLUME II. AIRCRAFT ALERTING SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES PY - 1981/01 SP - 186 p. AB - This report is one of a series of documented studies directed to the improvement and standardization of aircraft alerting systems. The purpose of the study was to develop and validate, through simulation, functional design criteria that can be used in designing effective aircraft alerting systems. The major objectives of this phase of the study were to: resolve system component questions; validate the two candidate system/concepts by comparison to a representative baseline system, for both the pilot and flight engineer stations; evaluate presentation media and display formats for time-critical warnings; and develop guidelines for the design of alerting systems. This document presents a set of design guidelines directed to the improvement and standardization of aircraft alerting systems. The objective of the guidelines is not to define a simple hardware design that each manufacturer must use, but rather to provide functional design criteria that can be used to develop effective alerting systems, and to promote standardization within the industry. KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Audible warning devices KW - Auditory signals KW - Base lines KW - Experimental design KW - Flight instruments KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Simulation KW - Speech KW - Standards KW - Test facilities KW - Visual perception KW - Voice communication KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337122 AU - Schwenk, J C AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERAL AVIATION ACTIVITY AND AVIONICS SURVEY PY - 1981/01 SP - 170 p. AB - This report presents the results and a description of the 1979 General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey. The survey was conducted during 1980 by the FAA to obtain information on the activity and avionics of the United States registered general aviation aircraft fleet, the dominant component of civil aviation in the U.S. The survey was based on a statistically selected sample of about 14.2% of the general aviation fleet and obtained a response rate of 71%. Survey results are based upon responses but are expanded upward to represent the total population. Survey results revealed that during 1979 an estimated 43.3 million hours of flying time were logged by the 210,339 active general aviation aircraft in the U.S. fleet, yielding a mean annual flight time per aircraft of 203.5 hours. The active aircraft represented about 85% of the registered general aviation fleet. The report contains breakdowns of these and other statistics by manufacturer/model group, aircraft type, state and region of based aircraft, and primary use. Also included are fuel consumption, lifetime airframe hours, avionics, and engine hours estimates. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Avionics KW - Civil aviation KW - Flight KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mean KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Population KW - Rates KW - Response KW - Surveys KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328953 AU - Agrawal, Sudhir K AU - Daiutolo, H AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF AN AIRCRAFT TIRE ON GROOVED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE SURFACES PY - 1981/01 SP - 44 p. AB - Introduction of transverse grooves on runways improves braking and cornering performance of aircraft during operations in wet weather conditions and helps to alleviate hydroplaning. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has recommended 1/4-inch square grooves spaced at 1-1/4 inches for installation on runways where the potential of hydroplaning exists. However, a large number of runways remain nongrooved. The major reasons are the high cost of groove installation and limited evidence as to the effectiveness of the grooved surfaces at the touchdown speeds of modern aircraft. The findings of the research described in this report indicate that by increasing the spacing of the conventional saw-cut grooves (in the portland cement concrete surfaces) up to 3 inches, groove installation cost can be reduced by up to 25 percent compared to the installation cost of grooves spaced at 1-1/4 inches. The results further show that the friction levels available on these grooves under wet operating conditions are not significantly below those attained on grooves spaced at 1-1/4 inches. These results are valid for operating speeds of up to 150 knots. The results also show that a reflex-percussive cutting process is an alternative groove installation technique that produces V-grooves which provide braking performance comparable to that of conventional saw-cut grooves. The installation cost of these alternative grooves can be substantially less than that of saw-cut grooves. (Author) KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport runways KW - Braking KW - Concrete KW - Field tests KW - Landing KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Surfaces UR - http://www.airtech.tc.faa.gov/safety/downloads/RD-80-78%20Braking%20on%20Grooved%20PCC.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347879 AU - Tornese, R A AU - McFarland, A L AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ACTIVE BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (BCAS) LOGIC PERFORMANCE DURING OPERATIONAL FLIGHT TESTS PY - 1981/01 SP - 123 p. AB - Between 13 July and 9 September 1980, operational flight tests of an Active BCAS Experimental Unit (BEU) were conducted. The flight tests included 129 approaches to 28 different airports during 60 hours of flight: 14 unplanned encounters which gave rise to BCAS alerts were recorded. In each of the encounters, the aircraft carrying the BEU came into a conflict with another aircraft entirely by chance. The other aircraft was not associated with the BCAS test program in any way. The primary purpose of the flight tests was to determine how many unplanned alerts would occur during normal flight operations and to assess whether each was a desirable or unwanted alert. In addiiton, alert correctness, timeliness, and utility were considered along with the potential impact of BCAS on the ATC system. The data was also used to determine approximately the region(s) where desensitization of BCAS threat logic should be applied to limit unwanted alerts. KW - Aircraft KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Beacons KW - Flight tests KW - Limitations KW - Logic KW - Logic (Mathematics) KW - Loran KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Threats KW - Timeliness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346102 AU - McKeen, R G AU - New Mexico Engineering Research Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DESIGN OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS FOR EXPANSIVE SOILS PY - 1981/01 SP - 198 p. AB - Expansive soil subgrades exhibit volume changes with variation in moisture condition. These changes result in differential movement of airport pavements resting on these soils. Special design procedures must be used to account for the expansive soil activity during equilibration. In addition, special precautions are required to protect the subgrade from moisture variation with climate. Measurement of soil suction is a key step in quantifying moisture-induced soil behavior. Procedures are outlined for suction characterization of the soil and for estimating the in situ differential movement likely to occur under the pavement. Once the wavelength and amplitude characteristics of the differential movement are obtained, design calculations to select the thickness and materials for the pavement may proceed. KW - Airport runways KW - Altitude KW - Bases structures KW - Dynamics KW - Elevation KW - Expansion KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Roughness KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Soil dynamics KW - Soil suction KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surfaces KW - Swelling soils KW - Volume changes KW - Waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342195 AU - McKeen, R G AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DESIGN OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS FOR EXPANSIVE SOILS PY - 1981/01 SP - 192 p. AB - Expansive soil subgrades exhibit volume changes with variation in moisture condition. These changes result in differential movement of airport pavements resting on these soils. Special design procedures must be used to account for the expansive soil activity during equilibration. In addition, special precautions are required to protect the subgrade from moisture variation with climate. Measurement of soil suction is a key step in quantifying moisture-induced soil behavior. Procedures are outlined for suction characterization of the soil and for estimating the in situ differential movement likely to occur under the pavement. Once the wavelength and amplitude characteristics of the differential movement are obtained, design calculations to select the thickness and materials for the pavement may proceed. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Estimating KW - Measurement KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Soil suction KW - Soil water KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Swelling soils KW - Thickness KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343006 AU - Langley Research Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - LIGHTNING TECHNOLOGY SUPPLEMENT PY - 1981/01 SP - 133 p. AB - The proceedings of the 1980 Symposium on Lightning Technology held at Langley Research Center April 22-24, 1980, are reported in NASA-CP-2128. The Symposium was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Florida Institute of Technology, and the Department of Transportation. This supplement contains papers that were presented at the Symposium, but were unavailable for printing at the time of publication of NASA-CP-2128. KW - Aircraft KW - Aviation safety KW - Avionics KW - Conferences KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Electromagnetic pulses KW - Interference KW - Lightning KW - Lightning arrestors KW - Precipitation static KW - Ranges facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337236 AU - Monahan, A AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - POROUS PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE; THE STATE OF THE ART PY - 1981/01 SP - 34 p. AB - This study investigates the current state of the art relating to the production and use of those porous portland cement concretes that may be suitable for the construction of porous portland cement friction courses. Porous concretes produced by gap grading or elimination of the fine aggregate fraction were found to have been used in both pavement and nonpavement applications with varied degrees of success. Nonpavement applications discussed include: porous draintiles and drains, porous concrete floors in greenhouses, and a porous concrete blanket placed on an earthfill dam. Pavement applications discussed include: a no-fines pavement layer, porous portland cement concrete pavements, and porous pavement edge drains or porous hard shoulders. Evidence as to the suitability of porous portland cement concretes for the construction of porous portland cement friction courses is inconclusive. The successful use of porous concretes in other pavement applications does, however, suggest that porous concretes may be useful in the construction of friction courses. (Author) KW - Aggregates KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Gap grading KW - Gravel KW - Pavements KW - Porous materials KW - Portland cement concrete KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508903 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Torrance municipal airport proposed navigational aids : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161627 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Tweed-New Haven airport approach lighting system : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161625 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Ogden Municipal Airport layout plan : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161624 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Dulles access highway to I-66 : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134531 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Kansas City International Airport ALP, land acquisition, airport development : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/895290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070261 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Muskegon County airport instrument landing system for runway 5-23, EA PY - 1981///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070259 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Everglades Jetport, replacement airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403173 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DOT FAA FIFTH HUMAN FACTORS WORKSHOP ON AVIATION PY - 1981 SP - 318 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Conferences KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Psychology KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403170 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DOT FAA THIRD HUMAN FACTORS WORKSHOP ON AVIATION PY - 1981 SP - 192 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Conferences KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Psychology KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337120 AU - ANDREWS, J W AU - Hollister, W M AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ELECTRONIC FLIGHT RULES: AN ALTERNATIVE SEPARATION ASSURANCE CONCEPT PY - 1980/12/31 SP - 98 p. AB - This report presents results of a study of alternative concepts for tactically separating aircraft in low altitude en route airspace. It describes a concept designated Electronic Flight Rules (EFR) which allows aircraft to fly under instrument meteorological conditions in a manner that retains most of the freedom and flexibility of VFR flight. Feasibility considerations, potential benefits, applicable technologies, and alternative system configurations are evaluated. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Benefits KW - Configuration KW - Instrumentation KW - Meteorology KW - Separation KW - Shape UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328952 AU - Harman, W H AU - WELCH, J D AU - LAFREY, R R AU - WOOD, M L AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ACTIVE BCAS: DESIGN AND VALIDATION OF THE SURVEILLANCE SUBSYSTEM PY - 1980/12/17 SP - 117 p. AB - Lincoln Laboratory, under FAA sponsorship, is developing an Active Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS), concentrating primarily on the air-to-air surveillance subsystem. The surveillance functions required are to detect the presence of nearby aircraft (whether they are equipped with ATCRBS transponders or DABS transponders), and then generate a surveillance track on each aircraft, issuing range and altitude reports once per second. The development effort consisted of airborne measurements complemented by simulation studies and analyses. The basic effects of ground-bounce multipath, interference, and power fading were assessed by air-to-air measurements. In other measurements, the BCAS interrogation and reply signal formats were transmitted between aircraft, and the results recorded for later playback and computer processing using the BCAS surveillance algorithms. This is a flexible means of experimentation which allows many of the design parameters to be changed as the effects are noted. In the most recent phase of the program, Lincoln designed and built realtime BCAS Experimental Units (BEUs), flight tested them, and then delivered them to the FAA for more extensive flight testing. In one of these flight tests, a BEU-equipped Boeing 727 flew to New York, Atlanta, and other major terminal areas in the eastern U.S. An analysis of BEU performance during this 'Eastern Tour' is given in this report. (Author) KW - Air KW - Air to air KW - Air traffic control KW - Algorithms KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Fading electromagnetic waves KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Information display systems KW - Interference KW - Mode S KW - Multipath transmission KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - Problem solving KW - Quick reaction KW - Radar KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar interference KW - Reaction time KW - Signal processing KW - Surveillance KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328888 AU - WELCH, J D AU - ORLANDO, V A AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ACTIVE BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (BCAS) FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW PY - 1980/12/17 SP - 44 p. AB - The Active Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS) is a beacon-based airborne collision avoidance system that provides for cooperative threat resolution between BCAS and conflicting aircraft and coordination with the ground ATC control function through the DABS data link. All beacon-equipped aircraft in the vicinity of the BCAS are detected. ATCRBS-equipped aircraft are interrogated using a special Mode C interrogation, DABS aircraft are initially detected passively. Those aircraft that represent a possible threat are discretely interrogated to maintain a range/altitude track. This document provides a functional overview of BCAS including operational features, a description of the avionics package, and examples of surveillance data obtained with experimental BCAS equipment. The results show that reliable surveillance performance is achieved in low and medium density airspace. (Author) KW - Air KW - Air to air KW - Avionics KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Interrogators KW - Radar beacons KW - Systems engineering KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496714 AU - Horonjeff, Richard D AU - Fleming, Gregg G AU - Rickley, Edward J AU - Connor, Thomas L AU - Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Factors Affecting Measured Aircraft Sound Levels in the Vicinity of Start-of-Takeoff Roll PY - 1980/12 SP - 6p AB - This paper presents the findings of a recently conducted measurement and analysis program of jet transport aircraft sound levels in the vicinity of a start-of-takeoff roll. The purpose of the program was two-fold: (1) to evaluate the computational accuracy of the Federal Aviation Administration's Integrated Noise Model (INM) in the vicinity of start-of-takeoff roll with a recently updated database (INM 3.10) and (2) to provide guidance for future model improvements. Focusing on the second of these two goals, this paper examines several factors affecting Sound Exposure Levels (SELS) in the semicircular area behind the aircraft brake release point at the start-of-takeoff roll. In addition to the aircraft type itself, these factors included (1) the geometric relationship of the measurement site to the runway, the wind velocity (speed and direction), aircraft gross weight, and start-of-roll mode (static or rolling start). KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airport noise KW - INM (Integrated Noise Model) KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Sound level KW - Takeoff UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/47000/47900/47914/factors-measured-aircraft-sound.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343650 AU - Mundra, A D AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM DATA LINK CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS PY - 1980/12 SP - 133 p. AB - The Federal Aviation Administration plans to deploy the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) as a key feature of its upgraded third generation Air Traffic Control System. DABS provides an integral data link capable of conducting rapid transfer of data between the sensor and DABS equipped aircraft. This study establishes the performance requirements of the DABS data link to be able to provide the various services that may reasonably be expected to be delivered by DABS during its life time. KW - Air traffic control KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Communication systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Data rate KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Environment KW - Integrated systems KW - Life expectancy KW - Mode S KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Radio KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Weather communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329115 AU - Tashker, M AU - Isberg, C AU - SAVAGE, N AU - Bell, M AU - COMSIS Corp AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ARTS II ENHANCEMENT DESIGN ALTERNATIVE STUDY PY - 1980/12 SP - 89 p. AB - This report documents a study on an enchanced ARTS II, to be known as ARTS IIA. ARTS IIA will include the following features: beacon tracking, minimum safe altitude warning (MSAW), conflict alert, and training target generator (TTG). In addition, it will be compatible with various sensors and displays now under development, such as ASR-9, Direct Address Beacon System (DABS), and Tower Cab Digital Display (TCDD). The study considered the current capacity (memory and speed) of the ARTS II computer as well as the requirements for the near-term enhancements. Various computer configurations were investigated for cost, ease of system development, implementation, and installation. A recommendation is made that the current ARTS II computer be replaced with an LSI-2/40. KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Alphanumeric displays KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Data displays KW - Data processing equipment KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Front end processors KW - Information processing KW - Input output devices KW - Input output processing KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mode S KW - Radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328880 AU - BAKER, L H AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) RECEIVER AND AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR BEACON SYSTEM (ATCRBS) AND DABS PROCESSOR SUBSYSTEM TESTS PY - 1980/12 SP - 59 p. AB - This report describes the subsystem interrogator and processor tests conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center on the engineering laboratory model of the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS). These tests were conducted to determine the performance of the multichannel receiver and the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) and DABS processors. These performance test results supplement the functional subsystem testing performed by Texas Instruments, Incorporated during the factory tests. The results of the receiver tests were used to determine the operating parameters and performance of the monopulse receiver and the operating characteristics of the video quantizer. The ATCRBS reply processor tests identified the static performance and characteristics of the variable parameters in this unit. The DABS reply processor tests defined the performance of the critical elements in the DABS processor. These elements were the video digitizer, the message bit and monopulse processing, and the error detection and correction. Identification and optimization of the characteristics of the variable parameters of this unit were determined. It was concluded that the subsystems tested met the requirements specified in the DABS engineering requirement (ER) FAA-ER-240-26. (Author) KW - Aeronautics KW - Air traffic control KW - Analog to digital converters KW - Engineering KW - Federal government KW - Industrial plants KW - Interrogators KW - Monopulse radar KW - Optimization KW - Parameters KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Performance tests KW - Processing KW - Processing equipment KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar receivers KW - Radio receivers KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Statics KW - Test procedures KW - United States KW - Variables KW - Video signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328882 AU - Patterson, D J AU - Morrison, K AU - Remondino, M AU - Slopsema, T AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - LIGHT AIRCRAFT ENGINES, THE POTENTIAL AND PROBLEMS FOR USE OF AUTOMOTIVE FUELS. PHASE I. LITERATURE SEARCH PY - 1980/12 SP - 122 p. AB - A comprehensive data research and analysis for evaluating the use of automotive fuels as a substitute for aviation grade fuel by piston-type general aviation aircraft engines is presented. Historically known problems and potential problems with fuels were reviewed for possible impact relative to application to an aircraft operational environment. This report reviews areas such as: fuel specification requirements, combustion knock, preignition, vapor lock, spark plug fouling, additives for fuel and oil, and storage stability. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aviation fuels KW - Aviation safety KW - Combustion stability KW - Engine knock KW - Engines KW - Fuel additives KW - Ice formations KW - Ignition KW - Knocking KW - Motor fuels KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Piston engines KW - Spark plugs KW - Specifications KW - Vapor lock KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328879 AU - Moss, A R AU - Apostolakis, G C AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY EVALUATION OF THE TOWER CAB DIGITAL DISPLAY SYSTEM PY - 1980/12 SP - 48 p. AB - A reliability and maintainability evaluation was performed on eight Tower Cab Digital Display (TCDD) systems located at four Florida air traffic control (ATC) facilities. Data were collected between August 25, 1979, and February 29, 1980. Analysis of these data showed that 21 chargeable hardware failures occurred (excluding the telephone lines). This corresponds to an overall system mean-time-between-failures (MTBF) of 1,001 hours and a mean-time-to-repair (MTTR) of 2.9 hours. In addition to the chargeable hardware failures, many system outages which could be attributed to transitory, environmental, or undefined causes occurred. These outages included noisy telephone lines, frequent automatic restarts, and high ambient room temperatures. The measured MTBF for a subset of the system was found to be lower than the corresponding predicted value. The 2.9-hour measured MTTR is considered excessive. Recommended actions for several design changes are included. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport control towers KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Experimental data KW - High temperature KW - Maintainability KW - Noise electrical and electromagnetic KW - Reliability KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Transmission lines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346159 AU - Lilley, R W AU - MCFARLAND, R H AU - Phipps, W D AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MLS PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT, TASK IV. VOLUME I. EVALUATION PROCEDURES AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN PY - 1980/12 SP - 83 p. AB - Preliminary flight-check procedures and system tolerances for the Microwave Landing System (MLS) are presented. A data-collection and recording package for use in light-aircraft measurement of MLS parameters in support of the System Test and Evaluation Program (STEP) is included containing a ground reference system, digital telemetry link airborne MLS sensor unit and system computation/display element. (Author) KW - Airborne KW - Aircraft KW - Detectors KW - Ground level KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Packaging KW - Recording KW - Recording systems KW - Telemeter systems KW - Telemetry KW - Tolerance KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346651 AU - Lilley, R W AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MLS PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT. TASK IV. VOLUME 2. LITERATURE SEARCH ABSTRACTS PY - 1980/12 SP - 51 p. AB - A collection of available Microwave Landing System (MLS) literature is presented, as a result of searches conducted by computer through files of the National Technical Information Service, (NTIS), the Engineering Index (TM), and the INSPEC database, produced by IEE. (Author) KW - Airborne KW - Aircraft KW - Databases KW - Detectors KW - Ground level KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Navigational aids KW - Packaging KW - Recording KW - Recording systems KW - Standards KW - Telemeter systems KW - Telemetry KW - Tolerance KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328955 AU - Schwenk, J C AU - Shafer, P AU - Pandit, P AU - Hill, W AU - Wilson-Hill Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - GENERAL AVIATION AVIONICS STATISTICS PY - 1980/12 SP - 127 p. AB - This report presents avionics statistics for the 1978 general aviation (GA) aircraft fleet and is the fifth in a series titled General Aviation Avionics Statistics. The statistics are presented in a capability group framework which enables one to relate airborne avionics equipment to the capability for a GA aircraft to function in the National Airspace System. The word 'capability' is used in this report to mean in what segments of the airspace an aircraft can fly, under what flight rules it can fly, and at what airports it can land. The framework permits the GA fleet to be divided into groups according to their capabilities as dictated by the avionics configurations of the aircraft. Differences in various characteristics of the aircraft are examined among the capability groups. The FAA's Sample File of results from the 1978 GA Activity and Avionics Survey is the source of all the statistical data used in this report. (Author) KW - Agriculture KW - Airborne KW - Avionics KW - Civil aviation KW - Compatibility KW - External stores KW - Landing fields KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162837 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00427076 JO - ADVISORY CIRCULAR ; AC NO 1505340-1F -UNTRACED PB - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MARKING OF PAVED AREAS ON AIRPORTS PY - 1980/11/14 IS - 150/ SP - 14 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Landing aids KW - Landing aids aeronautics KW - Road markings KW - Transportation markings KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/243429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329002 AU - Gertz, J L AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INITIAL DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRAFFIC ADVISORY SERVICE OF ATARS PY - 1980/11/03 SP - 147 p. AB - The FAA Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS) is a ground-based collision avoidance system which utilizes surveillance data from the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS). It computes traffic advisories and collision warnings using a ground computer independent of the ATC computer system, and delivers these messages to aircraft via the DABS data link. ATARS provides both a traffic advisory and a resolution (collision avoidance) service to aircraft equipped with a DABS transponder, an altitude encoder (mode C), and an ATARS display. The objective of the ATARS effort reported was the design of a traffic advisory service that complements the ground based resolution service while being compatible with the other applications being developed for the DABS data link. The main technical issue was the construction of a set of message formats that provides the pilot with all information he requires while minimizing data link loading. Furthermore, this message set had to support a wide spectrum of onboard equipment, from a simple ring of lights to a sophisticated graphics system. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Avionics KW - Computers KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Ground handling KW - Ground support equipment KW - Information display systems KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Mode S KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966019 AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VOCATIONAL OPTIONS FOR THOSE WITH SICKLE CELL TRAIT: QUESTIONS ABOUT HYPOXEMIA AND THE INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT PY - 1980/11 SP - 15 p. AB - This report is based on an oral presentation to physicians interested in the treatment of patients with sickle cell disease. Many patients have parents and siblings who possess the sickle cell trait (SCT) and who often require not only genetic counseling, but also information about their own health. Some have been informed that they cannot pursue careers in aviation. Some have been told that they are at special risk from the hypoxemic effects of heavy exertion. A few believe that certain elements of the industrial environment are unusually hazardous to them. An examination of the literature reveals little evidence in support of any of these beliefs. Most, if not all, unfavorable reports are clouded by faults of various kinds. All of them are of anecdotal type, based on small numbers of cases; the evidence offered is circumstantial. On the other hand, experiments designed to test the susceptibility of those with SCT have yielded favorable results. Studies of large populations indicated that those with the trait have normal health and normal life expectancy. Also, there are almost as many favorable anecdotal reports as there are negative ones. We must conclude that people with SCT are just as tolerant to aviation and industrial environments as those who are homozygous for hemoglobin A. Also, there are strong indications that those with SCT are not endangered by heavy physical exertion. KW - Blood KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Health KW - Hypoxemia KW - Industries KW - Jobs KW - Literature reviews KW - Medical case reports KW - Physical exertion KW - Sickle cell trait KW - Workload UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343007 AU - Bush, A J AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING FOR LIGHT AIRCRAFT PAVEMENTS. PHASE II. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION METHODOLOGY PY - 1980/11 SP - 126 p. AB - This study is the second phase of a two-phase program to develop a nondestructive pavement evaluation method to evaluate pavements designed to support aircraft with gross weights of less than 30,000 lb. A method that uses the deflection basin from nondestructive testing (NDT) to predict the elastic moduli of up to four pavement layers was developed. A computer program (CHEVDEF) was developed that predicts the moduli so that the deflection basin from a layered elastic solution approximates the measured basin. The nonlinear stress-dependent characteristics of the subgrade are defined. Moduli derived from NDT results are used in the PAVEVAL program developed in FAA-RD-77-186-I by R. A. Weiss to predict the allowable aircraft loads. The subgrade elastic moduli described by this method compares well with laboratory test results and with results from other methodologies. The predicted allowable load from this method compares well with the allowable load from the dynamic stiffness modulus procedure. Appendices present a laboratory procedure for determining the resilient modulus of subgrade soils, discuss the CHEVDEF program, and provide a guide to the use of the PAVEVAL computer program. KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Lightweight materials KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329116 AU - Moortgat, G K AU - Klippel, W AU - Moebus, K H AU - Seiler, W AU - Warneck, P AU - Max-Planck-Institute fuer Chemie AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF PHOTOLYTIC PARAMETERS FOR FORMALDEHYDE PY - 1980/11 SP - 57 p. AB - The photodecomposition of formaldehyde has been studied experimentally under simulated atmospheric conditions at temperatures 220 and 300 K. Quantum yields for H2 and CO formation are reported for the spectral region 270 - 355 nm and are used to derive quantum yields for the two primary photolytic pathways. Absorption cross sections are also reported for a number of different temperatures. The data have been used to calculate CH2O photodissociation coefficients in the atmosphere as a function of altitude. (Author) KW - Absorption cross sections KW - Absorption spectra KW - Atmospheric interference KW - Calculation KW - Coefficients KW - Computation KW - Formaldehyde KW - Laboratories KW - Laboratory studies KW - Measurement KW - Photochemical reactions KW - Photodecomposition KW - Photodissociation KW - Photolysis KW - Quantum efficiency KW - Temperature KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328886 AU - Cole, R J AU - Sims, G S AU - Goodrich (B F) Research and Development Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ALUMINIZED CODING STUDY FOR RETROFITTING IN-SERVICE SLIDE MATERIALS PY - 1980/11 SP - 69 p. AB - This report describes the work to develop a thermal-resistant reflective coating for the retrofit of in-service slides and slide/rafts. The report includes the experimental evaluation of commercially available reflective coatings and paints, ingredient-modification experiments, methods of application, physical properties tests, and retrofit cost estimate. The end product of this study resulted in a new aluminum polyurethane coating, BF Goodrich coating KE7620, suitable for retrofit purposes. (Author) KW - Aluminum coatings KW - Escape systems KW - Heat resistant materials KW - Paint KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Reflectivity KW - Retrofitting KW - Sliding KW - Transport aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328831 AU - Network Analysis Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT FOR NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA CENTER INFORMATION SYSTEM PY - 1980/11 SP - 160 p. AB - The National Flight Data Center/Information System (NFDC/IS) data communications requirements were analyzed to determine the technical feasibility and the most cost beneficial approach of NADIN support. The following conclusions were made: The most cost/beneficial approach to NADIN support of the NFDC/IS data communications requirements provides for the use of NADIN for interactive and message traffic and dedicated facilities for the point-to-point, source-to-sink batch traffic. The most significant aspect of NADIN support for the NFDC/IS data communications requirements is in providing the communications link between the NFDC host system and the external systems with which it must interface. (Author) KW - Aeronautics KW - Analysis KW - Computer communications KW - Computer networks KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Data rate KW - Information processing KW - Life cycle costing KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Nodes KW - Nodes (Networks) KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Time sharing KW - Traffic delays KW - Word processing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328835 AU - Network Analysis Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NATIONAL AIRSPACE DATA INTERCHANGE NETWORK (NADIN) COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT FOR FLIGHT SERVICE AUTOMATION SYSTEM PY - 1980/11 SP - 217 p. AB - The FSAS service was analyzed to determine NADIN enhancements required to support FSAS data communications. The analysis yielded the following conclusions: (1) The NADIN backbone architecture fits FSAS needs and requires no change; however, the NADIN switch to concentrator line speeds need to be increased from 4.8 to 9.6 Kbits/second; (2) The FSAS file transfers may cause relatively long delays to Service B and AFTN messages. By having the switches systematically intersperse frames of messages going to different concentrator input circuits, the delay effects of these file transfers can be minimized; (3) Control of AWP message transmissions is recommended. Flow control will result in a more efficient use of the processing and memory resources of NADIN switches; and (4) The AWP and FSDPS software should be designed to enable the AWPs to interrupt large weather file transmissions to send shorter messages. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Automation KW - Communication systems KW - Communications traffic KW - Data communications KW - Data files KW - Data management KW - Information processing KW - Information transfer KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326340 AU - VICKERS, T K AU - FREUND, D J AU - Automation Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RECOMMENDED SHORT-TERM ATC IMPROVEMENTS FOR HELICOPTERS. VOLUME II. RECOMMENDED HELICOPTER ATC TRAINING MATERIAL PY - 1980/11 SP - 82 p. AB - The recommended Short Term ATC Improvements for Helicopters are documented in three volumes. This volume provides complete training material for helicopter ATC. It contains major sections on Helicopter Capabilities and Limitations, on Helicopter Navigation and on Helicopter Control Procedures. KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne KW - Civil aviation KW - Condensation trails KW - Downwash KW - Flight paths KW - Ground effect KW - Ground effect KW - Helicopters KW - Loran KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Trailing vortices KW - Vortices KW - Wakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337235 AU - Mundra, A D AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) DATA LINK CAPACITY UTILIZATION PY - 1980/11 SP - 95 p. AB - The Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) will provide the basis for the automation of many air traffic control system functions envisioned in the near future, most notable amongst these being the Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS). This document describes a set of services that may reasonably be expected to be provided by DABS in its first ten years of deployment. It establishes approximate capacity requirement placed on the DABS sensor and upper limits on the total amount of radio signals transmitted by the sensor in order to provide these services. The analysis is based on DABS and ATARS system definitions known as of July 1979. A final report, identifying exact DABS capacity requirements for providing these services, will be published at a later date. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Avionics KW - Capacity quantity KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Limitations KW - Mode S KW - Radio signals KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328836 AU - Erdrich, C L AU - Input Output Computer Services, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - VISUAL CONFIRMATION (VICON) OF TAKEOFF CLEARANCE SIGNAL SYSTEM IMPACT STUDY PY - 1980/11 SP - 84 p. AB - No abstract available. KW - Air traffic control KW - Airports KW - Car clearances (Railroads) KW - Clearances KW - Connecticut KW - Field tests KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Signal lights KW - Takeoff UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335434 AU - Bush, A J AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING FOR LIGHT AIRCRAFT PAVEMENTS; PHASE IV, DEVELOPMENT OF THE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION METHODOLOGY PY - 1980/11 SP - 123 p. AB - This study is the second phase of a two-phase program to develop a nondestructive pavement evaluation method to evaluate pavements designed to support aircraft with gross weights of less than 30,000 lb. A methodology that uses the deflection basin from nondestructive testing (NDT) to predict the elastic moduli of up to four pavement layers was developed. A computer program (CHEVDEF) was developed that predicts the moduli so that the deflection basin from a layered elastic solution approximates the measured basin. The nonlinear stress-dependent characteristics of the subgrade are defined. Moduli derived from NDT results are used in the PAVEVAL program developed in an earlier study (FAA-RD-77-186-I) by R. A. Weiss to predict the allowable aircraft loads. The subgrade elastic moduli described by this method compares well with laboratory test results and with results from other methodologies. The predicted allowable load from this method compares well with the allowable load from the dynamic stiffness modulus procedure. Appendix A presents a laboratory procedure for determining the resilient modulus of subgrade soils. Appendix B discusses the CHEVDEF program, and Appendix C presents a guide to the use of the computer program PAVEVAL. KW - Airport runways KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Loads KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966017 AU - deSteiguer, D AU - Saldivar, J T AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFICIENCY OF A NEW OXYGEN MASK FOR AIRCRAFT PASSENGER USE TO 40,000 FEET PY - 1980/10 SP - 33 p. AB - This report describes the methods used in evaluation of a new continuous-flow, phase-dilution passenger oxygen mask for compliance to Federal Aviation Administration Technical Standard Order (TSO)-C64 requirements. Data presented include end expiratory partial pressures for oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen at selected altitudes and oxygen flow rates. Data indicate that the test mask does meet the requirements for TSO-C64 certification. KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Altitude KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Certification KW - Evaluation KW - Nitrogen KW - Oxygen KW - Oxygen equipment KW - Passengers KW - Standards UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/AM80-18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966016 AU - Thackray, R I AU - Touchstone, R M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS AS CORRELATES OF COMPLEX VISUAL MONITORING PERFORMANCE PY - 1980/10 SP - 20 p. AB - This study examined a variety of possible predictors of complex monitoring performance. The criterion task was designed to resemble that of a highly automated air traffic control radar system containing computer-generated alphanumeric displays. Forty-five men and women were administered a battery of tests and tasks prior to performing the criterion task. Extreme groups, separated on the basis of their performance decrement scores, differed significantly on 6 of the 28 predictor variables. In general, the significant relationships obtained were in accordance with expectations. All correlations were low, which agrees with the findings of previous studies of predictors of performance on simple vigilance tasks. Since the criterion task simulated the task requirements of advanced, highly automated air traffic control systems still in the planning stage, the utility of any of the significant predictors in predicting performance of controllers on contemporary systems would require further research using actual performance of present-day controllers on such systems as the criterion. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aptitude tests KW - Attention KW - Automation KW - Correlation analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Personnel performance KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Selection and appointment KW - Simulation KW - Vigilance UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-17.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966018 AU - Dark, S J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICALLY DISQUALIFIED AIRMAN APPLICANTS IN CALENDAR YEARS 1977 AND 1978 PY - 1980/10 SP - 24 p. AB - This study provides comprehensive data reflecting pertinent denial rates with respect to the medical and general attributes of those airmen denied medical certification in calendar years 1977 and 1978. Also provided are such descriptive epidemiologic data as age, sex, occupation, class of medical certificate applied for, total flying time, and cause-specific annual denial rates for medically disqualified applicants. The annual denial rate based on airman applicants was 6.8 per 1,000 airmen. By class of certificate applied for, the annual denial rate per 1,000 applicants was 4.3 for first class, 4.9 for second class, and 8.9 for third class. As anticipated, general aviation and new applicants contributed greatly to total denials, reflecting that the latter are being screened for the first time. Eighty-three percent of all denied applicants indicated non-aeronautical occupations on their medical applications and 49 percent indicated less than 40 hours of total flying time. The most significant causes for denial (regardless of class applied for) were cardiovascular, the miscellaneous pathology category (endocrinopathies, disqualifying medications and administrative denials), neuropsychiatric, and, at a substantially lower level, eye pathology. KW - Air pilots KW - Aviation medicine KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Certification KW - Epidemiology KW - General aviation pilots KW - Pathological data KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vision disorders UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337949 AU - Lilley, R W AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VLF P-STATIC NOISE REDUCTION IN AIRCRAFT. VOLUME II. RECOMMENDED ACTION PY - 1980/10 SP - 12 p. AB - Recommendations for experimentation and action to reduce p-static effects on low-frequency navigation are presented, with emphasis on awareness of p-static symptoms and cures by the aviation community. Experimentation to verify effects of new mechanical and electrical technology on p-static reduction is proposed. The potential for interference by related noise sources such as lightning discharges is noted. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft antennas KW - Antennas KW - Awareness KW - Bibliographies KW - Coronas KW - Electric discharge KW - Electricity KW - Electrostatics KW - Interference KW - Lightning KW - Low frequency KW - Mechanical properties KW - Navigation KW - Noise KW - Noise (Communications) KW - Noise control KW - Noise radio KW - Noise reduction KW - Precipitation static KW - Radio navigation KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Signs and symptoms KW - Sources KW - Static dischargers KW - Test facilities KW - Very low frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364971 AU - MARSH, A H AU - DyTec Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES FOR ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION ADJUSTMENTS DURING NOISE CERTIFICATION. VOLUME I. ANALYSES AND RESULTS PY - 1980/10 SP - 216 p. AB - The work reported here extends that in FAA-RD-77-167, December 1977 to the problem of adjusting actual aircraft noise 1/3-octave-band spectra measured at 0.5-s intervals. Test-day spectra are used to calculate PNL, PNLT, EPNL, AL, and SEL. The test-day spectrum at the time of PNLTM and at the time of ALM are adjusted to acoustical-reference conditions using the atmospheric-absorption method in American National Standard ANSI S1.26-1978 and applied, using measurements of air temperature and relative humidity at various heights above the ground, by integrating over the frequency range of the passband of ideal filters and by calculating the absorption at the exact band-center frequencies only. SAE ARP866A is also used with the vertical-profile temperature/humidity data and with data at 10 m to determine adjustments from test-to-reference conditions. The adjustment methods are applied to noise data from nine aircraft. Volume I describes the analyses and results of the study. Volume II presents the computer program that was developed and illustrates its use with a test case. Volume III presents tables of attenuation due to atmospheric absorption over a 300-m path. Attenuations were calculated using ANSI S1.26-1978 for pure tones at band-center frequencies and for three noise spectral slopes by a band-integration method, and using SAE ARP866A. For each of the five methods, the tables cover 34 air temperatures from 2 to 35 C, 10 relative humidities from 10 to 100 percent, and 24 nominal band-center frequencies from 50 to 10,000 Hz. (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Computer programming KW - Data collection KW - Humidity KW - Input KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Sound absorption KW - Systems analysis KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328883 AU - Rempfer, P AU - STEVENSON, L AU - Huntley, MSJ AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ATLANTA TOWER CAB AND TRACON EQUIPMENT INTEGRATION ANALYSIS PY - 1980/10 SP - 429 p. AB - This report presents an analysis of how the new Terminal Information Processing System (TIPS) and Consolidated Cab Display (CCD) equipments might appear to Air Traffic personnel if they were installed in the tower cab and TRACON at Hartsfield-Atlanta Airport. The analysis includes an operations analysis of the current Atlanta tower cab and TRACON operations, and preliminary designs of the TIPS and the CCD as applied to those operations. In addition, the potential integration of the two systems is discussed. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airport control towers KW - Data collection KW - Data displays KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Integrated systems KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Specifications KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Training KW - User needs KW - Video display terminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328889 AU - Lentz, R H AU - Love, W D AU - Malthouse, N S AU - ROBERTS, D L AU - Signore, T L AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC ADVISORY AND RESOLUTION SERVICE (ATARS) MULTI-SITE ALGORITHMS. REVISION 1 PY - 1980/10 SP - 505 p. AB - This document presents detailed computer algorithms for programming the Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS), formerly known as IPC, within a multi-site Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) network. This document is to be used by Federal Aviation Administration to specify and define the ATARS portion of the integrated DABS/ATARS system. The FAA has directed that the Conflict Indicator Register (CIR) be replaced by the Resolution Advisory Register (RAR) as the avionics mechanism for coordinating resolution advisories between ATARS sites and between ATARS and BCAS. Since it will be some time before the RAR can be fully incorporated into the ATARS algorithms, a number of modifications have been made to the ATARS logic which will permit testing of the rest of the ATARS design, while eliminating the special CIR message requirements, now obsolete, upon the DABS sensor. These modifications constitute Revision 1 to the original MITRE technical report on the ATARS multi-site algorithms. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Algorithms KW - Communication systems KW - Computer programming KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Moving target indicators KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Radar tracking KW - Specifications KW - Target recognition KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328885 AU - BOLZ, E H AU - Scalise, T E AU - Champlain Technology Industries AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE REMOTE AREA PRECISION POSITIONING SYSTEM (RAPPS) PY - 1980/10 SP - 74 p. AB - A flight test program was flown within the coverage area of the West Coast Loran-C chain during June and July 1979. These tests were conducted for Loran-C evaluation purposes. The Remote Area Precision Positioning System (RAPPS) was utilized as the data collector and independent positioning system for those tests. This report presents an evaluation of the performance of the RAPPS system under actual test conditions. The RAPPS positioning system is based on DME multilateration and takes advantage of existing TACAN or DME installations. It was found under certain conditions to suffer degradation due to multipath propagation and signal dropouts due to terrain masking. After isolating clearly erroneous measurements, residual ranging errors of 285 ft (1 sigma) were estimated based on available data. The RAPPS data collector was designed to acquire data from two Loran-C receivers, the DME subsystem, an altimeter and a clock. The data collector functioned satisfactorily with a few deficiencies. The foremost deficiency was a lack of precise time-tagging of each individual data element, which caused processing of the Loran-C data to be quite difficult. (Author) KW - Clocks KW - Data collection KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Errors KW - Flight tests KW - Landing aids KW - Loran KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - Radio receivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328833 AU - MARSH, A H AU - DyTec Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES FOR ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION ADJUSTMENTS DURING NOISE CERTIFICATION. VOLUME III. TABLES OF ATMOSPHERIC-ABSORPTION LOSSES PY - 1980/10 SP - 62 p. AB - The work reported here extends that in FAA-RD-77-167, December 1977, to the problem of adjusting actual aircraft noise 1/3-octave-band spectra measured at 0.5-s intervals. Test-day spectra are used to calculate, PNL, PNLT, EPNL, AL, and SEL. The test-day spectrum at the time of PNLTM and at the time of ALM are adjusted to acoustical-reference conditions using the atmospheric-absorption method in American National Standard ANS S1.26-1978 and applied, using measurements of air temperature and relative humidity at various heights above the ground, by integrating over the frequency range of the passband of ideal filters and by calculating the absorption at the exact band center frequencies only. SAE ARP866A is also used with the vertical-profile temperature/humidity data and with data at 10.0 m to determine adjustments from test to reference conditions. The adjustment methods are applied to noise data from 9 aircraft. Volume I describes the analyses and results of the study. Volume II presents the computer program that was developed and illustrates its use with a test case. Volume III presents tables of attenuation due to atmospheric absorption over a 300-m path. Attenuatons were calculated using ANS S1.26-1978 for pure tones at band center frequencies and for 3 noise spectral slopes by a band-integration method, and using SAE ARP866A. For each of the 5 methods, the tables cover 34 air temperatures from 2 to 35C, 10 relative humidities from 10 to 100 percent, and 24 nominal band center frequencies from 50 to 10,000 Hz. (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Computer programs KW - Humidity KW - Sound absorption KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328834 AU - MARSH, A H AU - DyTec Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES FOR ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION ADJUSTMENTS DURING NOISE CERTIFICATION. VOLUME II. COMPUTER PROGRAM PY - 1980/10 SP - 92 p. AB - The work reported here extends that in FAA-RD-77-167, December 1977, to the problem of adjusting actual aircraft noise 1/3-octave-band spectra measured at 0.5-s intervals. Test-day spectra are used to calculate, PNL, PNLT, EPNL, AL, and SEL. The test-day spectrum at the time of PNLTM and at the time of ALM are adjusted to acoustical-reference conditions using the atmospheric-absorption method in American National Standard ANS S1.26-1978 and applied, using measurements of air temperature and relative humidity at various heights above the ground, by integrating over the frequency range of the passband of ideal filters and by calculating the absorption at the exact band center frequencies only. SAE ARP866A is also used with the vertical-profile temperature/humidity data and with data at 10.0 m to determine adjustments from test to reference conditions. The adjustment methods are applied to noise data from 9 aircraft. Volume I describes the analyses and results of the study. Volume II presents the computer program that was developed and illustrates its use with a test case. Volume III presents tables of attenuation due to atmospheric absorption over a 300-m path. Attenuations were calculated using ANS S1.26-1978 for pure tones at band center frequencies and for 3 noise spectral slopes by a band-integration method, and using SAE ARP866A. For each of the 5 methods, the tables cover 34 air temperatures from 2 to 35C, 10 relative humidities from 10 to 100 percent, and 24 nominal band center frequencies from 50 to 10,000 Hz. (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Computer programs KW - Humidity KW - Sound absorption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328832 AU - Versage, P V AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AN ANEMOMETER CALIBRATOR FOR THE LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR ALERT SYSTEM PY - 1980/10 SP - 18 p. AB - This effort was directed toward the evaluation of a Belfort calibration test stand which has been designed and manufactured for calibrating the Belfort type N wind vector transmitters being used at operational airports for the Low-Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS). Results indicate that the calibration test stand allows accurate calibration of the wind vector transmitter (anemometer), but some improvement in design is recommended before quantity procurement is considered. KW - Altitude KW - Anemometers KW - Calibration KW - Equipment tests KW - Low altitude KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Test stands KW - Warning systems KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328837 AU - Rzonca, L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OMEGA TRANSMITTER OUTAGES JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1979 PY - 1980/10 SP - 18 p. AB - An investigation of Omega transmitter outages during 1979 was conducted with emphasis on the occurrence of simultaneous downtimes. Data presented includes frequency and duration of outages and total yearly percentage shutdown for each transmitter, with scheduled outages specifically noted. The most significant dual outage lasted more than 5 days when Norway antenna repairs were coincident with Argentina annual maintenance. (Author) KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Downtime KW - International KW - Omega navigation KW - Omega navigation system KW - Reliability KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328262 AU - Postel, H AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT TRAFFIC-LOADING CAPACITY INVESTIGATION PY - 1980/10 SP - 73 p. AB - This phase of the project was performed in response to a letter from Acting Chief, Navigation and Landing Division, ARD-300, dated January 17, 1980, under Project 81, tactical air navigational aid (TACAN)/distance measuring equipment (DME) Systems Support 042-306 TACAN/DME Maintenance/Sustaining Engineering. The project was performed to determine the cause of loss of DME service at the O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, and the Stapleton International Airport very high frequency omnidirectional radio range tactical air navigational system (VORTAC), Denver, Colorado. This report covers the findings of the traffic counts of the O'Hare DME and Stapleton VORTAC. The results show that these systems were being interrogated at rates in excess of the systems' capacities. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Airports KW - Colorado KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Electronics KW - Failure KW - Failure electronics KW - Illinois KW - Interrogation KW - Measurement KW - Radio navigation KW - Rates KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571545 AU - FLOWERS, S H AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WOMEN IN AVIATION AND SPACE PY - 1980/10 SP - 2 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Astronautics KW - Females KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328828 AU - Anderson, J C AU - Leeper, J L AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE DABS DATA LINK AIRBORNE INTELLIGENT DISPLAY OPERATOR'S MANUAL PY - 1980/09/01 SP - 28 p. AB - The Federal Aviation Administration is currently evaluating the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) which will provide increased air traffic safety in current and future air traffic conditions. In addition to improved surveillance accuracy and reliability, DABS provides a two-way data link between the DABS sensor and all DABS transponder equipped aircraft in view. A DABS data link avionics system, called the Airborne Intelligent Display (AID), was developed by M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating initial and future data link applications. The microprocessor-based AID system communicates with the DABS ground sensor through the DABS transponder onboard the aircraft. Data link information included in uplink interrogations to the transponder is decoded in the airborne microprocessor and then made available to the pilot on a high visibility cathode ray tube display. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Aviation safety KW - Avionics KW - Cathode ray tube screens KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Color television KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Decoding KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Man computer interface KW - Manuals KW - Microprocessors KW - Needs assessment KW - Reliability KW - Surveillance KW - Telemetry KW - Television KW - Training KW - Transponders KW - Two way transmission KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326329 AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN, ANTIMISTING FUEL PY - 1980/09 SP - 62 p. AB - A phased program is identified to direct research and development efforts to: (a) determine if the use of antimisting fuel is feasible; (b) develop recommendations as to its introduction and use in civil aviation operations; and (c) demonstrate its effectiveness in a crash instance, and (d) assess the economic reasonableness in support of regulatory actions. The basic program utilizes an existing high molecular weight polymer additive dissolved in kerosene using a carrier fluid as a representative agent to prove the concept of uses of such fuels. Parallel to this main effort are investigations to identify other potentially acceptable fuels. Estimated funding and proposed scheduling are included. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Antifogging agents KW - Aviation fuels KW - Crashes KW - Economics KW - Flammability KW - Fuel additives KW - Kerosene KW - Polymers KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966015 AU - Melton, C E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF OZONE: A REVIEW PY - 1980/09 SP - 14 p. AB - Available literature regarding long-term effects of ozone on animals and humans is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on reports that have appeared since 1976, but some earlier reports are cited for completeness and perspective. This review shows that ozone concentration is more important than is duration of exposure in determining the effectiveness of an ozone exposure (dose). This conclusion calls into question the validity of the time-weighted average (TWA) as an index of severity of ozone exposure. The literature review further reveals that there is wide variation in susceptibility of different animal species to ozone, making it difficult to apply results of animal experiments to humans. It further appears that a dose of ozone that is acutely innocuous is also innocuous over the long term. The effects of a symptom-producing dose of ozone are initially cumulative for the first two or three exposures, then an adaptive response may ensue that involves a plateau of response or even a reversal. These effects are shown by both animals and humans. The mechanisms are unknown. Ozone probably causes damage by free radical formation. Free radical scavengers such as vitamins E and C may provide protection against ozone damage. KW - Aviation medicine KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Free radicals KW - Laboratory animals KW - Literature reviews KW - Ozone KW - Time duration KW - Toxicity UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966014 AU - Boone, J O AU - Van Buskirk, L AU - Steen, J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION'S RADAR TRAINING FACILITY AND EMPLOYEE SELECTION AND TRAINING PY - 1980/09 SP - 28 p. AB - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has recently constructed a Radar Training Facility (RTF) in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to aid in screening appropriate personnel for work in radar air traffic control (ATC). The approach is based on the idea that limited exposure to simulated radar ATC in a controlled and measured environment will lead to identification of persons who possess the skills and attributes necessary for success in this type of work. This report describes the results of a study performed at the FAA's National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center comparing an over-the-shoulder method of scoring student performance with scoring by computer-derived measures for use in screening at the RTF. Results indicate that the computer-derived measures are far more reliable than over-the-shoulder scoring and the computer-derived measures predict a global rating of potential success in radar ATC at least as well as over-the-shoulder scoring. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to other automated training systems. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aptitude tests KW - Computer aided instruction KW - Personnel performance KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Selection and appointment KW - Students KW - Training KW - Training simulators KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966013 AU - Smith, R C AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STRESS, ANXIETY, AND THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SPECIALIST: SOME CONCLUSIONS FROM A DECADE OF RESEARCH PY - 1980/09 SP - 18 p. AB - It is often assumed that air traffic control specialists (ATCSs) endure a high degree of work-related stress. This paper summarizes a decade of research evaluating possible stress effects of work on ATCSs. Studies were conducted at a variety of large and small air traffic facilities. A visit of several days to each facility was part of an interdisciplinary research effort involving physiological and biochemical, as well as psychological assessments. The principal psychological measure was the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The STAI and other questionnaires were administered at the beginning and end of three to five different work shifts scheduled at a facility. The findings showed that controller groups scored significantly below college student norms on both the A-state (current anxiety level) and A-trait (anxiety proneness) measures of the STAI. Results with mood adjective checklists were similar. The findings also showed that anxiety levels increased across an 8-hour work shift and were higher on shifts rated difficult than those rated as easy. The establishment of adult norms for the STAI was undertaken to provide a better comparison for ATCS data. Results of those efforts indicated that ATCSs had lower anxiety scores than the normal adult population. Moreover, A-state scores increased from the beginning to end of work shifts for employees in a variety of non-air traffic jobs, just as they did for ATCSs. Thus, ATCSs are well within normal limits on every indicator of psychological states used in these studies and appear to experience less anxiety than is average in other work settings. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Anxiety KW - Human subject testing KW - Literature reviews KW - Psychological tests KW - Questionnaires KW - Shifts KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Workload UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337856 AU - Lilley, R W AU - Burhans, R W AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VLF P-STATIC NOISE REDUCTION IN AIRCRAFT. VOLUME I. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE PY - 1980/09 SP - 102 p. AB - In Volume I, the results of a literature search and facilities/capabilities survey to determine existing and LF p-static knowledge and noise-reduction techniques are presented. References treating basic p-static and corona theory, airframe quieting techniques and instrumentation methods are abstracted. A description of the Ohio University research aircraft installation for discharge current and static field environment is given. Brief reference is made to lightning interference. Lighting discharges, although not p-static, are considered sources of Loran-C interference which should be characterized more specifically. Volume II will present recommendations for further study and experimentation to permit better understanding of Loran-C interference processes, and procedures and techniques for minimizing their effects. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft antennas KW - Antennas KW - Bibliographies KW - Coronas KW - Electric discharge KW - Electrostatics KW - Interference KW - Noise (Communications) KW - Noise control KW - Noise radio KW - Noise reduction KW - Precipitation static KW - Radio navigation KW - Static dischargers KW - Test facilities KW - Very low frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328887 AU - Peterson, A A AU - Dadone, L U AU - Boeing Vertol Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HELICOPTER ICING REVIEW PY - 1980/09 SP - 249 p. AB - The development of techniques and criteria permitting the release of a helicopter into known (i.e., forecast) icing situations is actively being investigated by both military and civilian agencies through ongoing test programs and study efforts. As part of this overall effort, helicopter icing characteristics, available ice protection technology, and test techniques are discussed in this technical treatment. Recommendations are provided in the areas of icing certification procedures and icing research. One of the key issues addressed in this report is the test environment, i.e., the use of inflight evaluation in natural icing only, or, the use of a simulated icing environment to supplement and/or expand the certification envelope. Involved in this issue is the shape (and extent) of the rotor ice (natural vs simulated) as it affects the aerodynamics and dynamics of the rotor system, together with the shedding characteristics as it affects the behavior and safety of the complete vehicle. (Author) KW - Airfoils KW - Airplanes KW - Culvert inlets KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Flight tests KW - Flow fields KW - Helicopters KW - Ice KW - Ice prevention KW - Inlets KW - Rotary wing aircraft KW - Rotors KW - Tails (Aircraft) KW - Test procedures KW - Windshields KW - Wings (Aircraft) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328956 AU - Sullivan, T E AU - Hallock, J N AU - Winston, B P AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF GROUND-WIND VORTEX SENSING SYSTEM DATA FROM O'HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1980/09 SP - 115 p. AB - From July 1976 through September 1977, aircraft wake vortex data were collected on the approach to runways 14R, 27R, and 32L at O'Hare International Airport. The vortices from over 21,000 aircraft were tracked using the propeller anemometer Ground-Wind Vortex Sensing System (GWVSS), and the vortex behavior was correlated with the associated ambient meteorological conditions. The primary purpose of the tests was the evaluation of the Vortex Advisory System (VAS) concept. The elliptical wind criterion used in the VAS was verified using the vortex data. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Anemometers KW - Detectors KW - Illinois KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Meteorological instruments KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vortices KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328214 AU - Pursel, R AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FLIGHT TEST INVESTIGATION OF LORAN-C FOR EN ROUTE NAVIGATION IN THE GULF OF MEXICO PY - 1980/09 SP - 100 p. AB - Flight tests of a long range navigation (LORAN-C) airborne navigator were conducted in the Gulf of Mexico oil exploration and production area. Two systems were installed in a CV-580 aircraft to examine simultaneously the performance from two different LORAN-C triads. Four separate test routes were flown over a period of 3 days. These routes covered the eastern, central, and western test areas, and an overland route from Houston, Texas, to Lafayette, Louisiana. An inertial navigation system (INS) was used as a position reference standard. The INS data were updated to correct for drift. Accuracy of the position reference from the corrected INS data was + or - 0.3 nautical miles (nmi). The flight test data collected indicated that both the Malone, Raymondville, Jupiter and the Malone, Raymondville, Grangeville triads provided en route LORAN-C navigation capability which met Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular AC-90-45A accuracy requirements except when operating near the baseline extension of the Malone-Grangeville baseline when using the Malone, Raymondville, Grangeville triad. (Author) KW - A band KW - Avionics KW - Flight tests KW - Gulf of Mexico KW - Helicopters KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Integrated systems KW - Loran KW - Microcomputers KW - Navigation reference KW - Navigational aids KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive systems KW - Radio transmitters KW - Signal to noise ratio KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328270 AU - Spanier, G AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONSOLIDATED CAR DISPLAY: A SUMMARY REPORT OF THE PROCESS AND THE RESULTS OF THE CONSOLIDATION OF CRITICAL AND SUPPLEMENTARY TERMINAL AREA AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL INFORMATION FOR DISPLAY PRESENTATION PY - 1980/09 SP - 49 p. AB - This report describes the work performed within the Systems Simulation and Analysis Division, ACT-200, to produce an engineering requirement for a terminal area display system for field implementation by the Airway Facilities Service. The report details the basic project efforts to define a data display system to consolidate many of the Terminal Radar Approach Control Facility (TRACON) and tower cab controller's indicators, displays, alarms, controls, status lights, weather data presentations, etc., to reduce physical size, improve work station efficiency, and enhance the management and use of Air Traffic Control (ATC) oriented data. The report covers the data collection process; the requirements determination process; the technology assessment performed; the design development, and validation of certain hardware/software components; a risk assessment of the unique aspects of the system design; and the engineering requirement form. KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport control towers KW - Information display systems KW - Integrated systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337121 AU - Nastrom, G D AU - HOLDEMAN, J D AU - Department of the Navy AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TABULATIONS OF AMBIENT OZONE DATA OBTAINED BY GASP AIRLINERS; MARCH 1975 TO DECEMBER 1977 PY - 1980/09 SP - 112 p. AB - Tabulations are given of GASP ambient ozone mean, standard deviation, median, 84th percentile, and 98th percentile values, by season, flight level, and geographical region. In addition, selected empirical probability variations are highlighted to illustrate the types of curves which might be appropriate in specific analyses of the tabulated data, and an example-case calculation is presented to illustrate how the tables can be used to estimate the frequency of commercial airline flights encountering high cabin ozone levels. (Author) KW - Airborne KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Analytical chemistry KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Flight instruments KW - Graphs KW - Information processing KW - Mean KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Measurement KW - Numerical analysis KW - Ozone KW - Photometers KW - Photometry KW - Standard deviation KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tabulation KW - Ultraviolet equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328918 AU - Lebacqz, J V AU - Forrest, R D AU - Gerdes, R M AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A PILOTED SIMULATOR INVESTIGATION OF STATIC STABILITY AND STABILITY CONTROL AUGMENTATION EFFECTS ON HELICOPTER HANDLING QUALITIES FOR INSTRUMENT APPROACH PY - 1980/09 SP - 393 p. AB - A motion-base simulator was used to compare the flying qualities of three generic single-rotor helicopters during a full-attention-to-flight control task. Terminal-area VOR instrument approaches were flown with and without turbulence. The objective of this NASA/FAA study was to investigate the influence of helicopter static stability in terms of the values of cockpit control gradients as specified in the existing airworthiness criteria, and to examine the effectiveness of several types of stability control augmentation systems in improving the instrument-flight-rules capability of helicopters with reduced static stability. Two levels of static stability in the pitch, roll, and yaw axes were examined for a hingeless-rotor configuration; the variations were stable and neutral static stability in pitch and roll, and two levels of stability in yaw. For the lower level of static stability, four types of stability and control augmentation were also examined for helicopters with three rotor types: hingeless, articulated, and teetering. Pilot rating results indicate the acceptability of neutral static stability longitudinally and laterally and the need for pitch-roll attitude augmentation to achieve a satisfactory system. (Author) KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Aerodynamic stability KW - Air pilots KW - Airworthiness KW - Approach KW - Augmentation KW - Flight control systems KW - Flight simulators KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Helicopters KW - Highway grades KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Neutral KW - Pitch (Dynamics) KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Roll KW - Rolling KW - Rotors KW - Slopes KW - Static stability KW - Turbulence KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326427 AU - Karsten, P AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TOWER CAB DIGITAL DISPLAY OPERATIONAL EVALUATION PY - 1980/09 SP - 17 p. AB - This report discusses the operational evaluation of the Tower Cab Digital Display (TCDD). The TCDD is used for air traffic control operations in the St. Petersburg control tower and the MacDill Air Force Base ground control approach (GCA) and control tower facilities as part of the Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS) IIIA Remote Tower Display System. Evaluation objectives were to determine the usefulness and suitability of TCDD operational features. Resultant findings will be input to the Systems Research and Development Service (SRDS) technical data package for future production TCDD's. For the most part, resultant findings are favorable to existing TCDD capabilities. Some modifications are recommended for future production models. (Author) KW - Aerial targets KW - Air traffic control KW - Computer graphics KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Interactive graphics KW - Man computer interface KW - Modems KW - Moving target indicators KW - Radar devices KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Tables (Data) KW - Target recognition KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Weather communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00330619 AU - Keeton, J R AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CEMENT FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENT PHASE THREE-FIBROUS CONCRETES SN - DN587103 PY - 1980/09 SP - 23 p. AB - Details of a research study on shrinkage-compensating fibrous concrete for airport pavements are presented. A total of 77 slab-type prisms 1 sq ft and 4, 6, and 8 in. thick were subjected to shrinkage in 50% RH. Concrete mixes containing 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 bags of shrinkage-compensating cement were used in the study. Fly ash was also used for better workability and later added strength. Fiber contents used were 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% by volume of the concrete. Residual concrete compressive stresses are used as a basis for recommendation of transverse joint spacing of 150 ft for expansive fibrous concrete overlays. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Expansive cement KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Fly ash KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Spacing KW - Strength of materials KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328826 AU - Keeton, J R AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CEMENT FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENT. PHASE 3. FIBROUS CONCRETES. ADDENDUM PY - 1980/09 SP - 28 p. AB - Details of a research study on shrinkage-compensating fibrous concrete for airport pavements are presented. A total of 77 slab-type prisms 1 sq ft and 4, 6, and 8 in. thick were subjected to shrinkage in 50% RH. Concrete mixes containing 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 bags of shrinkage-compensating cement were used in the study. Fly ash was also used for better workability and later added strength. Fiber contents used were 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% by volume of the concrete. Residual concrete compressive stresses are used as a basis for recommendation of transverse joint spacing of 150 ft for expansive fibrous concrete overlays. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Cement KW - Compensation KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Employee compensation KW - Expansive cement KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Fly ash KW - Metal fibers KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327738 AU - COONAN, J R AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VISUAL CONFIRMATION (VICON) OF VOICE TAKE-OFF CLEARANCE OF COST-AND-DEPLOYMENT ANALYSES AND STRATEGIES PY - 1980/09 SP - 31 p. AB - This report presents the final results of a program undertaken by the Transportation Systems Center (TSC), to study cost-and-deployment strategies of VICON installations over a four-year period. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Analysis KW - Aviation safety KW - Congestion KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Ground traffic KW - Identification lights KW - Lighting equipment KW - Surveys KW - Tables (Data) KW - Takeoff KW - Traffic congestion KW - Visual flight KW - Visual flight rules UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328217 AU - Danielsen, E F AU - Hipskind, R S AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN OBJECTIVE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE GENERALIZED TRANSPORT. TENSOR FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL EULERIAN MODELS PY - 1980/08/15 SP - 70 p. AB - An objective method for deriving the components of a generalized transport tensor for a two-dimensional model is presented. The method used representative meridional and vertical velocities and thermodynamic scalars at a uniform grid to reduce the problem to solving two flux equations for two unknowns. One unknown is the stream function, coefficient of an antisymmetric tensor, which corrects the Eulerian mean motions for Stokes drift. The other is a time constant, which converts the deviatory velocity tensor (Reynold's stress tensor for temporal averaging) to a symmetric transport tensor. The complete asymmetric tensor is called a transport rather than a diffusion tensor because its divergence yields both advection and diffusion by the deviatory velocities. Advantages and disadvantages of Lagrangian and Eulerian averages are also discussed. (Author) KW - Fourier analysis KW - Grids (Coordinates) KW - Lagrangian functions KW - Mathematical models KW - Tensor analysis KW - Time KW - Transport properties KW - Transport properties (Physics) KW - Two dimensional KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326236 AU - Johnson, M E AU - Gierhart, G D AU - National Telecommunications and Information Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN ATLAS OF BASIC TRANSMISSION LOSS FOR 0.125 TO 15.5 GHZ PY - 1980/08 SP - 133 p. AB - This report provides an atlas of air/ground and air/air basic transmission loss predictions made with the IF-77 (ITS-FAA-1977) propagation model. Sets of predictions are provided for each of six frequencies; i.e., 0.125, 0.3, 1.2, 5.1, 9.4, and 15.5 GHz. Each set contains curves for 90 antenna height combinations where one antenna height varies from 3 to 30,000 m, and the other varies from 300 to 30,000 m. Each height combination is repeated for three time availabilities: 0.05, 0.5, and 0.95. Hence, 1620 transmission loss versus distance curves are provided. The maximum distance used in 1800 km. Propagation factors and application considerations are discussed. Example problems are used to illustrate the various application methods provided. (Author) KW - Air KW - Air to air KW - Air to surface KW - Data reduction KW - Frequency response KW - Graphs KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Navigation radar KW - Navigational aids KW - Power level (Electricity) KW - Power levels KW - Radio navigation KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Transmission loss UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966010 AU - Dille, J R AU - Linder, M K AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF TOBACCO ON AVIATION SAFETY PY - 1980/08 SP - 8 p. AB - In 1976, the Federal Aviation Administration was petitioned to issue regulations that would prohibit all smoking in the cockpit during commercial flight operations and prohibit preflight smoking by flight crewmembers within 8 hours before commercial flight operations. A review of the literature was conducted to determine the effects on pilot performance of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and smoking withdrawal. The literature is confusing because it frequently contains the results of studies using nonsmokers, carbon monoxide only, estimated carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels, small and poorly ventilated chambers and discrimination tasks where spare capacity is not a factor. Some frequently quoted results cannot be duplicated. Significant changes in psychomotor and cardiovascular performance with COHb levels less than 10 percent are doubtful. The records of 2,660 fatal general aviation aircraft accidents that occurred in 1973-1976 have been examined. Toxicology reports are contained in 1,559 records, and 225 without fire had COHb levels greater than one percent. Smoking was not identified as a causal factor but may have contributed to the cause of some of these accidents. However, the compound factors that were often found and the dire consequences are far less likely to occur in commercial air operations. For some, withdrawal symptoms may occur and more than offset any benefits to aviation safety that are claimed for a ban on preflight and in-flight smoking. KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aviation safety KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Civil aviation KW - Crash investigation KW - Flight crews KW - General aviation KW - Literature reviews KW - Nicotine KW - Personnel performance KW - Smoking KW - Tobacco smoke KW - Toxicology UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/AM80-11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328884 AU - Bond, B F AU - Automation Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WIND SHEAR SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, BENEFIT/COST STUDY PY - 1980/08 SP - 80 p. AB - Since July 1973 there have been eight U.S. air carrier accidents attributed to encounters with strong low-level wind shears during terminal flight operations. The FAA research and development effort has taken a threefold approach to the wind shear problem: (1) developing and implementing improved forecasting techniques and procedures for predicting and reporting low-level wind shear in the terminal area; (2) placing wind shear detection equipment on the ground and transmitting information to the pilot; and (3) installing equipment aboard the aircraft that would provide the pilot with wind shear information in 'real time'. The results of the latter effort, i.e., airborne wind shear systems and techniques are evaluated as to their relative benefits and costs both to the user and to the FAA. Ground speed is a major input variable to many of the candidate airborne wind shear systems. Eight techniques for providing ground speed are evaluated and cost comparisons are documented. Also evaluated are three self contained wind shear systems that do not rely on ground speed as a reference and a head-up display for displaying wind shear data. (Author) KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airspeed KW - Airspeed indicators KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Flight instruments KW - Ground level KW - Indicators KW - Speed indicators KW - Velocity KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328827 AU - Brown, G L AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A SUPPLEMENTARY EMC ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED AIRPORT SURFACE DETECTION EQUIPMENT (ASDE-3) RADAR PY - 1980/08 SP - 30 p. AB - This report supplements information in an earlier report which identified electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems associated with the deployment of Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE-3) Radars at a number of proposed sites in the United States. Subsequent to the earlier study, several operational parameters of the ASDE-3 radar have been modified in a direction to lessen the probability of causing or receiving interference, thereby, necessitating a reanalysis of portions of the earlier study. as before, interferring signal levels are compared against established receiver thresholds to determine operational compatibility and frequency management techniques are identified as a solution to potential interference cases, where applicable. KW - Airborne KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Aviation safety KW - Avionics KW - Electromagnetic compatibility KW - Frequency allocation KW - Ground handling KW - Ground support equipment KW - Ground traffic KW - K band KW - Radar KW - Radio frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328212 AU - Network Analysis Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT FOR FLIGHT DATA ENTRY AND PRINTOUT TERMINALS PY - 1980/08 SP - 245 p. AB - The FDEP service, as it is to be upgraded under the FDIO Program, was analyzed to determine the optimal communications support strategy. That analysis yielded the following conclusions; integration of FDEP into NADIN is more economical than independent operation of FDEP, provision of local switching for FDEP messages in the NADIN concentrators should prove economical as more services are absorbed by NADIN, and procurement of FDIO equipment that would not be used when FDEP is integrated into NADIN should be avoided unless the timely upgrading of FDEP would be otherwise jeopardized. The analysis also produced detailed designs for local access FDEP circuits and identified specific enhancements required for NADIN if FDEP is to be absorbed. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Analysis KW - Communication switching centers KW - Communication systems KW - Communication terminals KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Information processing KW - Input output devices KW - Optimization KW - Printers KW - Radio KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Tables (Data) KW - Terminals (Communications) KW - Video display terminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328267 AU - Harris, A S AU - Miller, R L AU - Mahoney, J M AU - Bolt Beranek and Newman, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON AIRPORT NOISE CONTROL PY - 1980/08 SP - 175 p. AB - This guidance document contains a general discussion of noise and noise control. Also given are sections on how humans respond to noise, noise control planning, noise descriptors that are used in the FAA's Integrated Noise MOdel, airport noise contours and land use planning, and citizen involvement in noise control planning. This document describes noise control actions and their benefits and costs. This document reflects the Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration Airport Noise Abatement Policy of 1976, a detailed, straighforward statement of the problems of airport noise and the shared responsibilities of those who must work to control it. Also reviewed are the Federal legislature and administrative mandates for noise control. (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airports KW - Land use KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327741 AU - DeLucien, A G AU - Smith, F D AU - PACER Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STUDY OF HELIPORT AIRSPACE AND REAL ESTATE REQUIREMENTS PY - 1980/08 SP - 151 p. AB - This report documents the review and evaluation of real estate and airspace requirements as set forth in applicable U.S. heliport design criteria. International criteria are reviewed to discern their rationale for various requirements. Helicopter performance during normal and failure-state operations is analyzed. The suitability of current criteria is examined with respect to various operational profiles. Modifications to current criteria are suggested which would accommodate various operational requirements and varying levels of terminal instrument procedures capability. Recommendations include a revised heliport classification scheme with corresponding changes to real estate and airspace criteria for IFR operations; helicopter performance chart standardization for flight manuals with specific data requirements; consideration of obstacle clearance for failure-state operations; additional criteria for offshore facilities; and revised criteria for elevated heliports/helipads. (Author) KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Helicopters KW - Heliports KW - Instrument flying KW - International KW - Land areas KW - Landing KW - Military facilities KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Takeoff KW - Visual flight KW - Visual flight rules UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326341 AU - VICKERS, T K AU - FREUND, D J AU - Automation Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RECOMMENDED SHORT-TERM ATC IMPROVEMENTS FOR HELICOPTERS. VOLUME I. SUMMARY OF SHORT-TERM IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1980/08 SP - 48 p. AB - A summary report is made of all improvements studied. Improvements are categorized as to those that can be recommended for immediate operational consideration or use and those that require limited short term simulation or test. The recommendations for immediate use include: (1) Helicopter ATC training material, (2) Operational Description of Loran Offshore Flight Following (LOFF), (3) Recommendations concerning military training routes and (4) Survey data for use in Gulf communications and route structure planning. The recommendations for short term simulation include: (1) Dual waypoint holding patterns, (2) other holding patterns and (3) shortened entry procedures for intercepting final approach path. KW - Air traffic control KW - Civil aviation KW - Flight paths KW - Gulf of Mexico KW - Helicopters KW - Instructional materials KW - Loran KW - Manuals KW - Offshore structures KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Surveys KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326286 AU - Postel, H AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PRECISION L-BAND DME TESTS PY - 1980/08 SP - 43 p. AB - This phase of the project was performed under Technical Program Document (TPD) 04-109, subprogram 075-725-210. The report covers the findings on system accuracy and stability of the L-Band Precision Distance Measuring Equipment (PDME). The results showed differences in bias under varying conditions of approaches, orbits, radials, and river runs. The 24-hour overall stability of the system was recorded. Further testing should be performed with simulators that have the desired accuracy required for testing a PDME system so that a baseline can be established. (Author) KW - Antenna configurations KW - Antennas KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Experimental data KW - Flight tests KW - Interrogators KW - L band KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Precision KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326291 AU - Shochet, E AU - Lemanski, R AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AUTOMATED FLIGHT PLAN FILING BY SIMULATED VOICE RECOGNITION PY - 1980/08 SP - 37 p. AB - The Systems Research and Development Service (SRDS) asked the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center to develop and demonstrate the capability of automatic flight plan filing by computerized word recognition. To accomplish a prototype capability, it was necessary to begin gathering human factors data to help determine the correct technical approach and design concept. The tests reported herein centered on two questions: Would pilots use this method of flight plan entry. Which of the three protocols simulated do pilots prefer most. Because of the limitations inherent in this experiment, the answers to these questions are tentative at this time. Given the assumption that the actual utterance recognition device (URD) performs at a level comparable to the simulation used in this experiment, it is entirely reasonable to conclude that general aviation pilots would (1) elect to file flight plans by computerized word recognition using a real computer and (2) prefer 'no prompt' or a 'word echo-back prompt' over the 'cue-tone prompt.' The results show that the preferred protocol was the 'no prompt' method. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Automation KW - Civil aviation KW - Data files KW - Flight paths KW - Human factors engineering KW - Man computer interface KW - Planning KW - Recording KW - Recording systems KW - Routing KW - Simulation KW - Speech recognition KW - Telephone KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Word recognition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326287 AU - Woodson, F B AU - Rood, R H AU - Barab, J D AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST (TWEB) SYSTEM AND ALTERNATIVES. VOLUME I. TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND COST SUMMARY PY - 1980/08 SP - 91 p. AB - This report contains findings related to the evaluation of the Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) System in its current national configuration. Primary emphasis is keyed to the technical and operational performance of TWEB at selected representative field locations. In addition, discussions concerning the review and appraisal of TWEB and Pilots Automatic Telephone Weather Answering Service (PATWAS) documentations and system design aspects of the overall TWEB configuration are given. A summary of cost analyses for TWEB and mass weather dissemination services accessed by telephone are included in this report. Details of these analyses are included in a second volume. Finally, the report provides a set of conclusions and recommendations that may be acted upon at low cost to improve short-term operational effectiveness, regardless of long-range systematic decisions. No large facilities and equipment (F&E) expenditures are recommended until completion of an overall TWEB system design. It is also recommended that near-term programming should include funding to carry out investigatory work in exploring concepts for modernizing the TWEB system through redesign. (Author) KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Communication devices KW - Communication systems KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Failure KW - Multichannel communications KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Weather communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329113 AU - Sutton, S J AU - Chopak, G A AU - Imhof, G W AU - Smithmyer, J AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF REPRESENTATIVE TACAN AND DME EQUIPMENTS TO A PROPOSED, MLS L-BAND PRECISION DME SIGNAL FORMAT PY - 1980/08 SP - 151 p. AB - Measured data are presented that show the susceptibility of representative Tactical Air Navigation/Distance Measurement Equipments (TACAN/DME) to the proposed, Microwave Landing System (MLS) L-Band Precision DME (PDME) signal format. The interrogator data are examined to determine the most susceptible equipments, and the desired and undesired signal relationships that permit range and azimuth acquisition. Comments are made on the transponder data. (Author) KW - Acquisition KW - Azimuth KW - Direction finding KW - Interrogators KW - L band KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Property acquisition KW - Radio direction finders KW - Range finding KW - Rangefinders KW - Tactical air navigation system KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328916 AU - Nanda, V P AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYTIC DETERMINATION OF INTERFERENCE THRESHOLDS FOR MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM EQUIPMENT AND TACAN/DME EQUIPMENT PY - 1980/08 SP - 150 p. AB - This report analytically estimates the interference thresholds of the Time Reference Scanning Beam (TRSB) Microwave Landing System (MLS) which is comprised of the C-Band angle guidance and the L-Band PDME range guidance equipments. Furthermore, interference thresholds and separation distance requirements of the coexisting TACAN/DME L-Band equipment are determined. (Author) KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - C band KW - Determination KW - Guidance KW - L band KW - Microwave devices KW - Microwave equipment KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Requirement KW - Separation KW - Specifications KW - Tactical air navigation system UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328917 AU - Hensler, T AU - Koshar, A AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MLS CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT MODEL PY - 1980/08 SP - 108 p. AB - An automated channel assignment model was constructed in response to an FAA need to assess the assignment feasibility of planned MLS angle-guidance equipment in C-band, and its associate L-band Precision Distance Measurement Equipment (PDME). The intersite interference analysis and channel-assignment algorithm capabilities are described. A trial assignment of MLS equipments was performed for a Southwest United States airport environment and the results are summarized. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Algorithms KW - Automation KW - C band KW - Channels KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Environment KW - L band KW - Mathematical models KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Models KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326395 AU - BOTTOMLEY, D AU - Ezekiel, E G AU - Zurinskas, T E AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NEW TERMINAL RADAR APPROACH CONTROL IN TOWER CAB (TRACAB) CONCEPT FOR LOVE FIELD, DALLAS, TEXAS PY - 1980/08 SP - 17 p. AB - This study was accomplished in response to a request from Air Traffic Service (AAT-100), for development of a mockup to evaluate a centrally positioned terminal radar approach control in a tower cab (TRACAB) console. Presently, the Local Control position at Love Field, Dallas, Texas, generally faces both southeast runways, with all the attendant instrumentation in front of the controller. However, when conditions dictate a northwest operation, the Local Controller must turn away to see and sequence his traffic. The work effort addressed the relocation of operational positions from their usual peripheral sites in the tower cab to a unique four-winged central console with each wing having its own instrumentation. This console housed two Local Control and two Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) positions on one side of the console and a Ground Control position on the opposite side with identical instrumentation. These five positions were endowed with a 'flip/flop' capability as traffic dictated. The other two positions, Clearance Delivery/Flight Data and Watch Supervisor, remained constant at each end of the console, regardless of traffic flow. While the four-winged central console solved the Local Controller's instrumentation availability, it reflected two problems. Limited room on the console caused overcrowding and the resultant overheating of the operational equipment. Local Control perambulation was restricted due to the two ASR controllers and tower peripheral boundaries. Since few airports require the 'flip/flop' design necessary by a tower located between dual runways, it was concluded that no further evaluation of this console concept would be made. KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport control towers KW - Consoles KW - Electronic equipment KW - Housings KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Modular structures KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326397 AU - OFFI, D L AU - Lewis, W AU - Lee, T AU - DeLaMarche, A AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF THE AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR (ASR)-8 WIND SHEAR DETECTION SYSTEM (PHASE II). REVISION PY - 1980/08 SP - 40 p. AB - A wind shear detection system developed by the Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) to operate with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)-8 was installed and is being tested at the FAA technical Center. Initial efforts, previously reported in Report NA-78-59-LR, were directed toward hardware and software shakedown and feasibility determination. Second phase tests compared radar with aircraft and tower winds, evaluated the wind shear measurement capability under various weather conditions, and investigated the effectiveness of a simple two-azimuth pointing strategy and system capabilities and limitations. Results showed the system to be compatible with and to operate satisfactorily with the ASR-8. The processing and spectral display of clear air and precipitation returns is feasible. The accuracy of agreement between radar-measured winds and components of the aircraft-measured winds in both radially oriented flights and runway offset flights, using a two-azimuth pointing technique, was examined. Radar versus tower wind agreement was also examined. Potentially dangerous wind shears associated with weather during these tests were detectable. Certain system limitations also have been defined and considered. It is recommended that tests continue to complete definition of and demonstrate capabilities in all weather situations, to optimize performance, and to provide information to specify system design for possible development of a prototype model. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Airborne KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airport runways KW - Doppler radar KW - Fast Fourier transforms KW - Flight paths KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Graphs KW - Prototypes KW - Radar KW - Radar antennas KW - Search radar KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Weather radar KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326392 AU - Zito, P AU - Hierbaum, F E AU - Massimino, M AU - Goodwin, J AU - Zurinskas, T AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1979 SEMINAR ON AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL. TERMINAL RADAR APPROACH CONTROL (TRACON) FACILITY SUPERVISORY DESK COMPLEX PY - 1980/08 SP - 106 p. AB - With the planned construction of new control tower and TRACON facilities, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has established a need for standardized supervisory desk complexes. The air traffic control (ATC) Systems Applications Branch (ACT-210) at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center conducted a study of selected field facilities. In addition, a seminar was held at the Technical Center which resulted in recommending several different supervisor's desk designs for future implementation at new facilities or as useful, functional, and efficient replacements for existing TRACON installations. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Civil aviation KW - Consoles KW - Control panels KW - Facilities KW - Radar devices KW - Recording KW - Recording systems KW - Systems engineering KW - Workplace layout UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00557926 AU - DAY, C F AU - WHITE, J M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A SLOT ALLOCATION MODEL FOR HIGH-DENSITY AIRPORTS PY - 1980/08 SP - 191 PP IN AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL TO ALLOCATE RUNWAY CAPACITY AT WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT KW - Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport KW - Scheduling KW - Scheduling management KW - Slot allocation KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326394 AU - Leeper, J L AU - KENNEDY, R S AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FORMATS FOR DABS DATA LINK APPLICATIONS PY - 1980/07/30 SP - 34 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to describe formats developed for transmitting aviation-related messages over the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) data link. Initial data link applications include: Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW) alerts (Terminal Area); Takeoff Clearance Confirmation; Altitude Assignment Clearance Confirmation (Enroute); Weather Reports; Enhanced Terminal Information Service (ETIS); Downlink of Airborne Measurements. The formats described in this paper cover the DABS communications formats for uplink messages from the DABS sensor to the airborne data link system, and the downlink messages from the aircraft. Downlink messages include pilot requests for routine weather information and ETIS service, pilot acknowledgements for uplink tactical messages, and airborne measurements. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne KW - Aircraft KW - Airport terminals KW - Altitude KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Data storage KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Mode S KW - Tactical communications KW - Tactical data systems KW - Takeoff KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326001 AU - Rzonca, L AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SYSTEM DESCRIPTION FOR THE AIRBORNE-OMEGA DATA BANK PY - 1980/07 SP - 34 p. AB - The Airborne-Omega Data Bank has been established at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center. Its main objective is to provide a centralized repository for operational airborne-Omega data so that performance which is representative of the majority of production airborne-Omega navigation equipments under various ionospheric conditions (including high solar activity) may be evaluated. Details of the methods developed for data collection, processing, and reporting are documented in this report. Current status and plans for the near future are discussed. (Author) KW - Anomalies KW - Databases KW - Deviation (Statistics) KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Information processing KW - Ionosphere KW - Ionospheric disturbances KW - Omega navigation KW - Omega navigation system KW - Radio frequency interference UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966012 AU - Rasmussen, P G AU - Chesterfield, B P AU - Lowrey, D L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - READABILITY OF SELF-ILLUMINATED SIGNS OBSCURED BY BLACK FUEL-FIRE SMOKE PY - 1980/07 SP - 12 p. AB - This study, using black fuel-fire generated smoke, is a partial replication of an earlier study using an inert white smoke as the obscuring agent in the study of the readability of smoke-obscured, self-illuminated emergency exit signs. The results indicate that, within the range of sign sizes and background luminance levels studied, and under otherwise favorable viewing conditions, most of the signs were read through black smoke with optical densities ranging between 3.0 and 4.0. At two standard deviations below the means, most of the size and luminance level combinations were identified at optical densities ranging from approximately 2.5 to 3.0. A comparison of the results with those obtained in the earlier study using white smoke shows both colors of smoke to be approximately equal in their ability to shroud the illuminated signs. Black smoke, however, appears somewhat more effective in obscuring small details at or near the normal visual acuity threshold. KW - Blacks KW - Color KW - Emergency exits KW - Fire KW - Guide signs KW - Illuminated signs KW - Lighting KW - Luminance KW - Reading KW - Size KW - Smoke KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966011 AU - Chandler, R F AU - Garner, J D AU - Lowrey, D L AU - Blethrow, J G AU - Anderson, J A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONSIDERATIONS RELATIVE TO THE USE OF CANES BY BLIND TRAVELERS IN AIR CARRIER AIRCRAFT CABINS PY - 1980/07 SP - 32 p. AB - This report describes efforts accomplished in support of Flight Standards Service Request for RD&E Effort No. AFS-200-78-8, "Impact on Blind Air Travelers Retaining Canes at their Seats." The test program described involved evacuation tests, crash simulation tests, and static loading of different cane types to the failure point. Results are presented of specific areas of the study: (1) passenger evacuation time lapses with and without the presence of canes; (2) emergency exiting advantages and disadvantages with and without the presence of canes; (3) the utility of surrogate canes of the folding and telescoping varieties; (4) the movement of an unsecured cane during a high "g" deceleration; (5) the utility of the cane inside an aircraft during an emergency evacuation; and (6) implications of a passenger carrying a cane while descending an evacuation chute. In general, canes were judged to have a negative utility inside an aircraft during an emergency evacuation and pose the risk of puncturing an evacuation slide. KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Airlines KW - Blind persons KW - Canes KW - Deceleration KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency exits KW - Evacuation KW - Evacuation chutes KW - Impact tests KW - Passengers KW - Simulation KW - Static loads UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/AM80-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365338 AU - Kleiman, L A AU - Oiesen, J F AU - Skov, P M AU - HH Aerospace Design Company, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT CRASH/FIRE/RESCUE (CFR) SERVICE COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS. VOLUME I: TEXT. VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1980/07 SP - 405 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to provide the basic information about the costs and benefits of the crash/fire/rescue (CFR) services provided by airports that is relevant to evaluating those services. The cost of CFR is divided into the outlay for manpower, vehicles, buildings, and equipment. Information on these four categories was gathered for each of 578 airports with CFR. The estimated current system-wide cost is $115.321 million per year. The benefits provided by CFR are divided into preventing deaths, preventing injuries, saving hulls, providing psychological benefits, and providing non-crash benefits. In estimating benefits, the role of CFR in 628 air carrier accidents from 1966 to 1978 was scrutinized. The estimated average annual benefit is $49.202 million. Thus, the system-wide benefit/cost ratio is 0.43. Methodologies for projecting both costs and benefits over the next fifteen years are proposed. The report is in two volumes, one for text and one for appendixes. KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Fires KW - Legislation KW - Level of service KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Services KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328264 AU - GORSTEIN, M AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT GROUND ACCESS PLANNING GUIDE PY - 1980/07 SP - 148 p. AB - Airport access has been identified by some airport authorities as a potential threat to the growth of aviation. In order to help airport planners and local authorities define the critical elements of an access problem and identify improvement projects for their consideration, TSC and FAA/OSEM have prepared a planning document designed to guide and direct the process. This document describes methods for identifying access constraints, step-by-step techniques for collecting needed access data, and useful ways to evaluate potential solutions. These solutions may include not only major construction projects but also changes in management and service that can lead to improved airport access. (Author) KW - Access KW - Airports KW - Facilities KW - Ground level KW - Ground traffic KW - Ground transportation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328268 AU - Trotter, B L AU - Strauch, R G AU - Frush, C L AU - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A METEOROLOGICAL AIRBORNE PULSE DOPPLER RADAR PY - 1980/07 SP - 44 p. AB - An X-Band airborne radar has been modified to provide a Doppler radar capability. The Doppler radar has been tested to prove the system concept usable. Tests were conducted at Norman, Oklahoma, from May 30 to June 9 of 1978 and in Miami, Florida, on December 1 through December 5, 1979. Optimally the tests would have used meteorological targets for measurement of radial velocities, however, most tests had to be conducted with chaff and ground returns. The tests did show that the airborne Doppler radar will measure velocities that are comparable to those measured by a ground based Doppler radar and those that can be computed by a high accuracy inertial navigation system. The error in the measured radial velocities, when compared to other sensors, is much less than the estimated RMS error of 2 meters/second. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Airborne KW - Calibration KW - Chaff KW - Clouds KW - Doppler radar KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Radial velocity KW - Radio frequency KW - Rain KW - Velocity KW - Weather radar KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity KW - X band UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327740 AU - Brown, D AU - SUTHERLAND, L C AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CORRECTION PROCEDURES FOR AIRCRAFT NOISE DATA. VOLUME V. PROPELLER AIRCRAFT NOISE PY - 1980/07 SP - 59 p. AB - This report examines three particular problem areas associated with the measurement of noise levels of propeller-driven small airplanes required to comply with FAR Part 36, Appendix F. These problems are directly related to effects of atmospheric conditions on (1) the performance capabilities of an airplane when tested at various barometric pressures and altitude densities; (2) the noise signature generated at such conditions; and (3) the propagation of sound from the airplane to the measuring station. The first two of these have been addressed by deriving potential correction procedures which could be applied to noise levels obtained by tests not in strict compliance with Appendix F. These corrections are based on aircraft operations conducted within a specific margin of power setting. The corresponding measured noise levels are subsequently corrected for variation of propeller tip speed, forward velocity and barometric pressure relative to predetermined reference conditions. The third effect, that of sound propagation, si examined by applying SAE ARP 866A to a typical propeller airplane noise spectrum and demonstrating the range of A-weight noise levels that would result within a range of ambient conditions. (Author) KW - Absorption KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft noise KW - Cavitation noise KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Quantities KW - Signal processing KW - Troposphere KW - Values in measurement KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326245 AU - Shochet, E AU - Talotta, J D AU - Holladay, R P AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF THE WESTERN UNION WEATHER DATA SYSTEM ON THE PREFLIGHT BRIEFING POSITION AT THE CHICAGO FLIGHT SERVICE STATION PY - 1980/07 SP - 29 p. AB - An experiment utilizing a 'before/after' research design was conducted to determine the effect of the Western Union Weather Data System (WDS) on the preflight briefing position at the Chicago, Illinois, Flight Service Station (FSS). Specialist activity was recorded by making written annotations on a moving paper chart called a kymograph. The average length of time spent in each activity prior to the installation of automated equipment was compared to the time spent in the same activity after automation. In addition, a questionnaire survey and personal interviews with specialists were conducted in the 'after' period. The data obtained from the specialist opinion survey indicate that the WDS improved the quality of flight information service to the user pilot and improved job satisfaction for the specialist. The objective data was congruent with and in the same direction as the data that was obtained from the specialist opinion survey. However, the specialists perceived a greater reduction in workload than was measured in the before and after comparsion of preflight briefing times. (Author) KW - Advisory activities KW - Advisory groups KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airport terminals KW - Attitudes KW - Data communications KW - Information display systems KW - Job analysis KW - Labor KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Surveys KW - Weather communications KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326241 AU - Rzonca, L I AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INITIAL DATA BANK REPORT (FALL 1978; WINTER/SPRING/SUMMER/FALL 1979; WINTER 1980) PY - 1980/07 SP - 22 p. AB - The International Bank for airborne-Omega data has begun operation at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center. This first report issued by the Data Bank is based upon preliminary data for Pacific flights in fall 1978 and winter/spring 1979 and upon data from North Atlantic flights in summer/fall 1979 and winter 1980. At least three Omega stations were received during all phases of these flights. No significant seasonal variations or effects due to solar activity were noted in the signal-to-noise values. These values were highly repeatable (under the same conditions) with major drops due to ice cap attenuation and operation in areas of normally high very low frequency (VLF) noise. Differences in signal-to-noise between signals traversing daylight/night ice cap (for both Greenland and Antarctica) were noted. (Author) KW - Civil aviation KW - Databases KW - Omega navigation KW - Omega navigation system KW - Polar cap absorption KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Signal to noise ratio KW - Solar radiation KW - Traffic distribution KW - Very low frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326068 AU - Parr, F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CURRENT AIRCRAFT SURVEY (APPROACH SPEEDS, GROSS WEIGHTS, AND DIMENSIONS) PY - 1980/07 SP - 36 p. AB - A survey of current aircraft was conducted to determine the effect of a revision to FAR 97.3. The revision deleted the use of gross weight in categorization of aircraft for instrument approach minimums. Of 237 aircraft types and models of 22 nations surveyed, 180 were not affected by the rule change. Of the affected aircraft, 31 changed from Category D to C, one from D to B, one from D to A, 17 from C to B, three from C to A, and four from B to A. Ten aircraft types have series which fall into two categories. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Approach KW - Height KW - Length KW - Surveys KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318894 AU - Paul, L AU - Shochet, E AU - Talotta, J D AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FLIGHT SERVICE STATION CONSOLIDATION. PHASE III: INDIANAPOLIS, FORT WAYNE, AND TERRE HAUTE FLIGHT SERVICE STATIONS PY - 1980/07 SP - 58 p. AB - A study was made to evaluate the effect of consolidating the Indianapolis, Terre Haute, and Fort Wayne Flight Service Stations (FSS) into one facility. This report documents the estimated effect of consolidation on specialist productivity, distribution of workload, staffing requirements, and service to the user. Queuing theory was used to determine what one might expect in the way of number of delays, amount of delay, number waiting, etc. In addition, analyses were made to estimate the effect of decreasing the number of specialists while assuming the same demand and increasing the demand while assuming the same number of specialists. The data collected clearly supports the expected value of consolidation and must be regarded as an encouraging indication that the present system can be made to operate more efficiently and provide better service to the users. Providing the users access to a larger number of specialists than are normally available at the nearest FSS should permit better service with fewer delays and a more equitable distribution of the workload, other things being equal. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Data collection KW - Geographical distribution KW - Modifications KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Performance human KW - Personnel KW - Personnel performance KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Railroad stations KW - Simulation KW - Work measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337952 AU - Wilk, K E AU - Dooley, J T AU - National Severe Storms Lab AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA RADARS AND THEIR DISPLAY OF SEVERE WEATHER (THUNDERSTORMS) PY - 1980/07 SP - 44 p. AB - The relative performances of FAA ASR and ARSR Air Traffic Control radars are compared with the WSR-57 weather radar using simple models of time-dependent reflectivity profiles from severe thunderstorms. Results show the relatively wide vertical beams of FAA radars are helpful for early detection of new rain cells developing aloft. This better detection depends on range and is most useful within 65 n.mi. (120 km). Beyond 110 n.mi. (204 km), the FAA ARSR radars receive less returned signal and therefore underestimate storm strength more than the WSR-57, especially when the first heavy precipitation and hail have reached the ground. Because the FAA radar antennas are tilted and the beam axis is usually several degrees above the horizon, the return tends to maximize during storm development, but may decrease below severe weather indications while severe weather is occurring. be separated using high resolution FIMS. The precision of the proposed analysis method was evaluated with an authentic jet fuel sample, and it was found that the coefficient of variation of minor components averaged 6 percent while that of larger components was 2 or 3 percent. The use of high resolution FIMS together with a batch inlet system and computerized data collection and analysis system appears to be a highly promising technique for providing detailed quantitative data on the chemical composition of middle distillate fuels. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Radar images KW - Radar reflection KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Search radar KW - Thunderstorms UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328881 AU - Smith, A P AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONFLICT MONITORING ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL ROUTE SPACING IN THE HIGH ALTITUDE CONUS AIRSPACE. VOLUME II PY - 1980/07 SP - 122 p. AB - The work reported in this document was undertaken as part of the examination of the soundness of the current standards for the spacing between parallel aircraft routes and the enhancement of analytical methods to evaluate future standards. This interim report describes work completed to date on the Conflict Monitoring Parallel Route Spacing Analysis. This analysis assesses the potential for collision and the controller workload associated with aircraft flying on same direction parallel routes. To assess the potential for collision the analysis considers a conflict alert function similar to that employed in the National Airspace System. The conflict alert function detects pairs of aircraft which are projected to violate the radar separation standard within a given time period. In the analysis, the event of a conflict alert is followed by a probabilistic delay and a resolution maneuver characterized by a randomly chosen horizontal turn rate. The controller intervention rate is estimated by using a simulation. Actual aircraft tracks were sampled from the FAA data base which supports this activity. These tracks are initiated on the routes based on randomly chosen sector entry times which reflect the level of route loading. For both the potential for collision and the intervention rate, trial results based on a subset of the FAA data are given. KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Altitude KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flight paths KW - High altitude KW - Intervention KW - Monitoring KW - Parallel orientation KW - Radar tracking KW - Rates KW - Routing KW - Scheduling KW - Separation KW - Standards KW - Surveillance KW - Traffic distribution KW - United States KW - Visual flight KW - Visual flight rules KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328877 AU - Smith, A P AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONFLICT MONITORING ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL ROUTE SPACING IN THE HIGH ALTITUDE CONUS AIRSPACE. VOLUME I PY - 1980/07 SP - 65 p. AB - This work was undertaken as part of the examination of the soundness of the current standards for the spacing between parallel aircraft routes and the enhancement of analytical methods to evaluate future standards. This report describes work completed to date on the Conflict Monitoring Parallel Route Spacing Analysis. This analysis assesses the potential for collision and the controller workload associated with aircraft flying on same direction parallel routes. To assess the potential for collision the analysis considers a conflict alert function similar to that employed in the National Airspace System. The conflict alert function detects pairs of aircraft which are projected to violate the radar separation standard within a given time period. In the analysis the event of a conflict alert is followed by a probabilistic delay and a resolution maneuver characterized by a randomly chosen horizontal turn rate. The controller intervention rate is estimated by using a simulation. Actual aircraft tracks were sampled from the FAA data base which supports this activity. These tracks are initiated on the routes based on randomly chosen sector entry times which reflect the level of route loading. For both the potential for collision and the intervention rate, trial results based on a subset of the FAA data are given. KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Altitude KW - Aviation safety KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flight paths KW - Hazards KW - High altitude KW - Intervention KW - Monitoring KW - Parallel orientation KW - Rates KW - Routing KW - Separation KW - Surveillance KW - Traffic distribution KW - United States KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327739 AU - SUTHERLAND, L C AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CORRECTION PROCEDURES FOR AIRCRAFT NOISE DATA. VOLUME III. FILTER EFFECTS PY - 1980/07 SP - 93 p. AB - A method has been developed to quantify errors in measurement, correction and extrapolation of aircraft noise data which are attributable to spectrum slope and nonideal filter transmission characteristics. The method's fundamental basis is an iterative calculation scheme which recovers an estimate of the true spectrum shape of a signal from its measured band levels. This 'true' spectrum can then be extrapolated to other distances or have frequency dependent corrections made to it on an exact basis without need for worry about filter or slope errors. The new spectrum may then be re-integrated to produce band levels suitable for input to EPNdB or PNL calculations. Applying this procedure to real flyover data and comparing the resultant values of EPNL with those using FAR Part 36 procedures showed only small differences usually. However, the technique provides a consistent method for the analysis of errors due to these sources and should be useful for estimating their magnitude in the future. (Author) KW - Absorption KW - Acoustic filters KW - Aircraft noise KW - Anomalies KW - Band spectra KW - Broadband KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Deviation (Statistics) KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Errors KW - Frequency bands KW - Interaction KW - Measurement KW - Quantities KW - Radio frequency KW - Signal processing KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Troposphere KW - Values in measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327737 AU - Yamartino, R J AU - SMITH, D G AU - Bremer, S A AU - Heinold, D AU - Lamich, D AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPACT OF AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS ON AIR QUALITY IN THE VICINITY OF AIRPORTS. VOLUME II. AN UPDATED MODEL ASSESSMENT OF AIRCRAFT GENERATED AIR POLLUTION AT LAX, JFK, AND ORD PY - 1980/07 SP - 89 p. AB - This report documents the results of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)/Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air quality study which has been conducted to assess the impact of aircraft emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the vicinity of airports. This assessment includes the results of recent modeling and monitoring efforts at Washington National (DCA), Los Angeles International (LAX), Dulles International (IAD), and Lakeland, Florida airports and an updated modeling of aircraft generated pollution at LAX, John F. Kennedy (JFK) and Chicago O'Hare (ORD) airports. The Airport Vicinity Air Pollution (AVAP) model which was designed for use at civil airports was used in this assessment. In addition the results of the application of the military version of the AVAP model the Air Quality Assessment Model (AQAM), are summarized. Both the results of the pollution monitoring analyses in Volume I and the modeling studies in Volume II suggest that: maximum hourly average 60 CO concentrations from aircraft are unlikely to exceed 5 parts per million (ppm) in areas of public exposure and are thus small in comparison to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 35 ppm; maximum hourly HC concentrations from aircraft can exceed 0.25 ppm over an area several times the size of the airport; and while annual average NO2 concentrations from aircraft are estimated to contribute only 10 to 20 percent of the NAAQS limit level. KW - Air mass analysis KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Airports KW - Analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Combustion KW - Combustion products KW - Emission spectra KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical models KW - Military applications KW - Military organizations KW - Models KW - Monitoring KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326393 AU - Yamartino, R J AU - SMITH, D G AU - Bremer, S A AU - Heinold, D AU - Lamich, D AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPACT OF AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS ON AIR QUALITY IN THE VICINITY OF AIRPORTS. VOLUME I. RECENT AIRPORT MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS, DATA ANALYSES, AND SUB-MODEL DEVELOPMENT PY - 1980/07 SP - 171 p. AB - This report documents the results of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)/Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air quality study which has been conducted to assess the impact of aircraft emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the vicinity of airports. This assessment includes the results of recent modeling and monitoring efforts at Washington National (DCA), Los Angeles International (LAX), Dulles International (IAD), and Lakeland, Florida airports and an updated modeling of aircraft generated pollution at LAX, John F. Kennedy (JFK) and Chicago O'Hare (ORD) airports. The Airport Vicinity Air Pollution (AVAP) model which was designed for use at civil airports was used in this assessment. In addition the results of the application of the military version of the AVAP model the Air Quality Assessment Model (AQAM), are summarized. KW - Air force facilities KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Airports KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Exhaust gases KW - History KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Military facilities KW - Models KW - Monitoring KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326334 AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN, AIRCRAFT CABIN FIRE SAFETY PY - 1980/06 SP - 56 p. AB - The Aircraft Cabin Fire Safety Program Plan is designed to improve the survivability of passengers and crew during an impact survivable postcrash transport aircraft cabin fire. Five major tasks are identified to accomplish the goal: (1) Postcrash Cabin Fire Hazard Characterization, (2) Laboratory Test Methodology Development, (3) Survival and Evacuation, (4) Fire Management and Suppression, and (5) Standards and Improvements. The program emphasizes the development of test methods and criteria for cabin interior materials that relate to flammability, smoke, and toxicity under postcrash fire conditions. Full-scale and model tests are performed initially to characterize the problem and identify governing parameters. A major activity is the correlation of small-scale and large-scale tests to determine what test or series of tests, test conditions, and data or scientific treatment of data best relate to postcrash cabin fire hazards. Quantification of the various hazards in terms of human survival will require studies to establish the escape impairment of irritant gases and develop a human survival model. Test method acceptability criteria will be derived based on a rational analysis incorporating computer models and cost/benefit computations. The program plan includes development or evaluation of cabin fire evacuation aids, including heat resistant evacuation slides, emergency lighting for a smoke-filled cabin environment and protective breathing devices, and fire management and suppression systems. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft fires KW - Evacuation KW - Fire fighting KW - Fire hazards KW - Fire prevention KW - Fires KW - Hazards KW - Research management KW - Safety KW - Survival UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326336 AU - Caiafa, C A AU - Neri, L M AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN AIRCRAFT CRASHWORTHINESS PY - 1980/06 SP - 54 p. AB - The Aircraft Crashworthiness Program Plan is designed to reduce or prevent aircraft occupants from incurring serious or fatal injuries in a 'survivable' crash impact accident by incorporating crashworthy design features into the initial stages of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft development. It describes a 5-year development program for both airplanes and rotorcraft. It identifies five major subprogram areas for study and analysis to accomplish the program's goals: (1) Airframes; (2) Cabin safety; (3) Fuel system protection; (4) Emergency evacuation system; and (5) Standards, criteria, and procedures. The plan emphasizes use of available background data; development of analytical techniques; validation of analytical techniques; validation of data to determine feasibility/acceptability; and transmittal of appropriate data for consideration as the basis for regulation, standards, etc. The Federal Aviation Administration groups, other Government agencies/departments and industry organizations participating in this effort are identified. Program schedule with milestones is presented. Program management and funding requirements are also identified. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Airframes KW - Airplanes KW - Aviation safety KW - Crashes KW - Escape systems KW - Fuel systems KW - Rotary wing aircraft KW - Standards KW - Survival UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326003 AU - Boone, J O AU - Collins, W E AU - VanDeventer, A D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE SELECTION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SPECIALISTS: I. HISTORY AND REVIEW OF CONTRIBUTIONS BY THE CIVIL AEROMEDICAL INSTITUTE PY - 1980/06 SP - 58 p. AB - For two decades the FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI) has engaged in active research programs exploring most aspects of the problems of effectively selecting air traffic control specialists (ATCSs) for the FAA. The results of those efforts have contributed directly to the establishment of revised ATCS selection standards by the Civil Service Commission (CSC). Early studies on the validity of aptitude tests for predicting successful completion of Academy training led to a decision to use such tests for part of the CSC screening standard. Later studies led to the establishment of a maximum age standard of 30 years for entry into ATCS training. In addition, CAMI researchers have continuously evaluated the validity of existing standards, have examined numerous variables and alternative aptitude measures, and have provided a number of data-based recommendations in an effort to upgrade the effectiveness of predicting success in ATCS training. This paper reviews that research with emphasis on aptitude screening measures, attrition, age, prior experience, education, sex, military ATCS training, and the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection. (Author) KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aptitude tests KW - Attrition KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Females KW - Government employees KW - Males KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Selection and appointment KW - Specialists KW - Standards KW - Training KW - Turnover UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326333 AU - Cutchis, P AU - Institute for Defense Analyses AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A FORMULA FOR COMPARING ANNUAL DAMAGING ULTRAVIOLET (DUV) RADIATION DOSES AT TROPICAL AND MID-LATITUDE SITES PY - 1980/06 SP - 60 p. AB - A simple formula is developed in this paper for the relative annual damaging ultraviolet radiation (DUV) dose at different tropical and mid-latitude sites. The formula consists of six multiplicative factors which include the effects of amount of ozone, latitude, altitude, cloudiness, ground albedo, and amount of aerosols. A seasonal ozone variation factor is introduced to modify the tropical relative DUV formula for application to mid-latitude sites. The approach involves correlations of sometimes sparse data, and remains to be validated in the general sense. The formula should be useful, where more exact data are not available, in studies of the effects of solar ultraviolet radiation--and its possible increase from a reduction in stratospheric ozone--on land and marine ecological systems and skin cancer incidence in white Caucasian populations. (Author) KW - Albedo KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Biology KW - Cancer KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Ecology KW - Geography KW - Marine biology KW - Ozone KW - Radiation damage KW - Radiation doses KW - Radiation hazards KW - Radiation shielding KW - Radiobiology KW - Reflection KW - Skin KW - Skin diseases KW - Temperate regions KW - Tropics KW - Ultraviolet radiation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326235 AU - GILBERT, G A AU - HELICOPTER ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA? AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HELICOPTER NORTHEAST CORRIDOR OPERATIONAL TEST SUPPORT PY - 1980/06 SP - 83 p. AB - With the growing importance of helicopters to the national air transportation system, a demand is developing for more IFR (virtually all-weather) helicopter capability. At the same time, it is essential that helicopters be able to take advantage of their unique features and operate within the common ATC system without conflict to or from conventional fixed wing air traffic. A 'test bed' operation was established progressively by the FAA in cooperation with the HAA during the period 1975-1978 to develop real world applications of these and other helicopter operational concepts in the Northeast Corridor (NEC) of the United States. During mid-1979 to early 1980 a nine month controlled NEC test and evaluation project was carried out jointly by the HAA and the FAA. This HAA report describes the methodology and procedures followed, results obtained during the controlled test period, and conclusions and recommendations reached. The complementary FAA Technical Center report referred to in item 15 above will be issued separately. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation KW - Airplanes KW - All weather KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Helicopters KW - Operations research KW - Planning KW - Rotary wing aircraft KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326246 AU - KING, L D AU - Systems Control Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRBORNE RADAR APPROACH FLIGHT TEST EVALUATING VARIOUS TRACK ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES PY - 1980/06 SP - 194 p. AB - This comprehensive report presents the results of a flight test experiment of an Airborne Radar Approach (ARA) System utilizing various track orientation techniques and operational modes. The tests were performed in the immediate area of NAFEC in Atlantic City, N.J. The test environment involved the airport terminal area and offshore sites. The test aircraft was a NASA CH53A helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft and currently based at NAFEC. The test period was from January 1979 to February 1979 and from June 1979 to August 1979. Flight tests for ARA accuracy and procedures development were performed in six distinct operational modes. These were as follows: beacon w/cursor, multiple beacon, skin paint, skin paint w/cursor, combined and beacon-only modes. The specific program objectives can be summarized as follows: (1) to evaluate the ability of the radar operator to guide an aircraft along a predetermined path using various track orientation techniques, namely: the cursor and multiple beacon techniques; (2) to assist the FAA in developing and certifying standard ARA procedures and weather minimums; (3) to define and quantify specific ARA system functions and characteristics for use in a Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) document. KW - Accuracy KW - Airborne KW - Flight tests KW - Helicopters KW - Lighthouses KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Multimode KW - Navigation radar KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar targets KW - Surface effect ships KW - Surface targets KW - Target discrimination KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326282 AU - DAY, C F AU - Studholme, E D AU - Jones, J C AU - Noah (J Watson), Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPLICATIONS OF REQUIRING NEW PRODUCTION OF OLDER AIRCRAFT TYPES (LESS THAN 75,000 POUNDS) TO MEET AMENDED NOISE STANDARDS PY - 1980/06 SP - 60 p. AB - The study examined the implications of requiring new production of older business jets to meet Stage 3 noise standards. Most current production business jets are well below these standards. Aircraft that may be in production after 1985 which do not meet Stage 3 noise limits include the G.E. powered Learjets and the Gulfstream 3. Both companies have conducted extensive noise reduction programs and, except for reengineering, application of known technology will not lead to significant noise reductions. Reengineering appears to be impractical since use of an available alternative engine would have a major impact on aircraft performance and mission characteristics. Significant reductions in noise footprint can be achieved by means of noise abatement flight procedures. use of new production models of these aircraft in the post-1985 time period is not expected to have major community noise impacts particularly at airports with 50 or more air carrier departures per day. Such airports account for about 94 percent of the U.S. population impacted by 30 NEF or more. (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airports KW - Civil aircraft KW - Forecasting KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet transports KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Standards KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326289 AU - Englander, I AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM STATISTICS PROGRAM, OPERATIONAL HANDBOOK PY - 1980/06 SP - 76 p. AB - This report documents the Voice Response System (VRS) Statistics Program developed for the preflight weather briefing VRS. It describes the VRS statistical report format and contents, the software program structure, and the program operation. (Author) KW - Computer program documentation KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - Output KW - Speech KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Training KW - Voice communication KW - Weather communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326244 AU - VANDEVENNE, H F AU - Kelly, E J AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - ALTERNATE WAVEFORMS FOR A LOW-COST CIVIL GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM RECEIVER PY - 1980/06 SP - 128 p. AB - This report examines the technical feasibility of alternate waveforms to perform the GPS functions and to result in less complex receivers than is possible with the GPS C/A waveform. The approach taken to accomplish this objective is (a) to identify, after a quick broad overview, a few promising waveforms, (b) to complete the architectural synthesis of a GPS system based on the new waveforms, (c) to analyze the performance of these systems in providing ranging and communication capability and (d) to assess the impact on receiver hardware and software. One conclusion is that the class of pulsed waveform, when combined with emerging matched filter technology, permits the use of a greatly simplified receiver design. A major part of the report consists of description of a pulse-based GPS design. Although very specific, the design was intended as a vehicle for performance analysis only and many refinements and alternatives within the same class are possible. Other classes of waveforms such as tone ranging and chirped FM waveforms, although adequate, do not seem superior to the present PN encoded CW waveform for GPS. Finally, if the 'alternate' waveform is simply the present C/A waveform but with a substantially increased power level, it is shown that with the present designs the performance will be greatly increased or, alternatively, performance margin can be traded for a simplified receiver implementation. (Author) KW - Charge coupled devices KW - Chirp filters KW - Circuit analysis KW - Circuit analyzers KW - Civil aviation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Filters KW - Global Positioning System KW - Matched filters KW - Peak power KW - Peak value (Electricity) KW - Radio receivers KW - Range finding KW - Rangefinders KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Waveform KW - Waveform analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318887 AU - HARTMAN, W J AU - Pratt, L E AU - National Telecommunications/Information Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VOICE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS PY - 1980/06 SP - 26 p. AB - Subjective intelligibility scores are determined for various combinations of signal-to-noise ratios, clipping, filtering, and pre-emphasis/de-emphasis. These are compared with scores derived using linear predictive coding (LPC). An overall correlation of 0.88 is obtained between the two sets of scores. (Author) KW - Acoustic signal processing KW - Acoustic signals KW - Correlation analysis KW - Detectors KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Distortion KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Equipment tests KW - Intelligibility KW - Interference KW - Legibility KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Noise sound KW - Scoring KW - Scoring (Concrete) KW - Signal processing KW - Speech KW - Speech recognition KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318895 AU - PAILEN, W AU - Wintermoyer, H C AU - Sittler, R AU - Sterling Systems Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE CAPACITY OF THE AUTOMATED RADAR TERMINAL SYSTEMS (ARTS IIIA) FOR THE YEARS 1980-1990 PY - 1980/06 SP - 454 p. AB - The capability of the ARTS IIIA to support future air traffic growth and functional enhancements through 1990 is examined. The approach used is to investigate a few high traffic density sites which are representative of the three current terminal system configurations: single sensor sites (Detroit); dual sensor sites (Chicago, Los Angeles); and Metroplexes (New York). Loading factors are determined for each model site. These factors include the number and type of sensors and displays, the instantaneous traffic counts, and functional capability. The loading parameters are then used as inputs to a processing model, developed in this study, in order to determine if the ARTS IIIA can provide adequate processing capacity. The loading parameters are also used to develop estimates of memory requirements. The results of the study indicate that processing capacity limitations, if not overcome, will likely constrain functional growth at Metroplex facilities but will present no problems for single and dual sensor sites. Current memory capacity limitations are shown to present significant problems for both Metroplexes and dual sensors sites. KW - Air traffic KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Automation KW - Counters KW - Data processing equipment KW - Detectors KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Memory devices KW - New York (State) KW - Radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328878 AU - Schwenk, J C AU - Shafer, P AU - Pandit, P AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERAL AVIATION AVIONICS STATISTICS: 1977 PY - 1980/06 SP - 133 p. AB - This report presents avionics statistics for the 1977 general aviation (GA) aircraft fleet and is the fourth in a series. The statistics are presented in a capability group framework which enables one to relate airborne avionics equipment to the capability for a GA aircraft to function in the National Airspace System. The word 'capability' is used in this report to mean in what segments of the airspace an aircraft can fly, under what flight rules it can fly, and at what airports it can land. The framework permits the GA fleet to be divided into groups according to their capabilities as dictated by the avionics configurations of the aircraft. Differences in various characteristics of the aircraft are examined among the capability groups. The FAA's Sample File of results from the 1977 GA Activity and Avionics Survey is the source of all the statistical data used in this report. KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Altitude KW - Avionics KW - Civil aviation KW - Communication devices KW - Instrument flying KW - Landing KW - Navigational aids KW - Regulations KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326396 AU - DeLucien, A G AU - Green, D L AU - Price, H R AU - Smith, F D AU - PACER Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STUDY OF HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE AND TERMINAL INSTRUMENT PROCEDURES PY - 1980/06 SP - 190 p. AB - In an effort to provide data needed to examine the feasibility of new procedures and criteria for terminal instrument procedures, this study effort addresses helicopter IFR operations in two parts. First, it documents, in a collective sense, the Instrumental Meteorological Conditions and Visual Meteorological Conditions performance capabilities of currently IFR-certified helicopters. A number of proposed helicopter procedures are analyzed for their suitability for further consideration or experimental testing, considering the current helicopter parametric performance envelopes. Second, helicopter instrument procedures are addressed in the long-term sense and recommendations are offered for development of post-1985 operations. KW - Air pilots KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airport terminals KW - Flight instruments KW - Handbooks KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Helicopters KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures KW - Work measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326290 AU - LAFREY, R R AU - Laynor, J E AU - Nelson, R G AU - Sandholm, R G AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE TRANSPORTABLE MEASUREMENTS FACILITY (TMF) SYSTEM DESCRIPTION PY - 1980/05/23 SP - 44 p. AB - This report describes the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Transportable Measurements Facility (TMF), a special purpose beacon interrogator patterned after the Discrete Address Beacon Sensor. This van-mounted experimental beacon system includes all ATCRBS/DABS reply processing and monopulse processing, but not other DABS processing. It was developed to collect data at various locations in the United States so that candidate DABS sensor antenna and processing could be evaluated in a real environment. The TMF has been installed and operated at: Logan Airport (Boston); Deer Island, MA (near Logan); Washington National Airport (DCA); Philadelphia Int. Airport (PHL); Clementon, NJ (near Philadelphia); Los Angeles Int. Airport (LAX); Brea, CA(25 miles east of LAX); Salt Lake City, UT (SLC); Layton, UT (near Salt Lake City); Las Vegas Airport (LAS); Green Airport, Warwick, RI. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Antennas KW - Circuit analysis KW - Circuit analyzers KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Equipment tests KW - Field tests KW - Interrogators KW - Location KW - Mode S KW - Monitoring KW - Signal processing KW - Test equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326328 AU - Garner, J D AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF A SEPARATE SHORT RUNWAY FOR COMMUTER AND GENERAL AVIATION TRAFFIC AT DENVER PY - 1980/05 SP - 47 p. AB - An analysis is made of the feasibility of a short, separate runway for general aviation at Denver's Stapleton International Airport and how it may be facilitated by FAA Engineering and Development products. General aviation is defined as private, corporate, and fixed base operators (flight schools and air taxis), and commuter airlines. The analysis is for Instrument Meteorological Conditions using current ATC procedures and consists of: runway placement, obstacle clearance, location of navigational aids, airspace design to segregate aircraft by type to two separate parallel runways, and the design of taxi patterns to allow unimpeded movement of ground traffic. Details of ILS siting such as terrain and multipath problems are not addressed. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Capacity quantity KW - Civil aviation KW - Ground traffic KW - Instrument landing KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Instrumentation KW - Location KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Navigational aids KW - Parallel orientation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966009 AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Higgins, E A AU - Funkhouser, G E AU - Moses, R AU - Fowler, P R AU - Wicks, S M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CHANGES IN THE OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE AND TIME OF USEFUL FUNCTION AT HYPOBARIC PRESSURES IN RATS AFTER CHRONIC ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PROPRANOLOL PY - 1980/05 SP - 11 p. AB - Twenty rats were given propranolol, 1.8 mg/kg body weight, by mouth for twelve days. On day 13, these and 20 control rats were tested for time of useful function (TUF) after rapid decompression in a hypobaric chamber. The criterion for TUF was the animal's ability to remain upright in a motor-driven exercise wheel. The decompression profile was achieved by rapidly reducing the pressure to a level equivalent to an altitude of 34,000 ft, holding for 1 min, then recompressing and holding at 29,000 ft for the remainder of the test. On day 13, the propranolol treated rats had a significant shift to the right in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC). Although shifts to the right in the ODC normally occur during adaptation to altitudes, this was of no advantage to the drug-treated group, which had an average TUF of only about 170 s (approximately 50 s less than that of the control rats). This finding is consistent with previous research that found rats with left-from-normal shifts in the ODC survived longer than did control rats at altitudes approximately equal to those used in the present study. In other experiments, the authors showed that one metabolite of propranolol, 4-hydroxypropranolol, can produce rightward shifts in the ODC. This result may help explain why chronic administration of the drug causes such shifts, though its concentration in the blood is far less than that required to produce the effect in vitro. Decrements in the TUF seen in these and other experiments were probably the result of several mechanisms, including shifts in the ODC, central depression and cardiovascular effects. KW - Altitude KW - Aviation medicine KW - Blood KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Decompression KW - Drugs KW - Incapacitation KW - Laboratory animals KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oxygen KW - Propranolol KW - Rats UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/1980/198010/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966004 AU - Ryan, L C AU - Mohler, S R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE CURRENT ROLE OF ALCOHOL AS A FACTOR IN CIVIL AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS PY - 1980/05 SP - 15 p. AB - Ethyl alcohol continues as a serious adverse factor in general aviation flight safety. According to Federal Aviation Administration figures, the level of alcohol-associated general aviation fatal accidents has remained relatively static at a 16% general level since 1969. A recent survey of the attitudes of pilots toward alcohol and flying reveals a lack of appreciation among one-third of the pilots concerning the adverse effects of alcohol on safe flight. A renewed pilot education program on alcohol and flight safety appears indicated. KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Fatalities KW - General aviation KW - Safety education KW - Surveys UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966005 AU - Boone, J O AU - Steen, J A AU - Van Buskirk, L K AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SYSTEM PERFORMANCE, ERROR RATES, AND TRAINING TIME FOR RECENT FAA ACADEMY NONRADAR GRADUATES, COMMUNITY PERSONS, AND HANDICAPPED PERSONS ON THE RADAR TRAINING FACILITY PILOT POSITION PY - 1980/05 SP - 63 p. AB - In May 1980, the Federal Aviation Administration completed construction of a radar training facility (RTF) in Oklahoma City. The primary objective of the RTF is to closely duplicate the specialized operational environment existing at automated terminal and en route facilities as well as to have the capability of synthesizing a wide variety of air traffic control situations. Corresponding to each radar training sector, there is a manual controller position, a ghost position, and three pilot positions. The ghost positions serve as the adjacent sectors to the radar position, while persons at the pilot positions control the flight of the aircraft simulated at the radar positions. Errors at the pilot position confound the scoring procedure for evaluating the performance of the trainee in the radar position. This study was designed to determine the expected error rates, what inputs result in the most errors, how long it takes to train pilots to proficiency, and who should/could operate the pilot positions. With respect to the latter, error rates and training time were compared for three groups: air traffic control specialist trainees, people from the general community, and handicapped persons. The results of the study indicate that all three groups can learn to operate the pilot position within a reasonable length of time with an acceptable error rate. A recommendation is made to employ handicapped and community persons at the pilot position in order to maintain a stable, competent group of RTF pilots. KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Error analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Flight simulators KW - Human error KW - Oklahoma City (Oklahoma) KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Students KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Training KW - Training simulators KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/1980/198005/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337957 AU - Colket, M B AU - Zabielski, M F AU - Chiappetta, L J AU - DODGE, L G AU - Guile, R N AU - United Technologies Research Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - NITRIC OXIDE MEASUREMENT STUDY: PROBE METHODS - VOLUME II PY - 1980/05 SP - 115 p. AB - Experimental facilities used in studying the performance of probes and sampling systems for measuring NO are described. A critical review of the literature on probe measurements of NOx is given with emphasis on reported results indicating that probes may perturb the total concentration of NOx in a flame. Also, sample line and chemiluminescent analyzer phenomena are reviewed. A model of probe aerodynamics including heat transfer is presented. Kinetics of NO loss are examined and quenching criteria for measuring nitric oxide in flames are given. Sampling probes are described that were designed to preserve NO and are suitable for measurements on small and large combustors. Probes were designed to cool the gases both convectively and aerodynamically. Performance of these probes is compared with model predictions. Concentrations of nitric oxide were measured using several probes for each of three flame environments. The values measured with each probe are compared and related to seed levels of NO. In addition, concentration profiles required to compare probe measurements with optical measurements are provided. KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Burners KW - Chemical reactions KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas analysis KW - Kinetics KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor reactions KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Reaction kinetics KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337958 AU - Zabielski, M F AU - DODGE, L G AU - Colket, M B AU - Seery, D J AU - United Technologies Research Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - NITRIC OXIDE MEASUREMENT STUDY: COMPARISON OF OPTICAL AND PROBE METHODS - VOLUME III PY - 1980/05 SP - 98 p. AB - Nitric oxide (NO) was measured in the exhaust of three different combustion systems by in situ ultraviolet absorption and by chemiluminescent analysis after gas sampling with several probe designs. The three combustion systems were: (1) a flat flame burner fueled with CH4/N2/O2; (2) a research swirl burner fueled with C3H8/air; and, (3) a modified FT12 combustor operated on Jet A/air. Each combustion system was run at several different conditions so that probe and optical measurements could be obtained over a wide range of exhaust environments encompassing products from lean, stoichiometric, and rich flames, laminar to turbulent flows, and temperatures at centerline from 600 K to 1800 K. The results obtained with the metallic, water-cooled probes of different designs (all expansion-type) agreed with the optical results to within 25 percent. Some small losses of NO (10-15 percent) were observed in a lean methane flame at 1800 K with an uncooled stainless steel probe, but under fuel-rich conditions up to 80 percent NO destruction was observed. Experimental facilities are described, previous results are discussed, and a summary of the major findings of this study is given. KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Burners KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas analysis KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Optical instruments KW - Optical measurement KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Sampling KW - Ultraviolet spectroscopy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364808 AU - DODGE, L G AU - Colket, M B AU - Zabielski, M F AU - Dusek, J AU - Seery, D J AU - United Technologies Research Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NITRIC OXIDE MEASUREMENT STUDY: VOLUME I. OPTICAL CALIBRATION PY - 1980/05 SP - 218 p. AB - Calibration devices suitable for providing known amounts of nitric oxide (NO) at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 2000 K and pressures of 0.5 atm (50.7kPa) to 2.0 atm (203kPa) are described with their design considerations. Methods for confirming nitric oxide concentrations are given. The spectroscopic theory for the absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the gamma (0,0) band of nitric oxide is reviewed. Experimental values for oxcillator strengths and broadening parameters for NO with various collision partners are provided. Experimental results confirming the adequacy of a computer spectral model and, hence, the calibration are presented along with the details of the model. Finally, the results of an empirical calibration of an infrared gas correlation spectrometer are given. (Author) KW - Absorption KW - Calibration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Gases KW - Infrared radiation KW - Measurement KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Optical properties KW - Pollutants KW - Simulation KW - Ultraviolet spectroscopy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326331 AU - FREUND, D J AU - VICKERS, T K AU - Automation Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PRELIMINARY TEST PLANS OF ATC CONCEPTS FOR LONGER TERM IMPROVEMENT (HELICOPTER OPERATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM) PY - 1980/05 SP - 50 p. AB - Test and simulation planning is documented for longer-term improvements in helicopter ATC concepts, which are classified into the following categories: (1) Offshore Route Structure in the Gulf of Mexico, (2) Secondary Radar, (3) Analysis of Navigation Errors in the Gulf, (4) Offshore Surveillance and Communications to 300 NM Range, (5) Real-Time Reporting of Aircraft-Derived Position, (6) VHF Communications Study in the CONUS, (7) ATC Implications of Alternate Airports for Helicopters, and (8) Wake Vortex Separation. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Errors KW - Flight paths KW - Gulf of Mexico KW - Helicopters KW - Heliports KW - Loran KW - Radio equipment KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Very high frequency KW - Vortex shedding KW - Wakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326326 AU - CONNOR, T M AU - Hamilton, C W AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SAFETY PROGRAMS WITH RESPECT TO THE CAUSES OF GENERAL AVIATION ACCIDENTS. VOLUME II. APPENDICES PY - 1980/05 SP - 262 p. AB - Contents: Individual General Aviation Segment Data Summaries; Data Pertaining to the Business, Single- and Multi-Engine Piston Subpopulation; Data Pertaining to the Corporate, Single- and Multi-Engine Piston Subpopulation; Data Pertaining to the Personal, Single- and Multi-Engine Piston Subpopulation; Data Pertaining to the Aerial Application, Single - and Multi-Engine Piston Subpopulation; Data Pertaining to the Instructional, Single - and Multi-Engine Piston Subpopulation; Data Pertaining to the Air Taxi, Single - and Multi-Engine Piston Subpopulation; Data Pertaining to the Corporate, Turboprop and Turbojet Subpopulation; and Data Pertaining to the Rotor (All Categories) Subpopulation. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Crash investigation KW - Databases KW - Error analysis KW - Factor analysis KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326237 AU - Rickley, E J AU - Pierce, A D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF SECONDARY SONIC BOOMS IN NEW ENGLAND PY - 1980/05 SP - 137 p. AB - This report documents the results of a secondary sonic boom detection and assessment program conducted by the U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center in New England during the summer of 1979. Measurements of both acoustic and infrasonic signals were made. Measurement data and ray trace computations demonstrate that the secondary sonic booms frequently reported by New England residents are created by the Concorde passenger flight off the New England coast enroute to Kennedy Airport in New York City. Signal amplitudes show side fluctuations from flight to flight, from day to day, and with geographic locations. A brief set of measurements made in Applebachsville PA, show a similar day to day variability and are correlated with Concorde flights into Dulles Airport in Virginia. KW - Acoustic detection KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft noise KW - Atlantic Ocean KW - Atmosphere KW - Computer programs KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Infrasonic radiation KW - Jet plane noise KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Massachusetts KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Overpressure KW - Pennsylvania KW - Sonic boom KW - Stratosphere KW - Supersonic aircraft KW - Supersonic flight KW - Supersonic speed KW - Supersonic transport planes KW - Time KW - Upper atmosphere KW - Waveform KW - Waveform analysis KW - Weather KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326283 AU - WARREN, J AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF TEXAS INSTRUMENTS SMALL COMMUNITY MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM PY - 1980/05 SP - 169 p. AB - The purpose of this program was to test the Texas Instruments (TI) model of time reference scanning beam (TRSB) known as the 'Small Community Airport Microwave Landing System' (SCAMLS) for conformance with the contractual proportional coverage and accuracy specifications. The TI SCAMLS is a prototype system intended to provide approach and landing guidance in a low-cost package to relatively low-density, short-runway feeder and general aviation airports. Flight and static tests determined the azimuth and elevation angular errors of the system. Results indicate that the guidance signals from the TI SCAMLS were within contractual specifications. (Author) KW - Aircraft landings KW - Altitude KW - Azimuth KW - C band KW - Elevation KW - Glide path systems KW - Identification systems KW - Landing KW - Landing fields KW - Low costs KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Prototypes KW - Scanners KW - Scanning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326284 AU - Jeck, R K AU - Naval Research Lab AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ICING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW ALTITUDE, SUPERCOOLED LAYER CLOUDS. REVISION PY - 1980/05 SP - 73 p. AB - A limited amount of new data has been obtained on the icing environment during initial airborne measurements aimed at developing environmental icing criteria for use in certifying helicopters for flight into icing conditions. Supercooled cloud characteristics are reported for 12 icing events encountered at temperatures from -10 C to 0 C at altitudes from 3500 to 6500 ft above the surface of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. Recorded droplet size spectra from a Particle Measuring Systems' Axially Scattering Probe (ASSP) were used to compute droplet mass (volume) median diameter (MMD) and, in addition to a Johnson-Williams LWC Indicator, the liquid water content (LWC). A review of available historical data from 1944-1950, upon which the atmospheric icing standards of Appendix C, FAR 25 were based, reveals that data obtained from measurements of ice accretion on multidiameter cylinders are subject to a number of significant errors of both signs. These probable errors, which will continue to be evaluated, may be responsible for the conclusions that: (1) the historical LWC values are generally larger than those observed in the flights described in this report; (2) the historical MMDs appear to be generally too small for all values of LWC; and (3) the historical droplet size distributions are unreliable, as is acknowledged in the later historical literature. (Author) KW - Airborne KW - Airworthiness KW - Altitude KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Clouds KW - Drops KW - Helicopters KW - Ice formations KW - Low altitude KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Physical distribution KW - Size KW - Stratus clouds KW - Subsonic flow KW - Supercooling KW - Water KW - Weather conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326242 AU - O'Brien, P J AU - Willett, FMJ AU - TOBIAS, L AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DYNAMIC AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SIMULATION OF PROFILE DESCENT AND HIGH-SPEED APPROACH FUEL CONSERVATION PROCEDURES PY - 1980/05 SP - 125 p. AB - A dynamic simulation of instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic operations in the Denver, Colorado, terminal area was conducted at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) to investigate aircraft fuel conservation procedures and the compatibilities of these procedures with air traffic control (ATC) and with the expeditious flow of air traffic. The laboratory environment of the NAFEC Air Traffic Control Simulation Facility (ATCSF) was utilized along with two Ames Research Center (ARC) piloted flight simulators. The ARC simulators were interfaced with the ATCSF via a landline system and were flown within the simulated environment together with the NAFEC computer-generated flights. Fuel conservative procedures tested were the profile descent and two high-speed approaches, the delayed flap approach and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) approach. The Denver terminal radar approach control (TRACON) was simulated, and traffic was representative of Stapleton Airport IFR operations. Results showed that, by comparison with conventional procedures, fuel was saved when only the the profile descent procedure was used. Fuel saving with the high-speed approach procedures, as simulated, was questionable. There was an indication of a fuel saving when departure flights were not restricted to maintaining 250 knots at 10,000 feet and below. Additionally, a graphic study showed that, at landing gross weight conditions, the most desirable holding altitudes were between 20,000 and 30,000 feet. A more in-depth study of the ramifications of computer-aided flight scheduling and latest technology in fuel saving flight procedures is recommended. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft landings KW - Airports KW - Approach KW - Aviation fuels KW - Colorado KW - Conservation KW - Descent KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - High velocity KW - Instrument flying KW - Landing KW - Savings KW - Scheduling KW - Simulation KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326004 AU - CONNOR, T M AU - Hamilton, C W AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SAFETY PROGRAMS WITH RESPECT TO THE CAUSES OF GENERAL AVIATION ACCIDENTS. VOLUME I. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980/05 SP - 221 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the FAA safety programs were aligned with the causes of general aviation accidents. The data base used in this study consisted of a total of 30,592 general aviation accident records compiled by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) from 1971 through 1977. Analysis of these records was made with respect to NTSB-cited cause/factors. FAA programs implemented during the study time period and pertaining to safety were also included in this study. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Crash investigation KW - Databases KW - Error analysis KW - Errors KW - Factor analysis KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326071 AU - Juhlin, D AU - Parr, F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ST. LOUIS LDA/DME RUNWAY 12L APPROACH PY - 1980/05 SP - 100 p. AB - Arrival delays at St. Louis Lambert International Airport, MO, prompted Washington Headquarters to authorize an evaluation of a new approach concept using an offset localizer for an LDA/DME approach to runway 12L. The localizer was installed as proposed and flight tests flown in several different aircraft. Flight tracks of the approaches were studied, along with inflight data recorded by video cameras and tape recorders. Original figures on the approach plate were changed to more realistic numbers due to additional knowledge introduced by Ozark Airlines with the aid of their DC-9 simulator. Math model figures calculated by AFO-560 supported these figures. The evaluation of the proposed approach concept found it to be safe, flyable, and acceptable to pilots. This document does not address the Air Traffic Control responsibilities associated with this approach concept. KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Approach KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Flight paths KW - Flight tests KW - Missouri KW - Terminal air traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318885 AU - Goff, R C AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR ALERT SYSTEM (LLWSAS) PY - 1980/05 SP - 131 p. AB - The results of the Low-Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWSAS) field test and evaluation are reported. The system is a computer controlled anemometer mesonetwork used to detect near-surface wind discontinuities associated with strong thunderstorms and cold fronts -- those that are potentially hazardous to low-flying aircraft. The test and evaluation was conducted at seven major airports in the United States. This report discusses the principal meteorological events that will trigger alarms, the system hardware and software, and characteristics of the system that are unique to each airport. Heavy emphasis is placed on the proper siting of anemometry which was found to be the most important factor influencing high quality system performance. The siting criteria enumerated should serve as a model for future installations. Deviations from the model will severely impact system performance. The origin and justification for the vector difference threshold is discussed as well as LLWSAS by-products: wind gust determination and special displays for Terminal Radar Approach Control Facility (TRACON) rooms. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Altitude KW - Anemometers KW - Building sites KW - Data processing equipment KW - Gusts KW - Hazards KW - Information display systems KW - Location KW - Low altitude KW - Thunderstorms KW - Variables KW - Variations KW - Warning systems KW - Wind KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318888 AU - Kissick, W A AU - National Telecommunications/Information Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - POWER LINE CARRIER RADIATION AND THE LOW-FREQUENCY AERONAUTICAL RADIO COMPASS PY - 1980/05 SP - 136 p. AB - The power line carrier is a telecommunication technique widely used by the power utilities for communication and telemetry. This system uses the power lines as a propagation medium and operates largely in the LF band. Potential for interference to an aeronautical radio compass operating in the 190-535 kHz aeronautical radio-navigation band exists. The purpose of this work was to examine that potential for interference. Laboratory measurements of radio compass receivers were made. These results indicate that 44 to 54 dBu of undesired signal or an undesired-to-desired signal ratio of 4 to 10 dB was required to cause measurable radio compass bearing errors, depending on the type of receiver. An airplane equipped with a spectrum analyzer/data recording system was used to make power line carrier radiation measurements over two selected power lines in Tennessee. The results indicate that, for the limited measurements taken, radio compass bearing errors could be caused by power line carrier radiation for an injected carrier power of 4 W. The distance and height dependence of the power line carrier radiation is discussed. (Author) KW - Carrier frequencies KW - Compasses KW - Direction finding KW - Low frequency KW - Medium frequency KW - Radio direction finders KW - Radio frequency KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio receivers KW - Radiofrequency power KW - Signal to noise ratio KW - Spectrum analyzers KW - Telecommunications KW - Transmission lines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318890 AU - Jeck, R K AU - Naval Research Lab AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ICING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW ALTITUDE, SUPERCOOLED LAYER CLOUDS PY - 1980/05 SP - 73 p. AB - A limited amount of new data has been obtained on the icing environment during initial airborne measurements aimed at developing environmental icing criteria for use in certifying helicopters for flight into icing conditions. Super-cooled cloud characteristics are reported for 12 icing events encountered at temperatures from -10 C to 0 C at altitudes from 3500 to 6500 ft above the surface of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. Recorded droplet size spectra from a Particle Measuring Systems' Axially Scattering Probe (ASSP) were used to compute droplet mass (volume) median diameter (MMD) and, in addition to a Johnson-Williams LWC Indicator, the liquid water content (LWC). A review of available historical data from 1944-1950, upon which the atmospheric icing standards of Appendix C, FAR 25 were based, reveals that data obtained from measurements of ice accretion on multidiameter cylinders are subject to a number of significant errors of both signs. These probable errors, which will continue to be evaluated, may be responsible for the conclusions that (1) the historical LWC values are generally larger than those observed in the flights described in this report, (2) the historical MMDs appear to be generally too small for all values of LWC and (3) the historical droplet size distributions are unreliable, as is acknowledged in the later historical literature. (Author) KW - Airborne KW - Altitude KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Clouds KW - Drops KW - Helicopters KW - Ice formations KW - Low altitude KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Physical distribution KW - Size KW - Stratus clouds KW - Subsonic flow KW - Supercooling KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318891 AU - Billmann, B AU - THOMAS, J AU - MORGAN, T AU - Windle, J AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MODELING ACTIVE BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (BCAS) MEASUREMENT ERRORS: AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH PY - 1980/05 SP - 30 p. AB - The Active Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS) algorithm evaluation required the development of accurate input error models. This document describes a methodology used to model Active BCAS errors associated with the measurements of altitude and range. The models were required for use in the analysis of Active BCAS resolution performance in an error-degraded environment. A time series analysis of two independent sets of data from Active BCAS surveillance tracker test flights showed that Active BCAS measurement errors are highly sequentially correlated (auto-correlated) and time dependent. This indicated that dynamic (time dependent) models are more appropriate than the previous static (time independent) models. The analysis showed that range and altitude measurement errors could be characterized using first and second order autoregressive processes. The improvement in the characterization of the errors was achieved without increasing the model complexity. The number of parameters was increased by one compared to the number of parameters of the previous static models. With availability of more sets of data, not necessarily larger sets, the methodology could be applied to increase the accuracy of the parameter estimates. The methodology, described herein, could be applied to develop altitude and range measurement error models for other collision avoidance systems in which similar tracking procedures were used. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Air traffic control KW - Algorithms KW - Autocorrelation KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Errors KW - Mathematical models KW - Radar beacons KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time series analysis KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318884 AU - Hallock, J N AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VORTEX ADVISORY SYSTEM. VOLUME I. EFFECTIVENESS FOR SELECTED AIRPORTS PY - 1980/05 SP - 122 p. AB - The Vortex Advisory System (VAS) is based on wind criterion--when the wind near the runway end is outside of the criterion, all interarrival Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) aircraft separations can be set at 3 nautical miles. Five years of wind data have been obtained for 20 airports. By comparing the VAS wind criterion to the 5 years of wind data, the percentages of time that interarrival separations can be reduced at the 20 airports have been found. The percentages are given on an hourly and a monthly basis. Volume II (to be published at a later date) will examine the VAS effectiveness at Chicago O'Hare (ORD) with respect to the length of the intervals during which reduced separations might have been used. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Approach KW - Crosswinds KW - Determination KW - Indicating instruments KW - Indicator lights KW - Information processing KW - Landing KW - Measurement KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Separation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vortices KW - Wakes KW - Warning systems KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318881 AU - Adkins, A AU - Billmann, B AU - Strack, R AU - Windle, J AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL/ACTIVE BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM KNOXVILLE SIMULATION PY - 1980/05 SP - 93 p. AB - This project was conducted to assess the performance of an active mode Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS) operating in a moderate-density terminal Air Traffic Control (ATC) environment. The specific objectives addressed the impact of active BCAS on controllers and control procedures, the performance of new vertical speed limit (VSL) logic, the effectiveness of an alternate desensitization method, and the impact of 'no miss distance' filtering. An additional objective was to characterize and validate the active BCAS algorithm in terms of number, duration, and location of alerts and resolution effectiveness. The tests were conducted using the ATC Simulation Facility at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center during February and March 1979. Analysis of results indicated that an active BCAS system provided an effective aircraft separation assurance system as a backup to the ATC system and had no adverse effect on controllers or control procedures. The VSL logic modifications significantly reduced the BCAS activity for overflight traffic relative to the BCAS alarm rate in the full BCAS tests. An alternative desensitization method to range and altitude, based only on altitude, proved to be reasonably effective. The lack of horizontal miss distance information with active BCAS resulted in an increase in the positive command rate when compared to the full BCAS Knoxville results. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Algorithms KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Mode S KW - Radar beacons KW - Simulation KW - Test facilities KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318399 AU - Yatsko, R S AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VISUAL CONFIRMATION OF VOICE TAKEOFF CLEARANCE (VICON) ALTERNATIVE STUDY PY - 1980/05 SP - 61 p. AB - This report presents the results of a program undertaken to study potential alternatives to the VICON (Visual Confirmation of Voice Takeoff Clearance) System which has undergone operational field tests at Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, Connecticut since October 1979. The tests are scheduled for completion in March 1980. This report presents alternatives from two different viewpoints namely, those alternatives that can improve certain key components of the existing VICON System, and those proposing entirely different concepts than the current concept. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Car clearances (Railroads) KW - Clearances KW - Control systems KW - Detectors KW - Ground traffic KW - Information display systems KW - Lamps KW - Signals KW - Speech KW - Switching KW - Takeoff KW - Visual signals KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318396 AU - Mauro, P G AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INTERFERENCE AND NOISE IN AND ADJACENT TO THE LORAN-C SPECTRUM AT AIRPORTS PY - 1980/05 SP - 86 p. AB - Electrical noise and interference in the LORAN-C frequency band was measured at two rural airports in Vermont and a major airport in Boston, Mass. The purpose of the test program was to determine the potential interfering sources that could affect the proper operation of the radio navigational system, LORAN-C, when it is used for non-precision approaches and terminal and en route navigation. Although no significant interference was observed, several continuous wave transmissions were identified in the frequency band adjacent to the LORAN-C band. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Continuous waves KW - Electric filters KW - Electrical equipment KW - Filters KW - Frequency bands KW - Loran KW - Low frequency KW - Noise KW - Radio frequency KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio transmitters KW - Radio waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318397 AU - OFFI, D L AU - Lewis, W AU - Lee, T AU - DeLaMarche, A AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF THE AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR (ASR)-8 WIND SHEAR DETECTION SYSTEM (PHASE II) PY - 1980/05 SP - 40 p. AB - A wind shear detection system developed by the Wave Propagation Laboratory to operate with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)-8 was installed and is being tested at the FAA Technical Center. Second phase tests compared radar with aircraft and tower winds, evaluated the wind shear measurement capability under various weather conditions, and investigated the effectiveness of a simple two-azimuth pointing strategy and system capabilities and limitations. Results showed the system to be compatible with and to operate satisfactorily with the ASR-8. The processing and spectral display of clear air and precipitation returns is feasible. The accuracy of agreement between radar-measured winds and components of the aircraft-measured winds in both radially oriented flights and runway offset flights, using a two-azimuth pointing technique, was examined. Radar versus tower wind agreement was also examined. Potentially dangerous wind shears associated with weather during these tests were detectable. Certain system limitations also have been defined and considered. It is recommended that tests continue to complete definition of and demonstrate capabilities in all weather situations. KW - Accuracy KW - Air KW - Airborne KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport runways KW - Doppler radar KW - Fast Fourier transforms KW - Flight paths KW - Radar antennas KW - Search radar KW - Weather radar KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328215 AU - Cosel, R M AU - Figueroa, M AU - Rome Air Development Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION LIGHTNING PROTECTION MODULES DESIGNED FOR LEADLESS DEVICES PY - 1980/05 SP - 48 p. AB - The silicon avalanche diode transient suppressor is widely used to protect low level solid state devices against voltage transients. There has been a problem, however, in providing suitable low loss, low inductive installation mountings especially in retrofit cases. This report describes tow mounting systems developed for the FAA, a barrier strip designated FA9455, for direct current, pulsed or audio lines and coaxial holder designated FA9479 for 50 or 72 ohm video or F.R. lines. Tests were performed using both conventionally constructed suppressors and low capacity units at voltage ratings varying from 6.8 volts to over 50 volts and including bipolar and unipolar devices. Square wave tests on the barrier strip, insertion loss tests on the coaxial module and surge testing of both modules indicated that within test parameters, the devices are limited only by the capabilities of the square suppressor used. i.e. They are device limited. (Author) KW - Avalanche diodes KW - Avalanches KW - Coaxial configurations KW - Diodes KW - Electric terminals KW - Electric utility facilities KW - Electrical equipment KW - Electronic equipment KW - Holders KW - Lightning KW - Modules (Electricity) KW - Modules electronics KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety equipment KW - Suppressors KW - Transients UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326005 AU - Weiss, R A AU - Hall, JWJ AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND OVERLAY DESIGN USING VIBRATORY NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND LAYERED ELASTIC THEORY. VOLUME II. VALIDATION OF PROCEDURE PY - 1980/05 SP - 57 p. AB - A method of pavement evaluation and overlay design based on vibratory nondestructive testing and layered elastic theory was developed in Volume I of this report. Volume II validates this method by comparing it with the conventional methods of evaluation and overlay design for rigid and flexible pavements. Three airport sites were used for the validation. Results of the validation showed good agreement between allowable loads determined from the NDT-elastic theory method and the conventional standard method. However, there was poor agreement between overlay thickness requirements determined from the two methods. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Evaluation KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible materials KW - Flexible pavements KW - Layers KW - Loads KW - Materials KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Requirement KW - Rigid pavements KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Stiffness KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Theory KW - Thickness KW - Validation KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00324541 AU - Hall, J W AU - Elsea, D R AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROCEDURE FOR CONDITION SURVEY OF CIVIL AIRPORTS PY - 1980/05 SP - 185 p. AB - With an increase in air traffic and relatively limited new airport pavement construction, a major effort is being devoted to strengthening, rehabilitating, and maintaining existing pavements with emphasis on improved safety and increased capacity. This study was undertaken to provide airport pavement engineers with techniques for assessing the present condition of an airport pavement, for making comparisons of design predictions to actual performance, and for making predictions as to the remaining life of a pavement. A review of existing techniques for surface condition evaluation was made, and the best features of each procedure were extracted for the development of the proposed FAA procedure. The basis of this procedure is taken from work done by the U. S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), and the condition rating procedure developed by CERL for the Air Force was rated as the most comprehensive method reviewed and was selected as the method with the most potential for use on civil airports. Appendix A presents the condition survey procedure, and Appendix B presents an airport pavement distress identification manual. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318156 AU - SAND, F M AU - BALINSKI, M L AU - ECON, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE ALLOCATION OF RUNWAY SLOTS BY AUCTION. VOLUME III. THEORY AND TECHNICAL ISSUES FOR IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1980/04/15 SP - 87 p. AB - The allocation of runway slots at the high-density airports by means of an auction is studied. Previous approaches to slot auctions have not allowed for the interdependency of slot values to the air carriers--a single slot for a landing of an aircraft is likely to be of little value without a corresponding slot for a subsequent take-off of that aircraft. A Slot Exchange Auction is designed, its theoretical properties and practical implementation discussed. It is shown to allow the slot market to reach an efficient equilibrium under competitive conditions. The Airline Management Game is used to create a simulation test of the Slot Exchange Auction and its associated continuous market, the slot exchange. (Author) KW - Air transportation KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport runways KW - Allocations KW - Bargaining KW - Control systems KW - Corporations KW - Cost allocation KW - Landing KW - Takeoff UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318162 AU - SAND, F M AU - BALINSKI, M L AU - ECON, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE ALLOCATION OF RUNWAY SLOTS BY AUCTION. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/04/15 SP - 50 p. AB - The allocation of runway slots at the high-density airports by means of an auction is studied. Previous approaches to slot auctions have not allowed for the interdependency of slot values to the air carriers--a single slot for a landing of an aircraft is likely to be of little value without a corresponding slot for a subsequent take-off of that aircraft. A Slot Exchange Auction is designed, its theoretical properties and practical implementation discussed. It is shown to allow the slot market to reach an efficient equilibrium under competitive conditions. The Airline Management Game is used to create a simulation test of the Slot Exchange Auction and its associated continuous market, the slot exchange. (Author) KW - Air transportation KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Allocations KW - Bargaining KW - Corporations KW - Cost allocation KW - Landing KW - Management KW - Operations KW - Takeoff KW - Transport aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318155 AU - SAND, F M AU - BALINSKI, M L AU - ECON, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE ALLOCATION OF RUNWAY SLOTS BY AUCTION. VOLUME II. THE AIRLINE MANAGEMENT GAME AND SLOT AUCTION TESTING PY - 1980/04/15 SP - 177 p. AB - The allocation of runway slots at the high-density airports by means of an auction is studied. Previous approaches to slot auctions have not allowed for the interdependency of slot values to the air carriers--a single slot for a landing of an aircraft is likely to be of little value without a corresponding slot for a subsequent take-off of that aircraft. A Slot Exchange Auction is designed, its theoretical properties and practical implementation discussed. It is shown to allow the slot market to reach an efficient equilibrium under competitive conditions. The Airline Management Game is used to create a simulation test of the Slot Exchange Auction and its associated continuous market, the slot exchange. (Author) KW - Air transportation KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport runways KW - Allocations KW - Bargaining KW - Corporations KW - Cost allocation KW - Landing KW - Management KW - Takeoff KW - Transport aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966003 AU - Kirkham, W R AU - Simpson, J M AU - Wallace, T F AU - Grape, P M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCRAFT CRASHWORTHINESS STUDIES: FINDINGS IN ACCIDENTS INVOLVING AN AERIAL APPLICATION AIRCRAFT PY - 1980/04 SP - 43 p. AB - Aircraft crashworthiness features are presented, as others have done, in terms of packaging principles. Modern aerial application aircraft are recognized as being the most crashworthy in the civil aviation fleet. Eighteen accidents involving an aerial application aircraft are presented in regard to crashworthiness findings, crashworthiness being the protection afforded by the aircraft against injury to pilots from impact forces. A summary of findings showed that the cockpit afforded good protection but pilot restraint systems failed in many of the accidents. There were no failures in lap belts or lap belt attachments. The structural attachment of the shoulder harness failed in a rare accident and the manufacturer strengthened the attachment. The inertia wheel, to which the shoulder harness was attached, failed in three aircraft, diminishing the effectiveness of the shoulder harness in attenuating impact forces on the pilots. In 14 of the 18 accidents, the seat completely or partially separated from the seat track, and in 14 accidents, one or more of the cast alloy seat legs or pedestals broke. These accidents illustrate two areas of concern in terms of improved crashworthiness of these aircraft. One is the strength of the attachment of the shoulder harness, and the other is the apparent ease of detachment of seats from the seat tracks and failure of the cast alloy seat parts, especially the legs and pedestals. KW - Aerial application KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft KW - Alloys KW - Civil aviation KW - Cockpits KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashworthiness KW - Failure KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Restraint systems KW - Seat belts KW - Seats KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966006 AU - Kirkham, W R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MEDICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL FACTORS IN AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS PY - 1980/04 SP - 12 p. AB - A number of factors operating within pilots may impair their ability to operate aircraft in a safe manner, thus accounting for some of the 83 to 87% of pilot causes of general aviation accidents. Aircraft accident investigators should be attuned to the characteristics of the accident, witness statements and autopsy and laboratory findings that may suggest partial or complete incapacitation in the pilot. Incapacitation may be brought on by a medical condition that may be revealed at autopsy or be inferred only from medical history. Spatial disorientation is a subjective evaluation only and a form of incapacitation rated as the third most frequent cause of fatal general aviation accidents. Lack of oxygen (hypoxia) is a constant threat to incapacitate in aircraft operating at high altitudes. Toxicological factors such as alcohol, drugs and gases (such as carbon monoxide) should always be sought in fatal aircraft accidents by obtaining blood, urine and other specimens in laboratory analyses. Aerial application pilots may be incapacitated by the poisonous materials they apply, especially the cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides. The finding of therapeutic drugs in the blood or other specimens from accident victims, or of tablet, pills etc. at the scene, may point to underlying medical conditions that may impair pilot performance. The author discusses the principles and illustrates them briefly with cases to make accident investigators and other aware of the importance of medical and toxicological factors in aviation accidents. KW - Aerial application KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Alcohol use KW - Autopsies KW - Aviation medicine KW - Blood analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Drug use KW - Fatalities KW - General aviation KW - Health KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Hypoxia KW - Incapacitation KW - Insecticides KW - Medical case reports KW - Oxygen KW - Poisonous gases KW - Toxicology KW - Urinalysis UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343647 AU - Kowalski, S AU - Peter, K AU - ARINC Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ATC TRANSPONDER RELIABILITY IN AIR CARRIER AND GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT PY - 1980/04 SP - 23 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study to determine the reliability of the ATC transponder system in air carrier aircraft and low-performance general aviation aircraft. Data presented on air carrier class of transponders are based on historical records of the air carriers for equipment removal and repair activity. Data presented on the general aviation class of transponders are based on warranty action information furnished by four of the leading avionics manufacturers producing transponders. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aviation safety KW - Avionics KW - Civil aviation KW - Databases KW - Failure KW - Passenger aircraft KW - Probability KW - Reliability KW - Repairing KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318896 AU - Kolb, W AU - GERSHKOFF, I AU - ARINC Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA COMMUNICATIONS COST MODEL USER'S GUIDE. REVISED PY - 1980/04 SP - 69 p. AB - The FAA Communications Cost Model User's Guide provides information regarding applications, requirements, and operation of the model, describes user input data and procedures for setting up a run, and gives a sample problem showing how each data card is set up. Appendixes provide facilities and equipment (F&E) and operations and maintenance (O&M) parameters assumed in the model and describe each output report. KW - Air traffic control KW - Communication systems KW - Cost models KW - Costs KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Input KW - Maintenance KW - Programming manuals KW - Simulation KW - Speech KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318395 AU - Kolb, W AU - Tanke, R AU - GERSHKOFF, I AU - ARINC Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA COMMUNICATIONS COST MODEL PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION. REVISED PY - 1980/04 SP - 88 p. AB - The FAA Communications Cost Model is a computer program designed to answer management questions dealing with long-term, national-level communications planning issues. Therefore, the program is purposely directed toward estimating long-term macro-level (as opposed to near-term, micro-level) communications costs. The algorithms used emphasize cause-and-effect relationships (rather than direct extrapolation of cost data) to predict costs. This report documents the communications model computer program. It includes a description of model equations, functional flow charts, and the program listings. It should be used in conjunction with the revised FAA Communications Model User's Guide* for a comprehensive understanding of the computer software. The edition supersedes the issue dated May 1979. KW - Air traffic control KW - Communication systems KW - Computer programs KW - Cost models KW - Costs KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Information processing KW - Long term KW - Parametric analysis KW - Planning KW - Systems analysis KW - Time duration KW - Time sharing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337232 AU - Davenport, J E AU - SRI International AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PARAMETERS FOR OZONE PHOTOLYSIS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AT 280-330 NM PY - 1980/04 SP - 42 p. AB - This study was undertaken to obtain the parameters for ozone photolysis in the 280-330 nm region as a function of temperature in the 200-300 K range. The absolute absorption coefficients for O3 were measured at 298, 271, 225, and 206 K and were tabulated at 1-nm intervals over the 250-270 nm wavelength range. Uncertainties in the absorption coefficients range from 2% at room temperature to about 14% at 206 K and mainly fall in the 3-7% range. Pressure of 0.02-100 torr ozone were used, and no pressure effect was observed up to 800 torr N2. The relative 0(1D) quantum yeild resulting from laser pulse photolysis of ozone was measured at 300, 260, and 198 K, in the 280-310 nm region by direct observation of the O(1D) fluorescence at 630 nm. This was the first measurement of the O(1D) quantum yields based on direct observation of O(1D) emission. These measurements were put on an absolute basis by measuring the primary quantum yield of O(3P) at the same temperatures using the O(3P) resonance fluorescence triplet at 310 nm. This was accomplished by examining the time behavior of the O(3P) signal in the presence of an excess of N2, and in the presence of ozone alone. In general, we found that the time dependence for both O(3P) and O(1D) signals were as expected from rate constants in the literature. At room temperature we found about 5 + or - 2% O(3P) formation at 290 nm, and 8 + or - 3% at 270 nm. The implications of the data concerning the detailed photolysis mechanism of ozone and the atmospheric modeling of this process are discussed. (Author) KW - Absorption coefficients KW - Constants KW - Fluorescence KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Lasers KW - Light pulses KW - Measurement KW - Model atmosphere KW - Ozone KW - Photolysis KW - Pressure KW - Quantum efficiency KW - Quantum mechanics KW - Rates KW - Room temperature KW - Temperature KW - Time dependence KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328303 AU - Hidalgo, H AU - Institute for Defense Analyses AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ON THE APPLICABILITY OF TWO- AND ONE-DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERIZATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACER TRANSPORTS TO PROGNOSTIC PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELS OF THE STRATOSPHERE PY - 1980/04 SP - 92 p. AB - This paper deals with the applicability of empirical parameterizations of stratospheric transports of chemically inert tracers to predictive or prognostic two- and one-dimensional photochemical models of the stratosphere and troposphere for the forecasting of anthropogenic effects on atmospheric ozone. The scope of this paper therefore includes: (1) a critical review and assessment of the prognostic utility of the parent Reed and German (1965) 2-D parameterization of stratospheric transports; (2) the implied assumption in representative subsidiary 2D parameterizations used or for use in 2-D photochemical models; (3) use of GCM/tracer model data for a chemically inert tracer for the assessment of the prognostic utility of both 2-D and 1-D parameterizations of stratospheric transports; and (4) the outlook for the development of prognostic parameterizations of stratospheric transports. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Altitude KW - Anthropology KW - Atmospheric layers KW - Differential equations KW - Forecasting KW - Kinetics KW - Latitude KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor reactions KW - Ozone KW - Parameters KW - Photochemical reactions KW - Photolysis KW - Reaction kinetics KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Solar radiation KW - Stratosphere KW - Temperature KW - Tracer studies KW - Tracers (Chemistry) KW - Transportation KW - Troposphere KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328829 AU - Pond, F H AU - Heinz, R A AU - Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Group AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - JT8D ENGINE INTERNAL EXHAUST MIXER TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PY - 1980/04 SP - 141 p. AB - This technology program was directed towards demonstrating the reduction in jet noise achieved by the use of an internal exhaust mixer. The effort focused on static engine acoustic testing of different mixer configurations suitable for JT8D-powered commercial aircraft. A series of 12 lobe mixers with different lobe geometries was evaluated for performance and acoustic characteristics. On the basis of test results, the final mixer configuration selected for JT8D-17-powered DC-9 aircraft showed a reduction in jet noise of 2.0 PNdB at static takeoff power with an attendant 0.3 percent improvement in fuel consumption. A second mixer configuration, defined on a preliminary basis for JT8D-powered 727 aircraft, demonstrated a 4.7 PNdB reduction in jet noise at takeoff power. However, a penalty of 1.3 percent in fuel consumption was incurred, and this, combined with an incompatibility in the reverse thrust mode, indicated that significant additional development work is required to demonstrate a viable configuration for 727 aircraft. Testing was also successful in demonstrating the structural integrity of the mixer. In addition, the presence of the mixer did not impart any adverse interactive effects on the stress levels of other engine components. (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aircraft KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experimental design KW - Fuel consumption KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Mixers mechanical KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328213 AU - Hampson, R F AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CHEMICAL KINETIC AND PHOTOCHEMICAL DATA SHEETS FOR ATMOSPHERIC REACTIONS PY - 1980/04 SP - 488 p. AB - A set of individual data sheets for gas phase chemical reactions and photochemistry of neutral species is presented. These data sheets give preferred values for reaction rate constants, photoabsorption cross sections and quantum yields with a brief statement discussing the basis for the preferred value. Recent experimental results are also given. The coverage of this initial set of data sheets issued in February 1980 corresponds to the approximately 400 reactions listed in NBS Special Publication 513, R. F. Hampson and D. Garvin, May 1978. For approximately one quarter of these reactions the data entry has been updated to include the 1979 recommendations of the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation and the CODATA Task Group on Chemical Kinetics. They are intended to provide the basic physical chemical data needed as input data for calculations modeling atmospheric chemistry. Revisions and additions for specific reactions will be published as new information becomes available. KW - Air pollution KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Constants KW - Databases KW - Information processing KW - Input KW - Kinetics KW - Model atmosphere KW - Motor reactions KW - Photochemical reactions KW - Physical chemistry KW - Quantum efficiency KW - Reaction kinetics KW - Stratosphere KW - Troposphere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326339 AU - Crawford, C R AU - Ehler, C W AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM/AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR BEACON SYSTEM/ATCRBS IFF MARK XII SYSTEM (DABS/ATCRBS/AIMS) PERFORMANCE PREDICTION MODEL PY - 1980/04 SP - 80 p. AB - The Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) is to be gradually phased into the existing Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) in the 1980's. The DABS selective address feature is designed to alleviate the ATCRBS problems of over-interrogation and synchronous garble. The FAA requested that the Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center (ECAC) develop a computer model with the capability to predict mutual interference arising in a mixed secondary-surveillance radar environment. The nature of the DABS interrogation schedule required that the model be a time-event store simulation. The model inputs are selected from the ECAC data base and consist of the characteristics of a ground and air deployment of sensors and transponders. Detailed characteristics of a sensor-of-interest (So) are among the inputs. The model output is primarily a record of the events that were predicted to occur during a simulation period. The performance of each transponder is described by its reply history during the time in which the equipped aircraft is in the So mainbeam. The fruit rate at the So is predicted, and the performance of the subject sensor is represented by the results of DABS transactions and ATCRBS target evaluations. Other summary outputs are available from the model, including interrogation rates, sidelobe suppression rates, and the identity of equipments that cause observable interference. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Iff systems KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Mode S KW - Radar beacons KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Scheduling KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326330 AU - VICKERS, T K AU - FREUND, D J AU - Automation Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RECOMMENDED SHORT-TERM ATC IMPROVEMENTS FOR HELICOPTERS. VOLUME III. OPERATIONAL DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL LORAN-C FLIGHT FOLLOWING (LOFF) IN THE HOUSTON AREA PY - 1980/04 SP - 31 p. AB - The recommended Short Term ATC Improvements for Helicopters are documented in three volumes. This volume (III) provides the complete Operational Description of the Experimental Loran Flight Following (LOFF) in the Houston Area. It describes both airborne and ground components and states the objectives that are being sought in the experiment. KW - Air traffic control KW - Civil aviation KW - Flight paths KW - Gulf of Mexico KW - Helicopters KW - Loran KW - Offshore structures KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326342 AU - KEECH, T AU - Fleming, G AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPACT OF THE DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) ON AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR BEACON SYSTEM (ATCRBS) PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED DEPLOYMENTS PY - 1980/04 SP - 56 p. AB - A computer analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of the proposed Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) on the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) in a future (1982) Los Angeles, CA, air traffic environment. The performance of ATCRBS was examined at two sites, both with (a) the existing all-ATCRBS ground environment and (b) a mixed ATCRBS/DABS ground environment (using various levels of DABS channel activity). It was observed that, in general, DABS operations will not affect the ability of ATCRBS interrogators to perform their air traffic control function of reliably detecting aircraft. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft detection KW - Deployment KW - Detectors KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Interrogators KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Mode S KW - Radar beacons KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326232 AU - Harrigan, J AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NORTHEAST CORRIDOR USER EVALUATION PY - 1980/04 SP - 48 p. AB - This report describes an evaluation of the Northeast Helicopter Corridor Routes (NEC). The Northeast Corridor is an experimental route between Boston and Washington, D.C., consisting of two, one-way, reduced width airways designed expressly for helicopter operations. The evaluation is a joint effort of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Helicopter Association of America (HAA). The data being gathered is in the form of data extraction tapes from Automated Radar Terminal Service (ARTS) equipped air traffic control (ATC) facilities along the routes and flight logs submitted by the helicopter pilots after each corridor test flight. The test flights are being made as cooperating corporate helicopter operators fly the corridor in the course of their normal operations. The data collection phase of this evaluation began July 15, 1979, and will continue until July 15, 1980. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Flight tests KW - Helicopters KW - Instrument flying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318892 AU - Mandle, P B AU - LaMagna, F AU - Whitlock, E M AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COLLECTION OF CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION DATA FOR AN AIRPORT LANDSIDE DYNAMIC SIMULATION MODEL PY - 1980/04 SP - 149 p. AB - The report summarizes the airport data collection procedures employed to obtain the necessary calibration and validation information. The preparation for the data collection effort is explained. A description is presented of the initial work tasks, which included a field reconnaissance, preparation of an individual data collection plan for each of the three airports, and pilot studies at each airport, both to test the proposed survey procedures and to determine the necessary sample sizes. The training processes used for the over 400 field staff who were employed is presented. Descriptions are given of the 32 survey forms and of the techniques used to gather information at each of the airport landside sector elements. Terminal area plans illustrate the location of all field observers. A summary of the data reduction procedures, final data presentation formats utilized and the number of samples obtained are included. Selected statistics produced by the surveys are compared including passenger processing times, curbside dwell times, and modal choice patterns. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Calibration KW - Commodities KW - Data collection KW - Flow KW - Freight transportation KW - Ground traffic KW - Ground vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Passengers KW - Simulation KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318392 AU - GERSHKOFF, I AU - ARINC Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPACT OF SELECTED FAA PROGRAMS OF SWITCHED AND NONSWITCHED NETWORK COSTS PY - 1980/04 SP - 60 p. AB - This report is an economic analysis of the alternatives of switching and nonswitching for approximately 5,000 voice circuits and 1,500 data circuits in the FAA's operational telecommunications network. The switching alternative assumed all circuits to be switched through the 20 continental air route traffic control centers (ARTCCs). an algorithm was developed to calculate the impacts of switching or consolidation on the number of circuits and circuit mileage required in the network. On the basis of an assumed tariff rate, dollar savings resulting from the network reconfigurations were calculated. The alternatives were analyzed for the present communications network with its forecasted growth (baseline) and for selected scenarios that considered the impact of four new FAA programs (DABS, ETABS, VSCS, and AFSS). KW - Air traffic control KW - Algorithms KW - Beacons KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Electric circuits KW - Information display systems KW - Multiplexing KW - Speech KW - Switching circuits KW - Telecommunications KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314411 AU - MOLINA, L T AU - MOLINA, M J AU - University of California, Irvine AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION CROSS SECTIONS OF HO2NO2 VAPOR PY - 1980/04 SP - 33 p. AB - The ultraviolet absorption cross sections for gas phase HO2NO2 have been measured between 190 and 330 nm, at 298K and 1 atm total pressure. The HO2NO2 vapor was prepared in a flowing N2 stream in the presence of H2O, H2O2, HNO3, and NO2. The composition of the mixture was established by visible and infrared absorption spectroscopy and by chemical titration after absorption in aqueous solutions. The experimental uncertainty (one standard deviation) ranges from 5% at 200 nm to 30% at 330 nm, and mainly falls in the 10% range. The solar photodissociation rate in the troposphere and lower stratosphere is estimated to be about ten to the -5th power/sec for 0 deg solar zenith angle. KW - Absorption KW - Chemical analysis KW - Color vision KW - Cross sections KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Experimental data KW - Gases KW - Hydrogen peroxide KW - Infrared radiation KW - Infrared spectra KW - Nitric acid KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Photolysis KW - Standard deviation KW - Stratosphere KW - Troposphere KW - Ultraviolet radiation KW - Ultraviolet spectra KW - Vapors KW - Visible spectra UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314419 AU - Dieudonne, J E AU - Lautenschlager, R W AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM/AUTOMATED TRAFFIC ADVISORY AND RESOLUTION SERVICE/AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL OPERATIONAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION PY - 1980/04 SP - 121 p. AB - This document describes the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) sensor and the collocated Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS) function relative to their interactions with the Air Traffic Control (ATC) facilities. A general description of the Terminal and En Route ATC facility modifications for integration with the initial deployment of DABS sensors is provided. The document discusses: the characteristics and use of the surveillance data, the exchange of messages between the ATC facility by means of the DABS air-ground data link and some potential applications, the interaction between ATARS and the ATC facility, and the exchange of information between DABS and the ATC facility relative to status and control information. The actions performed by the DABS sensor are summarized, the messages involved in the transactions between DABS and the ATC facility are described and the actions by the ATC facility are discussed. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Communication systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Mode S KW - Radar tracking KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318158 AU - Holtz, M AU - Swanseen, W AU - Karlin, M AU - Spadea, R AU - Fisher, D AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) BASELINE TEST AND EVALUATION PY - 1980/04 SP - 140 p. AB - Tests and evaluation (T&E) were conducted principally to determine baseline performance characteristics of the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) sensor employing the software and associated parameter values as delivered by Texas Instruments (TI), Incorporated in June 1979. A secondary objective was to highlight those areas where changes in system parameters, made necessary by the maturing of the DABS/Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS) system concept, would require further study and test prior to issuance of the Technical Data Package (TDP). Simulation techniques, targets of opportunity, and DABS transponder-equipped aircraft were used. The DABS sensor test program was accomplished with an Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) 5-foot antenna having a 2.4 deg beam width, and the DABS sensor transmitter power output and effective beam width values as delivered by the contractor. Data reduction and analysis tools developed by the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) were used to determine sensor performance characteristics and to highlight areas for further analysis. It was concluded that, with few exceptions, the DABS engineering model in the implementation tested performed in compliance with or exceeded the requirements as defined in the DABS Engineering Requirements (FAA-ER-240-26). Those exceptions are discussed in the body of the report along with recommendations for further activities. KW - Air traffic control KW - Base lines KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Detectors KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Mode S KW - Models KW - Parameters KW - Radar antennas KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar beams KW - Simulation KW - Surveillance KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314416 AU - ORLANDO, V A AU - DROUILHET, P R AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION PY - 1980/04 SP - 104 p. AB - This document provides a functional description of the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS), a combined secondary surveillance radar (beacon) and ground-air-ground data link system capable of providing the aircraft surveillance and communications necessary to support ATC automation in future traffic environments. DABS is capable of common-channel interoperation with the current ATC beacon system, and may be implemented at low user cost over an extended ATCRBS-to-DABS transition period. In supporting ATC automation, DABS will provide the surveillance and communication performance required by the Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS), the reliable communications needed to support data link services, and the capability of operating with a terminal or enroute, radar digitizer-equipped, ATC surveillance radar. KW - Air traffic control KW - Avionics KW - Communication systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Detectors KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Mode S KW - Radar beacons KW - Search radar KW - Signal processing KW - Surveillance KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314040 AU - Boldt, T D AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE USE OF METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE, WEATHER RADAR, AND INTEGRATED GRAPHICS PRODUCTS IN THE FLIGHT SERVICE STATION SYSTEM PY - 1980/04 SP - 28 p. AB - A study was conducted on the use of meteorological satellite imagery, weather radar imagery, and computer-generated meteorological graphics in the automated flight service station (FSS). The present meteorological satellite network and image distribution system is explained. The use of image processing of meteorological satellite imagery was investigated. The National Weather Service, Federal Aviation Administration, and United States Air Force's plans for improved weather were investigated. The use of computer-generated and animated graphics for display of meteorological information was investigated. The study concluded that: (1) satellite imagery could be made available in the near term by utilizing components of the present closed circuit television system; (2) the National Weather Service (NWS) network of WSR-57 weather radars provides the best available information for small area detection and depiction of precipitation; and (3) integration of satellite imagery and weather radar imagery will help the specialist in recognizing and interpreting the information available to him. The study recommended: (1) implementation of present video disc and cathode-ray tube technology for electronically storing, displaying, and sequencing satellite images and NWS facsimile weather charts at FSS's; and (2) various studies as to application of available image processing techniques to meteorological satellite images, application of monochromatic and color displays for satellite imagery, and techniques to automatically derive graphic products from the Federal Aviation Administration Service A circuit. (Author) KW - Artificial satellites KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Closed circuit television KW - Color KW - Facsimile KW - Image processing KW - Information display systems KW - Meteorological charts KW - Meteorological satellites KW - Weather KW - Weather radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314035 AU - Talotta, N J AU - Rehmann, A J AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS AIR-GROUND (RCAG) MONITORING SYSTEM PY - 1980/04 SP - 101 p. AB - A monitoring System for remote communication air-ground (RCAG) facility equipment was developed, including the design and fabrication of an engineering model. Sensor techniques for the transmitters and receivers were investigated. The design made use of a microprocessor with associated hardware and software to 'continuously monitor' critical parameters. Certification data and/or alarms were reported via a terminal. It is concluded that production of automated monitoring equipment for Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air/ground communication facilities with the specific sensor techniques, processing, and control used in this experimentation is feasible. (Author) KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Computer programs KW - Equipment tests KW - Microprocessors KW - Production KW - Radio equipment KW - Remote control KW - Remote systems KW - Telecommunications KW - Test equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343005 AU - Langley Research Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration TI - LIGHTNING TECHNOLOGY PY - 1980/04 SP - 451 p. AB - This symposium included papers in several facets of lightning technology including phenomenology, measurement, detection, protection, interaction, and testing. Papers include a set organized as "New Thrusts in Lightning Electromagnetics." In addition to the presentation sessions, open forums were held on protection of ground systems and on simulated lightning testing. The NASA Langley Research Center lightning-instrumented F-106 aircraft was displayed and the instrumentation system was described. KW - Airborne KW - Aircraft KW - Aviation safety KW - Conferences KW - Electric current KW - Electrical properties KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Ground level KW - Instrumentation KW - Lightning KW - Lightning arrestors KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Recording KW - Recording systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Simulation KW - Surges KW - Surges (Fluid mechanics) KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Thunderstorms KW - Transients KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314415 AU - Reiner, D AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERATION OF THE DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) NETWORK COVERAGE MAP PY - 1980/03/20 SP - 61 p. AB - This paper describes the technique of designing the network management coverage map files necessary to coordinate a network of DABS sensors. First, the concept of the DABS network is defined, and the functions of Network Management are briefly described, as they relate to the coverage map. Then, the rationale for the coverage map is given together with definitions of the map structure and the information required in the file. Implementation of these definitions is illustrated in terms of a specific example: a network of four DABS sensors in the Washington, D.C. area. As configured, each of the sensors provides service to only one of four ATC facilities (three TRACONs and one ARTCC). The resulting map generation process illustrates not only the general principles but also the significant effects of ATC control area geometry and ATARS requirements. Finally, the procedure required for automated map generation is defined. This procedure assumes the use of an interactive computer display terminal and is applicable to any sensor network and ATC facility configuration. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Communication systems KW - Compatibility KW - Computer graphics KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Information display systems KW - Interactive graphics KW - Management KW - Mode S KW - Systems management KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966008 AU - Higgins, E A AU - Lategola, M T AU - Melton, C E AU - Vaughan, J A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF OZONE (0.30 PARTS PER MILLION) ON SEDENTARY MEN REPRESENTATIVE OF AIRLINE PASSENGERS AND COCKPIT CREWMEMBERS PY - 1980/03 SP - 57 p. AB - This study was undertaken to determine the effects of 0.30 ppmv ozone on 40 men representative of airline pilots. All were medically fit; 20 were smokers and 20 were nonsmokers. Subjects were divided into two age groups: 40-49 years and 50-59 years. The experiments consisted of exposure to 0.30 ppmv ozone, and on another occasion, to air only for 3 h at a simulated altitude of 6,000 ft mean sea level. Subjects were sedentary throughout the experiment. Ozone had no effect on heart rate and short-term memory. The group showed a statistically significant incidence of symptoms related to ozone exposure; most were shown by the 40-49 nonsmoking age group while at altitude and post-altitude, and in smokers in the 50-59 age group only at altitude. Eye irritation was the most common symptom, followed by headache, nasal irritation and throat irritation. Data showed significant effects of ozone on forced expiratory volume, one-second forced expiratory volume and forced end-expiratory flow. The pulmonary effect of ozone appears to be principally on the small airways. Impairment of visual accommodation was associated with ozone. Dark adaptation threshold was elevated in ozone in the 50-59 nonsmoking age group. Retinal bleach recovery time was retarded and blink rate was higher during ozone exposure. It is concluded that 0.30 ppmv ozone is near threshold for adverse effects of ozone. The data are also applicable to passengers who fit into the same category as these sedentary subjects. KW - Age groups KW - Airline pilots KW - Altitude KW - Civil aircraft KW - Eye KW - Flight crews KW - Health KW - Heart rate KW - Human subject testing KW - Lungs KW - Males KW - Memory KW - Ozone KW - Passengers KW - Physiological aspects KW - Respiratory system KW - Smoking KW - Vision UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/1980/198009/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966002 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COSMIC RADIATION EXPOSURE DURING AIR TRAVEL PY - 1980/03 SP - 30 p. AB - In 1967, the Federal Aviation Administration appointed an advisory committee on radiation biology aspects of supersonic transport flight. Some of the committee members were subsequently appointed to a working group to study radiation exposure during air travel in conventional jet aircraft. This report presents selected material from the final reports of the full committee and working group as well as related material from other sources. Included are: (1) brief descriptions of the galactic and solar cosmic radiation environment; (2) estimates of accumulated radiation dose during air travel and associated risks of genetic and somatic effects; (3) altitude, solar cycle, and geomagnetic latitude profiles of galactic radiation; (4) radiation protection recommendations; (5) current status of forecasts and monitoring of solar cosmic radiation events; and (6) operational experience related to Concorde flights. KW - Air travel KW - Altitude KW - Aviation medicine KW - Aviation safety KW - Biology KW - Committees KW - Concorde (Supersonic transport) KW - Cosmic radiation KW - Forecasting KW - Genetics KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Literature reviews KW - Radiation doses KW - Radiation hazards KW - Radiation monitoring KW - Solar radiation KW - Supersonic aircraft KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313624 AU - Hung, H K AU - GILSINN, J F AU - Hoffman, K L AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROBABILITIES OF VERTICAL OVERLAP: A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS PY - 1980/03 SP - 72 p. AB - Because of the potential increase in traffic at FL 290 and above, both current and alternative vertical separation standards are being reviewed. A plan to collect data on the vertical navigational performance of aircraft is also contemplated. This report documents a sensitivity analysis carried out to assess how different assumptions about the probability distribution of 'total vertical error' affect the probability of vertical overlap. The four factors affecting the probability of vertical overlap which are examined in this study are: the functional form of the vertical-error distribution function; the standard deviation of this probability distribution; the vertical dimensions of the aircraft; and the vertical separation standard. Probabilities of vertical overlap were computed over a range of possibilities for each of these four factors in order to discern the effect of each factor. A final section discusses the findings of this study and draws some conclusions. KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Errors KW - Flight paths KW - Probability KW - Probable error KW - Standard deviation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326002 AU - Schwenk, J C AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERAL AVIATION ACTIVITY AND AVIONICS SURVEY. 1978 PY - 1980/03 SP - 161 p. AB - This report presents the results and a description of the 1978 General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey. The survey was conducted during early 1979 by the FAA to obtain information on the activity and avionics of the United States registered general aviation aircraft fleet, the dominant component of civil aviation in the U.S. The survey was based on a statistically selected sample of about 13.3 percent of the general aviation fleet and obtained a response rate of 74 percent. Survey results are based upon responses but are expanded upward to represent the total population. Survey results revealed that during 1978 an estimated 39.4 million hours of flying time were logged by the 198,778 active general aviation aircraft in the U.S. fleet, yielding a mean annual flight time per aircraft of 197.7 hours. The active aircraft represented 85 percent of the registered general aviation fleet. The report contains breakdowns of these and other statistics by manufacturer/model group, aircraft type, state and region of based aircraft, and primary use. Also included are fuel consumption, lifetime airframe hours, avionics, and engine hours estimates. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Airframes KW - Avionics KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Engines KW - Flight KW - Fuel consumption KW - Life expectancy KW - Statistics KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318476 AU - DePalma, L M AU - Schoen, E A AU - Donnelly, S F AU - Analytic Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF LORAN-C DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES PY - 1980/03 SP - 175 p. AB - A unified data collection and analysis plan to support NAFEC and the FAA in the assessment of Loran-C as either a replacement for or supplement to the current network of VOR/DMEs is presented. This effort focused on four specific areas: Developing mathematical models of temporal variations in Loran-C signal phase and amplitude; Developing data collection procedures to enable an assessment of the accuracy and adequacy of proposed models; Defining a data analysis plan that will enable maximum use of the data collected in identifying parameters of the proposed models and cause and effect relationships of Loran-C temporal variations; and Defining a plan for the design of a data management system for the storage and maintenance of collected data and an efficient interface for the data analysis programs. The plans and models provide the necessary structure for the data collection and analysis effort anticipated to commence early in 1980. Subsequent analysis of the Loran-C data will validate the models and dictate any modifications of the plans. KW - Algorithms KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Data management KW - Data reduction KW - Databases KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Information processing KW - Loran KW - Phase studies KW - Simulation KW - Time KW - Time domain analysis KW - Traffic distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318882 AU - Castella, F R AU - Feil, M J AU - Miller, J T AU - Roe, C L AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MOVING TARGET DETECTOR DATA UTILIZATION INVESTIGATION PY - 1980/03 SP - 109 p. AB - The Moving Target Detector (MTD), developed by M.I.T.'s Lincoln Lab., the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory under contract to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), M.I.T.'s Lincoln Lab., was designed as an improved video processor for use with the Airport Surveillance Radars within the Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS) III automated Air Traffic Control (ATC) system. This device interfaces between the analog radar system and the digital automatic tracking system to provide automatic target detection and false alarm regulation. In addition to range, bearing, and amplitude data, the MTD provides doppler information on detected targets. This data is in the form of unconsolidated reports that are to be centroided and tracked to provide a primary radar data base for ATC functions. In order to evaluate the potential benefits of this MTD data on the ATC tracking operation, the present study was conducted using experimental data gathered by the FAA and Lincoln Laboratory with an FPS-18 radar at the National Aviation Facilities Engineering Center during the summer of 1975. The principal investigations focus on: development of a centroid algorithm for extracting significant target features; and using these features within the subsequent tracking function. KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Algorithms KW - Automation KW - Doppler radar KW - False alarms KW - False alarms (Security) KW - Moving target indicators KW - Moving targets KW - Radar KW - Radar tracking KW - Search radar KW - Target detection KW - Tracking systems KW - Video signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314414 AU - Gavin, W AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TERMINAL DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM/AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (DABS/ATC) TECHNICAL TESTS PY - 1980/03 SP - 35 p. AB - Test of the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) in an Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS III) environment were conducted at this Center (NAFEC). To date, surveillance performance has been tested in evaluation areas of track swap, track initiation, and track loss, Surveillance related communications, including Common International Civil Aviation Organization Data Interchange Network protocol, have also been tested. Initial tests were conducted using the Air Traffic Control Simulation Facility to generate simulated DABS and Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) targets. Results of test in both surveillance and surveillance--related communications have proven compatibility between DABS and the modified ARTS. To introduce the actual DABS sensor into the testing, the Aircraft Reply Interference and Environment Simulator (ARIES) was used to simulate aircraft replies from DABS and ATCRBS transponders. The replies were processed by DABS to generate DABS to generate DABS and ATCRBS target reports and transmitted to the Air Traffic Control facilities. Results of these tests showed that surveillance performance did not vary significantly from that of the earlier tests. More testing of the surveillance-related communications functions using ARIES/DABS inputs will be required before performance in this area can be adequately characterized. Since this is an interim report, some of the reported results are of a preliminary nature and have raised questions which are being investigated further. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Communication systems KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Mode S KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar tracking KW - Surveillance KW - Target acquisition KW - Test procedures KW - Tracking systems KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314041 AU - Perez, J AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FLIGHT EVALUATION OF A RADAR CURSOR TECHNIQUE AS AN AID TO AIRBORNE RADAR APPROACHES PY - 1980/03 SP - 38 p. AB - This report presents preliminary results of a flight test evaluation of a radar cursor technique to be used as an aid in acquiring and tracking the desired ground track during airborne radar approaches. The test was performed using a Sikorsky CH-53A helicopter on loan from NASA and based at NAFEC. The airborne radar system used was a BENDIX RDR-1400A modified to electronically produce a radar cursor display of course error. Airborne radar approaches were made to an offshore and an airport test environment located within a 60 nautical mile radius of NAFEC. Systems Control, Inc. (SCI), provided contractor services in the areas of test planning, data reduction, and final report preparation. The specific purpose of the test was to evaluate the practical utility of the radar cursor as an aid to performing airborne radar approaches. The preliminary conclusion of this test was that the use of the radar cursor improved course acquisition and ground tracking significantly with pilotage errors and total system cross-track errors reduced by one-half or better. The radar cursor technique showed potential in reducing airspace requirements for airborne radar approaches. SCI is presently completing data reduction and analysis and will publish a final report in the near future. (Author) KW - Airborne KW - Approach KW - Errors KW - Flight tests KW - Helicopters KW - Information display systems KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar tracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314042 AU - Scalise, T E AU - BOLZ, E H AU - MCCONKEY, E D AU - Systems Control, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WEST COAST LORAN-C FLIGHT TEST PY - 1980/03 SP - 211 p. AB - A flight test program was flown within the coverage area of the West Coast Loran-C chain during June and July 1979. The purpose of the test was to add to the growing statistical data base that will be used to assess Loran-C as a supplement to, or replacement for, the present VOR/DME navigation system. The test objectives were to: (1) Evaluate the West Coast Loran-C chain by quantifying navigation and position errors within its coverage area; (2) Test Loran-C as a non-precision approach aid in mountainous conditions, using a commercially available Loran-C receiver/navigator, in this case a Teledyne TDL-711; (3) Record the effects of bias shifts and station outages on overall accuracy and approach procedures, especially near a baseline extension; (4) Calculate the absolute flight technical error (FTE) during Loran-C approaches using a typical general aviation aircraft. The main conclusions of the test were: The West Coast Loran-C chain appears stable and dependable. Time difference errors were consistent and related to signal propagation differences over land and over water; TDL-711 was found to be easy to operate, giving stable and repeatable course guidance, although susceptible to random loss of track, a problem which may be software related. The system did not accurately calculate cross track deviation and distance to waypoint. Without needed hardware, software, and/or procedural changes, Loran-C may not meet the RNAV non-precision approach requirements of AC 90-45A. KW - Accuracy KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Computer programs KW - Electromagnetic wave propagation KW - Errors KW - Flight tests KW - Loran UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314034 AU - Morfitt, G W AU - Rossiter, S B AU - Windle, J R AU - Fillius, A W AU - Choyce, T A AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ATARS/ATC SIMULATION TESTS WITH SITE ADAPTATION LOGIC IN THE PHILADELPHIA TERMINAL AREA PY - 1980/03 SP - 70 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to provide further evaluation and refinement of the Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS) concept. The tests were conducted at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) at Atlantic City, New Jersey, using the Air Traffic Control Simulation Facility (ATCSF). Test results indicated that ATARS had no significant impact on the controllers or control procedures in a Philadelphia Terminal Control Area (TCA) environment. Outside the immediate TCA, where the majority of encounters occurred, the factors contributing to the generation of alarms were, in general, satellite operations and the use of Visual Flight Rules (VFR) separation criteria. The incidence of positive resolution advisories was low, averaging only 0.5 encounters per hour. Recommendations are to reduce the size of the ATARS desensitization zone at the Philadelphia main airport to approximately 2.0 nautical miles (nmi) from runway thresholds, to incorporate a convergence/divergence detection filter into the ATARS algorithm, and to investigate the possibility of reducing tracker lag by improving turn and level off detection. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Delaware KW - Information display systems KW - New Jersey KW - Pennsylvania KW - Performance tests KW - Simulation KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313953 AU - Dong, J G AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RADAR MICROWAVE LINK (RML) ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY MEASUREMENTS PY - 1980/03 SP - 22 p. AB - Tests were accomplished on two different Microwave Relay Transmitter and Receiver combinations operating in the frequency ranges of 7.125 to 8.4 GHz and 14.4 to 15.25 GHz. Measurements to determine interference characteristics included: receiver off-channel rejection, receiver intermodulation, transmitter spectrums, transmitter intermodulation, and second harmonics. Based on the test results, the adjacent frequency spacing should be at least 20 MHz and 50 MHz for RML-4 and TerraCom equipment, respectively. Additional measurements are recommended on new equipment in the 14.4 to 15.25 GHz range for valid criteria for the handbok in preparation. (Author) KW - Electromagnetic compatibility KW - K band KW - Microwave communication systems KW - Microwave communications KW - Microwave devices KW - Microwave transmission KW - Microwaves KW - Radar devices KW - Radar receivers KW - Radio frequency KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio receivers KW - Transmission techniques KW - X band UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313949 AU - Oliver, R G AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DESIGN OF AN IMPROVED WEATHER CONTOURING DEVICE PY - 1980/03 SP - 71 p. AB - A prototype weather contouring device was developed and built by the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) to aid in the preparation of procurement specifications. The device uses the new concept of contour symbol generation to produce lines, shaded areas, or other symbols necessary to generate contours of weather intensity. Unlike former techniques, this device generates homogeneous lines and is easily programmable for other formats. The device can provide dots or other symbols to the more intense side of a weather contour line clearly aiding the interpretation of the weather display. The device is designed to take advantage of digital signal transmission tecniques for the transmission of up to six levels of weather intensity. Any two of these six levels can be simultaneously displayed. The device was designed for those applications where plan position indicator (rho-theta) format is desired or necessary. Tests indicate that the device can generate contours which are exceptionally smooth and stable and are well suited to use in the air traffic control system. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Contours KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Image processing KW - Information display systems KW - Plan position indicators KW - Weather KW - Weather radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328890 AU - Frost, W AU - Camp, D W AU - University of Tennessee, Tullahoma AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS: ANNUAL WORKSHOP ON METEOROLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS TO AVIATION SYSTEMS (4TH), MARCH 25-27, 1980 PY - 1980/03 SP - 285 p. AB - The proceedings of a workshop on meteorological and environmental inputs to aviation systems held at The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, Tennessee, March 25-27, 1980, are reported. The workshop was jointly sponsored by NASA, NOAA, and FAA and brought together many disciplines of the aviation communities in round table discussions. The major objectives of the workshop are to satisfy such needs of the sponsoring agencies as the expansion of our understanding and knowledge of the interaction of the atmosphere with aviation systems, the better definition and implementation of services to operators, and the collection and interpretation of data for establishing operational criteria relating the total meteorological inputs from the atmospheric sciences to the needs of aviation communities. The unique aspects of the workshop were the diversity of the participants and the achievement of communication across the interface of the boundaries between pilots. meteorologists, training personnel, accident investigators, traffic controllers, flight operation personnel from military, civil, general aviation, and commercial interests alike. Representatives were in attendance from government, airlines, private agencies, aircraft manufacturers, Department of Defense, industries, research institutes, and universities. Full-length papers from invited speakers addressed topics on icing, turbulence, wind and wind shear, ceilings and visibility, lightning, and atmospheric electricity. KW - Aeronautics KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aviation safety KW - Avionics KW - Civil aviation KW - Clear air turbulence KW - Crash investigation KW - Flight KW - Flight instruments KW - Flight paths KW - Ice formations KW - Landing KW - Lightning KW - Meteorological instruments KW - Military operations KW - Military organizations KW - Weather forecasting KW - Wind shear KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318393 AU - Jackson, R D AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - USE OF FABRICS AND OTHER MEASURES FOR RETARDING REFLECTIVE CRACKING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAYS PY - 1980/03 SP - 22 p. AB - Prevention or control of reflection cracks in asphaltic concrete overlays has been a problem from the inception of this type of construction. The many different treatments that have been tried in an effort to solve this problem are: (1) reinforcement within and below the overlay, (2) bond breakers, (3) stress-relieving layers, (4) asphalt-mix additives, and (5) placement of fabrics between the existing pavement and the overlay. At the present time, no treatment has been tried that will completely prevent the formation of reflection cracks. Some treatments do delay the formation of cracks, while others do not appear to help at all. Indications are that fabrics do have some beneficial effects, such as a moisture barrier, even though the overlays develop reflection cracks. The fabrics that have been tried for the control of reflection cracks included: (1) Petromat, (2) Bidim, (3) Typar, (4) Cerex, (5) Mirafi, (6) Structofors, (7) Bituthene, (8) Protecto-Wrap, and (9) Fiberglass. Asphalt-rubber interlayers, as formulated by the Arizona Refining Company and the Sahuaro Petroleum Company, show promise in retarding reflection cracks. (Author) KW - Additives KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bonding KW - Concrete KW - Countermeasures KW - Fabrics KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rubber KW - Stress relieving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318893 AU - Weiss, R A AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND OVERLAY DESIGN USING VIBRATORY NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND LAYERED ELASTIC THEORY. VOLUME I. DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURE PY - 1980/03 SP - 176 p. AB - A procedure is developed for determining the allowable load-carrying capacities and the required overlay thicknesses of airport pavements. A layered elastic theory approach is used with vibratory nondestructive tests supplying the dynamic responses of pavements. For a given pavement, a computer program SUBE is used to determine the value of the subgrade Young's modulus from the measured dynamic responses, and a computer program PAVEVAL, which is based on the layered elastic theory, is used to calculate the allowable load-carrying capacity and the required overlay thickness. Limiting subgrade strains and horizontal stresses in pavement layers are used as criteria for determining load-carrying capacities and overlay thickness requirements. Single- and multiple-wheel loadings are considered. KW - Aircraft KW - Airports KW - Asphalt KW - Bearing capacity KW - Building materials KW - Cement KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Evaluation KW - Landing fields KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Simulation KW - Stress testing KW - Stress tests (Equipment) KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Vibration KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314102 AU - Nicholas, E B AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EVALUATION OF EXISTING FLAMMABILITY TEST METHODS BY COMPARISON OF THE FLAMMABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERIOR MATERIALS PY - 1980/03 SP - 54 p. AB - Twenty aircraft materials representing a cross section of the interior of a wide-bodied passenger compartment were tested by five laboratory test methods for comparability. The five test methods utilized were: (1) Radiant Panel, (2) Rate of Heat Release, (3) Vertical Bunsen Burner, (4) Limited Oxygen Index, and (5) Thermogravimetric Analysis. Correlation of the results obtained from the five test methods were made for ignitability, flame spread, heat release, performance, heat flux exposure, and ranking of materials by performance. Heat release data obtained from the Rate of Heat Release Apparatus and the E-162 radiant panel indicate the best correlation for panels. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Burners KW - Data reduction KW - Equipment tests KW - Flammability KW - Flammability tests KW - Heat KW - Heat flux KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials KW - Oxygen KW - Panels KW - Passenger car design KW - Passenger cars KW - Test and evaluation KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Tests KW - Thermogravimetric analysis KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365266 AU - Sureau, J C AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ZOOM ANTENNA PY - 1980/02/12 SP - 24 p. AB - In current ATC radars, high altitude targets are at a disadvantage when competing with low altitude undesired returns such as ground clutter ad birds. The zoom antenna technique is proposed as a means of virtually eliminating this problem. An implementation based on control of multiple elevation beams during each range sweep interval is recommended as applicable to both S-band and L-band ATC radars. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Altitude KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Control systems KW - High altitude KW - L band KW - Low altitude KW - Multiple beam antennas KW - Multiple beams radiation KW - Particle beams KW - Profits KW - Radar antennas KW - Radar beams KW - Radar targets KW - Radiation patterns KW - S band KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326231 AU - Evans, J E AU - Dolinar, S J AU - Shnidman, D A AU - Burchsted, R C AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MLS MULTIPATH STUDIES. PHASE 3. VOLUME II. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIADATION OF MODEL FOR MLS TECHNIQUES PY - 1980/02/07 SP - 332 p. AB - This report presents work done during phase 3 of the US national Microwave Landing System (MLS) program toward the developing of a computer simulation mode of MLS multipath effects, the experimental validation of the model, and the application of the model to investigate multipath performance of ICAO proposals for the new approach and landing guidance system. The second volume of the report presents the mathematical models and validation data for the MLS techniques which were assessed in detail by the All weather Operations Panel of the International Civil Aviation Organization. The specific technques modeled are: 1. The Time Reference Scanning Beam (TRSB) system proposed by the United States (US) and Australia, with prime emphasis on the US equipment implementation and field test data, 2. the Doppler scan (DMLS) proposed by the United Kingdom, 3. the DME Based Landing System (DLS) proposed by the Federal Republic of Germany. (Author) KW - Aircraft landings KW - Australia KW - Doppler navigation KW - Field tests KW - Germany KW - Goniometers KW - Landing KW - Landing fields KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Multipath transmission KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Time signals KW - United Kingdom KW - United States KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966007 AU - Booze, C F AU - Pidkowicz, J K AU - Davis, A W AU - Bolding, F A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - POSTMORTEM CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS FINDINGS IN GENERAL AVIATION ACCIDENT PILOT FATALITIES: 1975-1977 PY - 1980/02 SP - 13 p. AB - The autopsies of 764 pilots involved in fatal general aviation accidents during the years 1975-1977 were reviewed to appraise the age-specific prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis among the autopsied group. Results showed that 51% of the pilots killed in aircraft accidents and autopsied during this time period were found to have some degree of coronary atherosclerosis ranging from minimal to severe. However, only about 5% of the autopsied group were categorized as having severe coronary atherosclerosis. The rate per 1,000 of severe atherosclerosis increased with age from 14.5 for ages less than 30 to 89.9 for ages 50 years and above, with the rate nearly tripling from age 30-39 to 40-49 (22.1 to 63.6). While the findings of this study are consistent with, and do parallel, the findings of other recent autopsy studies, the prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis among this group of autopsied airmen is less than would have been expected based on the results of these other studies. KW - Age groups KW - Autopsies KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Coronary atherosclerosis KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - General aviation pilots UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966001 AU - Thackray, R I AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - BOREDOM AND MONOTONY AS A CONSEQUENCE OF AUTOMATION: A CONSIDERATION OF THE EVIDENCE RELATING BOREDOM AND MONOTONY TO STRESS PY - 1980/02 SP - 16 p. AB - As air traffic control becomes increasingly automated, the various implications of this trend should be considered. One of the likely byproducts of highly automated air traffic control systems is an increase in boredom and monotony among air traffic controllers as a result of the anticipated reduction in task demands. Boredom and monotony are generally conceded to be negative factors that can have adverse effects on morale, performance and quality of work. This paper examines the evidence for yet another claimed effect of boredom and monotony--that these factors are stressors. Because they are stressors, they may produce effects even more detrimental than those mentioned above. Both laboratory and field studies are examined for evidence of increased neuroendocrine activity during exposure to monotonous or understimulating conditions. It is concluded that the available data offer no support for the belief that boredom, monotony or understimulation per se produces the syndrome of stress. However, monotony coupled with a need to maintain high levels of alertness, which might exist if controllers lacked sufficient confidence in an automated system, could represent a combination capable of eliciting considerable stress. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Alertness KW - Automation KW - Aviation medicine KW - Boredom KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory studies KW - Monotony KW - Neurology KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1980s/media/am80-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326337 AU - FREUND, D J AU - VICKERS, T K AU - Automation Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SHORT-TERM SIMULATION OF ATC CONCEPTS. HELICOPTER OPERATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PY - 1980/02 SP - 44 p. AB - A number of recommendations from a previous helicopter air traffic control (ATC) study (See Report FAA-RD-78-150) were examined. Those which appeared to have potential for early implementation were selected for further testing. The selected recommendations included: (1) dual-fix holding patterns to save airspace; (2) speed control procedures and short approach paths to save fuel; (3) various methods of reducing separation in order to increase airport or heliport capacity. Under item 3 above, a rationale for utilizing existing parallel approaches of helicopters and CTOL aircraft was presented for consideration. Extensive use of flight simulation and ATC simulation was recommended in order to reduce the time and cost of evaluating the potential improvements. The steps of the recommended simulation program were arranged in the order of ascending cost, to learn as much as possible about the subject as quickly as possible and to weed out or revise impractical solutions before they reach a more expensive stage of evaluation or development. A detailed simulation program was prepared using a modified factorial design in order to isolate the effects of changes in various parameters. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Approach KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Fuel consumption KW - Helicopters KW - Patterns KW - Separation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326043 AU - Hamby, C W AU - DeMattio, J R AU - Automation Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WIND SHEAR SYSTEMS INTEGRATION PLAN, VICON (VISUAL CONFIRMATION) RELIABILITY ANALYSIS PY - 1980/02 SP - 74 p. AB - This study supports the system reliability area of the VICON Operational Evaluation Program. VICON is the FAA's VIsual CONfirmation system which visually confirms that an aircraft awaiting takeoff has been verbally cleared for takeoff by the airport controller. Specific objectives of the study are: evaluate system failure modes and identify critical system components, evaluate the need for concept or design modifications needed to support reliability objectives for the production system, provide inputs to the VICON maintenance and spares recommendations, and to determine the sensitivity of system reliability/availability values to design and spare parts options. It is found that the predicted availability of the VICON system as installed at Bradley International Airport is 99.94% for the seven month test period. It is also found that the number of spare parts to provide a 99% assurance that there will be no degradation of VICON system performance due to a lack of spare parts over 6 months is predicted to be sixty-three total spares covering twenty-seven different component types. Thirty percent of the spares are required for the conroller's operating switches. KW - Communication KW - Design KW - Reliability KW - Spare parts KW - Takeoff KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314421 AU - Macoy, N H AU - Weingarten, R AU - Pires, A AU - Poultney, S K AU - Perkin-Elmer Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH ALTITUDE POLLUTION PROGRAM STRATOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM LABORATORY PERFORMANCE CAPABILITY REPORT CHEMICAL CONVERSION TECHNIQUES PY - 1980/02 SP - 214 p. AB - This report documents the laboratory measurements made to resolve specificity questions concerning the chemical conversion techniques for measurement of stratospheric trace species NO2, N2O5, and HNO3 to NO (Which is the measurable species). Particular emphasis was placed on the conversion of NO2 to NO by both catalytic and photolytic converters, thermal conversion of N2O5 and HNO3 to N02 with and without possible interfering gases, and the feasibility of measuring total odd-nitrogen concentration using catalytic thermal conversion to NO. The laboratory measurements were generally carried out at ppm concentrations at STP conditions. The GEARS/EPISODE computer code was used to model both the laboratory reactions and the behavior of the technique at stratospheric conditions. The laboratory measurement and stratospheric simulations lead to the recommendation to develop a flight prototype of a Hybrid Gas Conversion System consisting of a number of instrumentation modules. The first module would be a Total Odd-Nitrogen module (and NO) based on high temperature catalytic conversion of the odd-nitrogens and chemiluminescent detection of NO. The second module would be an NO2/NO module based on NO2 photolysis and NO chemiluminescent detection. Other modules could consist of an O3 UV photometer, and N2O gas chromatograph, and other appropriate modules that are ready at flight time. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Altitude KW - Catalysis KW - Catalytic cracking KW - Chemicals KW - Converters KW - Converters (Electricity) KW - Energy conversion KW - Gases KW - Heat KW - High altitude KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Petroleum refining KW - Photochemical reactions KW - Photometers KW - Pyrolysis KW - Stratosphere KW - Trace elements KW - Trace gases KW - Tracer studies KW - Tracers (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314417 AU - Richardson, D W AU - Donrich Research Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL DATA BROADCAST ON FLIGHT TECHNICAL ERROR PY - 1980/02 SP - 85 p. AB - This report documents the data reduction and analysis of existing flight test data regarding the digital data broadcast system (DDBS) concept of automating cockpit data input procedures in an area navigation environment. Particular attention is paid to the statistical quantification of the impact of the DDBS concept on pilot steering performance, mainly flight technical error (FTE). Results of this analysis indicate that DDBS significantly reduces both pilot blunder rate and FTE, for both the enroute and approach phases of flight. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft landing KW - Data reduction KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Error analysis KW - Flight instruments KW - Flight paths KW - Input KW - Landing KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Tactical air navigation system KW - Work measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318159 AU - Sullivan, T E AU - Burnham, D C AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GROUND WIND VORTEX SENSING SYSTEM CALIBRATION TESTS PY - 1980/02 SP - 84 p. AB - This report describes the collection of data related to the calibration of two systems for detecting and tracking aircraft wake vortices. The systems tested were the propeller anemometer Ground Wind Vortex Sensing System and the Pulsed Acoustic Vortex Sensing System. The data were analyzed and the location of the vortices as determined with these systems were compared with the vortex location as determined photographically. The tests were conducted at the Federal Aviation Administration's National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center, in Atlantic City, NJ. (Author) KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Aircraft KW - Anemometers KW - Calibration KW - Detectors KW - Ground level KW - Instrumentation KW - Photography KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle trajectories KW - Vortices KW - Wake detectors KW - Wakes KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313946 AU - Ewing, D D AU - Goodrich (B F) Research and Development Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ADVANCED NON-DESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION METHODS FOR AIRCRAFT TIRES PY - 1980/02 SP - 154 p. AB - Advanced Non-Destructive (NDT) Aircraft Tire Inspection Systems were evaluated and compared with the air needle inspection technique normally used to qualify air carrier aircraft tires for repair, retread, and return to service. The advanced NDT inspection systems considered were: the air needle buffing, holographic, pulse-echo ultrasound, and x-ray types. A description of the equipment, inspection procedure, typical visual displays, and analysis technique is included for each inspection system. A discussion of equipment state-of-art, tradeoffs, operator skills, required manning, and inspection rates is provided. Basic equipment, installation, and maintenance costs are provided. The effectiveness of the inspection systems in detecting, identifying type and size, and locating the position of defects is reported for a group of four old defective tires and four new tires with built-in defects which were inspected by all evaluated systems. Some recent or potential advances in state-of-art are discussed. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft tires KW - Costs KW - Defects KW - Equipment tests KW - Holography KW - Information display systems KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Self contained KW - Test and evaluation KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313992 AU - MAY, D N AU - Watson, E E AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CORRECTION PROCEDURES FOR AIRCRAFT NOISE DATA. VOLUME IV. TONE PERCEPTION PY - 1980/02 SP - 75 p. AB - The existing tone correction procedure in the Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL) calculation procedure required for aircraft certification under Part 36 of the Federal Aviation Regulations was compared with other tone correction procedures, including the SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice 1071 and a multitone procedure due to Kryter and Pearsons. Different amounts of tone correction (level-weightings) and varying degrees of tone correction at different times in the flyover (time-weightings) were also explored. Also studied was a measure of spectral fluctuation, developed by NASA and known as spectral change. The research was limited to considering revisions within the framework of one-third octave, 0.5 second interval analysis, since such revisions can be quite easily implemented. The various tone correction noise metrics were tested against subjective judgements furnished by NASA of the noise from a range of propjet, turbojet, low and high bypass ratio turbofan, and supersonic commercial aircraft. It was found that a revision based on spectral change could, after further development, be a means to improve the accuracy of the EPNL metric. However, the success of the various other potential revisions depended on the characteristics of the data base tested. It was shown that research into improved metrics should be based on experimental plans which account for the correlations among the noise variables and the presence of any interactions. A separate, psychoacoustical pilot experiment was also performed into the effects of pseudotones on judged noisiness. (Pseudotones are low frequency tones introduced into a measured spectrum by ground reflections near the microphone). KW - Acoustics KW - Air pilots KW - Aircraft noise KW - Audio tones KW - Auditory perception KW - Overflight KW - Psychoacoustics KW - Psychological aspects KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Weighting KW - Weighting functions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327736 AU - Boucek, G P AU - Erickson, J B AU - BERSON, B L AU - Hanson, D C AU - Leffler, M F AU - Boeing Commercial Airplane Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCRAFT ALERTING SYSTEMS STANDARDIZATION STUDY PY - 1980/02 SP - 372 p. AB - This report is one of a series of documented studies and experiments directed to the improvement and standardization of cockpit alerting systems. The efforts in this current study are noteworthy in that the three major manufacturers of Commercial Transport Aircraft, Douglas, Lockheed, and Boeing conducted the tests and co-authored this report. The primary purpose of the study is to extend and validate, through simulation, the precepts advanced in the previous contract study. The primary purpose of this report is to document the results of objective and subjective tests and the development of the functional design of the candidate alerting systems which will be implemented and evaluated in a flight simulator. (Author) KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Audible warning devices KW - Auditory signals KW - Experimental design KW - Flight instruments KW - Information display systems KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Speech KW - Test facilities KW - Voice communication KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314418 AU - Sandholm, R G AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) INSTALLATION AND SITING CRITERIA PY - 1980/01/29 SP - 35 p. AB - This paper provides information on site-associated phenomena that affect the proper operation of a DABS sensor and therefore warrant serious consideration when siting a sensor. The DABS-related discussion is intended to be a supplement to the ATCRBS siting criteria presented in the FAA Primary/Secondary Terminal Radar Siting Handbook. The paper discusses siting criteria as they relate tot he DABS sensor antenna system, as opposed to the ATCRBS hogtrough antenna, and importantly, addresses those characteristics of the surrounding environment that are crucial to proper DABS/ATARS surveillance. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aviation safety KW - Diffraction KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Location KW - Mode S KW - Radar beacons KW - Radiation patterns KW - Shadows UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418547 AU - Bush, A J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Non destructive testing for light aircraft pavements, phase 1: evaluation of non destructive testing devices PY - 1980/01 IS - FAA/RD-80-9 SP - 103P KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Benkelman beam KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflectometer KW - Deflectometers KW - Non destructive test KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Runway KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326281 AU - Strauch, R G AU - Sweezy, W B AU - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WIND SHEAR DETECTION WITH PULSE DOPPLER RADAR PY - 1980/01 SP - 65 p. AB - Measurement of wind profiles and wind shear near air terminals in all weather regimes may be possible with pulse Doppler radar. The use of radar for solving the airport wind shear problem was investigated experimentally and with computer simulations. Radar tests are continuing. A single Doppler device cannot measure the complex three-dimensional wind field that exists in some weather events. In Phase I of this project a computer simulation showed that a radar with a 150 m pulse length and a 1.5 degree beamwidth could resolve low level wind profiles. The computer simulation program has been expanded so that the radar measured radial velocity profile and the field of radial velocities could be calculated and displayed for any analytic or numerical input wind model. Various output displays are available. Both the location of the radar and the volume that is scanned can be chosen relative to the input coordinate system. The program can also accept input wind models expressed relative to the approach path. Effects of antenna beamwidth and radar range resolution can be simulated. The program is useful for studying the expected observations for any radar (or laser) Doppler system. Radar reflectivity is assumed constant but the program could readily accommodate reflectivity gradients. Thus the program should prove valuable for studying the utility of single Doppler radar observations in any situation. The simulation results, using wind models that can cause problems for landing aircraft, show that the radial velocity field of a single Doppler radar depicts wind shear by a change in the orientation of contours of constant velocity. (Author) KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Atmospheric refraction KW - Aviation safety KW - Boundary layer KW - Doppler radar KW - Microwave devices KW - Microwave equipment KW - Plan position indicators KW - Pulse generators KW - Radar KW - Radar pulses KW - Radial velocity KW - Simulation KW - Turbulence KW - Turbulent boundary layer KW - Velocity KW - Warning systems KW - Weather radar KW - Wind KW - Wind shear KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318153 AU - HEINRICH, A AU - ROSS, R AU - GANESAN, N AU - Gates Learjet Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINE INLET ANTI-ICING SYSTEM EVALUATION PROCEDURE PY - 1980/01 SP - 143 p. AB - The objectives of this work were to develop a procedure for predicting and evaluating the performance of engine inlet anti-icing systems for compliance with FAR 25 ice protection requirements without conducting flight tests in natural icing conditions. This must include consideration of water droplet impingment, collection efficiency, internal and external heat transfer, and mass transfer of the impinging water. The method of approach for developing these procedures was to survey current analysis methods involving physical theory and empirical methods and then to develop a computerized model for use in anti-icing system performance analysis. Icing wind tunnel tests were conducted using a three-dimensional nacelle test model to aid in the procedure development. A typical engine-inlet anti-icing system was evaluated with the computer model in a variety of icing environments and operational conditions and compared with icing wind tunnel test results. Correlation between performance predictions and wind tunnel test results was found to have good agreement within the spectrum of conditions that were practicable in the wind tunnel. (Author) KW - Computer programs KW - Deicing KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Equations KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Forecasting KW - Ice prevention KW - Jet engine inlets KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Simulation KW - Turbofan engines KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318152 AU - MARSH, A H AU - Blankenship, G L AU - DyTec Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REVIEW OF TURBOFAN-ENGINE COMBUSTION AND JET-NOISE RESEARCH AND RELATED TOPICS PY - 1980/01 SP - 121 p. AB - In the early 1970s, internal sources of noise in jet engines were identified as being potentially strong enough to affect the levels of jet-aircraft noise at the Far Part 36 noise-certification points. These internal sources have a broadband spectrum and are not related to the rotating turbomachinery components within the engine. A review of the status of jet- and core-engine noise research was held at FAA Headquarters in the Fall of 1974. Subsequent to that status review, the FAA sponsored additional studies of combustion noise. Also, during this period, a significant study of jet noise produced by high-velocity jets was conducted under the initial sponsorship of DOT, and then of FAA. The high-velocity jet-noise study included extensive analytical and experimental investigations of jet-noise suppressors as well as studies of the effects of forward motion on jet-engine noise. In February 1977, the FAA and the DOT a second Conference at FAA Headquarters to review the status of jet- and combustion-noise research. The Conference was attended by representatives from Government and Industry and presentations were made of contracted and independent research studies. This report reviews the research findings presented at the February 1977 Jet/Combustion-Noise Research Conference as well as subsequent to the Conference through June 1979. (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Broadband KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Flight KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet plane noise KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Mathematical models KW - Noise KW - Suppressors KW - Turbofan engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318154 AU - CONNOR, T M AU - Hamilton, C W AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SAFETY PROGRAMS WITH RESPECT TO THE CAUSES OF AIR CARRIER ACCIDENTS PY - 1980/01 SP - 257 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the FAA safety programs were aligned with the causes of air carrier accidents. The data base used in this study consisted of a total of 760 air carrier accident records compiled by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) from 1966 through 1975. Analysis of these records was made with respect to NTSB-cited cause/factors. FAA programs implemented during the study time period and pertaining to safety were also included in this study. Conclusions of this study are: (1) No substantive change is required with respect to mechanical safety programs, (2) Broader investigation into the integration of environmental programs with human factors programs is required, (3) New program initiatives addressing human error problems in behavior terms are required. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Cross correlation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transport aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314038 AU - Spencer, R H AU - Sternfeld, H J AU - Boeing Vertol Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STUDY OF COST/BENEFIT TRADEOFFS AVAILABLE IN HELICOPTER NOISE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS PY - 1980/01 SP - 128 p. AB - This study investigated cost/benefit tradeoffs using the case histories of four helicopters for which design and development were complete, and in three cases, have undergone substantial flight testing. The approach to quieting each helicopter was an incremental reduction of each source as required to obtain reductions in flyover noise with modifications to other secondary systems only as necessary. The methodology used to predict the effects of the design modifications on acquisition, maintenance, and operating costs were typical of those employed by rotorcraft manufacturers. The reduction of helicopter flyover noise generally was achieved through reductions in rotor tip speed. Performance characteristics were maintained to specified minimums for each aircraft in the study. (Author) KW - Acquisition KW - Aircraft KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Experimental design KW - Flight tests KW - Forecasting KW - Helicopters KW - Maintenance KW - Modifications KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Noise sound KW - Operations KW - Property acquisition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313612 AU - Coyle, J J AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF AIR/GROUND COMMUNICATIONS FOR HELICOPTER OPERATIONS IN THE OFFSHORE NEW JERSEY, BALTIMORE CANYON OIL EXPLORATION AREA PY - 1980/01 SP - 27 p. AB - Helicopter instrument flight rules (IFR) operations in the offshore oil drilling areas are creating a need for low-level extended range air/ground (A/G) communications. This report describes the communications equipment and concepts used for helicopter IFR operations in the offshore New Jersey, Baltimore Canyon oil exploration area. Various types of very high frequency (VHF) high-gain directional antenna arrays were installed and flight tested to determine the degree of A/G communications coverage provided. Both the flight test data and more than 1 year of operational experience have shown that reliable A/G communications that can support IFR operations are obtainable throughout the offshore New Jersey oil exploration area by using high-gain directional antennas. (Author) KW - Air to surface KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Atlantic Ocean KW - Directional antennas KW - Distance KW - Helicopters KW - Intercity transportation KW - Long range distance KW - Measurement KW - New Jersey KW - Offshore drilling platforms KW - Offshore oil industry KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Platforms KW - Speech KW - Surface to air KW - Very high frequency KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326426 AU - BELINA, F W AU - Aerospace Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMMUTER AIR CARRIER LOAN GUARANTEE STUDY PY - 1980/01 SP - 79 p. AB - The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 made commuter air carriers eligible for Government guaranteed loans for the purchase of aircraft. The Federal Aviation Administration is charged with responsibility for administering the program. As an aid to determining commuter eligibility for guarantees and because publicly available financial data on commuters is very limited, it was necessary to assemble information from a number of sources such as the Civil Aeronautics Board, State Aviation Commissions, and interviews with commuter management and loan offers of financial institutions. Data and information are provided concerning (1) purchase price and operating costs of commuter type aircraft (2) current aircraft acquisition practices, typical loan terms and historical financial performance (3) current credit-worthiness standards established by the financial community and (4) financial viability and ability of commuters to meet those standards. (Author) KW - Acquisition KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Costs KW - Databases KW - Finance KW - Guarantees KW - Life cycle costing KW - Operations KW - Property acquisition KW - Standards KW - Transport aircraft KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313998 AU - Bush, A J AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING FOR LIGHT AIRCRAFT PAVEMENTS. PHASE I. EVALUATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING DEVICES PY - 1980/01 SP - 103 p. AB - Methodologies have been developed for nondestructive testing (NDT) and evaluation of air carrier airport pavements. This study, a two-phase program, addresses those pavements that are designed to support aircraft with gross weights of less than 30,000 lb. Phase I, reported herein, is to evaluate commercially available NDT devices with respect to operational characteristics, costs, transportability by cargo aircraft, accuracy, and reproducibility of measurements, and suitability for use in evaluating light aircraft pavements. The equipment evaluated included the Benkelman Beam, Dynaflect, Falling Weight Deflectometer, and Models 400, 510, and 2008 Road Raters. The WES 16-kip vibrator was used as a comparison device. Based on the evaluation parameters, the Dynaflect, Model 2008 Road Rater, and Falling Weight Deflectometer are evaluated applicable for testing light aircraft pavements. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Air transportation KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benkelman beam KW - Costs KW - Deflectometers KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluation KW - Impulses (Mechanics) KW - Lightweight materials KW - Measurement KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Test and evaluation KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment KW - Tests KW - Vibrators mechanical KW - Vibratory equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512931 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Scottsdale municipal airport land acquisition : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512929 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Akron-Canton airport improvements, North Canton : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512010 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Yap State Airport improvement, Yap Island : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511094 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Logan International Airport runway 22R departure procedures, Boston : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509282 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Lambert-St. Louis International Airport improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508376 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Tulsa Internationa Airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507968 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - Metropolitan Washington airport policy : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Supplement to the draft, Final, Final Appendix, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454430 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - It May Even Save Your Life (Video) PY - 1980 AB - This video describes the computer-based system used at most busy airports and Allen route centers. It illustrates safety features and types of back-ups that become immediately available to controllers when problems develop with computers and radar. It explains the Federal Aviation Administration's air traffic control (ATC) system. Primary audience: general aviation pilots, general audience with interest in ATC. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aviation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161623 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Logan International Airport, proposed development of Bird Island Flats for air cargo, Boston : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161622 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Los Angeles International Airport improvement : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Noise addendum B1; Air quality addendum B2 KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161621 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Frontier Airlines Inc. Boeing 737 service to Jackson Hole Airport, Grand Teton National Park, amendment to operations specifications : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161620 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Salt Lake City International Airport development : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161619 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Olympic regional airport construction, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070254 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Regional airport plan amendments to the MTC regional transportation plan, San Francisco, final environmental impact report PY - 1980///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326285 AU - Baaklini, A I AU - State University of New York, Albany AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AFRO-ARAB ECONOMIC RELATIONS PY - 1980 SP - 32 p. AB - This paper attempts to clarify some of the obstacles facing social scientists and political observers in their efforts to comprehend the Afro-Arab economic relationship. It then proceeds to summarize how this relationship has been described in the literature. It outlines a theoretical framework within which the Afro-Arab economic relationship can be understood and analyzes the scope and terms of this relationship. The paper concludes with some reflections on the limitations and future course of this relationship. (Author) KW - Arabs KW - Economic assistance KW - Foreign KW - Foreign policy KW - International relations KW - International trade KW - Investments KW - Persons by race and ethnicity KW - Policy KW - Sub-Saharan Africa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00327742 AU - Ravishankara, A R AU - Eisele, R L AU - Wine, P H AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A KINETIC STUDY OF THE REACTION OF CH3 02 WITH N02. VOLUME I PY - 1980 SP - 39 p. AB - The technique of pulsed laser photolysis-long path laser absorption is employed to study the kinetics of the reaction CH3O2 + NO2 + N2 yields at K sub 1 CH3O2NO2 + N2 over the temperature range 253-353 K. At all temperatures, k sub 1 is found to monotonically increase with increasing N2 pressure over the range 76-722 torr, indicating that reaction occurs predominantly by addition. The dependence of k sub 1 on N2 pressure shows that the reaction is in the fall-off region between second and third order kinetics. These results are compared with previous results and their atmospheric implications are discussed. (Author) KW - Absorption spectra KW - Air pollution KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Combustion KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Hydrogen peroxide KW - Hydroperoxides KW - Kinetics KW - Mass spectroscopes KW - Mass spectroscopy KW - Methyl radicals KW - Motor reactions KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Peroxides KW - Photolysis KW - Pulsed lasers KW - Reaction kinetics KW - Sulfur oxides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162570 ER - TY - SER AN - 00825713 JO - Publication of: THE ADMINISTRATION, PB - THE ADMINISTRATION AU - THE ADMINISTRATION AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WORLD - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.. PY - 1980 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air transportation KW - Periodicals KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514963 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00426641 JO - AC ; 61-23B -UNTRACED SERIES PB - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PILOT'S HANDBOOK OF AERONAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE.:(REV. 1980. ) PY - 1980 IS - 61-2 SP - 257 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Air pilots KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/243298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173057 AU - Pinciaro, Susan J AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - General Aviation Pilot and Aircraft Activity Survey PY - 1979/12//Analysis & Summary of 1978 SP - 54p AB - This report provides a summary and analysis of the data collected in the 1978 General Aviation Pilot and Aircraft Activity Survey. The survey was conducted at a random sample of airports across the nation and Puerto Rico, throughout the months of July and August 1978, by the Federal Aviation Administration with the assistance of the Civil Air Patrol. The survey data provide information regarding the magnitude and characteristics of general aviation including: type and source of aircraft, flight purpose, utilization of flight plan and weather information services, trip length in time and distance, pilot age and certification. Estimates are made of total 1978 general aviation operations. fuel consumption and aircraft miles flown. KW - Airport operations KW - Certification KW - Data collection KW - Flight plans KW - Fuel consumption KW - General aviation KW - General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey KW - General aviation pilots KW - Surveys KW - Weather information systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33323/33323.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313947 AU - Magliozzi, B AU - United Technologies Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - V/STOL ROTARY PROPULSOR NOISE PREDICTION MODEL UPDATE AND EVALUATION PY - 1979/12 SP - 233 p. AB - The V/STOL Rotary Propulsor Noise Prediction Model developed under contract DOT-FA74WA-3477 was updated and evaluated. In the first phase, a literature review was conducted to identify and evaluate high quality noise measurements of propeller, variable pitch fan, fixed pitch fan, helicopter, lift fan, core engine, and jet noise for the preparation a of data base with emphasis on recent measurements of in-flight propulsors. In the second phase, the effects of forward flight on V/STOL propulsor noise were evaluated and the noise prediction model was improved to give better agreement with current measurements. Lastly, the performance of the noise prediction methodology was evaluated by comparison of calculations with measurements of propulsor noise from the data base. Although certain aspects of the measured propulsor noise, such as installation and ground reflection effects, caused discrepancies between measured and calculated levels (the calculations assume uninstalled propulsors under free-field conditions), the general correlation was good. Typical correlation between measured and calculated one-third octave band levels was + or - 5 dB and between measured and calculated dB(A), PNL, PNLT, and EPNL was + or - 3 dB. KW - Accuracy KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft noise KW - Cavitation noise KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Helicopters KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet plane noise KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Lift fans KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Noise KW - Rotors KW - Short takeoff aircraft KW - STOL aircraft KW - Tilt KW - Turbofan engines KW - Variable pitch propellers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313951 AU - Herold, D G AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - APPLICATION OF THE FOSTER CHANNEL BLOCK MONITOR (FCBM) TO AIR/GROUND COMMUNICATIONS PY - 1979/12 SP - 49 p. AB - The Foster Channel Block Monitor (FCBM) is a device which monitors the interference level of a communications channel while the operator is transmitting. The result of this capability is to reduce co-channel transmissions which block each other. This paper describes an implementation of the FCBM concept in retro-fitting standard FAA ground-to-air communications equipment. No function of the communications equipment is lost due to the addition of the FCBM capability. The sensitivity of the receiver remains unchanged. This paper also describes the in-band and out-of-band interference of the unit and shows that these are below that required by the FCC Rules and Regulations. The unit performed accurately in bench tests. The operator is alerted to the presence of an interfering signal and given an indication of the level of the signal by lights on the control panel. (Author) KW - Air to surface KW - Control panels KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio links KW - Very high frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00448522 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MODEL CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS PY - 1979/12 SP - 398 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aeronautics KW - Laws and legislation KW - States KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/261565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318889 AU - Horn, W J AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FIELD TESTS OF PLASTIC PIPE FOR AIRPORT DRAINAGE SYSTEMS PY - 1979/12 SP - 190 p. AB - Airport designers are beginning to select plastic pipe as an alternative in the design of underdrains, storm sewers, culverts, and similar drainage elements at airports because plastic pipe is economical and easy to transport and install. This report provides information concerning the performance of buried plastic pipe under dynamic wheel loadings. Three types of plastic pipe - polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) - of different diameters were buried at different shallow depths at three separate test sites and were subjected to static and dynamic wheel loads. The PVC pipe performed well under a range of loadings simulating highway and light- and medium-load aircraft traffic. Results for PE and ABS pipe followed. The report concludes that good pipe installation practices should be followed and that a compacted coarse-grained material should be used for bedding, haunching, and backfill to at least a depth of one pipe radius above the crown of the pipe. A cover depth of 12 in. is suggested for PVC pipe for highway 18-kip axle loads, 18 in. for heavier highway loadings and light aircraft traffic, and 24 in. of cover for PVC pipe subjected to medium-load aircraft. PE pipe should be protected with 18 in. of cover from 18-kip axle loads and with 24 in. of cover for heavier highway loads and light aircraft traffic. While 24 in. of cover seemed to be adequate cover for pipe subjected to medium-load aircraft, additional repetitive load tests are required in order to finalize a recommended safe cover depth. (Author) KW - Acrylonitrile polymers KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airports KW - Axle loads KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Cover depth KW - Culverts KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Dynamics KW - Ethylene resins KW - Field tests KW - Highways KW - Landing KW - Loads KW - Performance tests KW - Pipe KW - Plastics KW - Polyethylene KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Simulation KW - Static tests KW - Storm sewers KW - Storms KW - Styrenes KW - Subdrains KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313993 AU - Ladd, D M AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A REVIEW OF FABRIC USAGE IN PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED ON SOFT SOILS PY - 1979/12 SP - 30 p. AB - A literature review was conducted to investigate the uses of fabrics in pavements in order to determine their applicability for use in constructing airport pavements on soft soils. Presented are several theories as to how a fabric enhances the performance of a pavement when fabrics are used as a reinforcement or as a separator over soft soils. Several design methods are discussed and results of several field installations are presented. Current test methods and construction techniques are also discussed. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Fabrics KW - Low strength KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Reviews KW - Roads KW - Separation KW - Soft rock KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326332 AU - Collins, B P AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF POTENTIALLY CORRECTABLE LANDING DELAYS AT ATLANTA PY - 1979/11 SP - 65 p. AB - The Local Flow Traffic Management order (DOT/FAA 7110.72), dated 15 November 1976, provided for the establishment of local procedures, at designated airports (16 initially), that would assist aircraft operators in minimizing fuel usage. These local procedures would be predicted on the aircraft performing a profile descent in conjunction with en route metering. This report presents the results of a field data collection and analysis of arrival traffic flows into the Atlanta-Hartsfield International Airport. The purpose of the analysis was to quantify the effect of traffic flow on runway utilization and to identify avoidable delays. Recommendations to improve the flow of traffic are also discussed. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Flow KW - Georgia KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966055 AU - Pollard, D W AU - Anderson, J A AU - Melton, R J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A DESCRIPTION OF THE CIVIL AEROMEDICAL INSTITUTE AIRLINE CABIN SAFETY DATA BANK: 1970-1976 PY - 1979/11 SP - 44 p. AB - This report describes the Civil Aeromedical Institute cabin safety data bank and gives summaries of injuries reflected in the over 1,400 accidents/incidents in the data bank. As an example of the uses to which these data are applicable, the numbers of aircraft involved in occurrences are compared with the number in operation and selected variables. The discussion provides further insight into the data bank's potential applications. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft crash victims KW - Airlines KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil Aeromedical Institute KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reports KW - Data banks KW - Injuries UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966057 AU - Mertens, H W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RUNWAY IMAGE SHAPE AS A CUE FOR JUDGMENT OF APPROACH ANGLE PY - 1979/11 SP - 61 p. AB - One cue for visual judgment of glidepath angle has been referred to as form ratio. Form ratio is defined as the ratio of vertical height of the runway to width of the far end in the runway retinal image. The ability of pilots to judge form ratios was compared with the ability to judge approach angles in the nighttime "black hole" situation in two experiments. In one experiment, pilots observed a stationary model of a lighted airport runway under nighttime conditions at different approach angles from a distance of 8,000 ft from threshold. Pilots made verbal judgments of approach angles and on half the trials also estimated form ratios. In the second experiment, pilots made observations both in a similar static condition at simulated distances of 8,000 ft and 26,000 ft from threshold, and in a dynamic condition in which they controlled the model to produce (i) specified values of form ratio or (ii) a 3 deg approach angle, as the model approached them between 8,000 and 26,000 ft. Responses in both static and dynamic conditions indicated a tendency to overestimate form ratios and approach angles less than 3 deg. Intersubject and intrasubject variability of form ratio and approach angle responses were comparable. These findings (i) do not support the utility of form ratio judgments as an aid in selecting approach angle, (ii) add to the empirical evidence of visual illusions and the danger of reliance on visual information for judgment of approach angle in the nighttime "black hole" situation where only runway lights are visible, and (iii) point to variability in perception of approach angle as an important part of the problem. KW - Air pilots KW - Airport runways KW - Approach KW - Approach angle KW - Form ratio KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Night KW - Shape KW - Simulation KW - Visual cues KW - Visual flight UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-25.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966056 AU - Thackray, R I AU - Touchstone, R M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF NOISE EXPOSURE ON PERFORMANCE OF A SIMULATED RADAR TASK PY - 1979/11 SP - 8 p. AB - The present study examined the effect of noise (radar control room sounds, 80dBA) on the ability to sustain attention to a complex monitoring task. The visual display was designed to resemble that of a highly automated air traffic control radar system containing computer-generated alphanumeric symbols. Fifty-six men and women were divided into four equal-sized groups. Each group was assigned to one of four combinations of noise or quiet condition and easy or difficult version of the task. In addition to measuring performance (detection latency to specified changes in the alphanumerics), physiological recordings of heart rate and heart rate variability and subjective measures of attentiveness, fatigue, tension, annoyance, and boredom were also obtained. With the exception of heart rate variability, no significant effects of noise were obtained. Heart rate variability was significantly lower under the noise than under the quiet condition. This suggests that, although performance was unchanged, effort expenditure may have been greater under noise. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Annoyance KW - Attention KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Heart rate KW - Human subject testing KW - Monitoring KW - Noise KW - Personnel performance KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radar displays KW - Simulation KW - Stress (Physiology) UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-24.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343708 AU - HOLLYER, M AU - Maling, W AU - Wang, G AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DOMESTIC & INTERNATIONAL AIR CARGO ACTIVITY: NATIONAL AND SELECTED HUB FORECASTS PY - 1979/11 SP - 244 p. AB - This report presents new TSC domestic and international air cargo models developed in FY79 and alternative forecasts for domestic and international air cargo activity from 1979 to 1991. All forecasting models for air cargo activity have been estimated with alternative functional forms. A corrected functional form is chosen based on the Box-Cox transformation technique and our prior knowledge about the future possible behavior of air cargo traffic. The forecasting model for international air cargo activity includes 24 regression equations. These equations have been estimated with time series data from 1964 to 1977. In comparison with previous TSC models, the major improvement of this revised model is the construction of price proxy variables for each of the six world regions. Regression results indicate that most co-efficients of the revised price proxy variable have the expected signs and are statistically significant. KW - Air transportation KW - Cargo handling KW - Commodities KW - Economics KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - International KW - Mathematical models KW - Random variables KW - Regression analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time series analysis KW - Trade UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313226 AU - Rasmussen, P G AU - Garner, J D AU - Blethrow, J G AU - Lowrey, D L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - READABILITY OF SELF-ILLUMINATED SIGNS IN A SMOKE-OBSCURED ENVIRONMENT PY - 1979/11 SP - 11 p. AB - This study investigates the ability of people with normal distant visual acuity to identify self-illuminated emergency signs in a smoke-obscured environment. The results indicate that signs whose background luminance meets or exceeds the requirements of Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 25.812 are readable under favorable conditions when the total optical density of the smoke between the observer and the signs ranges between 3.00 and 3.55. Substantial increases in character sizes in the signs produce only moderate improvement in readability. Some limitations on the practical application of these data to predicting sign visibility in adverse conditions are discussed. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft fires KW - Aviation safety KW - Character recognition KW - Communication systems KW - Emergencies KW - Fires KW - Information display systems KW - Intelligibility KW - Intersection elements KW - Legibility KW - Luminance KW - Obscuration KW - Performance human KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Screens displays KW - Signals KW - Smoke KW - Visibility KW - Visual perception KW - Visual signals UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-22.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326335 AU - FREUND, D J AU - VICKERS, T K AU - Automation Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROPOSED ATC SYSTEM FOR THE GULF OF MEXICO, HELICOPTER OPERATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PY - 1979/11 SP - 36 p. AB - A helicopter ATC system for the Gulf of Mexico is set forth. It embodies a concept of evolutionary growth in four phases: (1) The Present System (period of use: 1980) -- IFR navigation is obtained primarily with Loran-C, or VLF/OMEGA. Back-up systems are ADF and Airborne Weather Radar. VOR/DME is used over land. ATC is by procedural control and separation standards because no radar or other surveillance system is available off shore; (2) LOFF (Loran-C Flight Following) (Period of Evaluation: 1981) -- The LOFF system is placed in operation for experimentation and evaluation. While ATC is still performed by procedural control, LOFF will assist ground controllers by reducing workload, improving flexibility, etc. Experiments will also be performed on secondary radar systems (ATCRBS & VLATME) to provide surveillance; (3) Augmented LOFF (Period of use: 1983 and beyond) -- IFR helicopters will be able to fly direct, offset or segmented RNAV routes. ATC will be essentially equivalent to the NAS. Navigation by Loran-C will expand. Surveillance will be by LOFF and/or secondary radar. Area of control will be 1,500' to 10,000' over entire Gulf, and (4) RNAV Traffic Control (Period of use: 1985 and beyond) -- IFR helicopters will be able to use any of a number of certified navigation systems. ATC systems will adapt to varying accuracies of these systems. ATC will be based on surveillance provided by aircraft reporting of position information and/or secondary radar. Separation standards will be reduced and be equivalent to Northeast Corridor. KW - Air traffic control KW - Emergencies KW - Gulf of Mexico KW - Helicopters KW - Location KW - Loran KW - Navigation radar KW - Navigational satellites KW - Omega navigation KW - Omega navigation system KW - Position fixing KW - Radar beacons KW - Radio equipment KW - Satellite navigation systems KW - Very low frequency KW - Weather radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326288 AU - Robinson, G D AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE PERTURBATION OF SOME ATMOSPHERIC MECHANISMS BY EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT PY - 1979/11 SP - 105 p. AB - The logical basis of the equations which are solved numerically in models of atmospheric structure and composition is examined, with the conclusion that even the most advanced examples must be regarded as empirical devices to be judged by results (some of which are impressive). The question of possible change of climate resulting from aircraft propulsion emissions into the high atmosphere is briefly reviewed. It is concluded that in the foreseen future, any impact of high altitude commercial flight on climate will be very small and not detectable against the background of natural fluctuations. Measurements of the water vapor content of air in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are reviewed. They are interpreted to indicate that significant upward movement of air through a pressure level of about 100 mb, by processes of any scale, occurs only in equatorial latitudes, but they leave uncertain the mechanism of the upward transfer. Using this hypothesis, the mass balance of the nitrogen species is calculated and differences in the results of various modeling procedures are exposed. Two phenomena peculiar to the immediate wake of the aircraft are very briefly considered - the first, the possible rapid conversion of NO to HNO3 in the hot highly concentrated exhaust, the second, formation of condensation trails. It is suggested that in neither problem can an investigation be profitably reopened at this time. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Atmosphere KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Climate KW - Condensation trails KW - Mixing KW - Model atmosphere KW - Nitrogen KW - Ozone KW - Perturbations KW - Stratosphere KW - Transport properties KW - Transport properties (Physics) KW - Troposphere KW - Upper atmosphere KW - Wakes KW - Water vapor KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314039 AU - Morgenstern, B AU - Berry, T P AU - ARINC Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF AIRCRAFT SEPARATION ASSURANCE CONCEPTS USING AIRLINE FLIGHT SIMULATORS. VOLUME I. STUDY REPORT PY - 1979/11 SP - 108 p. AB - This report documents an evaluation of Aircraft Separation Assurance (ASA) concepts using an airline flight simulator. The primary objective of the experiment was to determine the cockpit information requirements for an aircraft collision avoidance system. Qualified pilots from commercial aviation and industry flew typical operational scenarios in the simulated Los Angeles area. During the flight, conflict situations with other aircraft developed, and pilots were asked to respond to these situations on the basis of information presented to them by one of three experimental collision avoidance displays. Computer-collected data on pilot response to collision avoidance commands and resultant miss distances were correlated with data from questionnaires filled out by participating pilots to determine the cockpit information requirements. The subjective commments addressed the areas of required display information items, use of color, audible alert, symbols, workload, pilot confidence in the system, and pilot display preference. Altitude, range, relative bearing, and other-aircraft heading have been identified as the most important and most essential information elements in the resolution of potential conflicts. The report provides a statistical analysis of the accumulated data and includes recommendations for the development and operational implementation of the ASA program. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Attitude (Flight dynamics) KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Cockpits KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Flight instruments KW - Flight paths KW - Flight simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314037 AU - Morgenstern, B AU - Berry, T P AU - ARINC Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF AIRCRAFT SEPARATION ASSURANCE CONCEPTS USING AIRLINE FLIGHT SIMULATORS. VOLUME II. APPENDIXES PY - 1979/11 SP - 171 p. AB - This report supplements the main study report of a cockpit evaluation of ASA concepts. It contains a description of the flight scenarios used, a copy of the pilot advance briefing and pre-briefing copies of the flight crew questionnaire and supplemental questionnaire with all comments, data analysis formulas, and test bed description details. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Cockpits KW - Consoles KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Flight simulators KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Questionnaires KW - Separation KW - Terminal air traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314044 AU - Clapp, D F AU - Hagopian, J B AU - Rutledge, R M AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF EXPANDABILITY AND MODIFIABILITY OF COMPUTER CONFIGURATION CONCEPTS FOR ATC. VOLUME I. DISTRIBUTED CONCEPT PY - 1979/11 SP - 197 p. AB - The questions of expandability and modifiability of a 1990-era Air Traffic Control (ATC) system are addressed. Two strawman systems are described at the functional level: a Baseline System, which represents the ATC system as it might be just after the replacement of the current National Airspace System (NAS) en route computers, and a Future System, which represents what might be derived ten years later under an appropriate scenario for ATC development. A distributed processing computer configuration is postulated for the Baseline System, and processing and communications loads are calculated on the basis of traffic and parameter estimates for 1985. Expansion and modification of the Baseline System to produce the Future System designed to meet estimated 1995 loads under the supplied scenario are examined. The distributed processing concept, as considered here, was deemed generally suitable for use in the ATC system of the future. KW - Air traffic control KW - Configuration KW - Information processing KW - Modifications KW - Shape UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313991 AU - Chen, C L AU - Peele, W D AU - Rome Air Development Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (EMP) PROTECTION STUDY: A REEXAMINATION AND UPDATE PY - 1979/11 SP - 160 p. AB - In 1972, a study was performed to assess the susceptibility of the FAA system to the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) phenomenon. The purpose of the present investigation is to update the previous study by incorporating existing and newly published results of EMP and its effect on new equipment. The particular EMP model which has been used is based upon the environment anticipated for a typical high altitude nuclear burst. Our method of susceptibility assessment of the system has been to determine the effectiveness of protection at each of the various types of facilities in the FAA system. These have included the control centers and supporting computer, the remote radars, short range radars, RCAG sites, the remote microwave relay sites (RML), control towers, RVR, Instrument Landing Systems, IFR rooms and related computers (ARTS III), runway and approach light systems. No effort was made to determine the susceptibility of the AT&T long lines system which supports the communications and radar data functions. At least one of each of these types of FAA facilities has been analyzed to determine effectiveness of existing building shielding (including nonconductive penetrations), the adequacy of protective devices on conductive penetrations, the adequacy of the grounding system, and the susceptibility of existing equipment to the EMP environment. The EMP threat is actually a subset of the total Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) problem which can be overviewed as shown here. KW - Altitude KW - Electromagnetic pulses KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - High altitude KW - Instrument landing KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Nuclear explosions KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Remote control KW - Remote systems KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328876 AU - Schwenk, J C AU - Shafer, P AU - Wilson-Hill Associates, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERAL AVIATION AVIONICS STATISTICS: 1976 PY - 1979/11 SP - 117 p. AB - This report presents avionics statistics for the 1976 general aviation (GA) aircraft fleet and is the third in a series titled 'General Aviation Avionics Statistics.' The statistics are presented in a capability group framework which enables one to relate airborne avionics equipment to the capability for a GA aircraft to function in the National Airspace System. The word 'capability' is used in this report to mean in what segments of the airspace an aircraft can fly, under what conditions it can fly, and at what airports it can land. The framework permits the GA fleet to be divided into groups according to their capabilities as dictated by the avionics configurations of the aircraft. Differences in various characteristics of the aircraft are examined among the capability groups. The FAA's 1976 Aircraft Statistical Master File is the source of all the statistical data used in this report. (Author) KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Avionics KW - Ceilings KW - Civil aviation KW - Electromagnetic compatibility KW - Instrument flying KW - Instrument landing KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313169 AU - Wyett, R E AU - Minority Services Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INFERRED CLIMATOLOGY FOR U.S. AIRPORTS PY - 1979/11 SP - 143 p. AB - Based on climatological data from airports where weather observations are taken, a climatological value is derived for most U.S. airports. This value represents the percentage of time over a period of a year that one could expect to encounter ceilings less than or equal to 1,500 feet and/or visibilities less than or equal to 3 miles. The report indicates how the data was derived and assumptions made. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Climate KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Observation KW - Statistics KW - United States KW - Visibility KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313092 AU - More, R AU - Bradley, J C AU - Newman, B AU - Westinghouse Electric Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAR FIELD MONITOR FOR INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEMS PY - 1979/11 SP - 317 p. AB - This report describes a study performed to determine the nature of scattering of ILS radiated signals by objects on the airport property. These included both taxiing and overflying aircraft. The interaction of this scattered energy with the direct radiation was studied to determine the derogating effects of ILS guidance. This resulted in the development of four system level concepts for detecting glide path derogation. One technique, the Vector DDM, was selected as being most practical from a sensitivity, reliability, and cost point-of-view. (Author) KW - Degradation KW - Far field KW - Glide path systems KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Microwaves KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Scattering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313163 AU - Alaka, M A AU - Elvander, R C AU - Saffle, R E AU - National Weather Service AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NOWCASTS AND SHORT-RANGE (0-2 HOUR) FORECASTS OF THUNDERSTORMS AND SEVERE CONVECTIVE WEATHER FOR USE IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1979/11 SP - 41 p. AB - Since 1971, weather radars with automatic signal digitizing capability have been undergoing operational testing and evaluation as part of the Digitized Radar Experiment (D/RADEX) of the National Weather Service. The data generated by these radars have been used to develop automated techniques for monitoring and predicting thunderstorms and severe local convective weather at or near air terminals. Digital radar data, archived over a period of six years, have been used in conjunction with a sophisticated technique to identify and track each important echo within the radar umbrella. Parameters based on reflectivities, echo tops, and the estimated vertically-integrated liquid-water (VIL) have been computed for each echo and statistically related to the reported severe weather occurrences. The derived relationship can be used to estimate the probability of a given cell being associated with severe weather. In the predictive part of the effort, the objective is to forecast the locations and intensity of convective weather activity for periods of up to 1 hour. We have derived statistical equations relating various radar-based parameters to subsequently observed radar reflectivity values. The parameters used involve observed and extrapolated patterns of reflectivities, echo tops, and VIL. The system movement vector used for extrapolating the radar fields is objectively determined by binary matching of successive observations of reflectivity patterns. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Radar KW - Short range time KW - Thunderstorms KW - Time duration KW - Weather KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305876 AU - MANNING, P E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TESTS OF AN ATCRBS BASED TRILATERATION SENSOR AT LOGAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1979/11 SP - 64 p. AB - Field test results of accuracy and coverage for an ATCRBS based surface trilateration sensor at Logan International Airport are described. This sensor was previously tested at NAFEC for feasibility and because of a lack of sufficient aircraft traffic and multipath, further tests were recommended at an operational airport. These tests show that a beacon trilateration sensor can accurately determine the position of a transponder equipped vehicle on the surface, extract its beacon code and provide excellent coverage without interference with the operational ATCRBS. (Author) KW - Air traffic control radar beacon system KW - Aircraft KW - Airports KW - Control KW - Ground traffic KW - Logan International Airport KW - Phased arrays KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - Radar KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radar beacons KW - Radio transmitters KW - Sensors KW - Taxiing KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305879 AU - Haydon, G W AU - Rush, C M AU - Teters, L R AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THEORETICAL FEASIBILITY OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION OVER OCEAN AREAS BY HIGH FREQUENCY RADIO PY - 1979/11 SP - 88 p. AB - The theoretical reliability of digital data transmission via high-frequency radio is examined for typical air traffic routes in the Atlantic and Pacific areas to assist the U.S. Department of Transportation in the evaluation of a system for improving air traffic control over ocean areas. The expected performance of a reference high-frequency data transmission system of 1200 bits per second with a permissible error rate of one in a thousand binary error is expressed as a percentage of time that a given theoretical reliability will be equaled or exceeded. The expected performance of air-to-air HF systems is also considered, and it is concluded that these systems should work for the reference communication system out to the line-of-sight range of about 800 km for high-flying aircraft. (Author) KW - Accessibility KW - Air traffic control KW - Atlantic Ocean KW - Data communications KW - Data reduction KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Graphs KW - High frequency KW - Information processing KW - Ionosphere KW - Ionospheric disturbances KW - Pacific Ocean KW - Radio equipment KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio links KW - Reliability KW - Remote areas KW - Sky waves KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305852 AU - Tabatabaie, A M AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Smith, R E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL JOINT SYSTEMS IN SLIP-FORMED RIGID PAVEMENTS. VOLUME II. ANALYSIS OF LOAD TRANSFER SYSTEMS FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1979/11 SP - 193 p. AB - This report covers the development of rigid pavement joint models, the theoretical evaluation of joint systems and the results and conclusions reached from these studies. This is Volume II of a three volume series on the design and construction of longitudinal joint systems in slip-formed concrete pavements. Volume I - Literature Survey and Field Inspection - dated January 1979, was issued earlier. Volume II - User's Manual is now being printed. This report emphasizes the theoretical evaluation of joint systems. Although the study was primarily for the analysis of longitudinal joint systems for use with slip-formed pavements, the data is applicable to the analysis/design of other types of joints in rigid pavements. The study has been divided into 4 phases. Part 1, Extensive Literature Review; Part 2, Development of Rational Structural Analysis Methods; Part 3, The Finite Element Computer Model is compared with other theoretical Methods; Part 4 Studies Were Made to Define the Interaction of Joint Components and How They Affect the Stresses and Deflections of the Pavements. Cost data are given for the various alternate systems considered. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Civil engineering KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Field conditions KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loads KW - Pavements KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305854 AU - Tabatabaie, A M AU - Barenberg, E J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL JOINT SYSTEMS IN SLIP-FORMED RIGID PAVEMENTS. VOLUME III. USER'S MANUAL PY - 1979/11 SP - 77 p. AB - This is the third volume of a three volume series on the design and construction of longitudinal joint systems in slip-form concrete pavements. Volume I (Literature Survey and Field Inspection) and Volume II (Analysis of Load Transfer Systems for Concrete Pavements) have been already published. Long a subject of major concern, the determination of the affects that joints and/or cracks have on the stress and deflection of concrete pavements has lead to the development of several methods of analysis. The authors have selected the finite element modeling technique and with the aid of the high-speed computer their method is capable of structurally analyzing concrete pavement systems with joints and/or cracks. The computer program can be used for the analysis of a number of problems which can be summarized as follows: (1) Concrete pavements with load transfer systems at the joints. (2) Jointed reinforced concrete pavements with cracks having reinforcement steel at the cracks. (3) Continuously reinforced concrete pavements. (4) Concrete shoulders with or without tie bars. (5) Concrete pavements with a stabilized base or an overlay and assuming either a perfect bond or no bond between two layers. (6) Concrete slabs of varying thicknesses and modulus of elasticities, and subgrades with varying modulus of supports. (Author) KW - Building materials KW - Computer programs KW - Cracking KW - Guides to the literature KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Literature reviews KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavements KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305524 AU - Quick, P AU - Delemarre, L AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MANUAL VOICE INPUT SUBSYSTEM OF THE NAFEC MASS WEATHER DISSEMINATION SYSTEM PY - 1979/11 SP - 30 p. AB - This report describes the manual voice input subsystem of the prototype Mass Weather Dissemination System currently being designed and tested in the FSS Engineering Development Laboratory. The object of this effort is to investigate through development, test, and evaluation the application of digital technology to the mass dissemination of meteorological and aeronautical information. The prototype model is a fully automated system designed to transfer a significant amount of workload from the FSS specialist to system hardware and to provide better service to the flying public. (Author) KW - Aviation safety KW - Computers KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Information dissemination KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Prototypes KW - Speech KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Voice communication KW - Weather KW - Weather communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318151 AU - Luther, F M AU - Chang, J S AU - Duewer, W H AU - Penner, J E AU - Tarp, R L AU - University of California, Livermore AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS PY - 1979/10/15 SP - 234 p. AB - An assessment is provided of the potential environmental effects of fleets of subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic aircraft. A general discussion of photochemical and transport modeling techniques is included along with a description of the LLL one-dimensional transport-kinetics model that was used in the assessment. Model simulations of the natural and perturbed stratosphere are used to compare theory with observations as a means of verification of model processes. A review is provided of engine emission indexes and 1990 fleet projections. Assessments of the potential effects of subsonic and supersonic aircraft fleets indicate a small increase in total ozone. However, the change in total ozone is the net difference between regions of ozone increase (in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere) and ozone decrease (in the upper stratosphere). The percent change in the local ozone concentration is much larger than the change in total ozone. The effect of a proposed hydrogen fueled hypersonic transport fleet is a small reduction in total ozone. A study is made of the effect on these results of uncertainties in chemical rate coefficients, speculative chemical reactions, temperature feedback, hydrostatic adjustment, and various model parameters. The potential effect on ozone of aircraft emissions is compared with potential changes due to other anthropogenic perturbations. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Chemical reactions KW - Engines KW - Environmental protection KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Hydrogen KW - Hypersonic aircraft KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Ozone KW - Pollutants KW - Simulation KW - Stratosphere KW - Subsonic flow KW - Supersonic aircraft KW - Troposphere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966053 AU - Higgins, E A AU - Lategola, M T AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Melton, C E AU - Vaughan, J A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF OZONE ON EXERCISING AND SEDENTARY ADULT MEN AND WOMEN REPRESENTATIVE OF THE FLIGHT ATTENDANT POPULATION PY - 1979/10 SP - 106 p. AB - Three studies at two ozone concentrations were conducted in an attempt to define the effect level for ozone under simulated flight conditions. All experiments were conducted in an altitude chamber held at 6,000 feet; relative humidity was kept at 10-12% and temperature at 68-74 deg F. Subjects were nonsmoking men and women in their third decade who had the anthropomorphic characteristics of airline flight attendants. All subjects were exposed to ozone in one experiment and to air only in another. Study 1 consisted of exposure of 27 subjects to 0.20 ppmv ozone for 4 h with treadmill exercise for the last 10 min of each hour. In the second study, 28 subjects were exposed to 0.30 ppmv ozone for 3 h with 10 min exercise at the end of each hour. The third study consisted of exposure of 28 subjects to 0.30 ppmv ozone without exercise. Cardiopulmonary, performance, visual and symptoms assessments were made. Hematologic and urinary studies were also made in the first two studies. In the first study, no effects attributable to ozone were seen although effects of the order of presentation were seen. In the second study, all subjects reported subjective symptoms significantly related to ozone exposure, though the symptoms were not uniform throughout the group. In some subjects, symptoms outlasted the period of exposure by 6 hours to 4 days. Spirometry functions were impaired in males and females; no important visual effects were shown. In the third study, effects of ozone were seen on forced midexpiratory flow in men only and in photopic visual acuity and blink rate. KW - Airlines KW - Blood analysis KW - Flight attendants KW - Heart rate KW - Human subject testing KW - Ozone KW - Performance (Human) KW - Physical exertion KW - Physiological aspects KW - Respiratory system KW - Simulation KW - Urinalysis KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966058 AU - Collins, W E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AND HANGOVER AT GROUND LEVEL AND AT SIMULATED ALTITUDE PY - 1979/10 SP - 20 p. AB - Eight private pilots were trained to perform on a two-dimensional tracking task (joystick control of a localizer/glidescope instrument) and to respond as quickly as possible to the onset of a red pinlight, appended to the tracking instrument, by depressing a button on the joystick. Tracking and reaction time scores were obtained under both static (stationary) and dynamic conditions (during angular acceleration), at ground level and at a simulated altitude of 12,000 ft. Subjects were tested in pairs one night per week for 3 consecutive weeks (alcohol, placebo and sleep control sessions). Sessions began at 1700, continuing through midnight to about 1100 the next day. Subjects performed in the evening after a monitored dinner, drank prepared beverages from 2100 to midnight, and were tested again. Subjects slept 4-5 hours, were awakened around 0645, were fed, and performed the tasks again. Ground level test sessions always preceded ascent in the altitude chamber and sessions included completion of several questionnaires and rating forms by the subjects. At midnight following alcohol ingestion, peak breath alcohol levels averaged 91 mg percent. Impairment in tracking performance and in visual reaction time occurred during midnight sessions following alcohol ingestion. While ratings of hangover and other questionnaire data indicate awareness of hangover symptoms, no hangover related performance impairment was recorded during morning sessions. In addition, no significant altitude/alcohol interactions on performance were obtained during either acute intoxication or hangover periods. These results offer no evidence contrary to the "8-hour rule." KW - Alcohol effects KW - Altitude KW - General aviation pilots KW - Hangover KW - Intoxication KW - Personnel performance KW - Questionnaires KW - Reaction time KW - Simulation UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-26.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313948 AU - MILLER, H G AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PRELIMINARY COMPUTER SIZING ESTIMATES FOR AUTOMATED EN ROUTE ATC (AERA) PY - 1979/10 SP - 39 p. AB - The Federal Aviation Administration is presently analyzing requirements for the computer system that will replace the IBM Model 9020 computers, that currently support the en route NAS system, as well as the computers that support the terminal ARTS facilities. As an early input to the requirements analysis effort, the FAA's Office of System Engineering Management requested a preliminary analysis of computer loads imposed by near-term enhancements to the existing NAS and certain long-term enhancements. This report presents an analysis that estimates the computer sizing requirements imposed by the Automated En Route Air Traffic Control (AERA) system, a possible long-term enhancement to NAS. In order to establish preliminary AERA processor and memory requirements, two models are presented. A simulation model of the higher level AERA functions, such as initial processing and progress monitoring, is applied to the Washington Center to show typical AERA imposed processor loading. A previously developed linear model of required memory is also applied to show typical memory requirements resulting from AERA. The models presented reflect a version of AERA existing during December, 1978. That version of AERA did not include the recently developed concepts of strategic and tactical planning/control. Additionally, since AERA will continue to evolve during the development stage, requirements enumerated must be considered preliminary in nature and significant changes on the estimates may be expected. Throughout this analysis, it is assumed that there is no integration of the existing NAS functions and the AERA functions. KW - Air traffic control KW - Computers KW - Data storage KW - Information processing KW - Information storage and retrieval systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Memory devices KW - Requirement KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Systems analysis KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305771 AU - Wood, W D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA/NASA PROCEEDINGS WORKSHOP ON WAKE VORTEX ALLEVIATION AND AVOIDANCE. PRESENTED AT THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH AND SPECIAL PROGRAMS ADMINISTRATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS CENTER CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142, NOVEMBER 28-29, 1978 PY - 1979/10 SP - 338 p. AB - This document is a record of the joint FAA/NASA workshop on wake vortex alleviation and avoidance conducted at the DOT Transportation Systems Center, November 28-29, 1978. The workshop was sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration to apprise the appropriate specialists of the state of the art and to formulate program recommendations for wake vortex alleviation at the source, for wake avoidance systems, and for operations, and safety regulations. (Author) KW - Acoustic detection KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Aircraft KW - Approach KW - Avoidance KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Vortices KW - Wakes KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314043 AU - Claiborne, J D AU - AMAF Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF OFFSET CARRIER SYSTEMS FOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1979/10 SP - 17 p. AB - A brief description of FAA trials of offset carriers systems and multiple outlet systems is given. Short descriptions are also given of existing offset carrier systems in Great Britain and the ARINC system in the United States. The communication deficiencies that could be remedied by an offset carrier system are listed. A short discussion is given concerning the system design deficiencies inherent with an offset carrier system. No conclusions are made concerning the usefulness or practicality of an offset carrier system. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Carrier waves KW - Distortion KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Frequency modulation KW - Radio links UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313164 AU - Burati, J L AU - Willenbrock, J H AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR BITUMINOUS SURFACE COURSE ON CIVIL AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1979/10 SP - 193 p. AB - Research was undertaken to extend the use of statistically based airport pavement materials specifications that incorporate price-adjustment features. During the course of the project, data on the physical characteristics of pavement materials were collected from thirteen airport pavement construction projects. A statistical analysis of this data permitted the determination of the parameters (mean and standard deviation) on existing airport construction projects, and these parameters were then used to develop acceptance plans and price-adjustment factors. Operating Characteristics (OC) curves and curves of expected payment were used to determine the appropriate acceptance plans, which were based on the percentage of material falling within specification limits (PWL). By using a continuous rather than a discrete price-adjustment schedule, it was possible to avoid the problem of large differences in payment associated with relatively small differences in quality (as measured by PWL). A computer program was developed to approximate the expected payment curves associated with different continuous price-adjustment systems. This program is applicable to one-sided specification limits such as density. For properties such as air voids, which require both an upper and a lower specification limit, the OC curves were determined by computer simulation of 10,000 randomly drawn samples. (Author) KW - Acceptance tests KW - Airport papvements KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Asphalt KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous coatings KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Building materials KW - Civil engineering KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Performance based specifications KW - Physical properties KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305773 AU - Odoni, A R AU - Simpson, R W AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM MODELS PY - 1979/10 SP - 353 p. AB - This report is intended to serve as a guide to the availability and capability of state-of-the-art analytical and simulation models of the National Airspace system (NAS). An extensive literature search produced a listing of 230 reports potentially containing technical descriptions of models developed during the last decade. These reports are classified into primary categories based on applicability of the model to various aspects of the NAS. Capacity/delay models are classified as capacity-oriented runway, delay-oriented runway, complete airport, terminal airspace. air route traffic (including communications), controller workload and performance, and models of major segments of NAS. Reports describing models primarily concerned with safety-related measures and noise-related measures are categorized separately. Reports were initially screened to eliminate those known to have been superseded by a subsequent report, and those containing inadequate or inconsequential technical information concerning models. The remaining reports (approximately 180) were subjected to a detailed review. The results of this review are documented for each of the 50 distinct models described by the selected reports. Information contained in each model review includes report ID, abstract, input/output parameters, computer-related characteristics, assumptions, quality of documentation, extent of validation, and an evaluation of the model's usefulness and limitations. These evaluations present an overview of the models contained in each category, summarize the main features of the best models, and document the conclusions and recommendations regarding the models best suited for specific applications. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Capacity quantity KW - Mathematical models KW - Operations KW - Routing KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305772 AU - KING, L D AU - Adams, R J AU - Systems Control Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRBORNE RADAR APPROACH SYSTEM FLIGHT TEST EXPERIMENT PY - 1979/10 SP - 128 p. AB - This report presents the results of a comprehensive flight test experiment of an Airborne Radar Approach (ARA) system. The tests were performed within a 60 nautical mile radius of NAFEC in Atlantic City, N.J. Flight tests for ARA accuracy and procedures development were performed in both skin paint (and passive reflector) and single beacon radar operating modes. The flight test profiles and procedures were developed for the following reasons: (1) to assist the FAA and the user community in developing and certifying standard ARA procedures, associated weather minimums and obstacle clearance requirements; (2) to define and quantify specific ARA system functions and characteristics for use in a Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) document. The primary conclusions of this flight test experiment were: the Airborne Radar Approach System tested performed satisfactorily from both an accuracy and an operational viewpoint in the single beacon mode for all three airspace environments; the ARA performance in the skin paint mode showed two significant problems: (1) distinguishing landside targets was quite difficult and could cause operational problems, (2) offshore targets such as oil rigs provide bright returns but are not distinguishable from boats, lighthouses and buoys; the ARA performance in the reflector mode showed that very large reflector cross sections are required to provide positive target identification. KW - Accuracy KW - Airborne KW - Aircraft landings KW - Approach KW - Flight envelope KW - Flight tests KW - Helicopters KW - Landing KW - Landing fields KW - Lighthouses KW - Radar KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar devices KW - Radar reflectors KW - Radar targets KW - Surface targets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326428 AU - Bobick, J C AU - Couluris, G J AU - SRI International AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT AND AIRSPACE DELAY MODEL DESCRIPTION PY - 1979/10 SP - 103 p. AB - The Airport and Airspace Delay Model (AADM) is a computerized event-step simulation developed to replicate the movement of aircraft through enroute and terminal airspace and runway complexes. The model, which is written in the high-level SIMSCRIPT II.5 programming language, produces output statistics describing aircraft delay and travel time and a log of all simulation events. AADM is designed to model various air traffic conditions including multiple airports, variable route structures and runway use configurations, variable separation rules and control procedures, multiple control sectors, sector capacities, wind conditions, aircraft performance characteristics, variable traffic loadings, and the like. The AADM program logic includes airspace traffic control and airport/airspace interface components. The airspace logic simulates three levels of the operational control process: Level I--tactical control; Level II--sequencing control; and Level III--strategic control. The airport/airspace interface logic simulates final approach, takeoff and landing interleaving and departure control procedures. The multiple airport complex and airspace serving the San Francisco area are used to demonstrate the AADM application. KW - Air traffic KW - Aircraft KW - Airport terminals KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00312803 AU - Spanier, G AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - DEFORMOGRAPHICS: HIGH-RESOLUTION PROJECTION DISPLAY DEVELOPMENT FOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL PURPOSES PY - 1979/10 SP - 223 p. AB - This report describes the study of a unique display device and technology called Deformographics to determine its practical value for the presentation of large quantities (e.g., 30,000 characters) of air traffic control data. The report covers the engineering, development, human factors, and test and evaluation phases and provides the technical performance data and applications concepts. Deformographics is a technology that produces a high-resolution, projection, storage,digitally controlled, random access, up to 1-meter diagonal, low power consumption, monochromatic or multicolor alphanumeric/graphic display. The project determined the viability of the technology, established the basis for further operational concept studies, and assessed the reproducibility of devices and performance based on the technology. The conclusions indicate a wide use of the technology for Federal Aviation Administration air traffic control data and information presentation, as well as other similar applications, and indicate a significant superiority of performance over other conventional and emerging display technologies. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Communication systems KW - Consoles KW - Data displays KW - Deformation KW - Development KW - Dielectric materials KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Elastomers KW - Electron tube targets KW - Electron tubes KW - Erasure KW - Human factors KW - Image resolution KW - Information display systems KW - Lenses (Optics) KW - Light KW - Light sources KW - Mirrors KW - Optical lenses KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Screens displays KW - Storage tubes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305715 AU - Burnham, D C AU - Fantasia, J F AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF LASER LIGHTING SYSTEMS TO ASSIST AIRCRAFT LANDING PY - 1979/10 SP - 64 p. AB - A model for the visual detectability of narrow light beams was developed and used to evaluate the system performance of two laser lighting system configurations: (1) a laser VASI and (2) a crossed beam glide path indicator. Laboratory experiments confirmed the validity of the model. Using a criterion taken from the Federal Standard for laser safety, the potential hazards of each of the system concepts were evaluated. The following results were obtained for readily available laser power levels: Neither system will work during bright daylight. The laser VASI can be seen at night at the middle marker for visual ranges greater than 5000 ft. The crossed beam system can be seen at night at the middle marker for visual ranges greater than 700 ft. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Approach KW - Approach control KW - Approach lights KW - Fog dispersal KW - Glide path systems KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Laser application KW - Laser beams KW - Laser safety KW - Lasers KW - Light KW - Light sources KW - Luminance KW - Threshold effects KW - Visibility KW - Visual aids KW - Visual approach slope indicator KW - Visual flight KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305520 AU - Mauro, P G AU - Gakis, J D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TEST PLAN FOR EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF RADIO NOISE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE AT LOGAN AND BURLINGTON AIRPORTS PY - 1979/10 SP - 27 p. AB - A test plan is designed to: evaluate the performance of several types of LORAN-C receivers in the vicinity of both a large metropolitan and a small rural airport; measure the electromagnetic interference in the LORAN-C band (100 + or - 50 KHZ) at various locations likely to produce radio noise; and determine the amplitude, frequency and modulation of all significant interfering signals in the LORAN-C band using as primary measurement equipment, a calibrated antenna system and a spectrum analyzer. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Glide path systems KW - Interference KW - Location KW - Logan International Airport KW - Loran KW - Loran C KW - Measurement KW - Radio KW - Radio beacons KW - Radio interference KW - Radio receivers KW - Rural areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305519 AU - Burnham, D C AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CHICAGO MONOSTATIC ACOUSTIC VORTEX SENSING SYSTEM. VOLUME I. DATA COLLECTION AND REDUCTION PY - 1979/10 SP - 33 p. AB - A Monostatic Acoustic Vortex Sensing System (MAVSS) was installed at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport to measure the strength and decay of aircraft wake vortices from landing aircraft. The MAVSS consists of an array of acoustic antennas which measure the vertical profile up to 60 m altitude of the vertical component of the wind. The decay in wake vortex strength is measured as the vortex passes over successive antennas in the array. Volume I describes the MAVSS principles of operation, the hardware developed, and data reduction methods employed. KW - Acoustic detection KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Aircraft landing KW - Aircraft landings KW - Airports KW - Chicago O'Hare International Airport KW - Civil aircraft KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Decay schemes KW - Electroacoustic transducers KW - Field effect transistors KW - Hazards KW - Illinois KW - International airports KW - Jet transports KW - Landing KW - Operational amplifiers KW - Remote sensing KW - Transistors KW - Vortex shedding KW - Wakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304816 AU - Hazelwood, C AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TRANSPONDER PERFORMANCE ANALYZER (TPA) PY - 1979/10 SP - 34 p. AB - The purpose of this document is to describe the Transponder Performance Analyzer (TPA) used for measurement of aircraft beacon transponder performance characteristics. The system was developed at NAFEC utilizing both 'in-house' designed and commercially available equipment. The system is fully self-supporting, is housed in a mobile bus, and has been used for ramp testing of transponders operating in general aviation aircraft and for bench testing of 'off-the shelf' units. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Automation KW - Avionics KW - Bench tests KW - Checkout KW - Checkout equipment KW - Direction finding KW - Height KW - Height finding KW - Identification systems KW - Inspection KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Performance tests KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - Radar beacons KW - Radio direction finders KW - Range finding KW - Rangefinders KW - Testing equipment KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304820 AU - Billmann, B AU - MORGAN, T AU - Windle, J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MODELING PILOT RESPONSE DELAYS TO BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM COMMANDS PY - 1979/10 SP - 35 p. AB - This report contains the results of an analysis of pilot response delays to collision avoidance commands displayed in the cockpit of a General Aviation Trainer (GAT) simulator. Data were obtained from previous tests conducted in the Beacon Collison Avoidance/GAT simulation at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC), Atlantic City, New Jersey. Subjects were general aviation pilots with a wide range of experience. Statistical curve fitting techniques are applied to response delay data. For fixed geometries, velocities, and aircraft response rates, the separation at the point of closest approach between aircraft responding to collision avoidance system (CAS) commands is inversely related to the length of pilot delay in responding to the CAS command. In experimental simulations used to measure that collision avoidance system effectiveness, the modeling of pilot response delays should be as realistic as is practicable. The results of this study provide a more realistic model than previously available. The Gamma distribution was the best distribution applicable to the queuing processes which are conceptually similar to the process that is generating the pilot response delay times. In terms of minimum error mean square, lack of bias, and uniformity of fit, the use of the Gamma distribution was found to be superior in approximating the empirical data. The recommendation to use the Gamma distribution in modeling pilot response delays in subsequent experimentation at NAFEC is made. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Flight simulators KW - Information display systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor reactions KW - Pilot reaction KW - Reaction time KW - Response KW - Simulation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic delays KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337117 AU - Luther, F M AU - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANNUAL REPORT OF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY TO THE FAA ON THE HIGH ALTITUDE POLLUTION PROGRAM-1979 PY - 1979/09/30 SP - 74 p. AB - This annual report documents the progress made on research in support of the High Altitude Pollution Program (HAPP) during FY-1979. The primary research emphases at LLNL are numerical modeling of the atmospheric response to stratospheric perturbations and processing and analyzing satellite data to determine stratospheric ozone concentrations. The modeling effort at LLNL covers four major research areas: photochemical kinetics, coupled kinetics and transport, radiative transfer, and meteorological analysis. Tasks completed during the past year included: comparison of model simulations of stratospheric composition with observational data, simulations of past perturbations to the stratosphere, and assessments of potential changes resulting from aircraft engine emissions and other perturbations. The satellite data processing task has three major areas of effort: (1) radiative transfer and ozone retrieval methodology, (2) data processing, archiving, and distribution, and (3) data analysis, interpretation, and quality assurance. Progress in each of these areas is reviewed toward the goal of implementing the retrieval methodology during FY-1980. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Artificial satellites KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Atmospheric disturbances KW - Atmospheric phenomena KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Couplers KW - Energy levels KW - Information processing KW - Kinetics KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Meteorological satellites KW - Motor reactions KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Perturbations KW - Photochemical reactions KW - Pollutants KW - Radiative transfer KW - Reaction kinetics KW - Solar cycle KW - Solar radiation KW - Stratosphere KW - Transport properties KW - Transport properties (Physics) KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966054 AU - Boone, J O AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW SELECTION BATTERY FOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SPECIALISTS PY - 1979/09 SP - 37 p. AB - In an effort to update and refine the selection battery for air traffic controllers, five experimental tests measuring aptitudes and skills considered important in air traffic work were administered to newly selected air traffic control specialist (ATCS) trainees on the first day of training at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Academy. The testing covered a 21-month period from July 1976 to April 1978 and involved a final sample of approximately 2,500 new trainees. The five experimental tests and the five tests presently used by the Civil Service Commission for selecting ATCS trainees were correlated with the averaged laboratory scores from FAA Academy training. These correlations were then employed in an iterative stepwise regression (stepdown procedure). The tests that made a significant contribution in predicting Academy scores were then used to form a composite and the multiple correlation was computed for the old test battery and the new battery. The new composite demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the multiple correlation over the old test battery. Use of the new test battery could result in a savings to the FAA in terms of Academy attrition due to failures. It could also aid in upgrading the quality of ATCS selectees and aid in minimizing human error in air traffic control work. KW - Ability tests KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aptitude tests KW - Correlation analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Selection and appointment KW - Students KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - Validity UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305775 AU - Arthur, M G AU - Reeve, G R AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A STANDARD FOR RF MODULATION FACTOR PY - 1979/09 SP - 94 p. AB - A modulation factor standard has been developed to support the Federal Aviation Administration's requirements for a measurement capability for the ILS and VOR navigation systems. The standard consists of both a precision modulation meter and a stable amplitude-modulated signal source. Although designed primarily for ILS and VOR signals, it has general purpose capabilities within an rf range of 10 MHz to 500 MHz and an af range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Measurement uncertainty is less than 0.11 percent modulation below 90 percent modulation for ILS/VOR tones of 90 Hz and above, and is somewhat greater at 30 Hz. Included are a circuit description and an error analysis. KW - Amplitude modulation KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Modulation KW - Modulation (Communications) KW - Radio beacons KW - Signal generators KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329114 AU - AMAF Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF OFFSET CARRIER SYSTEMS FOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1979/09 SP - 32 p. AB - A review of offset carrier systems development and history is provided for insight into problems that can affect air traffic control. An amplitude modulated offset carrier system is discussed as a special case of normal AM superheterodyne communications. Potential problems of heterodyne beats that can occur above, below and in the audio band are noted. Potential audio phase delay distortion between two or more signals is discussed with respect to remote control line problems are to differential propagation delay problems. The difficulty in combining audio from separate remote receivers is discussed. Target acquisition model contours are provided for the four air traffic sectors to be used in the remainder of the study. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Amplitude modulation KW - Carrier frequencies KW - Distortion KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Frequency shift KW - Problem solving KW - Radio links KW - Reliability KW - Superheterodyne receivers KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313165 AU - Bremer, J C AU - Happel, L J AU - Parise, R A AU - Operations Research Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STUDY OF OPTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR INDIRECT GENERATION OF RUNWAY APPROACH LIGHTS PY - 1979/09 SP - 57 p. AB - The steel towers which are currently used to support runway approach lights present a significan collision hazard to landing aircraft, and are being replaced by frangible towers which reduce, but do not eliminate, this hazard. This study analyzes optical concepts for indirect generation of runway approach lights which would reduce the tower height or the mass of elevated components. Three concepts are investigated: projection of images with mirrors, use of a ground based lamp in conjunction with a diverging mirror in the light plane, and use of a fiber optic light pipe. The projection of images can achieve a height reduction of several feet, but would require the construction and maintenance of large mirrors. The other two techniques could eliminate wiring from elevated structures, but would require more complex optics and higher levels of power consumption. None of these techniques appears to be practical when the marginal benefits are weighted against their complexity and cost. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Approach KW - Approach lights KW - Fiber optics KW - Height KW - Imagery KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Lamps KW - Mirrors KW - Optical images KW - Optical waveguides KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304787 AU - LAGINJA, T J AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMPUTER STUDY OF TULSA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT RUNWAY 17R GLIDE SLOPE SITES PY - 1979/09 SP - 46 p. AB - The terrain at the approach end of Tulsa International Airport Runway 17R is of concern as to its effect on guidance signals radiated from an instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope antenna system. In order to select the antenna system that will result in the least perturbation of signal, the performances of Capture Effect, Sideband Reference, and Null Reference systems were compared using a mathematical simulation model on the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center's (NAFEC) Honeywell computer. Since the mathematical model has not, as yet, been validated, the simulation results presented in this report are considered preliminary. Results show that performance, for both the Capture Effect and Sideband Reference systems were within Category I limits. Overall, a 2.8 deg capture effect system located outside the taxiway offers the best performance. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Glide path systems KW - Instrument landing KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Radiation patterns KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304788 AU - Morgenthaler, F R AU - Morgenthaler (Frederic R) AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - THEORETICAL STUDIES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS. VOLUME II. ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF MULTI-FREQUENCY ELEMENTS PY - 1979/09 SP - 48 p. AB - Volume II of Theoretical Studies of Microstrip Antennas deals with the analysis and synthesis of several types of novel multi-resonant elements with emphasis on dual-frequency operation of rectangular microstrip patch antennas with or without external matching networks. Specifically, we analyze dual resonances created within a single rectangular patch by means of appropriate dielectric loading and also those associated with a patch capacitively-coupled to either a lumped or distributed matching network. In all cases radiation is obtained from slots in the rectangular patch in combination with open-circuited edges. Rather than separately design the dual-resonating elements and matching networks and hope for efficient radiation and proper patterns at both frequencies, we favor and herein pursue an integrated synthesis which demands simultaneous fulfillment of the design goals. A synthesis approach, based upon coupled resonator theory, is also developed and applied to situations in which one resonant element is a rectangular mircostrip patch and the second element either a second patch or else a lumped or distributed matching network. Based upon these considerations, several new antenna configurations are proposed that utilize either in line or stacked element geometries. Volume I of this report deals with general design techniques and analyses of single and coupled microstrip radiating elements. (Author) KW - Antenna apertures KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Dielectric properties KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electric fields KW - Electronics KW - Impedance matching KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loading electronics KW - Radiation patterns KW - Resonance KW - Resonators KW - Slot antennas KW - Strip transmission lines KW - Transmission lines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318157 AU - MILLER, S P AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FILTER FABRICS FOR AIRPORT DRAINAGE PY - 1979/09 SP - 75 p. AB - This report provides a general review of fabric experience that applies to airport construction of surface and subsurface drainage installations and develops interim guidance for design, specifications, and installation of filter fabrics. Two fabric applications of surface drainage are considered: (1) between a channel or reservoir slope and the slope protection for scour, erosion, and pipe performance, and (2) silt fences for prevention of stream pollution by sediments in runoff. Three types of subsurface drainage applications are considered: (1) trench drains, (2) separation, and (3) drainage for consolidation of soft soils. A need for long-term correlation of field performance with fabric type, soil type, soil grain size, and hydraulic characteristics is pointed out. Two levels of guidance for the use of fabrics in airport drainage are suggested for use--(1) critical applications where if the design life is long (greater than 15 years), failure of the drainage installation would endanger life or structures, or require expensive maintenance, and (2) noncritical applications for short-life projects or applications that may be easily and inexpensively replaced. Appendix A describes current FAA use of filter fabrics in drainage, and Appendix B provides specific guidance for critical and noncritical use of fabrics under the above-mentioned applications. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Drainage KW - Erosion KW - Fabrics KW - Fences KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Filters KW - Fines KW - Interception KW - Performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Protection KW - Reservoirs KW - Runoff KW - Scour KW - Sediments KW - Separation KW - Silts KW - Slopes KW - Soils KW - Specifications KW - Structural design KW - Subsurface KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Surfaces KW - Trenching KW - Water KW - Water filters KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305611 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA AVIATION FORECASTS; FISCAL YEARS 1980 - 1991 PY - 1979/09 SP - 91 p. AB - The Official Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) forecasts of domestic aviation activity for the years 1980 to 1991 are presented in this volume. It contains forecasts of aviation activity at FAA towered airports and Air Route Traffic Control Centers, as well as services provided by flight service stations. Aviation activity forecasts for the four major users of the National Airspace System--the trunk and local air carriers, the air taxi and commuter air carriers, general aviation, and the military--also are presented. (Author) KW - Air taxi service KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic forecasts KW - Airlines KW - Civil aviation KW - Commuter airlines KW - Economic analysis KW - Forecasting KW - General aviation KW - Military aviation KW - Trunk airlines KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308850 AU - Yang, D AU - Yang (Nai C) and Associates AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS. VOLUME II--OPERATION MANUAL FOR PAVBEN PROGRAM AT TCC PY - 1979/09 SP - 124 p. AB - Cost/benefit analysis of alternative pavement design is the primary goal of the PAVBEN program at the Transportation Computer Center (TCC) in Washington, D.C. The integrated system is data independent based on defined mathematical models and operation logic. The program is written in a high level language FORTRAN IV. The job inputs consist of: 1) NDT field data; 2) types of existing pavements; 3) facility classifications; 4) demand forecast and 5) local cost values. The default system contains all design data for: 1) 15 air transports; 2) 9 FAA regional cost values; 3) 8 types of pavement design; 4) 22 layer components; 5) 20 types of existing pavement and 6) universal mechanistic design model. The major outputs will be: 1) NDT inventory file; 2) present functional life; 3) computed engineering data; 4) pavement thickness and cost data and 5) cost/benefit analysis for four new pavements, three overlays and three keel constructions. The operation of PAVBEN program involves extensive use of data storage, filing technique and computed data inputs. The current operation program and this manual are prepared for the execution on computer hardware system at TCC. Modification of these documents will be required if other computer sytem is to be used. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Manuals KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319191 AU - Yang, D AU - Yang (Nai C) and Associates AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS. VOLUME III--OPERATION MANUAL FOR MLGPAV PROGRAM AT TCC PY - 1979/09 SP - 48 p. AB - Sensitivity analysis of aircraft parameters on functional pavement design is the primary goal of the MLGPAV program at the Transportation Computer Center (TCC) in Washington, D.C. The program is an integrated system which is data independent based on defined mathematical models and operational logic. The input data is divided into job and universal default inputs. The job inputs consists of only the aircraft data such as: 1) forecast of aircraft movements; 2) maximum takeoff weight; 3) natural frequency of aircraft at tire pavement interface; 4) tire pressure of main landing gear wheel; 5) wheel configuration of main landing gear and 6) gear spacing. The default system contains all of the data independent of the aircraft, such as: 1) regional cost values; 2) types of facility, runway, taxiway, apron: 3) navigation system; 4) operation speed; 5) roughness and maintenance standards; 6) subgrade conditions and 7) airport traffic distribution. A unified mechanistic method is used to design five types of functional pavements for identical service requirements on riding quality and maintenance needs. They are: 1) asphalt pavements in southern or northern region; 2) concrete pavements on stabilized or aggregate base and 3) full depth stabilizd base pavement. The MLGPAV program operation involves extensive use of data storage and filing techniques. The current operational program and this manual are prepared for execution on the computer hardware system at TCC. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Durability KW - Manuals KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305851 AU - Yang, N C AU - Yang (Nai C) and Associates AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS. VOLUME I. PROGRAM REFERENCES PY - 1979/09 SP - 174 p. AB - The concept of nondestructive evaluation and functional pavement design has been integrated in a computer program which is operational at Transportation Computer center in Washington, D.C. (TCC). The program logic and operational procedures are outlined in this report. The NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST can be used as a substitute for the plate load test without interference to airport operation. All test data are processed and compiled in a NDT inventory file. The strength of existing pavements is evaluated in terms of anticipated functional life as governed by cumulative stress damage and progressive surface deformation. The final program output is the cost information for ten design alternatives of equal functional performance. Correlations have been made between the NDT data and subgrade geology, regional climate, airport operation, existing pavements and response of airport bridges. The current version of FAA standards is open to divergent interpretations and it does not indicate the cost effectiveness of a pavement program. A universal testing procedure has been introduced to evaluate the dynamic response of pavement materials. The program is written in a high level language FORTRAN IV and involves extensive use of data storage and filing techniques. KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Bridges KW - Climate KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer logic KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data storage KW - Deformation KW - Durability KW - Experimental data KW - Geology KW - Information storage and retrieval systems KW - Landing fields KW - Life expectancy KW - Loads KW - Logic (Mathematics) KW - Loss and damage KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Operations KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Stresses KW - Surface reactions KW - Test and evaluation KW - Test procedures KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304812 AU - Robertson, A AU - Grossberg, M AU - RICHARDS, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VALIDATION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER WORKLOAD MODELS PY - 1979/09 SP - 127 p. AB - During the past several years, computer models have been developed for off-site estimation of controller's workload. The inputs to these models are audio and digital data normally recorded at an Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). This report summarized the results of a study to validate the models at the Chicago ARTCC. For validation purposes, two additional estimates of workload were used. One estimate consisted of journeyman controllers observing peer controllers during actual operations and assigning workload ratings. A second estimate of workload was obtained from a survey of controllers based on past experiences working the sectors. During this time, audio and digital data were collected and then processed off-line for inputs to the controller workload models. The models were then used to estimate controller workload. A high degree of correlation was found between the model's estimated workloads and controller's estimates of workload. Based on this validation study, it is concluded that the models can be used to provide an index of controller workload and as a prediction of controller workload as a function of traffic. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Labor KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Models KW - Simulation KW - Validation KW - Work KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304817 AU - Nesenbergs, M AU - Institute for Telecommunication Sciences AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - POTENTIAL USE OF HIGH FREQUENCY DATA TRANSMISSION FOR OCEANIC AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IMPROVEMENT PY - 1979/09 SP - 48 p. AB - This report is concerned with the transatlantic Air Traffic Control (ATC) data links in the high frequency (HF) band. The report tries to broaden the appropriate communication system concepts by fortifying them with general parametric objectives. While such a broad approach cannot escape practical constraints and reductions, especially in eventual design and implementation stages, it is nevertheless a useful tool here. It leads one to characterize the HF propagation medium more fully. This in turn enables one to conceive data communications outlines with more advanced structures and with emphasis on exploiting the latest technology, both hardware and software. A full study should be beyond this initial effort and incorporate several system alternatives, plus their tradeoffs in terms of objective gains versus system costs. This brief report concludes with a parametric summary of ATC HF channel issues, operational factors, and the importance of performance specification. Pertinent unresolved issues are also listed at the end. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Atlantic Ocean KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Errors KW - Frequency shift keyers KW - High frequency KW - Multi access systems KW - Multiple access KW - North Atlantic Region KW - Radio transmission KW - Rates KW - Transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304821 AU - Gamon, M A AU - WITTLIN, G AU - LaBarge, W L AU - Lockheed-California Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERAL AVIATION AIRPLANE STRUCTURAL CRASHWORTHINESS USER'S MANUAL. VOLUME II - INPUT-OUTPUT TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS. REVISION PY - 1979/09 SP - 253 p. AB - Program KRASH has several features which can be used effectively to evaluate crashworthiness capability of vehicles during the initial stages of a design. Conceptually the program is designed to define the general behavior of structure and to provide data which can be utilized to assess chances of occupant survivability during a severe crash environment. While KRASH currently contains one measure of injury potential (Dynamic Response Index, DRI), the data obtained from KRASH are more useful as input to more complex seat-occupant-restraint system models. Since the program utilizes simplified and approximate representations of structure, it best can be described as a preliminary design tool. KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Crash landing KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Krash computer program KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Rupture KW - Simulation KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304814 AU - Keeton, J R AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CEMENT FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENT. PHASE 2 PY - 1979/09 SP - 43 p. AB - Details of a research study on shrinkage-compensating concrete for airport pavements are presented. A total of 53 slab-type prisms 1 foot square and 8, 12, 16, or 20 inches thick were subjected to shrinkage, cooling, and heating. Concrete compressive stresses induced by expansion were calculated, as well as residual compressive stresses after losses due to shrinkage and cooling. The residual concrete compressive stresses, coupled with results from previous field applications of shrinkage-compensating concrete, are used as a basis for recommendation of transverse joint spacings up to 200 feet. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Cement KW - Compensation KW - Compressive properties KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cooling KW - Employee compensation KW - Expansion joints KW - Expansive concrete KW - Heating KW - Pavements KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Residual stress KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage-compensating concrete KW - Thermal expansion KW - Thickness KW - Traffic distribution KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304785 AU - Douglas, C A AU - Naval Air Engineering Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OPTIMUM INTENSITY SETTINGS OF APPROACH AND RUNWAY LIGHT SYSTEMS PY - 1979/08/20 SP - 86 p. AB - Criteria for determining the optimum intensity settings of approach and runway lights, as a function of atmospheric transmissivity and/or meteorological visibility, have been developed. In determining the optimum intensity settings, consideration was given to past practices, theoretical and experimental studies, and to the effects of the intensity setting on runway visual range. Changes in the present intensity setting criteria are recommended. (Author) KW - Approach KW - Approach lights KW - Daylight KW - Glare KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Intensity KW - Landing aids KW - Landing lights KW - Lighting KW - Luminance KW - Night KW - Optimization KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Twilight KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966052 AU - Dille, J R AU - Booze, C F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE 1976 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF CIVILIAN PILOTS WITH STATIC PHYSICAL DEFECTS PY - 1979/08 SP - 7 p. AB - The 1974 and 1975 aircraft accident experiences of civilian pilots with eight selected static physical defects have been examined and reported previously. Three categories--blindness or absence of either eye, deficient color vision with a waiver, and deficient distant vision--had significantly more accidents than were expected on the basis of observed-to-expected ratios. However, pilots with these conditions reported considerably higher median 6-month flight times than did an active airman population sample and accident airmen without selected pathology. In 1975, the reported recent and total flying times for all airmen with these defects were determined and accident rates were calculated. The rates for airmen with blindness or absence of an eye were still found to be significantly higher. The contact lens group was also selected to receive special attention in a study of the 1976 accident data. Observed-to-expected ratios for 1976 are 1.91 for deficient color vision with a waiver, 1.28 for contact lens users, 1.37 for blindness or absence of either eye, and 1.62 for deficient distant vision. The accident rates per 100,000 hours of cumulative and last 6 months' flying experience were significantly greater for contact lens users and monocular pilots than for the active airman population. The other groups had no consistently significant differences. Each accident was reviewed to determine time of day, phase of flight, weather conditions, and recent flight experience in an attempt to determine bases for the findings. None was found. KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Contact lenses KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Physical disabilities KW - Pilot experience KW - Vision disorders UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305849 AU - Foltz, J M AU - Griffiths, B E AU - Healy, R D AU - Gupta, R R AU - Analytic Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DIFFERENTIAL OMEGA IN THE ALASKA/YUKON REGION: AN ANALYTIC ASSESSMENT PY - 1979/08 SP - 94 p. AB - This report presents an analytic evaluation of the differential Omega experiment being conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration in the Alaska/Yukon region. An error model for Omega propagation prediction residuals is used to predict performance achievable with an equipment suite consisting of a TRACOR 599R Omega monitor receiver and associated ground station equipment built by Transport Canada, and an airborne suite which includes a modified TRACOR 7620 Omega navigation set and special-purpose differential Omega equipment built by Systems Control, Inc. (Vt.). Predictions are made for use of the equipment as a non-precision approach aid within the differential Omega coverage area and for use as an enroute navigation aid between areas serviced by a differential Omega ground station. (Author) KW - Civil aviation KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Covariance KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Differential analyzers KW - Electric filters KW - Electrical equipment KW - Filters KW - Navigational aids KW - Omega navigation KW - Omega navigation system KW - Phase measurement KW - Radio navigation KW - Values in measurement KW - Very low frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304605 AU - Brown, LJJ AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CABIN HAZARDS FROM A LARGE EXTERNAL FUEL FIRE ADJACENT TO AN AIRCRAFT FUSELAGE PY - 1979/08 SP - 51 p. AB - Fourteen fire tests were conducted with a surplus, fire-hardened DC7 fuselage positioned adjacent to a 20-foot-square JP-4 fuel fire. The fuselage had a door opening at the center of the fire and door openings displaced from the fire on each side of the fuselage. Temperatures, light transmittances, and heat fuxes were measured for each of these 90-second tests. The opening of doors away from the fire was varied from test to test as was the ambient wind velocity. Wind direction coupled with the door opening configuration were found to be controlling factors in the accumulation of heat and smoke within the aircraft cabin. Heat fluxes into the cabin through the fire door also changed significantly with wind and door openings and depended on the degree of flame penetration through the fire door. When flames did not penetrate into the cabin, the symmetry plane heat flux at the fire door station agreed very well with earlier modeling predictions. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft doors KW - Aircraft fires KW - Aviation fuels KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Fire hazards KW - Fires KW - Flames KW - Fuselages KW - Hazards KW - Openings KW - Pendulum tests KW - Smoke KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304739 AU - Hallock, J N AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VORTEX ADVISORY SYSTEM SAFETY ANALYSIS. VOLUME III. SUMMARY OF LASER DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS PY - 1979/08 SP - 26 p. AB - A Laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) was used to monitor the wake vortices shed by 5300 landing aircraft at a point 10,000 feet from the runway threshold. The data were collected to verify the analysis in Volume I of the safety of decreasing interarrival separations to three nautical miles between the outer marker and the runway threshold. Such reduced spacings would only be used when the Vortex Advisory System (VAS) indicated that wake vortices would not pose a threat to a following aircraft. The data show that vortex behavior, during times identified by the VAS, is commensurate with the goal of using uniform three-nautical-mile separations from the outer marker to touchdown regardless of leader or follower aircraft type. (Volume I: Analytical Model (160 pages) was published in September 1978. Volume II: Laser Data Collection and Analysis is in preparation.) (Author) KW - Airplanes KW - Airport runways KW - Doppler effect KW - Laser velocimeters KW - Measurement KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vortices KW - Wakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304786 AU - Greenberg, M AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SUMMARY OF TRANSPONDER DATA JUNE 1977 THROUGH AUGUST 1978 PY - 1979/08 SP - 53 p. AB - The purpose of this effort was to determine the performance characteristics of transponders and digitized altimeters in an operational environment in general aviation aircraft. A transponder performance anlayzer (TPA) was developed at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center to measure performance parameters of transponders installed in aircraft. The TPA was installed in a bus for mobility and simulates an Air Traffic Control Beacon Interrogator (ATCBI) to facilitate measurement of 15 transponder parameters in 30 seconds. A standard gain horn is utilized to couple the signals between the TPA bus and the aircraft. Transponder data were collected at four different geographic locations resulting in more than 950 samples of general aviation transponders. Results show that 36 percent of the transponders met all measured parameters. It is concluded that this sample has established a significant data base. It is recommended that a study be conducted to determine the effects on the ATCRBS by individually varying each of the 15 parameters outside of their specification limits. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft equipment KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Data reduction KW - Equipment KW - Field tests KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Radar beacons KW - Test procedures KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199083 AU - Eldredge, Don AU - Crook, W G AU - DeBaryshe, B D AU - Crimbring, W R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SIMULATION STUDY OF THE OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A TWO/THREE-DIMENSIONAL MULTIWAYPOINT AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) SYSTEM PY - 1979/08 SP - 194 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to evaluate pilot capability to fly air traffic control offsets and vertical profiles for both two- and three-dimensional area navigation (RNAV) modes both with and without the use of a flight director. Flight pilot subjects participated in simulation tests conducted at the National aviation facilities Experimental Center. Performance was measured for two varibles: total system crosstrack error (TSCT) and flight technical error (FTE); and assessment was made of pilot performance on horizontal tracking, vertical tracking, and turns. The major findings were: (1) 2-sigma and 2-RMS steady state tracking data for centerline and offset tracking were within + or - 1.5 nautical miles of the course being flown, (2) summary data for centerline turns never exceeded a + or - 2 nautical miles error range, (3) centerline tracking was less variable than offset tracking, (4) the use of 3D RNAV mode to arrive at a specified altitude at a specific location increased pilot workload along the route segment leading to that location, (5) lag times for pilot response to ATC RNAV clearances were found to be a function of the situation complexity, and (6) the calculated RSS statistic proved to be an overconservative estimator of TSCT errors. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airline pilots KW - Flight instruments KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Human factors KW - Navigation systems KW - Navigational aids KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Pilot performance KW - Radio navigation KW - Regression analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Three dimensional area navigational systems KW - Three dimensional displays KW - Two dimensional area navigational systems KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199085 AU - Versage, P V AU - FERRARA, A M AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PULSED ACOUSTIC DOPPLER WIND SHEAR SENSING SYSTEM AT DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1979/08 SP - 32 p. AB - This effort was directed toward the test and evaluation of the pulsed acoustic Doppler wind shear sensing system (PADWSS) to determine if the system could accurately and continuously sense windspeed and wind direction at 30-meter (100-foot) intervals from 30 to 510 meters (100 to 1,500 feet) above ground level. Three other wind shear sensing systems were used for comparison: (1) instrumented tethered balloon in close proximity, (2) instrumented aircraft flights using flat runs at various altitudes and glide slope approaches, and (3) radar wind shear sensing. It was concluded that the evaluated PADWSS system cannot be utilized on an operational basis. It was adversely affected by environmental conditions (bare trees, snow) and ground windspeeds in excess of 5 meters/second (9.72 knots). (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Acoustic generators KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustic scattering KW - Acoustic signal processing KW - Acoustic signals KW - Acoustics KW - Airborne equipment KW - Airplanes KW - Airports KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Altitude KW - Balloons KW - Doppler navigation KW - Doppler system KW - Low altitude KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Meteorology KW - Pulses KW - Sound generators KW - Tethering KW - Velocity KW - Virginia KW - Washington Dulles International Airport KW - Weather radar KW - Wind KW - Wind direction KW - Wind shear KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305627 AU - Couch, E V AU - Hill, R M AU - Kolankiewicz, T AU - Skelton, G AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - ACCIDENT DATA SYSTEMS STUDY REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS FOR AN FAA ACCIDENT DATA SYSTEM PY - 1979/08 SP - 168 p. AB - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is investigating possible improvements in its accident data system to enhance aviation safety. The present data system is limited in scope, difficult to use, and of little benefit to aviation safety analysts. This requirements report analyzes the immediate needs which can be met in the near term as well as improvements which will necessitate extensive changes in data collection forms, procedures, and methodologies. This analysis includes an examination of other similar data systems, a review of previous related studies, and a survey of recommendations from users of accident data systems. The FAA Flight Standards Service has incorporated additional data elements, improved software for better data access, and other near term improvements in the General Aviation Accident Data System (GAADS) now under development. These improvements are evolutionary steps toward the fulfillment of the long range requirements. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aviation safety KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Decision making KW - Improvements KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Management information systems KW - Requirement KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Systems analysis KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305518 AU - Johnson, M E AU - Gierhart, G D AU - Institute for Telecommunication Sciences AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMPARISON OF MEASURED DATA WITH IF-77 PROPAGATION MODEL PREDICTIONS PY - 1979/08 SP - 444 p. AB - This report provides extensive comparisons of measured propagation data with predictions made by the IF-77 (ITS-FAA-77) and other propagation models. Although IF-77 was developed for aeronautical applications, it can be used for some point-to-point propagation paths, and the measured data selected for comparison includes point-to-point as well as aeronautical paths. Approximately 870,000 hours of data are associated with the 242 paths used. Predictions made with IF-77 were always best or second best were substantially better than those made for free space conditions. The IF-77 model has a wide range of application and provides predictions compatible with the more specialized models tested. A discussion of the aeronautical propagation data pool from which the data were selected is included as an appendix. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Aeronautics KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Navigational aids KW - Propagation KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304915 AU - Connolly, D W AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - VOICE DATA ENTRY IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1979/08 SP - 77 p. AB - Two major experiments and a number of subsidiary pilot studies were conducted to assess the potential operational utility of state-of-the-art word recognition technology in air traffic control applications. Experiment I, employing 12 operators or 'talkers', secured baseline data representing the inherent 'best case' recognition accuracy of the system. Three of the subvocabularies of an operational data entry language were tested exhaustively to a total of over 46,000 spoken words. On the average, across all speakers and all three subvocabularies, only 1 percent of the words spoken were erroneously recognized. Subsequently 'tuning' of the recognition algorithm reduced the error rate to less than 0.4 percent. Experiment II compared the quality and efficiency of the voice system versus the existing keyboard method of entering complete operational messages. KW - Air traffic control KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer systems KW - Computers KW - Data communications KW - Errors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Speech KW - Speech recognition KW - Voice communication KW - Word recognition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305516 AU - Swedish, W J AU - Mitre Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL FOR REDUCED LONGITUDINAL SPACING ON FINAL APPROACH PY - 1979/08 SP - 128 p. AB - Reducing the separations between aircraft can improve airport capacity and decrease delays. This report addresses the feasibility of reduced IFR separation standards on final approach, and identifies the characteristics of the ATC system which affect or are affected by the separation standards. This study has been limited to conditions during which wake turbulence is not a factor. Given this assumption, separation reduction will be most limited by the need to avoid simultaneous runway occupancy by successive arrivals. As the interval between landings decreases, so must the time spent on the runway, if dual runway occupancy is to be avoided. For acceptable performance, the average runway occupancy time must be no more than 50 seconds for a 2.5 nmi minimum separation standard or 37 seconds for a 2.0 nmi standard, with the current ATC system. Various technical improvements now under development may make it possible to operate a 2.0 nmi minimum with average runway occupancies as great as 45-50 seconds. Adequate communications and surveillance for the controller, and enforcement of current ATC procedures are also required for operations with reduced separations. An alternative solution to the runway occupancy problem is to use a pair of close-spaced, dependent (dual-lane) runways and alternate arrivals between them. Reduced separation on approach to a single runway cannot be realized until the wake vortex problem is resolved. KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft separation KW - Airport runways KW - Approach KW - Cockpits KW - Communication systems KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Final approach KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument flying KW - Radio KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Separation KW - Space room KW - Spacing KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304819 AU - Bedard, AJJ AU - Merrem, F H AU - Simms, D AU - Cairns, M M AU - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A THUNDERSTORM GUST-FRONT DETECTION SYSTEM. PART I. SYSTEM OPERATION AND SIGNIFICANT CASE STUDIES. PART II. STATISTICAL RESULTS PY - 1979/08 SP - 147 p. AB - The Dulles International Airport wind and wind shear detection system recorded more than 160 events from November 1976 through March 1978. Eighty-two percent of 113 significant events occurred in conjunction with thunderstorms, squall-lines and frontal passages. The chief source of false alarms for anemometers was boundary layer disturbances representing 10% of the total; while gravity shear waves related to the 500mb winds caused the most false alarms for pressure sensors (4% of the total). Using complementary arrays of wind and pressure sensors, total system false alarms can be greatly reduced. These data demonstrate the importance of stable surface layers in determining how well surface temperature and wind measurements represent flow at higher levels and explain underestimates of system severity. Moreover, because we demonstrate the value of wind vector information and since temperature is a scaler quantity, there seems little operational value in using temperature sensors as part of a detection system. Conversely, pressure sensors will not reliably detect relatively thin outflows (100-200 M thick) occurring at a distance from downflows having small dimensions. Again, the wind and pressure sensors combine to provide a total system offering good reliability for detection of thunderstorm outflows. The results suggest an array configuration (composed of wind and pressure jump sensors) for use in airport warning systems. This configuration extending about 10km from the airport provides a warning for thunderstorm gust-fronts. KW - Airports KW - Anemometers KW - Atmospheric pressure KW - Aviation safety KW - Barometric pressure KW - Case studies KW - Clear air turbulence KW - Detectors KW - Gusts KW - Reliability KW - Sensors KW - Statistical analysis KW - Thunderstorms KW - Turbulence KW - Washington Dulles International Airport KW - Weather radar KW - Wind KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304740 AU - Geyer, G B AU - Neri, L M AU - Urban, C H AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF FIREFIGHTING FOAM AGENTS PY - 1979/08 SP - 116 p. AB - Information was obtained by conducting laboratory experiments and large-scale fire tests which were of value in estimating the fire extinguishing effectiveness of eight Aqueous-Film-Forming-Foams (AFFF), 11 fluoroprotein foams (FPF), and three protein foam (PF) agents. Large-scale fire tests were performed under fixed fire conditions employing air-aspirating and non-air-aspirating nozzles on 82.4-, 101-, and 143-foot diameter Jet A fuel fires. Experiments were performed with only one foam agent which was considered representative of each class. Experiments tend to validate the continuation of allowing a 30-percent reduction in the water requirement at certificated U.S. airports when AFFF is substituted for protein foam (Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 139.49) and to maintain a 1:1 equivalency ratio when fluoroprotein foam is substituted for protein foam. The data also tend to substantiate the validity of allowing an equivalent reduction in water requirements at airports when the 3-percent AFFF, FPF, and PF agents are substituted for the 6-percent agents within each class. (Author) KW - Chemical compounds KW - Estimates KW - Fire extinguishing agents KW - Fire fighting KW - Fire fighting equipment KW - Fire testing KW - Flammability tests KW - Fluorine KW - Fluorine compounds KW - Foams KW - High expansion foams KW - Jet engine fuels KW - Nozzles KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Proteins KW - Test and evaluation KW - Test procedures KW - Tests KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966051 AU - Pickrel, E W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR PASS-FAIL DETERMINATIONS IN THE NATIONAL AIR TRAFFIC FLIGHT SERVICE STATION TRAINING PROGRAM PY - 1979/07 SP - 47 p. AB - This report describes and documents pass-fail procedures for the new flight service station (FSS) training program. New types of measures and sets of norms are used to create standards of performance that students must meet to become eligible for acceptance into the operational facility work force. One type is newly developed FSS skills tests, paper-and-pencil simulations of laboratory problems, that were administered to personnel and operational FSSs across the country for validation, relation to the on-the-job performance and standardization purposes. Other types are the new academic block tests and graded laboratory problems created for each of the FSS positions. A student who fails both the graded laboratory problems and skills tests in the pilot briefing, inflight or emergency services positions is subject to failure. A student who fails to achieve a passing score on a final phase grade also is subject to failure. The phase grade is a weighted average of performances on the academic block tests, graded laboratory problems, and the pilot briefing, inflight and emergency services skills tests. Norms for each pass-fail measure were established on a student population, and scores of the bottom 5% of that normative population on each measure were judged to be unsatisfactory. These were used to establish cutoff scores for future student populations. The procedure was applied experimentally on the first eight classes completing the new FSS training program. Findings showed that 6% of the group had unsatisfactory performances that would place them in the fail category. KW - Ability tests KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Flight service stations KW - Personnel performance KW - Selection and appointment KW - Standards KW - Statistics KW - Students KW - Training programs KW - Validity UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365406 AU - Brown, LJJ AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SMOKE EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT INTERIOR MATERIALS AT ELEVATED HEAT FLUX LEVELS USING MODIFIED NBS SMOKE CHAMBER PY - 1979/07 SP - 66 p. AB - The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) smoke chamber is a widely used instrument for measuring smoke emitted from materials when exposed to radiant heat and flame sources. The standard NBS chamber, however, lacks the capability of spanning the range of realistic heat flux levels experienced from a jet fuel fire. In order to provide this flexibility, a variable radiat heat flux Mellen furnace capable of reaching 10 British thermal units per square foot second (Btu/feet 2 s) was installed in the chamber. Also, a radiometer was mounted in the chamber for calibration of the furnace and a load cell was installed beneath the sample holder to monitor weight loss of test specimens. Finally, a laser transmissometer was mounted to allow comparisons with the standard photometric system supplied with the chamber. These modifications resulted in a more versatile laboratory test for characterizing material smoke emissions when exposed to radiant heat or flame, and for correlating laboratory and full-scale fire test results. Fifteen aircraft cabin materials were tested at .2., 5.0, 7.5, and 10 Btu/feet 2 s for piloted and nonpiloted exposure. For most of the materials tested, smoke production increased with increasing heat flux provided the sample did not ignite. Polycarbon and polysulfone sheeting, wool carpet and PVC/ABS flooring produced considerably more smoke at heat flux levels above the 'standard' 2.2 Btu/feet 2 s value. It was concluded that the 'standard' 2.2 Btu/feet 2 s heat flux is insufficient for evaluating the smoke characteristics of cabin materials in a postcrash cabin fire situation where a higher and wider range of heat flux levles exists. (Author) KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Flames KW - Heat flux KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lasers KW - Materials KW - Pollutants KW - Polysulfones KW - Radiometers KW - Sheets KW - Smoke KW - Transmissometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314413 AU - Duffy, M A AU - McCreery, J H AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE GENERAL AVIATION DYNAMICS MODEL VOLUME III. SYSTEMS MANUAL PY - 1979/07 SP - 312 p. AB - Under this contract, the model was updated based on data through 1976 and the results were presented in a two volume technical document covering the current model development efforts and all prior work done by Battelle. Volume III-Systems Manual - provides a thorough description of the computer software aspects of the model. This includes a complete listing of the program, an example of a batch run of the model, a user handbook for the NUCLEUS programming language, and a user's guide for running the model interactively. KW - Civil aviation KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamics KW - Economics KW - Forecasting KW - Handbooks KW - Programming manuals KW - Simulation KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313224 AU - Spiegel, A AU - Shepherd, R A AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NOISE ABATEMENT ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS MODEL (NAEPAM). VOLUME I PY - 1979/07 SP - 73 p. AB - This report examines the role of economic disincentive as an inducement to noise abatement. The particular disincentive analyzed is a system of noise emission charges (NEC) which is imposed at airports on commerical aircraft operations which are above maximum noise emission allowances. The methodology developed is in the form of a mathematical programming (MP) model which seeks to minimize the total cost of a disincentive-based policy. Preliminary analyses conducted with the model indicate (qualitatively) that the method of noise emission charges, administered at the airport level on operations exceeding the current noise emission standards, is an economically feasible method for inducing noise abatement. The single most critical assumption underlying this conclusion is that if the NEC administration is voluntary, then a sufficient number of airports must impose the charges. The modeling concept presented is suitable for the analysis of a broad spectrum of aviation economic policy related issues. (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aircraft KW - Computer programs KW - Control KW - Economic models KW - Linear programming KW - Penalties KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313223 AU - Spiegel, A AU - Shepherd, R A AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NOISE ABATEMENT ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS MODEL (NAEPAM). VOLUME II. USER'S GUIDE PY - 1979/07 SP - 62 p. AB - The development and evaluation of noise emission charge systems for inducing aircraft noise abatement modifications is described in 'Noise Abatement Economic Policy Analysis Model -- /NAEPAM'. The objective of this User's Guide is to describe the model implementation and to provide the necessary information to analysts who wish to execute the model. (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aircraft KW - Computer programs KW - Control KW - Economic models KW - Linear programming KW - Penalties KW - Programming manuals KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313173 AU - FOY, W H AU - SRI International AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRBORNE AIDS FOR COPING WITH LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR PY - 1979/07 SP - 99 p. AB - This report summarizes the development and test of airborne displays, instrumentation and procedures for aiding an airline jet-transport pilot to cope with wind shear on approach-and-landing and on takeoff. The task involved analysis of windshear effects, development of wind models including shear and turbulence, specification of displays and instrument models, and conduct of six large-scale piloted flight-simulation exercises. A set of candidate standard wind-shear models was developed. The beneficial effects of training in a moving-base simulator were noted. In tests on both wide bodied (DC-10) and nonwide-bodied (B-727) airplanes, and both precision and localizer-only approach, conventional instrumentation was found inadequate for coping with wind shear. Many instruments and techniques, including head-up displays, were tested. Ground speed was found to be an important additional item of information. A system, consisting of acceleration and ground speed augmented flight director, acceleration-margin criterion for advising go-around, and minimum-height-loss go-around pitch steering, was found to solve the wind-shear problem on approach and landing. Test procedures and requirements for device qualification were developed. No instrumentation was found that aided in coping with severe wind shear on takeoff. KW - Aircraft landing KW - Altitude KW - Approach KW - Flight simulators KW - Information display systems KW - Landing KW - Landing aids KW - Low altitude KW - Mathematical models KW - Passenger aircraft KW - Takeoff KW - Wind KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305877 AU - PERKINS, P J AU - HOLDEMAN, J D AU - Nastrom, G D AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SIMULTANEOUS CABIN AND AMBIENT OZONE MEASUREMENTS ON TWO BOEING 747 AIRPLANES. VOLUME I PY - 1979/07 SP - 812 p. AB - Measurements of ozone concentrations both outside and in the cabin of an airline operated Boeing 747SP and Boeing 747-100 airliner are presented. Plotted data and the corresponding tables of observations taken at altitude between the departure and destination airports of each flight are arranged chronologically for the two aircraft. Data were taken at five or ten minute intervals by automated instrumentation used in the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP). All ozone data obtained in the cabin from March through December 1977 are presented. (Author) KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Altitude KW - Atmosphere KW - Atmospheric interference KW - Boeing 747 aircraft KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Jet transports KW - Measurement KW - Ozone KW - Tables (Data) KW - Troposphere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304905 AU - Rodwell, J F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE STATES AVIATION FORECASTING NEEDS PY - 1979/07 SP - 53 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Federal Aviation Administration's various forecasting activities, discuss where they could be altered to better meet the States' needs and review where the States' use of them could be more effective. The report presents one state's view of some forecasting issues which arise in every state and includes recommendations, from its point of view, for future steps to be taken to resolve these issues. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Forecasting KW - Massachusetts KW - Planning KW - Regional planning KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - State planning KW - States KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199074 AU - Shochet, E AU - Milligan, H AU - Regan, R J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM (VRS) SURVEY PY - 1979/07 SP - 136 p. AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness and acceptability of a computer-generated voice system designed to provide pilots with a limited preflight weather briefing via touchtone telephone without the intervention or assistance of a weather briefer. The test area was the District of Columbia, Fairfax County, Arlington County, Alexandria City, Prince Georges County, and Montgomery County. Questionnaires were mailed to a randomly selected group of pilots in the area. Analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaires indicates (1) user pilots have a high level of acceptance of the Voice Response System; (2) the general aviation pilot can use the Voice Response System effectively; and (3) the system satisfied the preflight needs of some pilots. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic control KW - Automation KW - Civil aviation KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - General aviation KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Maryland KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Needs assessment KW - Preflight briefing KW - Questionnaires KW - Speech KW - Speech recognition KW - Speech transmission KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - User needs KW - Virginia KW - Voice communication KW - Voice frequency KW - Washington (District of Columbia) KW - Weather KW - Weather communication KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199084 AU - Wisleder, R W AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENHANCED TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICES (ETIS) UTILIZING THE DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) DATA LINK - CONCEPT DESCRIPTION PY - 1979/07 SP - 94 p. AB - This report describes a concept for providing enhanced terminal information services (ETIS) to aircraft utilizing the ground-air-ground data link capability of the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS). ETIS is envisioned as an eventual replacement for, and significant improvement to the Automated Terminal Information Services (ATIS) in use today. The initial step in developing the concept is the establishment of requirements for an ETIS system. This is followed by a determination of the information and data to be provided to the aircraft over the data link, and the probable sources of that data. An assumption is made that the availability of automated weather sensor systems of some form will coincide with implementation of ETIS. A detailed functional description of the system is then given, including system configuration, interfaces with other ATC automation systems, and hardware and software both at the airport and at the controlling ATC facility. Also discussed are message content and formats, controller and pilot display design considerations, criteria for dispatch of ETIS messages, and a number of operational considerations. The report concludes with several typical flight scenarios representative of different levels of aircraft, avionics, and pilot capabilities in an air traffic control environment where ETIS is implemented. KW - Air traffic control KW - Avionics KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Mode S KW - Tables (Data) KW - Terminal information processing systems KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304846 AU - Holt, M AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) SINGLE SENSOR PERFORMANCE TEST PLAN PY - 1979/07 SP - 157 p. AB - This document describes the single-sensor performance tests to be conducted upon three models of the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) sensor. These performance tests will primarily address the following characteristics: Surveillance Processing, Accuracy and Resolution, Data Link, Performance Monitoring and Failure Recovery, Network Management (stand-alone mode) and Communications. The results of these performance tests will be used to prepare a technical data package for DABS procurement by the Operating Services. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Accuracy KW - Air traffic control KW - Communications KW - Configuration management KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Mode S KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Performance tests KW - Planning KW - Search radar KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304882 AU - Lopez, M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE SELECTION OF GLIDE SLOPE ANTENNA PATTERNS FOR USE IN THE FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT PROCESS PY - 1979/07 SP - 92 p. AB - The frequency assignment process is meant to preclude harmful interference within service volumes. This is done by choosing frequencies in a manner which provides certain minimum cochannel and adjacent channel desired to undesired signal ratios at critical points of the service volume. One of the factors which affects a station's signal strength in space is its horizontal antenna pattern. Consequently, the horizontal pattern can have a substantial effect on the separation required between glide slope frequency assignments. In some cases, it is desirable to consider the actual antenna patterns involved rather than using worstcase station separations. This report has been assembled so that the directivity of the horizontal pattern may be considered in the assignment process. For each antenna type, a particular antenna pattern is recommended. (Author) KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Criteria KW - Electric cables KW - Frequency allocation KW - Frequency assignment system KW - Glide path systems KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Radiation patterns KW - Recommendations KW - Separation KW - Signal to noise ratio KW - Slot antennas KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304811 AU - STROBRIDGE, T R AU - Moulder, J C AU - Clark, A F AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TITANIUM COMBUSTION IN TURBINE ENGINES PY - 1979/07 SP - 132 p. AB - Pure and alloyed titanium components are routinely used in aircraft turbine engines because of their uniquely high strength-to-weight ratios among structural metals, combined with excellent fatigue and corrosion resistance. Like most other metals, titanium is combustible under certain conditions of temperature, pressure and oxygen concentration and in fact there have been several instances of titanium combustion in service engines. Contemporary titanium use in aircraft turbine engines and the limits of that use are explored. Combustion incidents and their causes are discussed as well as the typical extent of damage. Current preventative measures are outlined. For better understanding, the fundamentals of metal combustion and the experimental research related to titanium combustion are thoroughly treated and analytical combustion models are presented. Finally, the relevant experimental combustion data are correlated as a function of static temperature and Reynolds number and compared to the model predictions. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Combustion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Engines KW - Experimental design KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Ignition KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Oxidation KW - Oxygen KW - Pressure KW - Statics KW - Structures KW - Temperature KW - Thermodynamics KW - Titanium KW - Titanium alloys KW - Turbine parts KW - Turbines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304778 AU - Medeiros, M AU - Englander, I AU - Glynn, H AU - RICHARDS, J AU - Sigona, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NATIONAL VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM (VRS) IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ALTERNATIVES STUDY PY - 1979/07 SP - 211 p. AB - This study examines the alternatives available to implement a national Voice Response System (VRS) for automated preflight weather briefings and flight plan filing. Four major hardware configurations are discussed. A computerized analysis model was developed and used to determine relative merits, costs, and sensitivities of key factors such as centralized vs. decentralized networks, demand levels, average call duration, partial implementation, fail-soft operations, WATS vs. FX telephone service, VRS channel sizing and projected demand growth. The study shows that excessive communication costs predominated the centralized configuration alternatives. The minimum cost system, which is also the recommended one, is a distributed processor configuration with 20 Data Base Processor sites and 134 VRS sites. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Communication systems KW - Costs KW - Databases KW - Flight control systems KW - Implementation KW - Information processing KW - Simulation KW - Speech KW - Speech recognition KW - Systems analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Telecommunications KW - Voice communication KW - Weather communication KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966050 AU - Tobias, J V AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INTERSTIMULUS INTERVAL AS IT AFFECTS TEMPORARY THRESHOLD SHIFT IN SERIAL PRESENTATIONS OF LOUD TONES PY - 1979/06 SP - 8 p. AB - Temporary threshold shifts were measured repeatedly during a session in order to determine effects of interstimulus interval (ISI) on the shift. The fatiguing sound was a 3-minute, 110-dB-SPL, 4,000-Hz tone. Immediately following the 3-minute stimulation, Bekesy-audiometric tracings were made for 3 minutes at 5,656 Hz. Then the subject sat quietly for the ISI that was used during that session. The effect of the subject's rest time or time off was compared at two points on the recovery curve: at 30 seconds and 2 minutes following the cessation of the fatiguing sound. For susceptible subjects tested with short-duration ISIs, each successive threshold showed a greater shift than the earlier ones for at least four tests. As ISI was increased, improvement seemed not to follow the expected linear form. At some critical value that varies from subject to subject, successive tests no longer differ from each other; each one is similar to a first trial in which no previous exposure to the high-level tone has occurred. For most subjects run under these conditions, the critical ISI value is at least 30 minutes. KW - Auditory threshold KW - Aviation medicine KW - Human subject testing KW - Interstimulus interval KW - Loudness KW - Noise KW - Sound intensity KW - Time intervals UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304744 AU - Chandler, R F AU - Trout, E M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SEATING AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS CONDUCTED DURING FISCAL YEAR 1978 PY - 1979/06 SP - 229 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of test programs conducted by the Protection and Survival Laboratory to investigate the performance of prototype or operational seating and restraint systems relative to their ability to provide protection against crash injury and to validate the performance of the FAA Seat Occupant Model: Light Aircraft (SOMLA). Most of the data in this report were previously presented as the final quarterly progress report for Task AM-B-78-PRS-47 and are subject to additional evaluation or change on review, conduct of additional testing, or receipt of additional facts. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Anthropometry KW - Aviation safety KW - Crashes KW - Equipment tests KW - Passengers KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety KW - Seats KW - Simulation KW - Survival KW - Test equipment UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-17.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318400 AU - Milligan, H D AU - Rosenberg, B L AU - NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE AVIATION WEATHER AND NOTAM SYSTEM (AWANS) PY - 1979/06 SP - 51 p. AB - This activity was conducted to ascertain the operational effectiveness of an experimental system in providing automation capabilities geared to flight service station application. Primary consideration was given to the man-machine relationship and the efficacy of the data and presentation formats made available to the specialist through the system. Maintenance, technical, and software aspects were not specifically addressed. Results of the study indicate that the automated system provides textual and graphic data in a form suitable for use in preflight and in-flight briefing modes. Further, the equipment configurations under study contained one which was acceptable, though not deemed optimal, by the specialists. This acceptability included the display size, character size and font, graphic and textual products, communications equipment, console design, and associated equipment layout. (Author) KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Automation KW - Communication devices KW - Consoles KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Graphics KW - Human machine systems KW - Information display systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313613 AU - Klatte, R J AU - Metzger, F B AU - United Technologies Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF NOISE REDUCTION ON WEIGHT AND COST OF GENERAL AVIATION PROPELLERS PY - 1979/06 SP - 111 p. AB - Results of a study are reported in which the influence of noise reduction on weight and cost of propellers used in General Aviation aircraft was evaluated. Aircraft performance was not to be degraded by installation of the reduced noise propellers. Only propeller modifications were permitted. Engine modifications, such as introduction of a gearbox to reduce noise by reduction of RPM, were not permitted in the study. Major factors in noise reduction found promising in the study were (1) optimization of performance by use of the best available airfoils, (2) use of thin airfoils and a narrow elliptical tip blade planform, and (3) increasing the number of blades consistent with maintaining aircraft performance. For the three aircraft studied (a single engine, a light twin and a heavy twin) the flyover noise reduction potential varied from 3 to 8 dBA with no weight or cost penalty. Greater reductions in noise resulted in increased weight and/or cost penalties. Also, in some cases, engine noise would have to be reduced to achieve greater reductions. The progress by General Aviation aircraft manufacturer's in reducing noise is indicated by the finding that the most recent aircraft design had the smallest noise reduction potential. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Airfoils KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Cavitation noise KW - Civil aviation KW - Costs KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Shape KW - Size KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313170 AU - Tiedeman, D A AU - Benson, F B AU - Miller, L V AU - Rudig, R J AU - Schuldt, T J AU - SRI International AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INERTIALLY AUGMENTED APPROACH COUPLERS PY - 1979/06 SP - 127 p. AB - This report collects and summarizes the results of a series of engineering design studies and tests of methods for acceleration augmentation of airplane control systems for approach and landing. Emphasis was on the use of body-mounted accelerometers, which are reasonably inexpensive. Control laws were developed for several aircraft (CV-880, DC-10, B-727) and tested by simulation with both automatic and human pilots; they included automatic landing systems, flight director with full ILS, and flight director for nonprecision approach. The modified flight director (MFD) control algorithms (pitch, roll and thrust) were also tested in large-scale piloted flight simulations under Task 2 of the AWLS project. The objectives were to achieve approach-and-landing performance on Category I and II ILS beams comparable to that with current systems on Category III beams, and to obtain improved performance over current systems in coping with low-level wind shear. The low-cost system designs met these objectives, and exhibited performance comparable to that attainable with an expensive full inertial navigation system. Collins supported tests of the methods in DC-10 and B-727 flight simulators. The MFD controls were implemented in a Gulfstream I test airplane for FAA tests. (Author) KW - Accelerometers KW - Aircraft landing KW - Approach KW - Augmentation KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Flight control systems KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Landing KW - Landing aids KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313171 AU - Edwards, R G AU - Broderson, A B AU - Barbour, R W AU - McCoy, D F AU - Johnson, C W AU - Watkins and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY OF DIFFERING HELICOPTER NOISE CERTIFICATION STANDARDS PY - 1979/06 SP - 67 p. AB - Areas having the heaviest helicopter activity in the U.S. were visited and environmental noise measurement made in order to evaluate the impact of possible relaxed noise emission standards for helicopters restricted to remote regions. Measurement results showed that an average of 10 flyovers per hour produced a one-hour energy-averaged sound level (Leq) of 54.5 dBA, a level 2.5 dBA above ambient. An average of 34 events per hour adjacent to heliports produced a one-hour Leq of 63.1 dBA, which was 13.3 dBa above ambient. If emission levels were increased by 10 dBA, projected Leq values of 57.0 and 71.2 dBA resulted for the flyover and heliport conditions, respectively. Sixty-four percent of those responding to a questionnaire stated that they had not experienced a problem from helicopter noise. The degree to which the remaining respondents were bothered ranged from 'slightly' to 'very annoyed' with no significant preference for either category. (Author) KW - Accessibility KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft noise KW - Coastal regions KW - Coasts KW - Helicopters KW - Louisiana KW - Modifications KW - Observation KW - Questionnaires KW - Remote areas KW - Standards KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304601 AU - Duncombe, C B AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RESULTS OF R. F. I. MEASUREMENTS MADE IN THE G. P. S. BAND ON A GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT PY - 1979/06 SP - 75 p. AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation/Transportation Systems Center performed tests aboard a General Aviation aircraft in an effort to characterize the radio frequency interference (R.F.I.) environment, encountered by the receiving system of this type aircraft, in the Navstar Global Positioning System (G.P.S.) L sub 1 frequency band, 1575 MHz + or - 10 MHz. Results of the R.F.I. measurements, performed in the Boston, Mass. area in December 1978, are presented along with an analysis of the interference potential of the third harmonic of television station Channel 23 to the performance of a G.P.S. receiver designed to operate on the L sub 1 C/A signal. The results show that no significant R.F.I. was observed in the L sub 1 band of the G.P.S. which leads to the conclusion that R.F.I. should not pose a serious limitation to low cost G.P.S. receiver design for General Aviation. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft equipment KW - Equipment KW - Global Positioning System KW - Harmonics KW - L band KW - Massachusetts KW - Microwave devices KW - Noise (Communications) KW - Noise radio KW - Radar receivers KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio receivers KW - Television KW - Ultrahigh frequency KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199142 AU - Berger, M I AU - DOVIAK, R J AU - National Severe Storms Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE CLEAR AIR PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER WIND SYNTHESIZED FROM NSSL'S DUAL DOPPLER-RADAR DATA PY - 1979/06 SP - 77 p. AB - Clear air dual Doppler-radar experiments conducted at the National Severe Storms Laboratory have defined wind fields in the planetary boundary layer through detection of the motion of the atmosphere's diffuse intrinsic scatterers. Acquisition of wind data and synthesis of the data to grid points are discussed, and it is shown by correlation techniques that the theoretically estimated velocity variance at a grid point caused by measurement technique is small enough to detect true kinematic features in the perturbation wind fields. The kinematic structure of these perturbation wind fields is analyzed and compared to results produced by analytical and numerical models. Spatial spectrum analysis and band-pass filtering of the Doppler synthesized winds are used to aid in interpreting the structure of the wind fields. It is shown that the data are consistent with model predictions for a convectively unstable and moderately sheared PBL that existed during data collection. In addition, the spatial spectra of Doppler data show statistical agreement with tower wind measurement assuming the Taylor hypothesis. Finally, it is shown that the wind perturbations are 'frozen' with a lifetime of about 60 minutes. KW - Anemometry KW - Boundary layer flow KW - Data analysis KW - Doppler radar KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Perturbations KW - Velocity KW - Vortices KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199075 AU - DeLucien, A G AU - Green, D L AU - Jordan, S W AU - Traybar, J J AU - PACER Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WORKLOAD AND THE CERTIFICATION OF HELICOPTERS FOR IFR OPERATION PY - 1979/06 SP - 129 p. AB - A review was made of the Interim Criteria. Federal Aviation Regulations, Advisory Circulars and other pertinent Documents associated with certification of Helicopters for instrument flight. A review of publications pertaining to workload definitions and evaluation, applicable to IFR helicopter operations was accomplished. The report identifies the role of aircrew workload in the IFR certification process and develops a rationale to allow determination of that portion of a pilot's attention and effort available for aircraft control. Performance objectives for required maneuvers are delineated and the interdependence of performance and workload is identified. Workload/performance implications for single and dual pilot IFR operations are reviewed. A series of flight maneuver patterns for use as IFR certification assessment tools is developed. A flying qualities workload evaluation scheme is offered for use in the FAA certification process for IFR approval of helicopters. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airworthiness KW - Aviation safety KW - Certification KW - Helicopters KW - Human factors KW - Instrument flying KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Work measurement KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198986 AU - Mirsky, W AU - Pace, R AU - Ponsonby, R AU - Nicholls, J A AU - Geister, D E AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT PISTON ENGINES PY - 1979/06 SP - 158 p. AB - A comprehensive mathematical analysis for evaluating the measured emissions from piston type general aviation aircraft engines is presented and discussed. The analysis is used to calculate the fuel-air ratio, molecular weight of the exhaust products, and water correction factor. Further. a sensitivity analysis is presented which shows the effects of emission measurement errors on calculated fuel-air ratio. The University's test facility is briefly described and the associated emissions instrumentation is discussed in detail. The experimental results obtained in this facility on the AVCO-Lycoming LIO-320 engine are presented. This includes baseline and lean-out emissions data and the influence of sampling probe location in the exhaust pipe. The influence of leaks in the exhaust system or emissions console are investigated and evaluated in terms of the mathematical model. Experimental data obtained from various facilities are compared and evaluated. (Author) KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Combustion KW - Combustion products KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Molecular weight KW - Piston engines KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199033 AU - Mahnken, G AU - WAPELHORST, L AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INTERIM RESULTS OF DABS/ATCRBS ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY TESTING PY - 1979/06 SP - 104 p. AB - This report describes the tests being conducted to determine what effect the implementation of the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) will have on the performance of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS), and presents interim results on the tests conducted to date. Uplink tests were conducted to measure transponder suppression rates in the ATCRBS airborne environment under various DABS and ATCRBS ground interrogator site configurations. Analysis of the data collected to date indicates that suppression levels generally become lower when DABS sensors replace ATCRBS sites, thus, resulting in an improvement in the ATCRBS airborne environment. Tests were also conducted on three reply processors being used by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in operational facilities to process ATRCBS targets to determine processor susceptibility to DABS fruit interference. There was no indication from the resultant data of any significant degradation in performance in the presence of varying amounts of DABS fruit. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control radar beacon system KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Downlink KW - Electromagnetic compatibility KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Electromagnetism KW - Mode S KW - Performance KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radar beacons KW - Satellite communication KW - Suppression rate KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199030 AU - Slusher, G R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EXHAUST EMISSION TRAVERSE INVESTIGATION OF A JT3D-1 TURBOFAN ENGINE PY - 1979/06 SP - 56 p. AB - An investigation of the emissions in the exhaust plume of a JT3D-1 turbofan engine was conducted to optimize the shape, size, and location of fixed probes for acquiring representative emission samples. Traverse measurements of 153 points over the exhaust nozzle were accomplished with the sample points located in the corners of 2-inch squares forming a traverse grid. The average emission levels, contours, and profile distributions were determined. The predicted performances of area weighted cruciform and diamond probe designs were calculated from interpolations of the traverse contours. (Author) KW - Exhaust gases KW - Mapping KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Plumes KW - Pratt and whitney jt3d engine KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Traversing mechanisms KW - Turbofan engines KW - Turbojet engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305624 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GUIDE TO FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION PUBLICATIONS PY - 1979/06 SP - 73 p. AB - The FAA publishes numerous documents dealing with a variety of subjects-from regulations on aviation safety to career guidance materials designed to enrich aviation curricula and promote interest in aviation careers. Many of these publications are of interest to the general public as well as to the aviation community. Many of them are free on request. We hope this guide makes it easier for the public to gain access to them and to the civil aviation-related publications issued by other Federal agencies. KW - Aeronautics KW - Air traffic control KW - Airports KW - Airworthiness KW - Aviation personnel KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Documents KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Personnel KW - Publications KW - Regulations KW - Reports KW - Standards KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304844 AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Systems Research and Development Service TI - NEXT GENERATION AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR (ASR-( )) DEFINITION STUDY PY - 1979/06 SP - 121 p. AB - A study group was convened in the Summer of 1974 by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to define the characteristics of the next generation airport surveillance radar (ASR). This was designated as the ASR-( ). The study group was comprised of representatives from MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, MITRE, NAFEC, AAF, AAT, ASP, AEM and ARD. The operational requirements developed for the ASR-( ) include coverage on a small aircraft (one square meter radar cross section) out to 40 nautical miles; up to 15,000 feet altitude; at elevation angles of 0.3 to 30 degrees; in an environment of precipitation clutter, ground clutter, angel clutter, and anomalous propagation; and with a resolution commensurate with a separation standard of 2 nautical miles at a range of 30 nautical miles. Reliability, maintainability, and availability should be equal to that of the ASR-7 and ASR-8. Using the operational requirements, candidate radar systems were defined at four frequencies; VHF (420-450 MHz), L-band (1250-1350 MHz), and S-band (2700-2900 MHz) and 5'-band (3500-3700 MHz). The recommended system is the L-band system which has the following characteristics: azimuth beamwdith of 2.25 degrees, PRF of 1100-1360 pps, data rate of 4 sec., instrumented range of 60 nmi and a pulse width of 1.0 usec. (Author) KW - Aerial targets KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airport surveillance radar KW - Airports KW - Heart rate KW - L band KW - L rand KW - Maintainability KW - Moving target indicators KW - Pulse generators KW - Pulse rate KW - Radar KW - Radar cross section KW - Radar pulses KW - Radar targets KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Reliability KW - Requirement KW - S band KW - Search radar KW - Specifications KW - Surveillance KW - Very high frequency KW - Vhf omnidirectional range UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304813 AU - LaBarge, W L AU - Lockheed-California Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERAL AVIATION AIRPLANE STRUCTURAL CRASHWORTHINESS PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL. REVISION PY - 1979/06 SP - 180 p. AB - This Programmer's Manual is one of a series of operational documents for program KRASH. In this manual, pertinent information is supplied which will facilitate bringing the program to an operational status on the user's computer system. This manual has been established in such a manner that it can be updated as more data becomes available. The subject material contained within each section can be expanded or revised, as necessary, without affecting the other sections. Each section contains its own numbering system which facilitates the task of updating the document. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Computer programs KW - Crash resistance KW - Crashworthiness KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Systems analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Training KW - Trash computer program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304606 AU - Duffy, M A AU - McCreery, J H AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE GENERAL AVIATION DYNAMICS MODEL. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/05/30 SP - 31 p. AB - A brief non-technical overview of the General Aviation Dynamics model, an evaluation of its first post-sample period forecast, and a discussion of some of its more recent applications are given. The model is a dynamic simulation, interactive computer model built upon the cause-effect interactions displayed between various sectors of the general aviation system. KW - Civil aviation KW - Dynamics KW - Economics KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304607 AU - Duffy, M A AU - McCreery, J H AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE GENERAL AVIATION DYNAMICS MODEL VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/05/30 SP - 169 p. AB - A detailed description of the General Aviation Dynamics (GAD) model is given. It contains a complete set of statistics, including actual data, for the estimated causal relationships within each sector of the model. Also illustrated is how the GAD model can be used to evaluate alternative policy actions. The model is a dynamic simulation, interactive computer, model built upon the cause-effect interactions displayed between various sectors of the general aviation system. KW - Civil aviation KW - Dynamics KW - Economics KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304603 AU - Harman, W H AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIR TRAFFIC DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS PY - 1979/05/03 SP - 61 p. AB - Results of measurements to determine peak air traffic densities, the spatial distribution of air traffic, and its variation with time, in the Los Angeles Basin and at several locations from Boston to Washington, D.C. are reported. These measurements include only ATCRBS-transponder equipped aircraft. LA Basin traffic densities are shown to be significantly higher than those measured at any other location. The time- and spatial-average density over a circular region of 10 nmi radius reaches a peak value of 0.1 aircraft per sq. nmi in LA. Under comparable conditions the density in Washington, Philadelphia, and Boston reaches 0.02 to 0.04 aircraft per sq. nmi. These measurements, made in 1976, were compared with the LA Basin Standard Traffic Model as to spatial distribution of traffic and absolute density. The results show that the model and the measurement differ by a scale factor of 5:1 (with density being greater in the model) but otherwise agree closely in spatial distribution. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Density KW - Distribution functions KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Massachusetts KW - Measurement KW - Radar beacons KW - Traffic distribution KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329117 AU - Ebert, P M AU - Moses, L T AU - SPENCER, N A AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RESULTS OF AN ACTIVE BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED IN THE LOS ANGELES AIRSPACE PY - 1979/05 SP - 122 p. AB - The Active BCAS test bed equipment, which had been tested both at NAFEC and at Washington, D.C., was upgraded to include the Whisper-Shout technique for garble reduction and the DABS mode for high integrity BCAS-to-BCAS operation. The test bed was then flown in the environment of the Los Angeles TCA and of the Orange County Airport. A comparison was then made under various levels of traffic, and with various system features. As a result of all of the tests on the feasibility equipment, general performance results are predicted and improvements for future designs are given. (Author) KW - Aviation safety KW - Beacons KW - California KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Equipment tests KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Test beds KW - Test equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304604 AU - Pardue, R E AU - Lockheed-Georgia Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEM SIMULATOR TESTS WITH ANTIMISTING KEROSENE (JET A FUEL WITH FM-9 ADDITIVE) PY - 1979/05 SP - 51 p. AB - Tests were conducted on a full-scale C-141 aircraft fuel system simulator to evaluate system and component operation using antimisting kerosene fuels (Jet A fuel with FM-9 additive). A typical aircraft flight profile was simulated with the tank-to-engine fuel feed system operating. Tests were also conducted to evaluate the tank quantity gaging system accuracy, tank refuel valve operation and fuel transfer ejector operation. Fuels tested included Jet A, .30% FM-9 AMK, .35% FM-9 AMK and .40% FM-9 AMK. Flammability tests were conducted on selected fuel samples to evaluate degradation caused by the above tests. (Author) KW - Additives KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft fires KW - Aviation safety KW - Fire causes KW - Fire prevention KW - Fires KW - Flight simulators KW - Fuel systems KW - Jet engine fuels KW - Prevention KW - Turbofan engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304789 AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IN-SERVICE IMPROVEMENTS TO RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM PY - 1979/05 SP - 487 p. AB - This report documents results of task efforts undertaken by Ohio University between October 1977 and May 1979. Engineering data resulting from a study of the sideband reference, glide-slope system baseline operating parameters and the effects of specific faults are presented. A series of perturbational studies conducted at commissioned sideband reference facilities and numerous field experiments at Ohio University's Tamiami, Florida site facility are described. Suggested technical improvements and text changes for existing technical manuals have also resulted. The effects of a wide range of terrain profiles on the performance of sideband reference, null reference, and capture effect systems are compiled in album form. Sideband reference system setup procedures are reviewed, the electrical and physical requirements for the counterpoise are explored, and an introductory look at threshold-plane DDM profiles is presented. ILS anomaly investigations have resulted in the design, testing, and implementation of a modification to the Type FA-5723 clearance transmitter. Also, predictions of complete glide-slope performance for a proposed site on Runway 22L at Boston Logan are presented. The maximum allowable VSWR for the 15-element V-Ring and the O-Ring localizers are investigated based on theoretical and experimental work. The findings are that the maximum VSWR is not that of a simple specification but rather that of values that are within the bounds of worst and best-case conditions depending on the value of the complex reflection coefficient. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Directional antennas KW - Glide path systems KW - Massachusetts KW - Microwave antennas KW - Microwave devices KW - Monitoring KW - Perturbations KW - Radiation patterns KW - Radio beacons KW - Radio transmitters KW - Sidebands KW - Virginia KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199038 AU - Rempfer, P S AU - Kuhn, J E AU - Frankel, F AU - Prerau, D S AU - Stevenson, L E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT SURFACE TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS PY - 1979/05 SP - 144 p. AB - This report documents the results of an Airport Surface Traffic Control (ASTC) requirements analysis. Problems and potential payoffs are explored in the areas of capacity and delay, productivity, safety, and equipment limitations. Alternative approaches to solving ASTC problems are identified and their costs estimated. Benefits are estimated and alternatives compared. The potential for Ground Control saturation during bad cab visibility is shown to exist at Chicago O'Hare today, and at Los Angeles and Atlanta by the mid-1980's. the Tower Automated Ground Surveillance (TAGS) concept, using multiple ATCRBS interrogators to add target identity to the output of the ASDE-3 in a single hybrid display, is recommended for development and deployment at these three airports. Analysis shows that increased traffic forecasts could require two ground controllers at ten airports by the late 1980's. A standard taxiway routing system might eliminate the second ground controller at eight airports, with annual benefits of $500,000. Analysis of accidents occurring on the surface of ATC-towered airports reveals that 87% of accident costs and 76% of fatalities occurred at the top 25 air carrier airports. A study is recommended to identify the causes and hypothesize solutions to this category of accidents. Another potential safety problem is lack of positive runway clearance assurance at airports which operate during bad cab visibility but do not qualify for an ASDE-3. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport runways KW - Airport safety KW - Airport surface traffic control KW - Airport terminals KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Benefits KW - California KW - Car clearances (Railroads) KW - Chicago O'Hare International Airport KW - Civil aviation KW - Clearances KW - Control KW - Control tower cabs KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Ground controllers KW - Ground traffic KW - Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport KW - Illinois KW - Information display systems KW - Interrogators KW - Labor market KW - Los Angeles International Airport KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Surveillance KW - Systems analysis KW - Taxiways KW - Tower automated ground surveillance KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199034 AU - Brownie, R B AU - Hironaka, M C AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RECYCLING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE AIRFIELD PAVEMENT. A LABORATORY STUDY PY - 1979/05 SP - 136 p. AB - Laboratory experiments have been conducted on aged asphalt concrete (AC) pavement samples obtained from three Naval airfields and two civil airports to develop and establish criteria and design guidelines for recycling such pavements. In these experiments, tests were conducted on nine agents for softening residual asphalt cements and designed hot- and cold-mix samples. It was found that aged AC pavement materials can be recycled to meet FAA and Navy specifications for new pavement surfaces and base courses by hot-mix recycling procedures and new base courses by cold-mix recycling procedures. Based on the results of this investigation, criteria and design guidelines for recycling aged AC pavements by hot-mix and cold-mix procedures have been established. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bitumen KW - Chemical agents KW - Concrete KW - Guidelines KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Softening point KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198977 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION - FLORIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WORKSHOP ON GROUNDING AND LIGHTNING TECHNOLOGY HELD ON 6 - 8 MARCH 1979, MELBOURNE, FLORIDA. SUPPLEMENT IA PY - 1979/05 SP - 99 p. AB - Partial contents: Lightning Effects on General Aviation Aircraft; A New Approach to Lightning Positioning and Tracking; Design, Development and Fabrication of Devices for the Protection of Electronic Equipment against Lightning; Lightning Fatalities--Can They be Prevented; and Lightning Test Waveforms and Techniques for Aerospace Vehicles and Hardware. KW - Aerospace industry KW - Aerospace systems KW - Aircraft KW - Aviation safety KW - Avionics KW - Civil aviation KW - Electrical grounding KW - Electronic equipment KW - Flameout KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Lightning KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety equipment KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199035 AU - Jewell, W F AU - Clement, W F AU - West, T C AU - Sinclair, SRM AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - POWERED-LIFT AIRCRAFT HANDLING QUALITIES IN THE PRESENCE OF NATURALLY-OCCURRING AND COMPUTER-GENERATED ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES PY - 1979/05 SP - 86 p. AB - The results of a two-phased program to investigate powered-lift aircraft handling quality degradation due to both naturally-occurring and computer-generated atmospheric turbulence are presented and discussed. In Phase I an airborne simulator was used to simulate a powered-lift aircraft on final approach. The atmospheric conditions included calm air, moderate to heavy turbulence, and frontal-type wind shears. In Phase II a ground-based simulator with a moving cockpit and a colored visual display was used to represent the same powered-lift aircraft. During Phase II, the Dryden model of atmospheric turbulence was used as well as the naturally-occurring wind profiles recorded during Phase I. Analysis of the data showed that the handling quality assessments obtained in the airborne and ground-based simulators were similar, but wind shear was responsible for more of the differences than turbulence. The comparison of the handling quality assessments and selected measures of combined pilot-vehicle performance obtained with the naturally-occurring and computer-generated turbulences demonstrate that the Dryden model can yield optimistic ratings of airplane handling qualities and an optimistic estimate of combined pilot-vehicle performance degradation in turbulent landing conditions. (Author) KW - Aerodynamic characteristics KW - Aerodynamics KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft landings KW - Aircraft performance KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Flight KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Flight tests KW - Landing KW - Powered lift KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Short takeoff aircraft KW - Simulation KW - STOL aircraft KW - Training simulators KW - Turbulence KW - Vehicle performance KW - Wind KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198739 AU - Becker, E E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EXHAUST EMISSIONS CHARACTERISTICS FOR A GENERAL AVIATION LIGHT-AIRCRAFT TELEDYNE CONTINENTAL MOTORS TSIO-360-C PISTON ENGINE PY - 1979/05 SP - 81 p. AB - The Teledyne Continental Motors TSI0-360-C engine (S/N 300244) was tested at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) to develop an exhaust emissions data base. This data base consists of current production baseline emissions characteristics, lean-out emissions data, effects of leaning-out the fuel schedule on cylinder head temperatures, and data showing ambient effects on exhaust emissions and cylinder head temperatures. The engine operating with its current full-rich production fuel schedule could not meet the proposed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard for carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons(HC) under sea level standard-day conditions. The engine did, however, meet the proposed EPA standard for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) under the same sea level conditions. The results of engine testing under different ambient conditions (essentially sea level standard day to sea level hot day) are also presented, and these results show a trend toward higher levels of emissions output for CO and HC while producing slightly lower levels of NOx. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Civil aviation KW - Databases KW - Engine cylinders KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Piston engines KW - Pollutants KW - Small aircraft KW - Standards KW - Teledyne continental motors KW - Temperature KW - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305521 AU - Cosel, R M AU - Rome Air Development Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA LIGHTNING PROTECTION STUDY: REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS RELATIVE TO PROVIDING LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR CONTROL LINES FOR THE REMOTE CENTER AIR-TO-GROUND (RCAG) PY - 1979/05 SP - 14 p. AB - The purpose of the Lightning Protection Study is to determine the degree of susceptability of FAA electronic systems to induced electromagnetic pulse effects due to lightning and to propose protective devices adequate for low voltage solid state systems. This Report covers the RCAG. While the RCAG does contain solid state circuitry with potentially susceptible components, they are sufficiently isolated from transients so that effects are apparently negligible. Two separate reviews of four RCAG's in Florida failed to surface any outages directly attributable to lightning induced transients on control lines. (Author) KW - Air to surface KW - Circuits KW - Electric circuits KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Electromagnetic pulses KW - Electromagnetic susceptibility KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic systems KW - Lightning KW - Protection KW - Radio receivers KW - Radio transmission KW - Radio transmitters KW - Remote control KW - Remote systems KW - Transient radiation effects KW - Transients KW - Transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304857 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HELICOPTER AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL OPERATIONS PY - 1979/05 SP - 114 p. AB - The problems which inhibit the integration of IFR operations in the ATC system were examined, and recommendations were made to resolve these problems. Revisions in TERPS criteria and in the ATC Handbook are necessary to minimize interference between fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. The use of 2 nm radar separation between IFR helicopters in terminal areas is recommended to increase capacity by reducing the time interval between helicopter approaches to a value consistent with the time interval between fixed-wing approaches. Helicopters have a special need for low-altitude RNAV capability and the ATC system needs to be better adapted to handle the random route traffic that helicopters will generate in exploiting their special capabilities. To this end, it is recommended that the FAA develop software to call up and display, on the ATC PPI, random waypoints and connecting routes, on an as-needed basis. Helicopters operating offshore and in remote areas are often beyond the coverage of surveillance radar, thus requiring the use of procedural control. They also operate below the coverage of VHF communications and VOR/DME, requiring alternate types of systems, several of which are recommended. The need for special controller training in procedural control, and in helicopter characteristics and limitations was made apparent during the study. (Author) KW - Accessibility KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft separation KW - Airplanes KW - Airport terminals KW - Altitude KW - Approach KW - Flight paths KW - Gulf of Mexico KW - Helicopters KW - Instrument flying KW - Integrated systems KW - Low altitude KW - Offshore structures KW - Plan position indicators KW - Remote areas KW - Revisions KW - Separation KW - Short takeoff aircraft KW - STOL aircraft KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305522 AU - Littlepage, R S AU - Rajnic, R AU - Westinghouse Defense and Electronic Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DIPOLE BROADSIDE GLIDE SLOPE ARRAY PY - 1979/05 SP - 197 p. AB - This report describes the analysis and design, and the fabrication and test of an improved glide slope antenna system. It is capable of providing CAT II performance over level ground, rising ground, and severe broken ground associated with problem sites. It is broadband and can operate at any ILS glide slope frequency with no special tuning. A new monitoring technique was developed which is applicable to any antenna system consisting of a large number of radiators. The report contains the results of antenna range measurements and flight check data taken at a typical site. (Author) KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Circuit analysis KW - Circuit analyzers KW - Design KW - Development KW - Diagrams KW - Dipole antennas KW - Engineering drawings KW - Glide path systems KW - Instrument landing KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Phased arrays KW - Radiation patterns KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Schematic diagrams KW - Technical drawings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304901 AU - McLaughlin, A L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REFLECTION CRACKING OF BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENTS; A STATE OF THE ART PY - 1979/05 SP - 93 p. AB - This report surveys current methods and practices pursued by various pavement authorities in an effort to reduce the incidence of reflection cracking of bituminous overlays. The most common theoretical, analytical and laboratory efforts in this connection are also presented. Latest information concerning these measures and their successes, failures and uncertainties is stated from interviews with cognizant personnel in the field, and at universities and government research agencies. Other information is presented from construction records, site visits and published material. The findings in this research effort are that the state of the art in preventing reflection cracking of bituminous overlays, excluding afew institutional efforts, has not developed along systematic lines and, to date, there is no methodology by which the degree of effectiveness of any method in place can be predicted under a variety of conditions. Also, field experimentation has not yielded reproducible results partly because of lack of good experimental design and statistical methods, adequate quality control and documentation of all significant variables. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Building materials KW - Experimental design KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Reflective cracking KW - State of the art KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303284 AU - McLaughlin, A L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REFLECTION CRACKING OF BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENTS; A STATE OF THE ART PY - 1979/05 SP - 91 p. AB - This report surveys current methods and practices pursued by various pavement authorities in an effort to reduce the incidence of reflection cracking of bituminous overlays. The most common theoretical, analytical and laboratory efforts in this connection are also presented. Latest information concerning these measures and their successes, failures and uncertainties is stated from interviews with cognizant personnel in the field, and at universities and government research agencies. Other information is presented from construction records, site visits and published material. The findings in this research effort are that the state of the art in preventing reflection cracking of bituminous overlays, excluding a few institutional efforts, has not developed along systematic lines and, to date, there is no methodology by which the degree of effectiveness of any method in place can be predicted under a variety of conditions. Also, field experimentation has not yielded reproducible results partly because of lack of good experimental design and statistical methods, adequate quality control and documentation of all significant variables. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reflection cracking KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142976 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00196503 JO - WASHINGTON MONTHLY PB - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Kaus, R M AU - Washington Monthly Company TI - THE DARK SIDE OF DEREGULATION PY - 1979/05 SP - p. 33-40 AB - Comments are made on the decision by the Administration and they by Congress to let the market shape the passenger airline system. The operations of Hughes Airwest in Eureka, California is discussed and it is noted that that airline was the victim of the competitive atmosphere that deregulation was intended to create. The economic aspects of deregulation are discussed. The transition aspects of deregulation are noted. In the airline industry, the most powerful transitional problem is a severe shortage of aircraft. It is also noted that as more and more towns experience cutbacks, there will be a cry for re-regulation. Such re-regulation must be avoided. Alternatives to re-regulation are suggested. classifying freeway segments and a summary of the results of the data-collection effort. The paper concludes with a description of the methodology developed for using the results of the analysis to generate (in either a manual or an automatic mode) typical speed profiles for vehicles traveling on any section of urban freeway. /Authors/ KW - Airwest KW - Deregulation KW - Economic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326006 AU - Evans, J E AU - Dolinar, S J AU - Sun, D F AU - Shnidman, D A AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MLS MULTIPATH STUDIES. PHASE 3. VOLUME I. OVERVIEW AND PROPAGATION MODEL VALIDATION/REFINEMENT STUDIES PY - 1979/04/25 SP - 383 p. AB - This phase of the US national Microwave Landing System (MLS) program worked toward developing a computer simulation model of MLS multipath effects, the experimental validation of the model, and application of the model to investigate multipath performance of ICAO proposals for the new approach and landing guidance system. This first volume presents an overview of the overall simulation results as well as a description of the refined mathematical models and validation of the propagation portion of the simulation. Specific propagation topics include: (1) preliminary results for validation of models for reflections from rough and/or rising terrain based on L-band field data; (2) validation of the models for building reflections based on field measurements at a number of operational airports; and (3) validation and refinement of the models for angle guidance system shadowing by obstacles such as buildings and other objects. KW - Aircraft landings KW - Diffraction KW - Experimental data KW - Guidance KW - L band KW - Landing KW - Landing fields KW - Measurement KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Multipath transmission KW - Obscuration KW - Simulation KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304602 AU - Weiner, A AU - Advanced Technology Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TOWER AIRPORT STATISTICS HANDBOOK, CALENDAR YEAR 1978 PY - 1979/04/18 SP - 732 p. AB - Full year 1978 daily aircraft operations were obtained from 429 towered airports, 427 of which are operated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The purpose of this report was to use a package of computer programs to perform statistical analyses on six user types of daily operations as reported on FAA Form 7230-1, Airport Traffic Record. The output of the computer programs displays specific statistics in tabular and graphical format. The tabular statistics include means, standard deviations and peak occurrences computed for individual airports as well as varoius multiple airport groupings. Frequency distribution histograms and time curves are presented in a graphical format for the entire nationwide set of FAA towered airports. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Airport control towers KW - Airports KW - Handbooks KW - Histograms KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304610 AU - Widhopf, G F AU - Glatt, L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TWO-DIMENSIONAL DESCRIPTION OF THE NATURAL ATMOSPHERE INCLUDING ACTIVE WATER VAPOR MODELING AND POTENTIAL PERTURBATIONS DUE TO NO(X) AND HO(X) AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS PY - 1979/04/15 SP - 115 p. AB - The status of the Aerospace time-dependent two-dimensional photochemical model of the atmosphere as developed under contract to the FAA High Altitude Pollution Program (HAPP) is presented, together with the significant findings obtained during this study. Model improvements are described, as are the chronological effects of recent hydroperoxyl reaction rate measurements on the state of the natural and perturbed atmosphere. Comparisons with available data are made to elucidate our current ability to calculate the distribution of many trace species in the natural atmosphere. The most serious problem is the significant overprediction of stratospheric HNO3 concentration. When the most recent chemical reaction rates are used and ClO(x) is included, estimates of the effect of combined NO(x) and HO(x) emissions from projected future fleets of subsonic and supersonic aircraft indicate a resulting increase in ozone level in both the stratosphere and troposphere, with the significant change occurring in the troposphere. Peak increases in total ozone column are currently estimated to be 3.5 percent during summer-fall. The effect of HO(x) emissions on the total ozone column has been found small in comparison to the corresponding effect of NO(x) emissions. KW - Aircraft KW - Atmosphere KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrogen peroxide KW - Hydroperoxides KW - Mathematical models KW - Model atmosphere KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Photochemical reactions KW - Pollutants KW - Stratosphere KW - Troposphere KW - Water vapor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305853 AU - Camp, D W AU - Frost, W AU - University of Tennessee, Tullahoma AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL WORKSHOP ON METEOROLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS TO AVIATION SYSTEMS (3RD) HELD APRIL 3-5, 1979, UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE SPACE INSTITUTE PY - 1979/04 SP - 191 p. AB - This workshop was jointly sponsored by NASA, NOAA, and FAA and brought together many disciplines of the aviation communities. The major objectives are to satisfy such needs of the sponsoring agencies as the expansion of our understanding and knowledge of the interaction of the atmosphere with aviation systems, the better definition and implementation of services to operators, and the collection and interpretation of data for establishing operational criteria, relating the total meteorological inputs from the atmospheric sciences to the needs of aviation communities. Full-length papers from invited speakers addressed the topics of Training, Flight Operations, Accident Investigation, Air Traffic Control, and Airports and are contained in the proceedings. Other committees examined: Winds and Wind Shear; Icing and Frost; Atmospheric Electricity and Lightning; Fog, Visibility and ceilings; and Turbulence. Committee chairmen's reports on the results and conclusions of the committee meetings are given. KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aircraft industry KW - Airports KW - Atmospheric disturbances KW - Atmospheric electricity KW - Atmospheric phenomena KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Crash investigation KW - Electrical properties KW - Fog KW - Ice formations KW - Lightning KW - Meteorologists KW - Meteorology KW - Properties of the atmosphere KW - Requirement KW - Scientists KW - Specifications KW - Training KW - Visibility KW - Wind KW - Wind shear KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305774 AU - Powell, P E AU - Greenleaf, G H AU - BDM Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INFRARED RUNWAY COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM ANALYSIS PY - 1979/04 SP - 86 p. AB - Analysis of aircraft and ground mounted infrared devices for runway collision in low visibility conditions; Evaluation of IR signatures of commercial aircraft, strobes and beacons, and ground vehicles; Study of IR atmospheric transmisson and laser propagation in fog and haze; Design of a two-color IR system for jet engine detection; and Application of laser technology to obstacle detection in fog. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft equipment KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Automation KW - Blanking electronics KW - Car clearances (Railroads) KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Clearances KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Electrooptic materials KW - Electrooptics KW - Equipment KW - Fog KW - Gas lasers KW - Ground level KW - Ground vehicles KW - Infrared beacons KW - Infrared detectors KW - Infrared radiation KW - Jet engines KW - Landing aids KW - Laser beams KW - Lasers KW - Light transmission KW - Stroboscopes KW - Systems analysis KW - Takeoff UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304608 AU - Gibson, T AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center TI - EVALUATION OF TRANSPONDER ANTENNA COVERAGE/ATCRBS PERFORMANCE DURING SIMULATED FLIGHTS OF AIRCRAFT PY - 1979/04 SP - 74 p. AB - A computer model was used to analyze the effect of aircraft orientation on the performance of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS). Flights by Cessna 150, Boeing 727, Boeing 747 and F-4H aircraft over a common flight route out of La Guardia Airport were simulated. Transponder/antenna performance for various aircraft attitudes and locations along the flight path was analyzed with respect to interrogators located at JFK airport. This performance was compared to a transponder having ideal, omni-directional antenna coverage to illustrate the degree to which the combination of aircraft orientation and transponder antenna pattern may affect ATCRBS performance. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft antennas KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Flight simulators KW - Iff systems KW - Jet fighters KW - Radar antennas KW - Radar beacons KW - Radiation patterns KW - Simulation KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198974 AU - Schwenk, J C AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERAL AVIATION ACTIVITY AND AVIONICS SURVEY. 1977 PY - 1979/04 SP - 151 p. AB - This report presents the results and a description of the 1977 General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey. The survey was conducted during early 1978 by the FAA to obtain information on the activity and avionics of the United States registered general aviation aircraft fleet, the dominant component of civil aviation in the U.S. The survey was based on a statistically selected sample of about 14.4 percent of the general aviation fleet and obtained a response rate of 80 percent. KW - Aircraft KW - Avionics KW - Civil aviation KW - General aviation KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199032 AU - Lipofsky, B J AU - Bent, R B AU - Llewellyn, S K AU - Leahy, J AU - Atlantic Science Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE NOISE INTERFERENCE PROBLEMS AT LOGAN AIRPORT, BOSTON PY - 1979/04 SP - 106 p. AB - A severe noise problem exists at many air traffic control tower locations in the VHF receivers during certain severe weather conditions. The problem has theoretically been investigated for Boston Logan Airport and has been found to be most likely related to corona discharge from air terminals close to the receiving antennas. The effect of the charge that can accumulate on the radome has not yet been well identified. The charge from raindrops transferred to the antennas seems unlikely as a noise source. Elimination techniques using static dischargers at some ATCT locations have been analyzed and are criticized. A detailed experimental study of the effect of corona noise on voice communications has been carried out using receivers and antennas which are representative of equipment in current use at air traffic control centers. In this part of the investigation a controlled discharge was induced at a sharp point in order to simulate the corona noise problems which have been reported during severe weather conditions. Suggestions for possible corrective procedures include relocation of the air terminals or placing corona balls over the tips of the air terminal. The latter modifications will also enhance the lightning protection capabilities. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport control towers KW - Antennas KW - Charge transfer KW - Electric discharge KW - Electrical corona KW - Electrostatics KW - Lightning KW - Logan International Airport KW - Noise KW - Noise (Communications) KW - Noise control KW - Noise radio KW - Noise reduction KW - Omnidirectional antennas KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio receivers KW - Rain KW - Speech KW - Static dischargers KW - Very high frequency KW - Voice communication KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198247 AU - Billmann, B AU - MORGAN, T AU - Strack, R AU - Windle, J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL/FULL BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM CHICAGO SIMULATION PY - 1979/04 SP - 101 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to investigate Air Traffic Control/Full Beacon Collision Avoidance System (ATC/BCAS) interaction in a high-density terminal area (featuring parallel instrument landing system (ILS) approaches) and to provide data for a comparative study between BCAS and other aircraft collision avoidance systems. The tests were conducted using the Air Traffic Control Simulation Facility (ATCSF) at NAFEC during March and April 1978. Analysis of the results indicated that the presence of BCAS had no adverse impact on the controllers or control procedures because of a very low interaction rate. Controllers were generally indifferent to the use of the BCAS during the simulation. A significant number of controllers desired the displaying of negative commands. Throughout the simulation, BCAS issued a high number of vertical speed limit (VSL) alerts; however, most of these were advisory in nature, having no effect on the aircraft flightpath. Certain changes in the BCAS logic are identified which would significantly reduce the VSL alert rate in the terminal area without derogation of safety. Recommendations are made to investigate further densensitization techniques and further development of a multi-aircraft resolution logic, and to perform additional real-time simulation to assess the effect of profile descent procedures on BCAS alert rates. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Aviation safety KW - Beacons KW - Civil aviation KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Flight paths KW - Instrument landing KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Landing KW - Radar KW - Reports KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198248 AU - Parker, F J AU - Barker, W R AU - Gunkel, R C AU - Odom, E C AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR RIGID AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1979/04 SP - 301 p. AB - The development and formulation of a design procedure for rigid airport payments are presented. The design criteria used in the procedure are based on the tensile stress in the portland cement concrete (PCC) slab as computed by layered elastic theory and the strength of the PCC slab as measured in the flexural beam test. The criteria were developed by the analysis of some 60 test sections. Procedures are given for the characterization of the pavement materials both by laboratory testing and by typical values and/or correlation studies. The thickness requirements as determined by the new criteria are compared with the thickness as determined by present Corps of Engineers-Federal Aviation Administration design procedures. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Correlation analysis KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Experimental design KW - Flexural strength KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement slab KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slabs KW - Stiffness KW - Structural engineering KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Test procedures KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197573 AU - Spitzer, E A AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OPERATIONAL SYSTEM GUIDELINES FOR VORTEX ADVISORY SYSTEM PY - 1979/04 SP - 123 p. AB - The phenomenon of wake vortices has introduced a major operational constraint on airport operations, resulting in a reduction of runway capacities. Increased knowledge about the behavior of wake vortices has resulted in the development of a model of vortex behavior as a function of meteorological conditions. Based on this vortex behavior model, a Vortex Advisory System (VAS) has been designed and built. The VAS measures the primary meteorological parameter (wind) which affects vortex behavior and indicates to controllers via displays when conditions are such that more efficient runway use is possible. A detailed description of the VAS and guidelines for an operational system are given. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airport runways KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Guidelines KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological instruments KW - Meteorology KW - Meterology KW - Models KW - Vortex advisory system KW - Vortices KW - Wakes KW - Warning systems KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198172 AU - Anderson, J C AU - Lincoln Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE DABS CALIBRATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING EQUIPMENT PY - 1979/03/23 SP - 54 p. AB - The Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) Calibration Performance Monitor Equipment (CPME) is a special DABS transponder designed for installation at a fixed site visible to one or more DABS beacon sensors. The CPME is required for DABS sensor monopulse accuracy tests and for calibration of the sensor off-boresite azimuth look-up table. In addition, the CPME provides tests for DABS link integrity, by storing an uplink message and parroting it back upon command from the sensor. This document contains all information necessary to obtain a general understanding of the CPME system and its operation. Detailed information necessary for repair of the equipment is not contained in this document, but is supplied with each CPME system. (Author) KW - Azimuth KW - Boresighting KW - Calibration KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Detectors KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Equipment tests KW - Logic circuits KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Mode S KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Phase locked systems KW - Radiofrequency amplifiers KW - Sensors KW - Test equipment KW - Transponders KW - Weatherproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304742 AU - Goon, M AU - Spencer, D A AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE AIRCRAFT REPLY AND INTERFERENCE ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR (ARIES) VOLUME I. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION PY - 1979/03/22 SP - 269 p. AB - The Aircraft Reply and Interference Environment Simulator (ARIES) makes possible the performance assessment of a Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) sensor under its specified maximum aircraft load. To do this ARIES operates upon a taped traffic model to generate simulated aircraft replies and fruit, feeding them to the senosr at RF. Support documentation for ARIES, of which this is the first volume consists of: Volume 1: Principles of Operation Volume 2: Appendices to the Principles of Operation-A074 482, Volume 3: Programmer's Manual-A074 424. The Principles of Operation details the operation of ARIES hardware and software. Descriptive information, supported by block diagrams, simplified schematic diagrams and flow diagrams, is provided sufficient to permit thorough understanding of ARIES operation. (Author) KW - Addressing KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Computer programming KW - Input output devices KW - Input output processing KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Needs assessment KW - Radar KW - Radar beacons KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio transmitters KW - Simulation KW - Training KW - Transponders KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304738 AU - Goon, M AU - Spencer, D A AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE AIRCRAFT REPLY AND INTERFERENCE ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR (ARIES). VOLUME 2. APPENDICES TO THE PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION PY - 1979/03/22 SP - 110 p. AB - Contents: Programming the Controller, Derivation of Power ROM Contents, Generation of Exponentially Distributed Fruit Inter-arrival Times, DABS Message Field Definitions, System Data Structures, Data Recording Formats, ARIES Error Conditions and An Analysis of the Effects of Inter-ARIES Message Delays. KW - Addressing KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Computer programming KW - Input output devices KW - Input output processing KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Needs assessment KW - Radar KW - Radar beacons KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio transmitters KW - Simulation KW - Training KW - Transponders KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966048 AU - Boone, J O AU - Lewis, M A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE SELECTION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SPECIALISTS: TWO STUDIES DEMONSTRATING METHODS TO INSURE AN ACCURATE VALIDITY COEFFICIENT FOR SELECTION DEVICES PY - 1979/03 SP - 10 p. AB - There are several conditions that can influence the calculation of the statistical validity of a test battery such as that used to select air traffic control specialists. Two conditions of prime importance to statistical validity are recruitment procedures and the accuracy of the database. The 1978 edition of the Federal Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures places considerable emphasis on recruitment practices and their effect on validity. In the first of two studies, Monte Carlo techniques were employed to demonstrate the frequently overlooked effect that recruitment procedures can have on the validity coefficient. It was shown how highly specific recruitment results in a more homogenous group of applicants which produces a small applicant group variance on the selection test scores. It was further shown how a small applicant group variance considerably reduces the validity coefficient when the coefficient is corrected for selection effects; commonly termed restriction in range. This paper suggests a procedure that eliminates this recruitment problem and results in compliance with the uniform guidelines. The second study describes a statistical procedure to use when it is necessary to eliminate erroneous data. The procedure employs the notions of statistical distance and probability to identify data that has an extremely small likelihood of belonging to the population of the remaining data set. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aptitude tests KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Probability KW - Recruiting KW - Selection and appointment KW - Statistics KW - Validity UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966045 AU - Smith, R C AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF THE JOB ATTITUDES AND INTEREST PATTERNS OF AIR TRAFFIC AND AIRWAY FACILITY PERSONNEL PY - 1979/03 SP - 10 p. AB - Air traffic control specialists (ATCSs) and airway facility technicians (AFTs) were compared on measures of job attitudes and interests. A total of 792 ATCSs and 2,366 AFTs completed the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) and questionnaires concerning job satisfaction and job attitudes. Both groups indicated high overall job satisfaction and general agreement about areas of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. However, ATCSs reported more satisfaction than AFTs from various aspects of the work itself and from salary, while AFTs were more satisfied with responsibility, working conditions and civil service retirement. The AFTs were more favorable to management than ATCSs. On the SVIB, ATCSs had higher scores than AFTs on scales concerned with interpersonally oriented vocations (e.g, sales, social service) and lower scores on technical-scientific occupational scales. The findings suggest that these two employee groups have much in common with respect to their attitudes toward work while at the same time having certain discriminable characteristics that have implications for both personnel and motivational programs. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airway facility technicians KW - Attitudes KW - Employee compensation KW - Employee relations KW - Job satisfaction KW - Jobs KW - Personnel motivation KW - Questionnaires KW - Retirement KW - Salaries KW - Working conditions UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966046 AU - Thackray, R I AU - Touchstone, R M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VISUAL SEARCH PERFORMANCE DURING SIMULATED RADAR OBSERVATION WITH AND WITHOUT A SWEEPLINE PY - 1979/03 SP - 15 p. AB - A study was conducted to determine whether or not the presence or absence of a radar sweepline influences attentional processes and hence the speed with which critical stimuli can be detected. The visual display was designed to approximate an advanced highly automated air traffic control radar display containing computer-generated alphanumeric symbols. Twenty-eight men and women, paid volunteers with no previous air traffic controller experience, were tested over a 2-hour session with half of the subjects assigned to the sweep condition and half to the no-sweep condition. Sixteen targets appeared on the screen at all times, with 10 signals (a designed change in the alphanumerics) randomly presented during each 1/2-hr of the test session. Mean detection latencies, long detection times, and missed signals all increased significantly over the task session. Although the no-sweep appeared to be generally superior to the sweep condition in all measures of detection efficiency, none of the differences was significant. Concomitantly recorded measures of saccadic eye movements revealed a pattern of change in mean fixation duration which paralleled the patterns of change in performance during the task session. However, as with performance, mean fixation durations for the sweep and no-sweep conditions did not differ, nor were individual differences in scanning activity related to performance. Possible reasons for the lack of relationship between scanning activity and performance are discussed. KW - Attention KW - Automation KW - Eye movements KW - Performance (Human) KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radar displays KW - Radar targets KW - Radar tracking KW - Sweepline KW - Vigilance UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328898 AU - Gliebe, P R AU - Motsinger, R E AU - Sieckman, A AU - General Electric AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH VELOCITY JET NOISE SOURCE LOCATION AND REDUCTION. TASK 6. SUPPLEMENT. COMPUTER PROGRAMS: ENGINEERING CORRELATION (M*S) JET NOISE PREDICTION METHOD AND UNIFIED AEROACOUSTIC PREDICTION MODEL (M*G*B) FOR NOZZLES OF ARBITARY SHAPE PY - 1979/03 SP - 215 p. AB - This General Supplement Report documents two Computerized Jet Noise Prediction Techniques: the Engineering Method and the Unified Aeroacoustic Prediction Model. A complete description of the computer programs is provided, including examples of input preparation and output cases, plus a listing of the FORTRAN computer code. The comprehensive, empirical, jet noise prediction method has been developed by correlating extensive data from this program and available data from other published sources. The data were correlated by means of basic engineering principles and physical parameters. The resulting prediction method includes unsuppressed conical nozzles; multitube and multichute single- and dual-flow suppressed nozzles; and multitube/multichute nozzles with hardwall and treated sectors. A unified aerodynamic/acoustic prediction technique has also been developed for assessing the noise characteristics of suppressor nozzles. The technique utilizes an extension of Reichardt's method so as to provide predictions of a jet plume flow field. The turbulent fluctuations in the mixing regions of the jet are assumed to be the primary source of noise generation, as in Classical Theories of Jet Noise. The alteration of the generated noise by the jet plume itself as it propagates through the jet to the farfield is modeled utilizing the high-frequency shielding theory based on Lilley's equation. These basic modeling elements have been coupled together in a discrete volume-element formulation. The individual volume elements are assumed to be uncorrelated with each other, so that the total contribution to the farfield is simply the sum of the individual volume element contributions. KW - Acoustic properties KW - Acoustic signature KW - Aerodynamic characteristics KW - Aerodynamics KW - Aeronautical engineering KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Aircraft noise KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programs KW - Correlation analysis KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust nozzles KW - Flight KW - Flow KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - High velocity KW - Inflight KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet flow KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Nozzles KW - Simulation KW - Suppressors KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304609 AU - Wintermoyer, H C AU - PAILEN, W AU - MEYER, D AU - Sterling Systems Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF TERMINAL AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC) SYSTEM PERFORMANCE WITH AND WITHOUT BASIC METERING AND SPACING AUTOMATION PY - 1979/03 SP - 135 p. AB - Basic Arrival Metering and Spacing (M and S) is being developed as an ARTS (Automated Radar Terminal System) III enhancement designed to aid the terminal air traffic controller in the functions of metering arrival aircraft prior to their acceptance in terminal airspace, sequencing them according to their estimated time at the runway, scheduling each aircraft at fix points along the arrival path to the runway arrival gate and providing control commands to assure precise and proper spacing for aircraft on final approach to the runway. This report details the objectives, methodology, and results of recent National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) simulation testing analysis of the performance of the basic arrival M and S program performed by Sterling Systems, Inc. under contract to the Federal Aviation Administration. The analysis indicated that the distribution of error about the required separation between aircraft operating under metering and spacing was such that significant runway capacity increases could be attained while limiting aircraft separation violations on final to an acceptable level. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Aircraft landing KW - Approach KW - Automation KW - Computer programs KW - Control systems KW - Digital computers KW - Landing KW - Takeoff UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199071 AU - Lee, J T AU - Carpenter, D M AU - National Severe Storms Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ROUGH RIDER TURBULENCE-RADAR INTENSITY STUDY, 1973-1977 PY - 1979/03 SP - 38 p. AB - Thunderstorm turbulence is a weather hazard to safe aircraft flight. A joint program by the Federal Aviation Administration, the U.S. Air Force's Aeronautical Systems Command, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Severe Storms Laboratory was renewed in 1973. Used in conjunction with ground based standard weather radar and Doppler weather radar was a F-4-C aircraft instrumented to research turbulence, wind, and temperature during thunder-storm penetrations. Results of these flights are presented and compared with studies made 10 or more years previous. These show that as the intensity of a storm increases, the probability of encountering moderate or greater turbulence somewhere in the storm also increases. Encounters of moderate turbulence are nearly ten times more frequent when the storm's maximum reflectivity is 60 dBZ or greater than when it is 40 to 49 dBZ. There is little correlation between turbulence intensity and distance from the aircraft to center of storm at the time when the turbulence was recorded. (Author) KW - Airborne equipment KW - Doppler radar KW - Experimental data KW - Instrumentation KW - Jet fighters KW - Reflectivity KW - Temperature KW - Thunderstorms KW - Turbulence KW - Weather radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199036 AU - National Weather Service AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AVIATION AUTOMATED WEATHER OBSERVATION SYSTEM (AV-AWOS) PY - 1979/03 SP - 127 p. AB - The test results of the Aviation Automated Weather Observation System (AV-AWOS) at Newport News, Virginia, are presented. The rationale for the cloud and visibility algorithms is discussed. Verification of these algorithms is presented. The algorithms for converting sensor data to automated observations of cloud height, sky cover, and visibility are specified. Tabulation of the user reactions to an automated observation is presented. (Author) KW - Algorithms KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Aviation weather system KW - Cloud cover KW - Clouds KW - Field tests KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Observation KW - Test procedures KW - Visibility KW - Weather stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198786 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BANK (EDB). VOLUME III. AIRPORT ENVIRONMENTAL DATA MANUAL PY - 1979/03 SP - 996 p. AB - The Environmental Data Bank (EDB) represents an effort to compile a comprehensive listing of environmentally-oriented data within one convenient source. The data include airport-specific information regarding the existence of such things as land acquisition programs or other such noise control actions in effect at each of the U.S. airports listed as of March 1979. Volume III presents site-specific information for each airport included in the data base. In addition to the computer readout provided for each airport, the following are included: (1) Diagram of the runway configuration of the airport; (2) Noise sensitive areas located within either a 5 or a 10-mile radius of the airport; and (3) A section giving basic airport statistics. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airport runways KW - Airport statistics KW - Airports KW - Computer printouts KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Environmental control KW - Environmental policy KW - Manuals KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198736 AU - Melone, R AU - Naval Air Engineering Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SURVEYS OF GROOVES IN 19 BITUMINOUS RUNWAYS PY - 1979/03 SP - 61 p. AB - This report presents the results of a survey of grooves cut into the bituminous runway surfaces at 19 airports throughout the eastern half of the United States. The survey was conducted during the period 20 March 1978 to 25 May 1978. The objectives of the survey were to determine the extent and frequency of problems, such as chipping, cracking, rounding, wearing, distorting, and contaminating of the grooves. A total of ten different problem areas were identified during the survey with wear, "running together" (closing), and rubber deposits being the most serious of the ten. In general, the grooves were in satisfactory condition and have not resulted in abnormal deterioration of runway surfaces. Three of the 19 runways surveyed appeared in need of resurfacing and/or regrooving. Groove depths averaged less than the required 1/4 inch, while groove width and pitch measured close to specified dimensions. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Bituminous coatings KW - Cracking KW - Degradation KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Erosion KW - Flexible pavements KW - Landing fields KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Repairing KW - Resurfacing KW - Rubber KW - Surveys KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197645 AU - Strahle, W C AU - Muthukrishnan, M AU - Neale, D H AU - Aggarwal, S K AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMBUSTION NOISE PREDICTION: ENTROPY/VORTICITY EFFECTS PY - 1979/03 SP - 155 p. AB - An experimental and theoretical program was conducted to see if entropy noise and vorticity-nozzle interaction noise, as well as direct combustion noise, could be isolated in gas turbine combustor tests. Moreover, a unified correlation, with a rational theoretical basis, was developed for direct noise from combustor rig tests. It was found that (a) vorticity noise was at least as large as combustion noise; (b) entropy noise is minor but is large only at low frequency; (c) all noise sources are coherent with each other over various frequency ranges; (d) with a choked nozzle termination the nose is higher frequency (approximately 2000 Hz) than heretofore believed; (e) some other unexplained noise source contaminated the results at low frequency; and (f) the diffuser used caused additional coherent noise, probably through the vorticity source. A method for accounting for the vorticity and entropy sources in combustor rig tests was indicated. (Author) KW - Acoustics KW - Aeronautical engineering KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft noise KW - Combustion KW - Data collection KW - Entrophy KW - Entropy (Communications) KW - Experimental data KW - Forecasting KW - Gas turbines KW - Noise KW - Nozzles KW - Thermodynamics KW - Vorticies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198163 AU - STUCKAS, K J AU - Teledyne Continental Motors AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EXHAUST EMISSIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF FIVE AIRCRAFT PISTON ENGINES PY - 1979/03 SP - 314 p. AB - This report details the findings from a 27-month investigation under NAFEC Contract DOT FA74NA-1091 Phase I, to investigate the exhaust emission levels of five aircraft piston engines with respect to the 1980 EPA Emissions Standards. The work includes the development of procedures for the testing, measurement and calculation of emissions from these engines as well as the determination of emissions reduction potential from lean fuel-air ratio operation and spark timing variations. Practical limitations to lean operation are investigated and confirmation of these limits were sought through a flight test program on one of the engines. (Author) KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Captive tests KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flight tests KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Ignition KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Measurement KW - Piston engines KW - Pollutants KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Standards KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197572 AU - BISHOP, G AU - Huntley, MSJ AU - Rempfer, P S AU - STEVENSON, L AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PRELIMINARY CONSOLIDATED DISPLAY DESIGNS PY - 1979/03 SP - 298 p. AB - This report is concerned with the possible consolidated of operational information, equipment status information and system control panels within each control position in the control Tower Cab and TRACON at Logan International Airport, Boston, MA. In particular, the report is concerned with the controller interface with such a consolidation system. The consolidated display concept considered in this study is based on a flexible format, face-sensitive, touch-entry display. This type of display is based on advanced, as opposed to proven technology. However, this advanced technology is particularly well suited for consolidation display design; particularly when control panels are to be included. The report presents the operational requirements on such a consolidated display from the viewpoint of Boston Logan controllers, a set of preliminary display format designs based on these requirements, and the reaction of Boston Logan controllers to both the format designs and the concept in general. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airport control towers KW - Airports KW - Approach control KW - Control panels KW - Control tower cabs KW - Information display systems KW - Logan International Airport KW - Massachusetts KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Terminal radar approach control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305706 AU - FOY, W H AU - Gartner, W B AU - SRI International AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PILOTED FLIGHT SIMULATION STUDY OF LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR, PHASE 4. ALL-WEATHER LANDING SYSTEMS, ENGINEERING SERVICES SUPPORT PROJECT, TASK 2 PY - 1979/03 SP - 156 p. AB - The FAA Wind Shear Program has the objectives of examining the hazards associated with low-level wind shear, developing solutions to the wind-shear problem, implementing the solutions, and integrating them into the National Airspace System. In support of this program, potential solutions in the category of airborne equipment are being investigated by the All-Weather Landing Systems (AWLS) team under Task 2 of a contract from the FAA Approach and Landing Division. The Task 2 team consists of SRI, Bunker Ramo Corporation (BR), and Collins Avionics Group of Rockwell International. The investigation has been concerned with airline transport jet aircraft. The approach has been to give primary consideration to the lowest-cost candidate aiding concepts to ensure that any potential solution will be cost effective. The project task has included the design and test of airplane control laws, the analysis of airplane responses to wind shears, the development of wind models, the determination of the hazards presented by various wind fields, and the development and test of various instruments intended to aid the pilot in coping with wind shear. The majority of the effort has been spent on a series of piloted flight simulation tests. KW - Aircraft landing KW - All weather landing systems KW - Altitude KW - Approach KW - Avionics KW - Control KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Information display systems KW - Landing KW - Low altitude KW - Low level turbulence KW - National Airspace System KW - Takeoff KW - Transport aircraft KW - Turbulence KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304975 AU - NEWMAN, J S AU - Rickley, E J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NOISE LEVELS AND FLIGHT PROFILES OF EIGHT HELICOPTERS USING PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES PY - 1979/03 SP - 298 p. AB - This document reports the findings of helicopter noise tests conducted at the FAA National Aviation Facility Experimental Center (nafec), located in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The tests were conducted with the following objectives: first, determine the feasibility of a takeoff procedure for helicopter noise certification; second, establish a data base of helicopter noise levels to be used in defining noise standards; third, acquire helicopter acoustical spectral data for a variety of acoustical angles for use in the FAA Integrated Noise Model. This report addresses the first two objectives. KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft noise KW - Certification KW - Data collection KW - Flight KW - Flight profiles KW - France KW - Germany KW - Helicopters KW - Information processing KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Models KW - Noise KW - Noise sound KW - Profiles KW - Regression analysis KW - Sound level KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Takeoff KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198390 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BANK. VOLUME I. USER'S MANUAL PY - 1979/03 SP - 48 p. AB - The Environmental Data Bank (EDB) represents an effort to compile a comprehensive listing of environmentally-oriented data within one convenient source. The data were collected with the aid of the FAA Regional Offices and include airport-specific information regarding the existence of such things as land acquisition programs or other such noise control actions in effect at each of the U.S. airports listed as of March 1979. The individual airport data themselves are arranged in the alphabetical order of the airport's 'location indicator' (LOCID), by FAA region. These data may not reflect all U.S. airports having significant environmental information, as we have only indicated those data here that have been reported to us. This EDB may be useful by providing a sense of the extent to which environmentally-related activities have affected approximately 475 of our Nation's airports. Briefly, the EDB is organized into four individual volumes: Volume I, User's Manual, gives detailed information about the content and use of the data base. KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Computer program documentation KW - Databases KW - Environmental protection KW - Land use KW - Legislation KW - Manuals KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198393 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BANK PY - 1979/03 SP - 135 p. AB - The Environmental DatA Bank (EDB) represents an effort to compile a comprehensive listing of environmentally-oriented data within one convenient source. The data were collected with the aid of the FAA Regional Offices and include airport-specific information regarding the existence of such things as land acquisition programs or other such noise control actions in effect at each of the U.S. airports listed as of March 1979. This EDB may be useful by providing a sense of the extent to which environmentally-related activities have affected approximately 475 of our Nation's airports. Consistent with the format and use of the U.S. airports' EDB, an International Environmental Data Bank (IEDB) was developed through information provided by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). This international data, as documented in the IEDB volume, contains airport-specific information for approximately 110 foreign airports. KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Databases KW - Environmental protection KW - Foreign KW - Land use KW - Legislation KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198391 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BANK. VOLUME II. SYSTEMS MANUAL PY - 1979/03 SP - 59 p. AB - The Environmental Data Bank (EDB) represents an effort to compile a comprehensive listing of environmentally-oriented data within one convenient source. The data were collected with the aid of the FAA Regional Offices and include airport-specific information regarding the existence of such things as land acquisition programs or other such noise control actions in effect at each of the U.S. airports listed as of March 1979. Volume II, Systems Manual, contains a description of the system and programs that support the use and management of the data within the file. KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Computer programs KW - Data management KW - Databases KW - Environmental protection KW - Information processing KW - Land use KW - Legislation KW - Manuals KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Regulations KW - Training KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198392 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BANK. VOLUME IV. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION MANUAL PY - 1979/03 SP - 516 p. AB - The Environmental Data Bank (EDB) represents an effort to compile a comprehensive listing of environmentally-oriented data within one convenient source. The data were collected with the aid of the FAA Regional Offices and include airport-specific information regarding the existence of such things as land acquisition programs or other such noise control actions in effect at each of the U.S. airports listed as of March 1979. FAA Form 1050-5 (Volumes I and II, Appendix A) summarizes those kinds of data which may be listed (if applicable) at each airport. Volume IV, Airport Supplemental Information Manual, contains supplemental data of special environmental conditions and/or problems included in the base dase. KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Databases KW - Environmental protection KW - Land use KW - Legislation KW - Manuals KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00196093 JO - FAA Aviation News PB - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SAFEGUARDING THE BLADES PY - 1979/03 SP - p. 3-9 AB - Eighty three accidents between 1975 and 1977 involving propeller failure included 48 cases of blade of separation. It is noted that almost all of them could have been prevented if more attention were given by pilots to the propeller's condition during preflight examinations. The dynamic and vibratory stresses acting on the propeller, and the causes of blade fatigue and failure are explained. Examination for airworthiness, annual inspections, repairing and replacement are discussed. The maintenance of records of where and when maintenance was done is important. Hints for avoiding accidents are noted. KW - Aircraft operations KW - Aviation safety KW - Checkout KW - Inspection KW - Preflight preparation KW - Propellers KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197405 AU - Farrar, F AU - Schaubert, D AU - JONES, H AU - Harry Diamond Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DESIGN OF VHF AND UHF COMMUNICATIONS AIR/GROUND ANTENNAS PY - 1979/03 SP - 61 p. AB - Contemporary design concepts are investigated for improved ground-based antennas to be used in air/ground communication links. These concepts are based on requirements to maintain satisfactory and reliable communications - with coincident constraints of reduced transmitter power, handling tolerances, and design standardization for VHF and UHF antenna types, mounting brackets, etc. The study determined that four antenna designs will satisfy these requirements. Each design will cover a full communications frequency band, and will also provide improved radiation characteristics. The design findings and candidate antennas are reviewed in this report. The performance of the candidate antennas in a simulated operational environment is calculated and presented for several sets of conditions which closely resemble operational applications. While the analyses indicate that the predominant FAA requirements are satisfied by antennas presently available to the Agency, very significant gain deficiencies were detected in multiple-element antennas and are apparently due to the ferrite material used to achieve inter-element electrical isolation. KW - Air to ground communications KW - Air traffic control KW - Antenna design KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Communication systems KW - Design KW - Mounts KW - Omnidirectional antennas KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Power level (Electricity) KW - Power levels KW - Profits KW - Radiation patterns KW - Radio KW - Speech KW - Standardization KW - Ultrahigh frequencies KW - Ultrahigh frequency KW - Very high frequency KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197644 AU - Nagy, F J AU - Lincoln Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - UPLINK ATCRBS ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENTS ALONG THE BOSTON-WASHINGTON CORRIDOR. VOLUME 2. INTERROGATOR CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1979/02/28 SP - 88 p. AB - Airborne measurements of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) 1030 MHz uplink environment due to ATC ground interrogators are described. The measurements were made using a special purpose airborne sensor-recorder during a flight from Boston to Washington (at 8500 feet) and back (at 17,500 feet) on 16 December 1977. Data were recorded at 24 locations between Boston and Washington. Volume 1 of this report summarized the measured distributions of pulse, interrogation, and suppression rates with received power. This volume presents specific characteristics of the sources of the interrogations observed from the air during this flight. These characteristics include the identities of 46 of the interrogators, the approximate locations of 22 unidentified interrogators, the interrogation repetition interval (PRI), scan period, and mode interlace of all interrogators, and the radiated P1, P2, and P3 levels in the form of antenna patterns for six selected interrogators. It was found that approximately 40% of the interrogators employ the standard AAC or 2ACA mode interlaces while 20% transmit no Mode C interrogations. The distributions of PRI's and scan periods were found to be relatively free of bunching which would cause undesired synchronization effects. The antenna plots measured from the air show relatively large scan to scan variations due to aircraft motion. In addition, some of the interrogator sites were found to suffer from reflections and sidelobe punch-through effects. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control radar beacon system KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airborne surveillance radar KW - Aircraft KW - Altitude KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Data collection KW - Environment KW - Flight KW - Flight paths KW - Inflight KW - Interlacing KW - Interrogation KW - Interrogators KW - L band KW - Measurement KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radar beacons KW - Radiation patterns KW - Synchronization KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966044 AU - Higgins, E A AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Funkhouser, G E AU - Mullen, S R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF PROPRANOLOL ON TIME OF USEFUL FUNCTION (TUF) IN RATS PY - 1979/02 SP - 11 p. AB - To assess the effects of propranolol on tolerance to rapid decompression, a series of experiments was conducted measuring time of useful function (TUF) in rats exposed to a rapid decompression profile in an altitude chamber. In other experiments, TUF was measured for rats exposed to an oxygen/nitrogen gas mixture which produced a hypoxic condition equivalent to that in the decompression experiments. The findings were: (1) Rats become less tolerant to hypoxia of an onset rate comparable to that of rapid decompression when given propranolol, and this intolerance is further exacerbated by an increase in physical exertion; (2) Younger animals are more susceptible to this type of hypoxia, but propranolol had no greater effect on hypoxia tolerance in younger animals; (3) None of the reduced tolerance can be attributed to a shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. In rats, the curve is shifted slightly to the left while there is a reported shift to the right in humans. Because propranolol impairs tolerance to hypoxia in experimental animals, it is important to assess its effects on human tolerance. KW - Altitude KW - Aviation medicine KW - Decompression KW - Hypoxia KW - Incapacitation KW - Laboratory animals KW - Physical exertion KW - Propranolol KW - Rats KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966038 AU - Lategola, M T AU - Trent, C C AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A LOWER BODY NEGATIVE PRESSURE BOX FOR +GZ SIMULATION IN THE UPRIGHT SEATED POSITION PY - 1979/02 SP - 7 p. AB - The cost of purchasing and operating a human centrifuge is substantial. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is considered an acceptable experimental substitute for the +Gz stress of the centrifuge. Since civil aviation pilots are usually subjected to +Gz stress in an upright seated position, an upright seated version of the supine LBNP box was developed. In this version, a negative pressure of -40 mm Hg is considered the equivalent of a +2 Gz stress. This box has successfully withstood a test pressure of -120 mm Hg. Pedal ergometry within the box is easily accomplished. The box was anthropometrically engineered to accommodate a human height range of 160-195 cm. Locating the box within an altitude chamber allows the application of LBNP at any level of chamber altitude. The total cost of fabrication is approximately $500. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air pilots KW - Altitude KW - Centrifuges KW - Civil aviation KW - Design KW - Human subject testing KW - Lower body negative pressure box KW - Seating position KW - Simulation UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/AM79-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197566 AU - Hecht, A M AU - Bilanin, A J AU - Hirsh, J E AU - Snedeker, R S AU - Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - INVESTIGATION OF STABLE ATMOSPHERIC STRATIFICATION EFFECT ON THE DYNAMICS OF DESCENDING VORTEX PAIRS PY - 1979/02 SP - 130 p. AB - The physics of vortex flows in stratified fluids is studied with the objective of determining the influence of stable stratification on the descent of aircraft vortex pairs. Vortex rings descending into linear and discontinuous density stratifications are investigated experimentally and simulated numerically. The computer code used for this is based on a second-order closure turbulence model of the Reynolds stress equations in axisymmetric coordinates. Verification of the code is provided by the agreement found between the measured and calculated results. The two-dimensional version of the code is then used to simulate a measured Boeing-747 vortex descending in stable stratification. The strength and tightness of the measured vortex cores have necessitated developedment of a new method of numerically calculating strong vortex flows. The comparison of measured with calculated descent velocity, descent distance, swirl velocity, and circulation in the vortex is in agreement. It is concluded that turbulence effects must be accounted for in the study of aircraft vortex behavior. It is found that unaleviated vortices remain strong during descent, that the vortices stop descending due to a diffuse region of countersign vorticity outboard and above the cores, and that core separation does not primarily control descent. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Approximation (Mathematics) KW - Atomspheric conditions KW - Boeing 747 aircraft KW - Circulation KW - Civil aircraft KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Experimental data KW - Finite differences KW - Flight tests KW - Jet transports KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Poisson distributions KW - Stratification KW - Trailing vortices KW - Turbulence KW - Turbulence effects KW - Vortices KW - Wakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198162 AU - Sullivan, T AU - Hallock, J AU - Winston, B AU - McWilliams, I AU - Burnham, D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCRAFT WAKE VORTEX TAKEOFF TESTS AT TORONTO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1979/02 SP - 210 p. AB - This report describes the collection and analysis of data related to the behavior of the wake vortices of departing aircraft. The test site was located on the departure end of Runway 23L at Toronto International Airport, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Three arrays of Ground Wind Vortex Sensing Systems and one Monostatic Acoustic Vortex Sensing System were used to detect, track and measure the strength of the vortices. The data were analyzed to determine vortex lifetimes, transport characteristics and decay mechanism. The results of the data analysis were used to generate an elliptical wind rose criterion similar to that used in the Vortex Advisory System for reduction in interarrival aircraft spacings. (Author) KW - Acoustic data KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Effective sound pressure KW - International airports KW - Laser velocimeters KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Sensors KW - Takeoff KW - Toronto Pearson International Airport KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Velocity KW - Vortex advisory system KW - Vortices KW - Wakes KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197568 AU - Traybar, J J AU - Green, D L AU - DeLucien, A G AU - PACER Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REVIEW OF AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS FOR CERTIFICATION OF HELICOPTERS FOR INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES (IFR) OPERATION PY - 1979/02 SP - 247 p. AB - This report reviews the Airworthiness Standards for Certification of Helicopters for Instrument Flight Rules Operation. It specifically reviews the Interim Criteria, Federal Aviation Regulations, Advisory Circulars and other pertinent documents associated with the certification of Helicopters for Instrument Flight. A review of current technology, existing data applicable to IFR helicopter operation and certification procedures is accomplished. Identification of specific airworthiness requirements for helicopters operating in IFR conditions is studied and special attention is given to aircrew manning configurations, pilot flight-control workloads, helicopter trim, static stability, dynamic stability, handling qualities, analysis of time history data and documentation procedures, augmentation systems, autopilots and a review of certain flight test techniques. An analysis was made of the numerous helicopters recently certified for IFR flight in order to establish the various systems utilized including avionics systems, display systems and autopilot type systems. Special emphasis was centered on the study of the most critical IFR flight phases depicted by high workload cruise conditions and marginal stability conditions due aft c.g. conditions, descent, and high climb rate conditions during IFR approaches and missed approaches for Category I procedures. (Author) KW - Aerodynamic characteristics KW - Aerodynamic stability KW - Aerodynamics KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Airworthiness KW - Automatic pilot KW - Automatic pilot KW - Aviation safety KW - Avionics KW - Certification KW - Flight control systems KW - Flight crews KW - Flight maneuvers KW - Flight tests KW - General aviation KW - Helicopters KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument flying KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Standards KW - Static stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198371 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCRAFT SEPARATION ASSURANCE TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS PY - 1979/02 SP - 30 p. AB - It is the purpose of this paper to provide background on the portion of the FAA plan that relates to the technical systems needed for aircraft separation assurance and future avionics requirements. This discussion will deal with the technology developments and the rationale for the actions taken and proposed. (Author) KW - Air route traffic control centers KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Aircraft separation KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Aviation safety KW - Avionics KW - Beacons KW - Civil aviation KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Radar KW - Technological developments KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197311 AU - Becker, E E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EXHAUST EMISSIONS CHARACTERISTICS FOR A GENERAL AVIATION LIGHT-AIRCRAFT AVCO LYCOMING IO-360-B1BD PISTON ENGINE PY - 1979/02 SP - 91 p. AB - No abstract available. KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Altitude KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Databases KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Graphs KW - Hot weather KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Lycoming io-360-b engine KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Piston engines KW - Pollutants KW - Sea level KW - Small aircraft KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197309 AU - Becker, E E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EXHAUST EMISSIONS CHARACTERISTICS FOR A GENERAL AVIATION LIGHT-AIRCRAFT AVCO LYCOMING I0-360-A1B6D PISTON ENGINE PY - 1979/02 SP - 95 p. AB - The Avco Lycoming IO-360-A1B6D engine (S/N888-X) was tested at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) to develop a steady state exhaust emissions data base. This data base consists of current production baseline emissions characteristics, lean-out emissions data, effects of leaning-out the fuel schedule on cylinder head temperatures, and data showing ambient effects on exhaust emissions and cylinder head temperatures. The engine operating with its current full-rich production fuel schedule could not meet the proposed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard for carbon monoxide (CO) under sea level, standard day conditions. The engine did, however, meet the proposed EPA standards for unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) under the same sea level test conditions. The results of testing the engine under different ambient conditions (hot day) are also presented, and these results show a trend toward higher levels of emissions output for CO and HC while producing slightly lower levels of NOx. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Altitude KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Databases KW - Engines KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Exhaust gases KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Graphs KW - Hot weather KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Lycoming io-360-a engine KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Piston engines KW - Pollutants KW - Sea level KW - Small aircraft KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304779 AU - Braslau, D AU - Braslau (David) Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GROUND RUN-UP NOISE CONTROL FACILITIES FOR CIVIL AIRCRAFT - A SURVEY PY - 1979/01/30 SP - 123 p. AB - This survey of existing ground run-up suppressors and barriers for civil aircraft includes a review of acoustical, aerodynamical, and mechanical effects associated with facilities in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Evaluations were made of each suppressor based upon published and unpublished reports; and supplemented where necessary by direct questionnaires to the operators, designers, and users of the facilities. Acoustical data where available have been compiled for near and far field points at all directions from aircraft heading. Aerodynamic and mechanical effects on airframe and engine performance during run-up have been identified in terms of exhaust gas reingestion, engine or airframe damage, or restrictions on facility operation. The potential for standards development is discussed with respect to available information with recommendations for additional studies needed before such standards could be promulgated. Summary tables are included in the text for ease in comparison of data type and availability. Data sheets for each facility are included in an appendix. (Author) KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft noise KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - International airports KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Suppressors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966043 AU - Schroeder, D J AU - Collins, W E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF CONGENER AND NONCONGENER ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ON A CLINICAL ATAXIA TEST BATTERY PY - 1979/01 SP - 19 p. AB - As a screening procedure in aviation medicine, clinical examiners often use of one or more tests of standing steadiness or gait to help assess neurological and vestibular soundness. Normal functioning of these mechanisms associated with proper body orientation has been traditionally regarded as critical to safety in piloting aircraft. It is clear that the ingestion of alcohol can disturb postural measures, and it is possible that the effects of alcohol may be manifested at significant stages subsequent to acute intoxication; i.e., during so-called "hangover" periods. This study was designed investigate the performance of normally "heavy" and normally "light" young male drinkers on an ataxia test battery before and after they drank either a high-congener (bourbon) or low-congener (vodka) alcohol beverage. To assess possible long-term effects of alcohol, testing was conducted 1, 3, 5, 9, 24, and 32 hours after drinking. With the exception of one walking test that showed inferior performance one hour after drinking and recovery thereafter, the measures of the ataxia test battery were about equally affected, showing decrements from 1 to 3 hours after drinking and a return to a normal plateau by the fifth postdrinking hour. Normally heavy drinkers tended to display less ataxia following drinking than did normally light drinkers. Comparisons of the low and high-congener beverages failed to reveal any significant differential effects. There was also no indication of any significant impairment on ataxia tests during the hangover period. KW - Ability tests KW - Air pilots KW - Alcohol effects KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Ataxia KW - Congeners KW - Hangover KW - Human subject testing KW - Neurology UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/AM79-09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966035 AU - Tobias, J V AU - Kidd, G D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ACOUSTIC SIGNALS FOR EMERGENCY EVACUATION PY - 1979/01 SP - 26 p. AB - Previous studies of binaural hearing suggested that speech sounds are less resistant to masking than are nonspeech sounds; experiments demonstrated that, when the nonspeech sounds are given a message to convey, they act more like speech. Earlier research showed that when subjects are deprived of vision, their walking behavior can be changed by presenting them with binaurally localizable signals. In this study, tests were run using speech recordings at the exits of an emergency evacuation simulator. The voices called out, "Exit here," "This way," and "This way out." People who had the opportunity to listen to them in an emergency situation in which the illumination level was quite low and the subjects' vision was further obscured as if by smoke or dust performed better than people who did not hear the sounds. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Audible pedestrian signals KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency communication systems KW - Evacuation KW - Simulation KW - Speech KW - Visibility UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328897 AU - Baumgardt, N AU - Brausch, J F AU - Clapper, W S AU - Mani, R AU - Stringas, E J AU - General Electric AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH VELOCITY JET NOISE SOURCE LOCATION AND REDUCTION. TASK 5. INVESTIGATION OF 'IN-FLIGHT' AEROACOUSTIC EFFECTS ON SUPPRESSED EXHAUSTS PY - 1979/01 SP - 194 p. AB - The flight noise characteristics in terms of peak noise, directivity and spectra were projected for five suppressor nozzle designs. Static and flight suppression levels were established using conical nozzle data as a reference. The noise characteristics were determined by testing each nozzle design in the anechoic free jet facility and then applying a transformation to account for dynamic effects. The transformation process is described and a computer program with instructions is presented. Each of the five suppressor nozzles was selected by balancing suppression level, performance loss, and mechanical complexity. Weight estimates and performance estimates are presented. An assessment is made on how these suppressors affect the noise versus performance trades for typical variable cycle engine (VCE) operating conditions. Suppressors are found to have minimal peak noise suppression loss in flight at high velocities. As mass average velocity decreases, the flight peak noise suppression levels are less than those measured statically from 0 to 5 PNdB. In all cases, the suppressors were quieter than the conical nozzle in flight. In the forward quadrant, multielement suppressors are effective in reducing shock noise; also, the forward quadrant noise for a suppressor is not amplified to the same degree as a conical nozzle. Overall suppression characteristics measured statically are different than in-flight and are function of the specific suppressor design. (Author) KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Aircraft noise KW - Anechoic chambers KW - Computer programs KW - Conical nozzles KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Engines by cycle KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust nozzles KW - Flight KW - Flow KW - High velocity KW - Inflight KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet flow KW - Losses KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Nozzle area ratio KW - Nozzles KW - Peak periods KW - Peak values KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Sources KW - Static tests KW - Suppression KW - Suppressors KW - Transformations (Mathematics) KW - Values in measurement KW - Variable cycle engines KW - Velocity KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198985 AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL SOFTWARE DESIGN DOCUMENT. VOLUME I. OPERATIONAL SOFTWARE COMPLEX (OPCX) PY - 1979/01 SP - 543 p. AB - The Software Design Document (SDD), is a design document that defines the translation of the Central Flow Control (CFC) Software System functional requirements established in the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Computer Program Functional Specifications (CPFSs) into implemented Software Programs. The SDD describes the exact configuration of the computer programs produced for the CFC Software System. It provides a complete technical description of the software functions, structures, operating environment, data organization, visual table of contents, program listings, and data and module cross references. Volume I describes the Operational Complex (OPCX) which operates in real-time mode. The OPCX is comprised of the Executive, Database, Simulation, and Applications subsystems. KW - Computer architecture KW - Computer programs KW - Computer systems KW - Computers KW - Control systems KW - Databases KW - Flow KW - Information processing KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Systems analysis KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199031 AU - Mabry, J E AU - SULLIVAN, B M AU - Shields, R A AU - MAN-Acoustics and Noise, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT DECK NOISE CRITERIA PY - 1979/01 SP - 72 p. AB - As a method for obtaining results that could contribute to the establishment of commercial jet aircraft flight deck noise criteria, fifty persons were exposed to simulations of various flight deck noise exposure conditions. Exposure levels investigated were 75, 80 and 85 dBA for periods of 1, 2, and 4 hours. Noise spectra representing both older narrow-body and newer technology wide-body jet aircraft were utilized. Response measures emphasized were temporary threshold shift (TTS) and speech intelligibility, but annoyance ratings to the exposure conditions were also obtained. KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Deafness KW - Exposure physiology KW - Flight decks KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Hearings KW - Jet plane noise KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Speech recognition KW - Standards KW - Threshold effects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198975 AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL. SOFTWARE DESIGN DOCUMENT. VOLUME II. SUPPORT COMPLEX (SPCX) PY - 1979/01 SP - 594 p. AB - The Software Design Document (SDD), a deliverable under Contract DOT-FA77WA-3955, is a design document that defines the translation of the Central Flow Control (CFC) Software System functional requirements established in the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Computer Program Functional Specifications (CPFSs) into implemented Software Programs. The SDD describes the exact configuration of the computer programs produced for the CFC Software System. It provides a complete technical description of the software functions, structures, operating environment, data organization, visual table of contents, program listings, and data and module cross references. Volume II describes the Support Complex (SPCX) which operates in an off-line mode. The SPCX is comprised of the System Development, System Generation, System Test, and System Analysis subsystems. (Author) KW - Compilers KW - Computer program documentation KW - Computer programming languages KW - Computer programs KW - Computer systems KW - Computers KW - Control KW - Data management KW - Databases KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Hierarchies KW - Information processing KW - Software KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198254 AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL MANAGEMENT AIDS CODE AUDITOR (MACA) DATA ITEM DICTIONARY. USER'S MANUAL PY - 1979/01 SP - 23 p. AB - This document describes the functions of the Data-Item Dictionary (DID) generation programs and details the procedures required to exercise them. The purpose of the DID programs is to build a dictionary of all COMPOOL items and provide a cross-reference listing of items and modules, showing item-set and/or item-use information. The dictionary is printed on a table basis, and is primarily intended for use by maintenance programming personnel. (Author) KW - Computer program documentation KW - Computer program verification KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Control KW - Data management KW - Dictionaries KW - Error detection codes KW - Information processing KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Programming manuals KW - Reliability KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198250 AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL OPERATIONAL SUPPORT SYSTEM USER'S MANUAL, TIMING ANALYSIS REPORT PROGRAM (TARP) PY - 1979/01 SP - 61 p. AB - This document describes the functions of the Timing Analysis Report Program (TARP) and details the procedures required to exercise them. This document is an update to NASP-9227-10 for the Central Flow Control (CFC) facility. Modifications to the TARP program were made for compatibility with OS/MVT. TARP reduces System Analysis Recording (SAR) data and produces timing and summary information reports regarding system use. Multiple SAR inputs, time intervals, subprogram requests, and phase combinations are accommodated. (Author) KW - Computer programs KW - Data reduction KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Input KW - Programming manuals KW - Systems analysis KW - Time studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198257 AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL OPERATIONAL COMPLEX (OPCX) USER'S MANUAL PY - 1979/01 SP - 164 p. AB - This document describes the Central Flow Control (CFC) messages and their related output reports. For each message, each input field is described and the range of valid input values is specified. Error diagnostic messages are listed in the Appendices. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airlines KW - Central processing units KW - Central processing units (Computers) KW - Computer program documentation KW - Control KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Information processing KW - Input output devices KW - Input output processing KW - Manuals KW - Message processing KW - Message transmission KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Monitoring KW - Needs assessment KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Scheduling KW - Training KW - Transmission KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198251 AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL OPERATIONAL SUPPORT SYSTEM USER'S MANUAL, HRT REDUCTION PROGRAM (REDUC) PY - 1979/01 SP - 59 p. AB - This document describes the functions of the High Resolution Timer (HRT) Reduction Program (REDUC) and details the procedures required to exercise them. This document is an update to NASP-9211-06 for the Central Flow Control (CFC) facility. Modifications to the REDUC program were made for compatibility with OS/MVT. REDUC reduces data relevant to the internal operation of the CFC Monitor, including Compute Element (CE) time used for: I/O interrupts, external interrupts, timer interrupts, and Supervisor Service Calls (SVC). Output reports enable identification of frequently used programs and facilities; this information provides the basis for system tuning operations. (Author) KW - Coding systems KW - Computer programs KW - Control KW - Data reduction KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Image resolution KW - Input output devices KW - Input output processing KW - Machine coding KW - Programming manuals KW - Time studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198258 AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL MANAGEMENT AIDS (MA) COMPONENT PDL/PROLOGUE. ANALYSIS USER'S MANUAL PY - 1979/01 SP - 27 p. AB - This document describes the functions of the PDL/Prologue Analysis programs and details the procedures required to exercise them. These programs provide analysis of module prologues and Program Design Language (PDL) as part of the Central Flow Control (CFC) Quality Assurance (QA) program, which assures accuracy, completeness, and adherence to project standards and guidelines. (Author) KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer programs KW - Control KW - Control systems KW - Error detection codes KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Information processing KW - Input output devices KW - Input output processing KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - Quality assurance KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198252 AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL PRECEDENCE NETWORK (PN) USER'S MANUAL PY - 1979/01 SP - 45 p. AB - This document describes the functions of the Precedence Network (PN) program and details the procedures required to exercise them. PN is an activity-oriented planning tool which provides critical-path-method (CPM), or PERT-like, estimation of project completion and identifies probable trouble areas. Outputs include time-ordered task listings, Gantt charts, weekly task status reports, and actual-vs.-estimated cumulative task completions. (Author) KW - Coding systems KW - Computer programs KW - Control KW - Critical path method KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Input output devices KW - Input output processing KW - Machine coding KW - Monitoring KW - Networks KW - PERT KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Programming manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198255 AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM DATA ASSEMBLER DA COMPONENT USER'S MANUAL PY - 1979/01 SP - 111 p. AB - This document describes the functions of the System Data Assembler (DA) and details the procedures required to exercise them. The purpose of DA is to create, update, merge, or list the Central Flow Control (CFC) data base. DA is an off-line program, and operates on air-carrier flight schedules, airport data, airline codes, aircraft data, ARTCC data, zone date, and general-aviation data. The primary inputs to DA are Official Airline Guide (OAG) data. Processing is controlled by user option specification and DA validates all input data and provides its own internal housekeeping facilities. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Airline traffic statistics KW - Airlines KW - Central processing units KW - Central processing units (Computers) KW - Computer program documentation KW - Control KW - Databases KW - General aviation KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Schedules KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198256 AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL. TEST CASE GENERATOR (TR)/ON-LINE TEST DIRECTOR (TA). COMPONENTS USER'S MANUAL PY - 1979/01 SP - 51 p. AB - This document describes the functions performed by the Test Case Generator (TR) and the On-Line Test Director (TA), and details the procedures required to properly exercise them. The purpose of TR and TA is to support test execution of the Central Flow Control (CFC) Operational Complex (OPCX) applications programs by providing simulated message input facilities. The simulation capability enables evaluation of the message processing programs in a controlled environment without requiring actual data, flight plans, communications, or data-entry personnel. (Author) KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Computer program documentation KW - Computer programming KW - Computer systems KW - Computers KW - Control systems KW - Equipment tests KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Input output devices KW - Input output processing KW - Manuals KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - On line systems KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198175 AU - WITTLIN, G AU - Lockheed-California Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR A TWIN-ENGINE, LOW-WING AIRPLANE SUBSTRUCTURE CRASH IMPACT CONDITION ANALYZED WITH PROGRAM "KRASH" PY - 1979/01 SP - 121 p. AB - This report contains the results of using digital computer program KRASH to model and analyze the dynamic response of a twin-engine, low-wing airplane substructure subjected to a 27.5 ft/sec vertical velocity impact. The test was performed previously by NASA-Langley as part of a joint FAA-NASA effort concerning general aviation airplane crash dynamics. Included in this report are the math model description, pertinent test data, a comparison of analysis versus test results and the results of a limited parameter sensitivity study using program KRASH. Floor and occupant pelvis vertical acceleration responses obtained from test measurement are compared to corresponding analytical results. The effect of model representation and input data selection variations on dynamic behavior are evaluated. Conclusions are presented based on the results of the effort. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Airplanes KW - Aviation KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Digital computers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Floors KW - Fuselages KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Passengers KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Test procedures KW - Twin engine aircraft KW - Vertical orientation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305605 AU - Blake, N A AU - Koenke, E AU - Page, L AU - POZESKY, M T AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REPORT OF THE FAA TASK FORCE ON AIRCRAFT SEPARATION ASSURANCE. VOLUME I. (REVISED). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/01 SP - 34 p. AB - A task force has developed FAA Engineering and Development consensus on the integrated aircraft separation assurance system for the National Airspace System. This report details a study of system errors, mid-airs, and near mid-airs to define the problem. The system element requirements are defined to provide two levels of backup to the ATC system: a separation violation warning and a final fail safe collision advisory and resolution function. The current FAA ASA development programs are discussed and the changes are detailed which are required to transition to an integrated ASA system. This report consists of three volumes. Volume I is the Executive Summary with an overview of the work performed by the Task Force. Volume II is the detailed main concept descripton delineating the required systems and interfaces. Volume III includes appendices, referred to in the main report, which define in detail the specific interfaces and designs required for system integration. (Author) KW - Air route traffic control centers KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft separation KW - Airport control towers KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashes KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - National Airspace System KW - Separation KW - Surface to air UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197777 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SRDS TECHNICAL PROGRAM DOCUMENT. FISCAL YEAR 1979. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT APPROVED PROJECTS PY - 1979/01 SP - 231 p. AB - This document contains research and technology resumes which reflect Systems Research and Development Service, Federal Aviation Administration, approved projects. These resumes highlight the requirement, technical objective, approach, milestones scheduled for accomplishment, and end item products. Engineering and development topics include: Radar, Beacon, Navigation, Airborne separation assurance, Communications, Approach and landing systems, ATC systems command center automation, Enroute control, Flight service stations, Terminal/Tower control, Weather, and Aircraft safety. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft landing KW - Aircraft safety KW - Airports KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Beacons KW - Civil aviation KW - Communication systems KW - Communications KW - Development KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Enroute traffic control system KW - Landing KW - Landing aids KW - Navigation KW - Navigational aids KW - Radar KW - Radio KW - Reports KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Separation KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197305 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Smith, R E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL JOINT SYSTEMS IN SLIP-FORMED RIGID PAVEMENTS. VOLUME I. - LITERATURE SURVEY AND FIELD INSPECTION PY - 1979/01 SP - 143 p. AB - Most construction equipment for rigid pavements has been designed to place ribbons of concrete, called paving lanes, either 24 or 25 feet wide. Pavements of widths greater than 25 feet normally require the pavement be placed in parallel lanes with a construction joint between the lanes. To assure continuity of the pavement slabs across these lane-dividing joints, load transfer system are normally used, the most common of which for airport pavements is a keyway built into the pavement lane slabs. Construction of these keyway systems with the slip form pavers has caused some construction problems which result in slumping of the pavement edge and unsatisfactory load transfer across the joint. Furthermore, the high gear loads on modern aircraft have reportedly caused many of the keyway system to fail thus causing serious maintenance problems on the pavements. This phase of the study was undertaken to evaluate the seriousness of this problem and to suggest possible solutions. Available literature on the design, construction and performance of various load transfer systems for rigid pavements were studied, and the potential for the various systems for use in the longitudinal joint with slip form pavers was evaluated. Visits were made to most FAA regional offices, a number of FHWA offices and to a number of airports to discuss this problem with knowledgeable field engineers. Results of these visits and the findings from the literature are presented in this report. FAA-RD-79-4, VOL II, Analysis of Load Transfer Systems for Concrete Pavements and VOL III, Users Manual for Pavement Design are in preparation. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Building materials KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Durability KW - Field studies KW - Force KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Landing fields KW - Load factor KW - Loads KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slip form paving KW - Stiffness KW - Transfers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197308 AU - Goldberg, B AU - Eldredge, Don AU - Crimbring, W AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - AN EVALUATION OF TURN ANTICIPATION TECHNIQUES AND OFFSET FLYING PROCEDURES USING A SINGLE-WAYPOINT RNAV SYSTEM PY - 1979/01 SP - 89 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to document the results of a three-phased cockpit simulation which was conducted to evaluate turn anticipation techniques applicable for use with a single-waypoint, general aviation type area navigation (RNAV) system. Techniques were evaluated for both centerline and offset tracking. Performance was measured for two variables: total system crosstrack error (TSCT), and flight technical error (FTE). The major findings were: (1) all turn anticipation techniques tested could be used for centerline tracking; (2) no significant differences could be discovered between offset steady state and offset turn data; (3) a useable technique for turn anticipation during offset tracking is complex and contributes greatly to the pilot workload. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Bearing direction KW - Course indicators KW - Errors KW - Flight instruments KW - Flight paths KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Flight training KW - Forecasting KW - General aviation KW - Indicating instruments KW - Maneuvering KW - Navigation KW - Navigation systems KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Routing KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Turning (Aircraft pilotage) KW - Turning flight KW - Turning maneuvers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191708 AU - Branstetter, J R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EVALUATION OF A REMOTE TONE SIGNALING CONTROL/MONITOR SYSTEM AS LIGHTNING/TRANSIENT PROTECTION FOR SOLID STATE INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEMS PY - 1979/01 SP - 24 p. AB - A new technique in remote control and monitoring of a solid-state instrument landing system (ILS) was evaluated at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) intended as a solution to problems caused by lightning and transients on phone lines and buried cables. The findings show the system effectively reduces or eliminates false transmitter cycling, erroneous status indications, and damage to the ILS equipment. (Author) KW - Errors KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Lightning KW - Loss and damage KW - Microprocessors KW - Monitoring KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Remote control KW - Signals KW - Solid state electronics KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191703 AU - Mitchell, R H AU - Aschenbach, J W AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EVALUATION OF CATHODE-RAY TUBE PROTECTION AND ANTIREFLECTIVE SURFACES FOR THE PLAN VIEW DISPLAY PY - 1979/01 SP - 79 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to describe the evaluation of implosion protection systems and antireflective surfaces for cathode-ray tube (CRT) used in plan view displays (PVD's) for air traffic control (ATC). An implosion forcing device was fabricated utilizing coolant spray and a carbide-tipped punch to impact the critical CRT shoulder area to induce implosions. Results showed that none of the six CRT's tested utilizing the Kimcode-type implosion system could be imploded violently. Ten other CRT's were evaluated for antireflectivity and optimum resolution. Various antireflective surfaces were tried. Subjective analysis indicated that an etched surface was sufficient to reduce reflections for ATC use. The combination of etch and High Efficiency Antireflective (HEA) coating was judged most antireflective, but fingerprints on the HEA-coated surface could be seen. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Antireflection coatings KW - Cathode ray tube screens KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Implosions KW - Information display systems KW - Laminates KW - Lightning KW - Plan position indicators KW - Protection KW - Radar images KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191656 AU - Alpert, R L AU - Factory Mutual Research Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PRESSURE MODELING OF VERTICALLY BURNING AIRCRAFT MATERIALS PY - 1979/01 SP - 64 p. AB - The possibility of evaluating relative rates of upward fire spread on aircraft cabin materials is investigated with small-scale models burned at elevated ambient air pressure. The modeling technique, which preserves the fluid Grashof number of the full-scale fire spread process, is verified in the first part of the study with vertical walls of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) fuel ignited at one atmosphere (full-scale) and at elevated absolute pressures (model) to 3.5 MPa (515 psia). In the second phase of the study, fifteen aircraft cabin samples are subjected to a small PMMA ignition source for a range of elevated ambient air pressures. Rates of upward fire spread, characterized by flame height exponential growth factors, are measurable for nearly all the aircraft cabin materials at absolute pressures from 1.18 MPa (165 psia) to 3.2 MPa (465 psia). Ranking of the materials by rate of upward fire spread is facilitated by the nearly two order of magnitude separation between highest and lowest growth factor at each pressure level. This ranking is found to be reasonably independent of pressure, enabling conservative predictions of upward spread behavior at one atmosphere to be made. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft fires KW - Combustion KW - Fire KW - Fire research KW - Fire resistant materials KW - Fires KW - Flame propagation KW - Flames KW - Ignition KW - Materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Polymethyl methacrylate KW - Pressure KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191321 AU - Windle, J R AU - MORFITT, G AU - Devine, P J AU - Rossiter, S B AU - Fillius, A W AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ATARS/ATC SIMULATION TESTS WITH SITE-ADAPTATION LOGIC PY - 1979/01 SP - 38 p. AB - The objective of this project was to assess the effectiveness of proposed Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS) site-adapted logic designed to reduce unnecessary alarms in a terminal air traffic control environment. The tests were conducted at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) at Atlantic City, New Jersey, using the Air Traffic Control Simulation Facility (ATCSF). Test results indicated that the site-adapted logic reduced the numerous unnecessary alarms experienced in previous simulation tests. In fact, no ATARS alarms were generated in any of the tests involving instrument flight rules (IFR) separation procedures. Under IFR and/visual flight rules (VFR) separation rules, a total of seven ATARS controller alerts was issued over four 1-hour data runs. One aircraft received a positive vertical command, and four received negative horizontal commands; the remaining aircraft received flashing proximity warning indicators (FPWI's). The majority of the eight controllers participating in these tests favored ATARS use and indicated that ATARS with site-adapted logic did not impact control procedures. Recommendations are made for further improvement in ATARS desensitization in the terminal ATC area, for additional studies to improve tracker performance and ATARS performance under reduced VFR ATC separation criteria, and for additional tests to evaluate ATARS performance in a terminal environment with uncontrolled aircraft flying in proximity to controlled aircraft. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Automatic traffic advisory and resolution service KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Command and control systems KW - Control KW - Control simulators KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - False alarms KW - False alarms (Security) KW - Flight paths KW - Logic KW - Logic (Mathematics) KW - Proximity warning indicators KW - Simulation KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Visual flight KW - Visual flight rules KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191345 AU - Dresser, G B AU - Langford, W J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Texas Aeronautics Commission TI - TEXAS AIRPORT SYSTEM PLAN. FINANCIAL SUMMARY PY - 1979/01 SP - 104 p. AB - The report presents information on revenue sources available from Federal, state, and local governments to finance the Texas Airport System Plan (TASP). Alternatives for new state aviation related revenue sources are identified. TASP development costs are summarized by 5-, 10-, and 20-year time periods for air carrier airports; commuter service airports; new, private, and replacement general aviation airports; and urban area airports. Development costs are divided among those costs eligible for Federal, state, and local funding. An analysis is made of the implications of continuing an airport development program performing at current levels over the next decade. Planning Grant Program (PGP), Airport Development Aid Program (ADAP), and Air Carrier Airport Sponsor Apportionment Fund grants made to Texas airports are identified. Estimates and forecasts of Texas general aviation fuel consumption are developed. Twenty-year development costs for each TASP airport are identified. KW - Airport development KW - Airport development aid program KW - Airport operations KW - Airport planning KW - Airports KW - Apportionment KW - Cost estimating KW - Development KW - Estimates KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Local government KW - Planning KW - Regional planning KW - Revenues KW - State airport system plans KW - State planning KW - States KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454427 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Looking Up To Your Aviation Career (Video) PY - 1979 AB - This video describes the more than 60 different career opportunities which aviation offers for people with different aptitudes, skills, and educational backgrounds. It illustrates how careers in aviation present a wide-ranging opportunity for achievement, challenge, responsibility, and fun. Primary audience: general audience. KW - Aviation KW - Transportation careers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161616 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Airport and Airway Improvement-Revenue Acts, 1979 : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134526 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Fort Wayne municipal airport, Baer Field development : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/895285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134525 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Albany County airport land acquisition, Colonie : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/895284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134524 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Indianapolis International Airport runway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Final, Final supplement to the final, maps B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/895283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101805 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Lihue airport development projects : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101804 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Twin County Airport runway construction, Menominee : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101803 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Kosrae Island airport and harbor project, new facilities : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070241 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Eau Claire County aiport improvements, draft environmental information document PY - 1979///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070238 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Babelthuap-Koror airport development, Pacific Islands : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966049 AU - Revzin, A M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL INDICES OF NEUROLOGICAL TOXICITY FOR ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES AND DEPRESSANT DRUGS PY - 1979 SP - 16 p. AB - Accurate control of eye movements and rapid detection of unexpected events in the periphery of the visual field are critically important in the aviation environment. We have studied the effects of certain drugs and environmental pollutants on brain mechanisms controlling these visual reflexes, using single nerve cell recordings in animal model systems. Most agents studied deleteriously affected reflex functions at extremely low doses. This was empirically true for organophosphate pesticides, related cholinergic compounds and ethyl alcohol. Some drugs, such as imipramine and amphetamine, seemed to have little deleterious effect. Overall, the results suggest that some drugs and environmental pollutants can impair visual functions at doses not normally considered hazardous, and thus indicate the need for extreme caution in evaluating the safety margins of such materials in aviation medicine. KW - Alcohol effects KW - Aviation medicine KW - Drugs KW - Eye movements KW - Laboratory animals KW - Medication KW - Neurology KW - Pesticides KW - Toxicity KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966047 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OXYGEN EQUIPMENT AND RAPID DECOMPRESSION STUDIES PY - 1979 SP - 120 p. AB - This is a collection of reports of evaluations of the protective capability of various oxygen systems at high altitude and during rapid decompression. Results of these studies were presented at scientific meetings and/or published in preprints or proceedings with limited distribution. These studies were generally designed and oriented toward obtaining answers to particular questions or problems posed by government authorities or the aviation industry with respect to the life-support capability of a given device or procedure; and/or advancing the state-of-the-art in high altitude life support and aviation safety. Report titles are: (1) "Continuous Functional Testing Of Passenger Oxygen Masks At Ground Level And During Rapid Decompression;" (2) "Physiological Evaluation Of A Cessna Continuous-Flow Oxygen Mask For Unpressurized General Aviation Aircraft;" (3) "Performance Characteristics Of Portable First Aid Chemical Oxygen Generators;" (4) "Physiological Evaluation Of The Protective Capacity Of The Prototype MBU-8/P Military Passenger Oxygen Mask;" (5) "Human Factors Report Of The Investigation Of The Inflight Decompression, November 2, 1973, Of National Airlines Flight 27 (N60NA);" (6) Effectiveness Of A Paper Cup As An Aid To Providing Oxygen To Laryngectomee Passengers;" (7) Physiological Considerations And Limitations In The High-Altitude Operation Of Small-Volume Pressurized Aircraft; and (8) "Oxygen Concentrations In The Vicinity Of A Passenger Receiving First Aid Oxygen." KW - Altitude KW - Aviation safety KW - Decompression KW - First aid equipment KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Human factors KW - Life support systems KW - Military aircraft KW - Oxygen equipment KW - Passengers KW - Physiological aspects KW - Research reports KW - State of the art reports UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966036 AU - Pollard, D W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INJURIES IN AIR TRANSPORT EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS PY - 1979 SP - 33 p. AB - Twelve air transport evacuations are reviewed. Injuries are discussed with emphasis on configurational and procedural contributing factors. It is suggested that slides should be designed to compensate for unusual aircraft angles and the effects of wind, and to offer protection for passengers landing forcefully at the bottom of slides. Suggestions are also provided on reducing injury-producing falls from wings. To reduce procedural contributing factors, emergency training should emphasize crew coordination and communication. Crews and airline ground personnel should also be trained to recognize the potential danger of carry-on items and caution passengers to leave the items at their seats in the event of an emergency evacuation. KW - Aircraft KW - Baggage KW - Case studies KW - Crash investigation KW - Design KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency exits KW - Emergency training KW - Evacuation KW - Evacuation slides KW - Flight crews KW - Injuries KW - Injury causes KW - Passengers KW - Procedures UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966033 AU - Snow, C C AU - Hartman, S AU - Giles, E AU - Young, F A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SEX AND RACE DETERMINATION OF CRANIA BY CALIPERS AND COMPUTER: A TEST OF THE GILES AND ELLIOT DISCRIMINANT FUNCTIONS IN 52 FORENSIC CASES PY - 1979 SP - 19 p. AB - The Giles and Elliot discriminant functions diagnosing sex and race from cranial measurements were tested on a series of forensically examined crania of known sex and race. Of 52 crania of known sex, 46 (88%) were correctly diagnosed. Racial diagnoses were correct in 30 (71%) of 42 crania of known race. Analysis of the facial data indicates that most of the errors resulted from the misclassification of American Indian crania. This suggests that the temporally remote and geographically limited prehistoric Indian crania used in developing the functions do not provide a data base representative of the present-day U.S. American Indian population. Cranial size, age at death, and certain pathological conditions altering cranial form can also contribute to misdiagnoses of sex and/or race by the function. Findings indicate that, despite some shortcomings, the Giles and Elliot discriminant function provide a useful tool in forensic anthropology. KW - Anthropology KW - Calipers KW - Computers KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Forensic medicine KW - Gender KW - Native Americans KW - Race KW - Skull UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305623 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT PAVEMENT DESIGN AND EVALUATION PY - 1978/12/07 SP - 190 p. AB - Airport pavements are constructed to provide adequate support for the loads imposed by aircraft using an airport and to produce a firm, stable, smooth, all-year, all-weather surface free from dust or other particles that may be blown or picked up by propeller wash or jet blast. In order to satisfactorily fulfill these requirements, the pavement must be of such quality and thickness that it will not fail under the load imposed. In addition, it must possess sufficient inherent stability to withstand, without damage, the abrasive action of traffic, adverse weather conditions, and other deteriorating influences. To produce such pavements requires a coordination of many factors of design, construction, and inspection to assure the best possible combination of available materials and a high standard of workmanship. These factors are discussed in this report. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Building materials KW - Civil engineering KW - Deterioration KW - Dust KW - Landing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permafrost KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Standards KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191320 AU - Douglas, C A AU - Naval Air Engineering Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - APPROACH LIGHT AIMING CRITERIA PY - 1978/12/04 SP - 67 p. AB - A method of determining the elevation setting angles for approach lights based upon fundamental principles has been developed. This method considers the effects of the applicable decision height, the required visual range, the glide slope angle, the distance of the light from the threshold, and the vertical beam spread of the light. This method, defined as the visual segment method, has been compared with other methods and found to be preferable. Elevation-setting-angles have been computed for the lights of the MALSR and ALSF-2 approach-light systems when lamped with the types of lamps presently in service. The suitability of the intensity distribution characteristics of the lights currently used in U.S. approach-light systems has been analyzed and possible changes noted. (Author) KW - Aiming KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Aircraft landing KW - Altitude KW - Approach KW - Approach lights KW - Beams radiation KW - Elevation KW - Flight envelope KW - Flight paths KW - Glide path systems KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Landing KW - Landing aids KW - Landing lights KW - Lighting KW - Particle beams KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Visual aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328895 AU - Brown, R H AU - Clapper, W S AU - Joy, W AU - SMITH, M A AU - Stringas, E J AU - General Electric AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH VELOCITY JET NOISE SOURCE LOCATION AND REDUCTION TASK 3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATON OF SUPPRESSION PRINCIPLES VOLUME III. SUPPRESSOR CONCEPTS OPTIMIZATION PY - 1978/12 SP - 170 p. AB - Experimental investigations were conducted of suppression principles, including developing an experimental data base, developing a better understanding of jet noise suppression principles, and formulating empirical methods for the acoustic design of jet noise suppressors. Acoustic scaling has been experimentally demonstrated, and five 'optimum' nozzles have been selected for subsequent anechoic free-jet testing. Several studies were conducted to attempt an optimization of suppressor concepts. Trade studies of performance versus suppression, aircraft integration studies, and development of a figure-of-merit method of analysis all make up the activities in this 'optimization' process. The end product of this effort was to design five nozzles for static and free-jet testing. Demonstration of acoustic scaling for several suppressor configurations was conducted to assure the adequacy of using scale-model results to project full-scale suppression levels. Full-scale data were obtained on several suppressor configurations using J79 and J85 engines. Scale-model data were obtained for these same configurations to allow comparison of scale-model and full-scale results. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conical nozzles KW - Databases KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust nozzles KW - Flow KW - High velocity KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet flow KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Nozzle gas flow KW - Nozzles KW - Optimization KW - Scaling factor KW - Sources KW - Suppressors KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328896 AU - Knott, P R AU - Scott, P F AU - Mossey, P W AU - General Electric AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH VELOCITY JET NOISE SOURCE LOCATION AND REDUCTION. TASK 3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SUPPRESSION PRINCIPLES. VOLUME IV. LASER VELOCIMETER TIME DEPENDENT CROSS CORRELATION MEASUREMENTS PY - 1978/12 SP - 155 p. AB - Experimental investigations were conducted of suppression principles; including developing an experimental data base, developing a better understanding of jet noise suppression principles, and formulating empirical methods for the acoustic design of jet noise suppressors. Acoustic scaling has been experimentally demonstrated, and five 'optimum' nozzles have been selected for subsequent anechoic free-jet testing. In-jet/in-jet and in-jet/far-field exhaust noise diagnostic measurements were conducted using a Laser Velocimeter (LV). Measurements were performed on a conical nozzle and a coannular plug nozzle. Two-point, space/time measurements using a two-LV system were completed for the conical nozzle. Measurements of mean velocity, turbulent velocity, eddy convection speed, and turbulent length scale were made for a subsonic ambient jet and for a sonic heated jet. For the coannular plug nozzle, a similar series of two-point, laser-correlation measurements were performed. In addition, cross correlations between the laser axial component of turbulence and a far-field acoustic microphone were performed. This volume is part of the four volume set that constitutes the Task 3 final report. The other volumes are: Volume I-Verification of Suppression Principles and Development of Suppression Prediction Methods, Volume II-Parametric Testing and Source Measurements, Volume III-Suppressor Concepts Optimization. (Author) KW - Aircraft noise KW - Conical nozzles KW - Cross correlation KW - Data collection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust nozzles KW - Far field KW - Flow KW - High velocity KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet flow KW - Laser velocimeters KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Nozzle gas flow KW - Nozzles KW - Plugs (Fillers) KW - Suppressors KW - Time dependence KW - Turbulence KW - Turbulent flow KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328893 AU - Brown, R H AU - Clapper, W S AU - Joy, W AU - SMITH, M A AU - Stringas, E J AU - General Electric AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH VELOCITY JET NOISE SOURCE LOCATION AND REDUCTION. TASK 3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SUPPRESSION PRINCIPLES. VOLUME I. SUPPRESSOR CONCEPTS OPTIMIZATION PY - 1978/12 SP - 371 p. AB - Experimental investigations of suppression principles were conducted including developing an experimental data base, developing a better understanding of jet noise suppression principles, and formulating empirical methods for the acoustic design of jet noise suppressors. Acoustic scaling has been experimentally demonstrated, and five 'optimum' nozzles have been selected for subsequent anechoic free-jet testing. This report is organized into four volumes under separate cover: Volume I - Verification of Suppression Principles and Development of Suppression Prediction Methods, Volume II - Parametric Testing and Source Measurements, Volume III - Suppressor Concepts Optimization, and Volume IV - Laser Velocimeter Time-Dependent Cross Correlation Measurements. The experimental studies reported in Volume II involved acquisition of detailed far-field, acoustic data and of aerodynamic jet-flow-field data on several baseline and noise-abatement nozzles. These data were used to validate the theoretical jet noise prediction method of Task 2 and to develop and validate the empirical noise-prediction method presented herein. A series of seven suppressor configurations (ranging from geometrically simple to complex) were tested to establish the relative importance of four jet noise mechanisms (fluid shielding, convective amplification, turbulent mixing, and shock noise). In general, mechanical suppressors exhibit a significant reduction in shock noise relative to a baseline conical nozzle, reduce the effectiveness of fluid shielding (increase rather than suppress noise), reduce the effectiveness of convective amplification (reduce noise), and produce a modest reduction in turbulent mixing noise. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Conical nozzles KW - Cross correlation KW - Databases KW - Engines by cycle KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust nozzles KW - Flow KW - Flow noise KW - High velocity KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet flow KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Nozzle gas flow KW - Nozzles KW - Optimization KW - Plumes KW - Shielding KW - Simulation KW - Suppressors KW - Theory KW - Turbojet engines KW - Turbulence KW - Turbulent flow KW - Variable cycle engines KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328894 AU - Brausch, J F AU - Clapper, W S AU - Scott, P F AU - SMITH, M A AU - Stringas, E J AU - General Electric AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH VELOCITY JET NOISE SOURCE LOCATION AND REDUCTION. TASK 3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SUPPRESSION PRINCIPLES VOLUME II. PARAMETRIC TESTING AND SOURCE MEASUREMENTS PY - 1978/12 SP - 869 p. AB - Experimental investigations were conducted of suppression principles, including developing an experimental data base, developing a better understanding of jet noise suppression principles, and formulating empirical methods for the acoustic design of jet noise suppressors. Acoustic scaling has been experimentally demonstrated, and five 'optimum' nozzles have been selected for subsequent anechoic free-jet testing. A series of experimental tests was conducted to provide farfield acoustic data on 47 baseline and suppressor nozzle configurations and to provide aerodynamic nozzle performance on 18 of the configurations. Suppressor design parameters evaluated experimentally included: suppressor area ratio, radius ratio, flow management, inner stream geometry, element number and type, treated ejectors on multielement and unsuppressed inverted-coannualar-flow nozzles. Parametric testing established suppression levels for single and dual flow nozzles during static operation. Selective free-jet tests conducted on eight configurations were utilized to establish flight suppression levels for plug, chute, tube and hole nozzles. The aerodynamic performance test program illustrated that suppressed exhaust nozzles which incorporate elemental base areas as an integral part of the design are sensitive to external Mach number. In general suppressor element base drag was the most significant loss mechanism. This volume is part of the four volume set that constitutes the Task 3 final report. KW - Acoustic data KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft noise KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust nozzles KW - Far field KW - Flow KW - High velocity KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet flow KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Nozzle area ratio KW - Nozzle gas flow KW - Nozzles KW - Optimization KW - Parameters KW - Plugs (Fillers) KW - Plumes KW - Scaling factor KW - Sources KW - Static tests KW - Suppressors KW - Variable area nozzles KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197561 AU - Arcone, S A AU - Delaney, A J AU - U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ELECTRICAL GROUND IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES BETWEEN 200 AND 415 KHZ PY - 1978/12 SP - 92 p. AB - The objectives of the work described in this report were to use and evaluate new radiowave methods of measuring earth resistivity in the low-frequency (LF) (200-415 kHz) band, and to develop estimated effective ground resistivity maps in this same band for the United States including Alaska. Both airborne and ground methods were investigated by using the wavetilt and surface impedance techniques. The airborne methods discussion concentrates on the use of the wavetilt technique in the very-low-frequency (VLF) (10-30 kHz) band because LF transmitters operate at a wide range of frequencies and supply inadequate coverage. It is concluded from the VLF study that over much of the central United States VLF airborne resistivity might well approximate LF ground resistivity. The ground methods discussion concerns the surface impedance method in the LF band using a device developed by a commercial organization for the purposes of this study. Geological and physiographic effects on LF resistivity are demonstrated in several studies and the data are used later to produce an estimated effective conductivity map of the United States. It is concluded from the LF studies that the present conductivity map based on the field strength attenuation method for BCB (Broadcast Band: 550-1600 kHz) transmitters, and in current use by the FAA, is fairly accurate for BCB purposes but inapplicable to LF purposes, mainly because of the inadequate penetration of BCB radiation. The LF estimated conductivity maps for the United States, including Alaska, show patterns similar to those in previous resistivity maps but with different values. The most resistive areas are the granitic, mountainous regions. KW - Electrical impedance KW - Low frequency KW - Mapping KW - Medium frequency KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Telluric currents KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88721 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00459335 JO - Department of Transportation Advisory Circular PB - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT PAVEMENT DESIGN AND EVALUATION PY - 1978/12 SP - 159 p. AB - The report provides guidance on the structural design and evaluation of airport pavements, and follows previous FAA policy in that aircraft should be equipped with landing gear which should not stress pavements more than the referenced 159000 kg aircraft. Airport pavement design is discussed in the following chapters: 1) airport pavements--their functions and purposes; 2) soil investigation and evaluation; 3) pavement design--design considerations-- flexible pavement design--rigid pavement design; 4) airport pavement overlays; 5) pavements for light aircraft; and 6) pavement evaluation. The appendices contain details of the FAA method of soil classification; development of pavement design curves; and, design of structures for heavy aircraft. (TRRL) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft KW - Airport KW - Airport runways KW - Bituminous mixture KW - Classification KW - Cracking KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Flexible pavement KW - Flexible pavements KW - Load KW - Method KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavement KW - Rigid pavements KW - Site investigation KW - Soil KW - Soil classification KW - Soil tests KW - Soil types KW - Specifications KW - Strengthening (pavement) KW - Subgrade KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/276533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198253 AU - Solomon, H L AU - HEINE, W AU - VENTURINO, M AU - Systems Control, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT CRITERIA FOR DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIMENT (DME) WITH INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM AND/OR LOCALIZER APPROACH AIDS PY - 1978/12 SP - 68 p. AB - This report develops revised establishment criteria for Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) with either Instrument Landing System (ILS) or localizer approach aids. The criteria are based upon analysis of DME payoffs versus the cost of providing and maintaining the equipment. This benefit/cost analysis considers the following factors: Use of DME in lieu of ILS outer marker beacon; Reduced probability of approach accidents; Averted flight disruptions due to reduced localizer minima; Averted missed approaches due to additional information provided; Expedited aircraft departures due to reduced departure flight path length. Former criteria concentrated on DME establishment for purposes of traffic expedition and approach minima reduction. Revised criteria consider, in addition to the foregoing, DME as a safety aid. The revised criteria identify 281 ILS runways and 35 localizer runways for DME establishment. At an average per-site equipment and installation cost of $62,900, the potential program cost is approximately $20 million. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Flight paths KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Localizers KW - Navigation KW - Prevention KW - Radio beacons KW - Radio navigation KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197641 AU - Burnham, D C AU - Hallock, J N AU - Tombach, I H AU - Brashears, M R AU - Barber, M R AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS OF THE WAKE VORTEX CHARACTERISTICS OF A B-747 AIRCRAFT IN VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS PY - 1978/12 SP - 583 p. AB - A Boeing 747 aircraft flew 54 passes at low altitude over ground-based sensors. Vortex velocities were measured by a laser Doppler velocimeter, an array of monostatic acoustic sounders, and an array of propeller anemometers. Flow visualization of the wake was achieved using smoke and balloon tracers and was recorded photographically. Data were obtained on vortex velocity fields, vortex decay, and the effects of spoilers and differential flap settings on the dissipation and structure of the vortices. (Author) KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft KW - Altitude KW - Anemometers KW - Boeing 747 aircraft KW - Flaps (Aircraft) KW - Flow visualization KW - Ground effect KW - Jet transports KW - Laser doppler velocimeters KW - Laser velocimeters KW - Low altitude KW - Measurement KW - Overflight KW - Sensors KW - Spoilers KW - Trailing vortices KW - Velocity KW - Vortices KW - Wakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197570 AU - Lee, J T AU - STOKES, J AU - Sasaki, Y AU - BAXTER, T AU - National Severe Storms Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THUNDERSTORM GUST FRONTS--OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING PY - 1978/12 SP - 114 p. AB - Gust front structures as observed and as modeled are reviewed and a mean model presented. Integrated observations from the 461 m meteorologically instrumented tower at Oklahoma City, OK, aircraft, weather satellites and Doppler radar are compared to one and two-dimensional models to provide a better understanding of the gust front. In the mean, updrafts of 3 m/sec accompany the gust front's approach. Horizontal wind shears are 8 m/sec per km. Gust front cases in 1976 and 1977 are presented along with a data log of tower observations. Aircraft observations during gust front flights are also presented. (Author) KW - Aerial reconnaissance KW - Aircraft KW - Artificial satellites KW - Aviation safety KW - Dopple radar KW - Doppler radar KW - Equations of motion KW - Gusts KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Meteorological satellites KW - Meteorology KW - Models KW - Observation KW - Reconnaissance KW - Thunderstorms KW - Utility aircraft KW - Velocity KW - Weather KW - Weather radar KW - Wind KW - Wind shear KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304883 AU - Lucier, E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OPERATIONAL EVALUATION OF AN OPTICAL INFRARED AIRBORNE PROXIMITY WARNING INDICATOR (APWI) PY - 1978/12 SP - 39 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of an operational evaluation conducted between April 1976 and August 1977 by general aviation pilots on an Airborne Proximity Warning Indicator (APWI). The APWI evaluated was a Rock Avionic Systems unit which was produced by the Scientific Prototype Manufacturing Compnay. The FAA conducted an operational evaluation of the Rock Avionic APWI using four systems installed in general aviation aircraft. The evaluation produced results consisting of questionnaires completed by the general aviation pilots who flew the system. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Airborne proximity warning indicators KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft equipment KW - Aircraft navigational aids KW - Aircraft separation KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Indicating instruments KW - Information display systems KW - Infrared detectors KW - Infrared radiation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marker lights KW - Near infrared radiation KW - Obstruction markers KW - Optical devices KW - Optical instruments KW - Proximity detectors KW - Proximity devices KW - Questionnaires KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198368 AU - Blake, N A AU - Koenke, E J AU - Page, L F AU - POZESKY, M T AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REPORT OF THE FAA TASK FORCE ON AIRCRAFT SEPARATION ASSURANCE. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/12 SP - 33 p. AB - A task force has developed FAA Engineering and Development consensus on the integrated aircraft separation assurance system for the National Airspace System. This report details a study of system errors, mid-airs, and near mid-airs to define the problem. The system element requirements are defined to provide two levels of backup to the ATC system: a separation violation warning and a last-ditch collision advisory and resolution function. The current FAA ASA developement programs are discussed and the changes are detailed which are required to transition to an integrated ASA system. This report consists of three volumes. Volume I is the Executive Summary with an overview of thework performed by the Task Force. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft separation KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Allocations KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Beacons KW - Cost allocation KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Errors KW - Integrated systems KW - Separation KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00301156 AU - Air Transportation Research Information Service AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIR TRANSPORTATION BIBLIOGRAPHY--A DEVELOPMENT PRODUCT OF THE AIR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INFORMATION SERVICE PY - 1978/12 SP - 236 p. AB - A major purpose of this bibliography is to demonstrate the potential of a regular ATRIS abstract bulletin and to learn through feedback from recipients how such a bulletin might best be proposed to meet the information needs and wants of the air transportation community. Recipients are invited to suggest improvements for the publication. This prototype publication contains 1200 bibliographic citations and abstracts of journal articles, research reports, conference proceedings, and descriptions of computer programs and data bases. The material was selected from current air tranmsportation literature and other contemporary sources and covers a wide range of air transportation subjects, including technology, operations, management, economics, and government planning. Arrangement of the abstract was prescribed by the Committee on Air Transportation Research Information Service. A Source Index, Subject Term Index, and Author Index are included. /Author/ KW - Abstracts KW - Air transportation KW - Bibliographies KW - Demonstration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Economics KW - Government policies KW - Management KW - Operations KW - Policy KW - Prototypes KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/141745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197750 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MEETING OF THE HIGH ALTITUDE POLLUTION PROGRAM SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE. (1ST). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/12 SP - 23 p. AB - This is the Executive Summary of the first meeting of the High Altitude Pollution Program Scientific Advisory Committee which met in Washington, D.C. from November 29-December 1, 1978. The Committee is composed of 25 members who are experts in a number of fields related to atmospheric chemistry and physics, aviation, and engineering. KW - Advisory activities KW - Advisory groups KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Aircraft industry KW - Altitude KW - Atmosphere KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Atmospheric physics KW - Aviation KW - Conferences KW - Environmental protection KW - High altitude KW - High altitude pollution program KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Stratosphere KW - Upper atmosphere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197306 AU - Bellantoni, J F AU - Fuertes, L A AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - AIRPORT CAPACITY INVESTMENT HANDBOOK PY - 1978/12 SP - 172 p. AB - This handbook provides a methodology for estimating the benefits and costs of capacity-related investments in airports in the United States. The procedures are laid out in a series of worksheets. The user provides certain basic information such as expected traffic levels, aircraft type mix, operations rates before and after the investment, and construction costs. Following the procedures laid out in the worksheets, he then estimates airport delay reduction benefits, system-wide delay reduction benefits, and the benefits of reduced diversions due to new runway construction. These benefits are converted to dollars, discounted over a twenty year period, and compared to costs similarly discounted, to arrive at an approximate benefit/cost ratio. (Author) KW - Air transportation KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Benefits KW - Capacity quantity KW - Civil aviation KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Economics KW - Handbooks KW - Investments KW - Operating costs KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow rate KW - Traffic levels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191384 AU - Perrella, WMJ AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TESTS OF CRASH-RESISTANT FUEL SYSTEM FOR GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT PY - 1978/12 SP - 38 p. AB - A significant percentage of general aviation aircraft accidents result in postcrash fires due to the ignition of fuel spillage, often contributing to injury or death to the aircraft occupants. Testing was performed to demonstrate the performance of light-weight, flexible, crash-resistant fuel cells combined with the use of frangible fuel line couplings. Included in these tests were four full-scale crash tests of a typical light twin aircraft. In three tests, the crash-resistant fuel system performed satisfactorily. The fourth and final test, where the lightest weight tanks were used, resulted in tank failures and demonstrated a possible lower strength limit to the tank material. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft fires KW - Aviation safety KW - Casualties KW - Chemical spills KW - Couplers KW - Crash resistance KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fires KW - Flexible structures KW - Fuel fires KW - Fuel lines KW - Fuel system components KW - Fuel tanks KW - Fuels KW - General aviation KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Ignition KW - Impact tests KW - Lightweight materials KW - Small aircraft KW - Spilling KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191385 AU - WITTLIN, G AU - Lockheed-California Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT, EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION, AND APPLICATION OF PROGRAM "KRASH" FOR GENERAL AVIATION AIRPLANE STRUCTURAL CRASH DYNAMICS PY - 1978/12 SP - 167 p. AB - Included in this report are the results of a three-task effort to develop, experimentally verify, and apply digital computer program KRASH to structure of general aviation airplanes subjected to a survivable crash environment. The Task I summary provides the essential results of: the evaluation of light fixed wing airplane, including operational velocity, weight, usage and occupant capacity; the evaluation of NTSB and CAMI accident data and an assessment of industry analytical requirements insofar as crash analysis is involved. The Task II summary presents the highlights of the full-scale test preparation, the crash test condition, the crash test results, the mathematical models used to represent the crash test condition, the correlation between analysis and test results and an overview description of the KRASH User's Manual. The Task III effort, including the parameter variation study and the application of program KRASH in the evaluation of structural design concepts during a survivable crash environment is presented in detail. The response of structure and occupants are obtained for different airplane configurations and impact condition and presented in the form of trend curves and time histories. Weight and implementation/operational cost penalties versus dynamic response changes are presented for different structural design changes. Conclusions developed as result of the three-task effort are presented. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft KW - Airplanes KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Aviation safety KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Crash resistance KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dynamics KW - General aviation KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Simulation KW - Small aircraft KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Survival KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191318 AU - Rose, R M AU - Jenkins, C D AU - Hurst, M W AU - Boston University AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER HEALTH CHANGE STUDY PY - 1978/12 SP - 819 p. AB - The main goal of the Study was to determine the nature and extent of health changes in the Air Traffic Controllers and by what characteristics these health changes might be predicted. (Author) KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Health KW - Health surveys KW - Hypertension KW - Job analysis KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Surveys KW - Tables (Data) UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-39pt2.pdf UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-39pt2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191317 AU - Brown, G S AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THRESHOLD AND PRETHRESHOLD LIGHTS FOR MEDIUM INTENSITY APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS PY - 1978/12 SP - 46 p. AB - This report describes the evaluation of runway threshold lights for use with medium intensity approach lights with runway alignment indicator (strobe) lights (MALSR) systems. Three different lamps and fixtures were selected for final evaluation. Based on flight tests and photometric measurements, it was concluded that 300-watt, 300PAR56/NSP lamps would provide the improved visual guidance and conspicuity of the threshold necessary for operations in visibility conditions as low as Category I, 2,400 feet runway visual range (RVR). The green threshold lights spaced 10 feet apart with the outer lights inline with the runway edge lights will conform to ALSF-1 and ICAO criteria for Category I operations. A supplementary test was conducted to evaluate proposed configurations of red wing bar lights in the prethreshold area to augment the threshold lights for improved visual guidance. The test results concluded that, with the bold and distinctive threshold, red prethreshold wing bar lights did not provide appreciable improvement in guidance under the test conditions. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Alignment KW - Approach KW - Approach lights KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Landing aids KW - Landing lights KW - Lighting KW - Medium intensity KW - Navigation lights KW - Runway lights KW - Strobes KW - Stroboscopic lights KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Threshold effects KW - Visibility KW - Visual aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191319 AU - Eklund, T I AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - POOL FIRE RADIATION THROUGH A DOOR IN A SIMULATED AIRCRAFT FUSELAGE PY - 1978/12 SP - 44 p. AB - This study evaluates small-scale methods of simulating postcrash fuel spill fires adjacent to fuselage open doors. Pool fires in a quiescent environment were scaled down and their radiant heat transfer through fuselage doorways evaluated. Steel ducts of 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-foot diameter were employed as models. Analytic solutions to radiative transfer equations were developed and matched with the experimental heat fluxes at two locations within each model. The analysis demonstrates that the doorway can be treated as a radiating black body surface of 1,874 degrees Fahrenheit, and that heat fluxes to other areas around the doorway can be calculated. A comparison of heat flux to the model exterior was compared with existing full-scale fire test data. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft doors KW - Aircraft fires KW - Aviation fuels KW - Chemical spills KW - Crashes KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Fire KW - Fire research KW - Fires KW - Fuel fires KW - Fuels KW - Fuselages KW - Heat flux KW - Heat transfer KW - Radiant heating KW - Research KW - Scale models KW - Simulation KW - Spilling KW - Spills (Pollution) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191313 AU - LaBarge, W L AU - Lockheed Aircraft Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GENERAL AVIATION AIRPLANE STRUCTURAL CRASHWORTHINESS PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL PY - 1978/12 SP - 213 p. AB - This document contains a description of program KRASH as modified under contract DOT-FA75WA-3707. Included in the Programmer's Manual are the following sections: Program KRASH System Requirements; Input Data Deck; Demonstration Problems. This Programmer's Manual is one of a series of operational documents for program KRASH. In this manual, pertinent information is supplied which will facilitate bringing the program to an operational status on the user's computer system. This manual has been established in such a manner that it can be updated as more data becomes available. The subject material contained within each section can be expanded or revised as necessary, without affecting the other sections. Each section contains its own numbering system which facilitates the task of updating the document. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Computer programs KW - Crash computer program KW - Crash resistance KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Input KW - Mathematical models KW - Needs assessment KW - Output KW - Programming manuals KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Subroutines KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197571 AU - WELCH, J D AU - Harman, W H AU - ORLANDO, V A AU - LAFREY, R R AU - Lincoln Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR BEACON SYSTEM (ATCRBS) INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS PY - 1978/11/27 SP - 87 p. AB - The FAA is currently developing the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) as an evolutionary upgrading of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS). DABS will provide improved surveillance and data link service to suitably equipped aircraft operating on the same ATCRBS frequencies. Questions in response to the publication of the proposed DABS National Standard in the Federal Register in March 1978 have been raised regarding the potential interference to ATCRBS because of common channel usage. The purpose of this document is to present the assumptions, models and system operation necessary to assess the potential interference effects of DABS on ATCRBS. The conclusion of the analysis presented herein is that the current ATCRBS surveillance ability will not be degraded as a result of implementing DABS. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control radar beacon system KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Electromagnetic compatibility KW - Interference KW - Interrogation KW - Mathematical models KW - Mode S KW - Models KW - Radar KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar interference KW - Sidelobes KW - Standards KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967123 AU - Reighard, H L AU - Dailey, J T AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TASK FORCE ON DETERRENCE OF AIR PIRACY: FINAL REPORT PY - 1978/11 SP - 139 p. AB - In February 1969, as the frequency of hijacking of U.S. air carrier aircraft was rising to an all-time high, the Federal Aviation Administration established a multi-disciplinary task force on deterrence of air piracy. The work of the task force in developing an airline passenger pre-boarding screening system and other actions to deter hijacking is summarized. The screening system combined a behavioral profile with a metal-detecting magnetometer to identify those persons who could be potential hijackers. The value of the epidemiological method and the multi-disciplinary approach to problems of the magnitude and complexity of hijacking is emphasized. KW - Airlines KW - Behavior KW - Civil aircraft KW - Epidemiology KW - Magnetometer detectors KW - Passenger security KW - Skyjacking KW - Task force KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966034 AU - Lewis, M A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF THREE MODELS FOR DETERMINING TEST FAIRNESS PY - 1978/11 SP - 17 p. AB - In addressing the issue of test fairness, the sample size of the minority group is usually very small. Thus, sampling error alone could cause a test to appear unfair to either the majority or the minority group, when in fact both groups were sampled from populations with identical test and criterion characteristics. There are three prominent models of test fairness in the dichotomous situation: (a) Thorndike's Constant Ratio model (the ratio of the proportion successful to the proportion selected should be equal for the majority and the minority groups); (b) Darlington's Conditional Probability model (the probability of selection, given that an individual is successful, should be equal for both groups); and (c) Einhorn and Bass' Equal Probability model (the probability of success, given that an individual is selected, should be equal for both groups). The present study explored, using a Monte Carlo technique, the robustness of these models to divergent sample size. This technique allows the generation of normally distributed variables of known means, standard deviations and intercorrelations. One hundred samples of 1,000 subjects, having predictor/criterion correlations of .3 and .4 were generated. Minority samples of 100 subjects were randomly selected from each large sample and the three models were applied. The models were compared for their robustness to sample size differences, different predictor/criterion correlations, and different selection and success ratios. Results indicated that all three models were equally able to identify test fairness under the conditions specified in the present study. The choice of model to use when evaluating test fairness must remain a subjective one based on the fairness goals of the testing agency and further definition of test fairness by federal guidelines. KW - Ability tests KW - Comparative analysis KW - Correlation analysis KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Minorities KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Representative samples (Testing) KW - Selection and appointment KW - Statistical sampling KW - Test fairness KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am79-03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199073 AU - Penndorf, R AU - Pendorf (R) AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF OZONE AND WATER VAPOR FIELD MEASUREMENT DATA PY - 1978/11 SP - 199 p. AB - In this report the field measurements of atmospheric ozone and water vapor in the stratosphere are critically reviewed, using information available as of summer 1978. Our data sources are the results of field measurements published in the journal literature. Preliminary data have been excluded. We also eliminated some of the older data after a critical analysis had shown that their accuracy is very low or that an unreliable technique had been used. The available data have been analyzed to derive periodic and aperiodic variations, such as natural variability, diurnal and seasonal variations, and long-term trends. Latitudinal variations exist, caused by transport within the stratosphere from the source regions to the sinks. The results of transport through the tropopause are evaluated and described although no independent studies have been conducted by the author. Global inventories have been derived from the vertical profiles of concentrations. No comparison has been made between field measurement data and models. KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Ozone KW - Stratosphere KW - Traffic distribution KW - Troposphere KW - Water vapor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198363 AU - Sundararaman, N AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS, AIR QUALITY AND AVIATION: AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, 16-18 OCTOBER 1978, RESTON, VIRGINIA PY - 1978/11 SP - 251 p. AB - This conference examined the effects of aircraft operations on ambient air quality. It has been becoming increasingly apparent that the scales to be considered range from local to regional and that aircraft as a source of emissions have to be distinguished from other airport-related sources such as passenger and ground support vehicles, and stored fuel. The following are among the technical findings of the conference on the pollutants of interest: (1) Hydrocarbons (HC) -- In view of the complex nature of the relationship between HC and the photochemical oxidant problem, it appears that aircraft as a source must be viewed along with other sources in the region; (2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- General aviation aircraft appear to make little contribution. With regard to other aircraft, periods and areas of intense activity (ramp and queuing areas, automobile access roadways, vicinity of buildings and terminals) may give rise to 'hot' spots. (3) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) -- The NOx is emitted as nitric oxide (NO) along the runway. The problem may be quite local and its severity appears to be linked to the levels of ozone in the airport vicinity; and (4) Particles: Particle emissions do not appear to be a problem except for possible effects on visibility around airports. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Airports KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Civil aviation KW - Conferences KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197740 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN. TERMINAL/TOWER CONTROL PY - 1978/11 SP - 94 p. AB - This document sets forth the engineering and development plan for FAA E/D Program 14: TERMINAL/TOWER CONTROL. The plan covers the relationship of Program 14 to the overall E/D effort, defines the purpose, scope and direction of the program, and describes the major technical elements of the program. The plan is intended to provide guidance to personnel charged with carrying out development activities under Program 14 and to provide a tool for the continuing management and control of these activities. The plan will also serve as a basis for estimating the funds required and for seeking approval of budgets. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Automation KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Development KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Planning KW - Program management KW - Radar KW - Radar beacons KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192253 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A PROPOSED AVIATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR THE NATIONAL AVIATION SYSTEM. VOLUME I. THE SHORT RUN, 1977-1978 PY - 1978/11 SP - 77 p. AB - This study presents an overview of potential options for improving aviation energy efficiency. Included in the proposed program are alternatives that could be pursued by the Federal Government as well as options that could be adopted by the various segments of the aviation industry. The report is in four volumes: Volume 1 - The Short Run, 1977-1978; Volume 2 - The Intermediate and Long Run, 1979-1990; Volume 3 - The Proposed Aviation Energy Conservation Program; and Summary - Overview of preceding technical volumes. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Aviation KW - Aviation fuels KW - Civil aircraft KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy conservation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inventory control KW - Policy KW - Savings KW - Transport aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192257 AU - Rodgers, J M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FINANCING THE AIRPORT AND AIRWAY SYSTEM: COST ALLOCATION AND RECOVERY PY - 1978/11 SP - 77 p. AB - Development and maintenance of the Federal airport and airway system are authorized by the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 (as amended through 1976). Elements of existing legislation will expire in 1980. The purpose of this report is to analyze airport and airway system finances as a guide for developing post-1980 development and financial programs. Estimates are provided of 1978 and 1987 airport and airway system costs. System costs are allocated to users under two alternative procedures providing a range of cost responsibility. Aviation tax revenues are projected for 1978 and 1987 and are compared with allocated user costs. Several changes in aviation user taxes are evaluated as methods of aligning future airport and airway tax contributions with cost responsibility. (Author) KW - Airport and Airway Development Act KW - Airport operations KW - Airports KW - Allocations KW - Civil aviation KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Finance KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Planning KW - Public administration KW - Recovery KW - Revenues KW - Taxes KW - User taxes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192266 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A PROPOSED AVIATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR THE NATIONAL AVIATION SYSTEM. VOLUME III. THE PROPOSED AVIATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM PY - 1978/11 SP - 87 p. AB - This study presents an overview of potential options for improving aviation energy efficiency. Included in the proposed program are alternatives that could be pursued by the Federal Government as well as options that could be adopted by the various segments of the aviation industry. The report is in four volumes: Volume I - The Short Run, 1977-1978, Volume II - The Intermediate and Long Run, 1979-1990, Volume III - The Proposed Aviation Energy Conservation Program, Summary - Overview of preceding technical volumes. (Author) KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Airfoils KW - Airframes KW - Airport runways KW - Analysis KW - Aviation KW - Aviation fuels KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy management KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Flight KW - Fog dispersal KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Short takeoff aircraft KW - STOL aircraft KW - Weather modification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197402 AU - Ludwig, C B AU - Yoder, J R AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA FOR MONITORING OF AIRPORT GROUND POLLUTION. VOLUME I. STUDY PY - 1978/11 SP - 438 p. AB - Criteria are developed by which the validity of pollution predictions and measurements in the airport environs can be judged. The criteria are applied to three technologies: (1) predictive mathematical models, (2) measurements by point samplers, and (3) measurements by remote monitors. For mathematical models the criterion is the agreement between predicted and measured pollution levels. Various mathematical models are described, analyzed and ranked by weighted attributes as screening models and as validation models. For point samplers, the criteria have been developed based on EPA-approved measurement principles and procedures for testing performance characteristics and for determining a consistent relationship to reference methods. Remote monitors belong to an evolving technology that has not yet been approved as to measurement principles. Thus criteria are developed to select certain remote sensing systems as potential candidates for air enforcement monitors. Data validation procedures are developed for the selected remote monitors. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Air pollution detection KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Airports KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Criteria KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Pollution KW - Remote sensing KW - Samplers KW - Sampling KW - Standards KW - Sulfur oxides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192252 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A PROPOSED AVIATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR THE NATIONAL AVIATION SYSTEM PY - 1978/11 SP - 33 p. AB - This study presents an overview of potential options for improving aviation energy efficiency. Included in the proposed program are alternatives that could be pursued by the Federal Government as well as options that could be adopted by the various segments of the aviation industry. The report is in four volumes: Volume I - The Short Run, 1977-1978; Volume II - The Intermediate and Long Run, 1979-1990; Volume III - The Proposed Aviation Energy Conservation Program; and Summary - Overview of preceding technical volumes. (Author) KW - Aviation KW - Aviation fuels KW - Economic analysis KW - Energy conservation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Long term KW - Policy KW - Savings KW - Supply KW - Time duration KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192258 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A PROPOSED AVIATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR THE NATIONAL AVIATION SYSTEM. VOLUME II. THE INTERMEDIATE AND LONG RUN, 1979-1990 PY - 1978/11 SP - 83 p. AB - This study presents an overview of potential options for improving aviation energy efficiency. Included in the proposed program are alternatives that could be pursued by the Federal Government as well as options that could be adopted by the various segments of the aviation industry. The report is in four volumes: 1 - The Short Run, 1977-1978; 2 - The Intermediate and Long Run, 1979-1990; 3 - The Proposed Aviation Energy Conservation Program; and Summary - Overview of preceding technical volumes. (Author) KW - Analysis KW - Aviation KW - Aviation fuels KW - Civil aviation KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy conservation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inventory control KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Policy KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197403 AU - Ludwig, C B AU - Yoder, J R AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA FOR MONITORING OF AIRPORT GROUND POLLUTION. VOLUME II. DATA VALIDATION PROCEDURES PY - 1978/11 SP - 337 p. AB - Criteria are developed by which the validity of pollution predictions and measurements in the airport environs can be judged. The criteria are applied to three technologies: (1) predictive mathematical models, (2) measurements by point samplers, and (3) measurements by remote monitors. For mathematical models the criterion is the agreement between predicted and measured pollution levels. Various mathematical models are described, analyzed and ranked by weighted attributes as screening models and as validation models. For point samplers, the criteria have been developed based on EPA-approved measurement principles and procedures for testing performance characteristics and for determining a consistent relationship to reference methods. Remote monitors belong to an evolving technology that has not yet been approved as to measurement principles. Thus criteria are developed to select certain remote sensing systems as potential candidates for air enforcement monitors. Data validation procedures are developed for the selected remote monitors. KW - Air pollution KW - Air pollution detection KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Airports KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Criteria KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Pollution KW - Remote sensing KW - Samplers KW - Sampling KW - Standards KW - Sulfur oxides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191389 AU - Stapleford, R L AU - DiMarco, R J AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS ON STRUCTURAL LOADS CRITERIA PY - 1978/11 SP - 246 p. AB - The study examines the potential effects of aircraft dynamic characteristics on structural loads criteria. The study included an analysis of in-flight airframe failure accidents which occurred during a ten-year period, 1966-1975. A number of potentially contributing factors, including stability and control characteristics and handling qualities, were examined and correlated with the accident data. The study also covered a review of proposed criteria for continuous gusts and a comparison with existing discrete gust criteria. Problems in the selection of a turbulence penetration speed were also examined. /Author/ KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamic loading KW - Aerodynamic stability KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Airframes KW - Airspeed KW - Airworthiness KW - Atmospheric turbulence KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Crash investigation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Failure KW - Flight KW - Flight maneuvers KW - Flight paths KW - Flight speeds KW - Force KW - Gust loads KW - Gusts KW - Inflight KW - Load factor KW - Loads KW - Passenger aircraft KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Turbulence KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967125 AU - Jennings, A E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A METHOD TO EVALUATE PERFORMANCE RELIABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL SUBJECTS IN LABORATORY RESEARCH APPLIED TO WORK SETTINGS PY - 1978/10 SP - 8 p. AB - This report presents a method that may be used to evaluate the reliability of performance of individual subjects, particularly in applied laboratory research. The method is based on analysis of variance of a tasks-by-subjects data matrix, with all scores standardized. If all tasks are parallel, then the average correlation among tasks is an inverse function of the within-group variance, which may be computed for any individual subject or group of subjects. The formula for determining the relationship between within-subject variance and average correlation is developed and a method of testing the reliability of individual subjects against the general level of reliability is presented. Possible applications of the method are noted. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Correlation analysis KW - Human subject testing KW - Laboratory studies KW - Task analysis KW - Validity UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-37.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966037 AU - Collins, W E AU - Chiles, W D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - LABORATORY PERFORMANCE DURING ACUTE INTOXICATION AND HANGOVER PY - 1978/10 SP - 30 p. AB - Eleven private pilots were recruited and trained on the Multiple Task Performance Battery (MTPB), static and dynamic tracking of a localizer/glide slope instrument, a speech intelligibility test (single words with a background of aircraft noise), and use of the Intoxilyzer. The experiment comprised four test sessions (vodka, bourbon, placebo and control sessions) held at weekly intervals. Sessions began at 1700 and continued through midnight to about 1100 the next day. Subjects were tested in small groups, and were not told whether they were drinking alcohol or placebo. The ordering of sessions was approximately counter-balanced. Subjects were given all tests in the evening (before and after a monitored dinner), drank prepared beverages from 2030 to midnight, and were tested again. Subjects slept 4-5 hours, were awakened around 0700, fed, and performed all tasks again, beginning at 0800 (8 hours after they had finished drinking). Results showed clear deleterious effects of alcohol on the MTPB and the tracking tests immediately following drinking. During the morning (hangover) tests, scores on the MTPB and on the tracking tests showed small circadian effects (scores were better) without impairment due to alcohol. Speech perception scores were unaffected by alcohol; scores were always best in the evening and worst in the morning. There were no congener effects. These results offer no evidence contrary to the "8 hour rule." KW - Ability tests KW - Alcohol effects KW - Auditory perception KW - Circadian rhythms KW - General aviation pilots KW - Hangover KW - Human subject testing KW - Intoxication KW - Laboratory studies KW - Monitoring KW - Placebos KW - Speech UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/AM79-07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192202 AU - Melton, C E AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Wicks, S M AU - Saldivar, J T AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STRESS IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS: A RESTUDY OF 32 CONTROLLERS 5 TO 9 YEARS LATER PY - 1978/10 SP - 11 p. AB - Thirty-two subjects who had participated in air traffic controller stress studies 5-9 years earlier were restudied with regard to urinary excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. All subjects showed decreases in excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids. Eight of the subjects had taken noncontroller jobs; these subjects showed work-related increases in epinephrine excretion whereas the 24 controllers who remained active in controlling aircraft showed work-related decreases in epinephrine excretion. There were no significant findings related to norepinephrine excretion. It is concluded that the active controller group shows evidence of reduced chronic stress. Various interpretations of this finding include less stress at their new facilities, greater experience in their jobs, improvements in the entire traffic control system, and the effects of normal aging. (Author) KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Epinephrine KW - Excretion KW - Labor KW - Steroids KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Work UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-40.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191387 AU - CANNIFF, J AU - Golab, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FUNCTIONAL UTILIZATION OF DABS DATA LINK. DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM PY - 1978/10 SP - 35 p. AB - The report describes the output of a Task Force established by FAA Headquarters, SRDS, Robert Wedan, in June 1977 to study and recommend potential applications for Data Link to the DABS Experimentation Program. (Author) KW - Automation KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Flight control systems KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Tables (Data) KW - Weather communication KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198793 AU - GORSTEIN, M AU - Frenkel, L AU - Marek, R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT GROUND ACCESS PY - 1978/10 SP - 563 p. AB - This technical report is an outgrowth of a study requested by Congress to determine the extent to which inadequate (off-airport) ground access to airports constrains airport capacity and air travel. Case studies of sixteen commercial airports of various sizes and locales were prepared. The report describes these case studies and includes the following: (1) An identification and projection of the access capacity of representative airports; (2) An determination as to whether access needs at these airports are adequately considered in the planning process; (3) An identification of potential solutions to noted access problems; and (4) An identification of projects for consideration by local public bodies and planning authorities which may improve airport access in selected cases. Also included is a 1978 update of the ground access to airports study prepared by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (Author) KW - Airport access KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport planning KW - Airports KW - Capacity quantity KW - Civil aviation KW - Congestion KW - Ground traffic KW - Highways KW - Operations research KW - Passengers KW - Problem solving KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192201 AU - Suiter, R L AU - Douglas Aircraft Company, Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FEASIBILITY AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF AIRBORNE TIRE PRESSURE INDICATING SYSTEMS PY - 1978/10 SP - 125 p. AB - The cost-effectiveness and feasibility of airborne tire pressure indicating systems are evaluated for potential application to modern air carrier transports having 6, 10, and 18 wheels. Both wheel mounted pressure readout gauges and devices and cockpit tire pressure warning indicators are studied. Typical wheel mounted readout devices and eleven conceptual cockpit indicating systems are discussed. Information on accuracy, temperature compensation requirements, weight, installation cost, system cost, and system maintenance cost is provided. Each cockpit system is evaluated against important design criteria which require that cockpit systems cause no false warnings and that each system be capable of being tested periodically to determine its ability to detect a low pressure tire when it occurs. A study of tire failures is made for 1973-1976 identifying rate of tire failures and aircraft damage costs resulting from tire failures. The study presents data that shows that 65% of airframe damage cost is related to underinflation - induced or related tire failures which may be avoided by a properly designed tire pressure indicating system. Average airframe damage cost per departure for each study aircraft, based on actual airline data, is presented with comments on delay and cancellation costs. Aircraft damage costs and tire maintenance costs that may be avoided are compared to tire pressure indicating system life cycle costs to show that tire pressure systems are basically feasible, but marginally cost effective aircraft testing of promising systems is recommended. (Author) KW - Air pressure KW - Airborne KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft instruments KW - Aircraft tires KW - Aviation safety KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Information display systems KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Pressure transducers KW - Safety equipment KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191704 AU - DURUP, P C AU - Lockheed-California Company AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF OVERLOAD CAPABILITY OF AIR CARRIER AIRCRAFT TIRES PY - 1978/10 SP - 126 p. AB - Statistical and analytical data are used to develop Transport Aircraft Ground Operations scenarios describing tire loads, deflections, temperatures, and distance traveled. These scenarios are used to aid in defining the critical conditions causing tire overload. Reasons for failure of overloaded tires are developed and used to identify potential improvements for overload capability for tires currently in use. Cost tradeoff studies are made to indicate which of the improvements appear promising for further development. Concepts for new designs capable of overload are discussed along with 'runflat-ideas.' Using information developed in the program, tire maintenance practices that may improve the overload performance of current tires are presented. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft tires KW - Deflection KW - Failure KW - Force KW - Ground handling KW - Ground support equipment KW - Load factor KW - Loads KW - Maintainability KW - Overload KW - Oversize loads KW - Rolling contact KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Tires KW - Transport aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191390 AU - Williamson, G G AU - Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GUST RESPONSE ANALYSES FOR TEN GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT USING A TWO-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM POWER SPECTRAL TECHNIQUE PY - 1978/10 SP - 154 p. AB - A power spectral technique for estimating gust loads on aircraft is presented, applied to ten general aviation aircraft and the results compared with those obtained by other methods. The technique used employs two-degree-of-freedom models of the longitudinal and lateral aircraft motions due to atmospheric turbulence. The results of this technique are compared with those obtained using Peele's method and simpler one-degree-of-freedom models. The primary conclusion is that this new method would be a useful design tool for the small aircraft manufacturer with access to a digital computer. (Author) KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamic loading KW - Aerodynamic stability KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Airworthiness KW - Atmospheric turbulence KW - Civil aviation KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Estimates KW - Flight maneuvers KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Gust loads KW - Gusts KW - Mathematical models KW - Pitch (Dynamics) KW - Power spectra KW - Roll KW - Rolling KW - Small aircraft KW - Turbulence KW - Wind KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191394 AU - Williamson, G G AU - Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GUST LOAD ESTIMATION USING A SIMPLIFIED POWER SPECTRAL TECHNIQUE PY - 1978/10 SP - 27 p. AB - A one-degree-of-freedom power spectral technique for estimating gust loads on aerodynamic surfaces is presented. A procedural flowchart to guide the designer in the use of this technique and sample calculations are included. (Author) KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamic loading KW - Aerodynamic stability KW - Airfoils KW - Atmospheric turbulence KW - Civil aviation KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Gust loads KW - Gusts KW - Mathematical models KW - Power spectra KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Time KW - Time domain analysis KW - Turbulence KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190458 AU - Geyer, G B AU - Neri, L M AU - Urban, C H AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - FULL-SCALE FIRE MODELING TESTS OF A COMPACT RAPID RESPONSE FOAM AND DRY CHEMICAL POWDER DISPENSING SYSTEM PY - 1978/10 SP - 82 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to establish the firefighting capability of a rapid firefighting system of the dual-agent type capable of dispensing Aqueous-Film-Forming-Foam (AFFF) or dry chemical powder, either singly or in combination. Fire control times were determined for three 6-percent and two 3-percent-type AFFF agents and five dry chemical powders on 35- and 82.4-foot-diameter Jet A fuel fires at nominal discharge rates of 3.5 and 7.0 pounds per second. Foam ground patterns were developed for the five AFFF agents, and the effective throw range of each of the five dry chemical powders was determined. A means was developed for estimating the response time of a rapid fire-intervention vehicle to attend to any part of the operational area of an airport in a hypothetical aircraft accident situation. The methodology was based upon the results obtained by conducting a series of segmented time trials of basic maneuvers, the sum of which closely approximated the actual vehicle response time. Experiments tend to indicate that the Twinned Agent Unit (TAU) would be capable of extinguishing the practical critical fire area associated with U.S. Index A aircraft within 120 seconds. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft fires KW - Airports KW - Aqueous film forming foams KW - Chemicals KW - Crash landing KW - Crashes KW - Fire boats KW - Fire extinguishing agents KW - Fire fighting KW - Fire fighting equipment KW - Fire suppression systems KW - Fire vehicles KW - Fires KW - Foaming agents KW - Foams KW - Fuel fires KW - Fuels KW - Ground handling KW - Ground support equipment KW - Jet engine fuels KW - Powders KW - Suspension system components KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190472 AU - Moss, A R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - PLAN FOR THE RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY EVALUATION OF THE DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) ENGINEERING LABORATORY MODELS PY - 1978/10 SP - 89 p. AB - The primary objective of the reliability and maintainability evaluation of the DABS sensors is to ascertain any weak points or problem areas in the system design. These are evidenced by the occurrence of distinct or repetitive hardware failure patterns, as well as unusual difficulties encountered in diagnosing, isolating, and correcting these failures. A secondary objective is to obtain mean-time-between-failures (MTBF), mean downtime (MDT), and 90th percentile values of maximum corrective maintenance times for both the single-channel sensors being delivered and a theoretically constructed dual-channel sensor. These values would then be compared with the corresponding values specified in the engineering requirement (ER). Each sensor will be broken down for reliability purposes into over 200 individual reliability elements. A complete and comprehensive running account of the operational status, failure, and maintenance history of each of these reliability elements will be provided, by use of the Automated Reliability Assessment Program (ARAP), to be operated on the Honeywell computer. By further use of automated techniques, the MTBF, MDT, and maximum corrective maintenance times will be computed for both single- and dual-channel sensors. This paper provides a detailed description of the data collection and analysis procedures to be used in this evaluation, including the automated techniques and mathematical models employed in the analysis. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Failure analysis KW - Information processing KW - Interrogators KW - Maintainability KW - Maintenance KW - Mean time between failures KW - Mode S KW - Radar beacons KW - Reliability KW - Tactical data systems KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198369 AU - Wilson, P AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY, FISCAL YEAR 1978 PY - 1978/09/30 SP - 239 p. AB - This report furnishes terminal and enroute air traffic activity information of the National Airspace System. The data have been reported by the FAA-operated Airport Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs), Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), Flight Service Stations (FSSs), Combined Station Towers (CS/Ts), International Flight Service Stations (IFSSs), and Approach Control Facilities. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic activity KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Enroute KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Instrument landing KW - Instrument landing systems KW - National Airspace System KW - Radar KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967124 AU - Boone, J O AU - Lewis, M A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATC SELECTION BATTERY: A NEW PROCEDURE TO MAKE MAXIMUM USE OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION WHEN CORRECTING CORRELATIONS FOR RESTRICTION IN RANGE DUE TO SELECTION PY - 1978/09 SP - 44 p. AB - A five-test selection battery was given to select air traffic controllers. Data were collected on two new tests being considered for incorporation into the battery. To determine the utility of the old and new tests, it is necessary to correlate the tests with a criterion of job success. However, since criterion information is available only on persons already selected for air traffic control work, the correlation is restricted to this upper range of persons, and is, thereby, spuriously low for prediction purposes. To properly evaluate the utility of the tests, the correlations must be corrected for this restriction in range. This paper describes a new procedure to more accurately correct correlations for restriction in range. By Monte Carlo methods, the new procedure is compared with Gulliksen and Thorndike's procedures and is shown to be more accurate. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Aptitude tests KW - Correlation analysis KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Personnel performance KW - Selection and appointment UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329112 AU - Kay, M E AU - POZESKY, M T AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN UPDATE OF THE DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) ALTERNATIVES STUDY PY - 1978/09 SP - 141 p. AB - This document is an update of an earlier 'Study of Alternative Beacon Based Surveillance and Data Link Systems.' It is based on the numerous studies, analyses, simulations, and flight tests conducted since the original study. The document uses the findings from that large body of work to summarize the rationale that led to the selection and continued development of DABS + ATARS + BCAS as the preferred approach to improving the surveillance, air-ground communications, and the collision avoidance functions of the ATC system and provide the basis for further improvements in the automation of the ATC system. Hypothetical scenarios heavily weighted in favor of the most competitive alternative, SAB + VHF D/L + ATARS, are presented as a basis for cost comparisons. DABS + ATARS + BCAS is shown to be the most cost effective approach. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Mode S KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190455 AU - Dark, S J AU - Davis, A W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICALLY DISQUALIFIED AIRMAN APPLICANTS IN CALENDAR YEARS 1975 AND 1976 PY - 1978/09 SP - 32 p. AB - This study provides comprehensive data reflecting pertinent denial rates with respect to the medical and general attributes of those airmen denied medical certification in calendar years 1975 and 1976. Also provided are such descriptive epidemiologic data as age, sex, occupation, class of medical certificate applied for, total flying time, and cause-specific annual denial rates for medically disqualified applicants. Data on airline pilot denials are also included. The annual denial rate based on airman applicants is 7.9 per 1,000 airmen. By class of certificate applied for, the annual denial rate per 1,000 applicants is 4.5 for the first class, 6.0 for second class, and 10.2 for third class. As anticipated, general aviation and new applicants contributed greatly to total denials, reflecting that the latter are being screened for the first time. The most significant causes for denial (regardless of class applied for) are cardiovascular, the miscellaneous pathology category (endocrinopathies, disqualifying medications, and administrative denials), neuropsychiatric, and at a substantially lower level, eye pathology. Age-cause-specific findings for airline pilots follow epidemiologic expectations, with age being a significant variable associated with increased rates. (Author) KW - Air Force personnel KW - Air pilots KW - Deficiencies KW - Epidemiology KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Rates UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-25.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181939 AU - Smith, R D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE SELECTION OF ILS LOCALIZER ANTENNA PATTERNS FOR USE IN THE FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT PROCESS PY - 1978/09 SP - 250 p. AB - The frequency assignment process is meant to insure interference-free service within the service volume. This is done by choosing frequencies in a manner which provides certain minimum cochannel and adjacent channel desired to undesired signal ratios at critical points of the service volume. One of the factors which affects a station's signal strength in space is its horizontal antenna pattern. ILS localizer antennas have undergone significant changes in recent years. In order to reduce siting effects, antenna patterns have evolved from the nearly omnidirectional 8-loop to the highly directional traveling wave and log periodic dipole antennas. The horizontal localizer antenna pattern now has a substantial effect on the separation required between localizer stations. This report compares measured and theoretical data with FAA antenna pattern specifications. For each antenna type, a single horizontal antenna pattern is recommended for use in the frequency assignment process. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Calibration KW - Dipole antennas KW - Electromagnetic compatibility KW - Frequency allocation KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Loop antennas KW - Phased arrays KW - Radiation patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191388 AU - Cutchis, P AU - Institute for Defense Analyses AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ON THE LINKAGE OF SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION TO SKIN CANCER PY - 1978/09 SP - 169 p. AB - The linkage of solar ultraviolet radiation to skin cancer is investigated in this paper by making comparisons of incidence rates in countries with predominantly white populations with respect to geographic, time, age, and anatomic site variations. It is concluded that the evidence in support of the hypothesis that solar ultraviolet radiation is a dominant factor in the induction of squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas is convincing. Many anomalies of various kinds are found in the hypothesis that solar ultraviolet radiation is a significant factor in the induction of malignant melanoma, leading to the conclusion that the primary cause(s) for this class of tumors must be sought elsewhere. Analysis of the data indicates that urbanization is an important factor in the etiology of basal cell carcinoma and, to a lesser degree, in the etiology of malignant melanoma. The biological amplification factor (ratio of percent increase in non-melanoma skin cancer incidence to percent increase in ultraviolet dose) is estimated to lie between 1 and 2. (Author) KW - Areas KW - Cancer KW - Cells (Biology) KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Geographic areas KW - Linkages KW - Links (Networks) KW - Males KW - Medical research KW - Medicine KW - Research KW - Skin KW - Skin diseases KW - Solar radiation KW - Solar ultraviolet radiation KW - Ultraviolet radiation KW - Whites UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190571 AU - Chiles, W D AU - Jennings, A E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TIME-SHARING ABILITY IN COMPLEX PERFORMANCE. AN EXPANDED REPLICATION PY - 1978/09 SP - 19 p. AB - Factor analyses were performed on data from 51 subjects tested on the CAMI Multiple Task Performance Battery (MTPB). Five different complex performance task combinations were used as well as the six individual MTPB tasks performed by themselves. The primary treatment of the data involved factor analyses of the tasks of the five different complex tasks along with appropriate measures of the tasks performed singly. The results were interpreted to support the hypothesized existence of a time-sharing ability. Orthogonal factors were found on which the monitoring tasks, in general, loaded during simple performance; the monitoring tasks loaded on separate orthogonal factors when they were performed as a part of a complex task. Potential relevance of these findings to aviation selection and performance research programs is noted. (Author) KW - Analysis of variance KW - Factor analysis KW - Human factors engineering KW - Monitoring KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Test procedures KW - Time sharing UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-33.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186843 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA AVIATION FORECASTS FISCAL YEARS 1979-1990 PY - 1978/09 SP - 93 p. AB - This Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) report contains the official FAA forecasts of domestic aviation activity for Fiscal Years 1979 through 1990. It presents forecasts of aviation activity levels at FAA towered airports, air route traffic control centers, and flight service stations, as well as forecasts of aviation activity for air carriers, air taxis, general aviation, and the military--the four major users of the National Aviation System (NAS). In addition, this report presents the complete FAA aviation forecasting system, and describes the FAA's ongoing initiative to improve the decisionmaking utility of that system for the overall aviation community. It focuses on the FAA's interpretation of commentary received from the community, and on the agency's response to that commentary. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Air transportation KW - Airports KW - Civil aircraft KW - Forecasting KW - Military aircraft KW - Public opinion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186179 AU - Lacefield, D J AU - Roberts, P A AU - Blossom, C W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AGRICULTURAL AVIATION VERSUS OTHER GENERAL AVIATION: TOXICOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN FATAL ACCIDENTS PY - 1978/09 SP - 8 p. AB - Results from the toxicological study of samples from 174 pilots killed while engaged in aerial application and samples from 2,449 other general aviation pilots are compared. The incidence of alcohol in specimens was similar for ag pilots and other general aviation pilots but the blood levels of alcohol tended to be lower in the ag pilots. Carbon monoxide as an incapacitating agent did not appear to be a factor in aerial application operations. Evidence of the use of drugs or medications was less in ag pilots than in other general aviation pilots. Over half of the ag pilots had below normal cholinesterase levels, suggesting a continuing problem of acute and/or chronic toxicity from the pesticides being applied by agricultural aircraft. This finding suggests that better educational efforts could reduce the accident rate in this important segment of our agricultural activity. (Author) KW - Agriculture KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Alcohol use KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Cholinesterase KW - Insecticides KW - Pesticides KW - Toxicity UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-31.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198173 AU - Luther, F M AU - University of California, Livermore AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY TO THE FAA ON THE HIGH ALTITUDE POLLUTION PROGRAM-1978 PY - 1978/09 SP - 56 p. AB - This report discusses the research done at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in the area of numerical modeling of the atmospheric response to stratospheric perturbations. The one-dimensional transport-kinetics model was used to simulate observed stratospheric variations and for several assessment studies. The effects of a solar eclipse on stratospheric chemistry have been modeled along with the possible variations due to the 11-year solar cycle. Assessment studies included: potential changes in ozone due to SST and Space Shuttle emissions, chlorofluoromethane and N2O releases, solar power satellite launch vehicle emissions, and massive pulse injections of NOx into the stratosphere. Other studies include the potential effects of stratospheric perturbations on the earth's radiation budget and the resultant climatic implications, and the effect of ozone reductions on erythema dose. Changes to the one-dimensional transport-kinetics model during the past year are included in an appendix along with a listing of the chemical reactions and species used in the model. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Atmospheric layers KW - Atmospheric turbulence KW - High altitude pollution program KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen compounds KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Perturbations KW - Pollutants KW - Reports KW - Simulation KW - Solar radiation KW - Space shuttles KW - Stratosphere KW - Supersonic transport planes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197569 AU - Dodge, P O AU - Simpson, T R AU - Potter, W F AU - Beeker, G G AU - Guerber, H P AU - Mitre Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEFINITION, DESCRIPTION, AND INTERFACES OF THE FAA'S DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMS. VOLUME II. ATC FACILITIES AND INTERFACES PY - 1978/09 SP - 419 p. AB - This report describes the evolution of the air traffic control system facilities in the pre-1990 time period as major system improvements currently being developed by the FAA are implemented. The description was prepared to assist FAA managers with the technical planning for the future air traffic control system. The description covers eight major domestic ATC facility classifications: En Route TRACON, Tower, ATC System Command Center, Flight Service Stations, Surveillance, Navigation, and Communications. The report provides a summary description of each improvement currently being planned, describes the information flow between ATC facilities to support the improvement, and provides tentative implementation dates for each improvement. An overview of this material as well as an overall ATC system configuration description and a single threat Instrument Flight Rule operations flight description illustrating the effect of planned improvements is given in Volume I of this series of documents. Where open system configuration questions were encountered, an assumption about the final course of action was made and duly noted. These assumptions generally identify major questions involving two or more programs that the FAA will be addressing prior to reaching implementation decisions. Some smaller design modifications that might result in a smoother functioning system are also identified. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airports KW - Approach control KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Communications KW - Flight planning KW - Flight plans KW - Flight service stations KW - Improvements KW - Interfaces KW - Landing KW - Management KW - Navigation KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveillance KW - Takeoff KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Terminal radar approach control KW - Towers KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191709 AU - Newstein, H AU - Drexel University AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DREXEL TOWER DATA ANALYSIS FOR WIND SHEAR PY - 1978/09 SP - 206 p. AB - A Summary Report of Drexel Tower Data Analysis for Wind Shear is provided. Meteorological measurements made over a 7-year period on a 1000 ft tower were analyzed for frequency of occurrence of wind shears at various levels, frequency of occurrence of wind shears with wind directions at various levels, wind shear magnitudes related to temperature differences at various levels and occurrences of wind shears in connection with inversions, fronts, and thunderstorms. It is shown that there is no one unique recognizable situation that will produce wind shears of any specific magnitude. (Author) KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Data collection KW - Equipment tests KW - Fronts (Meteorology) KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Meteorology KW - Synoptic meteorology KW - Temperature inversion KW - Test equipment KW - Thunderstorms KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191386 AU - Bristor, C L AU - GE AIRCRAFT ENGINES. AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE ROLE OF OPERATIONAL SATELLITES IN THE AVIATION WEATHER SYSTEM PY - 1978/09 SP - 48 p. AB - Current operational weather satellite capabilities are briefly reviewed and then projected into the 1980s in terms of their potential impact on the Aviation Weather System (AWES). The role of geostationary satellites is emphasized. On the basis of near term commitments and on planning already underway toward further developments in the late 1980s, one can project important growth in such impact. Developmental factors include: improved sensing in more spectral channels at higher space-time resolution; progress in the extraction of quantitative observables from basic digital sensor data; increased attention to the needs of the very short range weather 'nowcaster'; and technological advances which offer more cost-effective means for display and assimilation of satellite data into AWES. Specific recommendations are made. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Artificial satellites KW - Aviation safety KW - Aviation weather system KW - Clouds KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Equatorial orbits KW - Hazards KW - Information display systems KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Meteorological satellites KW - Monitoring KW - Polar orbit trajectories KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Routing KW - Short range time KW - Storms KW - Time duration KW - Weather KW - Weather forecasting KW - Weather reporting KW - Weather stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191314 AU - Hallock, J N AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VORTEX ADVISORY SYSTEM SAFETY ANALYSIS. VOLUME I. ANALYTICAL MODEL PY - 1978/09 SP - 154 p. AB - An analysis was conducted to examine the safety of decreasing landing aircraft separations to three nautical miles between the outer marker and the runway threshold. Such reduced separations would only be used when the Vortex Advisory System indicated that wake vortices would not pose a threat to a following aircraft. Based on state-of-the-art models of vortex and aircraft behavior, the analysis indicates that such reduced interarrival separations may be used safely by Large and Heavy aircraft following Heavies. When the analysis is expanded to include an as-yet unproven cross-winds aloft model, the results indicate that reduced separations may be used by all aircraft regardless of leader/follower aircraft type. Volume I addresses the safety problem from an analytic point of view; Volume II (to be published at a later date) will examine the problem using data collected specifically to verify the analytical model; and Volume III (to be published at a later date) will contain a detailed sensitivity analysis of the model predictions and a critique of the assumptions. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft landing KW - Aircraft separation KW - Airport runways KW - Approach KW - Aviation safety KW - Flight paths KW - Glide path systems KW - Landing KW - Vortex advisory system KW - Vortices KW - Wakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191315 AU - Bauer, E AU - Institute for Defense Analyses AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A CATALOG OF PERTURBING INFLUENCES ON STRATOSPHERIC OZONE, 1955-1975 PY - 1978/09 SP - 204 p. AB - Stratospheric ozone depends on the stratospheric concentrations of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of hydrogen (HOx), chlorine and bromine compounds (ClX and BrX), as well as on the flux of solar ultraviolet radiation, the stratospheric temperature, and the parameters of stratospheric dynamics. There exist worldwide data on the total burden of atmospheric ozone since about 1955, and for comparison of these data with calculations using two-dimensional radiative/chemical/dynamics computer codes, a list is needed and is here presented of all major time-varying perturbations that have been suggested over the time frame 1955-1975. Detailed consideration is given to the following: atmospheric nuclear explosions, galactic cosmic rays, solar proton events, relativistic (or energetic) electron precipitation, major volcanic eruptions, halocarbons (fluoro-, chloro-, and bromocarbons), fertilizer manufacture, and other industrial nitrogen fixation. For sources injected directly into the stratosphere, the time-, altitude-, and latitude-dependent source strengths are listed, while for the ground-based sources the time- and latitude-dependent production and atmospheric emission rates are given. Time variations of solar UV (which represent perhaps the most important single perturbation) and of stratospheric temperature, and possible variations in stratospheric dynamics are also discussed. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Altitude KW - Balance KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Cosmic rays KW - Halocarbons KW - Halogen compounds KW - Halogenated compounds KW - High altitude KW - Hydrogen peroxide KW - Mathematical models KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Nuclear explosions KW - Ozone KW - Perturbations KW - Photochemical reactions KW - Solar radiation KW - Stratosphere KW - Transport properties KW - Transport properties (Physics) KW - Ultraviolet radiation KW - Volcanoes KW - Water vapor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188797 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA AVIATION FORECASTS FISCAL YEAR 1979-1990 PY - 1978/09 SP - p. 1-91 AB - This Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) report contains the official FAA forecasts of domestic aviation activity for Fiscal Years 1979 through 1990. It presents forecasts of aviation activity levels at FAA towered airports, air route traffic control centers, and flight service stations, as well as forecasts of aviation activity for air carriers, air taxis, general aviation, and the military--the four major users of the National Aviation System (NAS). In addition, this report presents the complete FAA aviation forecasting system, and describes the FAA's ongoing initiative to improve the decisionmaking utility of that system for the overall aviation community. It focuses on the FAA's interpretation of commentary received from the community, and on the agency's response to that commentary. We encourage readers to review this information, and to use it as a basis for working with the FAA in its effort to improve the decisionmaking utility of FAA aviation forecasts. KW - Air taxi service KW - Air transportation KW - Airlines KW - Commuter airlines KW - Demand KW - Economic forecasting KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Forecasting KW - General aviation KW - National Aviation System KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic forecasts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189322 AU - Drisko, R W AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center TI - AIRFIELD MARKING PAINTS STATE-OF-THE-ART PY - 1978/09 SP - 45 p. AB - A state-of-the-art summary has been prepared on the subject of airfield marking paints. Information is presented on the composition of such paints, federal specifications, available test methods, reflectorization methods, deterioration mechanism, skid-resistance relationships, surface preparation, application requirements, and alternative marking systems. Information on traffic paints was used where it was relevant. A summary of recommended airfield marking practices was prepared to provide practical information to people responsible for airfield marking. While currently used airfield marking practices are considered adequate, improved materials and/or methods may significantly reduce maintenance costs and may be necessary for more restrictive regulations that are anticipated. /Author/ KW - Airport runways KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Marking materials KW - Paint KW - Reflectorized paint KW - Regulations KW - Road markings KW - Skid resistance KW - State of the art KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190456 AU - Karovic, S AU - Rundall, T AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - SURVEY OF RADAR SIMULATION TRAINING AT ATC FIELD FACILITIES PY - 1978/09 SP - 52 p. AB - The results of a system-wide review of the current air traffic control enroute and terminal radar simulation training capability are discussed. Teams of air traffic controllers from NAFEC and from the field, with engineering support, visited 10 en route air traffic control centers and 17 terminals equipped with Automated Radar Terminal Systems (ARTS III). Training personnel from three other ARTS III facilities were interviewed. It was found that the field simulation systems, although originally designed only as software checkout tools, now provide the field facilities with a radar training capability far surpassing that previously possible. However, despite the generally wide acceptance and acclaim given this new capability, shortcomings were uncovered which limit the training effectiveness and full utilization of the system. These shortcomings, including problems with equipment, software, staffing, etc., are identified and discussed. Specific recommendations are made for the purpose of enhancing air traffic control radar simulation training in field facilities, including software modifications, increased staffing, improved communications, and, in terminals, an increased number of displays. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Automated radar terminal system 3 KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Enroute traffic control system KW - Radar KW - Requirement KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Targets KW - Tracking systems KW - Training KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190474 AU - Smith, R C AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF FOUR MTS RECURRENT TRAINING COURSES PY - 1978/09 SP - 105 p. AB - This study assessed the effectiveness of four recurrent training courses at the FAA Management Training School (MTS). The courses evaluated were Performance Improvement and Employee Appraisal (PIP/PER), Labor Relations for Management (LMR), Constructive Discipline (CD), and Managerial Effectiveness (ME). Questionnaires concerning the usefulness of course content, effects on supervisory behavior, and impact on the organizational unit were sent to randomly selected graduates of these courses. Immediate superiors and supervisees of these graduates were also sent questionnaires concerning the effects of the course on the behavior of the graduates. A total of 402 graduates, 263 immediate superiors, and 280 supervisees responded to the survey. Approximately 90 percent of the graduates of each of the courses evaluated the training as useful overall. Self-reported behavioral changes were noted most often in the areas of increased knowledge and understanding of the subject under consideration in the course, increased ability to administer these programs, and improved supervisory and interpersonal skills in general. Behavioral ratings by graduates, their immediate superiors, and supervisees generally supported the conclusion that these courses had a beneficial impact on supervisory behavior. (Author) KW - Behavior KW - Education KW - Labor relations KW - Management KW - Management training KW - Motor skills KW - Performance human KW - Personnel KW - Personnel performance KW - Questionnaires KW - Ratings KW - Schools KW - Students KW - Supervisors KW - Surveys KW - Training UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-32.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190572 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HELICOPTER OPERATIONS DEVELOPMENT PLAN PY - 1978/09 SP - 116 p. AB - The Helicopter Operations Development Plan is designed to provide for upgrading and development of all those criteria, standards, procedures, systems, and regulatory activities which will allow safe, timely and economical integration of the helicopter into all-weather operations in the National Airspace System. It describes a five-year development program whose objective is to improve the National Airspace System so as to enable helicopters to employ their unique capabilities. It includes the collection of data (both near and long term) for use by the FAA and others to ensure full integration into the NAS of this rapidly growing segment of aviation. These areas are covered in the plan: (1) IFR Helicopter Operations; (2) Navigation Systems Development; (3) Communication Systems Development; (4) Helicopter Air-Traffic Control; (5) Weather Environment; (6) All-Weather Heliport Development; (7) IFR Helicopter Certification Standards; (8) Helicopter Icing Standards; (9) Helicopter Crashworthiness and (10) Helicopter Noise Characterization. The FAA groups, other Federal Government agencies and other organizations participating in this effort are identified. Program management responsibilities are addressed. A program schedule with milestones is presented and program funding requirements are identified. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft noise KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - All weather aviation KW - All-weather aviation KW - Aviation safety KW - Budgeting KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deicing KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Federal laws KW - Federal regulations KW - Flight maneuvers KW - Flight paths KW - Helicopters KW - Heliports KW - Instrument flying KW - National Airspace System KW - Planning programming budgeting KW - Program management KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Regulations KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190565 AU - Chiles, W D AU - Jennings, A E AU - Alluisi, E A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE MEASUREMENT AND SCALING OF WORKLOAD IN COMPLEX PERFORMANCE PY - 1978/09 SP - 15 p. AB - Two groups of young men (Group I, N = 51, tested identically on 2 successive days; Group II, N = 43, tested on 1 day only) performed various combinations of the six tasks of the CAMI Multiple Task Performance Battery. Two of the tasks involved the monitoring of static (lights) and dynamic (meters) processes; the four more-active tasks involved mental arithmetic, elementary problem solving, pattern indentification, and two-dimensional compensatory tracking. Five of nine performance intervals provided different complex tasks consisting of both of the monitoring tasks and two of the active tasks presented concurrently. Other trials provided data on the singly performed constituent tasks as well as the combined monitoring tasks. Results indicated that all 12 performance measures varied significantly as a function of the different task-combination conditions. A standard psychological scaling technique (Thurstone Case V) was applied to the monitoring data (for the green and red lights and for the meters) to develop an index of workload for the five complex task combinations. Since better performance was presumed to indicate a lower workload, workload was inferred to increase as performance declined across conditions. The best performances (scale values of zero) were associated with single tasks as expected. Scale values for the complex task-combination conditions were consistent between groups and between the 2 days of testing of Group I (r's of .947 to .993). KW - Human machine systems KW - Labor KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Performance (Human) KW - Performance human KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Problem solving KW - Reliability KW - Scaling factor KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Work KW - Workload UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-34.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190567 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SHORT RANGE TERMINAL RADAR (SRTR) DEFINITION STUDY PY - 1978/09 SP - 140 p. AB - A Study group was convened in the Summer of 1974 by the FAA to define a Short Range Terminal Radar (SRTR) to be used at high traffic density VFR airports which do not presently qualify for an ASR. The study group was comprised of representatives from the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Lincoln Laboratory, MITRE, NAFEC, AAF, AAT, ASP, AEM and ARD. The operational requirements developed for the SRTR include coverage on a small aircraft (one square meter radar cross section) out to 16 nautical miles; up to 10,000 feet altitude; and in an environment of precipitation clutter, ground clutter, angel clutter, and anomalous propagation. The MTBF goal is 500 hours and the MTTR goal is one hour. Using these operational requirements candidate radar systems were defined at three frequencies, L-band (1250 - 1350 MHz), S-band (2700 - 2900 MHz) and S'-band (3500 - 3700) MHz). The recommended SRTR system is the S'-band system (3500 - 2700 MHz) and has the following characteristics: azimuth beamwidth of 3.4 deg, pulse width of 2 usecs, PRF of 2000 pps (average), instrumented range of 32 nautical miles, and a data rate of 4 sec. The establishment cost (in 1974 dollars) for this system is $324,000. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airport terminals KW - Costs KW - Distance KW - L band KW - Life cycle costing KW - Navigation radar KW - Radar KW - Radar cross section KW - Radar targets KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - S band KW - Short range distance KW - Short range terminal radar KW - Small aircraft KW - Terminal navigation aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186129 AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS POSSIBLY CONTRIBUTING TO THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SICKLE TRAIT ERYTHROCYTES TO MILD HYPOXIA: I. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND RESEARCH PROTOCOL PY - 1978/08 SP - 10 p. AB - This report continues a review of the evidence for mixed dominance of the Hbs beta gene in people with the sickle cell trait. These individuals, whose erythrocytes contain a mixture of hemoglobins (HbA/HbS), are healthy and have a normal life expectancy. They are tolerant to moderate altitudes; their erythrocytes become sickled only at oxygen tensions that would be hazardous to any person. However, there is a possibility that other debilitating factors (e.g., alcoholism, pulmonary disorders) can, in a small fraction of those with the trait, produce an abnormal susceptibility to hypoxia. Those so debilitated would not be medically qualified to serve as air crewmembers. This report presents an experimental plan for estimating the proportion of such individuals in a population of young people with the sickle trait and outlines methods to be used in the study. KW - Aviation personnel KW - Biochemical oxygen demand KW - Erythrocytes KW - Genes KW - Genetics KW - Hazards KW - Hematology KW - Hemoglobin KW - Hypoxia KW - Life expectancy KW - Oxygen consumption KW - Pathology KW - Personnel KW - Sickle cells UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-30.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198245 AU - Murcray, D G AU - Goldman, A AU - Cook, G R AU - Rolens, D K AU - Megill, L R AU - Denver University AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ON THE INTERPRETATION OF INFRARED SOLAR SPECTRA FOR ALTITUDE DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE CONSTITUENTS PY - 1978/08 SP - 239 p. AB - The quantitative interpretation of infrared sunset spectra in terms of mixing ratio profiles of atmospheric constituents requires a detailed consideration of the airmass and pressure distribution along the sunset ray. A computer program has been developed for determining the airmass and pressure distribution along this ray. Since infrared absorptions are pressure-dependent, a technique has been developed for treating this pressure dependence in analyzing absorption over such paths. The technique uses an approximation which maintains computational accuracy for such paths while reducing the computer time required for the calculations. The interpretation of such spectra is further complicated if the concentration of the constituent of interest varies with solar zenith angle (e.g. NO). Calculations were performed using time-varying profiles for NO and NO2. These calculations show that, if this time variability is not taken into account, the inferred profiles are greatly in error in the case of NO and marginally in error for NO2. KW - Absorption spectra KW - Accuracy KW - Air mass analysis KW - Analysis KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Atmospheric density KW - Atmospheric pressure KW - Computer programs KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Gases KW - Infrared radiation KW - Infrared spectra KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Photochemical reactions KW - Physical distribution KW - Pressure gradient KW - Solar radiation KW - Solar spectra KW - Solar spectrum KW - Stratosphere KW - Trace elements KW - Trace gases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181895 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SERVICE AUGUST 8-9, 1978 PY - 1978/08 SP - 358 p. AB - This report contains 37 papers prepared by various divisions of the Systems Research and Development Service. Reports are included from the Air Traffic Control Systems Division--En route, Terminal, and Airport surface traffic control; Communications Division; Airport Division; Flight Information Services; Aircraft and Noise Abatement Division; Approach Landing Division; and Spectrum Management Staff. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Aircraft landing KW - Aircraft noise KW - Aircraft safety KW - Airport terminals KW - Approach KW - Aviation safety KW - Beacons KW - Communication systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Ground traffic KW - Landing KW - Program management KW - Radio KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Systems engineering KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - Warning systems KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191383 AU - Atwell, F AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center TI - FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION FLIGHT SERVICE STATION. EMERGENCY SERVICES PROGRAM PY - 1978/08 SP - 36 p. AB - Program, formats and outputs are described that were developed and produced by ECAC for the Federal Aviation Administration. These programs can be used to describe the existing LOS coverage area of FAA direction- finding stations, airport surveillance radars, and air route surveillance radars, in the conterminous United States. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Altitude KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Computer programs KW - Data plotters KW - Databases KW - Direction finding stations KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergencies KW - Flight paths KW - Flight service stations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Information retrieval KW - Line of sight KW - Radar KW - Radio direction finders KW - Routing KW - Surveillance KW - Terrain KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191316 AU - Affeldt, F AU - Moors, R AU - Kulesza, C AU - Serafin, J AU - Orion Systems Incorporated AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STUDY PROGRAM FOR ANALYZING DATA HANDLING CAPABILITY OF A 240 HZ. SLOT WITHIN A NORMAL VOICE BAND PY - 1978/08 SP - 174 p. AB - The program covered a research phase as well as a laboratory testing phase, to determine the feasibility of handling data in a 240 Hz slot within the normal voice band over an unconditioned 3002 transmission line. The goals were to determine the maximum data rate and the effects on voice quality. The maximum data error rate was specified as .0001, which included choosing a mod./demod. technique, and the design of filters for notching the voice band and bandpassing the data. Both theoretical and practical aspects of implementing a data slot technique are discussed, along with schematics, tables, and graphs illustrating filter, modulation, and theoretical characteristics of the applied technique. (Author) KW - Bandpass filters KW - Circuit analysis KW - Circuit analyzers KW - Communication systems KW - Data communications KW - Data rate KW - Diagrams KW - Electric filters KW - Electrical equipment KW - Errors KW - Filters KW - Frequency bands KW - Modems KW - Phase shift (Electricity) KW - Phase shift keyers KW - Phase transitions KW - Quality control KW - Radio KW - Radio frequency KW - Schematic diagrams KW - Speech KW - Transmission lines KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190957 AU - Gerathewohl, S J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AGING-DEVELOPING A FUNCTIONAL AGE INDEX FOR PILOTS: III MEASUREMENT OF PILOT PERFORMANCE PY - 1978/08 SP - 61 p. AB - If a functional age index for pilots is to be developed that can be used as a criterion for extending or terminating an aviator's career, means for the assessment of pilot proficiency must be available or devised. There are two major approaches used today; the qualitative evaluation of performance based mainly on subjective ratings, and the quantitative assessment of performance through objective recordings of pilot action and aircraft response. The qualitative rating procedure, which is still the official method authorized by the Federal Aviation Administration and other Government agencies abroad, is still popular, generally accepted, and operationally rather effective. The most advanced concept of measuring pilot performance is based on automated data recording and processing independently of or in conjunction with the judgment and interpretation of an instructor, examiner, or inspector. With all the computers and automatic data processing equipment around, pilot performance indeed can now be measured automatically, accurately, and rather reliably. Measurements already obtained this way discriminate effectively among different levels of operational requirements, demands, skills, and proficiency and are accepted by the pilots. Owing to the capability of simultaneously monitoring the performance of the human operator and the aircraft, automatic inflight monitors are the ultimate in systems design and application. Their implications for the development of a functional age index for pilots are discussed. (Author) KW - Aging (Biology) KW - Air pilots KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Airline pilots KW - Automation KW - Flight KW - Flight maneuvers KW - Indexes ratios KW - Inflight KW - Information processing KW - Measurement KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Monitoring KW - Performance (Human) KW - Performance human KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Physical fitness KW - Pilot performance KW - Proficiency KW - Psychophysiology KW - Ratios KW - Standards UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-27.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190570 AU - Welsh, K W AU - Vaughan, J A AU - Rasmussen, P G AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONSPICUITY ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED PROPELLER AND TAIL ROTOR PAINT SCHEMES PY - 1978/08 SP - 26 p. AB - An investigation was conducted to rank the conspicuity of three paint schemes for airplane propellers and two schemes tail rotor blades previously recommended by the U.S. military and British Civil Aviation Authority. Thirty volunteer subjects with normal vision viewed rotating propellers at 6.1 m (20 ft) and tail rotor blades at 9.1 m (30 ft) under bright sunlight conditions. Observations of the grouped airplanes and helicopters were made from three angles that included (i) viewing upward from a crouched position, (ii) at eye level while standing, and (iii) downward from an elevated platform. At all viewing angles, the propeller design consisting of black and white stripes asymmetrically placed on opposing blades was judged 'most conspicuous' by a wide margin. The red and white stripe design (Symmetrically placed) was considered slightly more effective than the yellow tip design. Of two designs for tail rotors, the black and white asymmetrical stripe scheme was chosen 'more conspicuous' (9 to 1 ratio) than a red, white, and black stripe design. (Author) KW - Airplanes KW - Blacks KW - Civil aircraft KW - Color KW - Color vision KW - Helicopters KW - Military organizations KW - Military research KW - Paint KW - Propeller blades KW - Propellers KW - Red KW - Research KW - Rotor blades KW - Rotors KW - Safety KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Visual perception KW - Whiteout KW - Yellow UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-29.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186262 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN - CENTRAL FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1978/08 SP - 99 p. AB - The Central Flow Control System is being developed as a centralized automated air traffic prediction/management system. It will regulate the flow of traffic to an airport, allow for ground holding delays, and minimize airbornn delays resulting in significant fuel savings and the smoothing of traffic flow to coincide with airport capacity. This Program Plan supersedes Engineering and Development Program Plan number FAA-ED-11-1, ATC Systems Command Center Automation, dated August 1971. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airport capacity KW - Airports KW - Automation KW - Capacity quantity KW - Centralized KW - Control systems KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Flow KW - Forecasting KW - Fuels KW - Logistics KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Planning KW - Regulations KW - Savings KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186143 AU - Welsh, K W AU - Rasmussen, P G AU - Vaughan, J A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - VISUAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT THROUGH CLEAR AND SUNSCREEN-TREATED WINDOWS PY - 1978/08 SP - 17 p. AB - Reflective sunscreen filters are frequently bonded to vehicle windows to reduce interior heat and brightness. The present study was conducted to investigate the optical properties of and visual performance through clear and sunscreen-treated glass panels that served as windows in an observation booth. Five combinations of external and internal brightness levels were used. Light transmission values through the clear, gold, silver, and bronze panels were 92, 20, 18, and 8 percent, respectively. Visual performance tests were conducted at 6 m (20 ft) on 12 subjects with normal visual acuity and color vision. Two tasks were conducted under brightness levels on the external display and in the subject's booth, respectively, of 1:1, 5:1, 50:1, 5:5, and 50:5 fL. Visual acuity using Landolt C figures and scores on a contour identification task were minimally impaired for any luminance ratio when the clear (control) panel was used. With the sunscreen panels, scores on both tests decreased as a function of target brightness and panel density. With one external/internal luminance ratio(5:1), identification of signal light colors was generally impaired while viewing through sunscreen materials. Decreases were particularly evident for green and red lights presented at intermediate and low intensity levels. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft windows KW - Brightness KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Coatings KW - Cockpits KW - Color vision KW - Design KW - Filters KW - Glare KW - Glass KW - Light signals KW - Locomotive cab design KW - Locomotives KW - Navigation lights KW - Optical coatings KW - Optical filters KW - Optical properties KW - Signal recognition KW - Signaling KW - Solar energy KW - Solar radiation KW - Ultraviolet filters KW - Ultraviolet radiation KW - Vehicles KW - Vision KW - Visual perception KW - Windows KW - Windows (Vehicles) KW - Windshields UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-28.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00184747 AU - McKeen, R G AU - Nielsen, J B AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque TI - CHARACTERIZING EXPANSIVE SOILS FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1978/08 SP - 119 p. AB - As a result of laboratory tests conducted to find reliable, rapid procedure for categorizing expansive soils, three are recommended, each developed through correlations with soil compressibility with respect to section changes (the best indication of potential swelling of soils): measurement of bulk density change in natural soil clods, determination of clay content, or determination of moisture suction relationship with particular attention to aggregation. Actual activity will depend on imposed loads, initial suction, and final suction. The major obstacle to satisfactory development of this system remains the relation between differential heave of airport pavement subgrades and pavement roughness, which will be addressed in future research. In the interim, the best available criteria (despite their limitations) are those developed for residential concrete slabs on expansive soils. KW - Bulk density KW - Clay KW - Compression tests KW - Pavement design KW - Soil classification KW - Soil compression tests KW - Soil suction KW - Soil swell KW - Soil types KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313095 AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration TI - FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION, GROUNDING, BONDING, AND SHIELDING PY - 1978/07/28 SP - 331 p. AB - This report provides theoretical derivations and theory associated with lightning protection, grounding, bonding, and shielding that show why specific details are important and must be taken into account by Headquarters and Regional Design Engineers when designing new facilities and equipment. Reasons why particular methods are best for providing effective lightning protection, grounding, bonding, and shielding are also included. KW - Bonding KW - Building KW - Circuit breakers KW - Circuit protection KW - Electrical equipment KW - Electrical grounding KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Electrodes KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Facilities KW - Ground currents KW - Lightning KW - Protection KW - Protective devices KW - Protective equipment KW - Radiation shielding KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Shielding KW - Telecommunications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304736 AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IN-SERVICE IMPROVEMENTS AND MODERNIZATION OF ALL COMPONENTS OF THE INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEMS. VOLUME I. SECTIONS I THROUGH X PY - 1978/07 SP - 679 p. AB - This final report covering over three-years' work on ILS improvement and alternative uses gives results of Ohio University's evaluation of localizer and glide-slope systems emphasizing antenna and monitor performance, terrain effects and the effects of obstruction. Also, details of analyses and flight evaluations of Alford and Hollins localizer systems are provided together with findings during evaluations of the Watts Mark 1, 2, and 3 endfire, glide-slope systems. Technical results of development and evaluation work on the FAA-suggested techniques for determining range-rate and position during approach using the localizer signal are given. Non-destructive ILS system fault testing techniques are described, as is a plan for development of an airport systems control/display facility. Further, special devices and techniques for use in ILS field work such as a mini-laboratory for collection of airborne data, digital data collection system, time domain reflectometry, and mathematical modeling to predict localizer and glide slope performance and facilitate setups are discussed. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Directional antennas KW - Flight tests KW - Glide path systems KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Phased arrays KW - Radio equipment KW - Radio navigation KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Terrain UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304737 AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IN-SERVICE IMPROVEMENTS AND MODERNIZATION OF ALL COMPONENTS OF THE INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEMS. VOLUME II. SECTION XI AND XII PY - 1978/07 SP - 865 p. AB - This final report covering over three-years' work on ILS improvement and alternative uses gives results of Ohio University's evaluation of localizer and glide-slope systems emphasizing antenna and monitor performance, terrain effects and the effects of obstructions. Also, details of analyses and flight evaluations of Alford and Hollins localizer systems are provided together with findings during evaluations of the Watts Mark 1, 2, and 3 endfire, glide-slope systems. Technical results of developement and evaluation work on the FAA-suggested techniques for determining range-rate and position during approach using the localizer signal are given. Non-destructive ILS system fault testing techniques are described, as is a plan for development of an airport systems control/display facility. Further, special devices and techniques for use in ILS field work such as a mini-laboratory for collection of airborne data, digital data collection system, time domain reflectometry, and mathematical modeling to predict localizer and glide slope performance and facilitate setups are discussed. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Directional antennas KW - Glide path systems KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Phased arrays KW - Radiation patterns KW - Radio navigation KW - Radio signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181897 AU - Mack, E A AU - Moss, A R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - DIGITIZED RADAR DATA COMPRESSOR PY - 1978/07 SP - 97 p. AB - The data compressor (DACOMP) is a special-purpose device designed specifically to increase radar data recording capabilities at air route traffic control centers (ATRCC's). The DACOMP accomplishes this by compressing the number of channels each radar occupies prior to recording, thereby reducing the number of tape tracks required for each radar. The three 2400 bit-per-second channels of a digitized radar are compressed onto one high-speed (9375 bit-per-second) channel. Because of the threefold reduction in recording track requirements, use of DACOMP's will enable ARTCC's to record information from an increased number of radar sites on the recorders that are available to them. This report explains the installation, use, theory of operation, and maintenance of the DACOMP. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Analog to digital converters KW - Circuit analysis KW - Circuit analyzers KW - Data collection KW - Data compression KW - Data recording KW - Data storage KW - Diagrams KW - Enroute traffic control KW - High rate KW - Information processing KW - Information storage and retrieval systems KW - Logic circuits KW - Radar KW - Radar signals KW - Recording KW - Recording systems KW - Registers KW - Schematic diagrams KW - Signal processing KW - Signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181946 AU - SALMON, R F AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - PILOT PROGRAM TO DEVELOP OPERATING TIME EMISSION DEGRADATION FACTORS FOR GENERAL AVIATION PISTON ENGINES PY - 1978/07 SP - 66 p. AB - A pilot program for investigating the problems associated with the piston engine continuous compliance requirement of the Emission Standards was undertaken at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC). The program used two aircraft as test vehicles to determine emission degradation characteristics of piston engines over a time period of 150 hours. This was the initial plan for the program, but due to a proposed modification in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards for piston engines, the program was shortened and terminated after 50 hours on each engine. This report describes the work and results obtained for the 50-hour engine time period. The results indicate that (1) no appreciable change in emissions occurs within the first 50 hours of engine operation, (2) emissions can be measured on aircraft-installed engines with accuracies comparable to those obtained in test stands, provided proper instrumentation and test procedures are used, and (3) aircraft instrumentation is satisfactory for some parameters, but in order to achieve EPA accuracy requirements, manifold pressure, fuel flow, and induction airflow must be measured on laboratory-type instruments. (Author) KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Degradation KW - Engines KW - Environment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel injection KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Instrumentation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Piston engines KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Turbochargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181942 AU - BUCKLEY, E P AU - House, K AU - Rood, R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PERFORMANCE CRITERION FOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL PERSONNEL RESEARCH THROUGH AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SIMULATION PY - 1978/07 SP - 99 p. AB - This report gives the theory of an approach to objective measurement of the radar control performance of air traffic controllers, by means of air traffic control simulation exercises. A set of objective measurements developed for the NAFEC Air Traffic Control Simulation Facility is described. The relevance of this same measurement technique for either evaluating new systems (when the same or similar controller teams are functioning) or for evaluating various controller individuals or teams (when they are using the same system to control traffic) is discussed. Other applications are also described. The ability of the simulator to repeatedly present the same traffic samples is stressed as a means of accumulating comparable and normative data. The need for basic experimentation for validation of the test measurement system and to develop further knowledge and understanding of the measurements is recognized. A relatively small keystone experimental design is described and recommended as the first essential step for all possible applications. The availability of adequate numbers of controllers as subjects is recognized as the major problem to be overcome. Development of a means for transmitting tests originating in NAFEC's simulator to field sites is recommended. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Measurement KW - Performance (Human) KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Radar devices KW - Reliability KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181941 AU - Slusher, G R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EMISSION SAMPLE PROBE INVESTIGATION OF A MIXED FLOW JT8D-11 TURBOFAN ENGINE PY - 1978/07 SP - 65 p. AB - An investigation of the emissions in the exhaust plume of a mixed flow JT8D-11 turbofan engines was conducted in order to optimize the shape, size, and location of fixed probes for acquiring representative emission samples. Traverse of 177 points over the exhaust nozzle were accomplished on a 2-inch-square grid. The average emission levels, contours, and profile distributions were determined. The predicted performance of area weighted cruciform and diamond probe designs were calculated from interpolations of the traverse contours. Exhaust emissions were measured with: (1) five mixing cruciform probes, (2) multihole averaging probes in the core, and (3) the engine turbine discharge pressure probes. Detailed traverses across engine power are considered necessary for representative emission measurement because of limitations existing in all fixed probing techniques investigated. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Contours KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust nozzles KW - Flow KW - Jet engines KW - Jet flow KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nozzles KW - Pratt and whitney jt8d engine KW - Quantities KW - Samplers KW - Sampling KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures KW - Transverse KW - Turbofan engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181892 AU - Einbinder, L W AU - Mercado, N AU - Greenwood, R C AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TWO LIGHTNING-FLASH COUNTER SYSTEMS PY - 1978/07 SP - 43 p. AB - Two lightning-flash counter systems were fabricated at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) to determine local ambient lightning-flash activity and to consider the usefulness of these devices to air traffic control. These two devices were designed by members of two international groups. The first device, CIGRE, is an acronym for "Conference Internationale des Grande Reseaux Electrique." The second device, RSA-10, is an acronym for "Republic of South Africa," a National Electrical Engineering Research Institute and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Data were collected for about 1 year, and the resultant information indicated that the RSA-10 and the CIGRE lightning-flash counters are effective devices for determining the presence of lightning usually associated with cumulonimbus clouds. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Antennas KW - Aviation safety KW - Clouds KW - Counters KW - Cumulonimbus clouds KW - Flight paths KW - Lightning KW - Meteorological instruments KW - Routing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181376 AU - Keeffe, B E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - VORTEX ADVISORY SYSTEM SIMULATION OF CHICAGO O'HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1978/07 SP - 26 p. AB - This report evaluates, in simulation, the procedural implications of the Vortex Advisory System (VAS) on the Chicago O'Hare terminal air traffic control environment. It also attempts to demonstrate any cost benefits/capacity gains which may accrue using reduced VAS aircraft separation criteria on the final approach course based upon meteorological assurance of vortex dissipation. Utilizing the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) Digital Simulation Facility (DSF), a real-time simulation of the Chicago O'Hare International Airport airside operations was conducted between March 28 and June 24, 1977. There were 105 data runs of 1 hour and 20 minutes duration completed during this period. Test results indicate that (1) no procedural implications emerged which would deter the implementation of VAS at Chicago O'Hare Airport, and (2) arrival rate increases are sufficient to support previous cost/benefit analysis studies. KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Aircraft landing KW - Approach KW - Aviation safety KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Chicago O'Hare International Airport KW - Digital simulation KW - Dissipation KW - Glide path systems KW - International airports KW - Landing KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Trailing vortices KW - Vortex advisory system KW - Vortices KW - Wakes KW - Warning systems KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181367 AU - Morin, S AU - HOROWITZ, S M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRLINE DELAY TRENDS 1972 - 1977 PY - 1978/07 SP - 51 p. AB - This document is an updated edition (data for the years 1976-1977 are included) of the Annual Airline Delay Trends Report published since 1974. These reports provide estimates of block, airborne, and ground delays for approximately 325 route segments connecting 20 of the most active U. S. airports, and serviced by the domestic scheduled air carriers. Delay information as presented in this summary edition consists of airborne and ground data for each of the 20 airports in the study, displayed in both table and graph form, for the years 1972 through 1977. This information was obtained from the Civil Aeronautics Board ER-586 Service Segment data in combination with other airline operational data. With this report, a new format is introduced for presenting comparative estimates of trends in airline delays. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Airport capacity KW - Airports KW - Estimates KW - Ground handling KW - Ground support KW - Time studies KW - Traffic delays KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186845 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED PUBLICATIONS FOR AVIATION PLANNING IN THE TERMINAL AREA PY - 1978/07 SP - 38 p. AB - This publication has been prepared by the Planning Application Branch in the Office of Aviation System Plans, Federal Aviation Administration. Its purpose is to provide a listing of documents likely to be useful to persons engaged in aviation planning or decisionmaking particularly for planning on and around airports. Documents are listed in eight categories: (1) Terminal Area Statistics; (2) Standards and Criteria; (3) Terminal Area Planning; (4) Forecasts; (5) Environmental Considerations; (6) Cost/Revenue Impact; (7) Models; and (8) General. Within each category, documents are listed alphabetically and each contains a brief synopsis. (Author) KW - Abstracts KW - Air pollution KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airport noise KW - Airport planning KW - Airport runways KW - Airport terminals KW - Airports KW - Analysis KW - Bibliographies KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Criteria KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Noise KW - Planning KW - Standards KW - Statistics KW - Technological forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198270 AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Lytton, R L AU - Britton, S C AU - Sarver, W G AU - Furr, H L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR REHABILITATING PAVEMENTS WITHOUT OVERLAYS-A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. VOLUME 2. APPENDIXES PY - 1978/06/30 SP - 312 p. AB - The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of a variety of innovative techniques for rehabilitating pavements without using thick overlays and to develop these techniques to the point where they could be implemented. A total of 39 potential techniques were identified. This report contains the following appendixes: Maintenance and rehabilitation; Rehabilitation concept index and disposition; Highway maintenance costs; A review of prestressed concrete pavement construction practices and selected variables affecting the application of prestressing as a rehabilitation method; Time value of money (interest); Updating estimated rehabilitation cost information; Updating user cost and accident cost information; Energy requirements associated with highway maintenance and rehabilitation; User's input guide. KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic activity KW - Airline operators KW - Airlines KW - Airports KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Building materials KW - Cargo handling KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction equipment KW - Construction joints KW - Costs KW - Flexible pavements KW - Maintenance KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Passengers KW - Pavements KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Seal coats KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198370 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT ACTIVITY STATISTICS OF CERTIFICATED ROUTE AIR CARRIERS PY - 1978/06/30 SP - 312 p. AB - This report furnishes airport activity of the Certificated Route Air Carriers. Included in the data are passenger enplanements, tons of enplaned freight, express, and mail. Both scheduled and non-scheduled service, and domestic and international operations are included. These data are shown by airport and carrier. Departures by airport, carrier and type of operation, and type of aircraft are included. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic activity KW - Air transportation KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airline operators KW - Airlines KW - Airports KW - Cargo handling KW - Civil aviation KW - International KW - Landing KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Passenger aircraft KW - Passengers KW - Postal service KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179388 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CALCULATIONS OF MAXIMUM A-WEIGHTED SOUND LEVELS (DBA) RESULTING FROM CIVIL AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS PY - 1978/06 SP - 65 p. AB - This document presents a procedure for calculating and documenting in an environmental impact statement or negative declaration the maximum A-weighted sound level for single aircraft operations at specified noise-sensitive locations in the vicinity of civil airports. This procedure will enable Air Traffic and Flight Standards personnel to calculate the maximum A-weighted sound level resulting from aircraft takeoff or landing at any specified ground location in the vicinity of an airport. This guidance material includes aircraft flight profile information by aircraft type and mode of operation, and peak noise level as a function of slant range to the aircraft. This procedure is not intended for developing noise contours around an entire airport or for calculating the maximum sound levels at numerous points. This document also includes an appendix that discusses the impact of noise on people and case studies for Air Traffic and Flight Standards personnel. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Landing KW - Social factors KW - Sound level KW - Takeoff KW - Takeoff and landing KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71340 ER - TY - SER AN - 00423698 JO - AC ; 65-19C -UNTRACED SERIES PB - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INSPECTION AUTHORIZATION STUDY GUIDE.:(REV. MAY 1987. ) PY - 1978/06 IS - 65-1 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Inspection KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/241931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198242 AU - SHRAGER, J J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BROAD SMALL SINGLE-ENGINE FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT/INCIDENT REPORTS FOR THE POTENTIAL PRESENCE OF LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR PY - 1978/06 SP - 79 p. AB - The National Transportation Safety Board aircraft accident/incident data base covering the years 1964 through 1975 was screened to select those accidents involving single-engine aircraft of less than 12,500 pounds gross weight in which the potential of low-level wind shear as a factor could not be discounted. The software filtering resulted in identifying 2,469 small single-engine aircraft accident briefs which met the criteria for the possible presence of wind shear. A review of these briefs for the years 1964 through 1973 (excluding 1970, 1971, 1974, and 1975) further reduced this number to 304, which comprised the final data base used in this analysis. The presence of a low-level wind shear was a distinct possibility in 71 of these takeoff, approach, or landing accidents. Of this number, 48 involved mechanically (orographic or topographic) induced shears. In 23 of the cases, thunderstorms were reported or obsrved close to the aircraft flightpath. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Airplanes KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Engines KW - Fixed wing aircraft KW - Flight paths KW - Gusts KW - Landing KW - Low level KW - Single engine aircraft KW - Small aircraft KW - Statistical analysis KW - Takeoff KW - Takeoff and landing KW - Thunderstorms KW - Turbulence KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind shear KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181886 AU - Kenton, J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TERMINAL RADAR INTERFERENCE CRITERIA STUDY PY - 1978/06 SP - 85 p. AB - Tests were undertaken to investigate the relationship between pulsed-type interference and the air traffic controller working in the terminal area. This was done by recording a series of pulsed-type interference cases and combining them with simulated analog radar targets to form a set of scenarios for display to a group of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) controllers. Several operational responses were used as performance measures to investigate interference criteria. The interference cases were then quantified and ordered based on two indexing schemes. Tests based on the indices and the performance measures revealed that correlations exist between the operational responses and the interference cases. (Author) KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Algorithms KW - Degradation KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human response KW - Information display systems KW - Interference KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Motor reactions KW - Psychological aspects KW - Pulse generators KW - Radar KW - Radar beacons KW - Radar operators KW - Radar pulses KW - Radio frequency interference KW - S band KW - Simulation KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181369 AU - Chandler, R F AU - Trout, E M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SEATING AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS AND ANTHROPOMORPHIC DUMMIES CONDUCTED DURING FISCAL YEAR 1977 PY - 1978/06 SP - 75 p. AB - The results of test programs conducted by the Protection and Survival Laboratory to investigate the performance of prototype or operational seating and restraint systems relative to their ability to provide protection against crash injury and to investigate the performance of anthropomorphic dummies in the dynamic environment are reported. The data in this report were previously presented as the final quarterly progress report for Task AM-B-77-PRS-47 and are subject to additional evaluation or change on review, conduct of additional testing, or receipt of additional facts. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Anatomical models KW - Anthropomorphic dummies KW - Aviation personnel KW - Crash injuries KW - Dummies KW - Flight tests KW - Helicopters KW - Laboratory tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Personnel KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-24.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181361 AU - SHRAGER, J J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - THE ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD SMALL MULTIENGINE FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT/INCIDENT REPORTS FOR THE POTENTIAL PRESENCE OF LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR PY - 1978/06 SP - 66 p. AB - The National Transportation Safety Board aircraft accident/incident data base covering the years 1964 through 1975 was screened to select those accidents involving multiengine aircraft of less than 12,500 pounds gross weight in which the potential of low-level wind shear as a factor could not be discounted. The successive filtering techniques employed eliminated all but 27 small multiengine fixed-wing aircraft accidents/incidents which were approximately similar to the results obtained for the large multiengine aircraft. The presence of a low-level wind shear was a distinct possibility in these 27 takeoff, approach, or landing accidents/incidents. The historical accident information indicates the orographic or local topographic induced wind shears are a more serious problem for this class aircraft than those shears related to thunderstorm and gust front activities. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airplanes KW - Approach KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash landing KW - Databases KW - Landing KW - Lightweight materials KW - Multiengine aircraft KW - Small aircraft KW - Takeoff KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181314 AU - Garner, J D AU - Chandler, R F AU - Cook, E A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - GPSS COMPUTER SIMULATION OF AIRCRAFT PASSENGER EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS PY - 1978/06 SP - 19 p. AB - The costs of civil air transport emergency evacuation demonstrations using human subjects have risen as seating capacities of these aircraft have increased. Repeated tests further increase the costs and also the risks of injuries to participants. A method to simulate such evacuations, by use of a computer model based on statistics from measured components of the escape path, has been developed. This model uses the General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS) computer programing language to represent various features of the escape process; e.g., seating and exit configurations, passenger mix, door-opening delays, time on escape slides, slide capacity, and redirection of passengers to equalize escape lines. Results of simulated evacuations from the DC-10, L-1011, and B-747 aircraft and a military aircraft are reported. These results have been compared with results of certification demonstrations from the DC-10, L-1011, and B-747. Comparisons of exit size substitutions were evaluated as a means of estimating differences in escape potential for exit design optimization. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Boeing 747 aircraft KW - Computer programs KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency procedures KW - Escape systems KW - Evacuation KW - Evaluation KW - Jet transports KW - Lockheed L-1011 aircraft KW - McDonnell Douglas aircraft KW - McDonnell Douglas DC-10 KW - Military aircraft KW - Passenger aircraft KW - Passengers KW - Routing KW - Seats KW - Simulation KW - Statistics UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181316 AU - Coyle, J J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF AIR/GROUND COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNAS PY - 1978/06 SP - 131 p. AB - This report presents data from the evaluation and analysis of a select group of very high frequency (VHF) and ultrahigh frequency (UHF) Air/Ground (A/G) communication antennas. Antenna patterns, gain, and voltage standing wave ratio measurements were made at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) antenna range on both Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) specified and commercially available off-the-shelf antennas. These antenna data show that improved A/G communications coverage can be obtained with some of the commercially available antennas. (Author) KW - Air to ground communications KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Broadband KW - Communication systems KW - Dipole antennas KW - Directional antennas KW - Discone antennas KW - Off the shelf equipment KW - Omnidirectional antennas KW - Radiation patterns KW - Radio KW - Ultrahigh frequencies KW - Ultrahigh frequency KW - Very high frequency KW - Yagi antennas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181320 AU - Bradley, J R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - DULLES CONTROL TOWER CONSOLE DESIGN STUDY PY - 1978/06 SP - 46 p. AB - This report describes the development and testing effort directed toward providing a plan for inservice improvements to the operational quarters of Dulles International Airport Control Tower. Through the use of full-scale mockups, console designs and equipment arrangements were established, modified, and appraised. Opinions and recommendations of Air Traffic Specialists and Airway Facility Sector personnel from Dulles Tower were used as a basis for determining the advantages or disadvantages of particular equipments and their locations, console designs, and modifications. The results constitute a proposal for refurbishing the operation's quarters of Dulles Tower. Included are drawings for a new console along with a detailed plan for an improved position and equipment arrangement. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airport control towers KW - Configuration management KW - Consoles KW - Control tower cabs KW - Human machine systems KW - Information display systems KW - Modifications KW - Optimization KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Proficiency KW - Radar devices KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Washington Dulles International Airport UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191844 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANNUAL FAA FORECAST CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS (3RD) PY - 1978/06 SP - 69 p. AB - This conference proceedings document is the latest step in the FAA's continuing initiative to improve the usefulness of its aviation forecasts for decisionmaking and planning by the aviation community. It attempts to capture the commentary from participants at the Third Annual FAA Forecasting Conference (December 1977--Reston, Virginia) and to summarize FAA responses. The document is organized into two parts. Part I, Forecasting Initiative Overview, discusses commentary from the aviation community, followed by the FAA response. Part II, Proceedings, presents remarks by conference participants. In total, this document updates the dialog between the FAA and members of the aviation community and general public in the joint effort to define the most useful and appropriate aviation forecasting system. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport forecasts KW - Airport terminals KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Decision making KW - Demand KW - Economic forecasting KW - Forecasting KW - Geographical distribution KW - Planning KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191838 AU - Kruzic, P G AU - Henry, T F AU - Wine, C R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TERMINAL AREA FORECASTS, FISCAL YEARS 1979-1990 PY - 1978/06 SP - 469 p. AB - This document presents forecasts of key aviation activity measures for 905 airports and radar approach control facilities through the year 1990. The report is organized in two major parts. The first part is a general summary and includes summary highlights, the introduction, a brief overview of the forecast methodology and an extensive series of summary tables and charts. This summary provides a useful national overview as well as a comparison amoung regions. Part two contains the forecasts for each airport. It is arranged alphabetically by FAA region and within each region by state. The airports in each state are listed alphabetically by community and include summary information for the facility followed by annual projections for fiscal years (FY) 1979 through 1990. The summary indicates the airports tower/nontower status, daily hours of tower operations, presence of commuter passenger service, the number of aircraft based at the airport and the 1977 military operations. KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic activity KW - Air traffic forecasts KW - Airport forecasts KW - Airport statistics KW - Airports KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Forecasting KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Planning KW - Regions KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186261 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NATIONAL PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM - JUNE 1978 UPDATE PY - 1978/06 SP - 98 p. AB - An updated plan for the development of an interoperable civil/military microwave landing system (MLS) is presented. The original plan delineated a five (5) year program of integrated activity deemed necessary to provide a MLS that meets the wide range of user operational requirements. The substance of the work and the goals achieved under the initial plan have occurred essentially as planned except for the schedule. The TRSB (Time Reference Scanning Beam) technique selection was made about one year later than originally planned and considerable time and resources were devoted to ICAO activities that were not initially envisioned. A major milestone in the MLS program was achieved in April 1978 at the All Weather Operations Divisional meeting of ICAO, when the U.S. TRSB system was selected to be the standard system for international civil use as a replacement for ILS. KW - Civil aviation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - International KW - Landing aids KW - Long term KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Military applications KW - Military organizations KW - Planning KW - Prototypes KW - Time duration KW - Time reference scanning beam UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328892 AU - Gliebe, P R AU - General Electric AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH VELOCITY JET NOISE SOURCE LOCATION AND REDUCTION. TASK 2 SUPPLEMENT. COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING THE AEROACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF JETS FORM NOZZLES OF ARBITRARY SHAPE PY - 1978/05 SP - 145 p. AB - A computational procedure is presented for predicting the aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of jets from nozzles of arbitrary shape. The procedure treats the jet plume as a collection of uncorrelated multipole sound sources which convect with the flow. The aerodynamic characteristics of the jet are evaluated utilizing an extension of Reichardt's theory for free turbulent flows. The acoustic radiation from each of the sound sources is evaluated from high-frequency asymptotic solutions of Lilley's equation. The jet plume is subdivided into several hundred elemental volume sources, each roughly the size of a turbulent eddy volume. The correlated sound level spectra of the individual eddy volumes are summed on a mean-square pressure basis to yield the total turbulent mixing noise levels. An auxiliary calculation of shock-cell broadband noise is made and added to the turbulent mixing noise spectrum to give the total farfield noise. A description of the computational model and associated computer program is presented herein, along with a sample of input and output. A FORTRAN listing of the computer program is also included. (Author) KW - Acoustic waves KW - Aerodynamic characteristics KW - Aerodynamics KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Aircraft noise KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programs KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust nozzles KW - Far field KW - Flow KW - Flow fields KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - High velocity KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet flow KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Nozzle gas flow KW - Nozzles KW - Plumes KW - Sound attenuation KW - Sources KW - Suppressors KW - Turbulence KW - Turbulent flow KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328891 AU - Balsa, T F AU - Gliebe, P R AU - Kantola, R A AU - Mani, R AU - Stringas, E J AU - General Electric AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH VELOCITY JET NOISE SOURCE LOCATION AND REDUCTION. TASK 2. THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND BASIC EXPERIMENTS PY - 1978/05 SP - 719 p. AB - This report presents the results of Task 2 conducted under the subject program over a period of 45 months. Task 2 was formulated as a fundamental theoretical and experimental study aimed at an understanding of the noise generation and suppression mechanisms of high velocity jets. The mechanisms investigated included changes in turbulence structure, fluid shielding, and alteration of convective amplification of jet noise sources. Several other areas such as physical shielding, shock associated noise, lip noise, effect of fluid/particle additives on jet noise, orderly structure in jets, ejector aeroacoustics, and flight effects on jet noise were also investigated. The most significant achievements of Task 2 were as follows. A unified aeroacoustic theory composed of three ingredients were developed: (1) the prediction of mean properties of the jet plume, (2) deduction of turbulence properties relevant to jet noise by similarity arguments, and (3) the prediction of far-field noise including the effects of fluid shielding. A semiempirical shock noise prediction procedure was also developed. Exhaustive theory-data comparisons for a wide range of nozzle configurations and velocity/temperature combinations were conducted and have confirmed the essential validity of this model as a prediction tool. A comprehensive series of experiments with simple suppressor elements (such as a single rectangular tube, twin jets, linear arrays of jets, circular arrays of jets) was carried out and revealed the importance of acoustic shielding by adjacent jets. A fundamental series of experiments, specifically tailored to reveal fluid shielding as a jet noise suppression mechanism, was successfully conducted. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Airborne KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Aircraft noise KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust nozzles KW - Far field KW - Flow KW - High temperature KW - High velocity KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Jet flow KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Nozzle gas flow KW - Nozzles KW - Scaling factor KW - Shielding KW - Sound attenuation KW - Sound transmission KW - Sources KW - Suppressors KW - Theory KW - Turbulence KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198966 AU - PLATT, M AU - Norster, E R AU - Northern Research and Engineering Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TIME DEGRADATION FACTORS FOR TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. VOLUME 1. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION AND RESULTS PY - 1978/05 SP - 155 p. AB - This is the first volume of an eight-volume interim report which documents the test data obtained in a study of turbine emission degradation. This volume contains an introduction to the program, a description of the test schedule, equipment, procedures, and data processing techniques, as well as a discussion of the test data itself. A total of 519 repetitious emission tests were conducted over a period of 22 months on units of the following engine types: JT8D-9, JT8D-7, JT3D-7, JT3D-3B, JT9D-3A, RB211-22B, and CF700-2D. Emissions of CO2, CO, HC, NO, NOx, and smoke were monitored, in addition to various engine operating parameters, over an eight-mode test cycle ranging from cold idle to take-off and back to hot idle. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Data collection KW - Degradation KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas turbines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Monitoring KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Pollutants KW - Pollution abatement KW - Pollution control KW - Pratt and whitney jt3d engine KW - Pratt and whitney jt8d engine KW - Pratt and whitney jt9d engine KW - Rolls-Royce plc KW - Smoke KW - Standards KW - Time KW - Turbines KW - Turbofan engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198971 AU - Northern Research and Engineering Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TIME DEGRADATION FACTORS FOR TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. VOLUME VI. JT9D-3A TEST DATA PY - 1978/05 SP - 377 p. AB - This is the sixth volume of an eighth-volume report concerning the degradation of turbine engine emissions. This volume contains a compilation of all emission test data and analysis data used in the development of degradation factors for the JT9D-3A engine type. In addition the volume contains maintenance data for the test units during the period of testing, as well as analyses of the samples of fuel used in each test. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Aircraft maintenance KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Degradation KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas turbines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Pollutants KW - Pratt and whitney jt9d engine KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) KW - Turbines KW - Turbofan engines KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198973 AU - Northern Research and Engineering Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TIME DEGRADATION FACTORS FOR TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. VOLUME VIII. CF700-2D TEST DATA PY - 1978/05 SP - 263 p. AB - This is the last volume of an eight-volume report concerning the degradation of turbine engine emissions. This volume contains a compilation of all emission test data and analysis data used in the development of degradation factors for the CF700-2D engine type. In addition, the volume contains maintenance data for the test units during the period of testing, as well as analyses of the samples of fuel used in each test. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Aircraft maintenance KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Degradation KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas turbines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Jet engine fuels KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Pollutants KW - Pollution abatement KW - Pollution control KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Turbines KW - Turbofan engines KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198972 AU - Northern Research and Engineering Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TIME DEGRADATION FACTORS FOR TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. VOLUME VII. RB211-22B TEST DATA PY - 1978/05 SP - 319 p. AB - This is the seventh volume of an eight-volume report concerning the degradation of turbine engine emissions. This volume contains a compilation of all emission test data and analysis data used in the development of degradation factors for the RB-211-22B engine type. In addition, the volume contains maintenance data for the test units during the period of testing, as well as analyses of the samples of fuel used in each test. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Aircraft maintenance KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Degradation KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas turbines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Jet engine fuels KW - Pollutants KW - Pollution abatement KW - Pollution control KW - Rolls-Royce plc KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Turbines KW - Turbofan engines KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198968 AU - Northern Research and Engineering Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TIME DEGRADATION FACTORS FOR TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. VOLUME III. JT8D-7 TEST DATA PY - 1978/05 SP - 377 p. AB - This is the third volume of an eight-volume report concerning the degradation of turbine engine emissions. This volume contains a compilation of all emission test data and analysis data used in the development of degradation factors for the JT8D-7 engine type. In addition, the volume contains maintenance data for the test units during the period of testing, as well as analyses of the samples of fuel used in each test. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Aircraft maintenance KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Degradation KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas turbines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Pollutants KW - Pollution abatement KW - Pollution control KW - Pratt and whitney jt8d engine KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Time lag KW - Turbines KW - Turbofan engines KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198969 AU - Northern Research and Engineering Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TIME DEGRADATION FACTORS FOR TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. VOLUME IV. JT3D-7 TEST DATA PY - 1978/05 SP - 374 p. AB - This is the fourth volume of an eight-volume report concerning the degradation of turbine engine emissions. This volume contains a compilation of all emission test data and analysis data used in the development of degradation factors for the JT3D-7 engine type. In addition, the volume contains maintenance data for the test units during the period of testing, as well as analyses of the samples of fuel used in each test. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Aircraft maintenance KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Degradation KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas turbines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Pollutants KW - Pratt and whitney jt3d engine KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Turbines KW - Turbofan engines KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198967 AU - Northern Research and Engineering Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TIME DEGRADATION FACTORS FOR TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. VOLUME II. JT8D-9 TEST DATA PY - 1978/05 SP - 383 p. AB - This is the second volume of an eight-volume report concerning the degradation of turbine engine emissions. This volume contains a compilation of all emission test data and analysis data used in the development of degradation factors for the JT8D-9 engine type. In addition, the volume contains maintenance data for the test units during the period of testing, as well as analyses of the samples of fuel used in each test. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Aircraft maintenance KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Degradation KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas turbines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Pollutants KW - Pratt and whitney jt8d KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Turbines KW - Turbofan engines KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198970 AU - Northern Research and Engineering Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TIME DEGRADATION FACTORS FOR TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. VOLUME V. JT3D-3B TEST DATA PY - 1978/05 SP - 75 p. AB - This is the fifth volume of eight-volume report concerning the degradation of turbine engine emissions. This volume contains a compilation of all emission test data and analysis data used in the development of degradation factors for the JT3D-3B engine type. In addition, the volume contains maintenance data for the test units during the period of testing, as well as analyses of the samples of fuel used in each test. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Aircraft maintenance KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Degradation KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas turbines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Pollutants KW - Pratt and whitney jt3d engine KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Turbines KW - Turbofan engines KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181377 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN - DISCRETE ADDRESS BEACON SYSTEM (DABS) PY - 1978/05 SP - 43 p. AB - The DABS development program consists of three major phases System Design and Validation, Engineering Development, and Production Deployment. A single sensor design compatible with ATCRBS, including an integral data link, was realized. This effort resulted in developing engineering requirements for procurement of three industry built engineering model DABS sensors for further engineering development in the current phase of the program. This phase is system oriented, focusing on investigations of such problems as multiple sensor coordination, target hand-off, ARC interface and procedures, failure mode operation, ATARS(Formerly ipc) operation, etc. The experiments and tests will result in two technical data packages, one for single site and one for network operations for hand-off to the operational services for production implementation. This document addresses primarily the second phase of the DABS development program since deployment is dependent upon efforts related to the decision to implement DABS and the attendant transition planning. KW - Aerial reconnaissance KW - Air traffic control KW - Automation KW - Communication systems KW - Computer programs KW - Control systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Electromagnetic compatibility KW - Mode S KW - Performance tests KW - Radio KW - Radio beacons KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176230 AU - Eklund, T I AU - Neese, W E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - DESIGN OF AN APPARATUS FOR TESTING THE FLAMMABILITY OF FUEL SPRAYS PY - 1978/05 SP - 32 p. AB - An automated small-scale test apparatus was developed for flammability testing of modified fuels. The test configuration consists of a 1/4 inch fuel delivery tube within a 1 inch air atomization pipe followed by a diffuser section. A pressurized 30 gallon air tank supplies the atomization air while a syringe pump provides a specified fuel quantity for all tests. Isentropic calculations and hot wire anemometer measurements characterize the air flow during the transient air release. Oscillograph traces specify the sequencing and timing of events. It is concluded that this transient test is a practical device for modified fuel testing because of its simple construction, well-defined operation, and capability of distinguishing between candidate additives. (Author) KW - Additives KW - Anemometers KW - Atomization KW - Aviation fuels KW - Chemical bond KW - Design KW - Equipment tests KW - Flammability KW - Fuel sprays KW - Fuels KW - Gas turbines KW - Ignition KW - Mist KW - Sprays (Materials) KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181370 AU - Koenke, E J AU - Kleiman, L AU - Lucier, E AU - SCHUCHMAN, L AU - Thedford, W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE FAA CONCEPT FOR A BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (BCAS). VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/04/17 SP - 81 p. AB - A unique airborne aircraft collision avoidance system concept is presented which assures safe separation from the largest possible percentage of potential collision threats. The concept is designed to operate in all airspace as a compatible backup to the present and evolving ATC system, and to be acceptable to the pilot and the user community. The system concept capitalizes on the aviation community's large existing investment in ATCRBS transponders and on the ground based beacon surveillance system network for the basic sources of the collision avoidance information. The report is contained in three volumes; an Executive Summary (I), Concept Description (II) and Appendices (III). (Author) KW - Airborne KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft equipment KW - Beacons KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Directional antennas KW - Equipment KW - Radar antennas KW - Simulation KW - Synchronization electronics KW - Synchronous control KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186131 AU - Koenke, E J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE FAA CONCEPT FOR A BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (BCAS). VOLUME II. CONCEPT DESCRIPTION PY - 1978/04/17 SP - 268 p. AB - A unique airborne aircraft collision avoidance system concept is presented which assures adequate separation from the largest possible percentage of potential collision threats. The concept operates in all airspace as a compatible backup to the present and evolving ATC system, and is acceptable to the pilot and the user community. The system concept capitalizes on the aviation community's large existing investment in ATCRBS transponders and on the ground based beacon surveillance system network for the basic sources of the collision avoidance information. KW - Air traffic control KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Algorithms KW - Beacons KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Directional antennas KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Flight paths KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Mode S KW - Radar beacons KW - Signal processing KW - Synchronization electronics KW - Synchronous control KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176271 AU - Rasmussen, P G AU - Welsh, K W AU - Vaughan, J A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMPARATIVE READABILITY OF ENROUTE LOW ALTITUDE CHARTS WITH AND WITHOUT TERRAIN DEPICTION PY - 1978/04 SP - 16 p. AB - The U.S. National Ocean Survey has issued an experimental copy of Enroute Low Altitude Chart L-3/4 dated April 21, 1977, as part of a program to explore the feasibility of introducing terrain depiction on the charts. The FAA's Air Traffic Service (AAT-1) requested the Office of Aviation Medicine to determine what derogatory effects such a change might have on the usability of the charts. It was found in the study that shaded terrain depiction reduces readability of alphanumeric data as measured by increases in reading errors and reading time. Losses are attributed to the low figure-to-ground contrast ratios between the chart legends and the terrain background. Losses are most pronounced for alphanumeric data printed in small character sizes and with light inking densities. Losses are also evident for some large character sizes and heavy inking densities where mountainous terrain is depicted by heavy inking densities. Losses are particularly evident under low luminance levels but also occur to a lesser extent at elevated luminance levels. Differences between the experimental and standard versions of the charts are least pronounced when the terrain depiction introduced only a moderate reduction in figure-to-ground contrast level and the items were viewed at elevated luminance levels. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Alphanumeric data KW - Aviation safety KW - Brightness KW - Contrast KW - Navigation charts KW - Reading KW - Terrain KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-17.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190575 AU - Koenke, E J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA BCAS CONCEPT. VOLUME III B. APPENDICES F - M PY - 1978/04 SP - 323 p. AB - For complete abstract see AD-A061 948. Appendices in this volume include: Passive Position Determination Procedure, Single Site ATCRBS/RBX; SSR North Directional Errors and Their Influence on BCAS Performance; The BCAS Antenna; BCAS Problems Solved via the Directional Antenna; Supplementary Detail on Reply Processor; BCAS Collision Avoidance Algorithms; ATARS-BCAS Interface Algorithms; and Simulations of BCAS Performance vs Measurement Error. KW - Air traffic control KW - Algorithms KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Directional antennas KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Mode S KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - Radar antennas KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181313 AU - Booze, C F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE MORBIDITY EXPERIENCE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL PERSONNEL, 1967-1977 PY - 1978/04 SP - 34 p. AB - The morbidity experience of 28,086 air traffic controllers has been examined from 1967-77 with particular emphasis given the potential effects of job demands on ATC Health. The morbidity experience of air traffic controllers does not appear excessive when compared with the experience of other outside groups studied, except for psychoneurotic disorders. While some isolated trends found in these data are supportive of an occupation disease relationship, they are neither impressive nor consistent, as would be expected if the association were a strong one. Quantification of the substantial differences was found to exist in the incidence of disease before and after the second-career legislation. While job and salary protection considerations obviously explain some of the difference, the importance of examination and screening techniques, which are not as dependent on reliable medical history, are emphasized for both air traffic control personnel and the general airman population in an environment in which a major justification for the periodic health examination is the protection of individuals other than the examinee. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Behavior KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Health KW - Hearings KW - Morbidity KW - Occupational safety KW - Occupational safety and health KW - Pathology KW - Performance (Human) KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychological aspects KW - Statistics KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Vision UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191152 AU - Koenke, E J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA BCAS CONCEPT. VOLUME IIIA. APPENDICES A-E PY - 1978/04 SP - 458 p. AB - A unique airborne aircraft collision avoidance system concept is presented which assures adequate separation from the largest possible percentage of potential collision threats. The concept operates in all airspace as a compatible backup to the present and evolving ATC system, and is acceptable to the pilot and the user community. The system concept capitalizes on the aviation community's large existing investment in ATCRBS transponders and on the ground based beacon surveillance system network for the basic sources of the collision avoidance information. The appendices in this volume include: Garble; BCAS Mode Selection; Traffic Models and Aircraft densities; Radar coverage; and BCAS Accuracy Analysis. KW - Accuracy KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Altitude KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Beacons KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Density KW - Discrete address beacon systems KW - Low altitude KW - Mode S KW - Radar KW - Radar beacons KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio transmitters KW - Simulation KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176223 AU - Gerathewohl, S J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AGING - DEVELOPING A FUNCTIONAL AGE INDEX FOR PILOTS. II TAXONOMY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS PY - 1978/04 SP - 76 p. AB - One of the major objectives of gerontological aviation psychology is to determine the psychological variables, functions, abilities, skills, and factors that underlie, constitute or are associated with pilot performance and proficiency. They must be identified, analyzed, and measured if functional age is to be substituted for chronological age as a criterion for terminating an aviator's career. The approaches use consist of (a) the analysis of successful pilot behavior as displayed under simulated and operational conditions, (b) the analysis of unsuccessful pilot behavior (pilot error) as related to aircraft accidents, (c) the evaluation of pilot performance during the selection and training procedures as reported in the literature. By means of factor analyses, logical deductions, and clinical interpretations of the results obtained by various investigators, 14 factors are identified and described, namely (1) perception, (2) attention, (3) reaction, (4) orientation, (5) sensorimotor, (6) stamina, (7) cognition/mentation, (8) interpersonal relations, (9) decision making, (10) experience, (11) learning, (12) personality, (13) mechanical ability, and (14) motivation. KW - Aging (Biology) KW - Air pilots KW - Airline pilots KW - Aviation medicine KW - Biostatistics KW - Civil aviation KW - Criteria KW - Guides to the literature KW - Indexes ratios KW - Literature reviews KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Pilot performance KW - Psychological aspects KW - Psychological tests KW - Psychophysiology KW - Ratios UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176233 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN - FREQUENCY SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT PY - 1978/04 SP - 35 p. AB - This program plan describes spectrum management activities supporting aviation's use of the frequency spectrum. Long range spectrum planning is provided through coordination with national and international organizations. Policy, criteria, and standards are provided to spectrum users to ensure efficient spectrum utilization. Electromagnetic compatibility analyses and representation in national/international forums are provided to ensure the suitability of available spectrum. New measurement and analysis techniques are provided to improve overall spectrum management. The Frequency Spectrum Management element is divided into three subprograms. The Radar/Beacon Spectrum Planning subprogram includes projects for radar, ATCRBS, and DABS. The Communications/Navigation Spectrum Planning subprogram includes projects for navigation, CAS, communications, MLS, and satellites. The Spectrum Applications Engineering subprogram includes projects for RF propagation, spectrum surveillance, spectrum coordination, electromagnetic radiation measurements, and the exercising of specialized models and computer programs developed as functional tools of spectrum management. KW - Beacons KW - Communications KW - Electromagnetic compatibility KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Frequency allocation KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Navigation KW - Organizations KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Radar KW - Radio frequency KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176229 AU - Eldredge, Don AU - Goldberg, B AU - Crimbring, W AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - AN EVALUATION OF MODIFIED RNAV TERMINAL PROCEDURES USING A SINGLE-WAYPOINT RNAV SYSTEM PY - 1978/04 SP - 120 p. AB - Nine pilots participated in a series of flight simulation tests employing solo pilot techniques which were conducted at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) in order to measure Total System Crosstrack (TSCT) and Flight Technical Error (FTE) using a single-waypoint area navigation (RNAV) system. The tests were designed to assess pilot performance as a function of routes and route structures (consisting of different combinations of waypoints and/or intersections). Performance was measured on the variables: horizontal tracking and procedural performance. The horizontal tracking data included both steady state and transition data. KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic control KW - Airline pilots KW - Cockpits KW - Errors KW - Flight paths KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Human machine systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Navigation computers KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Pilot performance KW - Radio navigation KW - Routing KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00173821 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INTEGRATED NOISE MODEL PY - 1978/04 SP - 12 p. AB - The objective of this report is to familiarize the reader with the capabilities and characteristics of the Integrated Noise Model (INM). The INM is a noise-simulation computer-based tool for describing and defining the impact of aircraft noise around an airport. It is useful in assessing actual or predicted airport noise impacts. The INM takes into account all pertinent impact parameters including types and numbers of aircraft operating at the airport, flight tracks, operating procedures, and time of day aircraft operations. The INM will also provide a better understanding of aircraft noise, the need for the INM, and its potential applications. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Aircraft operations KW - Flight paths KW - INM (Integrated Noise Model) KW - Noise KW - Simulation KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175982 AU - Lewis, W AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - COMPARISON OF SLANT AND RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE RELATIONSHIPS FOR 100, 124, AND 155 FEET PY - 1978/04 SP - 19 p. AB - Ratios of slant visual range measured from heights of 100, 124, and 155 feet to horizontal visual range measured at 15 feet were computed for low-visibility regimes. These ratios were found to be related to the linear fog density profile expressed as the difference in horizontal atmospheric transmittance between the top (100-, 124-, and 155-foot) and bottom (15-foot) levels. It was determined that useful estimates of slant visual range could be provided through these relationships. The predictions would be most accurate when the visibility decreased with height (most common fog structure). A slight increase in accuracy would also be expected with decreasing slant height. KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Fog KW - Landing KW - Landing aids KW - Linear regression analyses KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Profiles KW - Slant range KW - Surface temperature KW - Transmissometers KW - Velocity KW - Visibility KW - Weather KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01368220 AU - Chandler, Richard F AU - Trout, Edwin M AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Child Restraint Systems for Civil Aircraft PY - 1978/03 SP - 43p AB - Child restraint systems have been developed to provide protection to children involved in automobile crashes. These systems are not yet approved for use in civil aircraft. Six typical systems were exposed to controlled impacts on a test sled to stimulate aircraft crash conditions; these systems were inverted to simulate turbulence. The results f the tests and characteristics of the child restraint systems that are critical for civil aircraft applications are discussed. KW - Aircraft KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Impact sleds KW - Simulation KW - Turbulence UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44400/44421/AM78-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1136906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967116 AU - Thackray, R I AU - Touchstone, R M AU - Bailey, J P AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF THE VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE OF MEN AND WOMEN USING A SIMULATED RADAR TASK PY - 1978/03 SP - 9 p. AB - The present study examined the question of possible sex differences in the ability to sustain attention to a complex monitoring task requiring only a detection response to critical stimulus changes. The visual display was designed to approximate a futuristic, highly automated air traffic control radar display containing computer-generated alphanumeric symbols. Twenty-six men and an equal number of women were each tested over a 2-hour session. Sixteen targets appeared on the screen at all times, with 10 signals (a designated change in the alphanumerics) randomly presented during each half hour of the test session. Detection latency to the signals increased significantly during the session, but there was no evidence of any significant difference between the sexes in the magnitude or pattern of this increase. The results are discussed in terms of a general decline in alertness that was apparently equal for both sexes. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Automation KW - Comparative analysis KW - Gender KW - Monitoring KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radar targets KW - Simulation KW - Task analysis KW - Vigilance UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966069 AU - Boone, J O AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE RELATIONSHIP OF PREDEVELOPMENTAL "150" TRAINING WITH NONCOMPETITIVELY SELECTED AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TRAINEES TO FAA ACADEMY SUCCESS PY - 1978/03 SP - 27 p. AB - Past studies have demonstrated that women and minorities are less likely to be selected as Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic controllers than are nonminority men, and, when selected, are less likely to be successful. One major reason for this is that women and minorities have less aviation-related background experience. In response to this need, the "150" predevelopmental program was begun to give those selected for the program a one-year orientation to aviation and air traffic control prior to the FAA Academy training. The purpose of this research was to study the unique relationship between predevelopmental training and Academy success. An overview of the relationships between various background characteristics, selection measures, predevelopmental training measures and Academy measures was first computed. Then, through path analysis, the significant relationships were considered simultaneously to determine the unique relationship between predevelopmental training and Academy success. The path models indicated that predevelopmental training does enhance a trainee's potential for Academy success with a possible differential effect according to minority status. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Females KW - Minorities KW - Path analysis KW - Selection and appointment KW - Students KW - Training programs KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321192 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SPATIAL DISORIENTATION IN GENERAL AVIATION ACCIDENTS (MARCH 1978) PY - 1978/03 AB - By William r. Kirkham et al. Report on the number of general aviation accidents caused by pilot misjudgement of flight motion or position (spatial disorientation), 1970-75. Data are from National Transportation Safety Board computerized files of accident reports. Includes 6 tables showing fatal and nonfatal accidents in which spatial disorientation was cited as a cause or factor, by aircraft type; and number of fatal weather-related accidents with spatial disorientation as a cause or factor, by pilot age and experience, and by weather and flight characteristics. Copyright asi. KW - Air KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198991 AU - Gartner, W B AU - Condra, D M AU - FOY, W H AU - Nice, W O AU - Wischmeyer, C E AU - SRI International AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PILOTED FLIGHT SIMULATION STUDY OF LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR PHASE 3. ALL-WEATHER LANDING SYSTEMS, ENGINEERING SERVICES SUPPORT PROJECT, TASK 2 PY - 1978/03 SP - 123 p. AB - This task is concered with development and test by piloted flight simulation of airborne techniques designed to aid the pilot to detect and cope with low-level wind shear. This report documents the Phase 3 tests on a DC-10 aircraft simulator, involving a set of wind profiles significantly expanded over those used previously and an especially large group (26) of subject pilots in the major test. The operational situation simulated was a landing under Category I visibility to a 7000-ft runway with ILS guidance. There were 10 different wind profiles, with wind shear ranging from low to high severity. In an initial trial various aiding concepts were compared in individual experiments. This involved 4 versions of groundspeed displays, 2 versions of modified (acceleration-augmented) flight director steering and speed commands, and 2 go-around decision aids: a computation of longitudinal acceleration margin and an energy-rate meter. The more promising were combined in 3 systems tested in a full trial. Performance was marginal, but would have been adequate if all the go-around advisories had been honored. False-alarm and missed-alarm rates of the advisories were too high. Additional work was recommended on go-around decision aids, the importance of effective go-around decision aids being emphasized. It was noted that the go-around warning requires improved consistency in backup information; an on-off display is not adequate. KW - Air pilots KW - Airborne equipment KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft KW - Decision making KW - Flight instruments KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Ground speed KW - Human machine systems KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Jet transports KW - Landing KW - Landing aids KW - Navigation KW - Performance KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Visibility KW - Warning systems KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181360 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN ADVANCED INTEGRATED FLIGHT SYSTEMS (AIFS) PY - 1978/03 SP - 84 p. AB - It appears that active controls and digital flight control and avionics will significantly impact transport aircraft technology, and therefore, FAA must examine the impact of these advances on airworthiness criteria. To comply with its charged responsibilities, the FAA must stay abreast of technology advancements and establish the necessary safety standards. In the areas of active controls technology and digital flight control and avionics, a technology program entitled "Advanced Integrated Flight Systems" (AIFS) has been established to support this responsibility. The AIFS Technology Program will provide for the acquisition or development of the generic data base from which the Flight Standards Service may develop airworthiness criteria and compliance procedures for aircraft and equipment evolving from the application of advanced integrated flight systems technology. KW - Advanced integrated flight systems KW - Airworthiness KW - Aviation safety KW - Avionics KW - Civil aircraft KW - Databases KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Flight control systems KW - Integrated systems KW - Jet transports KW - Program management KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191382 AU - Essman, J E AU - Loos, T AU - ohio University, Athens AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF THE INTERFERENCE OF COMMERCIAL FM STATIONS WITH AIRBORNE COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION RECEIVERS AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIONS PY - 1978/03 SP - 170 p. AB - The effects of multiple-interfering FM stations on airborne communication and navigation receivers are predicted using a third-order model of RF amplifier stage. The effects of receiver input filters and IF-filtering are modeled. Models of the detector circuits, 90 Hz and 150 Hz filters, along with the course deviation indicator (CDI) are developed. Measurement techniques useful in determining the various parameters of the model and for evaluating interference potentials are given and evaluated. The effects of different signal powers, different signal frequencies, etc. on the parameters are reported. Limits are given on the accuracy of the model and regions of validity defined. 'Brute-force' interferences due to strong interfering FM stations which saturate the front end and intermodulation distortion due to the interaction of two or more FM stations are included. The effects of filtering due to the receiver are determined and the resulting FM-to-AM conversion analytically derived. Signal characteristics considered for evaluating distortion include peak (cross-) modulation indices and RMS output of an envelope detector. The effects of receiver desensitation due to saturation of the front end by the interfering signals are determined. Experimental results are given to verify theoretical results. A computer program is developed and reported which theoretically predicts the effects of multiple interfering FM stations. Input data included FM station frequencies, powers, location, etc. and the output consists of the RMS output of the receiver filters. KW - Broadcasting KW - Electric filters KW - Electrical equipment KW - Filters KW - Frequency modulation KW - Intermediate frequencies KW - Intermodulation distortion KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Radio navigation KW - Radio receivers KW - Radio transmitters KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180843 AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TRSB MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM AT SHIRAZ, IRAN PY - 1978/03 SP - 45 p. AB - The system was flown to Shiraz in an FAA Boeing 727 testbed aircraft and installed on Runway 29R. Data acquisition and operational demonstration flights were flown with the FAA B-727 aircraft over the period March 3-8, 1978. During the flights, a radio telemetry theodolite was used for aircraft space-position data. Flight profiles included straight-in approaches at various elevation angles, level runs at 2000 feet altitude on centerline, and + or - 10-degree offsets, + or - 5-degree offsets, and 5-nautical mile partial orbits at 1500-feet altitude. Results of the flight tests indicate that the performance of the TRSB Small Community System was within the design requirements. KW - Accuracy KW - Approach KW - Boeing 727 aircraft KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Demonstrations KW - Flight profiles KW - Flight tests KW - Installation KW - Iran KW - Location KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Time reference scanning beam UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176272 AU - SPEITEL, L C AU - Feher, R E AU - Spurgeon, J C AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - A PRELIMINARY COMPARISON OF THERMAL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF AIRCRAFT INTERIOR MATERIALS USING THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS SMOKE CHAMBER AND THE COMBUSTION TUBE FURNACE PY - 1978/03 SP - 34 p. AB - Twelve aircraft interior materials were burned under standard flaming combustion conditions in the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) smoke chamber. Each material was also exposed to 600 Celsius (C) in a combustion tube furnace under conditions of oxidative pyrolysis. The combustion products were collected in liquid-filled impingers, and the contents were analyzed for hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and formaldehyde by differential pulse polarography, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide by visible spectrophotometry, and hydrogen fluoride by ion-selective electrode. Carbon monoxide was measured directly by a nondispersive infrared analyzer. The yields of the nine gases are reported in terms of milligrams per gram of material. The toxic gas yields were obtained for each material in the NBS smoke chamber and were compared to the yields obtained in the combustion tube furnace. The yields were also compared to those obtained using colorimetric detector tubes in the NBS smoke chamber. The extent of the correlation of the various procedures is reported. The relative yields of HCl, HCN, and H2S were found to be somewhat independent of the exposure conditions. The relative yields of the oxidized gases, CO, HCHO, NO2, and SO2, are much more dependent on the exposure conditions. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft fires KW - Airplane panels KW - Carpets KW - Combustion KW - Combustion products KW - Epoxy resins KW - Fabrics KW - Fiberglass KW - Fires KW - Gas analysis KW - Interior KW - Plastics KW - Polyamide resins KW - Pyrolysis KW - Seats KW - Textiles KW - Toxicity KW - Woolen textiles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176225 AU - Mertens, H W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMPARISON OF THE VISUAL PERCEPTION OF A RUNWAY MODEL IN PILOTS AND NONPILOTS DURING SIMULATED NIGHT LANDING APPROACHES PY - 1978/03 SP - 25 p. AB - At night, reduced visual cues may promote illusions and a dangerous tendency for pilots to fly low during approaches to landing. Relative motion parallax (a difference in rate of apparent movement of objects in the visual field), a cue that can contribute to visual judgments of glide path angle, was studied for its effect on the nighttime approach problem in two experiments. Neither flying experience nor a visual frame of reference enhanced sensitivity to relative motion parallax. However, errors in horizontal adjustments were smaller in pilots, indicating that flying experience enhances other cues in the runway image. Direct judgments of approach angle magnitude indicated overestimation by an approximate factor of 2. These findings give further evidence of large visual illusions in the nighttime situation and indicate that the ineffectiveness of relative motion parallax may be an important part of the night approach problem. KW - Adjustment (Psychology) KW - Air pilots KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport runways KW - Approach KW - Glide path systems KW - Illusions KW - Landing KW - Night KW - Night landings KW - Night vision KW - Parallax KW - Perceptual illusions KW - Simulation KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175988 AU - McFadden, E B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HUMAN RESPIRATORY CONSIDERATIONS FOR CIVIL TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT SYSTEM PY - 1978/03 SP - 21 p. AB - This report is intended to acquaint personnel involved in the design, inspection, and maintenance of civil transport oxygen systems with the human respiratory requirements and oxygen system design considerations necessary to effect an interface and provide acceptable high-altitude life support. Simplified explanations and language that should be understandable by lay and semiprofessional engineering personnel are used, with references to sources of more detailed information. The oxygen system designer is directed to applicable Federal Aviation Regulations pertaining to oxygen systems and, where regulatory guidance does not exist, directs the reader to applicable oxygen equipment industry practices, standards, and information reports. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft equipment KW - Aircraft safety KW - Altitude KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Emergencies KW - Engineering KW - Equipment KW - Flight crews KW - High altitude KW - Life support systems KW - Maintenance KW - Oxygen KW - Oxygen equipment KW - Passengers KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Respiratory system KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175989 AU - Kirkham, W R AU - Collins, W E AU - Grape, P M AU - Simpson, J M AU - Wallace, T F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SPATIAL DISORIENTATION IN GENERAL AVIATION ACCIDENTS PY - 1978/03 SP - 16 p. AB - Spatial disorientation (SD) refers to an incorrect self-appraisal of the attitude or motion of the pilot and his aircraft with respect to the earth. This paper defines elements of SD problems as encountered in general civil aviation. Accident reports made by the National Transportation Safety Board for a recent 6-year period were reviewed. Statistical computations were made relating SD to fatal accidents. Small fixed-wing aircraft (under 12,500 lb) accounted for 97.3 percent of all SD accidents. Inclement weather was associated with 42 percent of all fatal accidents, and SD was a cause or factor in 35.6 percent of these cases. Non-instrument-rated pilots were involved in 84.7 percent of SD weather-involved accidents. These and other data attest to the importance of this psychophysiological phenomenon (SD) in flight safety. Suggestions are made of ways to improve pilots' awareness and understanding of this problem. KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Airplanes KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Fatalities KW - General aviation KW - Instrumentation KW - Lightweight materials KW - Orientation direction KW - Perception KW - Psychophysiology KW - Small aircraft KW - Spatial disorientation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Visibility KW - Weather UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175962 AU - Ontiveros, R J AU - Spangler, R M AU - Sulzer, R L AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - GENERAL AVIATION (FAR 23) COCKPIT STANDARDIZATION ANALYSIS PY - 1978/03 SP - 113 p. AB - Cockpit design features amenable to standardization in small general aviation aircraft were studied with the goal of increasing safety. A list of 101 cockpit design features was presented to 82 experienced pilots who indicated where they believed increased standardization was warranted. Features cited by half or more of the pilots were studied further and reduced to nine design areas considered to warrant near-term action. Selection of these areas was based on analysis of accident reports and practicality considerations in addition to pilot comments. Three of the design areas relate to the cockpit functions of housing and protecting the pilot (improved body restraint system, more positive action and positive latching of adjustable pilot seats, and door latching with a visible locked state). The remaining six areas relate to the other major cockpit function of providing the man-machine interface required to operate the aircraft (fuel management system, powerplant controls, flight instruments, powerplant instruments, instrument lighting, and electrical circuit breakers). Separate sections of the report summarize the data assembled to justify the recommendation for standardization actions in each of the nine areas. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft design KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Cockpits KW - Data collection KW - Flight control systems KW - Flight instruments KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Human machine systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Pilot seats KW - Questionnaires KW - Seats KW - Standardization KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175526 AU - Johnston, R E AU - Reamer, E L AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EVALUATION OF A 100-WATT ELEVATED HIGH-INTENSITY RUNWAY EDGE LIGHT PY - 1978/03 SP - 20 p. AB - The purpose of this project is to evaluate a newly designed, elevated, high-intensity runway edge light using a 100-watt lamp as its light source, rather than the standard 200-watt lamp, to determine if the lower wattage lamp and fixture combination would be satisfactory for category I and category II low-visibility operations, where a Federal Aviation Administration Specification type L-862 runway edge light fixture would be required. Pilot opinion during flight tests indicates that an installed group A version of the experimental runway edge light unit is visually adequate for category I weather operations and should be adequate for category II operations. Group A lights, however, did not meet the Office of Airport Programs Specification for L-862 runway edge lights (Advisory Circular 150/5345-48). An improved group B version will meet both requirements, since it satisfactorily passed the L-862 photometric specifications. KW - Air pilots KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Approach KW - Approach lights KW - Edges KW - High intensity KW - Instrument flying KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Lighting equipment KW - Navigation lights KW - Runway lights KW - Specifications KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175534 AU - Shochet, E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - DEVELOPMENT OF VOCABULARY FOR DEMONSTRATION OF SPEECH CONCATENATION SYSTEM PY - 1978/03 SP - 50 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to document the development of a full and comprehensive vocabulary of words and phrases (predominately phrases), derived by message analysis of a large sample of verbal output from the New York City Pilots Automatic Telephone Weather Answering Service (PATWAS). This vocabulary is developed to test and evaluate the capability of disseminating PATWAS messages by a prototype speech concatenation system being developed at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC). One of the key objectives of the prototype model is to demonstrate the capability of disseminating PATWAS messages by the method of automatic message composition. In general, the aim is to provide a full and comprehensive vocabulary designed to include: a message introduction, a winds aloft forecast, hourly observations, flight precautions, synopsis reports, terminal forecasts, route forecasts, and Notices to Airmen (NOTAM's) on a route-oriented basis. The vocabulary as contained in this report will be subject to test and evaluation with the objective of reducing the vocabulary size to the point where it is neither greater than nor less than what is required. KW - Automatic voice network KW - Automation KW - Coding systems KW - Definitions KW - Intelligibility KW - Legibility KW - Machine coding KW - Message processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Prototypes KW - Speech KW - Telephone KW - Vocabulary KW - Voice communication KW - Weather communication KW - Weather reporting KW - Weather stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966068 AU - Lewis, M A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - USE OF THE OCCUPATIONAL KNOWLEDGE TEST TO ASSIGN EXTRA CREDIT IN SELECTION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS PY - 1978/02 SP - 13 p. AB - The Occupational Knowledge Test (OKT) 101-B was administered to 784 air traffic control trainees who entered the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Academy's 16-week training course in 1976. All trainees completed the nonradar laboratory portion of the training and in addition completed a preemployment questionnaire. Based on responses to the questionnaire, the trainees were assigned to one of three experience groups corresponding to groups given credit for experience using Civil Service Commission (CSC) selection procedures. It was found that the OKT was highly correlated with experience and in addition the OKT had a higher correlation with successful completion of the nonradar lab than did experience. It was determined that use of an OKT score of 75 or above to assign extra credit would result in a failure rate of 3.1 percent for those receiving credit, while use of the current experience scale would result in a failure rate of 7.6 percent for those receiving extra credit on the CSC selection battery. The results held up for a cross-validation sample of 432 trainees who entered the Academy during 1977. Based on the results, it is recommended that an OKT score of 75 or above be used to assign extra credit for experience in the selection of air traffic controllers. KW - Ability tests KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Experience KW - Government employees KW - Questionnaires KW - Selection and appointment KW - Students KW - Training programs KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305850 AU - Sweezy, W B AU - Moninger, W R AU - Strauch, R G AU - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SIMULATION OF RADAR-MEASURED DOPPLER VELOCITY PROFILES IN LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR. PHASE I PY - 1978/02 SP - 53 p. AB - A computer simulation of radar-measured radial velocity profiles was made to evaluate the effects of finite antenna beamwidth and the location of the radar on the measurement of low-level wind shear. The inputs to the computer simulation program are the radar characteristics and the existing wind field - the outputs are the wind component along any line (usually the glide path) and the radar-measured radial velocity profile for a given antenna location and antenna pointing. The results show that a radar beamwidth of 1.5 deg. provides sufficient spatial resolution to measure low-level wind profiles. However, when the wind fields contain horizontal gradients, headwinds and tailwinds encountered by an aircraft on the glide path cannot be measured by a fixed-beam radar that is offset from the end of the runway. A steerable antenna is needed to adequately measure the wind profile for these cases. (Author) KW - Angularity KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Data reduction KW - Directional antennas KW - Doppler radar KW - Glide path systems KW - Input output devices KW - Input output processing KW - Low angles KW - Modifications KW - Radar KW - Radar beams KW - Radar signatures KW - Simulation KW - Steerable antennas KW - Traffic distribution KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197303 AU - Sindoris, A AU - Farrar, F AU - Schaubert, D AU - Harry Diamond Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DESIGN OF VHF AND UHF COMMUNICATIONS AIR/GROUND ANTENNAS PY - 1978/02 SP - 125 p. AB - The Harry Diamond Laboratories (HDL) has undertaken the investigation of improved communication antennas for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). These antennas are used in VHF (118-136 MHz) and UHF (225-400 MHz) frequency spectrums in air/ground air traffic control operations. The FAA is looking for improved antenna standards in terms of space coverage and environmental durability, in the process of planning replacements for several thousand current operational antennas. HDL has devoted an intensive design search into available technology, and conducted a concurrent analysis of the key variables affecting the performance of FAA antennas during the first six months of this effort. In doing so, it has concentrated on six types of antennas specifically designated for primary consideration by the FAA, namely VHF and UHF dipoles, VHF and UHF medium gain omnidirectional types, and high-gain VHF and UHF directional antennas. Certain constraints were also specified such as limiting sizes and weights, and power capacities. Analysis was also required in related areas such as lightning protection. The two dipole designs were deleted by the FAA, but the remaining results include design recommendations for four of the FAA applications and should prove very useful in establishing future antenna design standards and performance specifications. (Author) KW - Air to ground communications KW - Air traffic control KW - Antenna design KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Design engineering KW - Design specifications KW - Dipole antennas KW - Directional antennas KW - Electromagnetic waves KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Lightning KW - Omnidirectional antennas KW - Profits KW - Radiation patterns KW - Radio frequency KW - Radiofrequency power KW - Ratios KW - Specifications KW - Standing wave ratios KW - Ultrahigh frequencies KW - Ultrahigh frequency KW - Very high frequency KW - Voltage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186136 AU - Smith, W S AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS TO AIR COMMERCE PY - 1978/02 SP - 44 p. AB - A survey of existing literature concerning radiological hazards to air commerce has been completed. A preliminary assessment of three major sources of potentially significant ionizing radiation has indicated that although some data are lacking, no actual danger to either passengers or crew has been documented. Cosmic radiation from galactic sources represents a relatively well understood and easily predictable phenomenon. Solar flare activity and nuclear testing episodes, however, are infrequent events which require an ongoing effort to maintain a current understanding of health and safety related issues. (Author) KW - Air transportation KW - Cosmic rays KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Flares KW - Guides to the literature KW - Health KW - Health hazards KW - Health physics KW - Ionizing radiation KW - Literature reviews KW - Nuclear explosion testing KW - Nuclear explosions KW - Nuclear tests KW - Passengers KW - Radiation hazards KW - Safety KW - Solar flares KW - Solar radiation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175986 AU - Friedberg, W AU - Neas, B R AU - Faulkner, D N AU - Hanneman, G D AU - Darden, EBJ AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - RADIOBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH ALTITUDE FLIGHT: RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF FAST NEUTRONS IN SUPPRESSING IMMUNE CAPACITY TO AN INFECTIVE AGENT PY - 1978/02 SP - 8 p. AB - The authors investigated the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of fast neutrons compared with X-rays in impeding development of immunity to an infective agent, the intestinal cestode Hymenolepis nana. Mice were irradiated with neutrons or X-rays and 2 days later given an immunizing dose of H. nana eggs. After another 2 days, the mice received a challenge dose of the eggs. Challenge egg doses were also given to sham-irradiated unimmunized and immunized controls. All mice were killed 90 to 92 hours after challenge, and the H. nana larvae (cysticercoids) that developed in the intestinal tissue were counted. An increased cysticercoid count in the irradiated mice, as compared with the count in unirradiated immunized controls, reflects suppression of immune capacity by the radiation. The results indicate a neutron RBE of 4 at 50 and 101 rad. (Author) KW - Altitude KW - Biology KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Fast neutrons KW - High altitude KW - Immunity (Law) KW - Immunosuppression KW - Laboratory animals KW - Mice KW - Neutron irradiation KW - Neutrons KW - Radiation doses KW - Radiobiology KW - Sovereign immunity UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175540 AU - GILSINN, J F AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROBLEMS IN WORLD-WIDE STANDARDIZATION OF THE UNITS OF ALTITUDE MEASUREMENT PY - 1978/02 SP - 25 p. AB - The U.S. commitment to a voluntary conversion to metric units raises changeover problems in the fields of air traffic control and airspace management. This report begins by discussing current practice in altitude measurement and the rules for height maintenance now in effect worldwide. Four desirable features are given for an altitude measurement system, encompassing both the units of height measurement and the designation of cruising levels. Three alternative bases for the design of such a system are discussed and related to the desirable characteristics. Problems associated with each of the approaches are discussed and the many factors to be considered and the many interrelationships involved are examined. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Altimeters KW - Altitude KW - Cruising flight KW - Directional measurement KW - Metric system KW - Metrication KW - Standardization KW - Systems of measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175527 AU - Higgins, E A AU - Lategola, M T AU - Melton, C E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE AVIATION STRESS PROTOCOL--SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL MONITORING SYSTEMS PY - 1978/02 SP - 36 p. AB - In development of the aviation stress protocol--simulation (ASPS), the following conclusions were reached: (1) In experiments using the ASPS, cardiovascular testing will be conducted in parallel, but separately; (2) The time of exposure to altitude will be limited to 2 h; and (3) Measurements such as visual accommodation, internal body temperature, blood glucose, blood drug or alcohol level, and others will be included in the ASPS only when appropriate. Cardiovascular and pulmonary parameters were assessed under simulated +Gz and exercise conditions in normal males after exposure to the ASPS. Some parameters were displaced to a statistically significant degree, but such displacements are of doubtful physiological significance because of the unavoidable time lapse between altitude exposure and assessment. These preliminary experiments served to demonstrate that meaningful physiological assessments can only be made during exposure to the altitudes specified in the ASPS. Thirty-six controller subjects from previous stress studies were identified who subsequently suffered medical conditions severe enough to require waiver or retirement. These subjects' stress indices were compared with those of subjects who had no known pathology to see if any of the stress indicators were predictive of pathological conditions. The data showed that controllers who developed gastrointestinal pathology had significantly (p . 0.01) higher (c(st) than did their normal counterparts. At Miami ARTCC, c(ne) was significantly elevated (p . 0.05) in the cardiovascular group. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Altitude KW - Altitude chambers KW - Aviation medicine KW - Aviation stress protocol simulation KW - Biochemistry KW - Biophysics KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Monitoring KW - Physiological aspects KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Test chambers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175528 AU - Chandler, R F AU - Trout, E M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SEATING AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS AND ANTHROPOMORPHIC DUMMIES CONDUCTED DURING FISCAL YEAR 1976 PY - 1978/02 SP - 44 p. AB - The results of test programs conducted by the Protection and Survival Laboratory to investigate the performance of prototype or operational seating and restraint systems relative to their ability to provide protection against crash injury and to investigate the performance of anthropomorphic dummies in the dynamic environment are reported. The data in this report were previously presented in a memorandum report and are subject to additional evaluation or change upon review, conduct of additional testing, or receipt of additional facts. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft safety KW - Anthropometry KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash injury KW - Dummies KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Helicopters KW - Impacts KW - Impulses (Mechanics) KW - Occupant restraint KW - Photographic analysis KW - Photography KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Prototypes KW - Restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Seats KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180841 AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TRSB MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM AT JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, U.S.A PY - 1978/01/04 SP - 135 p. AB - The TRSB system demonstration at JFK in December 1977 was installed on Runway 13L and consisted of a 1 phased array azimuth subsystem, a 1.5 elevation subsystem with an antenna of the Rotman lens design, and a precision L-Band DME. A new laser tracker, previously untried in the field, was provided for precise aircraft position data, but due to calibration survey errors and data processing software problems, the tracker data was considered unusable. However, TRSB airborne recordings are available for several flights and provide a useful data output. During the operational demonstrations, national and international observers in the NASA B-737 aircraft flew the "Canarsie approaches", under fully coupled and manual flight conditions to touchdown and rollout. These demonstrations highlighted the important capability of MLS to provide precision guidance over complex approach paths to a busy international airport. KW - Airport terminals KW - Altitude KW - Azimuth KW - Civil aviation KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Demonstration projects KW - Demonstrations KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Doppler navigation KW - Doppler system KW - Elevation KW - Flight tests KW - Information processing KW - International airports KW - John F. Kennedy International Airport KW - L band KW - Location KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Phased arrays KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Test facilities KW - Time reference scanning beam UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180759 AU - Perie, M E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT SURFACE DETECTION EQUIPMENT (ASDE-3) PROJECT PLAN PY - 1978/01 SP - 49 p. AB - The Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) is a primary radar and display system used to provide the airport surface traffic situation to the air traffic controller. An ASDE-3 engineering model is being procured by the Transportation Systems Center (TSC) for testing at NAFEC. The product of this development will be a complete and comprehensive technical data package presented to the Airways Facilities Service (AAF) for procurement of production ASDE-3 units. The purpose of this Project Plan is to describe the program for development, test, evaluation, maintenance, and configuration control of the ASDE-3 engineering model, and to delineate the responsibilities of each of the participating organizations. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Airport surface detection equipment KW - Airport surface traffic control KW - Airports KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Information display systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Radar KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175991 AU - Smith, R D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF MEASURED DATA AND ITS MODEL PREDICTIONS PY - 1978/01 SP - 284 p. AB - The Institute of Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) has developed for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a computer model (IF-77) which predicts signal strengths, desired-to-undesired signal ratios, and a variety of other radio propagation related outputs. The model is periodically updated as ITS improves its prediction capability. The model was last validated by FAA about 10 years ago. Since a number of changes have been made to the model since then, revalidation is not inappropriate. In this Report, propagation predictions are compared with VOR and TACAN signal strength measurements taken on 20 VORTAC's in the Southwest Region of the United States. This comparison confirms once again, that the ITS/FAA model accurately predicts VOR and TACAN signal strength. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Electrical measurement KW - Electromagnetic wave propagation KW - Field intensity KW - Field strength KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Models KW - Radio navigation KW - Tactical air navigation system KW - Very high frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175515 AU - Revzin, A M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON VISUAL UNIT ACTIVITY IN THE THALAMUS PY - 1978/01 SP - 12 p. AB - The investigator studied the effects of ethanol on the spontaneous activity of single neurons in functionally differentiated subnuclei of a posterior thalamic visual projection area, nucleus rotundus, in the anesthetized pigeon. Low doses of ethanol, 0.05 - 0.10 ml/kg (producing blood levels of about 0.005 - 0.010%) , inhibited activity in anterior rotundus but had complex excitatory-inhibitory effects on posterior rotundal cells. Nonvisual dorsal thalamic cells, and 'lateral geniculate' neurons were inhibited by ethanol but threshold doses (0.25 - 0.40 ml/kg) were far higher than those for the rotundal cells (0.05 ml/kg). These differing dose-response curves for visual and nonvisual thalamic neurons suggest: (1) low doses of ethanol may seriously impair peripheral visual functions; (2) The behavioral effects of ethanol are highly dose-dependent; (3) Effects of low doses of ethanol may not be extrapolated from high-dose effects since high-dose effects may 'mask' effects dominant at low doses; (4) The effects of a given dose of ethanol may vary widely and unpredictably among individuals. Thus, the notorious unpredictability of ethanol-induced changes in behavior or task performance may be the inevitable consequence of the reported differential dose-response effects on single neurons. KW - Air pilots KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Dosage KW - Dose rate KW - Drivers KW - Ethanol KW - Excitation KW - Inhibition KW - Nerve cells KW - Performance human KW - Peripheral vision KW - Personnel performance KW - Pigeons KW - Response biology KW - Safety KW - Thalamus KW - Thresholds physiology KW - Toxicity KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313172 AU - Ellis, D W AU - Keenan, M G AU - SRI International AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF WIND SHEAR MODELS AND DETERMINATION OF WIND SHEAR HAZARDS PY - 1978/01 SP - 96 p. AB - This work was concerned with specifying a large set of wind profiles for use in piloted simulator tests of low-level wind shear encountered during approach, landing, takeoff, and climbout. Candidate standard wind profiles for use in training and system qualification are also recommended. Measured and mathematically modeled wind data represented as a function of both aircraft altitude and distance are 'flown' with a fast-time computer model piloted by an idealized controller. The wind models and the runway position relative to each wind field are systematically varied to produce a number of different wind profiles. Based on aeronautical system performance in the computer, relative comparisons of wind profile severity are made, potentially hazardous wind profiles are identified, and their relative severity is designated as 'low', moderate, or high for purpose of piloted simulator tests. Piloted simulation results are used to verify the severity ratings. Effects of wind shear on aircraft are illustrated. Wind profile design techniques and implementation methods are discussed. The results of the wind shear hazard determination work indicate that the severity of a wind shear encounter is highly dependent on the position and alignment of the approach path with respect to the wind field and on the timing of the encounter. Both wind shear in the vertical wind component and wind shear in the longitudinal wind component can produce a hazardous condition; high severity wind shear is also hazardous on takeoff. KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Altitude KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Hazards KW - Low altitude KW - Mathematical models KW - Passenger aircraft KW - Profiles KW - Simulation KW - Sources KW - Wind KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180836 AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TRSB MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM AT KRISTIANSAND, NORWAY PY - 1978/01 SP - 83 p. AB - The demonstration at Kjevik Airport, Kristiansand, Norway, was the fifth in a series of operational demonstrations of several TRSB system configurations at selected airports in the United States and abroad. Two TRSB system configurations, Basic Narrow Aperture and Small Community Systems, were installed to service the non-instrument Runway 22 which has a normal 4 deg approach glidepath. Approach to this runway is along a valley with surrounding terrain obstructions that subtend elevation angles to 2.8 deg within 20 deg of runway centerline. Operational demonstrations and data acquisition flights were made utilizing an FAA Boeing 727 test aircraft. Flight profiles included approaches, radials, and partial orbits perpendicular to the runway centerline. Some flight tests were also made by Norwegian and British Civil Aviation Authority personnel using TRSB equipment installed in their respective flight inspection aircraft. Results of the operational demonstrations indicated that the performance of both system configurations was well within their respective U.S. Phase III program design requirements and also met ICAO (AWOP) "full capability system" requirements. /Author/ KW - Airport runways KW - All weather aviation KW - Boeing 727 aircraft KW - Experimental data KW - Flight paths KW - Flight profiles KW - Flight tests KW - Glide path systems KW - Instrument flying KW - Jet transports KW - Kjevik airport/norway KW - Microwave landing systems KW - Norway KW - Scanners KW - Terrain avoidance KW - Terrain avoidance radar KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Time reference scanning beam UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179702 AU - McFadden, E B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FLOTATION AND SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT STUDIES PY - 1978/01 SP - 75 p. AB - This report is a collection of various studies, conducted over 15 years, of flotation and survival equipment used or proposed for aviation application, including developmental and prototype designs. Results of these studies were presented at scientific meetings and/or published in preprints or proceedings with limited distribution. Information obtained from several of the included studies is being used in the development of revised flotation equipment standards. (Author) KW - Ditching KW - Floating bodies KW - Floating structures KW - Floats KW - Life preservers KW - Life rafts KW - Rescue equipment KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Survival UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175961 AU - Maurer, J J AU - Misiewicz, V J AU - Tack, R W AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - LAS VEGAS GRAPHIC STUDY PY - 1978/01 SP - 130 p. AB - A graphic study was conducted by the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) to develop and evaluate a number of new procedural plans for the control of air traffic operating within the Las Vegas terminal area. A plan was also developed for a "head-on" type departure/arrival operation for Nellis Air Force Base (AFB). A controller opinion questionnaire was developed around factors that comprise elements of air traffic control that take into consideration the users, controllers, and the area. Each plan was evaluated by a panel of 14 air traffic control specialists. The new plans for the terminal area, along with the present operating procedures, were evaluated for each of four directions of operation or runway configurations and then statistically compared with each other. The "head-on" plan for Nellis AFB was likewise evaluated, and results from the questionnaires statistically compared with present operating procedures at Nellis AFB. The results of the evaluation indicate that, overall, plans 1 and 2 were significantly preferred over the present system and plan 2 was also significantly preferred over plan 1. The present system at Nellis AFB was significantly preferred over plan 3 (Head-On Procedures). Basic reasons for the raters' choice of the Nellis present system over the head-on procedure were safety, complexity of operation, controller workload, and adverse effects to missions at Nellis due to delays. (Author) KW - Air force facilities KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - International airports KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - McCarran International Airport KW - Military facilities KW - Nellis Air Force Base KW - Operational effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Planning KW - Questionnaires KW - Ratings KW - Selection KW - Statistical analysis KW - Systems analysis KW - Systems management KW - Terminal air traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175535 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MASTER PLAN: FLIGHT SERVICE STATION AUTOMATION PROGRAM PY - 1978/01 SP - 83 p. AB - The Master Plan for the Flight Service Automation Program is a planning document for the implementation of the Flight Service Information System and serves as the acquisition authorization document. This document contains background and introductory information relating to the present system of 292 manned domestic Flight Service Stations, program objectives, requirements, planning guidelines, systems and system interface descriptions, scheduling and implementation information, relationships with other major programs, management method, logistics, staffing, training, security, and financial planning information. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Automation KW - Communication terminals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost estimating KW - Deployment KW - Estimates KW - Facilities KW - Flight service stations KW - Implementation KW - Information systems KW - Location KW - Long term KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Navigational aids KW - Personnel KW - Planning KW - Scheduling KW - Terminals (Communications) KW - Time duration KW - Weather stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175514 AU - deSteiguer, D AU - Pinski, M S AU - Bannister, J R AU - McFadden, E B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRCREW AND PASSENGER PROTECTIVE BREATHING EQUIPMENT STUDIES PY - 1978/01 SP - 46 p. AB - This document represents a collection of various reports concerning the protective capability of passenger and crew oxygen breathing equipment and specialized devices and concepts against smoke and toxic gases produced by aircraft fires. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft equipment KW - Aircraft fires KW - Breathing apparatus KW - Breathing masks KW - Equipment KW - Fires KW - Flight crews KW - Oxygen equipment KW - Oxygen masks KW - Passengers KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Reports KW - Smoke KW - Toxicity KW - Tracer studies KW - Tracers (Chemistry) UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175468 AU - Perie, M E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROJECT PLAN: TOWER AUTOMATED GROUND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PY - 1978/01 SP - 18 p. AB - The Tower Automated Ground Surveillance System (TAGS) represents an important step in providing automation support for air traffic controllers in the tower cab. During FY-1978 the objective of the TAGS activity is to perform the necessary analyses and feasibility tests to define the TAGS development program. This mini-plan describes the FY-1978 activity. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport operations KW - Airport radar systems KW - Automation KW - Ground level KW - Radar KW - Surveillance KW - Tower automated ground surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69736 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01514612 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Yang, Nai C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Nondestructive Testing: Frequency Sweep PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - p 100 AB - No abstract U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Evaluation KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454440 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Low Level Wind Shear (Video) PY - 1978 AB - This video shows how wind shear can change gradually or abruptly in wind speed and direction in a thin layer of the atmosphere. When severe low level wind shear occurs, it is particularly hazardous to aircraft during either approach or departure. The video describes current research on airborne and ground-based wind shear detection techniques being sponsored by the federal government. KW - Aviation safety KW - Landing KW - Research KW - Takeoff KW - Turbulence KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101802 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Walker County airport, new airport, Jasper : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101801 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Bloomington/Normal airport development, Bloomington : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101800 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Fergus Falls airport land acquisition and runway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101799 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Cedar Rapids municipal airport runway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101798 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Ontario International Airport development : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v,v.2-2pts) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101797 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - General aviation airport (proposed), West Mesa site, Albuquerque : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101796 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Noise regulations and type certification alternatives, civil supersonic (SST) aircraft : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101795 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Richland airport land acquisition and improvement : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101794 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Baton Rouge new general aviation airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Final; EA report appendix B to master plan B1; Supplement of public hearing, supplement to EA report B2 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101793 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Greater Rockford airport development : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101792 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Asheville airport expansion : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101791 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Cloquet/Carlton County airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070232 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Medium Intensity Aproach Lighting Systems (MALS), environmental impact study PY - 1978///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070219 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Greenbrier Valley airport development, Lewisburg : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Final; Environmental impact assessment B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070218 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Lansing municipal airport improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070217 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - North Bend municipal airport modifications : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix; Environmental impact assessment B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967122 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REACTIONS OF METHAMIDOPHOS WITH MAMMALIAN CHOLINESTERASE PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - It is necessary to learn how the pesticide methamidophos reacts with mammalian cholinesterase (ChE) because this information is the basis for therapy of acute poisoning, should such occur among aerial applicator personnel. This investigation studies the reactions of methamidophos with mammalian ChE from several sites in the body. Rats were given methamidophos in a range of doses which allowed the derivation of the LD50 (i.e., the amount of a material, given all at once, which causes the death of 50% of a group of test animals) of the compound. The protective actions of atropine and pralidoxime were assessed by the changes they produced in the LD50. ChE activity was measured in the brain at the time of death in all animals that died promptly from the acute effects of the poison, and in brain, blood and stomach tissue at 2 hours in all survivors. Results showed that atropine and pralidoxime afforded considerable protection against the lethality of methamidophos, which indicates that ChE inhibition is the principal cause of lethality. However, pralidoxime should not be expected to effect rapid ChE reactivation as it does when given following exposure to a majority of other organophosphorus pesticides. KW - Agricultural aviation KW - Biochemistry KW - Cholinesterase KW - Laboratory studies KW - Methamidophos KW - Pesticides KW - Physiological aspects KW - Poisoning KW - Rats UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/1978/197826/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967126 AU - Vaughan, J A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SMOKE-PROTECTIVE DEVICES PY - 1978 SP - 19 p. AB - This study was designed to quantify optical defects of 13 smoke protective devices (goggles, full face masks and hoods). The tests conducted during this study included measurements to determine the optical characteristics of the devices and include the following: light transmission, optical haze, prismatic deviation, refractive power, optical distortion and surface curvature. These measurements provide a comprehensive description of the optical properties of each tested device, but do not necessarily delineate the effects on human visual performance. Results showed that, with the exception of one experimental polyurethane hood, optical properties of the 13 smoke-protective devices were generally compatible with acceptable visual performance of the tasks for which they were designed. KW - Curvature KW - Distortion (Optics) KW - Goggles KW - Haze KW - Hoods KW - Light transmission KW - Masks KW - Optical measurement KW - Optical properties KW - Protective clothing KW - Refractivity KW - Smoke KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-41.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967121 AU - Welsh, K W AU - Vaughan, J A AU - Rasmussen, P G AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AEROMEDICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE X-CHROM LENS FOR IMPROVING COLOR VISION DEFICIENCIES PY - 1978 SP - 23 p. AB - The X-Chrom contact lens is a recent device recommended to improve defective color vision. The red lens is usually worn on the nondominant eye and may require extended wearing for optimum color vision enhancement. A battery of tests was given to 24 individuals, 12 with normal and 12 with defective color vision. A mix was made between standard clinical color vision tests, spectral signal light tests, and visual/oculomotor performance tests. Between the first and second evaluations (approximately 7 weeks), individuals with defective color vision wore X-Chrom contact lenses for 6 hours each day. While wearing X-Chrom lenses, subjects had significantly improved scores on standard clinical pseudoisochromatic plate tests, including the Hardy-Rand-Rittler, Ishihara, and Dvorine plates. Our data indicated that color identification scores using the Farnsworth Lantern, Color Threshold Tester, and the Aviation Signal Light Gun were not significantly different for evaluations made with and without the X-Chrom lens. Minimal changes were found on several tests including the Farnsworth D-15, aeronautical chart color identification task, Holmgren Yarn, visual acuity, phorias, and stereoscopic depth perception. The majority of control and experimental subjects noted a change in the perceived path of the swinging pendulum (Pulfrich test) while viewing through a monocular red filter or an X-Chrom lens, respectively. KW - Aviation medicine KW - Color blind persons KW - Color vision KW - Contact lenses KW - Depth perception KW - Human subject testing KW - Signal lights KW - Vision tests UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-22.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967118 AU - Melton, C E AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Saldivar, J T AU - Wicks, S M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL ATTEMPTS TO EVOKE A DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT STRESSORS PY - 1978 SP - 5 p. AB - Ten paid male subjects each worked at a physical task with no competitive element (treadmill) and a competitive task ("Pong") with minimal physical activity. There were three work periods, each 50 min long. Ten minutes were allowed for rest and urine collection after each work period. The experimental period last 3 h. Urine was analyzed for 17-ketogenic steroids (17-KGS), epinephrine, (E) and norepinephrine (NE). Heart rates were derived from ambulatory electrocardiograms. There were no statistically significant differences in excretion of urinary metabolites during corresponding episodes of the two tasks. Heart rates were significantly higher during treadmill work than during Pong playing. Rest-to-work difference in excretion of 17-KGS and NE are not significant. The rest-to-work increase in heart rate is significant for treadmill, but not for Pong. The increase in epinephrine excretion strengthens the conclusions drawn from field experiments that this measurement is the best indicator of the intensity of air traffic control work per se. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Computer games KW - Epinephrine KW - Heart rate KW - Human subject testing KW - Metabolism KW - Norepinephrine KW - Physical exertion KW - Steroids KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Urinalysis UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967117 AU - Young, J W AU - Pinski, M S AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANTHROPOMETRY OF THE ADULT FACE PY - 1978 SP - 38 p. AB - This study describes a new three-dimensional anatomical axis system based on four conventional anthropometrical face landmarks. Coincident as a coordinate (orthogonal) axis system, this reference system was developed to provide convenient orientation of the head segment and any surface landmark in three-dimensional space for direct comparisons with subject populations. Forty-four anthropometric landmarks on the face and adjacent areas are defined and measured on 30 adult female and male test subjects participating in a study to evaluate protective breathing equipment. These data provide a basic data base for test subject selections, dimensional correlations of face types with equipment performance, and preliminary design criteria (gross structure dimensions) for dummy test devices and protective-type breathing equipment. Individual sets of data points for each subject are presented in tabular format for the convenience of data use. These data describe only a mid-range adult population and do not represent the dimensional range or combinations of facial characteristics typical of children or older adults. KW - Adults KW - Anthropometry KW - Axis KW - Breathing apparatus KW - Databases KW - Dummies KW - Face KW - Head KW - Human subject testing KW - Referencing KW - Size UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967119 AU - Higgins, E A AU - Chiles, W D AU - McKenzie, J M AU - Jennings, A E AU - Funkhouser, G E AU - Mullen, S R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF ALTITUDE AND TWO DECONGESTANT-ANTIHISTAMINE PREPARATIONS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1978 SP - 17 p. AB - Fourteen men were studied to determine the combined effects of two altitudes (ground level and 12,500 ft) and three preparations (lactose placebo, Compound A and Compound B). Compound A was Actifed and Compound B was Dristan. Physiological data show that A was a stimulant and B was a depressant. Subjects reported least subjective attentiveness with A and greatest with lactose. Significant time effects were evident in subjective ratings (increasing fatigue and decreasing energy, interest and attentiveness). The Multiple Task Performance Battery (MTPB) showed no effects of altitude, drugs or time on overall performance; however, performance declined from the first to the second hour in several tasks, while problem solving improved. The data are compatible with reported decreasing interest and attentiveness; subjects enjoyed the problem solving tasks and may have given those tasks preference as their levels of interest declined. Though performance on the MTPB, with the drug doses evaluated, did not produce any changes in the overall composite scores earned by these healthy subjects, the results from physiological parameters and some subjective evaluations indicate that time after ingestion and type of compound ingested are important. Declines in energy and attentiveness 2 1/2 h after ingestion could result in neglect of important although routine tasks. Hypoxia might enhance this effect and consequences might be worse in subjects whose medical conditions require these drugs. KW - Ability tests KW - Altitude KW - Attention KW - Biochemistry KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human subject testing KW - Hypoxia KW - Medication KW - Performance (Human) KW - Physiological aspects KW - Placebos UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967120 AU - Lategola, M T AU - Davis, A W AU - Lyne, P J AU - Burr, M J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CARDIORESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT OF DECONGESTANT-ANTIHISTAMINE EFFECTS ON ALTITUDE, +GZ, AND FATIGUE TOLERANCES PY - 1978 SP - 24 p. AB - Decongestants and antihistamines are known to produce effects capable of adversely modifying physiological function and psychomotor task performance. Because of relevance to safe pilot performance, the effects of single doses of two decongestant-antihistamine preparations (Compound A and Compound B), or a placebo on cardiorespiratory responses to two equally spaced +2Gz tests during separate 2-hour exposures at ground level and 12,500 ft chamber altitude were assessed. Post-altitude fatigue was assessed by cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal bicycle ergometry. Compound A and Compound B appeared to exert no significant detrimental effects on short-duration post-altitude ergometric fatigability. With two exceptions, all combinations of medication, altitude, and +Gz were well tolerated. Two subjects were clearly incapacitated during the first +2Gz test under Compound A at 12,500 ft altitude. It is felt that the +Gz intolerance resulted mainly from an adverse interactive effect of Compound A and altitude on vasomotor and/or chronotropic mechanisms. KW - Air pilots KW - Altitude KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human subject testing KW - Medication KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Placebos KW - Respiratory system UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00966067 AU - Higgins, E A AU - Lategola, M T AU - Melton, C E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THREE REPORTS RELEVANT TO STRESS IN AVIATION PERSONNEL PY - 1978 SP - 38 p. AB - In development of the aviation stress protocol-simulation (ASPS), the following conclusions were reached: (1) In experiments using the ASPS, cardiovascular testing will be conducted in parallel, but separately; (2) The time of exposure to altitude will be limited to 2 h; and (3) Measurements such as visual accommodation, internal body temperature, blood glucose, blood drug or alcohol level, and others will be included in the ASPS only when appropriate. Cardiovascular and pulmonary parameters were assessed under simulated +Gz and exercise conditions in normal males after exposure to the ASPS. Some parameters were displaced to a statistically significant degree, but such displacements are of doubtful physiological significance because of the unavoidable time lapse between altitude exposure and assessment. These preliminary experiments served to demonstrate that meaningful physiological assessments can only be made during exposure to the altitudes specified in the ASPS. A total of 36 controller subjects from previous stress studies were identified who subsequently suffered medical conditions severe enough to require waiver or retirement. These subjects' stress indices were compared with those of subjects who had no known pathology to see if any of the stress indicators were predictive of pathological conditions. The data showed that controllers who developed gastrointestinal pathology had significantly higher steroid level than did their normal counterparts. At one air radar traffic control center, norepinephrine was significantly elevated in the cardiovascular group. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Altitude KW - Aviation medicine KW - Biochemistry KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Human subject testing KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Pathology KW - Physical exertion KW - Physiological aspects KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/media/am78-05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678218 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189936 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Witczak, M W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATION AND PERFORMANCE OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 69-75 AB - Some general, but fundamental, concepts relative to airport pavement evaluation and performances are discussed. Current pavement design methodologies can be grouped into structurally (load) or functionally (safety and smoothness) oriented designs, depending on the selection of the failure criteria. Most present airport pavement design methods are structurally oriented, but it has been suggested that they should be functionally oriented and that different sets of functional criteria should be developed and applied for each pavement area (apron, taxiway, or runway). Pavement performance studies are commonly grouped into two major categories: structural evaluation and condition surveys. Each has a different set of desirable objects. The concept of a management type of approach to airport pavements is advocated in a systems framework proposed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the Federal Aviation Administration, but for this type of system or management framework to be effective, continuous feedback and verification studies of several key elements are mandatory. The Key elements requiring verification are those relative to (a) the as-built pavement structure, (b) the design input variables, and (c) the performance output model. The two most important areas requiring accurate data collection relate to the in situ (equilibrium) response (i.e., the strength or modulus) of the subgrade soil and the actual aircraft traffic-mix information that is recommended to be used in a mixed traffic analysis. This information is vital if one is to be able to make reliable and meaningful decisions relative to the pavement management scheme. The feedback-verification part of the system is mandatory because it will provide (a) information about the exact in situ (operational) state of the pavement components, thus bridging the gap between what the designer has assumed relative to what actually exists; (b) a common procedure leading to the earliest recognition of impending major pavement distress; (c) a common basis for accurate decisions and efficient plans for corrective measures when necessary; (d) the required input for developing a major rehabiliation scheme; (e) a reliable methodology for assessing the remaining life of a pavement; and (f) an adequate and rational procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity of a pavement. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Bearing capacity KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Criteria KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement structure KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life KW - Structural design KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198800 AU - Martin, V J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OPERATIONS UNDER THE AIRPORT AND AIRWAY DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1970 AS AMENDED BY THE AIRPORT AND AIRWAY DEVELOPMENT ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1976 PY - 1978 SP - 52 p. AB - Section 24 of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-258) requires that the Secretary, Department of Transportation, submit an annual report to Congress of operations under Part II of the Act for the preceding fiscal year. This report covers operations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978. (Author) KW - Air transportation KW - Airport and Airway Development Act KW - Airport and airway development act of 1970 KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Airways KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Environmental protection KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal laws KW - Federal programs KW - Federal regulations KW - Grant aid KW - Reports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198241 AU - HANSEN, J AU - WEBSTER, A AU - VERVE AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS SUPPORT. AIR/GROUND RADIO ANTENNA SYSTEM (ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION) PY - 1978 SP - 254 p. AB - Phase II is an in-depth antenna sub-system follow-on effort of the Phase I study. Phase I examined the requirements for an integrated air/ground communications facility, thereby establishing the basis for the detailed investigations of Phase II into advanced communications antennas. The present study further develops the cost-effective Phase I plans to colocate radio facilities and to consolidate radio equipments within radio line-of-sight constraints. The analysis examines the performance capabilities and factors of several prevailing types of VHF and UHF antennas which appear at the offset to affect cosited antenna locations and colocated radios, i.e., to establish and demonstrate through appropriate examples, the separate influences of: (1) available radio signal margins, (2) vertical antenna pattern lobing effects, (3) horizontal pattern distortion, (4) radio frequency interferences, and (5) aircraft antenna patterns. It is concluded from experimental and analytical work that current RCAG facilities may use modified antenna systems to support up to 15 communications channels and to provide secondary and gap-filler coverages; that multi-couplers and combiners can be used very effectively; that RFI can be minimized; and that more extensive investigations appear justified in analysis, design, and development applications. (Author) KW - Air to ground communications KW - Air to surface KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft antennas KW - Antenna lobes KW - Antennas KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Line of sight KW - Maintainability KW - Performance KW - Radio KW - Radio equipment KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Reliability KW - Ultrahigh frequency KW - Vertical orientation KW - Very high frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197563 AU - Keblawi, F S AU - Mitre Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEFINITION, DESCRIPTION, AND INTERFACES OF THE FAA'S DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMS. VOLUME I. OVERVIEW PY - 1978 SP - 134p AB - This report provides an overview of the evolution of the Air Traffic Control System facilities in the pre-1990 time period as major system improvements currently being developed by the FAA are implemented. The description was prepared to assist FAA managers with the technical planning for future air traffic control system. The description covers eight major domestic ATC facility classifications: En Route, Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON), Tower, ATC System Command Center, Flight Service Stations, Surveillance, Navigation, and Communications. The report provides a summary description of each improvement currently being planned, describes the information flow between ATC facilities to support the improvement, and provides tentative implementation dates for each improvement. More detailed information on each facility class is given in Volume II. An overall ATC system configuraiton is given in this volume to show the relationship of these facilities to each other once the improvements are in place. Some of the major assumptions involved in developing this overall configuration are cited. A single thread description of an air carrier flight through high density airspace is also given to indicate the effect the planned improvements would have on Instrument Flight Rule operations. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport surface traffic control KW - Airport terminals KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Approach control KW - Civil aviation KW - Communication systems KW - Communications KW - Density KW - Ground controlled approach radar KW - Instrument flying KW - Integrated systems KW - Navigation KW - Planning KW - Radar air traffic control KW - Radio KW - Regulations KW - Routing KW - Surveillance KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Terminal radar approach control KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88722 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189928 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Parker, Frazier AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PAVEMENT DESIGN: PRESTRESSED, STEEL FIBROUS, AND CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 46-53 AB - Three Federal Aviation Administration reports on the use of prestressed, steel fibrous, and continuously reinforced concrete for airport pavements are summarized. The technical literature describing the construction, testing, and performance of pretressed concrete was reviewed, and the design criteria that have been best validated by experimental evidence selected. A design procedure based on the selected criteria was formulated, the recommended construction procedures described, and load-deflection measurements made on an instrumented highway test road at Dulles International Airport in Virginia to further develop or verify the design criteria. Four full-scale test sections of steel fibrous concrete were constructed and tested under controlled, accelerated traffic conditions, two field placements of this material were planned and constructed, and the efforts of other agencies with this material were monitored. A field study of a continuously reinforced concrete pavement at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago was made. This study involved (a) evaluation of existing pavements and overlays, (b) synthesis of data and methods for design of these pavements, (c) formulation of design procedures and construction specifications, (d) collections of response and performance data for an actual pavement subjected to actual aircraft loadings, and finally, (e) the development of a design procedure that can be implemented now and is compatible with Federal Aviation Administration procedures for other types of pavement. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Field tests KW - Pavement design KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Steel wire fabrics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85833 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189926 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hammitt, George M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN OF PAVEMENT WITH HIGH-QUALITY STRUCTURAL LAYERS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 43-45 AB - The purpose of this study was to develop design criteria and construction procedures for airport pavements incorporating structural layers of high-quality materials. The study was accomplished as follows: Two specially designed test sections of pavement composed of items representing a range of stabilization efforts were constructed and trafficked to failure under controlled, accelerated conditions; Data from the specially designed test sections and from previous studies of test sections composed of stabilized and high-quality materials were compiled and used as input to an analysis of construction and performance characteristics of pavements incorporating high-quality materials; and the results of the analysis were used to formulate design criteria and construction procedures. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Structural analysis KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85831 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189933 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - White, Thomas D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF POROUS FRICTION SURFACE COURSES PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 63-64 AB - The purpose of this study was to develop laboratory mix design procedures for PFC mixes and to prepare PFC construction specifications. The first phase of the study was a three-element program to determine the applicability of PFCs for airport surfacings. The first element was a literature survey to establish a state of the art for PFC mixes. The second was the observation of the construction and performance of PFCs at a number of airports and airfields to determine the construction procedures and pavement characteristics that result in the best performance. The third was a laboratory study to identify the material characteristics of aggregates and bitminous materials that correlate with field performance and to establish procedures for designing PFCs. The second phase consisted of additional performance studies and laboratory testing to improve the mix design procedures and construction specifications. Among the principal findings were that PFCs should be used only on structurally sound flexible pavements (base pavement cracks will reflect through the PFC relatively soon and subsequently ravel) and that the best performance will be obtained from PFC mix design using the same aggregates and asphalts as the base pavement. U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Airport runways KW - Bituminous materials KW - Characteristics KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Field performance KW - Flexible pavements KW - Friction KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Porous materials KW - Porous pavements KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85838 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189940 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gerardi, Anthony G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF AIRCRAFT TO PAVEMENT UNEVENNESS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 91-96 AB - A computer program was developed to simulate aircraft dynamic response to runway roughness during taxiing and takeoff. The mathematical model has rigid-body degrees of freedom of pitch, roll, and vertical and horizontal translation and up to 30 flexible modes of vibration. Runway profile data measured at approximately 0.61-m (2-ft) intervals is input into the program and used as the model forcing function. A different profile is encountered by each landing gear. All the necessary landing-gear and airplane data were collected for the following aircraft: Boeing--KC-135; B-52C,G,H; T-43 (737); AMST Comp (YC-14); 727-100; 727-200; 707-320; and 747; McDonnell Douglas--AMST Comp (YC-15); C-9A,B;DC-8-63; DC-9-40; DC-10-10; and RF-4C; Lockheed--C-130E; C-5A; C-141; and L-1011; and other--F-111A; A-37; and CT-39. Each of these aircraft was simulated; a comparison of the responses of several different military aircraft showed that the simulated accelerations at the pilot stations were within 5 to 10 percent of the measured values. Typical computer run times were less than 60 s on a CDC 6600. The intended purpose of the program was to locate the rough areas of a runway by using plus or minus 0.4g as a limiting vertical acceleration. Additional useful applications of the program are (a) analysis of pavement dynamic loading; (b) runway repair evalution; (c) evaluation of the dynamic response of new aircraft, such as the Concorde and supersonic transport, on a given runway profile; and (d) the performance of aircraft parametric studies, such as that of the high preload-pressure, nose landing-gear strut, to determine methods for reducing aircraft ground loads. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85845 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189937 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - O'Massey, R C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AIRCRAFT PAVEMENT LOADING: STATIC AND DYNAMIC PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 75-83 AB - The subject of pavement loading by aircraft is treated by presenting a series of tables and figures designed to cover the essentials of pavement loading through the various phases of aircraft operation. The phases include static, slow taxi, steady-state turns at various speeds and turn radii, takeoff roll, roughness, landing impact, and braking. Figures and tables that present DC-8 responses at a number of international airports are also included. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Dynamic loads KW - Equations KW - Pavement performance KW - Static loads KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85842 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189923 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Monismith, C L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONSIDERATIONS IN AIRPORT PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 10-34 AB - The state of the art of airport pavement management systems is discussed. Flow diagrams of several complementary management subsystems are presented. The input of information needed for these subsystems includes traffic (load), environment effects, available materials and layer thicknesses, construction effects, and maintenance and rehabilitation considerations. A physical description of a pavement system (i.e. materials characteristics and dimensions of the various layers--such as those of the procedures developed at Shell, the Asphalt Institute, & the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station) serves as an introduction to a discussion of the various pavement models available (i.e., the experimental--such as the California bearing Ration--and the mathematical--such as multilayer elastic and viscoelastic systems). The forms of distress (fatigue, distortion, and fracture) are analyzed, and the structural design procedures (conventional and based on elastic layer theory) that can be used to minimize it are evaluated. The relations among performance evaluation, pavement overlay design, and maintenance management are considered. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - California bearing ratio KW - Defects KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - State of the art studies KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85828 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189925 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Griffis, F H AU - Gamon, M A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AIRCRAFT-PAVEMENT COMPATIBILITY STUDY PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 38-42 AB - An economic analysis is summarized that was performed to relate the cost of upgrading airport pavements to the penalty cost associated with adding gears and wheels to aircraft to provide adequate flotation for present-day pavement design criteria. A basic assumption was made that the wide-body jets and a 680-Mg (1.5-million lb) aircraft (categories 1 and 2 aircraft respectively) would use the 26 projected major hub airports by 1985. Three types of gear were designed for categories 1 and 2 aircraft: (a) current, i.e., flotation that is compatible with present pavement criteria; (b) median, a compromise design that considers both present pavement criteria and the optimal gear for aircraft structure; and (c) optimal, a gear optimized for the aircraft structure with no regard for the pavement flotation requirements. Costs were based on each type of gear for both categories of aircraft. Pavement data were surveyed for all 26 projected 1985 major hub airports. Thicknesses for rigid and flexible pavements were determined for categories 1 and 2 aircraft for both new construction and for overlay of selected pavement areas where the aircraft might operate. Aircraft costs were developed as associated with carrying landing-gear masses and volumes in excess of the optimal gear. Pavement-upgrading costs were determined, and cost comparisons were made. Recommendations were presented relative to policy decisions on pavement criteria. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Modernization KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85830 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00190049 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESEARCH IN AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - 116 p. AB - The volume of the proceedings of a FAA-sponsored conference contains material on pavement management systems, pavement design, mix design, quality control, and pavement evaluation and performance. U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85864 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189927 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Barker, Walter A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR FLEXIBLE AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 45-46 AB - The structural deterioration of a flexible pavement is normally associated with cracking of the bituminous surface course and development of ruts in the wheel paths. The design procedure presented by Barker and Brabston treats these two modes of deterioration through limiting values of certain response parameters or through accounting for cumulative damage according to Miner's hypothesis. The required response parameters, the subgrade strain and the tensile strains in the structural layers, are computed by using a layered elastic computer program; thus, the procedure can handle in a rational manner the possible variations in the properties of different pavement materials. The use of the cumulative-damage concept also permits including in a rational manner the variations in the bituminous-concrete properties and the subgrade strengths caused by cyclic climatic conditions. The design system has subsystems of initial thickness, climate, traffic, material properties, performance, pavement response, and thickness modification. Each of the subsystems uses specific input and generates output that is used by the other subsystems. At present, the subsystems are simple, but the entire design system has been developed so that all the necessary information is available for the design of three types of flexible pavement: conventional, bituminous concrete, and chemically stabilized. These represent nearly all flexible pavements being constructed at this time. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Building materials KW - Climate KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Durability KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Tension KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85832 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189929 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Johnson, Thaddeus C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN OF CIVIL AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS FOR SEASONAL FROST AND PERMAFROST CONDITIONS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 53-57 AB - The principal adverse effects of frost action on pavements are roughness and cracking which are caused by the upheaval of the pavement during freezing and the weakening of the subgrade and base course and loss of supporting capacity during thaw. Design procedures for pavement section thicknesses to minimize these effects in both flexible and rigid pavements in areas of seasonal frost and permafrost conditions have been developed for the Federal Aviation Administration. The design charts are based on a classification of frost-susceptible soils and the depths to which freezing and thawing will occur for the specific location. Design procedures for pavements incorporating extruded polystyrene insulation have also been developed. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Frost KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Insulating materials KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Permafrost KW - Polystyrene KW - Thickness UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/sr/sr175/175-007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85834 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189945 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Barenberg, Ernest J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS OF AIRPORT PAVEMENT EVALUATION PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 105-112 AB - Four methods of nondestructive testing for airport pavements--steady-state vibratory, both load-sweep and frequency-sweep procedures, wave propagaton, falling weight deflectometer, and deflection profile--are compared. Their advantages, especially in terms of costs and ease of operation, and their limitations especially in terms of the required correlations between pavement property measured and pavement performance, are summarized. The steady-state vibratory methods are recommended, and a program for their use is suggested. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Costs KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85849 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189930 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McKeen, R Gordon AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS ON EXPANSIVE SOILS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 57-59 AB - This investigation reviewed the current engineering literature and synthesized from it a design procedure for stabilizing expansive soils beneath airport pavements. To do this, the study was divided into specific areas: Methods of identifying and classifying the types of soil that are considered expansive and cause early pavement distress; Laboratory and field test methods to determine the level of expansion and shrinkage, i.e., prediction of heave; and the design of stabilized soil layers including (a) selection of the type and amount of stabilizing agent (such as lime, cement, or asphalt), (b) test methods to determine the physical properties of stabilized soil, (c) test methods to determine the durability of stabilized soil, and (d) field construction criteria and procedures. The conclusions and recommendations are based on the current literature, without laboratory verification. Soil-volume changes caused by factors such as frost heave and salt heave were not studied. It was found that while procedures for soil stabilization have improved significantly, the test methods that were developed do not provide a marked improvement over those currently used. U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous stabilization KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement treated soils KW - Defects KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Heave KW - Heaving KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Soil cement KW - Soil classification KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil types KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85835 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189944 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - VISSER, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PAVEMENT EVALUATION WITH THE FALLING-WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 103-104 AB - The falling-weight deflectometer (FWD) is a reliable, simple, and yet effective tool to determine the structural properties of pavements for roads and runways. Its characteristics of level of force (up to 60 kN) and loading time (approximately 30 ms) are more representative of heavy traffic than are those of most other deflection equipment. The deflection of the pavement and the deflection bowl are determined by geophones (velocity transducers) in the center of the loaded area and at certain distances from the center. The deflection levels are not affected adversely by the configuration of loading or the recording system, nor by possible influences of unstable reference points such as are encountered with some alternative systems. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Deflection KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Load tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85848 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189946 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hall, James W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 97-100 AB - A study of nondestructive testing techniques for the evaluation of airport pavements is summarized. The report includes (a) the selection and preparation of specifications for nondestructive testing of airport pavement systems, (b) the development of a methodology for evaluating the load-carrying capacity of airport pavement systems by using the equipment selected, (c) the development of an evaluation procedure based on this methodology, and (d) the development of a mathematical model that describes pavement response to dynamic loading. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Bearing capacity KW - Durability KW - Dynamic loads KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical models KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85850 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189932 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Brown, E R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - p 62 AB - The purpose of the study was to recommend changes in materials specifications and construction control procedures based on improved statistical procedures. The results of construction-control tests were obtained from 30 airport construction projects and analyzed to determine the typical distributions of the data. Criteria used in selection of the project data were that the contractor be reputable and capable and that the completed job be considered satisfactory. For this, the recommendations of FAA and CE personnel associated with the construction were used. The Data collected included pertinent properties of subgrade, lime-treated subgrade, subbase, base, asphalt concrete, and portland cement concrete; however, data on all of these materials were not available at every construction site. The data were analyzed to determine the average and standard deviations of each parameter, and these were, in turn, used to recommend allowable maximum deviations from the average for inclusion in the applicable specifications. The requirements for the recommended specifications were determined with two primary considerations: (a) that a quality pavement be constructed and (b) that the specifications be realistic. The statistical quality control procedures were developed for the various types of construction to include the most pertinent parameters pertaining to the quality of pavement. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium oxide KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Specifications KW - Statistical quality control KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85837 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189934 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Duggan, Leo F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECTIVENESS, SKID RESISTANCE, AND ANTIHYDROPLANING POTENTIAL OF POROUS FRICTION COURSES PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 64-67 AB - The Airport Operators International survey has provided an operational assessment of the effectiveness of the porous friction course as an alternative to grooving to reduce hydroplaning at airport facilities. Airport operators that have applied porous friction courses are pleased with their performances, both as to friction characteristics and wearability. The Federal Aviation Administration has evaluated these courses for airport pavements and presented data on their design, construction, and performance. This technical evaluation essentially supports the consensus of the operational survey that performance has been good. On the assumption that asphalt concrete grooving and porous friction courses are equally effective, airport operators are encouraged to explore the cost of each in their geographic areas to determine which is less costly. If the aggregates necessary to meet specification requirements must be hauled in, grooving may be the better choice. In the airport operators' opinion, design specifications and acceptable cleaning methods have not been fully explored. The success of porous friction courses that use larger size aggregates with a more open textured course suggests that design may be the key to rubber buildup. The use of a high-pressure water blast with a rotating spray bar for removing rubber deposits seems to have potential. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cleaning KW - Cleaning procedures KW - Evaluation KW - Friction KW - Hydroplaning KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Porous materials KW - Porous pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85839 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189939 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ledbetter, Richard H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECTS OF DYNAMIC LOADS ON AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 87-91 AB - A study of the responses of typical flexible and rigid airport pavements to static and dynamic loading is summarized. Two series of full-scale tests using instrumented aircraft and runways were made. Among the results were that (a) both types of pavements exhibited both elastic and inelastic responses; (b) these types of responses must be separated to interpret the data; (c) two different types of displacement responses (inertial and noninertial) are present; (d) bow waves and elastic vertical expansions about the wheels occur in both types of pavements; (e) the vertical pressures in both types of pavements are totally recoverable and elastic; (f) no basic aircraft ground operating mode induces pavement responses greater than those occurring for static load conditions, although under unusual conditions, such responses might occur; (g) pavement thicknesses can be reduced in the interiors of runways, but the pavement in exit areas of flexible runways should be stronger than that of main runways; (h) inelastic behavior is highly dependent on temperature, rate of load application, and load history; (i) in the velocity range of static load to low-speed taxi, inelastic displacements can be larger than elastic ones; and (j) the elastic behavior of stiff pavements is almost constant. Because the elastic and inelastic displacement behavior of pavements correlates to the behavior of the Waterways Experiment Station pavements test sections under simulated aircraft loads and wheel configurations and distributed traffic to the behavior of actual pavements under actual aircraft operations, further investigations of dynamic load effects can probably be conductd on pavement test sections of limited size. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Elastic deformation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inelastic deformation KW - Loading rate KW - Loads KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Static loads KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85844 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189941 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sonnenburg, Paul N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANALYSIS OF AIRPORT RUNWAY ROUGHNESS CRITERIA PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 96-97 AB - The recommended procedure is that a statistical analysis of profile data be used to establish a roughness criterion. This implies that aircraft-vibration-response data need not be considered in establishing roughness criteria, even though these data can provide supporting evidence of the degree of roughness. Hence, the aircraft itself is not a factor in the recommended approach. The statistical analysis of profile-elevation data is possible if the data are filtered to remove the elevation trends that are formed by long wavelengths. A profile can then be rated according to its overall and its detailed roughness properties. The standard deviation of displacement (sigma) is recommended as an overall index, and the standard deviations of the slopes and the slope changes might be considered as detailed indexes (extremal analysis). The detailed roughness properties are necessary because a profile may be generally smooth, yet have a few severe bumps. The statistical approach discussed here addresses only the determination of the standard deviation of displacement as an overall index; additional work is recommended. Finally, when all known indexes are extracted for the profile data, each should be correlated with subjective pilot ratings, and those showing the strongest agreement should be emphasized. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Criteria KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85846 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189924 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Arntzen, Donald M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PROCEDURES FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 34-38 AB - The results of runway surveys at Chicago-O'Hare International Airport are summarized, and the causes of the deterioration of these runways are evaluated. Procedures for their rehabilitation and reconstruction are described. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Data collection KW - Deterioration KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85829 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189931 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Horn, Frederick AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 60-61 AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) should retain its present soil classification system or change to another system. The study consisted of: A critical review of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), FAA, and Unified Soil Classification (USC) systems; A comparison of the merits of the FAA system with those of the other two systems; and an analysis of the possible impact on the airport pavement industry of any changes in the FAA system. Based on the analyses of the data, particularly the demonstrated levels of sensitivity of the three classification methods and the variability that exists in the field, it was recommended that the FAA adopt the USC system for the classification of soils. Pavement design based on soil classification has the disadvantages of not accounting for soil strength, compactibility, moisture content, and several other factors. This fact and the replies to the questionnaires lead to the recommendation that FAA develop new design procedures based on strength criteria. Classification would thus become a secondary, rather than a primary, factor in the design procedure. The implementation required for adopting the USC system should present no problems to FAA. The USC system has been in widespread use by engineers since the mid-1940s. Engineering colleges with accredited courses in soil mechanics teach the method routinely. Soils and paving engineers have been using the method for more than 20 years, and there should be no difficulty in adapting to it. In fact, the replies to the questionnaires suggest that many engineers are looking forward to the change, should it be made. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Pavement design KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Strength of materials KW - Surveys UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/sr/sr175/175-009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85836 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189943 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Harr, M E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS BY USING PROTOTYPE LOADS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 100-103 AB - A breadboard model of a nondestructive, noncontact, rapid, mobile, global device for measuring the response of pavements to moving aircraft has been developed and tested under field conditions. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Loads KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183872 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SERVICE PROGRESS REPORT, 1978 PY - 1978 SP - 338 p. AB - The 37 technical papers contained in this document provide the details of selected topics of major research and development efforts being undertaken by the Systems Research and Development Service (SRDS) of the Federal Aviation Administration (specifically, by the Air Traffic Control Systems Division, Communications Division, Airport Division, Flight Information Services, Aircraft and Noise Abatement Division, Approach Landing Division, and Spectrum Management Staff of SRDS). Emphasis is placed on recent achievements and of expected results in the near future. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft navigational aids KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airports KW - Approach KW - Communications KW - Development KW - Flight information display system KW - Information display systems KW - Land use planning KW - Noise abatement/land use planning KW - Noise control KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76666 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189935 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lowe, Robert A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIBROUS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION AT RENO AND LAS VEGAS AIRPORTS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 67-68 AB - Construction projects using steel-fibrous concrete at Reno International Airport and McCarran International Airport are discussed. The biggest problem was probably introducing fibers into the mix. It is a time-consuming process and , when not done properly (e.g. any change in direction of the fibers after separation on the shaker), will cause the fibers to ball up in the mix. While transit-mix trucks were used in Reno, the central plant and slip-form paver employed at Las Vegas offered the advantages of a better finished product through greater mix consistency and a reduction in the needed labor force. Among the advantages of fibrous concrete over regular concrete are reduced reflective cracking and increased flexural strength. U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete construction KW - Durability KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Flexural strength KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Reflection cracking KW - Slip form paving KW - Steel wire fabrics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85840 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00189938 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - HoSang, Victor A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT DISTRIBUTION ON AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1978 IS - 175 SP - pp 84-87 AB - In the current Federal Aviation Administration design criteria for runway and taxiway pavements, load repetitions are expressed in terms of coverages that represent the number of times a particular point on the pavement is expected to be stressed as a result of a given number of aircraft operations (passes). The coverages resulting from operations of a particular type of aircraft are a function of the number of aircraft passes, the number and spacing of wheels on the aircraft landing gear, the tire-contact area, and the lateral distribution of the aircraft wheel-paths relative to the pavement centerline or guideline markings. The collective effect of these factors is usually expressed in terms of derived pass-to-coverage ratios, based on the observed lateral distribution patterns of aircraft wheel-paths. Fundamental to the current procedure for converting aircraft passes to coverages is the assumption that aircraft wheel-paths for 75 percent of operations are practically uniformly distributred over a certain pavement width. In this study, this procedure was reexamined on the a priori assumption that aircraft wheel-paths conform more nearly to a normal (bell-shaped) than to a uniform distribution. Theoretical normal distribution curves were fitted to the limited number of actual wheel-path distribution data available and found to be much more representative of the actual distributions than are the distribution curves based on the uniform distribution assumption. Aircraft pass-to-coverage ratios based on the normal curves were calculated for both military and civil aircraft, although no measured traffic distribution data were available to verify the procedure for civil aircraft. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Research in Airport PavementsFederal Aviation AdministrationAtlanta,Georgia,United States StartDate:19761115 EndDate:19761117 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement design KW - Repeated loads KW - Wheel path UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/85843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178555 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONSULTATIVE PLANNING CONFERENCE. NEW ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES--POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY CHOICES PY - 1978 SP - 245 p. AB - This conference marks the beginning of a major new step in FAA's discussions with the aviation community, industry, and the public on a series of critical questions of policy and operational philosophy that will guide the future development of the air traffic control and airport systems. The conference coveres a wide range of topics that include among others; Route awards and airline scheduling practices; aviation growth outlook; pilot role and cockpit information issues; freedom of airspace use; and, strategies for the future E & D program. The public/user input included presentations from such organizations as the Air Transportation Association of America (ATA), National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Commuter Airlines Association of America (CAAA), National Pilots Association (NPA), and the Air Traffic Control Association (ATCA). KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic control KW - Airlines KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Engineering KW - Engineering research KW - Forecasting KW - Government policies KW - Industries KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Scheduling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198344 AU - Moles, C AU - Wimbush, V AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CENSUS OF U.S. CIVIL AIRCRAFT CALENDAR YEAR 1977 PY - 1977/12/31 SP - 347 p. AB - This report covers statistical data, including General Aviation, Air Carrier, Aeronautical Production, Airports, detailed computer printouts for aircraft, and a Glossary of the terms used in this publication. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Aircraft KW - Airports KW - Census KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Flight KW - General aviation aircraft KW - Instructors KW - Production KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197774 AU - BULFORD, D E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY MAY 1972 - NOVEMBER 1977 PY - 1977/12 SP - 320 p. AB - Collision Avoidance was the subject of a bibliography published in 1968 as FAA report number NA-68-54 (AD 677 942). That report, which contained 1013 citations without annotations, was supplemented in 1972 with the publication of FAA report number NA-72-41 (AD 746 863) which contained 828 annotated references. This collection of 859 references to literature issued since April 1972 further supplements the information found in the two earlier reports. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aviation safety KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Jet transports KW - Mode S KW - Supersonic transport planes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197307 AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONTENT ANALYSIS OF MASS MEDIA COVERAGE OF CONCORDE MAY 1976 - FEBRUARY 1977 PY - 1977/12 SP - 163 p. AB - Data were produced from observation of 16 broadcast and print media outlets representing areas both affected and unaffected by flights of the Concorde airplane. All monitored stories concerning the Concorde were coded on two major classes or variables: Prominence and Assertions. A third variable, Strength-Direction, was derived from these two. Statistical analyses of the resulting data indicated that Concorde coverage involved both a local issue orientation and a national issue one. The media monitored presented significantly more prominent negative assertions about Concorde than positive assertions. Unaffected area newspapers were significantly negative while affected area newspapers were not. (Author) KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Civil aircraft KW - Concorde (Supersonic transport) KW - Flight tests KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Mass media KW - Newspapers KW - Overflight KW - Periodicals KW - Public opinion KW - Radio stations KW - Supersonic aircraft KW - Supersonic flight KW - Supersonic speed KW - Supersonic transport planes KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175983 AU - Ruggles, B F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A REVIEW OF CERTIFICATED AIRPORT CRASH FIRE RESCUE SERVICE CRITERIA PY - 1977/12 SP - 26 p. AB - This study reviews the minimum level of crash fire suppression service required by Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 139 and compares the required minimum with the recommended level for Index A, AA and B airports. It outlines the economic impact of the present airport index threshold criteria. It presents a discussion of the expected hazard, the population base, and the operational base as factors affecting the level of crash, fire and rescue (CFR) services required at airports and as factors affecting the airport's ability to support that level of CFR service. Conclusions are presented relative to the feasibility of fulfilling the following objectives: (1) Enhance the overall safety of airport operations at all Index A and AA airports without incurring increased operation and maintenance costs; (2) Minimize the increase in the operation and maintenance costs of CFR services presently being experienced by airport owners/operators when transitioning from Index AA to Index B certification; and (3) Reduce the operations and maintenance costs of CFR services currently being provided at small Index B airports while maintaining or enhancing the present level of safety. (Author) KW - Airport safety KW - Airports KW - Analysis KW - Aviation safety KW - Certification KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash landing KW - Crashes KW - Criteria KW - Fire boats KW - Fire fighting equipment KW - Fire vehicles KW - High costs KW - Rescue equipment KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175459 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN - WAKE VORTEX PY - 1977/12 SP - 67 p. AB - This Engineering and Development Program Plan defines the current research efforts investigating the wake vortex phenomenon. The overall objectives of the program are the design, development, testing, and prototyping of a system(s) to increase runway capacity by minimizing wake vortex effects as an impediment to efficient and effective traffic management in the terminal environment. The plan identifies and discusses the three major work areas: Vortex Advisory System, Wake Vortex Avoidance System, and Vortex Alleviation Research. Prior developments and related research are reviewed and future research requirements identified. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport runways KW - Attenuation KW - Civil aviation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Laser beams KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Optical detection KW - Optical detectors KW - Runway capacity KW - Safety KW - Takeoff KW - Trailing vortices KW - Vortex advisory system KW - Vortex alleviation research KW - Vortices KW - Wakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175458 AU - Sundararaman, N AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH ALTITUDE POLLUTION PROGRAM A STATUS REPORT PREPARED IN ACCORDANCE WITH PL 95-95 PY - 1977/12 SP - 36 p. AB - The past and planned activities of the High Altitude Pollution Program (HAPP) are summarized. A preliminary HAPP assessment of the stratospheric effects from aviation indicates that there is no imminent threat of ozone reduction from any type of existing aircraft, though substantial uncertainties still remain to be unravelled. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Altitude KW - Atmospheric layers KW - Chemical reactions KW - Chemistry KW - High altitude KW - High altitude pollution program KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Stratosphere KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00117476 AU - Willett, FMJ AU - TAYLOR, M R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - HIGH-ALTITUDE AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) ENROUTE SIMULATION PY - 1977/12 SP - 87 p. AB - A four-part dynamic simulation using two systems of navigation, area navigation (RNAV) and very high frequency omnidirectional radio range (VOR), was conducted using the Digital Simulation Facility (DSF) at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC). The objectives were to: (1) validate the results derived from fast-time simulation tests of RNAV and Jet-VOR route structures through real-time simulation tests, (2) determine whether benefits resulted from the application of RNAV in the high-altitude enroute environment, and (3) establish the impact that the number of potential aircraft conflict situations has on the ATC system and system user. Simulations were conducted in a fast-time mode, without controller intervention, for an area encompassed by five high-altitude Chicago Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) sectors and for a single selected sector of the five. Real-time simulations, with controller intervention, were conducted for both the five- and one-sector configurations. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Altitude KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Digital simulation KW - Enroute KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Flight paths KW - High altitude KW - Omnidirectional antennas KW - Radio navigation KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Systems analysis KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Very high frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/27609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169736 AU - SHRAGER, J J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - THE ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD LARGE FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT/INCIDENT REPORTS FOR THE POTENTIAL PRESENCE OF LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR PY - 1977/12 SP - 83 p. AB - The National Transportation Safety Board aircraft accident/incident data base covering the years 1964 through 1975 was screened to select those accidents involving aircraft of 12,500 pounds gross weight or greater in which the potential of low-level wind shear as a factor could not be discounted. The successive filtering techniques employed eliminated all but 25 of the 59,465 accidents or incidents which comprised the total data base used. The presence of a low-level wind shear was a distinct possibility in these 25 takeoff or approach and landing accidents/incidents. (Author) KW - Air KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airplanes KW - Altitude KW - Approach KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Aviation safety KW - Databases KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Fronts (Meteorology) KW - Glide path systems KW - Gusts KW - Landing KW - Low altitude KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical analysis KW - Takeoff KW - Temperature inversion KW - Thunderstorms KW - Transportation safety KW - Weight KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181322 AU - Hill, R G AU - Johnson, G R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - FIRE DETECTION, EXTINGUISHMENT, AND MATERIAL TESTS FOR AN AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT VEHICLE PY - 1977/11 SP - 30 p. AB - This report describes 27 fire tests performed in a mockup (modified school bus) of an automated guideway transit vehicle. There were a number of significant findings relative to fire safety in this type of vehicle. First, Halon 1301 was found to be effective in extinguishing typical seat fires, but generated extremely high noise levels during discharge; however, significant reductions in noise were achieved by modifying the discharge nozzle. Another important finding was that in all tests fires, the photoelectric detector responded more quickly than did the ionization detector. Finally, by studying various seat fire ignition sources, it was concluded that the underseat fire was the most severe condition. (Author) KW - Automated guideway transit KW - Automated transit system KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Bromine compounds KW - Equipment KW - Fire detection systems KW - Fire extinguishers KW - Fire extinguishing agents KW - Fire fighting KW - Fire prevention KW - Fires KW - Flammability tests KW - Methane KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Noise sound KW - Passenger car design KW - Passenger cars KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Photocells KW - Photoelectric cells semiconductor KW - Public transit KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety KW - Seats KW - Test and evaluation KW - Tests KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192275 AU - DEL BALZO, J M AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE YEAR 2000 PY - 1977/11 SP - 20 p. AB - This document was prepared at the invitation of the Air Traffic Control Association (ATCA) for presentation at the ATCA 22nd Annual Meeting and Technical Program on 'Tomorrow's NAS Concepts and Requirements In Light of the Realities of Today,' Las Vegas, Nevada, October 10-13, 1977. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft landing KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Future KW - Information display systems KW - Landing KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Safety equipment KW - State of the art KW - Technological forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177023 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA STANDARD SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM PY - 1977/11 SP - 11 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Air transportation KW - Classification KW - Standards KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180760 AU - Fromme, W R AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON AIRPORT POLICY ANALYSIS PY - 1977/11 SP - 89 p. AB - This report presents results of an analysis of the Metropolitan Washington Airports undertaken by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish the appropriate role of Washington National and Dulles International Airports within the Metropolitan Washington area. The report is intended to guide future development and operation of these facilities. A wide range of policy options defining various roles for the Metropolitan Airports are tested and evaluated. Quotas, curfews, and the possible wide-body aircraft service at National Airport are examined for potential policy impacts on regional air travelers, community residents, and airport investment requirements. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airport noise KW - Airport noise/community reaction KW - Airport operations KW - Airports KW - City planning KW - International airports KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Passengers KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Public relations KW - Regional transportation KW - Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport KW - Washington (District of Columbia) KW - Washington Dulles International Airport KW - Wide body aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174887 AU - Hannan, B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IFR AIRCRAFT HANDLED FORECAST BY AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER, FISCAL YEARS 1978-1989 PY - 1977/11 SP - 48 p. AB - The report presents the forecasts of Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) aircraft handled by FAA air route traffic control centers (ARTCC). It serves as a base for the FAA planning and budget process in determining future requirements for facilities, equipment and manpower. The forecasts show that total aircraft handled will increase from 25.7 million in FY 1977 to 41.5 million in FY 1989. These national total numbers along with those for the intervening years are broken down by FAA region and by each air route traffic control center in this report. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Air transportation KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Budgeting KW - Civil aviation KW - Conservation KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Equipment KW - Federal budgets KW - Federal government KW - Forecasting KW - Geographical distribution KW - Instrument flying KW - Military aircraft KW - Personnel KW - Planning KW - Requirement KW - Resource management KW - Specifications KW - Tables (Data) KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00117475 AU - Gallagher, J AU - LYNN, W AU - PURSEL, R H AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - DERIVATION OF GROUNDSPEED INFORMATION FROM AIRBORNE DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME) INTERROGATORS PY - 1977/11 SP - 56 p. AB - Laboratory and flight tests were conducted to investigate the derivation of aircraft groundspeed from the range rate pulse information obtained from ARINC 568 distance measuring equipment (DME) interrogators. Initial tests determined the limitation of the range rate pulse output from the two interrogaters tested. Subsequent effort was directed toward digital filtering techniques to improve accuracy and response time of the DME-derived groundspeed. Best results were obtained with either accelerometer complementation or Kalman filtering with velocity and acceleration observations. Both techniques achieved standard deviations of about 3 knots when compared to Inertial Navigation System (INS) groundspeed. (Author) KW - Airborne equipment KW - Digital filters KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Flight tests KW - Ground speed KW - Ground speed indicators KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Interrogators KW - Kalman filtering KW - Velocity KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/27608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169468 AU - Staiano, F AU - Shochet, E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: NEW YORK CITY PILOTS AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE WEATHER ANSWERING SERVICE (PATWAS) TEST PY - 1977/10 SP - 14 p. AB - An improved Pilots Automatic Telephone Weather Answering Service (PATWAS) was subjected to a year-long test in the New York City metropolitan area. The improvements consisted primarily of the following: (1) user access to three route-oriented briefings, (2) an increase in the number of access lines to PATWAS, (3) more frequent updating of information, (4) the addition of special early morning recordings, (5) capability to request meteorological and aeronautical information from the Weather Message Switching Center for incorporation into the PATWAS message, (6) reduction in the time required for updating, (7) addition of more meteorological and aeronautical information to the PATWAS message, (8) new and more efficient magnetic tape equipment, (9) installation of an acoustic enclosure for PATWAS tape recording, and (10) more efficient organization of the message format. The purpose of the experiment was to test and evaluate the new PATWAS products, schedules, user acceptance, and the effects on the telephone briefing workload at the flight service station (FSS). KW - Air pilots KW - Automatic control KW - Automatic systems KW - Automation KW - Computer programs KW - Flight paths KW - Flight service stations KW - Flight tests KW - General aviation KW - Information centers KW - Information services KW - Meteorology KW - New York (New York) KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Performance KW - Performance engineering KW - Questionnaires KW - Recording KW - Recording systems KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - Weather KW - Weather communication KW - Weather communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177022 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ACCESS TRAVEL--AIRPORTS: A GUIDE TO ACCESSIBILITY OF TERMINALS PY - 1977/10 SP - 19 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Air transportation KW - Airport access KW - Airport planning KW - Freight terminals KW - Intermodal terminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177005 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS INSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK PY - 1977/10 SP - 550 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Aircraft operations KW - Airlines KW - Handbooks KW - Inspection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169181 AU - Staiano, F AU - Shochet, E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - NEW YORK CITY PILOTS AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE WEATHER ANSWERING SERVICE (PATWAS) TEST. VOLUME II PY - 1977/10 SP - 315 p. AB - No abstract available. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Flight paths KW - General aviation KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Needs assessment KW - Physical distribution KW - Questionnaires KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Systems analysis KW - Telephone KW - User needs KW - Weather communication KW - Weather communications KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168957 AU - Dong, J G AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EVALUATION OF THOMSON/CSF FIVE-BAY VOR ANTENNA PY - 1977/10 SP - 77 p. AB - A stacked five-bay VOR antenna was evaluated at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC). The antenna was designed for use with a conventional very high frequency omnidirectional radio range (VOR) system to reduce multipath effects by diminishing ground reflections. Tests included airborne and ground measurements to assure operational compatibility of the antenna with FAA transmitting equipment. Measurements were made on the complete array, bays, and antenna elements. Test results indicated that the bearing error was marginal and the large sidelobes caused multipath reflection from nearby obstacles. A computer program used for the analysis of vertical plane radiation patterns in stacked arrays is included. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Information processing KW - Multipath transmission KW - Nulls amplitude KW - Omnidirectional antennas KW - Phased arrays KW - Radiation patterns KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Range distance KW - Reflection KW - Stacking KW - Very high frequency KW - Very high frequency omnidirectional radio range KW - Visual omni range KW - Vor antennas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169182 AU - Goodwin, J W AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - INTERMITTENT POSITIVE CONTROL--PHASE I. OPERATIONAL TEST AND EVALUATION PY - 1977/10 SP - 18 p. AB - This report reflects the results of an effort at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) to test and evaluate the interface between the intermittent positive control (IPC) system and the enroute air traffic controller. In testing this interface, the IPC algorithm was resident in the Digital Simulation Facility, which simulated the operation of a Discrete Addresss Beacon System (DABS). The test series was operationally oriented and did not consider such factors as program size, loading factors, or processing time. The results of the tests reveal that the IPC controller alerts, consistency of commands, readability of displayed information, and method of displaying information to the controllers were acceptable. The issuance of negative commands to aircraft presents a problem to the controllers, in that negative phraseology is not utilized in the air traffic control system. The alerting methods of IPC and conflict alert are similar, but because of the critical timing of the IPC alert, it was felt that a distinctly different alert for IPC should be utilized. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Algorithms KW - Cockpits KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Enroute traffic control system KW - Flight instruments KW - Flight paths KW - Instrument flying KW - Intermittent positive control KW - Mode S KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Proximity detectors KW - Proximity devices KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169180 AU - Staiano, F AU - Shochet, E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - NEW YORK CITY PILOTS AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE WEATHER ANSWERING SERVICE (PATWAS) TEST. VOLUME I PY - 1977/10 SP - 124 p. AB - An improved Pilots Automatic Telephone Weather Answering Service (PATWAS) was subjected to a year-long test in the New York City metropolitan area. The improvements consisted primarily of the following: (1) (1) user access to three route-oriented briefings, (2) an increase in the number of access lines to PATWAS, (3) more frequent updating of information, (4) the addition of special early morning recordings, (5) capability to request meteorological and aeronautical information from the Weather Message Switching Center for incorporation into the PATWAS message, (6) reduction in the time required for updating, (7) addition of more meteorological and aeronautical information to the PATWAS message, (8) new and more efficient magnetic tape equipment, (9) installation of an acoustic enclosure for PATWAS tape recording, and (10) more efficient organization of the message format. The purpose of the experiment was to test and evaluate the new PATWAS products, schedules, user acceptance, and the effects on the telephone briefing workload at the flight service station (FSS). In addition, the test permitted the gathering of technical performance data which could serve as the basis for a new, consolidated, national system for the mass dissemination of weather information. It is concluded that the improved PATWAS disseminates more weather information, reduces FAA/NWS telephone briefer workloads, is preferred over the basic PATWAS, and is acceptable to the general aviation public. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Access time KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic KW - Aviation safety KW - Briefing KW - Civil aviation KW - Flight paths KW - General aviation KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Needs assessment KW - Physical distribution KW - Questionnaires KW - Routing KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - User needs KW - Weather communication KW - Weather communications KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180756 AU - Wilson, P AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY, FISCAL YEAR 1977 PY - 1977/09/30 SP - 237 p. AB - This report furnishes terminal and enroute air traffic activity information of the National Airspace System. The data have been reported by the FAA-operated Airport Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs), Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), Flight Service Stations (FSSs), Combined Station Towers (CS/Ts), International Flight Service Stations (IFSSs), and Approach Control Facilities. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic activity KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport control towers KW - Airports KW - Approach control KW - Civil aviation KW - Combined station towers KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Enroute traffic control system KW - Flight paths KW - Flight service stations KW - Freight terminals KW - Glide path systems KW - Instrument flying KW - Instrument landing KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Landing KW - Military aircraft KW - Overflight KW - Routing KW - Statistics KW - Takeoff KW - Terminal air traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343702 AU - Sinha, A N AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - MINIMUM GENERAL AVIATION AIRPORT AND AIRWAY SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS PY - 1977/09 SP - 38 p. AB - This report forms a part (Volume V) of the Airport and Airway Costs and User Cost Responsibility Study for 1977-1986 time frame. Because the existing ATC system provides services far beyond the minimum requirements of the general aviation (GA) community, there appeared to be a need for providing a lower bound on the GA cost responsibility. The analysis presented here develops a hypothesized GA-only system based on ATC requirements of the GA user group (Including air taxi and business jets), and estimates the associated costs of the postulated system for the ten-year study period. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Airports KW - Allocations KW - Analysis KW - Civil aircraft KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Cost models KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Management KW - Management information systems KW - Management planning and control KW - Military organizations KW - Military requirements KW - Needs assessment KW - Planning KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167372 AU - Shives, T R AU - Willard, W A AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Office of Naval Research AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING OF THE MECHANICAL FAILURES PREVENTION GROUP (26TH), HELD AT THE IIT RESEARCH INST., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ON MAY 17-19, 1977: REPORT ON MFPG DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS PY - 1977/09 SP - 299 p. AB - Consists of 25 papers as follows: Statistical Analysis of Wear Metal Concentration Measurements in Oil..., K. Scheller and K. Eisentraut; Effective Fluid Analysis of Oil Wetted Systems..., R. Tessmann and G. Maroney; Oil Analysis/Wear Particle Analysis, P. Senholzi; Application of Ferrographic Lube Oil Analysis..., G. Rester; Effectiveness of the Real Time Ferrograph..., R. Valori; Ferrographic Separation of Organic Compounds, E. Bowen and V. Wescott; Mechanical Signature Analysis..., J. Mitchell; Spectrum Analysis and Machinery Monitoring, G. Lang; Comparison of Vibration Signature..., J. Frarey; The Role of Signal Processing..., J. Hamilton; Diagnostic Techniques..., R. Bannister, et al; Experimental Determination of Radial..., R. Leon; A New Chip Detector..., T. Tauber; Time Waveform Analysis..., J. Catlin; The Advent of Sophisticated Fluid Power Systems..., M. Wigton; Tire Degradation Monitoring, W. Lichodziejeswki; Use of Microprocessors..., Pictorial History of the Development of Proximity Probes..., L. Hoogenboom; DOT System for Train Accident Reduction, J. O'Steen; Comparison of Vibration Analysis Techniques..., W. Waldron; Maintenance Management Through Diagnosis, R. Salter; Vehicle Monitoring System, S. Hadden, et al; Systemized Diesel Engine Diagnostics..., H. Mercik, Jr.; Remote Diagnostic Techniques Used in Viking Lander Operations, P. Stafford. KW - Acoustic signature KW - Bearings KW - Detectors KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Equipment tests KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Ground vehicles KW - Lubricating oils KW - Meetings KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Spectrum signatures KW - Test equipment KW - Vibration KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313225 AU - Austrotas, R AU - TAYLOR, M AU - Fromme, W AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - WIDE BODY AIRCRAFT DEMAND POTENTIAL AT WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1977/09 SP - 28 p. AB - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), as owner and operator of the Metropolitan Washington Airports, Washington National and Dulles International, is issuing a policy statement to guide development and operation of these facilities into the 1990's. The FAA's Metropolitan Washington Airport policy establishes a balance between a complex set of criteria which reflect transportation service, investment requirements and environmental impacts. This report presents the results of an analysis of the feasibility and future impact of allowing service by wide-body aircraft into National Airport in Washington. The report concludes that by 1990, wide-body aircraft, if authorized, would constitute approximately 20% of all air carrier operations at National. This is equivalent to an average flight schedule of four wide-body departures per hour. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air transportation KW - Airports KW - Allocations KW - Benefits KW - Civil aircraft KW - Cost allocation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - International airports KW - Jet transports KW - Passengers KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Scheduling KW - Washington (District of Columbia) KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174509 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA AVIATION FORECASTS. FISCAL YEARS 1978-1989 PY - 1977/09 SP - 85 p. AB - This report contains the fiscal years 1978 to 1989 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) forecasts of aviation activity and measures of workload at FAA facilities. These include airports with FAA control towers, air route traffic control centers, and flight service stations. Detailed forecasts were made for the four major users of the national aviation system: air carriers, air taxi, general aviation and the military. This report also contains for the first time a specific forecast for commuter airlines. The forecasts have been prepared to meet the budget and manpower planning needs of the constituent units of FAA and to provide information that can be used by state and local authorities, by the aviation industry and the general public. The overall outlook throughout the forecast period is for moderate economic growth, declining unemployment, and decreasing inflation. Based on these assumptions, aviation activity is forecast to increase by Fiscal Year 1982 by 29 percent at towered airports, 32 percent at air route traffic control centers and 49 percent in flight services performed. The corresponding percentage increases for Fiscal Year 1989 are 49, 64 and 104, respectively. General aviation and air taxis (including commuters) will account for most of the growth in activity at FAA facilities. (Author) KW - Air taxi service KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic forecasts KW - Air transportation KW - Airlines KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport terminals KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Commuter airlines KW - Control tower cabs KW - Decision making KW - Dynamic programming KW - Econometrics KW - Economic models KW - Economics KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Flight service stations KW - Forecasting KW - General aviation KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Military aircraft KW - Regression analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180829 AU - Sasaki, Y K AU - BAXTER, T AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - National Severe Storms Laboratories AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DYNAMICAL MODEL OF GUST FRONT PY - 1977/09 SP - 43 p. AB - The dynamics of gust fronts generated by Great Plains thunderstorms were considered from the viewpoint of aviation safety. The past and current understanding of the structure and mechanics of gust fronts has been thoroughly reviewed and the major problems which are currently obstructing progress have been outlined. Numerical simulation is an especially useful tool in the study of gust fronts because observational capability is so poor. So far, no simulation experiment has been successful in depicting a realistic gust front extending a long distance ahead of the parent thunderstorm. A successful numerical simulation is urgently needed for comparison with data from the new multi-Doppler radar system, and to enhance the credibility of the conceptual model of the gust front, which has evolved by induction from the available observations and physical reasoning. After a technical discussion of several simulation attempts, it is concluded that a well-designed three-dimensional simulation is required. KW - Air masses KW - Aviation safety KW - Environment KW - Fronts (Meteorology) KW - Gusts KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorology KW - Model atmosphere KW - Simulation KW - Thunderstorms KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177008 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INTERIM GUIDANCE PERTAINING TO SPONSOR CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS IMPOSED UNDER THE AIRPORT AID DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (ADAP) PY - 1977/09 SP - 10 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Airport development KW - Airport planning KW - Airports KW - Certification KW - Compliance KW - Development KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177012 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRSPACE UTILIZATION CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATION, ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION OF AIRPORTS PY - 1977/09 SP - 5 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Airport construction KW - Airport planning KW - Airports KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174773 AU - Dunlay, WJJ AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT IMPROVEMENT TASK FORCE DELAY STUDY: DELAY MODEL VALIDATION PLAN PY - 1977/08/18 SP - 55 p. AB - A validation plan is presented for an airside simulation model. The plan stresses basic principles of validation and inherent problems associated with comparing simulation model delay estimates with observable real-world data. A methodology is proposed that consists of three major steps: (1) evaluation of model logic, inputs, and outputs; (2) comparison of model estimates with collected data; and (3) a sensitivity analysis of the delay simulation model. A Model Validation Group, established to oversee the validation process, is described. Suggestions are given on sources of data on airside operations for model inputs and for comparisons with model estimates. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Airports KW - Airside design and operations KW - Arrival KW - Computer logic KW - Computer program verification KW - Computer programs KW - Delay and capacity simulation model KW - Estimates KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Ground traffic KW - Highway capacity KW - Input output models KW - Logic (Mathematics) KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Reliability KW - Schedules KW - Scheduling KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Simulation KW - Stochastic processes KW - Takeoff KW - Taxiing KW - Traffic delays KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167130 AU - Shives, T R AU - Willard, W A AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Office of Naval Research AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING DESIGN - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 25TH MEETING OF THE MECHANICAL FAILURES PREVENTION GROUP HELD AT THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND ON NOVEMBER 3-5, 1976 PY - 1977/08 SP - 370 p. AB - Contents: A systems approach to materials in design (Bruce P. Bardes); Probabilistic methods in design (Edward B. Haugen); The finite element method in structural analysis (Harry G. Schaeffer); NASTRAN thermal analyzer in interdisciplinary thermo-structural analyses (Hwa-Ping Lee); The use of cathode ray tube graphics as a computer aided design tool (Alyce Branum); Review of the processing and properties of pan graphite-aluminum composites (Roger T. Pepper, H. Gigerenzer and T. A. Zack); Composite inlays for jet engines (W. Troha and K. Swain); Stress concentrations in composite materials (G. Kardos); Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (L. B. Sibley); Polyfluoroalkyl-alkyl polysiloxane grease for instrument lubrication (John B. Christian); Antiwear and lubricity additives for lubricants (S. M. Hsu); Piezoelectric polymers and their applications (Seymour Edelman); Exoelectron emission--past experience and future expectations (W. J. Baxter); Detecting structural degradation by acoustic emission (Michael P. Kelly and Robert J. Schlamp); Negligence charges in products liability law can be used in engineering as safety design criteria (Raymond R. Hagglund); Prescription to reduce products liability losses--the defendant and products liability (John P. Arness), the plaintiff and products liability (Milton Heller); Safety analysis--qualitative, quantitative and cost effective (H. D. Wolf); A failure mode and effect analysis program to reduce mechanical failures (Richard R. Landers); Fault tree analysis as a part of mechanical systems design (J. B. Fussell and D. P. Wagner); Ion plating--concepts and applications (D. M. Mattox); Sputtering (T. Spalvins). KW - Coatings KW - Composite materials KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Engineering KW - Failure KW - Meetings KW - Prevention KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167005 AU - Yulo, C AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN OVERVIEW OF FAA ACTIVITIES IN CIVIL AVIATION METRICATION PY - 1977/08 SP - 17 p. AB - An overview of FAA involvement in civil aviation metrication activities is presented. The problems associated with conversion of the National Airspace System are summarized. A system analysis effort is proposed to obtain a better understanding of metric conversion impact and to forecast risk factor(s) in order not to compromise safety. An engineering and development program is outlined to serve as a stimulant to initiate or provoke further thinking in describing what needs to be done. (Author) KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Conversion KW - Costs KW - Federal government KW - Flight instruments KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Metric system KW - Regulations KW - Risk analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Scheduling KW - Standardization KW - Systems analysis KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177019 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HELIPORT DESIGN GUIDE PY - 1977/08 SP - 99 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Air transportation KW - Airport design KW - Airports KW - Heliports KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172873 AU - Harvey, G G AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/08 SP - 92 p. AB - This report provides design procedures for continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) airport pavements. The basic physical-mathematical model and applicable analyses are discussed. Thickness design procedures for both new CRC pavements and CRC overlays are presented for both civil and military aircraft. Methods of designing steel reinforcement, construction joints, and terminal treatment systems are included. All of these procedures are recommended for immediate use. /Author/ KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169442 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW MAJOR PUBLIC AIRPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1977/08 SP - 140 p. AB - This study was performed in response to Section 26(2) of the Airport and Airway Development Act Amendments of 1976 (Public Law 94-353) which directed the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study on the establishment of new major public airports in the United States, including (a) identifying potential locations, (b) evaluating such locations, and (c) investigating alternative methods of financing the land acquisition and development costs necessary for such establishments. The report assesses needs for major new airports in the United States through the year 2000. Potential airport locations, the general size requirements of new airports, financing, and airport development issues and problems are also analyzed under a variety of future conditions. The potential need for new major airports is highly sensitive to the future forecasted activity, extent of accommodation of general aviation, effectiveness of the upgraded third generation air traffic control system in increasing capacity, and peak spreading, in that order. (Author) KW - Acquisition KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport and Airway Development Act KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport construction KW - Airport development KW - Airport location KW - Airport operations KW - Airport planning KW - Airports KW - Capacity quantity KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Finance KW - Forecasting KW - General aviation KW - Land use KW - Location KW - Modernization KW - Planning KW - Property acquisition KW - Public administration KW - Public relations KW - Transportation KW - Upgraded third generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169359 AU - Dille, J R AU - Booze, C F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE 1975 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF CIVILIAN PILOTS WITH STATIC PHYSICAL DEFECTS PY - 1977/08 SP - 9 p. AB - The 1974 aircraft accident experience of civilian pilots with eight selected static physical defects has been examined and reported previously. Three categories--blindness or absence of either eye, deficient color vision with a waiver, and deficient distant vision--had significantly more accidents than were expected on the basis of observed-to-expected ratios. The 1975 accident data have now been examined. Again, the same three groups were found to have significantly more than their expected numbers of accidents. This year the reported recent and total flying times for all airmen with these defects were determined and accident rates were calculated. When the accident experience of airmen with any of these three static defects was compared with the active airman population accident experience per unit of recent and cumulative exposures, the rates for airmen with blindness or absence of an eye were still found to be significantly higher. Rates for airmen with color vision defects and a waiver were somewhat higher but of marginal significance. However, the rates for those with defective distant vision other than blindness or absence of an eye were similar and the difference was not significant. Only one of the FAA accident reports that were reviewed related the accident to the pilot's physical defect. KW - Air KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aviation safety KW - Blindness KW - Case studies KW - Civil aviation KW - Civilian personnel KW - Color vision KW - Crash causes KW - Data analysis KW - Deficiencies KW - Flight time KW - Investigations KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Physical fitness KW - Rates KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Studies KW - Transportation safety KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169735 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PLAN - WIND SHEAR PY - 1977/08 SP - 81 p. AB - This is a development plan for solutions to the aviation hazards created by low-level wind shear in the terminal area. It describes the four-year development program to satisfy National Airspace System (NAS) user needs for current and predicted information concerning wind shear at the Nation's airports. Included in the plan are: (1) efforts to better characterize low-level wind shear, (2) plans to define the hazards of wind shear for the aviation community, (3) tasks required to develop ground-based devices for hazardous wind shear detection and movement, (4) investigations into the use of airborne equipment to detect hazardous wind shear and then either warn the pilot of its presence and/or assist him in coping with it, (5) a description of how the data collected on wind shear will be processed, analyzed and reported, (6) plans to improve low-level wind shear predictions are presented, and (7) provisions for integrating wind shear data into the NAS by developing data formats and displays suitable to users (air traffic controllers, pilots and the National Weather Service). The FAA groups and other Federal Government agencies participating in this effort are identified. Program management responsibilities are addressed. A program schedule with milestones is presented and program funding requirements are identified. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Airborne navigational aids KW - Airborne warning and control system KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash investigation KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Displays KW - Doppler radar KW - Equipment KW - Forecasting KW - Information display systems KW - Landing KW - Takeoff KW - Warning systems KW - Weather communication KW - Weather forecasting KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169444 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIRPORT LAND BANKING STUDY REPORT 1977-2000 PY - 1977/08 SP - 73 p. AB - This study was performed in response to Section 26(1) of the Airport and Airway Development Act Amendments of 1976 (Public Law 94-353) which directed the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study with respect to the feasibility, practicability, and cost of land bank planning and development for future and existing airports to be carried out through Federal, State, or local government action and report the results to Congress by July 12, 1977. Airport land banking was studied and analyzed from several different perspectives, including legal, economic, and financial, and the results of this study are reported in this document. (Author) KW - Acquisition KW - Airport and Airway Development Act KW - Airport planning KW - Airports KW - City planning KW - Conservation KW - Economics KW - Federal laws KW - Finance KW - Government procurement KW - Governments KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Land areas KW - Land banking KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Legal factors KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Natural resources KW - Planning KW - Procurement KW - Property acquisition KW - Resource management KW - State laws KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169438 AU - Smith, R C AU - Hutto, G L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - JOB ATTITUDES OF AIRWAY FACILITIES PERSONNEL PY - 1977/08 SP - 87 p. AB - A total of 2,366 employees of the Airway Facilities (AF) Service responded to a detailed questionnaire concerning job satisfaction and such factors as salary, shift schedule, workload, and geographic location. In general, AF employees reported satisfaction with employment by the AF Service, particularly in the areas judged most important by them: salary, job security, independence and personal responsibility, and achievement. Dissatisfaction was focused on various aspects of working conditions, such as shift rotation, management effectiveness, promotion opportunities, and paperwork. Detailed analyses of responses as a function of such variables as age, grade level, location, and AF program were also presented. The findings were discussed in terms of the implications for improving the job-related attitudes of AF personnel. (Author) KW - Airports KW - Attitudes KW - Aviation personnel KW - Employee relations KW - Job satisfaction KW - Labor KW - Management KW - Motivation KW - Personnel KW - Personnel management KW - Questionnaires KW - Salaries KW - Supervision KW - Supervisors KW - Surveys KW - Work KW - Workplace layout UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168408 AU - Harr, M E AU - Ng-A-Qui, N T AU - Purdue Research Foundation TI - NONCONTACT NONDESTRUCTIVE DETERMINATION OF PAVEMENT DEFLECTION UNDER MOVING LOADS PY - 1977/08 SP - 312 p. AB - This report presents a procedure for nondestructively evaluating and predicting the deflection response of various flexible pavements to loads imposed by different aircraft. Transfer function theory is used to form the basis of a pavement evaluation and response scheme. Two mobile systems were developed for the measurement of pavement deflections; the Light Emitting Diode (LED) system and the Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) system. The report concludes that the rapid nondestructive measurement of pavement deflections due to moving prototype loads is feasible and that a total nondestructive evaluation scheme based entirely on the use of prototype loads and measured deflections can be fabricated to evaluate and predict instantaneous response and cumulative effects of loads of various magnitudes and configurations. /Author/ KW - Airport runways KW - Deflection KW - Diodes KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Live loads KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement loads KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Response KW - Transfer functions KW - Transformers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496683 AU - True, H C AU - Rickley, E J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Noise Characteristics of Eight Helicopters PY - 1977/07//Final Report SP - 172p AB - This report describes the noise characteristics of eight helicopters during level flyovers, simulated approaches, and hover. The data was obtained during a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)/Department of Transportation (DOT) Helicopter Noise Program to acquire a data base for possible helicopter noise regulatory action. The helicopter models tested were the Bell 47G, 206L, and 212 (UHIN), the Hughes 300C and 500C, the Sikorsky S-61 (SH-3B) and S-64 (CH-54B) and the Vertol CH-47C. The acoustic data is presented as Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL), A-weighted sound pressure level and 1/3 octave band sound pressure level with a slow meter characteristic per FAR Part 36. Selected waveforms and narrow band spectra are also shown. Proposed methods to quantify impulsive noise ("blade slap") are evaluated for a level flyover for each of the helicopters. The tested helicopters can be grouped into classes depending upon where the maximum noise occurs during a level flyover. Helicopters with the higher main rotor tip speeds propagate highly impulsive noise ahead of the helicopter. The maximum noise for most of the helicopters occurs near the overhead position and appears to originate from the tail rotor. Unmuffled reciprocating engine helicopters appear to have significant engine noise behind the helicopter. Noise levels, when compared as a function of gross weight and flown at airspeeds to minimize "compressibility slap" form a band 7 EPNdb wide with a slope directly proportional to gross weight. The quieter helicopters have multibladed rotors and tipspeeds below 700 fps. The duration correction in EPNL is important in evaluating helicopter noise because it penalizes the longer time histories of the helicopters with significant blade slap during a level flyover. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Approach KW - Helicopters KW - Sound level UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/47000/47900/47927/Eight_helicopters.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167013 AU - True, H C AU - Rickley, E J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF HEIGHT HELICOPTERS PY - 1977/07 SP - 167 p. AB - This report describes the noise characteristics of eight Helicopters during level flyovers, simulated approaches, and hover. The data were obtained during an FAA/DOT Helicopter Noise Program to acquire a data base for possible helicopter noise regulatory action. The helicopter models tested were the Bell 47G, 206L, and 212 (UHIN), the Hughes 300C and 500C, the Sikorsky S-61 (SH-3B) and S-64 (CH-54B) and the Vertol CH-47C. The acoustic data is presented as Effective Perceived Noise Level, A-weighted sound pressure level and 1/3 octave band sound pressure level with a slow meter characteristic per FAR Part 36. Selected waveforms and narrow band spectra are also shown. Proposed methods to quantify impulsive noise ('blade slap') are evaluated for a level flyover for each of the Helicopters. The tested helicopters can be grouped into classes depending upon where the maximum noise occurs during a level flyover. Helicopters with the higher main rotor tip speeds propagate highly impulsive noise ahead of the helicopter. The maximum noise for most of the helicopters occurs near the overhead position and appears to originate from the tail rotor. Unmuffled reciprocating engine helicopters appear to have significant engine noise behind the helicopter. Noise levels, when compared as a function of gross weight and flown at airspeeds to minimize 'compressibility slap' form a band 7 EPNdB wide with a slope directly proportional to gross weight. The quieter helicopters have multibladed rotors and tipspeeds below 700 fps. KW - Acoustic signature KW - Aircraft noise KW - Approach KW - Flight KW - Ground effect KW - Ground effect KW - Helicopters KW - Measurement KW - Rotor blades KW - Rotors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181323 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - THE FEASIBILITY, PRACTICABILITY, AND COST OF THE SOUNDPROOFING OF SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS, AND PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES LOCATED NEAR AIRPORTS PY - 1977/07 SP - 48 p. AB - This report concludes that soundproofing can achieve noise reductions of 10 to 20 db, is feasible and practicable, and may be cost effective at specific locations. (Author) KW - Airport location KW - Airports KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Facilities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hospitals KW - Location KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Public health KW - Schools KW - Sound UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167184 AU - Blethrow, J G AU - Garner, J D AU - Lowrey, D L AU - Busby, D E AU - Chandler, R F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - EMERGENCY ESCAPE OF HANDICAPPED AIR TRAVELERS PY - 1977/07 SP - 72 p. AB - This report describes a study conducted by the Civil Aeromedical Institute to investigate potential problems related to the emergency evacuation of civil aircraft carrying handicapped passengers. The study includes an analysis of the movement of individual handicapped subjects in an aircraft cabin and the results of evacuation tests in which a portion of the test subjects either were handicapped or simulated handicaps. Data are given relative to assistance to handicapped passengers, the effects of groups of handicapped passengers, seating location, floor slope, and exit type on the evacuation time. Suggestions by handicapped subjects and a summary of recent aircraft accidents involving evacuation of handicapped passengers are included as appendices to the report. (Author) KW - Air transportation KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Civil aviation KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency exits KW - Escape systems KW - Evacuation KW - Intersection elements KW - Mobility KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Seats KW - Time KW - Transportation safety KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167014 AU - Ahlers, R H AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - FULL-SCALE AIRCRAFT CRASH TESTS OF MODIFIED JET FUEL PY - 1977/07 SP - 97 p. AB - Crash tests were conducted with two A3 and two RB66 aircraft under impact-survivable crash conditions. The wing tanks in the first RB66 aircraft contained Jet A fuel modified with an 0.7-percent polymeric additive. The aircraft was crash tested into the specially constructed test site at 104.6 knots. The fuel mist generated by the fuel released from four crash-inflicted openings in the front wing spar was not ignited by the array of ignition sources. The wing tanks in the second RB66 aircraft were filled with JET A fuel modified with 0.5-percent of the same polymeric additive. The aircraft was crashed into the test site at 102.4 knots. The test conditions for the second RB66 test were made more severe by increasing the fuel temperature, partially drilling out areas in the front spar to increase the opened fuel spillage area, and by adding four fuel release openings under the wing, larger ignition sources, and operating the engines. The fuel mist burst into flame and followed the aircraft down the test site, continuing to burn until extinguished by the firefighting crew. These full-scale tests indicate that modified fuels have a potential for reducing the postcrash fire hazard and that small-scale tests should be conducted which are representative of full-scale crash conditions to determine the additive concentration to be used in any future crash tests. (Author) KW - Aerial reconnaissance KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft fires KW - Attack aircraft KW - Bombers (Aircraft) KW - Chemical spills KW - Crashes KW - Fire causes KW - Fire prevention KW - Fires KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel tanks KW - Impact tests KW - Jet a fuel KW - Jet engine fuels KW - Military aircraft KW - Polymers KW - Prevention KW - Prototype tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00173858 AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - PROFILES OF SCHEDULED AIR CARRIER PASSENGER TRAFFIC FOR TOP 100 US AIRPORTS, AUGUST 6, 1976 PY - 1977/07 SP - 201 p. AB - This report provides data for passenger traffic on scheduled air carrier services departing from and arriving at the top 100 airports within the fifty states and the District of Columbia. Enplanement and deplanement data are displayed by class of service by hour of the day for Friday, August 6, 1976. The selection of the top 100 airports was based on the total number of 1973 passenger enplanements in domestic and international service. KW - Airlines KW - Airplanes KW - Arrivals and departures KW - Boarding KW - Deplaning KW - Enplaning KW - Passenger traffic KW - Scheduled airlines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168526 AU - BUSCH, A C AU - Colamosca, B AU - Vander Veer, J R AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - COLLISION RISK AND ECONOMIC BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE SEPARATION FOR THE CENTRAL EAST PACIFIC TRACK SYSTEM PY - 1977/06 SP - 141 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the application of composite separation to the Central East Pacific (CEP) track system. Criteria for the evaluation were a collision risk and an economic benefit's comparison of the existing four-route and proposed composite six-route systems. A 6-month data collection was performed. Radar data from land-based facilities in California and Hawaii and from Ocean Station Vessel November were processed to determine aircraft navigation performance. Utilization of the existing system was gauged from air traffic control facility data, and flight crew survey forms were used to collect information necessary for comparative analysis purposes. The report describes estimation of collision risk model parameters from the data. Lateral, longitudinal, and composite collision risk model risks were estimated for the existing and proposed composite systems based upon accepted North Atlantic Systems Planning Group (NAT/SPG) methodology, while vertical collision risk was calculated based upon previous NAT/SPG studies. Lateral collision risk for the proposed composite system was found to be lower than for the existing structure. Comparisons of fuel burn and flight times indicated that the proposite composite system would be more economically beneficial than the existing route configuration. As a result of the study, the proposed composite system was recommended for implementation on a trial basis. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft safety KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aviation KW - Computer program verification KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Economic benefits KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Flight paths KW - Flight time KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Optimization KW - Reliability KW - Risk analysis KW - Selection KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166470 AU - Edmonds, J D AU - PURSEL, R H AU - Gallagher, J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - A FLIGHT INVESTIGATION OF SYSTEM ACCURACIES AND OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES OF A GENERAL AVIATION AREA NAVIGATION SYSTEM PY - 1977/06 SP - 99 p. AB - Flight tests were conducted at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) using a general aviation area navigation (RNAV) system to investigate system accuracies and resultant airspace requirements in the terminal area. Issues investigated were total system error and error budget, flight technical error, turn anticipation, waypoint storage capacity, and results of typical operational maneuvers. Subject pilots for the test represented two distinct levels of experience. Subjects were also restricted to a one-, two-, or three-waypoint storage capacity for various flights. Statistical data are presented for the various error components making up the RNAV total system error. Various operational capabilities were also investigated and graphical data are presented for parallel offsets and turn anticipation. A two standard deviation of + or - 1.5 nmi was measured for total system crosstrack error in the terminal area. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport terminals KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Airspace (Law) KW - Area navigation KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Errors KW - Flight paths KW - Flight tests KW - Four dimensional KW - Freight terminals KW - General aviation KW - Information processing KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Navigation KW - Navigation computers KW - Navigational aids KW - Omnidirectional KW - Statistics KW - Three dimensional KW - Two dimensional UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33312/33312.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175377 AU - ZAIDMAN, S AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF CONTINUED OPERATION OF SELECTED AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS (ATCT) PY - 1977/06 SP - 75 p. AB - This report evaluates the merits of continued operation of existing FAA airport traffic control towers using the benefit-cost technique. Considered are airport safety and efficiency benefits as well as the costs of continued facility operation and of dismantling and relocation. The analysis identifies 73 current tower locations as not worthy of continued operation on economic grounds. Only nine sites are selected as candidates for decommissioning when using existing noneconomic discontinuance criteria. The study is divided into three parts. Part A describes the detailed benefit-cost rationale and methodology. Part B provides an historical account of the evolution of tower establishment and discontinuance criteria. Part C examines the impact of uneconomical tower locations identified by the benefit-cost analysis, i.e., those sites where costs of continued tower operation exceed benefits. This part also offers several alternative options for formulating an agency policy for discontinuing tower operations. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control system analysis KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport safety KW - Airports KW - Analysis KW - Aviation safety KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Control tower cabs KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost benefits KW - Costs KW - Criteria KW - Economics KW - Impact studies KW - Needs assessment KW - Removal KW - Systems analysis KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168399 AU - Seeman, D R AU - Nielsen, J P AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque TI - METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING, ISOLATING, AND CORRECTING RUNWAY ROUGHNESS SN - 21041A04 PY - 1977/06 SP - 33 p. AB - A method to determine the roughness of runway profiles in terms of aircraft response is presented. The aircraft response is specified in terms of pilot-station vertical accelerations, which are determined from computer simulation. Corrections to the profiles are then made to reduce the aircraft response. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Profiles KW - Response KW - Roughness KW - Simulation KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168952 AU - Forrest, R D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CERTIFICATION STUDY OF A DERIVATIVE MODEL OF A SMALL JET TRANSPORT AIRPLANE USING A PILOTED RESEARCH SIMULATOR PY - 1977/06 SP - 86 p. AB - The Flight Simulator for Advanced Aircraft (FSAA) at Ames Research Center was used to evaluate the flying qualities of a small jet transport and those of a derivative model of that airplane. The objective was to define technical criteria that piloted simulations must meet to enable their increased use for demonstrating compliance with transport category aircraft airworthiness requirements. Flying-qualities data were obtained for numerous test configuration and conditions using conventional certification flight test procedures. These data correlated well with the basic airplane data from the manufacturer's certification test report. Analysis of the simulator data showed valid results in critical test cases, such as the demonstration of static longitudinal stability and minimum control speed, with confidence that all influencing and limiting factors were identified. An important aspect was the accurate simulation of the control force-feel qualities of the reversible flight control system. The simulator was judged to have duplicated actual flight results with a high degree of confidence. It is concluded that it is technically feasible to pursue the increased use of simulation in conducting derivative airplane certification evaluations of the scope reported in this report. (Author) KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Aerodynamic characteristics KW - Aerodynamic stability KW - Aerodynamics KW - Airworthiness KW - Certification KW - Civil aviation KW - Criteria KW - Demonstration projects KW - Demonstrations KW - Federal laws KW - Flight KW - Flight control systems KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Flight tests KW - Jet transports KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Prototypes KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Reversible KW - Specifications KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166425 AU - HANSEN, J AU - WEBSTER, A AU - Reynolds, B AU - VERVE AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STUDY REQUIREMENTS FOR AN INTEGRATED AIR/GROUND COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY PY - 1977/05/16 SP - 334 p. AB - The structure, performance, maintenance, and versatility of FAA Air/Ground Communication facilities are evaluated, using a system approach to analyze requirements and costs. Guidelines have been developed by this study for effectively defining Air/Ground facilities to support present and future operations of the National Airspace System. As a primary example, an integrated OAKLAND ARTCC model is designed which consolidates its associated communication facilities, and is responsive to its operational and maintenance requirements. (Author) KW - Air to surface KW - Air traffic control KW - Antenna radiation patterns KW - Antennas KW - Communication systems KW - Control KW - Integrated systems KW - Maintenance KW - Radiation patterns KW - Radio KW - Radio equipment KW - Reliability KW - Surface to air KW - Switching KW - Ultrahigh frequency KW - Very high frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167009 AU - Roman, J J AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT CRITERIA FOR VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR (VASI) PY - 1977/05 SP - 42 p. AB - This report develops revised establishment and discontinuance criteria for Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) which provide Visual Flight Rules (VFR) guidance only. Criteria are based upon detailed benefit/cost methodology. This approach takes into account the number of aircraft landings by user class with variations depending upon whether or not the runway is equipped with an Instrument Landing System. Benefits derived from a VASI were principally in the area of safety which are obtained by improved guidance during final VFR approaches. Revised criteria require that a ratio value be computed for each of the three types of operations (air carrier, air taxi, and general aviation including military). The three ratios are then added to obtain a total ratio value, and this is multiplied by the runway utilization to obtain a net ratio value. If this net ratio value is equal to 1 or greater, then the runway is a candidate for a VASI. In the short term, it is estimated that 590 runways now without a VASI will qualify. Over the next ten years, an additional 388 runways are expected to qualify for a VASI. (Author) KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport runways KW - Analysis KW - Approach KW - Approach lights KW - Aviation safety KW - Beacon lights KW - Beacons KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Benefits KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost benefits KW - Costs KW - Glide path systems KW - Indicating instruments KW - Indicator lights KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Landing KW - Landing aids KW - Landing lights KW - Lighting KW - Marker lights KW - Obstruction markers KW - Signals KW - Visual flight KW - Visual flight rules KW - Visual signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00407170 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - NATIONAL AIR TRAFFIC TRAINING PROGRAM INDOCTRINATION, STUDENT PY - 1977/05 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Education and training KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/222032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00157270 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - IMPACT OF NOISE ON PEOPLE PY - 1977/05 SP - 38 p. AB - This brochure which presents aircraft noise indices, information on human response to noise and criteria for land use controls, also describes hearing damage and occupational health standards for noise. Measurable physical characteristics (intensity, frequency content, sound pressure) which determine how people perceive loudness are discussed, and the factors which determine emotional response are listed. Comparative noise levels showing typical decibel values encountered in daily life and industry are tabulated. A table is presented which summarizes the relationship between various indicators of community annoyance and several cumulative noise indices. It also illustrates the point that a valid indicator of noise impact is the changing percentage of population associated with a given response. The noise levels requisite to protect public health and welfare with an adequate margin of safety are summarized, and important facts related to temporary auditory threshold shifts (temporary hearing loss) are noted. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Community values KW - Criteria KW - Emotions KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hearing loss KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Occupational safety KW - Social values KW - Sound level KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159058 AU - Ball, C T AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA AIRPORT CAPACITY AND DELAY MODELS. MODEL SIMULATION PY - 1977/04/13 SP - n.p. AB - The tape contains the following programs developed for the FAA: airport capacity model; airport delay simulation model; and airport annual delay model. The airport capacity model computes saturation hourly runway, taxiway, or gate capacity given inputs for runway use configuration, weather, aircraft mix, percent arrivals, aircraft separations, taxiway locations, gate sizes, etc. This information can be used to determine the ultimate flow rate possible on an airport, and to develop inputs required to compute hourly and annual airport delay. This program can be used with cards (i.e., batch inputs) or in a simplified question and answer on-line mode. The program contains subroutines to compute hourly capacity for over 100 runway use configurations. The airport Delay Simulation Model computes detail information about aircraft delays, travel times, flow rates, and queues on the airport airfield and terminal airspace. Model inputs include a schedule of aircraft operations, taxiway routings, aircraft separations, locations of airline gates and general aviation basing areas, aircraft performance measures, etc. A separate preprocessor is available to simplify the preparation of routing data inputs. The airport Annual Delay Model computes annual delay for the airport airfield given inputs for hourly runway capacity, usage percents for different runway use configurations, annual demand, demand distribution characteristics, weather data, etc. This information can be used to forecast future airport congestion and select reasonable annual capacities. This program can only be used in a question and answer mode. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation KW - Aircraft landing KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Arrival KW - Capacity quantity KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Delay and capacity simulation model KW - Forecasting KW - Gates KW - Highway capacity KW - Landing KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Mathematical models KW - Needs assessment KW - Planning KW - Programming manuals KW - Queueing models KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Runway capacity KW - Schedules KW - Simulation KW - Takeoff KW - Taxiways KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel time KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496745 AU - True, H C AU - Rickley, E J AU - Letty, R M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Helicopter Noise Measurements Data Report -- Volume II, Helicopter Models: Bell 212 (UH-IN), Sikorsky S-61 (SH-3A), Sikorsky S-64 "Skycrane" (CH-54B), Boeing Vertol "Chinook" (CH-47C) PY - 1977/04//Data Report SP - 420p AB - This data report contains the measured noise levels obtained from a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Helicopter Noise Test Program. The purpose of this test program was to provide a data base for a possible helicopter noise certification rule. The noise data presented in this two volume report is primarily intended as a means to disseminate the available information. Only the measured data is presented in this report. All FAA/Department of Transportation (DOT) data analysis and comparisons will be presented in a later report which is scheduled for distribution in July 1977. The eight helicopters tested during this Helicopter Noise Test Program constituted a wide range of gross weights and included participation from several helicopter manufacturers. The helicopter models used in this test program were the Hughes 300C, Hughes 500C, Bell 47-G, Bell 206-L, Bell 212 (UH-1N), Sikorsky S-61 (SH-3A), Sikorsky S-64 "Skycrane" (CH-54B), and Boeing Vertol "Chinook" CH-47C. Volume I contains the measured noise levels obtained from the first four helicopters while Volume II contains the data from the remaining four. The test procedure for each helicopter consisted of obtaining noise data during hover, level flyover, and approach conditions. The data presented in this report consists of time histories, 1/3-octave band spectra, effective perceived noise level (EPNL), perceived noise level (PNL), dBA, dBD and overall sound pressure levels (OASPL) noise levels. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Databases KW - Helicopters KW - Sound level UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/47000/47900/47932/FAA-RD-77-57vii.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496734 AU - True, H C AU - Rickley, E J AU - Letty, R M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Helicopter Noise Measurements Data Report: Volume I, Helicopter Models: Hughes 300-C, Hughes 500-C, Bell 47-G, Bell 206-L PY - 1977/04//Data Report SP - 390p AB - This data report contains the measured noise levels obtained from a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Helicopter Noise Test Program. The purpose of this test program was to provide a data base for a possible helicopter noise certification rule. The noise data presented in this two volume report is primarily intended as a means to disseminate the available information. Only the measured data is presented in this report. All FAA/Department of Transportation (DOT) data analysis and comparisons will be presented in a later report which is scheduled for distribution in July 1977. The eight helicopters tested during this Helicopter Noise Test Program constituted a wide range of gross weights and included participation from several helicopter manufacturers. The helicopter models used in this test program were the Hughes 300C, Hughes 500C, Bell 47-G, Bell 206-L, Bell 212 (UH-1N), Sikorsky S-61 (SH-3A), Sikorsky S-64 "Skycrane" (CH-54B), and Boeing Vertol "Chinook" CH-47C. Volume I contains the measured noise levels obtained from the first four helicopters while Volume II contains the data from the remaining four. The test procedure for each helicopter consisted of obtaining noise data during hover, level flyover, and approach conditions. The data presented in this report consists of time histories, 1/3-octave band spectra, effective perceived noise level (EPNL), perceived noise level (PNL), dBA, dBD and overall sound pressure levels (OASPL) noise levels. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Databases KW - Helicopters KW - Sound level UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/47000/47900/47930/FAA-RD-77-57vi.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159397 AU - Sauer, H H AU - Stonehocker, G H AU - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE CAPABILITY FOR RAPID WARNINGS OF SOLAR FLARE RADIATION HAZARDS TO AIRCRAFT. PART I. FORECASTS AND WARNINGS OF SOLAR FLARE RADIATION HAZARDS. PART II. AN FAA POLAR FLIGHT SOLAR COSMIC RADIATION FORECAST/WARNING COMMUNICATION SYSTEM STUDY. PY - 1977/04 SP - 88 p. AB - The first part of the report provides background information on the occurrence of solar activity and the consequent sporadic production of electromagnetic and particle emissions from the sun. A summary is given of the current procedures for the forecasting of solar activity together with procedures used to verify these forecasts as currently available. A summary of current forecasting of radiation hazards as provided in support of the Concorde SST program is also given. The second part of the report describes a forecast message distribution system developed in conjunction with solar cosmic radiation forecasts and warnings of the Space Environment Laboratory of NOAA for the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Office of Aviation Medicine. The study analyzes the currently available and future aeronautical telecommunication system facilities to determine an optimum system to distribute forecasts to the preflight planning centers in the international flight service stations for polar-flying subsonic and supersonic transport (SST) type aircraft. Also recommended for the system are timely and reliable distribution of warnings to individual in-flight aircraft in polar areas by the responsible air traffic control authority. KW - Aerospace environment KW - Cosmic rays KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Flares KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Solar cosmic rays KW - Solar flares KW - Solar radiation KW - Supersonic aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154059 AU - Shives, T R AU - Willard, W A AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Office of Naval Research London (England) AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PREVENTION OF FAILURES IN COAL CONVERSION SYSTEMS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING OF THE MECHANICAL FAILURES PREVENTION GROUP (24TH) HELD AT BATTELLE, COLUMBUS LABORATORIES, COLUMBUS, OHIO ON APRIL 21-23, 1976 PY - 1977/04 SP - 237 p. AB - These Proceedings consist of a group of twenty submitted papers and discussions from the 24th meeting of the Mechanical Failures Prevention Group which was held at Battelle, Columbus Laboratories in Columbus, Ohio on April 21-23, 1976. Prevention of failures in coal conversion systems is the central theme of the Proceedings. A series of overview lectures dealing with reliability problems in coal conversion systems, economics of failures in energy generating systems, corrosion, and gaps in engineering data are presented. In addition, failure analysis, materials problems, and related materials research are discussed. KW - Analysis KW - Carbon dioxide acceptor process KW - Coal gasification KW - Coal liquefaction KW - Coal processing KW - Coking KW - Consol synthetic gas process KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Degradation KW - Erosion KW - Failure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Materials KW - Meetings KW - Metals KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Particles KW - Quality control KW - Refining KW - Refractory materials KW - Solvent-refined coal KW - Solvents KW - Steel KW - Synthane process UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198249 AU - Trans Systems Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STUDY OF SOUNDPROOFING PUBLIC BUILDINGS NEAR AIRPORTS PY - 1977/04 SP - 275 p. AB - Pursuant to Special Studies, Section 26(3) under Appendix B, of Airport and Airway Development Act Amendments of 1976, Public Law 94-353, this study was undertaken to develop the data and procedures which can be used to determine the feasibility, practicability and costs of soundproofing public buildings near airports. Costing of soundproofing public buildings includes: schools, hospitals, and public health facilities near airports. (Author) KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airports KW - Building KW - Civilian population KW - Communities KW - Costs KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Health care facilities KW - Hospitals KW - Impact tests KW - Jet engine noise KW - Jet engines KW - Land use KW - Laws KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Public opinion KW - Public relations KW - Schools KW - Sonic boom KW - Sound proofition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166066 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - PROFILES OF INTERNATIONAL PASSENGERS AT U. S. AIRPORTS-1976 PY - 1977/04 SP - 277 p. AB - Summary data on passenger traffic between the United States and foreign countries are provided for the Calendar Year 1976. Data were selected from Form I-92, 'Aircraft/Vessel Report' of the U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Statistics include passenger origin and destination ports, the nationality of the carriers, and the number of U.S. and Non-U. S. citizens on each flight. International operations - both departures and arrivals - by U. S. airport are also included. Passenger flows are broken down by geographical regions, domestic and foreign carriers. Number of passengers carried between each of 66 U. S. ports and individual world countries is displayed in tables by world areas. Charts depict for each of the U. S. airports total passengers on U. S. and foreign carriers, on all Flags and U. S. and foreign carriers with percentages of U. S. and Non-U. S. citizens. Data are by world region with an All Ports summary. The total U. S. international traffic operating out of all U. S. ports is distributed among ten Foreign World Areas. International travel to and from the Caribbean, Bermuda and Canada is not included in this study. (Author) KW - Air transportation KW - Airlines KW - Arrivals and departures KW - International airports KW - International trade KW - Origin and destination KW - Passengers KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Travel KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166069 AU - McLaughlin, A L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FIELD COMPACTION OF BITUMINOUS MIXES FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/04 SP - 63 p. AB - The report identifies the rationale for the Federal Aviation Administration requirement concerning the compaction of bituminous airport pavements (98 percent minimum of Marshall density) and outlines the mix design and construction factors directly affecting pavement compactibility. Information on the practices and problems associated with field compaction was gathered from interviews with cognizant field staff and notable experts, laboratory and field records of recently constructed airport pavements and from experimental and analytical research efforts by several agencies. The findings are that the requirement is justifiable on the basis of expected pavement strength and durability; and that if certain design, construction and testing procedures are not within strict limits difficulty or failure to achieve adequate compaction will result. Recommendations are made that will assure and facilitate the attainment of high quality pavements. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous coatings KW - Compaction KW - Data collection KW - Loads KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166037 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF OCCUPATION, AGE, AND EXPOSURE IN GENERAL AVIATION ACCIDENTS PY - 1977/04 SP - 24 p. AB - This study involved a census of 4,491 general aviation accident-involved airmen records for the year 1974 to obtain relevant occupation, age, exposure, and other epidemiologic profile information of a descriptive nature. Population comparison data for occupation, age, and exposure were obtained from a sample of 9,414 currently certified airmen medical records as of December 1974. Occupation was studied under assumptions of similar exposure, total cumulative exposure by occupation, and recent exposure by occupation with the outcome under at least two methods of analysis being the identification of physicians, lawyers, sales representatives, farmers, and housewives as having high accident experience. KW - Age KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash investigation KW - Epidemiology KW - Exposure KW - Exposure physiology KW - General aviation KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Occupational surveys KW - Occupations KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177006 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FIELD FORMULATION OF THE NATIONAL AIRPORT SYSTEM PLAN (NASP) PY - 1977/04 SP - 8 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - National airport system plan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177020 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - COMMUTER AIRLINE AIRPORT FACILITIES: STUDY OF FOUR AIR CARRIER AIRPORTS PY - 1977/04 SP - 56 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Airlines KW - Airports KW - Commuter airlines KW - Facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00408067 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AVIATION FUTURES TO THE YEAR 2000 PY - 1977/03 SP - 58 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/220780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159104 AU - McKoy, B G AU - Travis, F AU - Hannan, B AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Automated Business Services, Incorporated TI - PALO ALTO AIRPORT TOWER OPERATIONS. HOURLY ACTIVITY DATA FOR THE YEARS 1970 - 1971 WITH EMPHASIS ON GENERAL AVIATION ACTIVITY PY - 1977/03 SP - 89 p. AB - During calendar years 1970 and 1971, the control tower at Palo Alto, a general aviation airport with consistently good weather, kept an hourly total log of aviation activities by the categories: local general aviation, itinerant general aviation, local military, itinerant military, air carrier, and instrument operation. The log was maintained for 16 hours per day, from 8:00 a.m. until midnight. This report presents and discusses 15 qualitative data reference graphs and 48 quantitative data tables, including the detailed source data listing. It also discusses the qualification of the source data, mentions some of the more obvious conclusions which may be drawn from it, and encourages its further analysis and use. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport operations KW - Airports KW - California KW - Civil aviation KW - General aviation KW - Graphs KW - Military aircraft KW - Palo Alto (California) KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167006 AU - Crane, C R AU - Sanders, D C AU - Endecott, B R AU - Abbott, J K AU - Smith, P W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - INHALATION TOXICOLOGY: I. DESIGN OF A SMALL-ANIMAL TEST SYSTEM. II. DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE TOXIC HAZARDS OF 75 AIRCRAFT CABIN MATERIALS PY - 1977/03 SP - 59 p. AB - In an effort to further the cause of increased safety for those who ride in commercial aircraft, this paper presents a detailed description of the genesis of a small-scale, laboratory test system that utilizes small animals to evaluate the relative toxic hazard of combustion products generated by the thermal decomposition of nonmetallic materials. It includes: a discussion of the concepts that led to the design; detailed instructions for fabricating the system; operating parameters and instructions for conducting a test; an evaluation of the system's performance as determined by the testing of 75 aircraft cabin materials; the utilization of animal response time as a basis for expressing relative toxicity; and a discussion of the derivation of an "inhalation dose" concept that promises to be more useful than "lethal concentrations." /Author/ KW - Aircraft cabins KW - Aircraft safety KW - Aviation safety KW - Civil aircraft KW - Combustion KW - Combustion products KW - Hazards KW - Incapacitation KW - Injuries KW - Laboratory animals KW - Materials KW - Nonmetals KW - Plastics KW - Pyrolysis KW - Synthetics KW - Test procedures KW - Toxic inhalation hazards KW - Toxicity KW - Toxicology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177014 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF STATE STANDARDS FOR GENERAL AVIATION AIRPORTS PY - 1977/03 SP - n.p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Aircraft safety KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - General aviation KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177024 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - STANDARD DATA ELEMENTS AND CODES: GENERAL STANDARDS PY - 1977/03 SP - 46 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Coding systems KW - Data KW - Navigational aids KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158541 AU - Thompson, G E AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CURRENT AVIATION STATISTICS. AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY. TERMINAL AREA RELATIONSHIPS. FISCAL YEAR 1976 PY - 1977/03 SP - 59 p. AB - The current study of terminal area airport operations encompasses FY 1976 data for 415 airports at which FAA traffic control towers operated the entire twelve months period. These are presented in two primary groups: Air Commerce Airports, and General Aviation Airports. Each tower is requested to report the peak daily traffic count during the previous twelve months for air carrier, itinerant (including air carrier), total aircraft (including local) and instrument operations. Peak counts for the various categories need not occur on the same day. These peak days can be accurately identified from the daily traffic counts recorded on FAA Form 7230-1. Busy hour estimates are obtained from periodic counts 60 minutes in duration. These counts are made during known high activity periods of each traffic category. From this sample, tower personnel select a count which is representative of daily busy hour activity for each category. The tables contain traffic estimates for each airport at which an air traffic control tower operated furing all of FY 1976. Provided with peak day and busy hour are average day and hour operations computed from annual operations. Measures of peaking characteristics are given by the ratios of peak day to average day and busy hour to average hour for individual airports and airport size groups. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airport operations KW - Airport terminals KW - Civil aviation KW - Daily KW - Flight KW - Freight terminals KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Terminal air traffic control KW - Traffic counts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169218 AU - Amodeo, F A AU - Haines, A L AU - Sinha, A N AU - Mitre Corporation AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - CONCEPTS FOR ESTIMATING CAPACITY OF BASIC RUNWAY CONFIGURATIONS PY - 1977/03 SP - 50 p. AB - One method of evaluating the impact of changes in the governing longitudinal separation standards on final approach is through the estimation of runway capacity. This paper presents concepts for such an estimation. The arrival stream is analyzed with respect to the applicable longitudinal separation standards, ATC system performance and the interactions with departures, if any, as governed by the appropriate ATC rules and procedures. Concepts are developed for arrival only, departure only, arrival/departure, dual-lane, and intersecting runway configurations. The revision updates the January 1976 version, primarily with respect to the detail of dealing with intersecting runway configurations. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft landings KW - Aircraft separation KW - Airport capacity KW - Airport runways KW - Estimating KW - Flight paths KW - Landing KW - Runway capacity KW - Scheduling KW - Standard deviation KW - Standards KW - Takeoff UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57772 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00155587 JO - Airport World PB - Insight Media, Limited AU - Holt, P W AU - Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association TI - AIRPORT ACCESS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1977/03 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 44-45 AB - This is a discussion of one of the keys to mobility and airport access--the commercial helicopter. KW - Airport access KW - Civil aircraft KW - Helicopters KW - Landside capacity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/52599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181311 AU - Ostrowski, D W AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - JET TRANSPORT REJECTED TAKEOFFS PY - 1977/02 SP - 27 p. AB - Jet transport airplane rejected takeoffs (RTO's) at heavy weights and high speeds and RTO accidents/incidents involving tires, wheels, and brakes have prompted an assessment of RTO test procedures and the system by which RTO accountability is achieved for day-to-day operations. It is concluded that 3 to 4% of air carrier accidents, fatalities, and aircraft losses can be attributed to tire/wheel/brake related RTO's. Tire failures and the lack of accountability for the increased accelerate-stop distance required on wet/slippery runways are significant factors. Recommendations are made for reducing the incidence of tire failures and accounting for the increased accelerate-stop distance necessitated by wet/slippery runways. (Author) KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft safety KW - Aircraft tires KW - Airport runways KW - Aviation safety KW - Brakes KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Jet propelled aircraft KW - Jet transports KW - Rejected takeoffs KW - Rejection KW - Takeoff KW - Tires KW - Weather KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177013 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIR TAXI AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE CONTROL PY - 1977/02 SP - 3 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Air taxi service KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft safety KW - Aviation safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177009 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - SAFEGUARDING AND USE OF FIREARMS PY - 1977/02 SP - 3 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Aircraft safety KW - Aviation safety KW - Firearms KW - Guns KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154937 AU - SHRAGER, J J AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - WIND SHEAR: A LITERATURE SEARCH, ANALYSIS, AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1977/02 SP - 95 p. AB - A literature search of recent publications (post 1970) on low-altitude wind shear and its relationship to aircraft operations during approach, landing, and takeoff was made. An analysis of the reviewed literature with respect to (1) wind shear characterization/atmospheric modeling, (2) hazard definition/accident analysis, (3) ground-based equipment, (4) airborne equipment, (5) flight test and simulation, (6) forecasting/meteorology, and (7) flight operations/pilot training was made. The analysis of the 216 documents identified by the search are summarized. (Author) KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft landing KW - Aircraft operations KW - Altitude KW - Bibliographies KW - Flight simulation KW - Flight simulators KW - Flight tests KW - Flight training KW - Guides to the literature KW - Landing KW - Literature reviews KW - Low altitude KW - Takeoff KW - Takeoff and landing KW - Turbulence KW - Weather forecasting KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172440 AU - Chou, Y T AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station TI - ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT DEFORMATIONS OF FLEXIBLE AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/02 SP - 116 p. AB - This study was conducted to investigate the deformation characteristics of component materials in a flexible pavement system subject to moving aircraft loadings, and to attempt to develop a prediction model to estimate permanent deformation. A literature survey was first conducted on the deformation characteristics of pavement component materials and the computational techniques to predict the amount of deformation. Series of laboratory repeated load tests measuring permanent strain were performed on subgrade soil and untreated granular materials. The results were used as input to a layered elastic computer program to determine the accumulated permanent deformation that occurred in each layer of the pavement. It was concluded that it is not possible to predict the permanent deformation that occurs in a pavement using the layered elastic computer program; thus, it was recommended that efforts be made to study the basic deformation characteristics of asphaltic concrete and untreated granular soils in a pavement system and later initiate a development program for prediction models when the information becomes available. The permanent deformation occurring in the subgrade soil of many pavements was computed using the linear layered elastic computer program and laboratory repeated load test data. Results of the analysis indicate that the current concept of the control of subgrade rutting in flexible pavements by the limitation of elastic strain is not strictly correct. When subgrade strain is limited subgrade rutting may not be limited and may not be controlled. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Building materials KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Deformation KW - Engineering soils KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Live loads KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement deformation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements KW - Repeated loads KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154306 AU - Halverson, A G AU - Woodson, F B AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - NAVAID SUPPORT OF HIGH-ALTITUDE AREA NAVIGATION ROUTES PY - 1977/02 SP - 121 p. AB - A study was conducted to determine the capability of the present system of navigational aids (NAVAID's) to support an area navigation (RNAV) route structure. Coverage contours for each NAVAID were derived through application of radio line-of-sight (LOS) angles from the antenna to the surrounding terrain. A hypothetical high altitude RNAV structure was tested against the coverage contours of the NAVAID's presently used in the airspace at 18,000 feet and above. Each parent route and its related parallel offsets were checked for areas of excessive route width as well as for areas of noncoverage at a flight altitude of 18,000 feet. Based on these results, it is concluded that the present NAVAID system will support a high altitude RNAV route structure with only minor problems, principally in connection with route widths. But the extent of this problem depends upon air traffic control requirements and the assumed cross-course navigational errors. With definite information regarding these factors, the methodology developed at NAFEC can be effectively used to isolate and identify specific NAVAID coverage problems. KW - Air traffic control KW - Altitude KW - Area KW - Area coverage KW - Area navigation KW - Contours KW - Errors KW - High altitude KW - Line of sight KW - Navigation KW - Navigational aids KW - Problem areas KW - Radio beacons KW - Routes KW - Topography KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154295 AU - Ranger, F W AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF AN ENROUTE SYSTEM TERRAIN-AVOIDANCE FUNCTION WITH THE NAS A3D2.1 SYSTEM PY - 1977/02 SP - 15 p. AB - This report describes the operational evaluation of an enroute system terrain-avoidance function in conjunction with the National Airspace System Enroute A3d2.1 system. Tests were conducted at the National Facilities Experimental Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, in a low-altitude environment with simulated digital target data. Tests were designed to evaluate the performance of the terrain-avoidance function with respect to detection capability and adequacy of warning provided. Results indicate that although the terrain-avoidance function performed adequately for most enroute situations, false or late alerts could occur, due to the lag between the terrain-avoidance vector line and true aircraft heading. In most instances, the displayed information could be immediately and correctly interpreted by air traffic controllers and relayed to the pilots in adequate time for a safe response. Several functional changes made to the terrain-avoidance program to prevent problems encountered during testing were not subjected to detailed verification, thereby indicating a need for further testing of the function. Although these problems were encountered, the desirability of having a terrain-avoidance function as part of the enroute National Airspace System was not derogated. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Altitude KW - Aviation safety KW - Detectors KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Enroute traffic control system KW - Low altitude KW - Simulation KW - Terrain avoidance KW - Terrain avoidance radar KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151191 AU - PURSEL, R H AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - AN ANALYSIS OF RADIO NAVIGATION SENSOR ACCURACIES ASSOCIATED WITH AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) PY - 1977/02 SP - 36 p. AB - Flight test data gathered during a series of RNAV flight tests at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) in Atlantic City, New Jersey, are presented. The report concentrates on the radio navigation sensor errors and the resulting errors in position determination that are inherent in area navigation (RNAV) operation in the terminal area. Statistical data as well as distributions of the errors are presented. One-standard deviations of 1.5 degrees for very high frequency omnidirectional radio range (VOR) and 0.094 nautical mile for distance measuring equipment (DME) were computed from the flight test data. These statistics represent combined ground and airborne sensor errors. KW - Area navigation KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Errors KW - Navigation KW - Navigation computers KW - Radio KW - Radio equipment KW - Radio navigation KW - Radio ranges KW - Regression analysis KW - Statistics KW - Transmission KW - Very high frequency KW - Vhf omnidirectional range UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47678 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00423113 JO - ADVISORY CIRCULAR ; AC NO 20-97A -UNTRACED SERIES PB - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - HIGH-SPEED TIRE MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONAL PRACTICES PY - 1977/01/28 IS - 20-9 SP - 6 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airplanes KW - Maintenance KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/239382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167012 AU - Loughlin, R M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - REMOTENESS-COMPENSATION METHODOLOGY FOR BENEFIT/COST ESTABLISHMENT AND DISCONTINUANCE CRITERIA PY - 1977/01 SP - 57 p. AB - This report develops a procedure for adjusting the benefit/cost (B/C) ratios by which proposals for FAA terminal facilities in remote locations are evaluated. The procedure is applicable to the types of installations for which B/C analyses, based on nationwide average data, are incorporated in Airway Planning Standard Number One (FAA Order 7031.2B). Without such an adjustment, proposals for facilities in Alaska and other such locations could not realistically be compared with those for facilities in the contiguous 48 states (CONUS). The compensatory methodology first adjusts construction and installation costs according to a geographically differentiated index. Staff housing cost is subtracted. Exceptional site-preparation and other cost elements are not discarded, but their cost is made equivalent to the cost of doing the same work at a corresponding CONUS site. Next, for facilities to serve remote communities shown to be exceptionally reliant on air transportation, the ascribed benefits are adjusted upward. This benefit enhancement is proportional to the communities' aviation-dependency as determined by the model contained in this report, but it is not permitted to more than double intrinsic benefits. The benefit-enhancement premium is earned by a relatively few sites where large numbers of citizens are without alternative transportation links to the outside world for extended periods. (Author) KW - Accessibility KW - Air traffic control KW - Air transportation KW - Airport terminals KW - Alaska KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Compensation KW - Construction KW - Cost benefits KW - Costs KW - Dwellings KW - Employee compensation KW - Facilities KW - Housing KW - Installation KW - Methodology KW - Remote areas KW - Remote control KW - Remote systems KW - Remote terminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169450 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - TERMINAL AREA FORECAST 1978-1988 PY - 1977/01 SP - 353 p. AB - This report contains forecasts for air carrier and air taxi enplanements, air carrier and air taxi aircraft operations, itinerant, total and instrument aircraft operations, and instrument approaches at 894 airports throughout the United States. The airports in this publication include all those with Federal Aviation Administration air traffic control towers and those with air carrier service. The report is intended as an aid for anticipating future manpower and equipment needs at terminal areas. (Author) KW - Air taxi service KW - Air traffic KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airlines KW - Airplanes KW - Airport control towers KW - Airport terminals KW - Airports KW - Boarding KW - Civil aviation KW - Enplaning KW - Forecasting KW - Freight terminals KW - Geographical distribution KW - Instrument approach KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Labor market KW - Management KW - Management planning and control KW - Planning KW - Regions KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166011 AU - Simolunas, A A AU - Quinn, G H AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ALASKAN AIR NAVIGATION REQUIREMENTS. VOLUME I. OVERVIEW PY - 1977/01 SP - 72 p. AB - This report describes the unique air navigation problems of the Alaskan Region. Present and future navigation aids are described relative to their applicability to this area. Conclusions as to the near term and far term feasibility of these alternatives are summarized. Recommedations for a near term solution are presented using VORTAC, NDB, and DME systems. An operational feasibility system using Differential Omega is also described for a possible far term solution. (Author) KW - Air traffic KW - Alaska KW - Alaska's air navigation system KW - Aviation KW - Aviation safety KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Landing aids KW - Loran KW - Management KW - Navigational aids KW - Needs assessment KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Omega navigation KW - Omega navigation system KW - Radio beacons KW - Radio navigation KW - Radio stations KW - Range finding KW - Rangefinders KW - Tactical air navigation system KW - User needs KW - Very low frequency KW - Vortac UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154975 AU - Fromme, W R AU - Rodgers, J M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - POLICY ANALYSIS OF THE UPGRADED THIRD GENERATION AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1977/01 SP - 155 p. AB - This report provides a review of costs and benefits of the Upgraded Third Generator Air Traffic Control System (UG3RD) from a systems perspective and also reviews the feasibility and effectiveness of complementary policy strategies. The analysis values the costs and benefits of five alternative systems composed of potential combinations of UG3RD components. For each system, the added cost of airport and airway service was quantified for both the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and for airway users. Benefits consisted of increased airport capacity and reduced delay, savings from reduced FAA staff requirements, and improved airway system safety. In addition to estimating costs and benefits of various investments, the study investigates the impacts of airport quotas and peak pricing, increased use of satellite airports, and terminal control areas. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Airports KW - Analysis KW - Aviation safety KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Capacity KW - Congestion KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost benefits KW - Costs KW - Government policies KW - Modernization KW - Needs assessment KW - Personnel KW - Policy KW - Pricing KW - Quotas KW - Satellite terminals KW - Satellite terminals (Airports) KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Upgraded third generation KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154890 AU - Rodgers, J M AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF UG3RD PRODUCTIVITY IMPACTS PY - 1977/01 SP - 58 p. AB - This study estimates the value of savings attainable from reduced Air Traffic Service staff requirements associated with implementation of the Upgraded Third Generation Air Traffic Control System (UG3RD). Estimates of staff requirements, assuming either a continuation of the present air traffic control system or alternatively, various UG3RD improvements, were prepared from an analysis of specific job functions at sample facilities. Sample estimates were expanded to provide estimates of required staff at all centers and 30 selected TRACONS and/or terminals for the period 1976 and 2000. Manpower differentials were calculated and valued at an average 1975 wage plus benefit cost. (Author) KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Automation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Labor market KW - Modernization KW - Personnel management KW - Productivity KW - Upgraded third generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178255 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - AIR TRAFFIC AND AIRWAY FACILITIES PY - 1977/01 SP - 12 p. AB - This handbook describes the mission of the Associate Administrator for air traffic and airway facilities, the mission of the air traffic service and the airways facilities service. Information is also included on the total number of air traffic control specialist, region-wide distribution of the various positions, operation of the traffic control system, key aviation facilities (present-future), plant and equipment, control towers, enroute traffic control centers, enroute automation, air traffic control systems command center, flight service stations and number of facilities. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airport control towers KW - Automation KW - Control tower cabs KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Enroute traffic control system KW - Equipment KW - Flight service stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151500 AU - Rossiter, S AU - Windle, J AU - Strack, R AU - Mullen, W AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - SIMULATION STUDY OF INTERMITTENT POSITIVE CONTROL IN A TERMINAL AREA AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ENVIRONMENT PY - 1977/01 SP - 90 p. AB - A dynamic simulation was conducted to provide an initial and limited investigation into the operational and procedural problems that may exist when intermittent positive control (IPC) is present within a terminal area air traffic control (ATC) system. The simulation was performed at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC) and utilized the digital simulation facility (DSF). The test environment simulated a single Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) sensor site and used the IPC algorithm provided by the MITRE Corporation. The results indicated that the algorithm tested at NAFEC adversely interacted with the present ATC system in a number of operational areas. Rather than remaining passive until required, IPC generated controller alerts and, at times, commands when controllers were following normal procedures and aircraft pairs were well outside ATC separation standards. These unnecessary alerts occurred most frequently between arrivals in the final approach area and between arrivals and departures in those areas where routes crossed. The arrival encounters usually involved high closure rates, and, in general, all encounters demonstrated that a lack of knowledge of ATC intent and a sensitivity to controller technique precipitated the premature IPC activity. Data indicated that significant reductions in the number of IPC messages generated could be achieved by reductions in IPC threshold parameters. Modifications to control procedures could produce similar reductions, but were not considered acceptable because of the tendency toward increased workload and reduced operations rates. A comparative analysis between an airborne collision avoidance system and IPC is provided. KW - Air traffic control facilities KW - Air traffic control terminal KW - Algorithms KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - False alarms KW - False alarms (Security) KW - High density KW - Intermittent positive control KW - Mode S KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151128 AU - Johnston, R E AU - National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center TI - EVALUATION OF A RED-SILICONE-COATED VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR (VASI) LENS PY - 1977/01 SP - 14 p. AB - The subject effort was to test and evaluate the results of a new method of producing the red/white color-coded signal used in a Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) system. The present system uses a split lens assembly to produce the color coding, which consists of a clear lens segment and a red lens segment, the clear being somewhat smaller than the red, to construct one single VASI lens assembly. A new method of providing the signal was developed by coating the upper part of a circular clear lens with a heat-resistant red-silicone-pigment paint, leaving the lower part clear to transmit the white signal. Laboratory and field tests conducted on the coated lens resulted in no appreciable deterioration of the red signal; therefore, it was determined that this method of providing the signal was comparable to the split lens assembly. The results of the tests indicate that this method of producing the signal would be suitable for present and future VASI systems. KW - Approach control KW - Approach indicators KW - Coatings KW - Color codes KW - Glide path systems KW - Landing aids KW - Lenses (Optics) KW - Optical coatings KW - Optical lenses KW - Protective coatings KW - Red KW - Signals KW - Silicone coatings KW - Silicones KW - Tests KW - Visual flight KW - Visual flight rules KW - Visual signals KW - Whites UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513470 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - William B. Hobby airport runway construction, Houston : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft(3v), Final(4v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508377 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - National airport system plan (NASP) : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507006 AU - United States Federal Aviation Administration TI - San Francisco International Airport expansion : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft(3v in 4), Final(3v in 5); San Francisco airport expansion, environmental impact report (Jan.1973) B1; San Francisco airport expansion, San Francisco International Airport (Aug.1973) B2(2v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161615 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Jackson Hole airport short term development : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: D(2v); 1978 preliminary feasibility review of potential air carrier airport site at Webb Draw B1; Economic impact implictions and financing considerations preliminary report for relocation to a Driggs site B2; Recommendation for short-term KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101790 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Clark County airport, new airport, Jeffersonville : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070215 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Westchester County airport runway improvement, White Plains : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070214 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Shelbyville municipal airport improvement : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070213 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Bismarck minicipal airport development plan : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070212 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Stewart airport runway extension, Newburgh : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v), Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070211 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Jimmy Stewart airport development, Indiana : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070209 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Southwest Florida regional airport, new airport, Fort Myers : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070208 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Hillsdale municipal airport new runway : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070207 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Whiteman airport development, Los Angeles : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Final; Environmental impact assessment report B1(fol) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070205 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Hollywood-Burbank airport public acquisition : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft(2v),Fsum; Airport master plan B1(v.1) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070204 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Kalamazoo airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070203 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Erie International Airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070202 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Truk District Airport development, Caroline Islands : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070201 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Chemung County airport development, Big Flats : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070200 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Ocean City airport proposed expansion : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070199 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Oakland-Pontiac airport runway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070198 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Akhiok airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070197 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Guam International Airport land acquisition and terminal construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final; 1975 environmental impact assessment report B1; 1976 environmental impact assessment report, Background documents2 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070194 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Reedley municipal airport, new airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070193 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport central passenger terminal complex : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Negative declaration B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070192 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Sikeston Memorial Airport ADAP, ALP : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070191 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Raleigh-Durham airport improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070190 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Anchorage International Airport new north-south runway : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft,Fsum KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070189 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Vernal airport ADAP, crosswind runway : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070188 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Rhinelander-Oneida County airport development : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070187 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Air Route Surveillance Radar USAF joint surveillance system (proposed), DuBois : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070186 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Roscoe Turner Field development, Corinth : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070185 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Mount Pleasant municipal airport runway extension and improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070184 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Lee's Summit Memorial Airport development : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/829569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00912758 AU - BERAN, D W AU - HAUGEN, DUANE AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - National Technical Information Service TI - WIND SHEAR TEST SITE UPGRADING: FINAL REPORT. PY - 1977 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Atmospheric turbulence KW - Wakes KW - Wind shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585826 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824919 AU - Yrjanson, W A AU - Purdue University TI - ECONOCRETE IN PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1977 SP - p. 487-495 AB - In many areas of the U.S., the supply of conventional aggregates meeting present specifications is rapidly being depleteed or has already become exhausted. This shortage is partly due to overly restrictive specifications and to a lack of technology and development to utilize those aggregates in a concrete pavement system. With the necessary advances in research and development, previously rejected aggregate sources could furnish a substantial amount of the aggregates needed in pavement construction in some parts of the U.S. With this in mind, the American Concrete Paving Association's Technical Subcommittee on Materials and Mix Design started work in 1973 on the development of a composite concrete pavement structure. The aim was to produce a high quality, skid resistant, durable concrete surfacing on top of a concrete designed for local environmental conditions and made from locally available commercial materials. The term Econocrete was coined to describe the concrete mixtures developed under this program, and this paper focuses on the uses of Econocrete as a composite, subbase, shoulder, and paving material in pavement structures. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Aggregates by source KW - American Concrete Paving Association KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Econocrete KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Paving materials KW - Recycled materials KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717636 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824922 AU - Parker, F AU - Rice, J L AU - Purdue University TI - STEEL FIBROUS CONCRETE FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 541-555 AB - Steel fibrous concrete is a composite material consisting of a concrete matrix containing a random dispersion of small steel fibers. The introduction of the fibers imparts to the concrete matrix certain characteristics, such as resistance to spalling, the ability to sustain load after initial cracking, and the ability to keep cracks tightly closed, which improve its performance compared to plain or conventionally reinforced concrete pavement. This paper discusses the properties of steel fibrous concrete, procedures for designing and constructing steel fibrous concrete airport pavements, and applications on airports. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Composite materials KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - General aviation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Steel fibers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717639 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824923 AU - Rugenstein, E E AU - Purdue University TI - SUMMARY AND EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT TEXTURING PRACTICES PY - 1977 SP - p. 557-563 AB - Water on the pavement surface is a major cause of highway accidents. It induces hydroplaning, reduces skid resistance, and adversely affects vehicle control. Modern high speed traffic challenges the highway engineer to provide immediate drainage at the tire-pavement interface for rapid removal of pavement surface water during rainy weather. Proper texturing of concrete pavement for good drainage is one of many elements that needs to be recognized in providing and maintaining a safe highway. This research presents brief descriptions of several texturing methods that have or are being used by several states in the U.S. The policy and/or guidelines of American Concrete Paving Association, Portland Cement Association, Federal Highway Administration, and AASHTO on texturing of portland cement concrete pavement are also given. Findings and conclusions are then summarized to provide an up-to-date view of texturing practices. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Hydroplaning KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage KW - Texturing (Pavement maintenance) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717640 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824920 AU - Smith, P AU - Treybig, H J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Purdue University TI - CONCEPTS FOR RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PY - 1977 SP - p. 507-521 AB - This paper presents overlay design concepts developed by a U.S. Federal Highway Administration sponsored program. An actual working design procedure was developed from these concepts and is being packaged into a computer program with a user's manual. Efforts were made to use and improve the most up-to-date concepts and theories available for rigid pavement overlay design in developing a universal design procedure for implementation. The new procedure described here accounts for rehabilitation of existing Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements by overlaying with either PCC or asphaltic concrete. This same concept has been applied to design of overlays for flexible pavements and airfield pavements. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717637 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824921 AU - Lindow, E S AU - Brown, J J AU - Purdue University TI - A SYSTEM FOR LIFE-CYCLE DESIGN OF PAVEMENT PY - 1977 SP - p. 523-538 AB - Facility design and maintenance based on life-cycle cost analyses has been justified from economic and serviceability standards. To efficiently provide guidance in pavement management activities, the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory has developed a computerized system for performing life-cycle pavement analyses. The aim of this paper is to describe this system, and exemplify its use relative to the life-cycle design of portland cement concrete pavements. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717638 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824917 AU - Renner, K H AU - Purdue University TI - DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE OVERLAY BASED ON PERFORMANCE PY - 1977 SP - p. 447-467 AB - To counteract the effects of unusually heavy traffic volume on roadways, 2 major requirements must be met in all rigid pavement design. The pavement system must be adequate to support the applied wheel loads and must also withstand environmental forces. The need is also great to improve and strengthen pavements throughout the U.S. Interstate Highway system. For this reason, state highway designers have encouraged the use of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) in order to minimize pavement distress and early wear. This article discusses design criteria for CRC overlays, and also looks at portland cement concrete (PCC) overlays for PCC pavements, rigid overlays on asphalt pavements, and other types of overlay design practices to extend the service life of various concrete roadway pavements. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Interstate highways KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717634 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824913 AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Purdue University TI - IMPROVED BASE DESIGN FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 337-347 AB - By the 1970s, thousands of lane miles of concrete pavements (CPs) had been constructed carrying, for the most part, considerably heavier traffic loads than anticipated in the design stage. These pavements have mostly performed as expected, although there have been both problems and some surprises associated with the various approaches used in CP construction. California's experiences with CPs have been mostly limited to the nonreinforced type with short joint spacing. While most of these have performed quite well, a recurrent problem has been faulting at transverse joints. The underlying problem affecting pavement performance and service life has been determined to be related mostly to physical changes that are occurring under the concrete slab caused by repetitions of axle loadings heavy enough to cause slab deflections. Another major problem is surface water entering void space of concrete slabs and causing adverse effects. The majority of this paper deals with recent experience in California relating to these subjects, aimed at negating the ravages of surface water entrapped within the structural section of CPs and the design features, such as a non-erodible base, that must be incorporated into the typical CP cross-section to minimize slab distress. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - California KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Slab on grade KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717630 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824915 AU - Ring, G W AU - Purdue University TI - DRAINAGE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES PY - 1977 SP - p. 365-381 AB - A number of studies have shown that concrete pavements have an average service life of 27 years. However, the service life of individual pavements range from 1 year to over 50 years, even though they were designed to meet the same criteria. This wide disparity in performance is a strong indicator that the present design criteria do not include consideration of some engineering characteristic that is having a profound influence on the service life of the pavement. This paper attempts to show that subsurface drainage is this missing important factor in the performance of concrete pavements, and describes the means to achieve adequate drainage. Ongoing research related to subsurface drainage of pavements is discussed. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Service life KW - Subsurface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717632 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824911 AU - Faiz, A AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN INDIANA PY - 1977 SP - p. 301-318 AB - This study reports the findings of a detailed field investigation of in-service continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCPs) in Indiana. One aim of the evaluation was to recommend design and construction guidelines that would improve CRCP performance. A statistical analysis of the condition survey data showed that subbase type, methods of steel placement and steel fabrication, concrete slump, and pavement age since opening to traffic were significant contributors to pavement performance. The results of the field tests and lab studies showed that failures in CRCP are a function of a number of interacting variables, which are discussed in detail in this research. The paper concludes with a set of construction and design guidelines that should help to improve the performance of CRCP in Indiana. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Field studies KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Indiana KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717628 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824918 AU - Bergren, J V AU - Britson, R A AU - Purdue University TI - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE UTILIZING RECYCLED PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 469-485 AB - During 1974 and 1975, the state of Iowa became interested in and began investigations into uses of "Econocrete." That is, the use of locally available materials, or lower quality materials, in base course pavement construction. Further discussions resulted in consideration of recycling an existing portland cement concrete roadway. This paper describes a site where this concept was attempted on a 1.6-mile stretch of a road project in the northwest corner of Iowa. The project was an attempt to remove and crush the existing pavement, use the material as it came from the crusher, hopefully without further processing, perhaps add some concrete sand, and to proportion, mix, place, and finish with conventional slip form paving equipment. The mix design used, an overall discussion of the project, and observations and recommendations are all provided. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Econocrete KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Iowa KW - Mix design KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Recycled materials KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717635 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824914 AU - Domenichini, L AU - Moraldi, G AU - Purdue University TI - THE INFLUENCE OF CEMENT TREATED SUBBASES ON THE DESIGN OF AIRPORT P.C. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 349-364 AB - This paper examines the influence of a cement treated subbase course on the performance of the concrete pavement in light of results obtained by applying the linear elastic layered theory method of pavement layer stress and strain evaluation. A comparison is also made with results obtained by applying Westergaard's and Eisenmann's methods and with results obtained by Childs in laboratory tests. Conclusions are presented. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Cement treated pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Linear elasticity KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717631 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824916 AU - Thornton, J B AU - Purdue University TI - INVESTIGATION INTO THE PERFORMANCE OF RIGID PAVEMENT JOINTS AND SEALANTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 435-446 AB - The first portland cement concrete pavement in the U.S. was laid in the 1890s, but was soon abandoned because of defects and difficulty of maintenance, mostly related to problems with cracking and joint contraction. Unsealed joints continue to be a major contributor to concrete pavement deterioration today. The entrance of surface water into the pavement system through the joints can cause faulting of joints, loss of base material, eventual slab cracking, and reduced rideability. This paper discusses a recently completed (circa 1977) 5-year study into the area of joints and sealants for rigid pavements in which 32 test sections were constructed between the fall of 1970 and the spring of 1971 on I-20 east of Atlanta. Evaluations of the performance of the joint variables and sealants were made during the duration of the study period and are reported here. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Contraction joints KW - Georgia KW - Georgia Department of Transportation KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Joint sealing KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717633 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824912 AU - DeChamps, Y AU - DePaepe, R AU - Dutron, P AU - Purdue University TI - BELGIAN EXPERIENCE WITH CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 319-334 AB - Throughout the 1970s, Belgium's highway network was considerably extended, and the Belgian Highways Administration realized the advantages offered by continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCPs). A major study was carried out on 3 experimental sections of roadway to firmly establish the characteristics of CRCPs. This paper provides a brief description of these pavements, giving special attention to those features that distinguish Belgian CRCPs from their U.S. counterparts. The paper then focuses on the behavior of Belgian CRCPs in actual service. CRCP performance and distress on Belgian roads is next discussed, and the last section sets forth the modifications that have been proposed and adopted for future application on the basis of detailed study and examination of existing CRCP roadways. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Belgium KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Experimental roads KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717629 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824908 AU - Ray, M AU - Purdue University TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENTS IN FRANCE. STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF OLD PAVEMENTS AND CONSEQUENCES DRAWN FROM NEW HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1977 SP - p. 265-277 AB - A very recent study (circa 1977) of the performance of superhighway pavements in France was conducted, and this paper details some of the many investigations emanating from this research. An assessment of the use of other concrete pavement construction techniques used throughout the world was also made and the reasons for the French selections are set out along with the latest modifications applied to French structural design. Lastly, future research trends in France relating to pavement design are examined. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - France KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717625 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824909 AU - Blum, R C AU - Solberg, C E AU - Purdue University TI - PLAIN PAVEMENT: AN ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVE PY - 1977 SP - p. 279-293 AB - Many state departments of transportation are dealing with a lack of sufficient funds for construction of needed highway projects. This paper relates how the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WDOT), in this period of shrinking dollars and spiraling construction costs, met the challenge of providing a quality concrete pavement at less cost. The factors that contributed to the decision to change from the usual steel reinforced pavement to a non-reinforced concrete pavement on a recent freeway project are examined in detail. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - State departments of transportation KW - Unreinforced concrete KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717626 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824910 AU - Huber, R G AU - Purdue University TI - DESIGN OF LOW VOLUME CONCRETE ROADS PY - 1977 SP - p. 295-299 AB - This paper provides an overview of the development of the slipform method of roadway paving in Iowa, the state in which this process had its origins in the middle 1940s. Growth in the manufacture of slipform paving equipment since the late 1950s is described, and cost issues are related. Slipform paving practices and design specifications are discussed in detail. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction equipment KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Iowa KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement design KW - Road construction KW - Slip form paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717627 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824907 AU - Lake, J R AU - Lister, N W AU - Thompson, P D AU - Purdue University TI - CONCRETE ROAD EXPERIENCE IN GREAT BRITAIN 1969-1975 PY - 1977 SP - p. 247-263 AB - This article provides an overview of the use of concrete in road and highway pavements in the U.K. Although concrete for roadway pavements in Britain has been used for more than 100 years, and despite continued improvement in design and specifications, problems still occur and finished pavements today still exhibit undesirable features, particularly in riding quality and surface texture. The major full-scale recent concrete road experiments in the Road Research Laboratory's program are listed in tabular form, showing site by site various design aspects investigated, and these are discussed in detail following a description of the criteria adopted for judging pavement performance. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Ride quality KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717624 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824906 AU - Koch, O G AU - Chebrat, W K AU - de Gasparre, G AU - Purdue University TI - CONCEPTS FOR THE SELECTION OF PAVEMENTS FOR RUNWAYS, TAXIWAYS, AND APRONS OF LARGE SIZE AIRPORTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 229-244 AB - The main aim in the design of pavements for large airports is to utilize all the technical resources and experience available from all over the world in order to guarantee the longest possible service life for the pavements. This article discusses various criteria and concepts to be considered in selecting appropriate pavement types and design methods for large airport runways, taxiways, and aprons. The focus is primarily on the benefits of prestressing in heavy duty concrete pavement construction. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport facilities KW - Airport runways KW - Aprons (Airports) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - General aviation KW - Pavement design KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Taxiways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717623 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824904 AU - Harvey, TSW AU - McLean, J A AU - Purdue University TI - CANADIAN FORCES EXPERIENCE IN SLIP-FORMING AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 205-221 AB - This article describes the construction of a new 10,000 ft x 150 ft runway at the Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta. The runway was rather hastily built to coincide with the start of a pilot training program. A number of problems were subsequently encountered and are discussed in detail. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Canada KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Military aviation KW - Military engineering KW - Military facilities KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Slip form paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717621 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824905 AU - Brown, P P AU - Jones, M P AU - Purdue University TI - NAVY EXPERIENCE IN ELIMINATING KEYS FROM CONSTRUCTION JOINTS OF CONCRETE AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 223-228 AB - Some form of key has long been used in the longitudinal joints of paving lanes to prevent faulting and to reduce stresses at the slab edges. The common alternatives to forming keys are to provide either dowels along the joint or to thicken the edges of the slabs. Because of the increased incidence of failure along keyed joints in its airfield pavements, the U.S. Navy is now constructing the longitudinal pavement joints without keys or dowels, simply using a straight butt joint with unthickened edges, and always underlain by a high quality stabilized base course. This article describes this practice in some detail. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Military aviation KW - Military engineering KW - Military facilities KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Slip form paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717622 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824901 AU - Friberg, B F AU - Purdue University TI - PRESTRESSED PAVEMENTS, THEORY INTO PRACTICE PY - 1977 SP - p. 157-173 AB - Prestressed concrete pavement exploration began in the 1930s, only a short time after the prestressing of building structures came into practice. While prestressing of concrete bridges and buildings has attained a prominent place in construction, its use in pavement engineering is still considered something of a novelty. A primary reason for this situation appears to be that the economy of concrete pavements is peculiarly dependent on standardization of design and construction procedures. This article provides an overview of prestressed concrete pavements, focusing on issues related to the structural value of prestress in pavement design and on performance and maintenance advantages. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Prestressed concrete pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717618 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824897 AU - Sharp, R AU - Purdue University TI - EUROPEAN CONCRETE ROAD STANDARDS AND PRACTICES PY - 1977 SP - p. 73-96 AB - This paper consists of data from a synoptic table of European Concrete Road Standards and Practices covering 12 countries. The individual features of concrete pavement design are examined, the different approaches used in various European countries are discussed, and basic statistics presented are elaborated upon. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Europe KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Standards KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717614 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824899 AU - Springenschmid, R AU - Purdue University TI - DESIGN CONCEPTS OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN EUROPE PY - 1977 SP - p. 109-119 AB - Many European countries, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Spain, Germany, the U.K., and others utilize concrete pavements on their roads and highways. This article deals with various concrete pavement design methods used in these countries, focusing on prestressed concrete pavements, continuously reinforced concrete pavements, and other design types. Theoretical factors relating to the design process are also discussed, including pavement stress, slab dimensions, load transfer, subbases, and thickness. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Europe KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717616 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824903 AU - Hutchinson, R L AU - Vedros, P J AU - Purdue University TI - PERFORMANCE OF HEAVY-LOAD PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE (RIGID) AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 187-203 AB - The question of the adequacy of design criteria for heavy-load rigid airfield pavements is addressed. The results of an analysis of the performance of the pavements at 12 military airfields, designed and constructed using U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACE) developed heavy-load criteria, are presented. The analysis consists of a prediction of the allowable traffic for the aircraft that have used the pavements using the ACE criteria, which is then compared to the actual traffic results to obtain a measure of the life of the pavement that has been expended. The percent of service life used is then compared to the condition of the pavements to assess the adequacy of the criteria. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - General aviation KW - Military aviation KW - Military facilities KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717620 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824900 AU - Wagner, W V AU - Purdue University TI - SOME DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR JOINTED, REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS (JRCP) PY - 1977 SP - p. 137-148 AB - This article provides an overview of jointed reinforced concrete pavements (JRCP). The basic features of JRCP are described as: transverse joints, reinforcement (for crack control), and load transfer devices (dowels) across the transverse joints and longitudinal ties across the longitudinal joints. The components of JRCP are listed as: soil and/or subbase, concrete slab, reinforcement, load transfer devices, and joints/joint sealant. JRCP component design and cost considerations are also discussed. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Reinforced concrete pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717617 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824902 AU - Argue, G H AU - Denyes, B B AU - Sebastyan, G Y AU - Purdue University TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR CANADIAN AIRFIELDS PY - 1977 SP - p. 177-186 AB - This paper provides a brief synopsis of Transport Canada structural design practices for the provision of airfield concrete pavements at Canadian airports. Design considerations in related areas of construction, operations, and evaluation are also discussed in a general manner. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Canada KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Pavement design KW - Transport Canada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717619 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824898 AU - Calverley, MAA AU - Purdue University TI - THE DESIGN OF BRITISH AIRPORTS AUTHORITY PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 97-106 AB - The British Airports Authority (BAA) owns and operates 7 major airports within the U.K., namely, the 3 London airports of Heathrow, Gatwick, and Stansted, together with Prestwick, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and Glasgow in Scotland. This paper looks at the design of BAA pavements, and discusses loading, pavement types, including composite and flexible pavements, and plain, reinforced, and prestressed concrete pavements. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airports KW - British Airports Authority KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - General aviation KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Scotland KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177004 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - OPERATIONS INSPECTION AND SURVEILLANCE PROCEDURES, AIR TAXI OPERATORS AND COMMERCIAL OPERATORS OF SMALL AIRCRAFT: COMMUTER AND V/STOL AIR CARRIER HANDBOOK PY - 1977 SP - 200 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Air taxi service KW - Civil aviation KW - Commuting KW - Handbooks KW - Inspection KW - Short takeoff aircraft KW - Small aircraft KW - STOL aircraft KW - Surveillance KW - VTOL aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70292 ER -