TY - ABST AN - 01575983 TI - Project 48 - Development of Distributed Approach to System to SLUQ AB - No summary provided. KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft operations KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369248 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575982 TI - Project 47 - Alternative Jet Fuel AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Alternate fuels KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Jet engine fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369247 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575981 TI - Project 46 - Aviation System Global Climate Performance Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Civil aviation KW - Climate change KW - Environmental impacts KW - Performance measurement KW - Policy analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369245 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575980 TI - Project 45 - NAS Wide - Aviation System Air Quality Performance Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Performance measurement KW - Policy analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369244 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575979 TI - Project 45 - Development of Aviation Air Quality Tool AB - No summary provided. KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369243 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575978 TI - Project 45 - D2025 Health Impacts Modeling & Analysis-A/Q-CMAQ DDM-3D/PM/Airport Specific Impact Assessment AB - No summary provided. KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Airport operations KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Public health UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369242 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575977 TI - Project 45 - Aviation System Air Quality Performance Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Performance measurement KW - Policy analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369241 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575976 TI - Project 44 - Health Effects of Aviation in Elderly Metrics AB - No summary provided. KW - Aged KW - Civil aviation KW - Health KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369240 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575975 TI - Project 43 - Policy Analysis: Mission Specifications AB - No summary provided. KW - Air transportation policy KW - Aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369239 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575974 TI - Project 43 - Policy Analysis: Mission Specifications AB - No summary provided. KW - Air transportation policy KW - Aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369238 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575973 TI - Project 42 - Development and Evaluation of Climate Metrics AB - No summary provided. KW - Climate KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369237 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575972 TI - Project 38 - Whole House Noise Reduction Modeling AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft navigational aids KW - Dwellings KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise control KW - Sound level KW - Sound transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369236 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575971 TI - Project 37 - Emissions Measurement AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Measurement KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580246 AU - Daddio, David AU - Deaderick, Lauren AU - Baas, Jessica AU - Burkman, Eric AU - Richardson, Heather AU - Timmel, Chris AU - Lian, Scott AU - Linthicum, Alex AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Park Service TI - NPS National Transit Inventory and Performance Report, 2014 PY - 2015/09/16/Final Report SP - 50p AB - This document summarizes key highlights and performance measures from the National Park Service (NPS) 2014 National Transit Inventory, and presents data for NPS transit systems system-wide. The document discusses statistics related to ridership, business models, fleet characteristics, funding sources, emissions, and service life. Key findings include: 121 transit systems operated in 63 of the 408 NPS units, 36.5 million total passenger boardings in 2014, 64% of NPS transit systems operate under concession contracts, and 59% of NPS-owned vehicles operate on alternative fuel. The inventory is and will continue to be repeated annually. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Financing KW - National parks KW - Performance measurement KW - Pollutants KW - Public transit KW - Ridership KW - Service life KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle fleets UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55500/55568/NPS_WASO_2014_National_Transit_Inventory.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579258 AU - Wang, Feng AU - Bu, Lei AU - Jackson State University AU - Maritime Transportation Research and Education Center (MarTREC) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Development of a Large‐Scale Traffic Simulation Model for Hurricane Evacuation of Mississippi Coastal Region PY - 2015/09/16/Final Research Report SP - 34p AB - The project demonstrates the effectiveness of using a gate control strategy for traffic management in an emergency evacuation when people within a localized Protective Action Zone (PAZ) must be evacuated with a short notice. Selected nodes on the PAZ boundary with access and volume capacities could be treated as gates for evacuation traffic to be guided through with a higher priority over traffic using the non‐gate nodes. In the study, an optimization process is sought to minimize the total travel cost of the evacuation trips with a gate control strategy while traffic constraints and network equilibriums are considered. The effectiveness of the model is first tested by the computation results drawn from an assumed evacuation network. The computation results show that the gate control strategy could improve the performance of an evacuation by reducing the numbers of conflicts in trip routes and traffic movements. Then, the model is tested in a case study of a real evacuation network in the Mississippi Gulf Coast region with nodes and links in several counties, respectively. The experimental study results show that the gate control strategy could achieve an effective evacuation operation and improve the performance of the evacuation by reducing average travel time in trip routes and conflicting traffic movements compared with a non‐gate situation where evacuation trips are conducted based on “shortest paths” without a gate control strategy.   KW - Case studies KW - Evacuation KW - Hurricanes KW - Mississippi Gulf Coast KW - Optimization KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel costs KW - Travel time UR - http://martrec.uark.edu/reports/martrec_final_report_development.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370752 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575942 TI - Project 36 - Environmental Design Space Assessment AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Environmental design KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Spacecraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368951 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575941 TI - Project 30 - CO₂ Standard AB - No summary provided. KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368950 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575940 TI - Project 25 - Noise Exposure Response: Sleep AB - No summary provided. KW - Airports KW - Communities KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Sleep UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368949 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575939 TI - Project 25 - Aviation Noise Performance Research - Support AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Pollutants KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368948 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575938 TI - Project 11 - Health Impacts AB - No summary provided. KW - Air pollution KW - Airports KW - Communities KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants KW - Public health UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368946 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575937 TI - Project 02 - Sound/Emission Propagation AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Pollutants KW - Sound transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368945 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575935 TI - Project 02 - Sound/Emission Propagation AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants KW - Sound transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368943 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575933 TI - Program Office Oversight/PARTNER CLOSEOUT AB - No summary provided. KW - Oversight KW - Program management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368941 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575931 TI - Program Office Oversight AB - No summary provided. KW - Oversight KW - Program management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368937 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575928 TI - Policy Development- HEPA/Environmental Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Development KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Particulates KW - Policy making UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368933 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575927 TI - Operations Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Analysis KW - Civil aviation KW - Operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368932 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575926 TI - Noise-Propagation AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Noise control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368931 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575925 TI - Noise-Focusing Research AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Noise control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368930 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575924 TI - Noise-FICAN AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Sound transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368929 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575923 TI - Noise-Exposure AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aviation KW - Noise KW - Noise control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368928 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01589867 TI - UAS Ground Collision Severity AB - Right now, the FAA doesn't allow UAS operations over people. But what is the risk in a ground collision? Are there ways to reduce the risk? The University of Alabama at Huntsville, Mississippi State, Embry Riddle Aeronautical and Kansas Universities are collaborating to conduct computer simulations of UAS ground collisions to find answers to these questions. The Principle Investigator for this project met with the Micro UAS ARC, to inform the members of ASSURE research findings, that in-turn, served as the bases for recommendations from the ARC to the FAA. This research will help the FAA set guidelines for UAS operations over people and possibly set design specifications to reduce risk to people and property. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aircraft operations KW - Airworthiness KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash severity KW - Drone aircraft KW - Fatalities KW - Flight crews KW - Kinetic energy KW - National Airspace System KW - Risk analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397574 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575921 TI - Noise-Certification Advancement AB - No summary provided. KW - Certification KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Noise sources KW - Sound transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368865 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575920 TI - Noise, Emissions, & Fuel Burn Inventories AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inventory KW - Noise KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368864 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575919 TI - Noise Certification AB - No summary provided. KW - Certification KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Noise sources KW - Sound transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368851 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575918 TI - Noise - Stage 3 Phase-out Study AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368847 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575917 TI - Noise - Ray Tracing Research Support AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental control KW - Environmental impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368846 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575916 TI - Noise - Launch and Sonic Boom Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Launching KW - Noise KW - Sonic boom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368844 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575915 TI - Noise - Improve Helicopter Performance in Tools AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Helicopters KW - Performance KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368843 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575914 TI - NOI # 8 - Noise Outreach AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Outreach UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368842 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575912 TI - NOI # 7 - Civil, Supersonic Over Flight, Sonic Boom (noise) standards development: Study of sonic Boom Variablity Effects (Task #1) AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Sonic boom KW - Standards KW - Supersonic aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368838 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575910 TI - NOI # 7 - Civil, Supersonic Over Flight, Sonic Boom (noise) standards development: Low Boom Community Engagement (Task #2) AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aviation KW - Communities KW - Environmental impacts KW - Sonic boom KW - Standards KW - Supersonic aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368836 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575909 TI - NOI # 6 - Rotorcraft Noise Abatement Operating Conditions Modeling AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Environmental impacts KW - Helicopters KW - Noise control KW - Operating speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368834 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575907 TI - NOI # 5 - Noise Emission and Propagation Modeling AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368833 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575906 TI - NOI # 4 - Understanding and Estimating Aircraft Noise Transmission Indoors AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Environmental impacts KW - Sound transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368829 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575902 TI - NOI # 4 - Estimate of Noise Level Reduction - Assessment of Phase Array of Microphones AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Microphones KW - Noise control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368826 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575901 TI - NOI # 3 - Noise Impact Health Research AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Environmental impacts KW - Health KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368825 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575900 TI - NOI # 24 - Emissions Data Analysis (including CLEEN, ACCESS I and II data) AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Alternate fuels KW - Data analysis KW - Pollutants KW - Sustainable transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368770 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575845 TI - NOI # 22 - Evaluation of FAA Climate Tools AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Climate KW - Environmental impacts KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368769 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575824 TI - NOI # 21 - Improving Climate Policy Analysis Tools AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Climate change KW - Environmental impacts KW - Policy analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368648 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575823 TI - NOI # 20 - Global AQ Tools AB - No summary provide. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368645 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575822 TI - NOI # 2 - SAE E-31 AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368644 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575821 TI - NOI # 2 - Ambient Conditions Corrections for Non-Volatile PM Emissions Measurements AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Measurement of specific phenomena KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368643 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575820 TI - NOI # 18 - Health Impacts Quantification for Aviation Air Quality Tools AB - No summary provided. KW - Air quality KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Health hazards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368642 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575819 TI - NOI # 17 - Sleep Disturbance AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft KW - Airport noise KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Human factors KW - Sleep deprivation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368641 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575818 TI - NOI # 14 - NextGen CO₂ Sample Problem Anayliss AB - No summary provided. KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Next Generation Air Transportation System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368640 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575817 TI - NOI # 14 - CO₂ Standards AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368639 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575816 TI - NOI # 13 - ACCESS 2 Micro-Physics Modeling AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Physics KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368637 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575815 TI - NOI # 12 - Aircraft Technology Modeling and Assessment Tool AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368636 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575814 TI - NOI # 11 - Rapid Fleet-wide Environmental Assessment Capability AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Evaluation and assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368635 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575813 TI - NOI # 10 - Aircraft Technology Modeling and Assessment AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft KW - Technology assessment KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368633 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575809 TI - NOI # 1 - Alt Jet Fuel Supply Chain Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Alternate fuels KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Supply chain management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368632 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575803 TI - NOI # - Helicopter Noise Analysis/Rotorcraft Noise Abatement Operating Conditions Modeling AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Helicopters KW - Noise control KW - Operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368631 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575802 TI - NOI # Development of Aviation Air Quality Tools for Airport-Specific Impact Assessment: Air Quality Modeling AB - No summary provided. KW - Air quality KW - Airports KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation and assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368630 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575801 TI - NextGenEA/EIS Database Tracking AB - No summary provided. KW - Databases KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Next Generation Air Transportation System KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368629 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575780 TI - NEPA/FAA 1050 Update AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - National Environmental Policy Act UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368504 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575779 TI - National Ambient Map (NPS) AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Ambient noise KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368503 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575778 TI - NAS Fuel Efficiency Metric Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental Management Systems (EMS) KW - Fuel conservation KW - National Airspace System KW - Next Generation Air Transportation System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368502 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575777 TI - Global Market Based Measure (MBM) Emissions Allocation and Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification System AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental control KW - Environmental impacts KW - Monitoring KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368501 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575776 TI - GATBA AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental Management Systems (EMS) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368500 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575775 TI - Fuel Burn - Inventories and Time Series Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Aviation fuels KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368499 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575773 TI - FAA EMS Development AB - No summary provided. KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental Management Systems (EMS) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368498 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575772 TI - FAA 1050 Order Update AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Policy making KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368496 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575771 TI - Environment Assessment NSIP AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental control KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Infrastructure KW - Next Generation Air Transportation System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368495 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575774 TI - FAA EMS Support/Greening Initiatives AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental Management Systems (EMS) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368494 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575770 TI - Enroute - N Control Concept Research Opportunities Evaluation AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Enroute traffic control KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368492 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575769 TI - EMS Communication, Data Management, & Stakeholder Collaboration/EMS Pilot Study AB - No summary provided. KW - Communications KW - Cooperation KW - Data management KW - Environmental Management Systems (EMS) KW - Pilot studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368491 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575768 TI - EMS Benefits, and Capabilities Analysis/GATBA AB - No summary provided. KW - Analysis KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental Management Systems (EMS) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368490 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575767 TI - EMS Annual Implementation/Sustainability Analysis and Coordination AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Coordination KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental Management Systems (EMS) KW - Implementation KW - Sustainable development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368489 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575766 TI - Emissions Primer Update AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368488 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575765 TI - Emissions Market Based Measure Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368487 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01589849 TI - UAS Airborne Collision Severity Evaluation AB - If all safety measures fail and a small UAS does hit a manned aircraft, it's important to understand what happens. Wichita State University is leading a team with The Ohio State University, Mississippi State University and Montana State University to conduct computer simulations of UAS air-to-air collisions and jet engine ingest. This research will help inform the FAA airworthiness standards for UAS that lessen damage in airborne collisions. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Airworthiness KW - Crash severity KW - Drone aircraft KW - Evaluation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397573 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575764 TI - Emissions - CO₂ Standards AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368469 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575763 TI - Development of Distributed Approach to System to SLUQ AB - No summary provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft operations KW - Airport operations KW - Approach KW - Civil aviation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368468 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575762 TI - Delayed Deceleration Approaches AB - No summary provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - Approach control KW - Deceleration KW - Delays KW - Landing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368467 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575761 TI - Cruise Altitude Speed Optimization Analysis (CASO) AB - No summary provided. KW - Air traffic control KW - Altitude KW - Civil aviation KW - Cruising flight KW - Flight characteristics KW - Optimization KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368466 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575760 TI - Contrail Observational Dataset for 2012 AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Data collection KW - Data files KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Information dissemination UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368465 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575759 TI - CO₂ Standards AB - No summary provided. KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368464 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575758 TI - Climb Phase of Flight Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Climbing flight KW - Flight characteristics KW - Operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368462 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575757 TI - Climate Adaptation AB - No summary provided. KW - Climate KW - Climate change KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368459 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575756 TI - CLEEN Technologies and Development - FMS-Engine (TRL 6) AB - No summary provided. KW - Development KW - Energy KW - Engines KW - Noise KW - Pollutants KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368458 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575725 TI - CLEEN Technologies and Development AB - No summary provided. KW - Development KW - Energy KW - Noise KW - Pollutants KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368457 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575724 TI - CLEEN Alt Fuels Testing AB - No summary provided. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Civil aviation KW - Energy KW - Noise KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368455 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575723 TI - CICERO - Analysis of Regional Impacts of Aviation AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Climate change KW - Environmental impacts KW - Regional analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368453 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575656 TI - Black Carbon Emission AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Carbon KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368312 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575655 TI - Aviation Portfolio Management Tool - Enhancements to Economic Domestic/Regional NAS AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Domestic transportation KW - Economic development KW - Management KW - Regional airlines KW - Regional development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368311 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575654 TI - Aviation- Climate Change Research AB - No summary provided. KW - Aircraft exhaust gases KW - Civil aviation KW - Climate change KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368308 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575653 TI - Analysis of Policy & Market Based Measures Analysis AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Performance measurement KW - Policy analysis KW - Policy making UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368307 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575652 TI - Alternative Fuels and Technology & NAS Assessment AB - No summary provided. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Energy conservation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Renewable energy sources KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368306 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575651 TI - Alt Fuels Strategy Work AB - No summary provided. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel conservation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368293 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575650 TI - Air Quality Manual Update and Guidance Development AB - No summary provided. KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Best practices KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368292 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575648 TI - AFTOT Development AB - No summary provided. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Energy consumption KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Optimization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368291 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575647 TI - AEDT/APMT-E Inventory AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Inventory control KW - Project management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368290 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575646 TI - AEDT Update to Top 20 Airport Flight Decks AB - No summary provided. KW - Airport operations KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Flight decks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368289 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575645 TI - AEDT Support to ASCENT AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Supporting KW - Technical assistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368288 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575644 TI - AEDT Software AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368286 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575642 TI - AEDT Prototypes and Legacy Development/Inventories AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Inventory KW - Prototypes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368285 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575585 TI - AEDT Prototypes and Legacy Development/Carbon Dioxide AB - No summary provided. KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Civil aviation KW - Development KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Prototypes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368218 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575584 TI - AEDT Prototypes and Legacy Development AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Development KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Prototypes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368215 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575583 TI - AEDT PDARS AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Program management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368213 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575581 TI - AEDT Inventory/APMT-E Inventory - CAEP AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Inventory KW - Program management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368210 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575580 TI - AEDT Integration AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Program management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368209 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575579 TI - AEDT Integration AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Program management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368207 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575578 TI - AEDT Integration AB - No summary provided. KW - Civil aviation KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Program management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368206 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575577 TI - AEDT Integrate Environ Assesssment w/ Nas Sim Models AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368204 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575576 TI - AEDT Integrate Environ Assesssment w/Nas Sim Models AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368196 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575575 TI - AEDT Input Processor - Deck-build shadow analysis with AEDT Pre-Processor AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental Defense Fund KW - Environmental impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368195 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575574 TI - AEDT Input Processor AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368192 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575573 TI - AEDT Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368191 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575572 TI - AEDT 2B Guidance AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368190 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575533 TI - AEDT 2B Development Guidance AB - No summary provided. KW - Development KW - Environmental design KW - Guidance systems (Aircraft) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367940 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575532 TI - AEDT 2B Development -Enhancements to Cover Study of Local NAS AB - No summary provided. KW - Development KW - Environmental design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367939 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575531 TI - AEDT 2B Development AB - No summary provided. KW - Development KW - Environmental design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367938 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575530 TI - ACCESS 2 Micro-Physics Modeling AB - No summary provided. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Physics KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576020 AU - Hampton, Matthew E AU - Department of Transportation TI - There Are Significant Differences Between FAA and Foreign Countries' Processes for Operating Air Navigation Systems PY - 2015/09/02/Audit Report SP - 16p AB - The Chairman of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, as well as the Chairman and Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Aviation requested that the Office of Inspector General (OIG) assess the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) organizational structure, including whether the structural and organizational reforms implemented by the Agency over the past 2 decades have improved its operational, technological, and cost effectiveness. They also requested that OIG examine how FAA’s organizational and financing structure compares with other nations’ structures. Based on this request, the objective of this audit was to compare the processes used by different countries to deliver air traffic services and implement new technologies. OIG also identified several factors that the Administration, Congress, and other stakeholders may wish to take into account if considering making future changes to FAA’s organizational and financing structures. The results of this audit, in brief, are as follows: The four countries we examined—Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France—have separated their air traffic control functions from their safety oversight and regulatory functions. While safety and regulatory functions remain government-controlled, each nation has commercialized its air traffic control function into an air navigation service provider (ANSP) using various organizational structures. The ANSPs are financially self-supporting and finance their operations primarily through user fees, but also have borrowing authority for modernization and infrastructure projects. The ANSPs also do not embark on large-modernization efforts or conduct extensive aviation research and development. Rather, they implement new technologies incrementally, using a variety of methods, such as purchasing commercial-off-the-shelf technologies. As the Administration, Congress, and other stakeholders examine possible changes to FAA’s organizational and financing structures, there are several differences between the U.S. aviation system and other countries’ systems to consider, including the size and complexity of the U.S. system and differences in airport funding. Despite these differences, there are several lessons that can be learned from examining other nations’ experiences in separating their aviation functions, including issues related to maintaining safety oversight and transitioning to the new organization. KW - Air navigation service providers KW - Air traffic control KW - Canada KW - Financing KW - France KW - Germany KW - Implementation KW - Organizational structure KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - United Kingdom UR - https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FAA%20and%20Foreign%20Countries%27%20Processes%20for%20Operarting%20Air%20Navigation%20Systems%20Final%20Report%5E9-2-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01612161 AU - Garvey, Philip M AU - Klena, M Jennifer AU - Eie, Wei-Yin AU - Pietrucha, Martin T AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - United States Sign Council Foundation, Incorporated AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Development of On-premise Electronic Message Center (EMC) Lighting Levels and Measurement Techniques PY - 2015/09/01/Final Report SP - 57p AB - Research previously conducted by Penn State’s Thomas D. Larson Pennsylvania Transportation Institute (Larson Institute) for the United States Sign Council Foundation (USSCF) found no consensus on lighting measurement techniques or optimal lighting levels for on-premise electronic message centers (EMCs) in either the research literature or commercial EMC industry practices, nor were any national standards for EMC lighting levels identified. The objective of the present research was to begin addressing this situation by developing, through original test track human factors research that heretofore had not been performed, EMC lighting levels that optimize nighttime sign lighting from the perspective of a motorist on a roadway who is viewing the EMC, and to develop a standard light level testing procedure. KW - Electronic message signs KW - Illuminated commercial signs KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting KW - Luminance KW - Night visibility KW - On-premises signs KW - Optimization KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/PSU-2013-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424176 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01594533 TI - No Boundaries Roadway Maintenance Practices AB - Through this pooled fund project, the Ohio Department of Transportation will work with other State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) to facilitate the implementation of promising non-snow and ice maintenance innovations and technologies. This project provides a forum for State DOTs to share their maintenance innovations with each other, support technology transfer activities and develop marketing and deployment plans for the implementation of selected innovations. Resources will be provided for implementing the innovations that includes travel, training and other technology transfer activities. This project is a continuation of the previous project initiated and led by the Missouri DOT TPF-5(239). In addition, it will capture and build on the momentum created by the Maintenance Peer Network. It is anticipated that this consortium will become the national forum for state involvement in the technical exchange needed for collaboration and new initiatives, and be a forum for advancing the application and benefit of research technologies. In addition, the project will create a searchable database or warehouse where innovations and research done relating to highway maintenance can be found and showcased. State participation in this process will be through the pooled fund. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), industry and others will be invited to participate in the project discussions and activities. Workshops will continue to be provided for the states participating in the pooled fund project. This project will help DOTs to save time and money by not investing in the same research that has already been performed by other State DOTs. Hence rather than having each DOT identify and implement research separately, DOTs can work collectively through this pooled fund project. The Ohio DOT will serve as the lead state for the execution of the pooled fund project described in this proposal. The Ohio DOT will handle all administrative duties associated with the project. KW - Cooperation KW - Databases KW - Highway maintenance KW - Information dissemination KW - Ohio Department of Transportation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technology transfer KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/579 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401706 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01589873 TI - Public Meeting AB - On December 30, 2013, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) selected six Unnmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Test Sites. This selection was Congressionally mandated by section 332 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (Pub. L. 112-95). The FAA is working closely with the Test Sites to guide research programs toward specific goals such as System Safety & Data Gathering, Aircraft Certification, Command & Control Link Issues, Control Station Layout & Certification, Ground & Airborne Sense & Avoid, and Environmental Impacts that will help the FAA safely integrate UAS into the national airspace system. On May 8, 2015, the FAA selected a Mississippi State University team as the FAA's Center of Excellence for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (COE UAS). The COE will focus on research, education, and training in areas critical to safe and successful integration of UAS into the nation's airspace. The FAA will support seven public meetings during August and September, 2015. These meetings will be hosted by the six unmanned aircraft system (UAS) Test Sites and UAS Center of Excellence (COE). The purpose of these meetings is to discuss innovation and opportunities at the Test Sites and COE. KW - Airspace (Aeronautics) KW - Certification KW - Data collection KW - Drone aircraft KW - Education and training KW - Environment KW - Research projects KW - System safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397603 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01589868 TI - UAS Maintenance, Modification, Repair, Inspeciton, Training, and Certificaiton AB - The FAA already knows how to certify maintenance procedures and train maintenance professionals for manned aircraft, but UAS are different. Kansas State is leading a team with Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and Montana State University to test current industry UAS practices against current manned aircraft safety regulations. The team will be providing the FAA various reports with recommendations on maintenance simulation training, ASI Training, Gap Analysis of 14 CFR 145 Repair Station Criteria, UAS Accidents/Incidents Data Recording. The FAA will use this research to help set UAS maintenance standards and training certification to ensure UAS are kept safe to fly. KW - Airspace utilization KW - Airworthiness KW - Certification KW - Drone aircraft KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance practices KW - Modernization KW - National Airspace System KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397593 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01589847 TI - Unmanned Aircraft Integration: Certification Test to Validate sUAS Industry Consensus Standards AB - Kansas State University is leading a team with Wichita State and the University of North Dakota to see if airworthiness, maintenance, and flight proficiency standards/requirements proposed by the UAS industry (ASTM F38) are safe. The FAA will use this research to set airworthiness standards for small UAS. KW - Airworthiness KW - Aviation safety KW - Certification KW - Compliance KW - Drone aircraft KW - Flight tests KW - National Airspace System KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01577507 AU - Department of Transportation TI - FHWA's Fire Program is Addressing State Vulnerabilities, but Opportunities Exist to Make Improvements PY - 2015/09/01/Audit Report SP - 16p AB - In 2004, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) reviewed $1.3 billion in Federal-aid highway obligations and concluded that $284 million of them were no longer needed because they were associated with canceled, reduced scope, or completed projects. In response to that report and to ensure that funds are safeguarded against mismanagement, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) established the Financial Integrity Review and Evaluation (FIRE) Program in 2005. FHWA Division Offices annually conduct FIRE reviews that assess States’ management of Federal funds in key areas, such as inactive obligations and improper payments. Despite implementation of this program, OIG continues to periodically identify financial vulnerabilities in the highway program. For example, work conducted by independent auditors concluded that FHWA’s inactive project reviews, a key component of FHWA’s FIRE program, contributed to a material weakness in the Department of Transportation’s (DOT) consolidated financial statements for fiscal years 2011 and 2012. The auditors stated that personnel did not properly identify funds that were no longer needed for specific obligations. As a result, OIG reviewed FHWA’s FIRE Program to evaluate whether FHWA’s FIRE reviews (1) complied with agency policies and procedures and (2) were used effectively to address vulnerabilities. To conduct this audit, OIG visited 5 randomly selected Division Offices and reviewed supporting documentation for 10 FIRE program components conducted between October 2010 and September 2013. OIG interviewed staff involved in those components, as well as FHWA’s Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO) and Resource Center Finance Services Team (RCFST) 3 members. KW - Evaluation KW - Financial analysis KW - Financial Integrity Review and Evaluation (FIRE) Program KW - Government funding KW - Recommendations KW - Risk analysis KW - States KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FHWA%20FIRE%20Program%20Final%20Report%5E9-1-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01620012 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Long-Term Pavement Performance Program PY - 2015/09 SP - 334p AB - The goal of the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program is to increase pavement life by investigation of various designs of pavement structures and rehabilitated pavement structures, using different materials and under different loads, environments, subgrade soil, and maintenance practices. To make the best use of the LTPP data, some understanding of the history of the program and the decisions that shaped it is needed. Many people and organizations have participated in this extraordinary data collection, analysis, and product development effort. Program decisions have evolved over time to implement what has been learned and to adopt advances in technology. This report was prepared to document the history of the LTPP program as a foundation for future work, to review lessons learned, and to consider how future pavement managers, researchers, and engineers can benefit further from the program. The report is organized in three parts: (1) Building and Managing the LTPP Program;(2) Developing the Studies and the Pavement Performance Database; and (3) Creating Products, Learning From the Past, and Preparing for the Future. KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data quality KW - Databases KW - History KW - Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Program KW - Pavement performance UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/15049/15049.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01617703 AU - Khattak, Aemal J AU - Tang, Zhenghong AU - Lee, Myungwoo AU - Mid-America Transportation Center AU - University Transportation Center for Railway Safety AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Application of Light Detection and Ranging Technology to Assess Safe Passage of Low Ground Clearance Vehicles at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 43p AB - The focus of this research was to test and validate the feasibility of assessing humped highway-rail grade crossings for safe passage of vehicles with low ground clearance using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. Collected using an airborne platform, LiDAR data provide geo-referenced spatial information about the shape and surface characteristics of Earth. The suitability of humped highway-rail grade crossings for use by vehicles with low ground clearance is a concern because of the possibility of vehicles getting lodged on rail tracks. The situation is more critical for vehicles with low ground clearance and a long wheelbase. While such vehicles usually travel on designated routes, emergencies or highway closures may result in these vehicles traveling on highways with humped grade crossings that may be unsafe for their passage. Using LiDAR data and line-of-sight analysis in a geographic information system (GIS), potentially problematic grade crossings for certain types of low ground clearance vehicles with a long wheelbase were identified. Results of the GIS analysis were validated in the field at actual grade crossings using survey equipment. The main conclusion was that LiDAR data could be successfully used to identify vehicle hang-up issues at rail grade crossings. KW - Clearances (Navigation) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geospatial analysis KW - Laser radar KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks UR - http://www.utrgv.edu/railwaysafety/_files/documents/reports/lidar_project_final_report_022816.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1435219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01614854 AU - Anderson, Michelle AU - Foreman, Katherine A AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Southwest Region University Transportation Center AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Compendium of Student Papers: 2015 Undergraduate Transportation Scholars Program PY - 2015/09 SP - 71p AB - This report is a compilation of research papers written by students participating in the 2015 Undergraduate Transportation Scholars Program. The 10-week summer program, now in its 25th year, provides undergraduate students in Civil Engineering the opportunity to learn about transportation engineering through participating in sponsored transportation research projects. The program design allows students to interact directly with a Texas A&M University faculty member or Texas A&M Transportation Institute researcher in developing a research proposal, conducting valid research, and documenting the research results through oral presentations and research papers. The papers in this compendium report on the following topics: 1) Traffic Safety Issues and Commercial Motor Vehicle Crashes: A Case Study in the Eagle Ford Shale; and 2) Differences Between Familiar and Unfamiliar Drivers. KW - Behavior KW - Case studies KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Eagle Ford Shale KW - Operating speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Texas KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes UR - http://swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/compendiums/600451-00003-4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1426349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613835 AU - Daniel, Jo Sias AU - Bennert, Tom AU - Kim, Y Richard AU - Mogawer, Walaa AU - Congalton, Ashton AU - Elwardany, Michael AU - Mensching, David AU - Sabouri, Mohammadreza AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham AU - Rutgers University, Piscataway AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Plant Produced RAP Mixtures in the Northeast: Phase II Report PY - 2015/09 SP - 71p AB - The objectives of this research project were to: (1) evaluate the performance in terms of low temperature cracking, fatigue cracking, and moisture sensitivity of plant produced reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) mixtures in the laboratory and field; (2) establish guidelines on when it is necessary to bump binder grades with RAP mixtures; and (3) provide further understanding of the blending that occurs between RAP and virgin binder in plant-produced mixtures. Phase I included testing on 18 plant-produced mixtures with RAP contents from 0% to 40% by total weight of mixture, Phase II of the project included testing on 10 plant-produced mixtures with RAP contents of 0% to 40%, Phase III was a controlled laboratory study of 9 mixtures, and there was an additional task that evaluated two sets of mixtures stored in a silo for various time periods. The findings from each phase are summarized in separate reports. In Phase II, extensive material characterization was performed on New Hampshire mixture specimens that were fabricated from raw materials, compacted from plant mix with and without reheating, and field cores. The performance grade and |G*| master curves of tank binders and binder extracted and recovered from the mixtures were determined. Mixture testing included dynamic modulus, uniaxial fatigue, beam fatigue, overlay tester, thermal stress restrained specimen test, indirect tensile strength, and flow number. Testing was also conducted on Virginia mixtures and included dynamic modulus, fatigue, and low temperature testing. Where possible, mixture testing was conducted on plant compacted and reheated specimens for comparison. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Blending KW - Cracking KW - Evaluation KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mix design KW - New Hampshire KW - Northeastern United States KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Virginia UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Document/Download/6154 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613808 AU - Christie, Blake AU - Hardesty, Dawn AU - Hatcher, Greg AU - Mercer, Michael AU - Noblis, Incorporated AU - Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Integrated Corridor Management: Implementation Guide and Lessons Learned (Final Report Version 2.0) PY - 2015/09//Final Report Version 2.0 SP - 152p AB - This implementation guide is intended for use by adopters of integrated corridor management (ICM) approaches and strategies to address congestion and travel time reliability issues within specific travel corridors. It introduces the topic of ICM and identifies the type of information system, the integrated corridor management system (ICMS) that is used to support transportation network managers and operators in applying ICM. The guide discusses typical issues (lessons learned) that arose during the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (U.S. DOT’s) research initiative, where the U.S. DOT partnered with eight transportation agencies in large metropolitan areas (known as “Pioneer Sites”) to research effective means of implementing ICM approaches in their major travel corridors. Each of the Pioneer Sites used a systems engineering approach to define the needs for ICM within their corridor and the needs and requirements for an ICMS to support ICM. Two of the original eight Pioneer Sites were selected to serve as Pioneer Demonstration Sites, where an actual ICMS was built, operated, maintained and evaluated to assess how effective ICM strategies were in improving the flow of traffic within the corridor. The guide offers suggestions for each stage of an implementation effort for an ICMS, to assist other agencies in benefitting from the research done to date and from the experiences of the Pioneer Sites. In addition to the material covered in the guide itself, there are extensive references to other documents and source material that can assist ICM adopters in successfully applying these concepts for their regions. Please note that this Version 2.0 of the ICM Implementation Guide and Lessons Learned supersedes Version 1.0 of the ICM Implementation Guide and Lessons Learned published in February of 2012. At the time the version 1.0 guide was written, the Dallas and San Diego ICM Pioneer Sites were still in the system definition and design stages of the project lifecycle. This version 2.0 update of the guide provides additional lessons learned and examples through the full implementation of the Dallas and San Diego ICM Pioneer Site projects. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Implementation KW - Information systems KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Reliability KW - Systems engineering KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel time UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59600/59604/FHWA-JPO-16-280.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425494 ER - TY - SER AN - 01608587 JO - Asset Management Financial Report Series PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Saadatmand, Nastaran AU - Gaj, Stephen AU - Proctor, Gordon AU - Varma, Shobna TI - Integrating Financial Plans into the Planning, Programming, and Budgeting Processes PY - 2015/09 IS - Report 4 SP - 64p AB - This fourth report in a five-part series addresses the role of the asset management financial plan in the larger Federal planning, programming and State budgeting processes. The financial plan will not stand in isolation. It will be introduced into an already mature Federal-aid planning and programming process involving the States, metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), elected officials, the public, and local communities. Also, the State budgeting process continues to be as strong, if not a stronger, influence on investment decision-making than the Federal planning process. To be most effective, the asset management financial plan will need to complement the agency’s budgeting process which involves the governor and legislature. Contents include: Florida Department of Transportation's (DOT's) Linkage of Asset Performance and Financial Planning; Minnesota's Investment Plan's Impact on Metropolitan Planning; Washington State DOT Asset Management Analysis in the Planning, Budgeting Processes; Reno MPO Pavement Management Process; Southeast Michigan Council of Governments Asset Management Efforts; Bay Area Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) Pavement Management Process; and California Statewide Local Asset Assessment. KW - Asset management KW - Budgeting KW - Financing KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Pavement management systems KW - State departments of transportation KW - States KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/plans/financial/hif16001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608529 AU - Gay, Kevin AU - Kniss, Valarie AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Pilot Model Deployment: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Future Connected Vehicle Activities PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 111p AB - The Connected Vehicle Safety Pilot was a research program that demonstrated the readiness of Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC)-based connected vehicle safety applications for nationwide deployment. The vision of the Connected Vehicle Safety Pilot Program was to test connected vehicle safety applications, based on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications systems using DSRC technology, in real-world driving scenarios in order to determine their effectiveness at reducing crashes and to ensure that the devices were safe and did not unnecessarily distract motorists or cause unintended consequences. The Connected Vehicle Safety Pilot was part of a major scientific research program run jointly by the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) and its research and development partners in private industry. This research initiative was a multi-modal effort led by the Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office (ITS JPO) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), with research support from several agencies, including Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), and Federal Transit Administration (FTA). This one-year, real-world deployment was launched in August 2012 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The deployment utilized connected vehicle technology in over 2,800 vehicles and at 29 infrastructure sites at a total cost of over $50 million dollars in order to test the effectiveness of the connected vehicle crash avoidance systems. Overall, the Safety Pilot Program was a major success and has led the USDOT to initiate rulemaking that would propose to create a new Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) to require V2V communication capability for all light vehicles and to create minimum performance requirements for V2V devices and messages. Given the magnitude of this program and the positive outcomes generated, the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center conducted a study sponsored by the ITS JPO to gather observations and insights from the Safety Pilot Model Deployment. This report represents an analysis of activities across all stages of the Safety Pilot Model Deployment including scoping, acquisitions, planning, execution, and evaluation. The analysis aimed to identify specific accomplishments, effective activities and strategies, activities or areas needing additional effort, unintended outcomes, and any limitations and obstacles encountered throughout the Model Deployment. It also assessed the roles of organizations and the interactions among these organizations in the project. Findings were used to develop recommendations for use in future deployments of connected vehicle technology. Information for this analysis was gathered from a combination of over 70 participant interviews and a review of program documentation. It is anticipated that findings from this study will be valuable to future USDOT research programs and early adopters of connected vehicle technology. KW - Analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Dedicated short range communications KW - Implementation KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Organizations KW - Pilot studies KW - Recommendations KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59300/59361/FHWA-JPO-16-363.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1417890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605713 AU - American Traffic Safety Services Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Portable Positive Protection: A Guide for Short Duration and Short Term Work Zones PY - 2015/09 SP - 16p AB - Transportation agencies, contractors, researchers, and private vendors are actively looking for new methods and devices to help make construction and maintenance work zones safer while maximizing mobility. Short-term and short-duration work zones are no exception, especially as fewer devices can be used in a practical way than in long-term work zones due to the limited installation time available. Practitioners commonly cite the challenge of using traditional devices for protection, as installation costs are high relative to the project and it may take longer to install the devices than perform the planned activities. This situation creates the need for more portable positive protection devices in lieu of traditional devices (such as temporary concrete barrier) that are commonly used on long-term projects, but can’t be repositioned easily. This document looks at why portable positive protection should be used and examines types of portable positive devices currently available such as: Balsi Beams, steel barriers, and protective vehicles. It also includes ten suggested steps to take when planning to use portable positive protection. KW - Implementation KW - Portable equipment KW - Temporary barriers KW - Vehicles KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zones UR - https://www.workzonesafety.org/files/documents/training/fhwa_wz_grant/atssa_portable_positive_protection.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1414358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603607 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Driver Safety Measurement System (DSMS) Methodology PY - 2015/09//Version 3.0.5 SP - 20p AB - The Driver Safety Measurement System (DSMS) is a tool that is built from many of the design components of the carrier-based Safety Measurement System (SMS). The DSMS does not generate or issue driver safety ratings or “scores.” It does not affect a driver’s commercial driver’s license (CDL), or a carrier’s safety rating, which is subject to 49 CFR Part 385 of the Safety Fitness Procedures. DSMS results are not available to motor carriers, drivers, third-party providers, or the public. DSMS results are only available to enforcement officials for examining commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver performance as part of Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) investigations. Enforcement users should not draw conclusions about a driver’s overall safety condition solely based on DSMS results. However, the raw safety information from roadside inspections and crashes that feeds the DSMS is compiled by the same system that provides CMV driver-based data to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA) Pre-Employment Screening Program (PSP). This program allows motor carriers to access driver inspection and crash records electronically as a part of the hiring process. KW - Crash records KW - Data analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Inspection KW - Methodology KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance measurement KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - https://csa.fmcsa.dot.gov/Documents/Driver_SMSMethodology.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1413001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603543 AU - Cai, Hubo AU - Yuan, Chenxi AU - McClure, Timothy B AU - Dunston, Phillip S AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Synthesis Study on Collecting, Managing, and Sharing Road Construction Asset Data SN - 9781622603732 PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 73p AB - Accurate and complete construction records and as‐built data are the key prerequisites to the effective management of transportation infrastructure assets throughout their life cycle. The construction phase is the best time to collect such data. Assets such as underground drainage and culverts are visible and physically accessible only during construction. For assets such as guardrails, signals, and pavement, it is safer and more efficient to collect data during construction than after construction when the road segment is open to traffic.   The purpose of this project was to conduct a synthesis study to 1) assess the current status at Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) regarding the collection of asset data during the construction phase and the use of such data in the operation and maintenance (O&M) phase, and 2) develop a framework for INDOT to leverage the construction inspection and documentation process to collect data for assets. Data needs during O&M were identified through rounds of meetings with relevant INDOT business units. The current practice in construction documentation was investigated in detail. A survey of state highway agencies (SHAs) was conducted to assess the state‐of‐the‐practice. A practical framework was developed to leverage the construction inspection and documentation practice to collect asset data that are needed in O&M. The framework uses specific pay items—construction activities that result in physical structures—as the bridge to connect plan assets (i.e. physical structures specified in the design documents) to their corresponding counterparts in the asset management systems. The framework is composed of 1) a data needs component for determining the information requirements from the O&M perspective, 2) a construction documentation module, and 3) a mapping mechanism to link data items to be collected during the construction documentation to data items in the asset management systems. The mapping mechanism was tested and validated using four priority asset classes—underdrains, guardrails, attenuators, and small culverts—from an INDOT construction project. The testing results show that the newly developed framework is viable and solid to collect asset data during the construction phase for O&M use in the future, without adding extra workload to construction crews. The framework can reduce/eliminate the duplicate data collection efforts at INDOT, leading to savings and efficiency gains in the long term. KW - Asset management KW - Data collection KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Inspection KW - Road construction KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the practice KW - Surveys UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1410365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01602709 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Operational Performance Assessment PY - 2015/09 SP - 49p AB - This report provides an overview of recent Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) improvements and the corresponding operational impacts that were observed in the National Airspace System (NAS). The FAA’s objectives are to determine if the desired impacts have been achieved, to quantify these impacts, and to identify any unanticipated effects. The NextGen office focused on a select set of NextGen improvements that were implemented by fiscal year 2015. They are Houston Metroplex, wake recategorization, enhanced low-visibility operations and improved data sharing. The NextGen office included the implementations for which sufficient time has passed to conduct a meaningful analysis. Their aim was to estimate the impacts of NextGen capabilities on airspace operations in a systematic and standardized way. KW - Airside operations KW - Data sharing KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Houston Metroplex KW - Improvements KW - Low visibility operations KW - National Airspace System KW - Next Generation Air Transportation System KW - Operational impacts KW - Recategorized wake classes KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - Wakes UR - http://www.faa.gov/nextgen/media/NGPA_2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1413080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01597261 AU - O’Rourke, Laurence AU - Beshers, Eric AU - Stock, Daniel AU - Leidos AU - ICF International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Measuring the Impacts of Freight Transportation Improvements on the Economy and Competitiveness PY - 2015/09 SP - 96p AB - This document provides a review of approaches, methods, and tools that can be used to evaluate how freight improvements contribute to economic competitiveness and the cost of goods. The information within is intended to serve as a point of reference to assist practitioners, particularly state and regional transportation decision makers, in considering how freight improvements contribute to the economy. The document provides an overview of the methods used in this area that is not overly technical and is designed to be accessible to a range of practitioners in different disciplines, including engineers, planners, and policymakers. It is expected that this document will be of interest to members of State departments of transportation (DOTs), metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), Federal agencies, and other stakeholders interested in freight transportation and economic development. KW - Competition KW - Economic development KW - Economic impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Improvements KW - United States UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop15034/fhwahop15034.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01597252 AU - Samdahl, Donald AU - Swisher, Myron AU - Leidos AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Congestion Pricing - A Primer: Evolution of Second Generation Pricing Projects PY - 2015/09 SP - 52p AB - While pricing of managed lanes has been in place for over 20 years, most of the projects have been conversions of existing high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes into high-occupancy-toll (HOT) lanes. These are the first generation projects. This primer explores the evolution of first-generation pricing strategies into more complex express toll lanes using new or expanded capacity. For purposes of this primer, the second-generation pricing projects refer to variably priced lanes and variable tolls on entire roadways. Pricing changes throughout the day, either on a variable daily schedule or dynamically based on the level of congestion and demand for the managed lanes. The second generation movement also includes the implementation of integrated networks of priced roadways within urban regions. The primer explains these differences and provides insights from case studies around the United States. The primer concludes with guidance for agencies looking to develop second-generation pricing projects. KW - Case studies KW - Congestion pricing KW - Managed lanes KW - Road pricing KW - Second generation KW - United States KW - Variable tolls UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop15036/fhwahop15036.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596809 AU - Taylor, Amanda M AU - DeWeese, Richard L AU - Moorcroft, David M AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Effect of Passenger Position on Crash Injury Risk in Transport-Category Aircraft PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 46p AB - In the event of an accident, one action that an occupant can take to contribute to their survival is to assume an appropriate “brace-for-impact” position. This is an action in which a person pre-positions their body against whatever they are most likely to be thrown against, significantly reducing injuries sustained. Occupants in the US Airways flight 1549 sustained shoulder injuries that they attributed to the brace position; therefore, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommended that the position be re-evaluated. The Federal Aviation Administration investigated this by conducting a series of 17 sled impact tests, 15 with two rows of transport category forward facing passenger seats and two with a bulkhead configured to represent the types of seats currently in use. Head, neck, upper and lower leg injury risks were evaluated using an advanced test dummy and injury criteria from current Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, European auto safety regulations, and applicable research findings. The current brace position, head against the seat back with hands on top of the seat back, was only successful in reducing head injury risk for locked-out seat backs. However, for full break-over and energy absorbing seat backs, this position increased the severity of the head impact. There was, however, no evidence that the anthropomorphic test device interaction with any of the seatback types resulted in hyper-extension of the shoulder joint. Significant lower leg injury potential was not observed in this study, and therefore adopting lower leg injury criteria at this time does not appear to be a benefit. Even in the worst case test condition, the femur axial compressive force was below the regulatory limit, indicating that the femur compression criteria currently cited in FAA regulations is not likely to be exceeded in passenger seat dynamic qualification tests. To reduce detrimental interaction between the occupant’s arms and the seatback, the current position was modified by placing the hands down by the lower legs instead of on the seat back. This alternate position was successful in significantly reducing head and neck injury risk for all of the seat back types evaluated. This research has led to the determination that as seat technology has evolved, the most effective brace position has as well, and the current positions recommended in Advisory Circular (AC) 121-24B may need some adjustment to provide an equivalent level of safety for all passenger seat back types. KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Injury severity KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Passengers KW - Seat backs KW - Sled tests UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/2010s/media/201517.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596736 AU - Middleton, Dan AU - Songchitruksa, Praprut AU - Pratt, Michael P AU - Sunkari, Srinivasa AU - Geedipally, Srinivas AU - Charara, Hassan AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of New Vehicle Detectors for High-Speed Signalized Intersections PY - 2015/09//Technical Report SP - 190p AB - Early indications from the use of the newest vehicle detectors for high-speed signalized intersections suggested that they perform well as replacements for the Texas Department of Transportation’s (TxDOT’s) legacy systems, but this early conclusion needed verification based on rigorous field testing in a variety of traffic and environmental conditions. This research investigated the performance characteristics of detectors designed for the stop line area and indecision zone detection. In some cases, new detectors involved two technologies to cover both upstream and stop line areas. Increasing use of infrared (IR) cameras with video imaging systems was an attempt to overcome some of the limitations of traditional video detection. While these IR cameras may improve video detection for some lighting and temperature conditions, evidence suggested that they do not improve detection performance under all conditions. The objectives of this research were to: (1) Determine current TxDOT-specific needs for new vehicle detectors; (2) Identify the most promising detectors for both stop line and dilemma zone detection; and (3) Develop guidelines on each new technology and establish recommended controller and detector settings to guide TxDOT on installation and use of each detector and combination of detectors. KW - Dilemma zone KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Infrared detectors KW - Needs assessment KW - Recommendations KW - Signalized intersections KW - Technological innovations KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Vehicle detectors UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6828-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59188/0-6828-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59300/59353/0-6828-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593925 AU - Khaykin, Vitaly AU - Jagasivamani, Vadivel AU - Hampton University AU - National Center for Intermodal Transportation for Economic Competitiveness AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Acoustic Emission Safety Monitoring of Intermodal Transportation Infrastructure PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 24p AB - Safety and integrity of the national transportation infrastructure are of paramount importance and highway bridges are critical components of the highway system network. This network provides an immense contribution to the industry productivity and economic competitiveness. The infrastructure maintenance efforts must ensure a safe, timely, and reliable means of determining possible structural failures without undue disruptions to the traffic flow. As part of the National Center for Intermodal Transportation and Economic Competitiveness, with the assistance of the Virginia Department of Transportation, the application of the acoustic emission non-destructive testing methods is investigated for detecting and assessing structural conditions of the steel girder highway bridges. Acoustic emission can be used to identify suspected areas of the structure and helps to evaluate whether any further testing and analysis is warranted. A candidate bridge site, the interstate I-664 bridge crossing in Newport News, VA, was selected for this research. KW - Acoustic emission KW - Girder bridges KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Newport News (Virginia) KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural health monitoring UR - http://www.ncitec.msstate.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013-03FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593918 AU - Hu, Mengqi AU - Wu, Yao-Jan AU - Chen, Yang AU - Yang, Shu AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - National Center for Intermodal Transportation for Economic Competitiveness AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - A Real-Time Online Decision Support System for Intermodal Passenger Travel PY - 2015/09 SP - 41p AB - The transportation system in the United States is disjointed and inefficient as a result of the different transportation modes in use and their respective industries which have developed independently. In addition, public transportation is not well used in passenger trips compared to other developed countries. For example, public transportation accounts for 20% of passenger trips in large U.S. cities compared to 50% in Europe. Also, development of the passenger intermodal transportation system has lagged behind development of the freight transportation system. To improve utilization of intermodal transit and efficiency in the U.S, the authors developed an intelligent decision support system for passenger travel decisions using real-time general transit feed specifications (GTFS) data. In this system, an automatic data collection strategy was created to collect GTFS and flight data across different platforms, and an “all-in-one” database was designed to store the data. The database was used to: 1) construct intermodal transit networks using a “node-link” scheme, and 2) estimate travel time and travel time reliability for links and transit routes. Using this real-time data, a data-driven travel decision model was developed to determine the best route based on passenger preferences. Several chance constraints were added in the decision model to guarantee the reliability of the travel route under uncertainties. Additionally, a user-friendly interface was developed in Python to allow travelers to plan their trips, and a geographic information system (GIS), Google Earth, was employed to allow users to visualize the optimized route options. The proposed system was validated using real-time GTFS data collected in Tucson, Arizona, and Boston, Massachusetts. This validation demonstrated that the system can determine optimal travel routes for passengers. In addition, three sets of sensitivity analysis experiments were developed to investigate three model considerations: 1) the effect of chance constraints on path choice, 2) the effect of confidence levels on path choice, and 3) the difference between weekend and weekday travel planning. The results suggested that the optimal anticipated travel time increases with an increasing on-time arrival confidence level, and walking is preferred by passengers instead of transferring buses during peak hours. As an example, approximately 30% additional time serves as a reference for allocating travel buffer time to ensure a higher on-time arrival confidence level for transit trips to the Tucson International Airport. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Consumer preferences KW - Decision support systems KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Passenger transportation KW - Public transit KW - Real time information KW - Route choice KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Travel time KW - Tucson (Arizona) KW - United States UR - http://www.ncitec.msstate.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013-13FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593733 AU - Washburn, Scott AU - Frey, H Christopher AU - Rouphail, Nagui AU - Hulsberg, Jack AU - Watson, Donald AU - Hu, Jiangchuan AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Emissions Modeling and Implementation into CORSIM PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 156p AB - The objective of this project was to develop a micro-scale model for the energy use and emissions of light duty gasoline vehicles, based on in-use measurements, and incorporate the resulting fuel and emissions model into the CORSIM traffic simulation program. Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) were used to measure the exhaust emissions of 10 passenger cars and 5 passenger trucks during driving on routes in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina region, supplemented with data collected in Asheville, NC and Gainesville, Florida. Fuel use and emissions during cold starts were also measured using PEMS. The PEMS data were used to quantify fuel use and emission rates for 14 Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) modes. VSP is an indicator of engine power demand based on speed, acceleration, and road grade. Cold start increments for fuel use and emissions were quantified. The VSP-based approach was implemented into CORSIM. To demonstrate a method for evaluating emissions estimates from the revised CORSIM, a pilot study was conducted for the I-4 corridor near Orlando. VSP modal emission rates for a test vehicle were used to calibrate CORSIM, and CORSIM was used to predict the emissions for the same road segments traveled by the vehicle. The project successfully demonstrated that real-world vehicle emissions data can be incorporated into a traffic simulation model, and that the revised model can predict trends in vehicle emissions consistent with real-world data. KW - Calibration KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - CORSIM (Traffic simulation model) KW - Florida KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light duty vehicles KW - North Carolina KW - Pilot studies KW - Pollutants KW - Traffic simulation UR - http://stride.ce.ufl.edu/uploads/docs/STRIDE_Emissions_Final_Report_2012-014S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592045 AU - Feeley, Cecilia AU - Deka, Devajyoti AU - Lubin, Andrea AU - McGackin, Melanie AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Detour to the Right Place: A Study with Recommendations for Addressing the Transportation Needs and Barriers of Adults on the Autism Spectrum in New Jersey PY - 2015/09//Technical Report SP - 56p AB - Although advances have been made in many fields related to quality of life improvements for persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), efforts have been more limited in the realm of transportation planning and policy. Most organizations involved in transportation planning and policy collect travel data for broad population groups—such as persons with disabilities—instead of specific population groups like persons with ASD. As a result, very little is known about the travel patterns, needs, and barriers of persons with ASD. The primary focus of the research described herein was to gain insights about the transportation barriers experienced by the New Jersey adult ASD population. This research study included four broad components: (a) a review of pertinent literature; (b) interviews with 25 key stakeholders; (c) a survey of 703 adults with ASD and/or their family members regarding transportation barriers; and (d) six focus groups – four with adults with ASD, and two with parents/guardians of this population. KW - Autism KW - Families KW - Focus groups KW - Literature reviews KW - Needs assessment KW - New Jersey KW - Parents KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Recommendations KW - Stakeholders KW - Surveys KW - Travel patterns UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/system/files/u18/y_Technical_Report_singlepage_for_web_102215.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01591997 AU - Likos, William J AU - Clark, Gene R AU - Knight, David L AU - National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Integrated Strategy for Beneficial use of Dredged Materials in Great Lakes Commercial Ports PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 45p AB - This report describes efforts to facilitate beneficial use of dredged materials (DM) from Great Lakes ports and harbors as an alternative construction material in transportation-related earthwork applications. Activities described here constitute Phase II of a Phase I effort previously described in National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) Final Report 07-06 “Beneficial Use of Dredged Materials in Great Lakes Commercial Ports for Transportation Projects.” The overall objective is to link together the following components: 1) identify applications for use of DM in transportation-related projects, 2) summarize required geotechnical properties in specific transportation applications, 3) identify available geotechnical test methods to determine those properties, 4) identify specific values of required geotechnical material properties for specific uses, and 5) identify locations within the Great Lakes region where dredged materials meeting these specifications may be sourced. This report summarizes results from a suite of laboratory tests designed to characterize dredged materials obtained from select confined disposal facilities (CDF) in Wisconsin, efforts to enhance web-based tools for dredged material management, and efforts to disseminate this information to a targeted audience of stakeholders in the region. The index and engineering properties of raw dredged material (RDM) and RDM stabilized with self-cementing Class C fly ash (FA) were evaluated systematically. RDM samples were obtained by near-surface grab sampling of material placed in a confined disposal facility located at the south end of Milwaukee (MKE) Harbor in Wisconsin. RDM was blended with 10%, 20%, and 30% FA and cured for 2 hours, 7 days, and 28 days. Results showed that blending RDM with FA reduced the plasticity and improved its engineering properties. Increasing FA content increased the maximum dry unit weight and reduced the optimum water content of the stabilized dredged material (SDM). For any curing time, the undrained shear strength of SDM increased linearly with increasing FA content. The improvement in strength increased significantly as the curing time increased. Freeze-thaw cycles only slightly reduced the strength of the SDM specimens (by 4% on average), indicating that SDMs are durable to freeze-thaw processes likely encountered in field beneficial use applications. California bearing ratio (CBR) values for SDM cured beyond seven days varied between 10-20, and were comparable to those of compacted silty sand or sand. Results from CBR testing indicate that the SDM rates as “fair” to “good” for subgrade construction applications. The resilient modulus values for all SDMs increased significantly with increasing FA content. Resilient modulus values for SDM specimens after seven days of curing varied between 35-83 MPa. These values are comparable to those of gravel and crushed stone, and places the SDM in “good” to “excellent” rating categories for subgrade applications. Results of this study indicate that dredged materials stabilized with Class C fly ash show mechanical characteristics viable for beneficial use as subgrade or embankment fill. KW - California bearing ratio KW - Dredged materials KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Great Lakes Region KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Properties of materials KW - Shear strength KW - Test procedures KW - Wisconsin UR - http://www.wistrans.org/cfire/documents/CFIRE-09-12-Final-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01591981 AU - Corven, John AU - Corven Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Post-Tensioned Box Girder Design Manual PY - 2015/09 SP - 374p AB - This Manual contains information related to the analysis and design of cast-in-place concrete box girder bridges prestressed with post-tensioning tendons. The Manual is targeted at Federal, State and local transportation departments and private company personnel that may be involved in the analysis and design of this type of bridge. The Manual reviews features of the construction of cast-in-place concrete box girder bridges, material characteristics that impact design, fundamentals of prestressed concrete, and losses in prestressing force related to post-tensioned construction. Also presented in this Manual are approaches to the longitudinal and transverse analysis of the box girder superstructure. Both single-cell and multi-cell box girders are discussed. Design examples are presented in Appendices to this Manual. The document is part of the Federal Highway Administration’s national technology deployment program and may serve as a training manual. KW - Box girder bridges KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Manuals KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/concrete/hif15016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590512 AU - Shuler, Scott AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effectiveness of Two Reflection Crack Attenuation Techniques PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 23p AB - Asphalt overlays are one of the most common tools for rehabilitating existing asphalt and concrete pavements. However, the performance of new overlays is often jeopardized by the cracking distress in the existing pavement. This existing cracking propagates, or reflects, through the new overlay to the surface of the new overlay. The rate at which this reflection cracking propagates to the surface is a function of overlay thickness, crack severity, traffic loading and subgrade or subbase support. Once reflection cracks appear on the surface of the new pavement, water and debris can enter the subbase and subgrade which can affect pavement strength and reduce the life of the overlay. Therefore, reducing the rate at which these reflection cracks propagate to the surface of the pavement is desirable in order to lengthen the time between rehabilitation projects or crack sealing operations. Various methods have been used in past decades in an attempt to reduce the rate of reflection crack propagation. These include geosynthetic membranes and asphalt stress absorbing interlayers. This study compares performance of a grid reinforcing system, a polymer modified asphalt-rich interlayer system and control pavement test sections. After five years of performance monitoring differences between the attenuation systems and the controls have appeared. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Attenuation (Engineering) KW - Colorado KW - Fiberglass KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement interlayers KW - Pavement performance KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://www.codot.gov/programs/research/pdfs/2015-research-reports/reflection-crack-attenuation/at_download/file UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590484 AU - Merritt, David K AU - Chang, George K AU - Torres, Helga N AU - Mohanraj, Kiran AU - Rasmussen, Robert O AU - Transtec Group, Incorporated AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating the Effects of Concrete Pavement Curling and Warping on Ride Quality PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 77p AB - Construction of a jointed concrete pavement on US 34 near Greeley, Colorado in 2012 led to an investigation of slab curling and warping that appeared to be contributing to undesirable levels of pavement roughness. Specifically, the westbound lanes that were constructed in July appeared to exhibit significantly higher roughness than the eastbound lanes that were constructed in September. Furthermore, smoothness testing by the contractor at three different times of the day on one of the westbound lanes revealed significant differences in roughness values depending on the time of day. In response, Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) initiated the investigation under this study to determine the effects of slab curling and warping on ride quality for the US 34 project with the expectation that the findings from this study can also be applied to jointed concrete pavement projects in general. The outcomes of this study are recommendations for improvements in construction practices to help minimize the effects of curling and warping on jointed concrete pavement ride quality as well as recommendations for the collection of ride quality data for acceptance. Implementation recommendations include potential modifications to concrete pavement construction practices and/or specifications, particularly for hot weather paving, as well as recommendations for modifications to the collection of pavement smoothness acceptance data for jointed concrete pavements. The recommendations for smoothness acceptance data collection can be implemented on pilot projects or as shadow specifications in the coming construction seasons. After each construction season, the recommended procedures can be further evaluated before being included in the Standard Specifications. Recommendations for construction practices/specifications are less substantial and may only require minor modifications to standard practices and specifications. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Curling KW - Evaluation KW - Greeley (Colorado) KW - Pavement performance KW - Periods of the day KW - Recommendations KW - Roughness KW - Warpage UR - https://www.codot.gov/programs/research/pdfs/2015-research-reports/curling/at_download/file UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590455 AU - Guensler, Randall AU - Grossman, Alice AU - Frackelton, Alexandra AU - Elango, Vetri AU - Xu, Yanzhi AU - Toth, Chris AU - Akanser, Alper AU - Castrillon, Felipe AU - Palinginis, Evangelos AU - Sadana, Ramik AU - Georgia Institute of Technology AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE) TI - Automated Sidewalk Quality and Safety Assessment System (Regional University Transportation Center Subproject) PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 163p AB - Sidewalks are often unsafe, exposing pedestrians, wheelchair users, travelers with strollers, and persons carrying heavy loads to unnecessary risk. However, prioritizing sidewalk repairs and improvements requires knowledge about the current system state. The Automated Sidewalk Quality and Safety Assessment System developed in this project can help communities evaluate the condition of sidewalks and pathways based on sidewalk existence, condition, and conformance with Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards. In consultation with local transportation planners and public interest groups, the team calibrated the system to assess sidewalk characteristics and developed an initial sidewalk quality index (SQI). The team then developed a weighted ranking system to prioritize pedestrian projects by coupling app-derived ADA compliance data with pedestrian safety indicators (crash rates), land use, and demographic data (pedestrian activity). The researchers collected and analyzed sidewalk data for 1,352 miles of sidewalks within the City of Atlanta and used the system to derive block-level pedestrian potential and deficiency indicators to prioritize planning investments within a subarea of Midtown, Atlanta, Georgia. The results of the rank-order prioritization analyses indicate that blocks near rail stations and high-density land uses should be prioritized for investment. The system developed in this project can help communities evaluate sidewalk condition, ADA compatibility, and help agencies use the data in prioritizing pedestrian infrastructure repairs and improvements. Further refinements will extend the application of the methods to larger geographic scales and to incorporate repair costs into the prioritization framework. KW - Americans with Disabilities Act KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Quality assurance KW - Ranking (Statistics) KW - Sidewalks UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/12-16.pdf UR - http://stride.ce.ufl.edu/uploads/docs/STRIDE_2012-067S_automated_sidewalk_quality_and_safety_assessment_system_final_report_2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01587937 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Fok, Edward AU - Murphy, Ray AU - Phomsavath, Ekaraj AU - Walker, Jonathan TI - Taming Cyber Risks PY - 2015/09 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - pp 2-7 AB - As advances are made in technology and connectivity, it is necessary for the transportation community to improve cybersecurity. Today’s transportation network involves a great deal of interconnected systems, using common commercial technologies such as Wi-Fi and Ethernet. While these technologies are inexpensive, they are vulnerable, due to being well-known. In recent years, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has established guidelines to secure transportation communication networks. FHWA has worked to increase awareness of cybersecurity issues for state and local departments of transportation. As new technologies develop, it is necessary for cybersecurity efforts to constantly improve as well. KW - Computer security KW - Connectivity KW - Guidelines KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16sepoct/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395731 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01587934 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Filosa, Gina AU - Poe, Carson TI - An Array of Possibilities PY - 2015/09 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - pp 8-13 AB - Climate change is having an impact on the United States transportation system, and there are many of projects underway to mitigate risks. Transportation agencies are working to develop strategies to adapt infrastructure to the effects of climate change. Strategies include reducing greenhouse gases by using highway rights-of-way (ROW) to install renewable energy technology, such as wind turbines and solar panels. Many agencies are looking to develop innovative and sustainable uses for highway ROW, especially as more than a one-off project. KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Climate change KW - Environmental protection KW - Infrastructure KW - Renewable energy sources KW - Technological innovations KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16sepoct/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395732 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01587927 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Brewer, Marcus A AU - Crowe, Rebecca TI - A Golden Opportunity to Make Travel More Golden PY - 2015/09 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - pp 16-21 AB - The Federal Highway Administration has released the Handbook for Designing Roadways for the Aging Population in response to a surge in aging road users. It is estimated that by 2030, one-fifth of the United States population will be older adults, and it is necessary for transportation professionals to consider the consequences of the changing demographics. The Handbook includes treatments and countermeasures for specific areas of concern for aging road users. KW - Aged KW - Demographics KW - Handbooks KW - Highway design KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16sepoct/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395736 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01587912 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Weingroff, Richard F TI - The Pennsylvania Turnpike Turns 75 PY - 2015/09 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - pp 22-31 AB - On the seventy-fifth anniversary of the opening of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, this article looks at how it began. The Pennsylvania Turnpike led the way for toll highways. Before it opened, it was believed that toll roads could not generate enough revenue. However, it was financially successful and provided a design model for the interstate system. After the success of the turnpike, superhighways began to be developed around the nation. KW - Finance KW - History KW - Interstate highways KW - Pennsylvania Turnpike KW - Revenues KW - Toll roads UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16sepoct/05.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395737 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01587899 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Luedders, Charles AU - Green, David TI - Check Out Your Latest FP PY - 2015/09 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - pp 32-37 AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) updates specifications for building roads and bridges every few years. Practices from all parts of the country are incorporated in order to meet the needs of a wide range of users. The latest edition of the Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects (FP) was released in 2014, known as FP-14. The document covers construction techniques and materials from around the country, supports FHWA-led innovation programs, and provides a single source to promote the consistency of highway construction. KW - Bridge construction KW - Innovation KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16sepoct/06.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395738 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01587895 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McCarthy, Leslie Myers AU - Park, Seri AU - Giancola, Anthony R TI - Powering an Energy Revolution PY - 2015/09 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - pp 38-43 AB - The growth of energy industries in the United States has required an expansion of the transportation of oil by truck and rail. Much of this expansion involves moving heavy equipment and supplies to rural areas, butting pressure on roads and bridges that were not constructed to handle the heavy loads they are now facing. Transportation agencies are rising to the challenge to address the increased demand on the highway infrastructure. KW - Freight transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - Oils KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic volume KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16sepoct/07.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395740 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01587842 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Shelsta, Heather TI - Making Virtual a Reality PY - 2015/09 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - pp 14-15 AB - The National Highway Institute (NHI), the technical training arm of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), has been testing a virtual, interactive, conference-style training held in real time. Many state departments of transportation face challenges in training their employees, due to issues such as budgets and staff time. The virtual training facility built by NHI is designed to help by providing an online space for training, with lectures, conferences, and exhibits. It is necessary for training delivery methods such as this to continue to meet the needs of limited budgets and travel restrictions. NHI continues to work with FHWA to develop the platform and provide training. KW - Education and training KW - National Highway Institute KW - State departments of transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Virtual reality UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16sepoct/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587674 AU - Wojtowicz, Jeffrey AU - Wallace, William (Al) AU - Ban, Jeff AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Role of Social Media in Improving the Safety and Efficiency of Traffic Operations during Non-Routine Events such as Incidents and Planned Special Events PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 123p AB - Social media has become an integral part of modern communication. There is however no clear consensus among transportation managers on how social media could or should be used to collect or disseminate actionable information. To provide guidance on the potential use of social media in transportation, a better understanding is needed of the message content as well as the path taken from the sender to the potential user of actionable information during crises and other non-routine events in the transportation system. This report assesses how social media is used to support traffic management operations during planned special events such as concerts and sporting events, and unplanned disruptive events, such as accidents and weather events. This report also examines best practices for traffic operations among various agencies, and presents practices used to disseminate real-time, actionable information to motorists in a useful and engaging format via social media. KW - Best practices KW - Highway operations KW - Information dissemination KW - Real time information KW - Social media KW - Special events KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-The-Role-Of-Social-Media-In-Traffic-Operations_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1394937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587643 AU - Noland, Robert B AU - Adediji, Yemi AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Omitted Variable Bias in Crash Reduction Factors PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 34p AB - Transportation planners and traffic engineers are increasingly turning to crash reduction factors to evaluate changes in road geometric and design features in order to reduce crashes. Crash reduction factors are typically estimated based on segmenting a highway and associating crashes with geometric features; this allows statistical methods to be applied to the data. Concurrently there is a stream of research that relies on spatial units of analysis to examine crashes; these typically use broad features of the road network combined with socio-economic and demographic factors that are associated with crashes. In this paper, the authors examine whether omission of these spatial factors in a link-based geometric model results in omitted variable bias. The results suggest that there is no change in coefficient signs, but that there is a reduction in the magnitude of estimates. The sign of spatial variables, however, is quite different when combined into a link-based model. The authors also find substantial variability in coefficient estimates, and discuss the implications of these results for the use of crash reduction factors. KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Crash data KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Omitted-Variable-Bias.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1394943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583642 AU - Lennertz, Tracy AU - Cardosi, Kim AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Flightcrew Procedures for Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 29p AB - It is imperative that flightcrew procedures be developed and implemented to capitalize on the strengths of Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) while minimizing the possibility of error. This paper presents a sample of air carrier Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the processing of air traffic control (ATC) instructions transmitted via CPDLC. With CPDLC, it is recommended both crewmembers silently and independently read each CPDLC clearance, and confer before maneuvering the aircraft based on that clearance. This procedure allows the same independent interpretation that voice affords. A review of SOPs across seven carriers found that only one carrier instructed their flightcrews to follow this “silent read” procedure. Two carriers suggested that the message should be read out loud on the flight deck; four carriers did not specify a procedure. The methods for training on CPDLC procedures and specific topics covered also varied by air carrier. Based on the review of these materials “best practice” recommendations are provided. KW - Air pilots KW - Air traffic control KW - Airlines KW - Data communications KW - Human information processing KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Recommendations KW - State of the practice KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56600/56660/DOTVNTSCFAA1512.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583617 AU - Darrow, Margaret M AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Monitoring and Analysis of Frozen Debris Lobes, Phase IB PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 16p AB - Frozen debris lobes (FDLs) are slow-moving landslides in permafrost, many of which are present within the Dalton Highway corridor in the Brooks Range of Alaska. During this phase of the research, the authors continued their investigations of FDL-A (the closest to the Dalton Highway), and extended the research to include monitoring of seven additional FDLs. The investigated FDLs move at a variety of rates from less than a meter per year to 20 m per year. All of the FDLs investigated during this phase of research have characteristics of increasing instability. As analysis of subsurface data from FDL-A indicates, the movement of FDLs is temperature-dependent, which suggests the need for ongoing monitoring as temperature and precipitation in the area change in the future. Many FDLs are located uphill of important infrastructure within the State of Alaska. Changes within these permafrost features may yield insight into how frozen slopes throughout the State respond to changing climate. The authors recommend continued annual measurements of the surfaces of the eight investigated FDLs, additional drilling and geophysical surveys of FDL-A for better subsurface characterization, and development of a slope stability model that incorporates temperature effects. KW - Alaska KW - Dalton Highway KW - Debris flows KW - Geological surveying KW - Permafrost KW - Recommendations KW - Slope stability KW - Temperature UR - http://tundra.ine.uaf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Darrow_FDL_Ph1B_2015.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56702/Darrow_FDL_Ph1B_2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583599 AU - Hulsey, J L AU - Ward, Richard AU - Anderson, Elliot AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities TI - Wearing Surface Testing and Screening: Yukon River Bridge PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 41p AB - There is a demand and a need for cheaper and alternative surface coverings in environments with high temperature fluctuations. The authors' design for an alternative surface covering involves a basic two-part component epoxy with the addition of a solvent. The purpose of the solvent is to disrupt the reaction that forms the ordered chains to form a more disordered crystalline structure. The solvent in the finished product is 3% by volume of isopropyl alcohol. This mixture of epoxy and solvent has higher impact strength than epoxy alone, as well as a much lower brittle transition temperature of --27°C compared with 10°C for epoxy. An environmental chamber, tensile tester, Charpy impact tester, and 4-point bending test were used to determine these conclusions. The final product can be tailored with different aggregates to fit a specific need, such as decking surface material to coat the wooden planks on the Yukon River Bridge. KW - Bridge decks KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Flexural strength KW - Solvents KW - Tension tests KW - Thermal properties KW - Yukon River Bridge (Alaska) UR - http://tundra.ine.uaf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Final-Yukon-River-BRfpjlh2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56709/Final-Yukon-River-BRfpjlh2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583566 AU - Byrd, John D AU - Dixon, Grady AU - Brown, Mike AU - Cooke, Bill AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Watchdog Weather Station to Reduce Drift from MDOT Spray Trucks PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 15p AB - Wind speed data collected with the Spectrum Watchdog Sprayer Station were compared to data recorded with a Young 05103-5 anemometer at the Rodney R. Foil Plant Science Research Center on the Mississippi State University campus June and July, 2014 and 2015. The manufacturer’s specifications advertise the Sprayer Station wind speed accuracy for wind speeds less than 12 mph is ±1.1 mph and wind speeds greater than 12 mph is ±2.3 mph. While the wind speed data recorded by the Watchdog Sprayer Station followed the same trend as the data recorded with the Young anemometer, variations in wind speed both above and below that recorded by the Young anemometer indicate the Watchdog precision is not sufficiently reliable of the actual wind speed. Wind speed data recorded by the Young anemometer and Watchdog Sprayer Stations were poorly correlated at 0.61 and 0.49 for collection periods in 2014 and 2015, respectively. These data indicate the Watchdog Sprayer Station does not measure wind speed with sufficient reliability to provide a Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) spray truck driver, a true indication when wind speeds are above or below safe parameters for spray applications to avoid drift. KW - Accuracy KW - Anemometers KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Herbicides KW - Mississippi KW - Sprayers KW - Wind UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20262%20-%20Evaluation%20of%20the%20Watchdog%20Weather%20Station%20to%20Reduce%20Drift%20from%20MDOT%20Spray%20%20Trucks.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56781/State_Study_262.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583540 AU - Schaefer, Ron AU - Newton, Diane AU - Cassady, Jim AU - Black, Chuckerin AU - Roth, Robert AU - Stock, Dan AU - Leidos AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Smart Roadside Initiative – Final Report PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 88p AB - This is the Final Report for the Smart Roadside Initiative (SRI) prototype system deployment project. The SRI prototype was implemented at weigh stations in Grass Lake, Michigan and West Friendship, Maryland. The prototype was developed to integrate with existing technologies already available at the weigh stations to provide one common system user interface for law enforcement officers to use. The Final Report summarizes what was deployed at each weigh station, in the commercial vehicle via a smartphone, and the ability to view the SRI user interface at any location using a smartphone. The report provides the results of the unit and acceptance testing and the lessons learned for future deployments. KW - Automated highways KW - Commercial drivers KW - Data sharing KW - Grass Lake (Michigan) KW - Implementation KW - Law enforcement KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Prototypes KW - Stakeholders KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Weigh stations KW - West Friendship (Maryland) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56201/FHWA-JPO-16-258.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583531 AU - Lewis, Kristin C AU - Baker, Gary M AU - Pearlson, Matthew N AU - Gillham, Olivia AU - Smith, Scott AU - Costa, Stephen AU - Herzig, Peter AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Alternative Fuel Transportation Optimization Tool: Description, Methodology, and Demonstration Scenarios PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 96p AB - This report describes an Alternative Fuel Transportation Optimization Tool (AFTOT), developed by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe) in support of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The purpose of AFTOT is to help FAA better understand the transportation needs and constraints associated with biofuel feedstock collection, processing, and fuel distribution, specifically alternative jet fuel produced from feedstocks. AFTOT uses scenarios describing potentially available feedstock production and existing transportation infrastructure to generate: locations of potentially supportable biorefineries; optimal transportation routes for moving biofuels from the point of feedstock production/pre-processing to refinement and then to fuel aggregation and storage; allocation of feedstock and fuels among biorefineries and destinations based on demand and efficient transport patterns; and transportation costs, carbon dioxide emissions, fuel burn, and vehicle trips and miles traveled as a result of the transportation of feedstock and fuels. This report describes how AFTOT was developed and the functionality of the tool; it also demonstrates the tool’s capability through the analysis of six scenarios. KW - Aircraft fuels KW - Alternate fuels KW - Biomass fuels KW - Biorefineries KW - Costs KW - Fuel processing KW - Methodology KW - Optimization KW - Pollutants KW - Routes KW - Transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56200/Alt_Fuel_Trn_Optimization_Tool.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582443 AU - Zlatkovic, Milan AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation TI - Development of Performance Matrices for Evaluating Innovative Intersections and Interchanges PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 87p AB - Innovative intersections and interchanges, primarily Continuous Flow Intersection (CFI) and Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI), have seen an increase in numbers in the State of Utah over the past several years, making Utah a leader in the country in implementation of these designs. Although on the surface these designs seem to improve traffic performance, their complete impacts and benefits are hard to assess. There are still no clearly defined guidelines and methodologies for monitoring and measuring performance of these designs from state departments of transportation (DOTs) manuals, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), National Emergency Management Association (NEMA) and Highway Safety Manual (HSM). Innovative designs have impacts on operations, safety, accessibility, transit, pedestrian and non-motorized traffic, land use, economic development, and environment. Due to this variety of impacts, there is a need to develop methodologies to further evaluate innovative intersection designs with regards to different performance measures. The primary objective of this research project is to develop a matrix of performance measures which stakeholders could apply in practice to effectively evaluate innovative intersection designs in terms of operations, safety, access, and multimodal accommodations. KW - Accessibility KW - Evaluation KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Methodology KW - Performance measurement KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation modes KW - Utah UR - http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=25601022404950131 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56729/UT-15.13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582442 AU - Saito, Mitsuru AU - Chang, David Keali'i AU - Schultz, Grant G AU - Brigham Young University AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Calibration of Automatic Performance Measures – Speed and Volume Data: Volume 1. Evaluation of the Accuracy of Traffic Volume Counts Collected by Microwave Sensors PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 103p AB - Over the past few years, the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) has developed a system called the Signal Performance Metrics System (SPMS) to evaluate the performance of signalized intersections. This system currently provides data summaries for several performance measures including: 1) Purdue Coordination Diagram, 2) Speed, 3) Approach Volume, 4) Purdue Phase Termination Charts, 5) Split Monitor, 6) Turning Movement Volume Counts, 7) Arrivals on Red, and 8) Approach Delay. There is a need to know the accuracy of the data that are being collected by the Wavetronix SmartSensor Matrix and displayed in the SPMS. The Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) members determined that the following factors would affect the accuracy of radar-based traffic sensors the most: sensor position, number of approach lanes, and volume level. The speed limit factor was added to the study after most of the data collection was completed. The purpose of this research was to collect data at various intersections to determine the accuracy of the data collected by the Wavetronix SmartSensor Matrix. A Mixed Model Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to analyze the effects that each factor had on the accuracy of the traffic volume count. A total of 14 tests were performed to examine the effects of the factors on traffic volume count accuracy. The sensor position factor was not found to be a statistically significant factor affecting the accuracy of traffic volume counts. The effect of speed limit on traffic volume count accuracy was determined to be inconclusive due to the lack of samples to be tested. The remaining, volume level and number of approach lanes, were found to have a statistically significant effect on the accuracy of traffic volume counts. Based on these two factors, a table of accuracy ranges was created to meet the needs of UDOT to present accuracy ranges on the SPMS website. This table includes the mean, 95 percent confidence interval of the mean, standard deviation, number of samples, and the minimum number of samples needed. In general the sensor provides accuracy level that is ready for practical use by traffic engineers. KW - Accuracy KW - Analysis of variance KW - Data collection KW - Data quality KW - Evaluation KW - Microwave detectors KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic volume KW - Utah UR - http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=25601705547153370 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56730/ut-15.14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582435 AU - Osborn, David A AU - Stickles, James H AU - Warren, Robert J AU - Miller, Karl V AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Georgia Department of Transportation TI - Development and Evaluation of Devices Designed to Minimize Deer-Vehicle Collisions: Phase III PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 109p AB - To better understand factors that might contribute to deer-vehicle collisions (DVC); the authors captured 32 deer within a 5-mile test roadway along Interstate 20 near Madison, Georgia and fitted them each with a Global Positioning System collar to monitor their use of the highway right-of-way (ROW). Deer ROW use occurred primarily during nighttime hours with about 37% of locations within the ROW occurring between 2200-0300 hours. Increased ROW use by female deer during May and June was likely due to females selecting the ROW for parturition. The authors also evaluated the annual distribution of DVCs in Georgia based on records of DVCs from 2005-2012 (n = 45,811) to identify peaks in DVCs for each of Georgia’s 159 counties, compared to statewide data on deer breeding dates. The authors observed high concurrence among timing of peak DVCs, peak conception, and peak rut movement. The authors also evaluated DVC risk based on the temporal pattern of DVCs; traffic volume; deer movement rates; and known frequency, timing, and landscape features associated with deer road-crossing activity. The results indicated that DVC risk for individual motorists was high throughout the entire nocturnal period, not just during the crepuscular period as would be suggested solely by the incidence of DVCs without considering traffic volume. Also, the increased frequency of road crossings by deer in low-traffic, forested areas may lead to a greater risk of DVC than suggested by evaluations of DVC frequency alone. To potentially reduce DVC risk, the authors recommended: (1) targeted removal of deer that were frequent ROW users, (2) warnings issued to motorists about the increased risk of encountering deer in the ROW during late-night travel, and (3) modifying ROW habitat to help maintain ROW fences and reduce food and cover resources. For assessing the timing of the breeding season at a county or regional scale, DVC data are cost effective and less susceptible to measurement biases compared to traditional methods employing deer fetus measurements. In addition, mapping the peak occurrences of DVCs can be used to strategically warn motorists of increased risk within a few weeks of peak deer breeding at the county level. The authors also conducted an operational field trial to retrofit top-mounted outriggers to existing 1.2-m, woven-wire, ROW fencing. Despite repairing the existing ROW fence and adding the outrigger, access to the ROW by deer was not prevented, but these results were based on a small sample size of deer that had previously accessed the ROW. Repair and maintenance of existing ROW fencing for conversion to an outrigger-style fence likely was unjustified as neither cost-efficient nor adequately effective at preventing deer from accessing the ROW. However, the outrigger-fence design might be justified for new fence construction in un-wooded terrain and when used in conjunction with traditional 2.4-m deer exclusion fence to provide deer within the ROW a route of escape. KW - Animal behavior KW - Crash data KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Crashes KW - Deer KW - Evaluation KW - Fences KW - Field tests KW - Georgia KW - Global Positioning System KW - Right of way (Land) UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/12-35.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56600/56662/12-35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582431 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - Traffic Safety Facts 2013 Data: State Traffic Data PY - 2015/09 SP - 11p AB - In 2013, there were 32,719 fatalities in the United States (50 States and the District of Columbia, and excluding Puerto Rico). Traffic fatalities decreased by 3 percent from 2012 to 2013 for the United States as a whole. New Hampshire and the District of Columbia had the greatest fatality increases from 2012 to 2013 at 25 and 33 percent, respectively, while Wyoming had the greatest decrease at 29 percent. This fact sheet includes fatalities and percent change by State 1975-2013 and the following 2013 data by State: fatalities involving alcohol or speeding, motorcyclists fatalities and helmet use, passenger vehicle occupant fatalities and restraint use, and vehicles involved in fatal crashes by person type. KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycle helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Seat belt use KW - Speeding KW - States KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/PUBS/812196.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582428 AU - Pradhan, Anuj K AU - Buckley, Lisa AU - Hu, Xiao-Su (Frank) AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Risk-Taking Behaviors and Prefrontal Cortex Activity of Male Adolescents in the Presence of Peer Passengers during Simulated Driving: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Study PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 36p AB - Crash statistics show that adolescent drivers are more likely to be involved in motor-vehicle crashes than adults and that the presence of peer passengers pose an additional risk factor for crashes. Experimental and observational studies show that risky driving behaviors of male teenagers increase in the presence of male peer passengers. There could be several mechanisms of the influence of peer passengers on teen drivers, however it is evident that the male teenage driver with a male peer passenger makes riskier decisions than when driving alone, when driving with an adult, or when compared with an adult driver. It has been posited that the developing teenage brain’s activity is different from that of adults during decision making, especially in regions associated with impulse control, response inhibition, and risk taking. In order to study risk-taking behavior in simulated driving by male teenagers in the presence of male peer passengers, the authors leveraged an innovative experimental approach to investigate the brain activity of male teenage and adult drivers while driving alone and in the presence of peer passengers. This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology, a noninvasive optical brain-imaging method that allows in vivo measurements of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in cortical tissue, to study regions in the prefrontal cortex of drivers performing an ecologically valid driving-simulation task. Driving-related risk-taking behaviors were simultaneously measured. In addition, participants undertook a well-validated computerized measure of risk taking (Balloon Analogue Risk Task) as an additional assessment of risk-taking behavior. The results indicate that for certain risky-driving scenarios, adult participants showed increased activation in regions of the left and right medial prefrontal cortex when driving with a passenger as compared with driving alone, whereas these activations were not evident in teenaged drivers in similar situations. KW - Adolescents KW - Adults KW - Behavior KW - Brain KW - Driving simulators KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Males KW - Passengers KW - Risk taking KW - Teenage drivers KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://www.atlas-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/ATLAS-Final-Research-Excellence-Report-Pradhan-Buckley.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582423 AU - Tan, Yaoyan Vincent AU - Elliott, Michael AU - Flannagan, Carol AU - Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center) AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Development of a Statistical Method for Predicting Human Driver Decisions PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 17p AB - As autonomous vehicles enter the fleet, there will be a long period when these vehicles will have to interact with human drivers. One of the challenges for autonomous vehicles is that human drivers do not communicate their decisions well. However, the kinematic behavior of a human-driven vehicle may be a good predictor of driver intent within a short time frame. The authors analyzed the kinematic time-series data (e.g., speed) for a set of drivers making left turns at intersections to predict whether the driver would stop before executing the turn or not. The authors used principal components analysis (PCA) to generate independent dimensions that explain the variation in vehicle speed before a turn. These dimensions remained relatively consistent throughout the maneuver, allowing the authors to compute independent scores on these dimensions for different time windows throughout the approach to the intersection. The authors then linked these PCA scores to whether a driver would stop before executing a left turn using the Bayesian additive regression trees (BART). The model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of more than 0.90 by -25m away from the center of an intersection. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Behavior KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Intersections KW - Kinematics KW - Left turns KW - Mathematical prediction UR - http://www.atlas-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/ATLAS-2015-06-Final-Research-Analysis-Report-Flannagan.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56600/56668/ATLAS-2015-06_-_Final_Research_Analysis_Report_-_Flannagan.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582195 AU - Ma, Jiaqi AU - Lochrane, Taylor AU - Leidos AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - User’s Manual for the Traffic Incident Management Benefit-Cost (TIM-BC) Tool PY - 2015/09//Version 2.0 SP - 28p AB - This document serves as a user’s manual for the Traffic Incident Management Benefit-Cost Tool (TIM-BC) Version 2.0, which is used to assist State and local engineers and decisionmakers with evaluating and comparing a variety of traffic incident management programs. The document describes how to use the tool by providing detailed instructions and screenshots of the tool. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer program documentation KW - Evaluation KW - Incident management KW - Traffic incidents KW - Web applications UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/16020/16020.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581023 AU - Howell, Brian AU - Hopwood, Theodore AU - Meade, Bobby W AU - Palle, Sudhir AU - Kentucky Transportation Center AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Deterioration of Structural Concrete Due to Chloride Intrusion and Other Damaging Mechanisms PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 98p AB - Kentucky's bridges continue to age and experience distress. The intrusion of chlorides into concrete remains the primary mechanism for deterioration. It leads to reinforcing steel corrosion that damages the adjoining concrete structure. This study found problematic chloride concentrations in Kentucky concrete bridge elements (decks, pier caps, abutments). Chloride levels have been found at concentrations sufficient to initiate reinforcing steel corrosion. In some cases, chloride concentrations were sufficient to cause accelerated corrosion and produce major section loss of reinforcing steel. Advanced stages of corrosion such as these typically require costly repairs and maintenance to extend the service life of bridges. Field inspections and laboratory analyses conducted during this study verified the ongoing problem of concrete deterioration across bridges within Kentucky's transportation network. KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete bridges KW - Corrosion KW - Evaluation KW - Inspection KW - Kentucky KW - Laboratory tests KW - Reinforcing steel UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2015/09/KTC_14_03_SPR10_406_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581010 AU - Tidwell, Scott AU - Blanco, Myra AU - Trimble, Tammy AU - Atwood, Jon AU - Morgan, Justin F AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of Heavy-Vehicle Crash Warning Interfaces PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 121p AB - This document describes an evaluation of heavy-vehicle collision warning interfaces as it pertains to the auditory and visual components of a forward collision warning system. The results indicate that drivers receiving an imminent collision warning alert responded significantly quicker than drivers who did not receive an alert to a potential rear-end event. Moreover, the effects of muting other sources of in-cab audio were explored. Participants were able to perform as well or even better when the other audio sources were not muted as long as the alert was salient enough (15 dBA above in-cab noise level). If a visual component is issued as part of the alert in the instrument panel, the data suggests that it may be more effective if presented as an information component, not as the main alert component. This will assist drivers to look at the forward roadway as their first reaction instead of getting drawn to the visual component initially. Data also suggests the auditory component should be the main alerting component in order to elicit the drivers looking to the forward roadway as their first reaction. This result was found to be true in both truck-trailer combination units and motorcoaches. It should be noted that haptic alerts were not considered in this study. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Information display systems KW - Trucks KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Warning devices UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/NVS/Crash Avoidance/Technical Publications/2015/812191_EvalHeavyVehicleCrashWarnInterface.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581005 AU - McVay, Michael C AU - Wasman, Scott J AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation TI - Embedded Data Collector (EDC) Phase II Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 139p AB - A total of 16 static load test results was collected in Florida and Louisiana. New static load tests on five test piles in Florida (four of which were voided) were monitored with Embedded Data Collector (EDC) instrumentation and contributed to the total of 16. For the voided test piles, EDC instrumentation was placed in the piles at different locations relative to the void to compare the estimated resistances. In the four test piles, the measured top compressive stresses measured in the solid section of the pile were typically about 25% smaller than the measured values in the voided section of the pile. However, when the top stresses were adjusted by area (i.e., divide by 645 in² / 900 in² = 0.72), then the stresses were very comparable. Two methods were used to estimate the pile capacities: The UF method and the Tran et al. methods. The UF method (employed in SmartPile Review) uses the Case capacity equation with variable case damping, Jc, to assess total capacity and the Unloading Point Method for tip resistance, (i.e., skin friction = total – tip resistance). The Tran et al. method computes side friction using a segmental approach and tip resistance using conservation of force and energy. The Tran et al. method for side friction showed a smaller difference (6%) in predicted capacities between top solid and voided gauge sets than the UF method (23%) using the Case Equation for the four voided test piles. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) resistance factors (Φ) for piles with EDC were calculated for a reliability, β, of 2.33 using the First Order Second Moment (FOSM) method and the First Order Reliability Method (FORM). For the UF method, a total of 42 pairs (measured vs. predicted; bias, λ = 0.998, standard deviation, σ = 0.212, and CV = 0.212) were analyzed for the cases of EDC in both the solid and voided sections (four new test piles supported in present project)). The ΦFORM = 0.75 and ΦFOSM = 0.64. A smaller data set of 34 pairs (measured vs. predicted; bias, λ = 0.918, standard deviation, σ = 0.172, and CV = 0.188) were analyzed for the cases of EDC only in the solid sections. The ΦFORM = 0.73 and ΦFOSM = 0.62. For the Tran et al. method, a total of 39 pairs (measured vs. predicted; bias, λ = 0.991, standard deviation, σ = 0.169, and CV = 0.17) were analyzed for the cases of EDC in both the solid and voided sections. The ΦFORM = 0.81 and ΦFOSM = 0.68. A smaller data set of 33 pairs (measured vs. predicted; bias, λ = 0.979, standard deviation, σ = 0.182, and CV = 0.186) were analyzed for the cases of EDC only in the solid sections. The ΦFORM = 0.78 and ΦFOSM = 0.66. For the Fixed Jc method, ΦFORM and ΦFOSM were calculated for limited data sets (solid/voided and only solid sections). The listed resistance factors should be used with caution due to the limited data set and the conditions they were obtained (e.g., limited soil types tested, time between Beginning Of Re-strike (BOR) and static load test, lack of fully instrumented tests piles). KW - Bridge construction KW - Data collection KW - Florida KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load tests KW - Louisiana KW - Skin resistance KW - Static loads KW - Test piles UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_STR/FDOT-BDV31-977-13-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581004 AU - Ghosn, Michel AU - Fiorillo, Graziano AU - Gayovyy, Volodymyr AU - Getso, Tenzin AU - Ahmed, Sallem AU - Parker, Neville AU - City College of New York AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Overweight Vehicles on NYSDOT Infrastructure PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 192p AB - This report develops a methodology for estimating the effects of different categories of overweight trucks on New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) pavements and bridges. A data mining algorithm is used to categorize truck data collected at several Weigh-In-Motion stations around the state of New York based on the trucks’ adherence to the state’s legal weight limits. The data indicate that about 11% of the trucks traveling on New York highways may be carrying divisible load permits, 1% may be carrying special hauling permits, while about 6% may be illegally overweight. The analysis shows that these overweight trucks are increasing the risk to failure of bridges by causing stresses above those specified in design specifications and by reducing bridge service (fatigue) lives through repetitive overloading. A monetization of the safety margin utilization due to the combined overstress and cyclic fatigue shows that trucks carrying divisible load permits may be responsible for $50M per year in NYS bridge infrastructure cost, trucks with special hauling permits may be responsible for $2M/yr in additional cost while illegally overweight trucks may be responsible for $43M per year for a total of $95M/yr. The cost allocation study performed on the NYS pavement network shows that the cost to NYS pavements due to overweight trucks is about $145M/yr divided into $78M/yr for divisible load permits, $7M/yr for special hauling permits and $60M/yr for illegally overweight trucks. KW - Algorithms KW - Bridges KW - Cost allocation KW - Data mining KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Methodology KW - New York (State) KW - Overweight loads KW - Pavements KW - Permits KW - Trucks KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Effects-of-Overweight-Vehicles-on-NYSDOT-Infrastructure.pdf UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-08-13%20Final%20Report_Sept%202015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580992 AU - Chen, Mei AU - Zhang, Xu AU - Green, Eric AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis of Historical Travel Time Data PY - 2015/09 SP - 66p AB - Travel speed is a critical piece of information for many applications. The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) states that calculating travel speeds illuminates the performance of the nation’s highway system. New technologies make the collection of speed data more straightforward than ever. Private vendors collect and sell this data, and the Kentucky Transportation Center (KTC) purchased speed data for 2010-2013 from NAVTEQ (now HERE). The main objectives of the research were to: (1) Evaluate private sector speed data and its use in generating travel time based performance measures, (2) Create a mechanism to integrate this speed data with networks maintained by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) and Kentucky Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) to facilitate congestion management and travel model improvement, and (3) Generate performance measures, including travel time index, planning time index, buffer index, annual hours of delay, and percentage travel under congested conditions. This study assessed private sector speed data, its potential as a robust data source, and its limitations. Evaluation of the data indicated that link-referenced Analytical Traffic Pattern (ATP) data offered the best value for a wide range of applications. It offered details on speed distribution and provided critical insights into the dynamics of congestion and the variability of travel times. Among the three types of data, the link-referenced ATP data should be the first choice when future purchases of private sector speed data are made. These data provided critical support to develop the performance measures required by MAP-21. These data need to be linked with traffic volumes to generate the full range of performance measures. Data remain sparse for roads with lower functional classifications, especially collectors and local streets. When sample size is a concern, the research team recommends that data from other sources (such as Bluetooth, radar, and others) be used to supplement the private sector speed data. A range of congestion and reliability performance measures have been generated from these data and were provided to KYTC and MPO stakeholders in the form of geodatabases. Other applications can benefit from these data, including: the calibration and validation of simulation models, travel demand models, and air quality analyses. KW - Analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data quality KW - Information processing KW - Kentucky KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - Performance measurement KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2015/10/KTC_15_12_SPR12_444_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373325 ER - TY - SER AN - 01580971 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tayabji, Shiraz TI - Precast Concrete Pavement Technology Resources PY - 2015/09 SP - 4p AB - Precast concrete pavement (PCP) technology is gaining wider acceptance in the US for rapid repair and rehabilitation of concrete pavements as well as for reconstruction of heavily trafficked asphalt concrete intersections. While widespread use of PCP technology in the US is of recent origin, with most projects in service less than about 14 years, tens of projects have been constructed and many advances have been made and continue to be made in all aspects of the technology including panel design, fabrication, and installation. The use of both jointed and prestressed PCP systems has advanced during the last decade due to a combination of work sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), projects constructed by highway agencies, and innovations by the construction industry during the last decade. This TechBrief provides a summary of the technical resources readily available to engineers and planners seeking to implement the use of PCP. Weblinks are provided for access to documents covering a wide range of PCP guidelines from panel design, fabrication and installation to project selection, PCP system acceptance, and model specifications. KW - Best practices KW - Bibliographies KW - Fabrication KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Installation KW - Precast concrete pavements KW - Specifications KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/hif15022.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580968 AU - Stock, Dan AU - Schaefer, Ron AU - Leidos AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - User Manual Document for Smart Roadside Initiative PY - 2015/09 SP - 26p AB - This document provides the user instructions for the Smart Roadside Initiative (SRI) applications including mobile and web-based SRI applications. These applications include smartphone-enabled information exchange and notification, and software components that present aggregated information via a system dashboard. SRI supports jurisdiction-specific decision-making about enforcement actions, inspections and reporting. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Smart Roadside Initiative comprises several different programs that are in various stages of operation and deployment, including: (1) Electronic Screening, (2) Virtual Weigh Stations/Electronic Permitting, (3) Wireless Roadside Inspection Program, and (4) Truck Parking. The SRI Prototype is the focus of this test and user documentation. At the heart of the SRI prototype is the SRI Information Aggregation System (SIAS). This component contains the web services and other communications interfaces which connect to external sensors and systems to collect, verify, and present the gathered information, such as license plate, truck weight, USDOT number, and driver information to the relevant information users, including law enforcement officers and truck drivers. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Computer program documentation KW - Detection and identification technologies KW - Information dissemination KW - Inspection KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - Parking KW - Permits KW - Smartphones KW - Software KW - Technological innovations KW - Weigh stations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56239/FHWA-JPO-16-262.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580943 AU - Lyon, Craig AU - Persaud, Bhagwant AU - Eccles, Kimberly AU - Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Incorporated AU - Persaud Lyon, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Evaluation of Wet-Reflective Pavement Markings PY - 2015/09 SP - 54p AB - The Federal Highway Administration organized a pooled fund study of 38 States to evaluate low-cost safety strategies as part of its strategic highway safety effort. One of the strategies selected for evaluation was the application of wet-reflective pavement markings. This strategy involves upgrading existing markings from standard marking materials to wet-reflective markings applied as a paint, tape, or thermoplastic material. The purpose was to provide an improved level of retroreflectivity in wet-road conditions. Geometric, traffic, and crash data were obtained for treated freeway sections in Minnesota, North Carolina, and Wisconsin; treated two-lane rural road locations in Minnesota; and treated multilane road sections in Wisconsin. To account for potential selection bias owing to regression-to-the-mean, an Empirical Bayes (EB) before–after analysis was conducted. The analysis also controlled for changes in traffic volumes over time and time trends in crash counts unrelated to the treatment. Intersection-related, snow/slush ice, and animal crashes were excluded from the analysis. For freeways, the combined results for all States indicated reductions in crashes that are statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level for injury and wet-road crashes, with estimated crash modification factors (CMFs) of 0.881 and 0.861, respectively. For multilane roads, statistically significant reductions were estimated for total crashes (CMF = 0.825), injury crashes (CMF = 0.595), run-off-road crashes (CMF = 0.538), wet-road crashes (CMF = 0.751), and nighttime crashes (CMF = 0.696). For two-lane roads, the sample of crashes was too small to detect an effect with statistical significance for any of the crash types, but there were indications that the treatment had a safety benefit for wet-road crashes. Benefit–cost ratios estimated with conservative cost and service life assumptions were 1.45 for freeways and 5.44 for multilane roads. The results suggest that the treatment—even with conservative assumptions on cost, service life, and value of a statistical life—can be cost effective, especially for multilane roads. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash data KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Minnesota KW - Multilane highways KW - North Carolina KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road markings KW - Traffic safety KW - Wet weather KW - Wisconsin UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/15065/15065.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580942 AU - Gresham, Smith and Partners AU - GeoSyntec Consultants AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Storm Water Best Management Practices for Local Roadways PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 106p AB - Local communities and the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) are required by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency’s (Ohio EPA) statewide Construction General Permit for Storm Water Discharges OHC000004 (CGP) to select, design, construct, operate and maintain post-construction storm water best management practices (BMPs) for new and redevelopment roadway projects statewide. Through the research conducted, a BMP selection tool, BMP case studies, and an annotated bibliography were developed to assist Locals with identification and BMP selection. The BMP tool is intended to facilitate the understanding of BMP requirements and considerations so Locals and designers can select, plan, and construct appropriate post-construction storm water BMPs. These research products will help Locals improve implementation of appropriate BMPs by providing resources to understand BMP characteristics with regard to limited space requirements, on-going maintenance, aesthetics, safety considerations, and other potential impacts associated with project delivery. KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Construction projects KW - Decision support systems KW - Literature reviews KW - Ohio KW - Runoff UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/12921 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580898 AU - Keathley, Valerie AU - Martin, Andrew AU - Walton, Jennifer AU - Kentucky Transportation Center AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Online Driver's License Renewal PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 57p AB - The Kentucky Department of Vehicle Regulation is exploring the possibility of developing and implementing online driver’s license renewal. The objective of this project was to: 1) evaluate online driver’s license and REAL ID renewal programs in other states to identify best practices; 2) examine two options to institute online renewal; and 3) identify what legislative changes would be required in Kentucky to authorize an online renewal program. The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KTC) surveyed 25 states with online license renewal programs in place, and received responses from 14 states. Survey respondents indicated that online renewal is more efficient, improves customer service, cuts down on foot traffic in branch offices, and promotes cost savings. Respondents reported that development, workflows, and organization structures associated with online renewal have not been particularly disruptive or expensive. KTC researchers examined two options for implementing online renewal: a print farm operated in Frankfort, Kentucky or centralized production and distribution by a third party vendor. Two vendors submitted cost estimates to KTC. Implementation of an online renewal option in the Commonwealth will take 6 to 12 months. To implement either solution, KYTC will require legislative approval from the Kentucky General Assembly to increase fees for each license class. It would have to amend state law as well to authorize the production and distribution of licenses by a third party. KW - Best practices KW - Computer online services KW - Costs KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Kentucky KW - Legislation KW - Licensing KW - States KW - Surveys UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13023/KTC.RR.2015.20 UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2015/10/KTC_15_20_SPR15_509_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580248 AU - Cybulski, Jon AU - Lewis, Kristin AU - McCoy, Kevin AU - Rasmussen, Ben AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Department of Transportation TI - Climate Change Adaptation Support for Transportation Practitioners: 2013 Volpe Center Innovation Challenge Project PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 37p AB - The nature of the U.S. transportation system requires that actions to adapt to climate change impacts occur primarily at the State and local levels. Federal agencies support State, regional, and local agencies and they work hard to provide frameworks, data, tools, and research and to fund pilot projects as well. Experience has shown that advanced planning to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to the impacts of climate change has the potential to save money and prevent economic disruptions. However, even proactive State and local governments that have begun evaluating climate- and extreme weather-related risks to their resources have not yet fully integrated consideration of changing conditions into existing planning and operational practices, and others are in the early stages of identifying the climate risks and vulnerabilities they face. In December 2013, the Volpe Center’s Innovation Challenge judges selected as the winning idea a project focused on helping transportation practitioners at all levels better understand, access, and use Federal climate change adaptation resources. This report summarizes the project and presents the resulting “Expert System” concept. KW - Case studies KW - Climate change KW - Expert systems KW - Information dissemination KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation departments KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56100/56192/IC2013_Adaptation_Support_Practitioners.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580247 AU - Steinberg, Eric AU - Ellison, Travis AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Preliminary Evaluation of Cool-crete PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 48p AB - Cracking of concrete bridge decks leads to the penetration of water and road salts that accelerate corrosion of reinforcement in the deck which can further increase cracking and detrimental effects. One of the primary causes of cracking is due to restrained shrinkage resulting from design practices, construction processes, and material properties. If concrete properties could be improved to reduce or possibly eliminate cracking caused by restrained shrinkage, significant savings could be achieved. A new additive for concrete known as Cool-crete reduces the heat of the hydration process and could greatly improve on some of the difficult issues that the curing process of concrete creates. The primary goal of the research was to determine if Cool-crete performed better than conventional concrete in terms of shrinkage cracking in bridge decks. To meet this goal, two slabs, one (the control slab) using a conventional Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) job mix formula (JMF) and the second, using the same JMF modified by including the Cool-crete additive, were placed in the laboratory and monitored for internal temperatures and strains caused by restraint during curing. The control slab had higher internal temperatures relative to the room temperature. In addition, strains were high enough to expect cracking, but visual inspection did not find any surface cracking. The Cool-crete slab had lower temperatures and strains, but minor surface cracking was observed. KW - Additives KW - Admixtures KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete curing KW - Cracking KW - Evaluation KW - Laboratory studies KW - Ohio KW - Shrinkage UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/12938 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580239 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Synchronizing Environmental Reviews for Transportation and Other Infrastructure Projects: 2015 Red Book PY - 2015/09 SP - 103p AB - The purpose of the Red Book is to function as a “how to” for synchronizing the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) and other regulatory reviews. This handbook will be useful to Federal agencies that review permit applications, and Federal, State, and local agencies that fund or develop major transportation and other infrastructure projects. This document discusses the requirements of many statutes and regulations to facilitate the reader’s understanding of how compliance with those requirements can be fulfilled while implementing the synchronization concept discussed in the Red Book. By increasing the use of review synchronization, more effective and efficient regulatory reviews are anticipated that could result in projects with reduced impacts to the environment as well as savings of time and money. This handbook will capture lessons learned from previous review synchronization efforts, and break down the concurrent review procedure into easy to understand components, affording agencies the opportunity to replicate the procedure or portions of the procedure more widely and without having to execute a formal agreement. The Red Book explores the appropriate considerations for conducting a synchronized review, including those topics and areas where challenges may occur. The handbook also includes best practices such as the use of transportation liaisons, innovative mitigation practices, and communication technology. The 2015 Red Book was created by a workgroup comprised of: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Coast Guard, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. KW - Best practices KW - Construction projects KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Handbooks KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - Policy, legislation and regulation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55500/55589/DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-15-19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580236 AU - Boeker, Eric AU - Cumper, Jordan AU - Rapoza, Amanda AU - Cutler, Chris AU - Schulz, Noah AU - Rosenbaum, Joyce AU - Samiljan, Robert AU - Roof, Christopher AU - Shepherd, Kevin AU - Klos, Jacob AU - He, Hua AU - Harper, Brandon AU - Nwokeji, Pamela AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - DISCOVER-AQ Acoustics: Measurement and Data Report PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 276p AB - This report documents the acoustic measurements that supplemented the September 2013 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) flight tests in Houston, Texas and the corresponding data set developed from those measurements. These data include aircraft performance and position, meteorological and acoustic data of various aircraft events flown by two test aircraft at a range of altitudes. These data are supplemented by aircraft source data, measurement site location data, observations, and onboard acoustic data. The intended use of this data set is to validate the accuracy of aircraft acoustic modeling methods. KW - Acoustics KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft noise KW - Data collection KW - Flight tests KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Meteorology KW - U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration KW - Vehicle performance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55700/55707/DISCOVER-AQ-noise-meas-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580071 AU - O'Brien, William AU - Zhang, Zhanmin AU - Khwaja, Nabeel AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strategies for a Comprehensive Inventory and Management of Real Property Assets: White Paper PY - 2015/09 SP - 11p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) manages a significant amount of right-of-way (ROW) assets—around 1.1 million acres of land that provide ROW for nearly 80,000 centerline miles. Management of these ROW assets is crucial, as ROW issues often create a bottleneck during construction projects. The ROW portfolio also represents a significant revenue-generation opportunity, in terms of excess ROW assets. The challenge is to ensure that TxDOT is using current ROW assets as effectively as possible. Currently, effective ROW administration is hampered by the lack of a comprehensive, reliable inventory of excess parcels. Even if the inventory existed, a robust methodology for valuing those excess parcels is not in place. TxDOT has begun investing in a geographic information systems (GIS)-based system to catalog its ROW assets. This white paper outlines specific steps TxDOT can take to increase the capabilities of its information systems in order to automate ROW asset evaluation and identification of alternative uses, thus maximizing the public benefit. KW - Asset management KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information systems KW - Inventory KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/0-6827-wp1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580070 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Driver Simulators to Test Shared Controls, Limited Autonomy Vehicle Systems PY - 2015/09 SP - 14p AB - This literature review and reference scanning focuses on the use of driver simulators for semiautonomous (or shared control) vehicle systems (2012–present), including related research from other modes of transportation (e.g., rail or aviation). Focus is on the research method and use of driving simulators. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Autonomous vehicle guidance KW - Driving simulators KW - Literature reviews KW - Research KW - Research projects UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/15077/15077.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580068 AU - McInnis, Catherine AU - Morton, Tom AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Woodward Communications AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Breakthroughs in Vision and Visibility for Highway Safety: Workshop Summary Report, August 13-14, 2014 PY - 2015/09 SP - 40p AB - On August 13–14, 2014, at the Turner–Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, Virginia, the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA’s) Office of Safety Research and Development and the Office of Safety, with support from the Exploratory Advanced Research Program, convened a 2-day workshop, “Breakthroughs in Vision and Visibility for Highway Safety.” Investigators have previously conducted research in a variety of areas surrounding visibility issues, including efforts exploring retroreflectivity and pavement-marking signs, and legibility of fonts; however, much of this work has been tapering off. The objective of this workshop was to identify gaps in highway visibility research, explore innovative tools and techniques to fill those gaps, and determine the role for FHWA. KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road markings KW - Street lighting KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility KW - Workshops UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/15067/15067.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580065 AU - National Center for Safe Routes to School AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Creating Healthier Generations: A Look at the 10 Years of the Federal Safe Routes to School Program PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 56p AB - In August 2005, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) was passed. The law included a new Federal Safe Routes to School (SRTS) Program which had the ambitious goal to improve the ability of primary and middle school students to walk and bicycle to school safely. This report examines the accomplishments of the Federal SRTS Program over the 10-year period since it was enacted. More than 17,400 schools serving kindergarten through eighth grades in all fifty States and the District of Columbia have been a part of SRTS. The program has reached more than 6.8 million students. The National Center for SRTS, the clearinghouse for the program, has collected a rich data set and examined the program’s reach and outcomes. The program has demonstrated safe transportation and the health benefits of active travel for these students. Along with the expected benefits of improved safety and an increased number of students walking and bicycling to school, the report found broader benefits such as reduced transportation costs, more connectivity within communities, and that SRTS could serve as a tool to help combat truancy, improve readiness to learn, and enhance community life. Case studies are included throughout the report. KW - Benefits KW - Bicycling KW - Case studies KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Government funding KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safe Routes to School (Program) KW - Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users KW - School children KW - School trips KW - United States KW - Walking UR - http://saferoutesinfo.org/sites/default/files/SRTS_10YearReport_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580064 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - Traffic Safety Facts 2013 Data: Older Population PY - 2015/09 SP - 8p AB - In 2013, there were 5,671 people 65 and older killed and an estimated 222,000 injured in motor vehicle traffic crashes. These older people made up 17 percent of all traffic fatalities and 10 percent of all people injured in traffic crashes during the year. Compared to 2012, fatalities among older people increased by 1 percent and the number of older people injured increased by 4 percent. In 2013, 44.7 million people, or 14 percent of the total U.S. resident population, were 65 and older. The older population fatality rate per 100,000 U.S. resident population of older people steadily declined from 18.1 in 2004 to 12.7 in 2013. Additional statistics provided in this report include: Age and Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes; Fatal Crashes by Age and Gender; Pedestrian Fatalities by Age Group and BAC; and Driver Involvement in Fatal Traffic Crashes by State and Age Group. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - States KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812199.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579645 AU - Ament, Rob AU - Pokorny, Monica AU - Jennings, Stuart AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - KC Harvey Environmental, LLC AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation TI - Evaluation of Effectiveness and Cost-Benefits of Woolen Roadside Reclamation Products: Material Selection PY - 2015/09//Task 2 Report SP - 30p AB - The subject of this report and the primary objective of Task 2 is to identify and develop wool products with the potential for roadside applications. Task 2 conducted a review of existing woolen reclamation materials, and woolen products with the potential to be further developed for roadside reclamation purposes. There were three product areas explored: (1) Existing woolen products produced abroad (i.e. New Zealand) that are not available in the United States. (2) Woolen products made in the U.S. for horticultural or residential purposes that could possibly be utilized in roadside reclamation efforts. (3) New woolen reclamation materials that could be produced by Montana wool producers or other manufacturers. Task 2 reviewed, explored, developed, and secured the most promising woolen materials for roadside reclamation. Task 2 also sought to assure that there is an adequate supply of the wool reclamation product to meet the needs of the transportation sector, assuming the product proves to be successful after its acquisition or development and its performance in lab, field, and cost-benefit evaluations. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Erosion control KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Materials selection KW - Materials tests KW - Montana KW - Wool UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/wool_test/Task_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579644 AU - Gransberg, Douglas D AU - Tighe, Susan L AU - Miller, Maria Catalina AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Asset Management Program Enhancement Plan: Baseline Assessment Phases I and II PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 145p AB - This project resulted in the development of a framework for making asset management decisions on low-volume bridges. The research focused on low-volume bridges located in the agricultural counties of Iowa because recent research has shown that these counties have the greatest percentage of structurally deficient bridges in the nation. Many of the same counties also have the highest crop yields in the state, creating a situation where detours caused by deficient bridges on farm-to-market roads increase the cost to transport the crops. Thus, the research proposed the use of social return on investment (SROI), a tool used by international institutions such as the World Bank, as an asset management metric to gauge the socioeconomic impact of structurally deficient bridges on the state in an effort to provide quantified justification to fund improvements on low-volume assets such as these rural bridges. The study found that combining SROI with current asset management metrics like average daily traffic (ADT) made it possible to prioritize the bridges in such a way that the limited resources available are allocated in a manner that promotes a more equitable distribution and that directly benefits the user, in this case Iowa farmers. The result is a system that more closely aligns itself with the spirit of MAP-21, in that infrastructure investments are used to facilitate economic growth for Iowa’s agricultural economy. KW - Assessments KW - Asset management KW - Bridges KW - Deficiencies KW - Economic impacts KW - Iowa KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance management KW - Return on investment KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/20539 UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/asset_management_baseline_assessment_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579624 AU - Georggi, Nevine Labib AU - Jarrell, Casey AU - Goodwill, Jay AU - Volinski, Joel AU - National Center for Transit Research AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Florida Commission for the Transportation Disadvantaged TI - Technology Application among Florida Community Transportation Coordinators PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 111p AB - Efficiently providing transit service to individuals who are considered to be, “transportation disadvantaged,” including people who are older, have disabilities, or are low-income, is a goal of the Federal Transit Administration, the Florida Department of Transportation, and the Florida Commission for the Transportation Disadvantaged. As demand for paratransit services continues to increase in many communities, transit agencies must find innovative, creative, and cost-efficient ways to meet increasing demand, even when resources are not increasing at the same pace. This report will help agencies apply effective practices that have been successful in solving challenges with the application of new innovative technologies that are available to the industry. An online survey of paratransit providers in Florida and visits to seven sites were conducted to gather case examples and lessons learned from the deployment of reservation, scheduling, and dispatching software; mobile data computers or terminals; global positioning systems; automatic vehicle location; advanced telephone systems; and vehicle security cameras. Practical lessons learned can inform agencies seeking to deploy similar technologies in the areas of vendor selection, system selection, and transitioning. The study recommends a follow-up survey because a majority of agencies deployed these technologies only a few months prior to the survey and interviews, rendering assessment of the return on investment premature. KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Dispatching KW - Florida KW - Global Positioning System KW - Mobile computing KW - Paratransit services KW - Scheduling KW - Surveys KW - Technological innovations KW - Transportation disadvantaged persons UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_TD/FDOT-BDV26-977-06-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579618 AU - McGarvey, Ronald AU - Matisziw, Tim AU - Nemmers, Charles AU - Noble, Jim AU - Karakose, Gokhan AU - Materikina, Marina AU - Page, Alec AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Midwest Transportation Center AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation TI - Improving Striping Operations through System Optimization PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 79p AB - Striping operations generate a significant workload for Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) maintenance operations. The requirement for each striping crew to replenish its stock of paint and other consumable items from a bulk storage facility, along with the necessity to make several passes on most of the routes to stripe all the lines on that road, introduce the potential for inefficiencies in the form of “deadhead miles” that striping crew vehicles must travel while not actively applying pavement markings. These inefficiencies generate unnecessary travel, wasted time, and vehicle wear. The research detailed in this report provides an optimization-based approach to determining a striping schedule that minimizes these deadhead miles. A computer program was developed for scheduling and routing road striping operations. This report contains details on the theoretical foundations of this optimization model, along with a user’s guide that details the preparation of input data necessary to utilize this computer program and step-by-step instructions on the use of the model. KW - Computer programs KW - Construction scheduling KW - Maintenance management KW - Missouri KW - Optimization KW - Striping UR - http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/intrans_reports/139/ UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TR201501/cmr16-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372282 ER - TY - SER AN - 01579612 JO - Traffic Safety Facts - Research Note PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Pickrell, Timothy M AU - KC, Shova TI - Driver Electronic Device Use in 2014 PY - 2015/09 SP - 8p AB - The percentage of drivers text-messaging or visibly manipulating handheld devices increased from 1.7 percent in 2013 to 2.2 percent in 2014; this was a statistically significant increase. Driver handheld cell phone use decreased from 4.6 percent in 2013 to 4.3 percent in 2014; however, this was not a statistically significant decrease. These results are from the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), which provides the only nationwide probability-based observed data on driver electronic device use in the United States. The NOPUS is conducted annually by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The 2014 NOPUS found that handheld cell phone use continued to be higher among female drivers than male drivers. It also found that handheld cell phone use continued to be highest among 16- to 24-year-old drivers and lowest among drivers 70 and older. KW - Age groups KW - Automobile drivers KW - Cellular telephones KW - Gender KW - National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) KW - Text messaging KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812197.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579266 AU - Shah, Vivek AU - Heiligman, Rachel AU - Miller, Alexandra AU - Southwest Region University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - University of New Orleans Transportation Institute AU - Ride New Orleans TI - Achieving Regional Fare Integration in New Orleans: Innovative Cost Sharing Arrangements and Technologies PY - 2015/09 SP - 40p AB - Many regions across the country have more than one transit agency providing vital public transportation services. While a transit agency may see their role limited by a jurisdictional boundary, transit riders’ commutes know no such political boundaries. For those riders whose commutes are reliant on one or more transit agencies, a fractured fare system among the various transit agencies they ride means higher user costs. This study will examine the history of regional fare integration in the New Orleans metropolitan region, and the challenges and successes of varying approaches taken by transit agencies in various metropolitan regions, to reveal options for achieving regional fare integration in New Orleans today. KW - Cost sharing KW - Fares KW - Metropolitan areas KW - New Orleans (Louisiana) KW - Public transit KW - Technological innovations KW - Transit operating agencies UR - http://static.tti.tamu.edu/swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/600451-00117-1.pdf UR - http://swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/600451-00117-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371741 ER - TY - SER AN - 01579251 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Zhou, Huaguo AU - Pour-Rouholamin, Mahdi AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of Contributing Factors Regarding Wrong-Way Driving on Freeways, Phase II PY - 2015/09//Final Report IS - 15-016 SP - 82p AB - In the second phase of this project, two major tasks were completed: (1) organizing a national wrong-way driving (WWD) summit and (2) developing guidelines for reducing WWD on freeways. The first national WWD summit was held in Edwardsville, Illinois, on July 18 and 19, 2013. The conference proceedings were published by the Illinois Center for Transportation in 2014. An executive summary on the findings and survey results from the summit are included in this report. Guidelines for reducing WWD on freeways were published in 2014 as another important outcome of Phase II for this project. The guidelines include four chapters: introduction, traffic control devices, geometric designs, and advanced technologies. A 4-hour training course was then developed based on the guidelines. A pilot training was conducted on March 26, 2015, in Springfield, Illinois. The participants’ comments and evaluation results are summarized in this report. The final training materials, comprising instructor’s notes and a student handbook, are submitted with this final report. In addition, another major task was to identify and develop a methodology to evaluate implemented WWD strategies by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The additional 2- year WWD crash data (2012–2013) were collected to conduct a before-and-after study. The preliminary results showed that the number of WWD crashes declined after implementation of the countermeasures. Because most of the countermeasures were implemented in early 2014, additional after-implementation crash data are recommended for a more comprehensive evaluation of different countermeasures. KW - Before and after studies KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Illinois KW - Implementation KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic control devices KW - Training KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=3573 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371644 ER - TY - SER AN - 01579236 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Hossain, Mohammad Imran AU - Veginati, Varun AU - Krukow, Justin AU - Bradley University AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Thermodynamics Between RAP/RAS and Virgin Aggregates During Asphalt Concrete Production—A Literature Review PY - 2015/09//Final Report IS - 15-015 SP - 79p AB - In hot-mix asphalt (HMA) plants, virgin aggregates are heated and dried separately before being mixed with reclaimed asphalt pavement/recycled asphalt shingles (RAP/RAS) and virgin asphalt binder. RAP/RAS materials are not heated or dried directly by a burner to avoid burning of aged binder coating on the materials so they are heated and dried indirectly by the hot virgin aggregates. A literature review shows that virgin aggregate temperature has been predicted for drying and heating RAP at batch plants only. In this study, thermodynamics and heat transfer principles are used to predict virgin aggregate temperature for drying and heating RAP/RAS at a drum plant. Among many results, it was shown that virgin aggregates become superheated (more than 1000°F) when both virgin aggregate and RAP moisture content were in the range of 3% to 5% and the material proportions were in the range of 30% to 50%. The size of virgin aggregates and RAP/RAS, the moisture content of virgin aggregates and RAP/RAS, and the mix proportion of virgin aggregates and RAP/RAS were the major contributing parameters in predicting virgin aggregate temperature in the drum plant. The plant’s moisture content data indicate that virgin coarse aggregates hold a lower amount of moisture compared with virgin fine aggregates. However, in comparing same-size virgin aggregates and RAP, RAP contained a higher amount of moisture. The reason might be that the aged binder coating of RAP holds moisture better than virgin aggregates do. Also, RAS contains a higher amount of moisture compared with RAP of the same size. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Literature reviews KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Recycled materials KW - Thermal analysis UR - https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=3571 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579212 AU - Nair, Harikrishnan AU - McGhee, Kevin K AU - Habib, Affan AU - Shetty, Sameer AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of an Incentive-Only Ride Specification for Asphalt Pavements PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 47p AB - Smoothness specifications are applied by almost all state transportation agencies, including the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), to promote the overall quality and optimum ride quality of pavements. VDOT has a ride specification that provides a pay adjustment (either incentive or disincentive) depending on the smoothness of the final paved surface. VDOT’s ride specification also has a provision to waive the disincentive and apply the incentive part only to projects where project geometry, etc., is perceived to make it difficult for the contractor to achieve the desired ride. When applied, the waiver is intended to encourage the contractor to apply additional efforts to improve the ride for otherwise difficult projects. In late 2011, VDOT’s executive leadership formed an Asphalt Quality Task Force to identify and recommend specific achievable measures to improve the quality of the asphalt paving in Virginia. The task force agreed to consider the proposal to make an incentive-only provision the default for projects that would otherwise not qualify for the regular ride specification application. This study documented and critically reviewed the pilot application of the incentive-only provision for rideability on selected asphalt resurfacing schedules for VDOT’s 2013 construction season. Several lane-miles of control sites were compared with the “incentive-only” sites to determine if the prospects of added incentives led contractors to alter their paving procedures in pursuit of a higher quality ride. There was no statistically reliable distinction between the achieved quality of the incentive-only and control sites. Further, it was found that the originally proposed incentive-only provisions did not provide any meaningful benefit to VDOT or contractors. The study developed a revised incentive-only specification and further recommended that the proposed provision be applied to a wider range of projects in VDOT’s 2015 construction season. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Contract administration KW - Contractors KW - Incentives KW - Paving KW - Quality assurance KW - Ride quality KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Virginia Department of Transportation UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/16-r2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579209 AU - Clifton, Kelly J AU - Singleton, Patrick A AU - Muhs, Christopher D AU - Schneider, Robert J AU - Portland State University AU - National Institute for Transportation and Communities AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Development of a Pedestrian Demand Estimation Tool PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 35p AB - Most research on walking behavior has focused on mode choice or walk-trip frequency. In contrast, this study is one of the first to analyze the destination choice behaviors of pedestrians. Using about 4,500 walk trips from a 2011 household travel survey in the Portland, Oregon, region, the authors estimated multinomial logit pedestrian destination choice models for six trip purposes. Independent variables included terms for impedance (walk-trip distance); size (employment by type, households); supportive pedestrian environments (parks, a pedestrian index of the environment variable called PIE); barriers to walking (terrain, industrial-type employment); and traveler characteristics. Unique to this study was the use of small-scale destination zone alternatives. Distance was a significant deterrent to pedestrian destination choice, and people in carless or childless households were less sensitive to distance for some purposes. Employment (especially retail) was a strong attractor: doubling the number of jobs nearly doubled the odds of choosing a destination for home-based shopping walk trips. More attractive pedestrian environments were also positively associated with pedestrian destination choice after controlling for other factors. These results shed light on determinants of pedestrian destination choice behavior, and sensitivities in the models highlight potential policy-levers to increase walking activity. In addition, the destination choice models can be used in regional travel demand models or as pedestrian planning tools to evaluate land use and transportation policy and investment scenarios. KW - Behavior KW - Choice models KW - Households KW - Multinomial logits KW - Pedestrians KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Travel demand KW - Travel surveys KW - Trip purpose KW - Walking distance UR - http://ppms.otrec.us/media/project_files/NITC-RR-677_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579203 AU - Cai, C S AU - Xia, Miao AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Repairing/Strengthening of Bridges with Post-tensioned FRP Materials and Performance Evaluation PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 90p AB - One of the challenges that transportation agencies are facing is to keep bridges in good condition during their service life. Numerous bridges are classified as structurally and/or functionally deficient in the country. In the state of Louisiana, 4,591 bridges, or 34 percent of the total 13,426 bridges, are classified as substandard. Load capacity degradation, increased gross vehicle weight, and increasing traffic demand lead to the deficiencies. One of the most effective ways to solve the problem is to use composite materials to strengthen existing bridges. As rapidly developed over the past several decades, different kinds of composite fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) have been regarded as one of the best solutions to several problems associated with transportation and civil engineering infrastructures. Some of the major benefits of FRP include high strength to weight ratio, high fatigue endurance, excellent corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, and the ease of fabrication, manufacturing, handling, and installation. The main objective of this research was to develop a flexural resistance designing process using post-tensioning prestressed carbon reinforced polymers (CFRP) laminates adhering to bridge girders to avoid various possible flexural failure modes. It is noted that, in the original plan, a steel bridge and a concrete bridge was to be rehabilitated with prestressed FRP laminates or rods and the bridge performance was to be monitored. However, the sponsor decided not to pursue the field implementation due to cost. This report presents a review of the up-to-date work on bridges strengthened with FRP materials. Mechanical properties of FRP fibers and composites were presented in detail. Investigators presented previous research findings on experiments of FRP composite materials used as various prestressed tendons, and the analyses for different failure modes were introduced. To investigate the effect of rehabilitation with prestressed CFRP laminates, two 3-D finite element analyses were conducted to examine the deflection and bottom fiber stress at the mid-span. A detailed designing process of rehabilitation with prestressed CFRP laminates was presented in this report. A feasible plan to enhance the flexural capability of an existing bridge with externally prestressed CFRP laminates according to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and American Concrete Institute (ACI) code specifications was also proposed in this report. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Finite element method KW - Flexural strength KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Laminates KW - Louisiana KW - Posttensioning KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2015/FR_488.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371205 ER - TY - SER AN - 01579197 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Evaluation of Centerline Plus Shoulder Rumble Strips PY - 2015/09 SP - 8p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) organized 37 States to participate in the FHWA Evaluation of Low-Cost Safety Improvements Pooled Fund Study as part of its strategic highway safety plan support effort. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the safety effectiveness of several low-cost safety improvement strategies through scientifically rigorous crash-based studies. One of the strategies evaluated for this study is the combination of centerline and shoulder rumble strips. This strategy is intended to reduce the frequency of crashes by alerting drivers that they are about to leave the travelled lane. While research into the performance of shoulder and centerline rumble strips applied separately has been conducted, the combination of shoulder and centerline rumble strips is still relatively rare and has not been studied to the same degree. This study sought to fill this knowledge gap. KW - Center lines KW - Crash rates KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/15064/15064.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579180 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - Traffic Safety Facts 2013 Data: Passenger Vehicles PY - 2015/09 SP - 15p AB - A passenger vehicle is a motor vehicle weighing less than 10,000 pounds; the category includes passenger cars and light trucks (pickup trucks, vans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and other light trucks). Passenger vehicles make up 93 percent of registered vehicles, and account for nearly 90 percent of total vehicle miles traveled (VMT). In 2013 there were an estimated 9,892,000 vehicles involved in police-reported traffic crashes, 96 percent (9,538,000) of which were passenger vehicles. There were 44,811 vehicles involved in fatal crashes, of which 77 percent (34,691) were passenger vehicles. In 2013, there were 21,132 passenger vehicle occupants who lost their lives in traffic crashes, and an estimated 2.05 million were injured. Additional statistics include: restraint use, fatalities in rollovers, and alcohol-impaired drivers. KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash rates KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Seat belt use KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/PUBS/812192.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371610 ER - TY - SER AN - 01579179 JO - Traffic Safety Facts - Research Note PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Fatalities in Traffic Crashes Involving All‑Terrain Vehicles PY - 2015/09 SP - 6p AB - Traffic fatalities related to on-road all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) represented 1 percent of total motor vehicle traffic fatalities each year from 2004 to 2013. The yearly ATV-related fatality counts from 2004 to 2013 ranged from a low of 307 in 2012 to a high of 381 in 2008. Most of these ATV-related fatalities were ATV occupants who were (in no particular order and mutually exclusive): ATV operators (drivers), unhelmeted, killed in single-vehicle crashes, male, killed in rural areas, killed during the weekend, killed during nighttime, and killed between May and September. The majority of ATV occupant fatalities (operators and passengers) were 15 to 24 years old. From 2004 to 2013, an estimated 39 percent of ATV operators involved in fatal crashes were legally alcohol-impaired with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of .08 grams per deciliter (g/dL) or higher, compared to 28 percent for motorcycle operators, 23 percent for passenger car drivers, and 22 percent for light-truck drivers. The States with the highest number of ATV occupant fatalities from 2004 to 2013 were West Virginia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Florida, and Texas. This research note uses data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) to analyze the crash characteristics and factors associated with many of the ATV-related fatalities. KW - Age KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash data KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Gender KW - Helmets KW - States KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812193.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579173 AU - Tolford, Tara AU - Fields, Billy AU - Longoria, Tom AU - University of New Orleans Transportation Institute AU - Texas State University, San Marcos AU - Southwest Region University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Evaluation of Complete Streets Policy Implementation by Metropolitan Planning Organizations PY - 2015/09 SP - 59p AB - Over the last ten years, communities around the country have begun to implement comprehensive reforms designed to ensure that roadway users of all ages and abilities can safely utilize the transportation system. This complete streets policy framework has emerged as an important tool for communities to improve opportunities for active living with over 500 policies adopted nationwide. Complete streets policy diffusion has been rapid, but uneven, and the extent to which policy adoption is making a difference in the implementation of projects at the local and regional level is unclear. This research project seeks to address this need through a national survey of the 385 metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) around the country, evaluating the extent to which complete streets policies are being adopted and implemented at the MPO level, what opportunities and barriers to complete streets exist, and implications for future policy diffusion and innovation efforts. KW - Complete streets KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Policy KW - Surveys KW - United States UR - http://static.tti.tamu.edu/swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/600451-00119-1.pdf UR - http://swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/600451-00119-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579157 AU - McMullen, Michael AU - Li, Chengyu AU - Atkins North America AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility Study of Developing and Creating a Standardized Subset of Bridge Plans PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 120p AB - This study investigated sizes and geometry of existing bridges in Colorado and investigated standard bridge systems used by other entities. The study proposed standard bridge types advancing the goals of the Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP 2) R19A & B, the rapidest Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) construction, and encompassing a wide range of span and structure lengths and widths, with the capability of a wide range of skews while preserving, to the extent possible, simplicity, low construction cost and a competitive contracting environment, in order to achieve the largest practical benefit to Colorado’s bridges over the coming decades. For Colorado these are pre-decked simple made continuous precast girders, and shaft and precast cap substructures, all made integral with details emulative of Cast-in-place (CIP) construction. These are made practical by an effort to control camber and camber variations by design and by monostrand post-tensioning camber adjustment. Implementation is planned to be progressive, starting from worksheets for standard superstructures and substructures in conjunction with prototype structures, expanding to encompass more acute skews, and finally, additional worksheets incorporating the design information to accommodate the full range of anticipated structure types, spans, span arrangements, and skews without additional detailed structural design or details for each individual bridge element. At this time, a worksheet can be developed to allow simplified presentation of the desired structure. Minor organizational changes are proposed to ensure continuity of the development and maintenance of these worksheets. Rough estimated implementation costs and value of benefits are included. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Colorado KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Implementation KW - Plans (Drawings) KW - Standardization UR - https://www.codot.gov/programs/research/pdfs/2015-research-reports/feasibility-study-of-developing-and-creating-a-standardized-subset-of-bridge-plans/at_download/file UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01577533 AU - Khattak, Mohammad Jamal AU - Baladi, Gilbert Y AU - University of Louisiana, Lafayette AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Cost Effective Treatment Performance and Treatment Selection Models PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 503p AB - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) has spent substantial financial resources on various rehabilitation and maintenance treatments to minimize pavement distresses and improve pavement life. Such treatments include, but are not limited to, chipseal, crack seal, micro-surfacing, thin and thick overlays, and structural overlays. Unfortunately, DOTD has not conducted a full scale performance assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis of all the aforementioned treatments. A recent study completed by the Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) regarding the pavement management system (PMS) and performance modeling emphasized the importance of developing treatment performance and selection models. In this regards, the LTRC initiated a three-phase research study that addresses such needs by developing rigorous treatment performance and selection models that are specific to the mission and management strategies of DOTD. The following are the three phases. Phase I- Review and Project Selection; Phase II- Performance Modeling and Costs and Benefits of Treatments; and Phase III- Model Integration and Training. This final report focuses on the results of Phase I and Phase II of the study. Phase I is related to review of district pavement treatment practices and project selection for the development of pavement treatment performance models. Phase II deals with the performance modeling and costs and benefits of treatments. The data obtained from the Phase I was used to develop cost-effective pavement treatment performance and treatment selection models during Phase II of this study. Trigger values for optimum timing of pavement treatments and an approach to use the performance models cost effectively were established. All these findings will be integrated in the software development and training for DOTD staff to be completed during Phase III of this study. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Performance measurement KW - Surface treating UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2015/FR_518.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01577106 AU - Dinaburg, Joshua B AU - Mealy, Christopher L AU - Scheffey, Joseph L AU - Back, Gerard G AU - JENSEN HUGHES AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Development of an Intermediate-Scale Test Method for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Firefighting Agents to Suppress Aircraft Skin Composite Fires PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 134p AB - This report describes the research effort conducted to characterize the flammability and suppressibility of aircraft skin composite materials and potential surrogates. The main objective was to develop an intermediate-scale test method to quantify the burning characteristics of composite materials and the required amount of agent needed to suppress burning aircraft skin composites. The aircraft composite materials evaluated during this research effort included carbon fiber-reinforced polymer and glass reinforced aluminum. Surrogate materials included wooden oriented strand board, glass fiber-reinforced polymer, and Garolite. Assessment of the flammability and suppressibility of these materials involved a series of four progressive tests. The first test series was representative of an intact aircraft fuselage exposed to a fuel pool fire below the aircraft and assessed the ignitability of a vertical panel when exposed to a fire. The remainder of the test series characterized the burning of the composite materials with complex geometries that simulated conditions expected in postimpact crash scenarios. The final test series exposed parallel plate composite cribs to pool fires to determine both the comparative burning characteristics of the composite and surrogate materials and the additional amount of suppression agent required to control and extinguish the composite fires. As a result of this research effort, a draft test method was developed for comparatively assessing the burning characteristics and suppression requirements of composite materials using these tests as a framework. The draft test method is provided as an appendix to this report. KW - Aircraft materials KW - Composite materials KW - Fire extinguishing agents KW - Fire fighting KW - Flammability tests KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle fires UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=e38aef58-4576-40aa-9a53-b1370dccc038&f=TC-15-31.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01577099 AU - Coffman, Makena AU - Bernstein, Paul AU - Wee, Sherilyn AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - University of Central Florida, Cocoa AU - Electric Vehicle Transportation Center (EVTC) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Electric Vehicle Lifecycle Cost Assessment for Hawaii PY - 2015/09 SP - 23p AB - This study builds on the model presented by Raustad and Fairey (2014) for “Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Cost Assessment” and tailors findings for the case of Hawaii. Raustad and Fairey (2014) developed an excel spreadsheet model calculating total lifetime ownership costs for vehicles, which includes purchase/finance, insurance, maintenance, and fuel costs as well as resale value. The time frames considered are 5, 10 and 15 years of ownership. It also has a module to assess the impact of vehicle owners having access to residential solar photovoltaic (PV) power to reduce electric vehicle (EV) ownership costs. In this work, extensions are made to assess decisions regarding vehicle leasing as well as to analyze Hawaii’s largest utility’s pilot and proposed “time-of-use” (TOU) rates for households with EVs. KW - Electric vehicle charging KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hawaii KW - Life cycle costing UR - http://evtc.fsec.ucf.edu/publications/documents/HNEI-07-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576210 AU - Kent, Joshua D AU - Mugnier, Clifford AU - Cavell, J Anthony AU - Dunaway, Larry AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DOTD Standards for GPS Data Collection Accuracy PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 293p AB - The Center for GeoInformatics at Louisiana State University conducted a three-part study addressing accurate, precise, and consistent positional control for the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. First, this study focused on Departmental standards of practice when utilizing Global Navigational Satellite Systems technology for mapping-grade applications. Second, the recent enhancements to the nationwide horizontal and vertical spatial reference framework (i.e., datums) is summarized in order to support consistent and accurate access to the National Spatial Reference System. Third, the Center provides quality control information to the Pavement Management System section against which Moving Vehicle Rapid Mapping data may be compared and assessed. KW - Accuracy KW - Data collection KW - Global Positioning System KW - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development KW - Mapping KW - National Spatial Reference System KW - Quality control KW - Standards UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2015/FR_539.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576156 AU - Al-Kaisy, Ahmed AU - Veneziano, David AU - Ewan, Levi AU - Hossain, Fahmid AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Risk Factors Associated with High Potential for Serious Crashes PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 157p AB - Crashes are random events and low traffic volumes therefore don’t always make crash hot-spot identification possible. This project has used extensive data collection and analysis for a large sample of Oregon’s low volume roads to develop a risk index that expresses the crash risk for different road geometries and roadside features as well as crash history and traffic exposure. This crash risk index can then be a proactive means of identifying potentially risky locations where safety treatments might be best targeted. The economic analysis completed as part of this effort can be used in conjunction with the risk index when determining which safety treatments may result in the highest return on investment for agency safety improvement funds. This report includes a review of literature related to features effecting crash risk and other past risk index efforts, the data collection and analysis methods used in quantifying risks, the establishment of the crash risk index, an economic feasibility analysis showing which treatments may be the best options for Oregon’s low volume roads, and a few case studies highlighting the use of the crash risk index on three samples of Oregon’s low volume roadways. KW - Case studies KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Economic analysis KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Literature reviews KW - Low volume roads KW - Oregon UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/SPR771_RiskFactors_092115.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599319 AU - Leigh, Jason AU - Govilkar, Vaibhav AU - Nishimoto, Arthur AU - Lee, Sangyoon AU - Long, Lance AU - Renambot, Luc AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Immersive Visualization of Rail Simulation Data PY - 2015/08/31/Final Report SP - 11p AB - The prime objective of this project was to create scientific, immersive visualizations of a Rail-simulation. This project is a part of a larger initiative that consists of three distinct parts. The first step consists of performing a finite element analysis to determine modal stiffness values and mode shapes of a particular railway track and substructure geometry. The second step involves running a simulation using this information to analyze the effects of a locomotive passive over this sub-structure. The third step involves creating an 'Immersive Visualization of the Rail Simulation Data' using the CAVE2], the central scope of this project. KW - Finite element method KW - Information processing KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroad trains KW - Simulation KW - Substructures KW - Visualization UR - http://www.nurailcenter.org/research/final_reports/UIC/NURail2012-UIC-R04_report%281%29-Andy.compatibility_craig_edit1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59266/NURail2012-UIC-R04_report_1_-Andy.compatibility_craig_edit1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594229 AU - Shulman, Michael AU - Geisler, Scott AU - Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership AU - Department of Transportation TI - Development of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Applications Program First Annual Report PY - 2015/08/31/Annual Report SP - 28p AB - This report documents the work completed by the Crash Avoidance Metrics Partners LLC (CAMP) Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) Consortium during the first year of the “Development of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Applications (V2I) Program.” The overall goal of the V2I Program is to develop and test V2I safety, mobility, environmental and automation applications. Projects active during the reporting period investigated Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Safety Applications, Road Weather Management Connected Vehicle-Infrastructure, and Eco-Approach / Eco Departure at intersections. This report provides a summary of key project activities and accomplishments for the period. KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Road weather information systems KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56800/56823/V2I_1st_Annual_Report__508_compliant_12_14_15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593715 AU - Sharifi, Mohammad Sadra AU - Christensen, Keith AU - Chen, Anthony AU - Utah State University AU - Transportation Research Center for Livable Communities AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Capacity analysis of pedestrian facilities involving individuals with disabilities PY - 2015/08/31/Final Report SP - 72p AB - Walking facilities are important infrastructures that must be designed to accommodate the behavior of pedestrians in order to be effective. Heterogeneity in pedestrian composition is one important factor generally overlooked in walking facility design guidelines. Particularly, individuals with disabilities are often ignored due to lack of available data on their pedestrian behaviors. A controlled, large-scaled walking experiment involving individuals with disabilities was conducted at Utah State University to observe individual pedestrian behaviors in various walking facilities; these facilities include passageway and bottleneck formations. The purpose of this report is twofold: (1) to model time headway between different individual types using a mixed distribution model, and (2) to estimate passageway and bottleneck capacities and to identify the impacts of involving individuals with disabilities on capacity estimations. Results showed that the proposed model had good performance for pedestrian time headway modeling. Analysis also revealed that visual impaired individuals and individuals using motorized wheelchairs had the minimum and maximum capacity reduction effect on passageways and bottlenecks. The findings are expected to improve the facility capacity estimations required and to meet a preferred level-of-service for heterogeneous populations. KW - Behavior KW - Bottlenecks KW - Design capacity KW - Headways KW - Heterogeneity KW - Level of service KW - Passageways KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Visually impaired persons KW - Walking KW - Wheelchairs UR - http://www.wmich.edu/sites/default/files/attachments/u428/2015/TRCLC_RR_14_12.pdf UR - https://www.wmich.edu/sites/default/files/attachments/u428/2015/TRCLC_RR_14_12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1399155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579635 AU - Hurvitz, Philip M AU - Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - Smartphone-Based System for Automated Detection of Walking – year 2 (2013- 14) PY - 2015/08/31/Final Project Report SP - 46p AB - Walking is the most effective mode of travel to access transit: transit hubs with higher residential and employment densities have higher ridership levels because they serve areas where a large population is within a short walk of transit service. Walking has additional benefits: it is well-known as a low impact mode of travel for short trips to and from, as well as within, commercial areas; and it is the most popular form of physical activity. However, current data on walking are notoriously poor. Travel surveys and diaries underestimate walking activity and lack information on walking paths taken, thereby undermining transportation policies that can encourage sustainable travel. Objective data on how often, how long and where people walk are essential to support environmentally friendly and safe transportation systems. KW - Data collection KW - Detection and identification technologies KW - Smartphones KW - Walking UR - http://depts.washington.edu/pactrans/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/PacTrans-51-UW-Hurvitz3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579632 AU - Hurwitz, David S AU - Olsen, Michael AU - Neill, Justin AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Travel Oregon TI - Alternative Information Signs: An Evaluation of Driver Comprehension and Visual Attention PY - 2015/08/31 SP - 84p AB - The effectiveness of a traffic sign is collectively influenced by the sign’s understandability, legibility distance, glance legibility, and learnability; however, understandability has been repeatedly identified as a one of the most important measures of effectiveness. This study contributes to best practices for evaluating traffic sign understandability by using a variety of online survey questions and driving simulation tasks to assess the understandability of alternative Tourist Information signs in Oregon. To achieve this goal, the understandability of five alternative Tourist Information signs were first tested in an online survey with 142 participants, resulting in the identification of the four best-performing alternatives. The understandability of these alternatives was then tested in the Oregon State University (OSU) Driving Simulator with 42 participants. The “INFO” Sign was found to be correctly understood by 95.7% of the driving simulator subjects. The two “i” Sign alternatives had the second and third highest comprehension rates for driving simulator subjects with 72.8% for signs without a circular border and 75.4% for signs with a circular border. There was a statistical difference, at the 95% level, between the comprehension results of the online survey and the driving simulator test of the “?” Sign. However, it is likely that comprehension rates for the “i" Sign will continue to increase in the future due to its prolific usage in a wide variety of contexts. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Best practices KW - Comprehension KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Oregon KW - Surveys KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs UR - http://depts.washington.edu/pactrans/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/PacTrans-29-OSU-Hurwitz-et-al1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579626 AU - Cunningham, Keith W AU - Olsen, Michael AU - Wartman, Joseph AU - Dunham, Lisa AU - Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Alaska University Transportation Center AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities TI - A Platform for Proactive Risk-Based Slope Asset Management – Phase II PY - 2015/08/31/Final Project Report SP - 74p AB - The lidar (light detection and ranging) visualization technique developed by this project enables highway managers to understand changes in slope characteristics along highways. This change detection and analysis can be the basis of informed decisions for slope inspection and remediation. Mitigating unstable slopes and their associated hazards reduce threats to safety and regional commerce while better allocating resources. KW - Asset management KW - Highway safety KW - Laser radar KW - Risk analysis KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes UR - http://depts.washington.edu/pactrans/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/PacTrans-42-UAF-Cunningham.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579625 AU - Liu, Jenny AU - McHattie, Robert AU - Zhang, Xiong AU - Netardus, John AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities TI - Evaluation of Precut Transverse Cracks for an Asphalt Concrete Pavement in Interior Alaska (Moose Creek –Richardson Highway) PY - 2015/08/31/Final Project Report SP - 75p AB - Road-width thermal cracks (major transverse cracks) are perhaps the most noticeable form of crack-related damage on asphalt concrete (AC) pavements throughout colder areas of Alaska. The main objective of this study is to recommend design strategies and construction practices aimed at controlling thermal cracking in AC pavements. In this report, literature review summarizes selected items of the engineering literature directly relevant to precutting of pavement-type structures and control of thermal cracking in general. Crack surveys and data collection were conducted at the test sections in an Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (AKDOT&PF) resurfacing project to compare various precut strategies (variations of cut spacing and depth), with the locations of natural major transverse cracks both before and after construction. Laboratory testing and numerical analysis were also presented to provide basic data about the physical properties of the AC and help explain some of the observed characteristics associated with natural thermal cracking KW - Alaska KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Before and after studies KW - Cutting KW - Evaluation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Numerical analysis KW - Paving KW - Test sections KW - Thermal degradation KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://depts.washington.edu/pactrans/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/PacTrans-39-UAF-Liu.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579619 AU - Vergara, Hector A AU - Ghane-Ezabadi, Mohammad AU - Rahanjam, Mehrdad AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium TI - Assessing the Capacity of the Pacific Northwest as an Intermodal Freight Transportation Hub PY - 2015/08/31/Final Project Report SP - 91p AB - This project synthesizes information from multiple sources about the capacity of the Pacific Northwest region to handle intermodal freight transportation demand. The findings from this research are intended to be used as a framework to start a research program focusing on the planning decision making needs of stakeholders in the region. The major sources of information about intermodal capacity were published reports from different stakeholders, online resources, and information obtained through conversations with a small set of stakeholders. Information about the current and future demand for intermodal freight transportation in the region was obtained from the Freight Analysis Framework (FAF³) database of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and complemented by information available in published reports. The analysis of the current and future gap between capacity and demand for intermodal freight transportationwas completed using the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) approach to develop a more complete understanding of the factors affecting the development and expansion of intermodal freight transportation in the region. Although the accuracy of the quantitative data cannot be considered very high, general trends can be analyzed. Most of the intermodal freight flow in the region is containerized cargo that visits the main marine ports: Port of Seattle, Port of Tacoma, and at a smaller scale Port of Portland. Other port terminals that are able to handle intermodal freight flow exist in the region but represent a small portion of the total flow. Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) Railway and Union Pacific (UP) Railroad have dedicated intermodal terminals in the region providing service for truck-road intermodal transportation, and rail connectivity to marine ports is also available. An analysis of the difference between intermodal capacity and demand at an aggregate level indicates that the current infrastructure is able to handle the existing demand for containerized international freight flow in the region. However, different scenarios of demand growth show that if capacity expansion does not occur, the existing capacity will not be sufficient to satisfy the demand in the future. Main factors affecting the perception of stakeholders about the level of service and future expansion of intermodal freight transportation in the region include highway congestion in the major metropolitan areas, lack of other generators and receivers of intermodal freight flow, coordination between different stakeholders, and limited availability of ocean carriers providing service to the Port of Portland. KW - Container traffic KW - Freight Analysis Framework KW - Freight transportation KW - Hubs KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Level of service KW - Pacific Northwest KW - Ports KW - Railroads KW - Shipper demand KW - Stakeholders UR - http://depts.washington.edu/pactrans/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/PacTrans-36-OSU-Vergara1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579610 AU - Wang, Haizhong AU - Vogt, Rachel AU - Palm, Matthew AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Geospatial Analysis of Bicycle Network “Level of Traffic Stress”, Bicycle Mode Choice Behavior, and Bicycle Crashes for Risk Factor Identification PY - 2015/08/31/Final Project Report SP - 46p AB - Small and medium-sized cities need publicly acceptable criteria for bicycle infrastructure improvements. This report explores the effectiveness of one proposed system of bicycle infrastructure criteria using data from a state-of-the-art travel survey, the Oregon Household Activity Survey (OHAS), and census journey-to-work data for the Salem-Keizer metropolitan area. In addition, this report also attempts to explore the geospatial correlation between bicycle level of traffic stress and where bicycle crashes happen. Results show that commuters ( i.e., employees and students) with low-stress connectivity to work and school are more likely to commute by bicycle, but also show that some demographic variables like race and income correlate with households’ low stress connectivity. The count model of household bicycle trip production in the Salem-Keizer region produced in this report illustrates that the size of a household’s adjacent “island” of low-stress bicycle connectivity correlates positively with bicycle trip production. In contrast, modeling with census data fails to show any correlation between bicycle commute mode share at the “is -land” scale and low-stress network connectivity. The mixed results suggest the range of a commuters’ low-stress bicycle network alone may not be a primary factor in the decision to bike. In combination with existing literature, the authors consider how the effect of low-stress connectivity on cycling to destinations relies on travelers’ awareness of low stress connections between origins and destinations. Further research should identify level of service criteria that can predict cycling rates yet remain cost effective for small communities to map. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bicycle travel KW - Commuters KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Demographics KW - Geospatial analysis KW - Keizer (Oregon) KW - Level of service KW - Modal split KW - Mode choice KW - Oregon Household Activity Survey KW - Salem (Oregon) KW - Travel surveys UR - http://depts.washington.edu/pactrans/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/PacTrans-35-OSU-Wang1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579252 AU - Larson, Timothy AU - Cai, Mengyu AU - Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Testing of Cavity Attenuation Phase Shift Technology for Siting Near-road NO₂ Monitors PY - 2015/08/31/Final Project Report SP - 23p AB - Recent research has identified the public health importance of air pollution exposures near busy roadways. As a result, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) significantly revised its nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) air quality standard in 2010. The current regulatory focus has shifted from assessment of longer-term (annual average) NO₂ concentrations measured at locations away from busy roads to shorter-term (1-hour average) concentrations measured at locations near busy roads. A near-road monitoring network is being deployed by EPA in major metropolitan areas, and is about a year old at the time of this report, with additional sites coming online. The guidelines for siting such monitors do not directly address the representativeness of such monitors with respect to short-term exposures to NO₂ within the population, especially to exposures during commuting. The goal with this study was to explore the feasibility of deploying the Cavity Attenuation Phase Shift (CAPS) monitor on a mobile platform to obtain information about NO₂ concentrations in an urban area, specifically both on and near a major urban freeway. The authors deployed the NO₂ monitor on a movable platform in November and December of 2013 as a way to assess NO₂ concentrations both near and on a busy freeway located in a complex urban environment. These short-term mobile platform measurements were made in conjunction with existing NO₂ measurements from a fixed-site regulatory monitor that is by design located some distance away from the roadway. The authors also deployed this same platform in a stationary mode near the freeway and compared these near-road measurements to traditional roadway dispersion models. KW - Air quality KW - Environmental monitoring KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Measuring methods KW - Nitrogen dioxide KW - Urban areas UR - http://depts.washington.edu/pactrans/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/PacTrans-53-UW-Larson.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579154 AU - Schroeder, Jeremy AU - Klein, Rachel AU - Smith, Theodore AU - Turnbull, Katie AU - Balke, Kevin AU - Burris, Mark AU - Songchitruksa, Praprut AU - Pessaro, Brian AU - Saunoi-Sandgren, Emily AU - Schreffler, Eric AU - Joy, Barbara AU - Battelle AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Los Angeles Congestion Reduction Demonstration ExpressLanes Program: National Evaluation Report PY - 2015/08/31/Final Report SP - 346p AB - This document presents the final report on the national evaluation of the Los Angeles Congestion Reduction Demonstration (LA CRD) ExpressLanes Program under the United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) CRD Program. The LA CRD projects focus on reducing congestion by employing strategies consisting of combinations of Tolling, Transit, Telecommuting/Travel Demand Management (TDM), and Technology, also known as the 4Ts. Tolling (pricing) strategies include converting high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes on the two freeway corridors to variably-priced high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes, adding a second HOT lane to portions of one corridor, and implementation of a downtown L.A. intelligent parking management system featuring demand-based pricing and real-time parking availability information. Transit improvements include increased bus service, transit station security improvements, expansion of two transit stations, creation of an El Monte Busway/Union Station connector, and the expansion of downtown L.A. transit signal priority. TDM strategies aim to establish 100 new registered vanpools. The national evaluation of the LA CRD projects was guided by the National Evaluation Framework, the LA CRD National Evaluation Plan, and individual test plans for various components. This report provides information on the use of the new LA CRD projects. Changes in travel speeds, travel times, trip-time reliability, and transit ridership are described. The air quality, energy, and safety impacts of the LA CRD projects are examined. Information on changes in unemployment rates and gasoline prices is also summarized. KW - Congestion management systems KW - Evaluation KW - Express lanes KW - High occupancy toll lanes KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Parking fees KW - Public transit KW - Real time information KW - Ridership KW - Travel demand management KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas KW - Urban Partnership Agreement KW - Vanpools KW - Variable tolls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55600/55669/FHWA-JPO-14-126-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371366 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575184 TI - Regulations and Standards for Natural Gas Equipment and Components AB - This project will provide a review of the standards and regulations for natural gas equipment and components. KW - Natural gas KW - Rail components KW - Railroad equipment industry KW - Regulations KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367429 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575031 TI - Safety Related Operating Rules AB - A safety culture initiative that improves safety through a carrier and labor cooperative process of rewriting safety rules. Labor and management cooperation begins a dialogue that also improves safety culture and communication. KW - Cooperation KW - Labor force KW - Management KW - Operations KW - Railroad safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52100/52160/Railroad_Use_of_Electronic_Devices_20140620_FINAL.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599262 AU - Shabana, Ahmed A AU - O'Shea, James J AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Integrated Dynamic Modeling of Rail Vehicles and Infrastructure: Wheel Climb at a Large Angle of Attack PY - 2015/08/28/Final Report SP - 6p AB - There are two common derailment scenarios which have been investigated in the railroad vehicle dynamics literature: flange wheel climb and wheel lift. Flange climb derailments are more frequent and can occur at low velocity. It is believed that the flange wheel climb, which is often associated with a large angle of attack (AOA), is the result of a tangential force that produces a contact force that acts upward at the wheel/rail contact point. The wheel lift, on the other hand, can be the result of hunting-produced high lateral velocity and large impact forces that can cause derailments. In this derailment scenario, the tangential force at one wheel can be downward as the result of the wheel life at the other wheel. This project is concerned with flange wheel climb derailments that occur at a large wheelset angle of attack. A fully nonlinear unconstrained multibody system (MBS) wheel climb derailment model is developed to analyze the forces that govern the wheel climb motion when oriented at a large scale AOA. The results of the MBS model in the vicinity of the climb initiation are verified using a semi-analytical model that makes use of simplifying assumptions derived from the current interpretation of wheel climb. KW - Car wheels (Railroads) KW - Derailments KW - Flanges KW - Rolling contact KW - Train track dynamics KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - http://www.nurailcenter.org/research/final_reports/UIC/NURail2012-UIC-R05-combined1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599227 AU - Shabana, Ahmed A AU - Hamper, Martin B AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Integrated Dynamic Modeling of Rail Vehicles and Infrastructure: Modeling Switch Geometry PY - 2015/08/28/Final Report SP - 6p AB - Many procedures have been proposed to solve the wheel/rail contact problem, most of which belong to one of two categories: off-line and on-line contact search methods. This investigation is focused on the development of a contact surface model for the wheel/rail contact problem in the case where an on-line three-dimensional non-conformal contact evaluation procedure, such as the elastic contact formulation - algebraic equations (ECF-A), is adopted. The goal is to demonstrate that the contact surface must have continuity in the second order spatial derivatives when used in conjunction with ECF-A. Many of the existing rail surface models rely on direct linear interpolation of profile curves which leads to first order spatial derivative discontinuities. This, in turn, leads to erroneous spikes in the prediction of contact forces. The main contribution of the work presented in this area is the development of a new finite element based procedure for representing the rail surface geometry in railroad vehicle contact problems. KW - Algebraic operations KW - Finite element method KW - Geometry KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rolling contact KW - Switches (Railroads) UR - http://www.nurailcenter.org/research/final_reports/UIC/NURail2012-UIC-R05-combined1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59267/NURail2012-UIC-R05-combined1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405203 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575026 TI - West Palm Beach Trespass Prevention Study AB - Demonstrating trespassing countermeasures on a 7-mile stretch of South Florida Regional Transportation Authority (SFRTA) right-of-way in West Palm Beach, FL. KW - Countermeasures KW - Railroad traffic KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - South Florida Regional Transportation Authority KW - Trespassers KW - West Palm Beach (Florida) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52100/52164/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-14-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367332 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575025 TI - Large Scale Field Test of Promising Grade Crossing Technologies AB - Research through a large-scale field test of promising technologies such as light emitting diode (LED)-enhanced signs, photo enforcement, gate skirts, or other low-cost/easy to implement technologies. One or more technologies will be selected and field-tested in an operational environment. KW - Cameras KW - Field tests KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Traffic signs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51600/51605/Dynamic_Envelope_Pavement_Markings.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52100/52165/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-13-06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367330 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573858 TI - Autonomous Track Geometry Measurement System (ATGMS) Development and Demonstration AB - This project will result in the development of autonomous track geometry measurement technologies to enable widespread deployment of track gemoetry technologies. The objective is to increase the availability of quality track data to ensure safe track conditions. KW - Data collection KW - Intelligent agents KW - Maintenance of way KW - Measurement KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroad tracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366935 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573857 TI - Concrete Tie Failure Modes and Criteria AB - This project will develop analytical techniques to assess design parameters and to examine failure modes in concrete ties for advancement and development of concrete tie standards, specifications and performance criteria. KW - Concrete ties KW - Design KW - Failure KW - Performance based specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366931 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573776 TI - Concrete Tie/Fastener Performance Research AB - This project will demonstrate the fundamental research and development of concrete crossties and fastening systems subjected to freight, passenger and mixed service. The objective is to develop performance based design and testing standards for railroad crossties and fasteners to ensure high performance. KW - Concrete ties KW - Fastenings KW - Performance based specifications KW - Railroad ties KW - Standards KW - Tests specific to a material, structure or device UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366873 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573721 TI - Design and Construct Rolling Load Rig AB - The objectives of this project are as follows: work with Transportation Technology Center, Incorporated (TTCI) to design and build a full scale machine, and continue working with Virginia Tech to build the rolling load machine to study wheel/Rail contact forces. KW - Prototypes KW - Railroad trains KW - Rolling contact KW - Train track dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599187 AU - LaBelle, James AU - Frève, Sheena AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Off-Peak Delivery: A Pilot Project for the Chicago Region PY - 2015/08/25/Final Report SP - 73p AB - Off-peak delivery (OPD) is a simple concept, but it can be challenging to implement because the benefits and costs are not always evenly distributed. Carriers generally like the idea because it can save them time and money, but receiving businesses often resist it because it can add costs. An OPD program needs to be designed in a manner that balances the benefits and costs to make it practical for carriers, receivers, shippers, customers and the community. With that in mind, the Supply Chain Innovation Network of Chicago (SINC) and the Urban Transportation Center (UTC) at the University of Illinois-Chicago are partnering to design a pilot program to incentivize off-peak deliveries in the Chicago area. The approach to this project began with a research and data analysis phase followed by a design phase. Research included a literature review, case studies of off-peak delivery projects in various locations, examination of work complementary to off-peak delivery that has taken place in metropolitan Chicago, and a review of current local laws and regulations that may impact off-peak delivery. Data analysis included an evaluation of business by industry and employment, a review of area congestion, and exploration of businesses in particular zipcodes. The design phase began with meetings with a variety of partners who are working together towards implementation of off-peak delivery. A second step will include a survey of freight carriers and receivers. KW - Case studies KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Delivery service KW - Freight traffic KW - Incentives KW - Literature reviews KW - Off peak periods KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Regulations KW - Supply chain management UR - http://www.nurailcenter.org/research/final_reports/UIC/NURail2013-UIC-R13_Off_Peak_NURail_Report_LaBelle1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59300/59305/NURail2013-UIC-R13_Off_Peak_NURail_Report_LaBelle1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590521 AU - Gao, Song AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - A Spatial Learning Model for the Micro-Simulation of Travel Dynamics PY - 2015/08/24/Final Report SP - 3p AB - The objective of this project is to develop and calibrate a computational process model of spatial learning, for the micro-simulation of travel dynamics where individual travelers’ decision-making is simulated. Travel decisions are usually made in large spatial environment, and therefore spatial knowledge is an important moderator in the decision-making process. Priori research in environmental psychology, geography and artificial intelligence has shown that spatial knowledge is usually incomplete, distorted, and idiosyncratic depending on personal experience. The assumption of complete and precise spatial knowledge in all current travel micro-simulation models is thus problematic. This project aims at closing the gap between theory and practice by enhancing a computational process model of spatial learning using tracking data over a multi-month period. The model, once incorporated in an overall travel micro-simulation framework, can potentially improve the realism and policy sensitivity of the simulation. KW - Calibration KW - Computer models KW - Decision making KW - Learning KW - Microsimulation KW - Route choice UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-19%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590463 AU - Gao, Song AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Cognitive Maps for Route Choice Modeling PY - 2015/08/24/Final Report SP - 3p AB - The objective of this project is to investigate the utility of cognitive maps in modeling route choice behavior. Cognitive map is the knowledge of spatial objectives and relations stored in human beings’ long-term memory, which is the basis for spatial reasoning (e.g., where one is) and decision-making (e.g., where to conduct a given activity, and how to go from one place to another). It is a long-researched area in environmental psychology, geography and artificial intelligence, and has been shown to be incomplete, distorted, and idiosyncratic (depending on travel history and personal traits). The current travel behavior and traffic network modeling literature however almost unanimously assumes complete and homogeneous perceptions of transportation networks and traffic information for individual travelers. This research contributes to the state-of-the-art by developing a methodology to account for heterogeneous network perceptions through user-class specific consideration sets (choice sets) in an econometric route choice model. KW - Choice models KW - Cognition KW - Econometric models KW - Methodology KW - Perception KW - Route choice KW - Travel behavior UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-20%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397329 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573376 TI - Accident Investigations AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash investigation KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366671 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573375 TI - Develop Improved Crashworthiness Strategies AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroad trains UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/48000/48300/48366/TR_Alternative_OVI_Testing_Report_edited_20131024_FINAL_1_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580923 AU - Chang, J AU - Hatcher, G AU - Hicks, D AU - Schneeberger, J AU - Staples, B AU - Sundarajan, S AU - Vasudevan, M AU - Wang, P AU - Wunderlich, K AU - Noblis AU - Department of Transportation TI - Estimated Benefits of Connected Vehicle Applications: Dynamic Mobility Applications, AERIS, V2I Safety, and Road Weather Management Applications PY - 2015/08/20/Final Report Ver. 3.0 SP - 57p AB - Connected vehicles have the potential to transform travel as we know it by combining leading edge technologies— advanced wireless communications, on-board computer processing, advanced vehicle-sensors, Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation, smart infrastructure, and others—to address safety, mobility, and environmental challenges. Over the last five years, application prototyping and assessment has been a focus of federal connected vehicle research and development activity, resulting in more than three dozen connected vehicle application concepts. This effort also included assessments to measure safety, mobility and environmental impacts from four U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) connected vehicle Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) research programs (V2I Safety, Dynamic Mobility Applications (DMA), Applications for the Environment: Real-Time Information Synthesis (AERIS), and Road-Weather Management). Considering results to date from these assessment activities, there is a clear demonstrated potential for significant safety, mobility and environmental impacts from V2I connected vehicle applications: (1) Combinations of V2I connected vehicle applications are effective in signalized networks, particularly in prioritizing signal timing and reducing overall delay (up to 27%), carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption (up to 11%). Intersection-focused safety applications may potentially address up to 575,000 crashes and 5,100 fatalities per year. (2) V2I connected vehicle applications add a potentially new capability to flow management in congested freeway segments, particularly in the mitigation of potentially unsafe speed differentials in advance of bottleneck locations, reducing fuel consumption (up to 4.5%), or in the reduction of delay generated by major incidents (up to 14%). A curve speed warning safety application may potentially address up to 169,000 crashes and 5,000 fatal crashes per year. (3) The magnitude of benefits of many applications are highly dependent on the level of technology deployment at the roadside, in vehicles, or within mobile devices. However, applications targeting fleet vehicles may be early winners – as well as applications that serve to prioritize or facilitate facility access. KW - Benefits KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Mobility KW - Road weather information systems KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56238/FHWA-JPO-16-255.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576283 AU - Department of Transportation TI - Efficiency of FAA's Air Traffic Control Towers Ranges Widely PY - 2015/08/20 SP - 35p AB - Over fiscal years 2004 through 2013, total air traffic operations handled by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) facilities declined by 19 percent, yet FAA’s operations budget increased by 0.6 percent. During this period, air traffic controller costs decreased by only 6.0 percent, while overtime hours grew by 12 percent. Citing concerns about controller productivity in light of declining aviation activity, the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and its Aviation Subcommittee requested that the Office of Inspector General (OIG) assess FAA’s plans to enhance controller productivity, the factors that need to be addressed to achieve the expected benefits, and the estimated cost savings that could be achieved with improved controller productivity. OIG's prior audit of FAA’s controller productivity initiatives found that they did not achieve expected benefits or cost savings, with some actually increasing Agency costs. OIG also found that FAA does not regularly analyze the substantial operational and cost data generated by its numerous databases to determine if it could reduce costs or improve productivity. For this audit, OIG used FAA data to determine which air traffic control (ATC) towers operate relatively more or less efficiently based on comparisons with each other. Knowledge of which towers are operating relatively more or less efficiently can then be used to facilitate identification of the factors driving efficient performance. Consequently, the objective was to assess the relative efficiency of FAA ATC towers. Specifically, OIG (1) determined the extent to which efficiency varies across FAA ATC towers and (2) assessed the cost impacts of relative inefficiencies in FAA ATC tower operations. KW - Air traffic control KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airport control towers KW - Analysis KW - Costs KW - Productivity KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FAA%20ATC%20Towers%20Productivity%20Final%20Report_8-20-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576248 AU - Department of Transportation TI - FAA Delays in Establishing a Pilot Records Database Limit Air Carriers' Access to Background Information PY - 2015/08/20/Audit Report SP - 17p AB - The 2010 Airline Safety and Extension Act (the Act) mandated that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) create a pilot records database (PRD) to ensure FAA and air carrier pilot records are retained for the life of the pilot and that air carriers review those records when making hiring decisions. The new database enhances the Pilot Records Improvement Act of 1996 (PRIA), which requires airlines to request 5 years of training records; Department of Transportation (DOT) drug and alcohol test results from previous employers; basic certificate and medical information from FAA, including enforcement actions taken against the pilot; and any violations reported to the national driver registry. Concerned about FAA’s progress in establishing the PRD, the Chairman and Ranking Member of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Aviation Subcommittee requested that the Office of Inspector General (OIG) update their previous work regarding FAA and the industry’s progress in implementing the new database. Accordingly, the audit objectives were to: (1) evaluate FAA’s progress in developing and implementing the PRD, and (2) determine what pilot records are available for air carriers to obtain and review for new applicants. To conduct this work, OIG interviewed FAA officials responsible for developing the database and maintaining existing pilot records at the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma. OIG also visited nine randomly selected Part 121 air carriers representing both large and small operations and their respective FAA oversight offices. KW - Air pilots KW - Airlines KW - Databases KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Recordkeeping KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FAA%20Pilot%20Records%20Database%20Progress%20Final%20Report%5E8-20-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01574014 AU - Department of Transportation TI - FAA Has Not Effectively Deployed Controller Automation Tools That Optimize Benefits of Performance-Based Navigation PY - 2015/08/20/Audit Report SP - 26p AB - According to a September 2013 Government/industry report on Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) priorities, optimizing the use of performance-based navigation (PBN) procedures should be the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA's) top NextGen priority. Although over 50 percent of major airlines’ aircraft are equipped and approved to use advanced PBN procedures, use of these procedures remains low. A key barrier to increasing PBN use and achieving benefits is FAA’s lack of automated tools that would allow air traffic controllers to effectively merge and sequence airport landings for arriving aircraft with differing equipment and capabilities. FAA has determined that using automated decision support tools to help space and sequence aircraft based on time rather than the traditional miles-based method increases traffic flow efficiency and can optimize benefits from PBN. Concerned with FAA’s long history of delays in deploying new systems for NextGen, the Chairmen and Ranking Members of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Subcommittee on Aviation requested that the Office of Inspector General (OIG) assess the Agency’s progress in developing and deploying these tools. Accordingly, OIG's audit objectives were to assess (1) FAA’s progress in developing and deploying new air traffic controller automation tools for managing PBN operations, and (2) the degree to which these tools meet air traffic controllers’ needs to improve PBN use. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Assessments KW - Automation KW - Decision support systems KW - Implementation KW - Next Generation Air Transportation System KW - Optimization KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FAA%20Deployment%20of%20Controller%20Tools%20for%20PBN%20Final%20Report%5E8-20-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584090 AU - Ahn, Kyoungho AU - Rakha, Hesham AU - Hale, David K AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Multi-Modal Intelligent Traffic Signal Systems (MMITSS) Impacts Assessment PY - 2015/08/19/Final Report SP - 82p AB - The study evaluates the potential network-wide impacts of the Multi-Modal Intelligent Transportation Signal System (MMITSS) based on a field data analysis utilizing data collected from a MMITSS prototype and a simulation analysis. The Intelligent Traffic Signal System (I-SIG), Transit Signal Priority (TSP), Freight Signal Priority (FSP), and the combination of TSP and FSP applications were evaluated. MMITSS seeks to improve mobility through signalized corridors using advanced communications and data to facilitate the efficient travel of passenger vehicles, pedestrians, transit, freight, and emergency vehicles through the system. The field data analysis demonstrated that MMITSS applications effectively improved the travel time and the delay of the equipped vehicles. In particular, FSP reduced the delay of connected trucks by up to 20% and I-SIG improved travel time reliability by up to 56%, compared to the base case. The simulation study found that I-SIG achieved vehicle delay reductions up to 35% and TSP effectively saved travel time for both transit and passenger vehicles on the corridor where TSP was operated; but occasionally increased the system-wide delay, due to reduced green times on the side streets. FSP simulation results indicated that FSP successfully reduced travel times for connected trucks, but also increased system-wide delay, due to increased delays on side streets. The simulation study found that the combination of TSP and FSP applications was effective in assigning priority to trucks based on a pre-defined hierarchy of control. The study concludes that the MMITSS I-SIG, TSP, FSP, and the combination of TSP and FSP applications improve vehicle travel time, delay, and travel time reliability for equipped passenger cars, trucks, and transit vehicles on the test facility, but the tradeoff is that it may produce overall system-wide negative impacts. KW - Data analysis KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Mobility KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal priority KW - Travel time UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55700/55710/MMITSS_IA_REPORT_0811_v1.4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377653 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01587291 TI - LED Lighting: Hot/Cold Performance Testing AB - Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are now commonly used in airfield lighting applications due to technology improvements and their potential benefits to pilots and airport operators. One such benefit is the potential to provide more reliable operations and reduced maintenance costs through longer useful life than incandescent lamps. However, airfield LED luminaires are relatively new and no sufficient long-term performance test results are currently available to validate their long-life potential. More importantly, there is no agreed upon definition of useful life for airfield luminaires. As a first step to address these needs, long-term testing of selected airfield luminaires are being conducted in support of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) efforts in this area. The main objective of these long-term tests has been to understand the performance of luminaires under realistic conditions, and thus the test conditions have included three LED board temperatures that are expected to represent a reasonable range of operating environments. While testing in a given range is valuable because it offers the opportunity to interpolate to other conditions, it is still necessary to understand the actual conditions that luminaires experience in the field due to ambient temperature (i.e., based on geographical location) and based on the luminaire’s light output (i.e., dimming steps 1-5). The purpose of the test is to monitor the temperature of operation of LEDs inside different types of luminaires under different operating conditions, based on geographical location and at one or more light output settings. These values can be used to better estimate light output depreciation based on current knowledge and to inform the conditions used in future laboratory tests. KW - Air traffic control KW - Airport operations KW - Aviation safety KW - Laboratory tests KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting equipment KW - Luminaires KW - Service life KW - Weather conditions UR - https://www.pegasas.aero/projects.php?p=26 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1392191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613843 AU - Ozbulut, Osman E AU - Hamilton, Reginald F AU - University of Virginia AU - Pennsylvania State University AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Smart Concrete Bridge Girders Using Shape Memory Alloys PY - 2015/08/15/Final Report SP - 58p AB - With the increasing demands for high structural performance, the use of “smart material” have been considered in different engineering disciplines due to the appealing characteristics of these materials such as efficiency, self-actuation, adaptability, self-monitoring and self-healing, and decision making. Recently, shape memory alloys (SMAs) have received considerable attention as a class of smart materials that can be employed in bridge engineering applications. SMAs have the ability to regain their original shape after being deformed up to 6-8% strain. This shape recovery is a result of an underlying reversible solid-solid phase transformation, which can be induced by either a stress or a temperature change. Several researchers have investigated the use of heat-induced SMAs to prestress concrete. However, the previous studies have been focused on thermally activating nickel titanium (NiTi) SMA tendons by electrical heating and have been mostly at the theoretical and laboratory study levels. This study investigates the feasibility of self-post-tensioned concrete elements by activating the SME of nickel-titanium-niobium alloys (NiTiNb), a class of wide-hysteresis SMAs, using the heat of hydration of grout. First, the microstructure characterization of the NiTiNb wide-hysteresis shape memory alloys is discussed. Then, the tensile stress-induced martensitic transformations in NiTiNb SMA tendons are studied. Next, the temperature increase due to the heat of hydration of four commercially available grouts is investigated. Pull-out tests are also conducted to investigate the bond between the grout and SMA bar. Results show that the increase in temperature due to hydration heat can provide significant strain recovery during a free recovery experiment, while the same temperature increase only partially activates the SMAs during a constrained recovery. KW - Alloys KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deformation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Girders KW - Grout KW - Heat of hydration KW - Posttensioning KW - Smart materials KW - Tension UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/MAUTC-2013-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424165 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01587292 TI - Characterization of Derived Angle of Attack and Flight Path Algorithms AB - The technical objective of the proposed effort is to exploit derived angle-of-attack (AOA) and flightpath angles (gamma) from low cost Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) COTS systems found in general aviation (GA) aircraft. The feasibility of derived AOA will be evaluated for use cases of displays, envelope protection, and fly-by-wire flight control systems. It is expected that the results of this work will be a) recommended minimum performance standards for the algorithm and AHRS device, and b) the criteria for each use case when using AHRS that can be codified into a standard or a circular. KW - Aircraft operations KW - Algorithms KW - Angle of attack KW - Aviation safety KW - Flight control systems KW - Flight paths KW - General aviation aircraft UR - https://www.pegasas.aero/projects.php?p=25 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1392190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01575127 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - 2014 FRA Report to Congress on Actions Taken to Implement Unmet Statutory Mandates and Address Open Recommendations by the NTSB and DOT's Inspector General Regarding Railroad Safety PY - 2015/08/14 SP - 71p AB - This report identifies a total of six unmet congressional rail safety mandates as of December 31, 2014, and specifies actions to implement or address each of them as required by the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (RSIA). The following items are unmet rail safety mandates that were listed in the Federal Railroad Administration's (FRA's) December 2013 Report and that remained unmet as of December 31 , 2014: (1) Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus; (2) Alcohol and Controlled Substance Testing for Maintenance-of-Way Employees; (3) Development and Use of Rail Safety Technology; (4) Hours of Service Regulatory Authority; (5) Railroad Safety Risk Reduction; and (6) Safe Rail Transport of Certain Radioactive Materials. The report also identifies 68 open recommendations by the National Transportation Safety Board and 2 open recommendations by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Office of lnspector General. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Breathing apparatus KW - Drug tests KW - Emergency equipment KW - Hours of labor KW - Implementation KW - Office of Inspector General KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Radioactive materials KW - Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 KW - Railroad safety KW - Recommendations KW - U.S. National Transportation Safety Board UR - https://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/15208 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616959 AU - Macfarlane, Kate AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - New Orleans Regional Planning Commission Scenario Planning Workshop PY - 2015/08/12 SP - 40p AB - This report summarizes noteworthy practices and key recommendations shared during a scenario planning workshop, hosted by the New Orleans Regional Planning Commission (NORPC), on August 12-13, 2015, in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored this event as part of its Scenario Planning Program and in connection with the Transportation Planning Capacity Building Program jointly run by FHWA and the Federal Transit Administration. The workshop introduced the topic of scenario planning to NORPC staff and representatives of Louisiana’s seven other metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs). Peer experts from the Baltimore Metropolitan Council and Hillsborough Metropolitan Planning Organization for Transportation participated in the workshop to share their agencies’ experiences and perspectives in using scenario planning. KW - Baltimore Metropolitan Council KW - Best practices KW - Forecasting KW - Hillsborough Metropolitan Planning Organization for Transportation KW - Louisiana KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - New Orleans Regional Planning Commission KW - Recommendations KW - Regional planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60100/60129/NOLA_scenario_workshop.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1428261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582430 AU - Rodgers, Michael O AU - Wilson, Alana M AU - Shaw, Atiyya AU - Barton, Matthew T AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Applying the Highway Safety Manual to Georgia PY - 2015/08/07/Final Report SP - 169p AB - This report examines the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) from the perspective of applying its methods and approaches within the state of Georgia. The work presented here focuses specifically on data requirements and methods that may be of particular focus in the implementation of HSM methods by Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT).The report reviews the current status of implementation of HSM methods by other states, based on both extended interviews with selected states as well as a brief survey that targeted all states. Excluding Georgia, forty-three states provided either complete or partial responses to the survey. Selected reports regarding HSM implementation are also briefly reviewed. An example case study of an HSM application from Georgia (special freeway pavement markings) is provided to illustrate safety effectiveness evaluation and the application of crash modification factors. The report concludes with short- and intermediate term recommendations for Georgia DOT regarding implementation of HSM methods to improve road safety in Georgia. KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Georgia KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Implementation KW - Recommendations KW - States KW - Surveys UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/12-15.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56600/56661/12-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576166 AU - Lu, Qing AU - Guo, Lukai AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation TI - Field Test Method to Determine Presence and Quantity of Modifiers in Liquid Asphalt – Follow-up Data Analysis PY - 2015/08/06/Final Report SP - 22p AB - In an earlier study under the contract grant number BDV25-977-06, two portable Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) were evaluated for their ability to quickly detect and/or quantify the presence of polymer modifiers, including styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) polymer and/or ground tire rubber (GTR), in asphalt binder. This report summarizes a follow-up study that evaluates a third brand of portable FTIR device, the Agilent Handheld ExoScan 4300 FTIR Spectrometer, for identification and/or quantification of polymer modifiers in asphalt binder. The same binder samples used in the earlier study were tested with the Agilent Handheld ExoScan 4300 FTIR Spectrometer. The test data were analyzed and compared with the results from the other FTIR devices included in the earlier study. It was found that the Agilent Handheld ExoScan 4300 FTIR Spectrometer can capture absorbance spectra similar to those from other portable FTIR devices and can read absorbance spectrum from asphalt mixture samples. The variability in test data of the Agilent Handheld ExoScan 4300 FTIR Spectrometer, however, is higher than that of the TruDefender FTX FTIR spectrometer. KW - Bituminous binders KW - Crumb rubber KW - Data analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Polymers KW - Spectrometers KW - Styrene butadiene styrene UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_SMO/FDOT-BDV25-977-20-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576145 AU - Hopper, Travis AU - Manafpour, Amir AU - Radlińska, Aleksandra AU - Warn, Gordon AU - Rajabipour, Farshad AU - Morian, Dennis AU - Jahangirnejad, Shervin AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge Deck Cracking: Effects on In-Service Performance, Prevention, and Remediation PY - 2015/08/05/Final Report SP - 267p AB - The main objectives of this project were: (a) to identify the causes of early-age cracking in concrete bridge decks, (b) to provide recommendations for effective mitigation of early-age cracking, (c) to assess the effect of cracks on the long-term durability and performance of concrete bridge decks, and (d) to identify the best and most cost-effective (on a life-cycle cost basis) remediation practices and optimum time to remediate to extend the life of bridge decks. The project was completed in 6 tasks and this document reports details of the methods of data collection, analysis, and conclusions for each task. KW - Best practices KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cracking KW - Data collection KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://www.dot7.state.pa.us/BPR_PDF_FILES/Documents/Research/Complete%20Projects/Construction/Bridge%20Deck%20Cracking.pdf UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/PSU-2013-07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590500 AU - Ivan, John N AU - Ravishanker, Nalini AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Investigation of Road and Roadside Design Elements Associated with Elderly Pedestrian Safety PY - 2015/08/03/Final Report SP - 3p AB - This project consisted of two studies of pedestrian safety and operations at signalized intersections: (1) Safety Effects of Exclusive and Concurrent Signal Phasing for Pedestrian Crossing and (2) A Study of Pedestrian Compliance with Traffic Signals for Exclusive and Concurrent Phasing. Two published documents were generated. The focus of the project was on evaluating the effect of an operational characteristic – pedestrian signal phasing design. The authors evaluated the safety effects of two different types of pedestrian signal phasing in the context of several roadway and roadside characteristics. KW - Aged KW - Highway design KW - Pedestrian clearance interval (Traffic signals) KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic signal phases KW - Traffic signals UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UCNR24-30%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397342 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625573 TI - Improved Thermal and Acoustic Comfort for Motorcycle Helmets AB - Wearing a motorcycle helmet that meets the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 218, “Motorcycle helmets,” is one of the most effective measures available to a rider to reduce the risk of a fatality or serious brain injury in the event of a crash. Nonetheless, many riders choose not to wear a helmet, for a variety of reasons, one of them being that wearing a helmet may be uncomfortable. A factor contributing to helmet comfort is the helmet’s adequate ventilation. Helmets that do not have sufficient ventilation may be uncomfortable, especially when worn in warm weather. Designing and manufacturing helmets with effective means to ventilate, are comfortable and meet safety standards is challenging. The activities of this phase of the research project will focus on concept development for a helmet ventilation system that provides adequate ventilation yet complies with the safety requirements in FMVSS No. 218. The proposed ventilation system should result in a helmet that improves the comfort of the helmet, is convenient and easy to use, affordable, and does not introduce new risks to the rider. The outcome of the six-month effort will be a maximum of three concepts for helmets with ventilation systems. At lest one of the candidate helmets must meet all of FMVSS No 218 requirements. The concept development will include a design and supporting documentation and some simulation to evaluate its potential effectiveness. KW - Acoustics KW - Comfort KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycle helmets KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1453685 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01589869 TI - Surveillance Criticality for SAA AB - North Carolina State University is leading a team of researchers from the University of North Dakota, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical, Mississippi State, The Ohio State and Oregon State Universities to determine if UAS can safely use current surveillance equipment, such as transponders, GPS beacons and collision avoidance systems. First, they are studying how manned aircraft and air traffic controllers interact using this equipment to avoid collisions. Next, they will see if controllers and UAS operators can use current equipment to provide the same safety for UAS. Finally, they will investigate emerging technology to see if UAS can avoid collisions autonomously. This research will help the FAA set standards for airborne sense and avoid systems to potentially allow UAS to avoid collisions autonomously. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft operations KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Aircraft separation KW - Airspace utilization KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Drone aircraft KW - National Airspace System KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618840 AU - Paskoff, Lawrence N AU - Weed, David B AU - Corbett, Cynthia L AU - McLean, Garnet A AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Wayfinding Technology and Its Application to Transport Category Passenger Airplanes PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 24p AB - Wayfinding, a method to communicate to the public about paths of travel, involves various active and passive modes of communication, such as lights, tactile objects, audio signals, and computer based technology to include virtual environments and augmented reality. A current topic in the field of transport category aircraft is the use of internationally recognized symbols in wayfinding. This is proving to be difficult due to the meanings one culture places on certain symbols and how those differ among cultures. In an era of world-wide travel, this could create a deadly scenario as a passenger is attempting to egress from an aircraft in a dangerous situation, such as a fire, and misinterprets the available wayfinding symbology. In that vein of research, with an eventual goal of mitigating misinterpretation of available wayfinding signals, this overview investigates past and present wayfinding technology used and proposed for use in transport category aircraft and also explores recent advances in wayfinding technology that could be adapted for use in aircraft. KW - Aviation safety KW - Egress KW - International KW - Passenger aircraft KW - Symbols KW - Technology KW - Wayfinding UR - https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/2010s/media/201514.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1437988 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01616960 AU - Boeker, Eric AU - Cumper, Jordan AU - Rapoza, Amanda AU - He, Hua TI - DISCOVER-AQ: A Unique Acoustic Propagation Verification and Validation Data Set PY - 2015/08 SP - 12p AB - In 2013, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration conducted a month-long flight test for the “Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality” research effort in Houston, Texas. The goal of this flight test was to simultaneously collect pollution data from satellite-, aircraft- and ground-based emissions monitoring systems, which can then be compared and correlated, as well as detailed atmospheric, meteorological and aircraft position data. An opportunity arose to provide supplemental acoustic measurements during this flight test that could then be coupled with corresponding aircraft performance, aircraft position and meteorological data. Up to this point, there has been a significant need for high quality aircraft acoustic validation data sets that include detailed acoustic, meteorology, aircraft position and performance data representing a range of acoustic propagation geometries and meteorological conditions. Following these measurements, a comprehensive data set has been developed, in order to investigate, validate and improve the aircraft acoustic and performance modeling capabilities used in the Federal Aviation Administration’s Aviation Environmental Design Tool and other aircraft acoustic research efforts. This paper provides descriptions of the acoustic measurements, example validation data, and potential uses of the validation data. U1 - 44th Inter-Noise Congress & Exposition on Noise Control EngineeringInternational Institute of Noise Control EngineeringSan Francisco,California,United States StartDate:20150809 EndDate:20150812 Sponsors:International Institute of Noise Control Engineering KW - Acoustics KW - Air quality KW - Aircraft noise KW - Aviation Environmental Design Tool KW - Data collection KW - Effective sound pressure KW - Flight tests KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Pollutants KW - U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59900/59998/DiscoverAQ_2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1427772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608705 AU - Agent, Kenneth R AU - Green, Eric R AU - Fields, Michael A AU - Kentucky Transportation Center AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 2015 Safety Belt Usage Survey in Kentucky PY - 2015/08 SP - 57p AB - There have been various methods used in efforts to increase safety belt and safety seat usage. Past efforts have included public information campaigns, local and statewide legislation, and enforcement of the legislation. Most recently, Kentucky changed the statewide legislation requiring the use of safety belts for all vehicle occupants from secondary to primary enforcement. A statewide law providing secondary enforcement was passed in 1994, with the primary enforcement law passed in 2006. The objective of the survey summarized in this report was to establish a statewide safety belt usage rate in Kentucky for 2015. This rate can be compared to those determined from previous surveys. The data show that the level of safety belt usage in 2015 (86.7 percent) was the highest since surveys began in 1982. The usage rate increased 0.6 percent in 2015. Progressive increases in usage rates observed since 1982 can be related to the enactment and enforcement of safety belt laws along with increased education. KW - Kentucky KW - Seat belt use KW - State laws KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2016/06/2015-Seat-Belt-Usage-Survey.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416947 ER - TY - SER AN - 01608544 JO - Asset Management Financial Report Series PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Saadatmand, Nastaran AU - Gaj, Stephen AU - Proctor, Gordon AU - Varma, Shobna TI - Managing Risks and Using Metrics in Transportation Asset Management Financial Plans PY - 2015/08 IS - Report 3 SP - 60p AB - This third installment of a five-part financial report series addresses two related components of financial plans. The first is how to identify, communicate, manage and perhaps capitalize upon the risks inherent in long-term strategies for financing complex and aging infrastructure assets. The second is how to use financial performance measures to illustrate the adequacy of investment levels and the magnitude of accumulating backlogs. These two topics are closely related. How well risks are managed can influence how well the assets perform. In this report, two tools are explained that can help explain the potential risks and rewards inherent in an agency’s asset management and financial plan. A risk register is a simple matrix-like document that summarizes the risks, their consequences, likelihood and impact surrounding the financial plan. The risk register provides an at-a-glance summation of the risks that will determine the success of the financial plan. Also, this report presents a series of financial metrics to accompany the plans. These metrics provide “shorthand” ratios that illustrate the degree of adequacy of the financial plan to sustain asset conditions. The metrics are like heuristics or rules of thumb that allow the “body politic” to understand benchmarks of whether the financial plan is adequate to sustain assets, and if not, by how much. KW - Asset management KW - Financing KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Performance measurement KW - Risk management KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/plans/financial/hif15020.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01604932 AU - Puryear, Stephen M AU - Walden, Clayton T AU - Mississippi State University, Canton AU - National Center for Intermodal Transportation for Economic Competitiveness AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Effective Utilization of Innovation Techniques within Mississippi’s Intermodal Professional Workforce PY - 2015/08 SP - 25p AB - This project focused on enhancing the professional workforce within Mississippi's intermodal transportation industry. This was accomplished through a series of "Intermodal Transportation Innovation Summits" that brought together transportation professionals representing organizations throughout the extended supply chain (e.g., manufacturers, truck, rail, water, and ports). These Summits were held across the state - centering on the North, Central, and Southern regions. Summit participants were introduced to the concepts - termed Innovation Engineering, which generated strong results in the manufacturing sector. These innovation sessions generated a set of actionable projects that the program hopes to engage during a future funding opportunity. The ultimate goal was to enhance the region's economic competitiveness through greater cooperation across transportation modes. The program impacted 75 transportation professionals from 30 different organizations. The program achieved over $125,000 in tangible economic impact annually, which fully returned the federal award. Also, the program resulted in two conference presentations, so that lessons learned were broadly disseminated. This program was conducted through a broad partnership involving Mississippi State University (CAVS Extension), University of Southern Mississippi (Center for Logistics, Trade, and Transportation), and Innovate Mississippi. KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Economics KW - Freight transportation KW - Innovation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Mississippi KW - Professional personnel UR - http://www.ncitec.msstate.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013-18FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603674 AU - Nowak, Christopher A AU - State University of New York, Syracuse AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Integrated Vegetation Management Program Enhancements: Final Report PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 38p AB - From 2010-2015, the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry conducted a series of research and development projects to enhance New York State Department of Transportation’s vegetation management program. New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) has committed to using an Integrated Vegetation Management (IVM) approach to meeting roadside right-of-way objectives and was looking to strengthen capacity in that regard. The primary focus of the research was to develop vegetation management procedures and planning specific to New York State Department of Transportation. Roadside vegetation management is of high interest to transportation and resource agencies nationally. Such agencies are struggling to balance the need for clear sight distances and obstacle-free roadside; control the spread of invasive species through the right-of-way corridor; and minimize the potential environmental impacts from vegetation control. Five research tasks related to roadside right-of-way (ROW) vegetation management were conducted, including two on developing strategic plans, one on updating an existing IVM procedure document, two on field testing natural herbicides, and another on field testing cut stump herbicide methods for controlling oriental bittersweet. These research and development studies were accompanied by technology transfer, including the development of workshops and factsheets. New York State Department of Transportation has already incorporated results from the field studies in terms of changing vegetation management practices. Elevated efforts in planning are expected over the next few years. KW - Field tests KW - Herbicides KW - New York (State) KW - New York State Department of Transportation KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Roadside flora KW - Strategic planning KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation control UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-06-24%20Final%20Report_August%202015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1411101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01597962 AU - Antico, Frederico C AU - Esmaeeli, Hadi S AU - De la Varga, Igor AU - Jones, Wesley AU - Barrett, Timothy AU - Zavattieri, Pablo AU - Weiss, W Jason AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Removing Obstacles for Pavement Cost Reduction by Examining Early Age Opening Requirements: Material Properties PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 48p AB - The risk of cracking in a concrete pavement that is opened to traffic at early ages is related to the maximum tensile stress that develops in the pavement and its relationship to the measured, age dependent, flexural strength of a beam. The stress that develops in the pavement is due to several factors including traffic loading and restrained volume change caused by thermal or hygral variations. The stress that develops is also dependent on the time-dependent mechanical properties, pavement thickness, and subgrade stiffness. There is a strong incentive to open many pavements to traffic as early as possible to allow construction traffic or traffic from the traveling public to use the pavement. However, if the pavement is opened to traffic too early, cracking may occur that may compromise the service life of the pavement. The purpose of this report is two-fold: 1) to examine the current opening strength requirements for concrete pavements (typically a flexural strength from beams, and 2) to propose a criterion based on the time-dependent changes of ratio of the tensile stress to the flexural strength, which accounts for pavement thickness and subgrade stiffness without adding unnecessary risk for premature cracking. An Accelerated Pavement Testing, APT, facility was used to test concrete pavements that are opened to traffic at an early age to provide data that can be compared with an analytical model to determine the effective ratio of the tensile stress to the flexural strength based on the relevant features of the concrete pavement, the subgrade, and the traffic load. It is anticipated that this type of opening criteria can help the decision makers in two ways: 1) it can open pavement sections earlier thereby reducing construction time and 2) it may help to minimize the use of materials with overly accelerated strength gain that are suspected to be more susceptible to develop damage at early ages than materials that gain strength more slowly. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Flexural strength KW - Pavement cracking KW - Tension KW - Traffic loads UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3095&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403078 ER - TY - SER AN - 01597293 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of In-Place Elastic Layer Modulus: LTPP Backcalculation Methodology and Procedures PY - 2015/08 SP - 16p AB - This document is a technical summary of the Federal Highway Administration report Long-Term Pavement Performance Program Determination of In-Place Elastic Layer Modulus: Backcalculation Methodology and Procedures (FHWA-HRT-15-036). This TechBrief provides an overview of the methodology and procedures used to backcalculate the elastic layer modulus from deflection basins for all test sections included in the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database. KW - Backcalculation KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Program KW - Methodology KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement performance KW - Test sections UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/15037/15037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01597245 AU - Margiotta, Richard AU - Eisele, Bill AU - Short, Jeffrey AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Freight Performance Measure Approaches for Bottlenecks, Arterials, and Linking Volumes to Congestion Report PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 104p AB - Section 1115 of MAP-21 (“National Freight Policy”) specifically requires the development of new tools and improvement to existing tools to support the analysis and evaluation of freight transportation projects in order to more strategically target investments and improve performance of the transportation system. This report deals with three aspects of this directive: 1. Comprehensive analysis of freight bottlenecks—research and evaluation of national and state level approaches to identifying freight bottlenecks and methodologies for measuring the performance of truck freight bottlenecks; 2. Arterial mobility performance—development of methods that produce valid and reliable performance measures from truck-based probe data, speed and travel times; and 3. Linkage of truck volumes to congestion methodologies—development of methods for integrating travel times from truck probe data with truck volumes, flows, and demands. The National Performance Management Research Data Set (NPMRDS) is being used to develop examples of the recommended analysis. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bottlenecks KW - Freight transportation KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - National Performance Management Research Data Set (NPMRDS) KW - Performance measurement KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Truck volumes KW - Trucking UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop15033/fhwahop15033.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596738 AU - Chaturvedi, Arvind K AU - Craft, Kristi J AU - Hickerson, Jeffery S AU - Rogers, Paul B AU - Canfield, Dennis V AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Prevalence of Ethanol and Drugs in Civil Aviation Accident Pilot Fatalities, 2009–2013 PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 14p AB - Biological specimens from pilots fatally injured in civil aviation accidents are analyzed for ethanol and drugs at the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI). Prevalence of these substances in the pilots has been evaluated on 5-yr intervals since 1989. In continuation, a fifth 5-yr study was conducted. The CAMI toxicology/medical certification and National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) aviation accident databases were searched. During 2009–2013, samples from 1,169 pilots were analyzed for ethanol and drugs. Aircraft involved in the accidents were primarily operating under general aviation. Most airmen were private pilots and held third-class medical certificates. In relation to the first 5-yr (1989–1993) period, the pilot fatality cases decreased by 37% and the presence of ethanol and/or drugs in the pilots increased by 239% in the fifth 5-yr period. The ethanol usage was unchanged, but increases were noted with illicit and prescription drugs. The prescription drugs found were consistent with those commonly used in general population. The use of ethanol and/or drugs by aviators, along with underlying medical conditions, was determined by the NTSB to be cause/factors in 5% of the accidents. The observed decrease in the fatality cases does not necessarily suggest the decrease in aviation accidents, as the numbers of active airmen also declined. Although prevalence of ethanol and drugs has been evaluated in fatally injured aviators, such evaluation has not been performed in active pilots not involved in accidents. This type of comparative study would be crucial in assessing aviation safety. KW - Air pilots KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Civil aviation KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drugs KW - Ethanol KW - Fatalities KW - Toxicology KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/2010s/media/201513.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594514 AU - Weise, Andrew AU - Farnam, Yaghoob AU - Jones, Wesley AU - Imbrock, Paul AU - Tao, Bernie AU - Weiss, W Jason AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Sealers and Waterproofers for Extending the Life Cycle of Concrete PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 39p AB - Concrete pavements represent a large portion of the transportation infrastructure. While the vast majority of concrete pavements provide excellent long‐term performance, a portion of these pavements have recently shown premature joint deterioration. Substantial interest has developed in understanding why premature joint deterioration is being observed in jointed portland cement concrete pavements (PCCP). While some have attributed this damage to insufficient air void systems, poor mixture design, or chemical reaction between the salt and the paste, it is the hypothesis of this work that a component of this damage can be attributed to fluid absorption at the joints and chemical reactions between the salt and chemistry of the matrix. This paper discusses the role of soy methyl ester‐polystyrene blends (SME‐PS) as a potential method to extend the service life of concrete pavements by limiting the ingress of salt solutions. The report discusses field application of the SME‐PS blends for field investigation in Lafayette and Fishers. Low temperature‐differential scanning calorimetry (LT‐DSC) techniques identified noticeable differences between plain mortar samples and mortar treated with SME‐PS. The report also discusses the development of a test to assess chloride solution ingress during temperature cycling. The aim of this work is to provide background on some aspects that can lead to joint deterioration and provide early documentation showing that sealers may help to reduce the impact of deicers on joint damage, thereby extending the life of the concrete pavement. It should be noted that these sites as well as others are still ongoing and should be monitored for long term performance. Application procedure for SME‐PS should follow manufacturer’s recommendation. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Polystyrene KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing compounds UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316002 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594509 AU - Saksena, Siddharth AU - Merwade, Venkatesh AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Relating Design Storm Events to Ordinary High Water Marks in Indiana PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 18p AB - Hydraulic design and environmental permitting are heavily dependent upon Ordinary High Water Marks (OHWM) because they define the active river channel. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) use OHWM for regulation of the “Waters of the United States” as well as for flood and draught management. Current methods to determine OHWM are based on detailed on‐site surveys to identify physical characteristics like scouring, deposition around the banks, absence of vegetation and water staining. These characteristics are site specific so there are fluctuations in measurements based on the water body, weather conditions, channel morphology, slope, fluvial patterns and size of the channel. A more reliable way to estimate this variable for hydraulic design is required that is based on storm recurrence intervals. Hydrologic and hydraulic modeling is used to relate OHWM to storm recurrence intervals by analyzing hydraulic and hydrologic parameters corresponding to design streamflow events for 26 watersheds (drainage area less than 200 square miles) in Indiana. The results show that the recurrence intervals of OHWM are actually smaller (less than 1 year) than the bank‐full discharge intervals of 1.5‐2 years which suggests that OHWM correspond to channel flows much smaller than bank‐full discharge. Further analysis using the discharge‐return period flow duration curves shows that the OHWM recurrence intervals have a fairly distributed range (0.73‐1.12 years) and do not have a fixed recurrence interval. Trend analysis using Mann‐Kendall test suggested that five hydrologic/hydraulic variables have a significant trend with OHWM discharges with drainage area, watershed slope and 2‐year flow being the most significant. Regional equations are developed for Northern, Central and Southern Indiana to estimate OHWM discharges based on hydrologic/hydraulic parameter estimation using multiple and step‐wise liner regression. Using these equations, it is possible to estimate OHWM occurrence discharges fairly accurately. KW - Discharge (Flood) KW - Indiana KW - Methodology KW - Storms KW - Time intervals KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316004 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593723 AU - Poros, John AU - Morton, Brian J AU - Huegy, Joseph AU - Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - A Regional Land Use-Transportation Decision Support Tool for Mississippi PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 117p AB - The Mississippi Hills National Heritage Area was historically known for agriculture and furniture manufacture, but now a high-tech, transportation-based economy is emerging. Toyota recently opened a vehicle factory that will employ 2,000 people in a village west of Tupelo. Another quite different development is simultaneously occurring. The 43-mile Tanglefoot Trail was recently opened, built on the GM&O Railroad line linking Houston to New Albany. The current development pattern is a fascinating juxtaposition of historical small towns and a 21st-century boom driven by the automobile/aerospace economy. Two starkly different futures may be easily imagined. In one, Tupelo continues to expand at a rapid pace and New Albany also expands, but they eclipse the region’s smaller and declining towns. An alternative development pattern would spread growth among Houston, Pontotoc, New Albany, and Tupelo. The project conducted build-out analyses, prepared renderings of different development visions, and developed an integrated land use – travel demand model to assess the household travel behavior that could be induced by two hypothetical development scenarios. In one scenario, growth in population and commercial establishments is concentrated in New Albany and Tupelo. In the other, growth occurs in New Albany and Tupelo as well as Houston and Pontotoc. KW - Decision support systems KW - Economic growth KW - Forecasting KW - Land use KW - Mississippi KW - Population growth KW - Regional planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand UR - http://stride.ce.ufl.edu/uploads/docs/STRIDE_2012-003S_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587665 AU - Ban, Xuegang (Jeff) AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Network System Effects of Mileage Fee PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 41p AB - This project presents a comprehensive investigation about the network effects of mileage fee (MF) to facilitate the developments of proper MF policies. After a practice scan and a review of the recent literature on MF, a multi-class mathematical programming with equilibrium constraint (MC-MPEC) is proposed to capture the optimal MF charging problem from a network perspective. The MC-MPEC problem is then solved and tested on two illustrative networks to show the MF network effect. Two important implications for practical implementations arising in the investigation are to model the target revenue as a constraint and to model the upper bound of the unit flat fee. The model is general, which can capture the three fee policies and model different objectives commonly used for MF. Different scenarios are tested and analyzed using two hypothetical traffic networks. KW - Literature reviews KW - Mileage-based user fees KW - Policy KW - Programming (Mathematics) KW - Revenues UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Network-System-Effects.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1394944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581085 AU - Shuman, Valerie AU - Waisley, Michael AU - Schroeder, Jeremy AU - Brydia, Robert AU - Battelle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Next Generation Traveler Information System: A Five Year Outlook, Final Report PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 76p AB - Traveler information is in a state of significant growth and evolution. User expectations, technologies, and the roles of the major public and private participants in the transportation ecosystem are all in motion. Traditional approaches to planning for stable, long term solutions do not work well in the face of constant consumer and technology change. This report is intended to help agencies plan the next generation traveler information system so that they stay in step with their customers and with transportation network management needs. It provides a current snapshot of status in key areas such as traveler needs, technology trends, and business models. Against this backdrop, the report provides guidance on operational and technical best practices that can be used by public agencies as they develop next generation traveler information systems (NGTIS). These best practices are designed to help agencies optimize their operational approaches to provide travelers with improved functionality and generate desired transportation outcomes. KW - Best practices KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Transportation departments KW - Transportation planning KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop15029/fhwahop15029.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580947 AU - Jacobs Engineering Group AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADOT Statewide Shoulders Study Final Report PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 216p AB - Located adjacent to a roadway's travel lanes, highway shoulders are essential components on any road section. This study was initiated to develop a prioritized list of candidate locations for shoulder improvements in Arizona. The need for this study stems directly from Arizona Department of Transportation's (ADOT’s) desire to increase safety and mobility along the Arizona State Highway System. Currently, there is no statewide or ADOT Engineering District-wide listing of prioritized locations for shoulder improvement projects. As the first statewide, shoulder improvement prioritization project conducted in Arizona, a methodology needed to be developed that utilized available data to accurately identify deficiencies. This document serves as guidance for determining priority roadway segments within each ADOT District and throughout the State that require funding. A list of shoulder improvement locations was developed and evaluated for feasibility and cost-effectiveness. KW - Arizona KW - Construction projects KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Methodology KW - Road shoulders KW - Transportation planning UR - http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/statepubs/id/28230 UR - https://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/Multimodal_Planning_Division/Studies/Statewide_Shoulders_Study-FR-1508.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56100/56198/Statewide_Shoulders_Study-FR-1508-Part1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580945 AU - Schneider, William AU - Crow, Mallory AU - Holik, William A AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigate Plow Blade Optimization PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 149p AB - The main technique for removing accumulated snow from roadways is through the use of snow plows and snow plow blades (blades), or cutting edges. The blade is bolted to the snow plow, and it is the component of the plowing system that makes contact with the roadway surface. Multiple blades are currently on the market that may last longer than the standard Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) steel blades, which encouraged ODOT to pursue further research to compare the cost-effectiveness of using the specialty blades compared to the costs for using ODOT’s current flame-hardened steel blade (standard blade) and procedures for replacing these standard blades. As with any new equipment, a thorough assessment of the various specialty blades is needed in order to determine which, if any, are prudent to implement. The blades tested during this study included standard flame hardened steel in various configurations, carbide tipped, JOMA, PolarFlex, and BlockBuster XL Classic. During field research activities, data must be collected at multiple locations throughout the entire winter season, at any time of day, and for any length of time. The optimal way to collect such a large amount of data is through video recording. For this purpose, the research team acquired a digital video recorder (DVR) equipped with a global positioning system (GPS) and an infrared vision camera for each truck in the study. Blade measurements are taken periodically to track the wear of each blade. When analyzing the data from first year, the results indicated implementing the carbide and XL Classic blades will result in a cost savings. The remaining blades would cost more to utilize than the equivalent number of standard blades. The second year data results in a savings from the all blades test except the single stacked carbide tipped blade and the truck with a standard blade but no counterbalance. When reviewing two years of data an average savings of $778 per PolarFlex blade and $426 per XL Classic blade implemented in place of a standard blade. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Field studies KW - Ohio KW - Optimization KW - Snowplows KW - Video KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/12839 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580944 AU - Akar, Gulsah AU - Gordon, Steven I AU - Zhang, Yuan AU - Chen, Na AU - Park, Mi Young AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Supercomputer Center AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Linking Land Use and Travel in Ohio: Vehicle Choice and Decline Components PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 134p AB - This study adds two new components to the Regional Land Use Allocation Decision Analysis Tool, which was developed for Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) in 2013. This tool uses information on infrastructure availability (accessibility, sewer, water services), current land-use policies where available, and environmental constraints to allocate regional and county forecasts of population and employment to 40 acre cells in each metropolitan region of Ohio. This information is then used in subsequent transportation models to estimate the number of auto trips, trip distances and the resulting vehicle miles travelled (VMT). This study adds two critical components to this model: vehicle choice and a better understanding of the impacts of declines in population and employment. The outputs of the revised land-allocation tool provide population and employment distribution to forecast auto trips, vehicle type distribution and trip distances at the traffic analysis zone (TAZ) level for each future scenario. KW - Employment KW - Forecasting KW - Infrastructure KW - Land use planning KW - Ohio KW - Population KW - Travel demand KW - Trip generation KW - Trip length KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/12899 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580347 AU - Raghunathan, Deepak AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Vermont Demonstration Project: Stockbridge-Bethel Roadway Reclamation Project PY - 2015/08//Final Technical Brief SP - 22p AB - As a part of the HIghways for LIFE (HfL) initiative, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provided a $1,900,000 grant to the Vermont Agency of Transportation for the Stockbridge-Bethel roadway reclamation project. The Stockbridge-Bethel project involved reclaiming the roadway that spanned 9.7 miles over VT RT-107 from the new through-truss bridge in the town of Bethel to Stockbridge, where RT-107 intersects VT Route 100. The work performed on this project included cold planing, reclamation of the existing roadway, base stabilization, superelevation and other minor geometric improvements, resurfacing with new base, intermediate, and wearing surfaces, new pavement markings, guardrail improvements, drainage improvements, and other incidental items. The project scope also included the construction of a new park and ride facility. The Stockbridge-Bethel roadway reclamation project included the use of the following technologies: Global positioning system (GPS) surveying equipment; GPS-equipped machine graders; Intelligent compaction (IC) equipment mounted on both dirt and pavement rollers; and Infrared thermal imaging equipment mounted on the back of the paver. These technologies helped with the real-time monitoring of roadway construction and served as important quality assurance tools to both the contractor and the resident engineer over the duration of the project. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Global Positioning System KW - Graders KW - Highways for LIFE KW - Intelligent compaction KW - Monitoring KW - Quality assurance KW - Road construction KW - Surveying KW - Technological innovations KW - Thermal imaging KW - Vermont UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hfl/summary/pdf_2/vermont-rt107-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580345 AU - Bhajandas, Amar AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pennsylvania Demonstration Project: Rehabilitation of SR 3011, Keyser Avenue, Lackawanna County PY - 2015/08//Final Technical Brief SP - 32p AB - As a part of the Highways for LIFE (HfL) initiative, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provided a $1 million grant to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) to rehabilitate a 3.815-mile-long section of SR 3011 in Lackawanna County. The overall intent of the project is to demonstrate and encourage PennDOT district representatives and construction industry leaders to implement innovations such as road safety audits (RSAs), warm mix asphalt (WMA), intelligent compaction, Safety Edge, and longitudinal joint best practices. This multi-year project is scheduled for completion in October 2015. This report documents project progress until the end of February 2015 and primarily details the RSA that was completed. The remaining innovations are targeted for completion during the 2015 construction season. Mainline paving is scheduled to start in July 2015. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Highways for LIFE KW - Lackawanna County (Pennsylvania) KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Road safety audits KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hfl/summary/pdf_2/pa-keyser-ave-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580340 AU - Bhajandas, Amar AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rhode Island Demonstration Project: Replacement of East Shore Expressway Bridge No. 475 over Warren Ave. PY - 2015/08//Final Technical Brief SP - 16p AB - As a part of the Highways for LIFE (HfL) initiative, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provided a waiver to the State match requirement to the Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) to replace Bridge No. 475, East Shore Expressway over Warren Avenue, East Providence. The project’s innovative aspects include the use of a self-propelled modular transporter (SPMT), which is a computer-controlled platform vehicle capable of moving objects weighing up to several thousand tons. Other innovations on the project include geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) and precast bridge elements. Using these innovations will accelerate construction, minimize traffic impacts, reduce congestion, and improve quality. The project will provide RIDOT personnel with valuable experience in these technologies. The project is anticipated to be advertised for construction in fall 2015. KW - Bridge construction KW - Demonstration projects KW - East Providence (Rhode Island) KW - Geosynthetics KW - Highways for LIFE KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Prefabricated bridges KW - Self-propelled modular transporters KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hfl/summary/pdf_2/rhode-island-rt114-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580336 AU - Raghunathan, Deepak AU - Applied Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Utah Demonstration Project: Route 6 Spanish Fork Bridge Deck Replacement PY - 2015/08//Final Technical Brief SP - 28p AB - As a part of the HIghways for LIFE (HfL) initiative, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provided a $500,000 grant to the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) to replace a structurally deficient deck of bridge C-679 that carries US-6 over the D&RGW railroad line near the US-6 and I-15 interchange south of the Provo area. The railroad carried approximately 8 to 25 trains every day. The existing US-6 bridge is located just west of the US-6/US-89 intersection (Moark Junction) at approximately milepost (MP) 177.88. This portion of US-6 serves as a gateway between the Wasatch Front, recreational areas, and transportation corridors like I-70. The C-679 bridge, located at the mouth of Spanish Fork Canyon and spanning two sets of Union Pacific railroad tracks, provided connectivity to I‐15 for recreational vehicles, commuters, and commerce. Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPC) was the primary innovation on this project, which faced some design challenges that resulted from the bridge skew of approximately 46 degrees and the bridge reverse superelevation because of its location at the intersection of two reverse horizontal curves. The large skew, varying superelevation, and three-span configuration made this bridge a good candidate for the use of UHPC at the joints and closure pours between precast deck panels to provide a new deck for the bridge. The project involved 2 construction phases, Phase I and Phase II, wherein existing bridge decks, asphalt overlay, and parapets were removed, and new precast concrete parapet and deck panels placed. There were no worker injuries reported during the construction period. Thus, the contractor exceeded the HfL goal for worker safety (incident rate of less than 4.0 based on the OSHA 300 rate). There was one work zone related crash/motorist injury during construction. However, the crash was unrelated to the work zone features or the work done during construction. The total funding on this project was $3,059,468, and project expenditures totaled $2,891,688. KW - Bridge deck replacement KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction costs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Highways for LIFE KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Skew bridges KW - Superelevation KW - Technological innovations KW - Ultra high performance concrete KW - Utah KW - Work zone safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hfl/summary/pdf_2/utah-rt%206-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579883 AU - Gorham, John AU - Black, Beran AU - Real, William AU - Niewola, Carol AU - Bothner, Wallace A AU - Gress, David AU - Jacobs Engineering Group Incorporated AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improve the Quality and Service Life of Water-based Pavement Marking Paints on Pavements with High-Iron Aggregates PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 244p AB - White pavement paint marking on airport runways was being discolored by rust-like staining. Discoloration is a critical safety problem because white paint indicates runways and yellow paint is used for taxiways and aircraft parking. When the white paint is stained it becomes more difficult to distinguish from the yellow paint. This study determined the cause of the discoloration was from the ferrous minerals found in the pavement aggregates. The study included contacting the industry for methods to extend the service life of pavement paint markings. Water blasting the paint to remove the rust and/or using a modified Federal Specification TT-P-1952E water-borne paint has proven to mitigate the staining. In addition, staining can be reduced by applying a protective coating over the paint; pretreating the asphalt; or using alternative pavement marking materials. Life-cycle cost analyses identified the modified Type III water-borne paint with Type III beads to be the least costly of the proven and potential methods presented. KW - Aggregates KW - Airport runways KW - Airport surface traffic control KW - Aviation safety KW - Iron oxides KW - Life cycle costing KW - Paint KW - Road marking materials KW - Service life UR - http://www.nh.gov/dot/org/projectdevelopment/materials/research/projects/documents/15680J-FINALREPORT.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579633 AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Multimodal Transportation Indicators August 2015 PY - 2015/08 SP - 30p AB - This document presents economic indicators from 2004 through 2015 for multimodal transportation. Data includes: fatalities, the Transportation Services Index, personal spending on transportation, transportation employment, trade with Canada and Mexico, fuel prices, air fares, freight rail yields, passengers, ridership, freight usage, on-time performance, and construction spending. KW - Economic indicators KW - Employment KW - Fares KW - Fatalities KW - Multimodal transportation KW - On time performance KW - Passengers KW - Ridership KW - Transportation Service Index KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/mti08_2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579620 AU - Hadi, Mohammed AU - Elefteriadou, Lily AU - Xiao, Yan AU - Kondyli, Alexandra AU - Darroudi, Ali AU - Letter, Clark AU - Florida International University, Miami AU - University of Florida Transportation Institute AU - Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Florida Department of Transportation TI - Investigation of ATDM Strategies to Reduce the Probability of Breakdown PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 201p AB - Advanced Traffic and Demand Management (ATDM) strategies are increasingly being considered to reduce the probability and impacts of traffic flow breakdown. The goal of this project is to explore and assess methods to improve the operations at critical bottlenecks utilizing ramp metering and variable speed limit (VSL) algorithms that consider the probability of breakdown at recurrent bottleneck locations. The assessment of these ATDM strategies is based on microscopic simulation modeling. Existing simulation model calibration procedures and guidelines are first examined and enhancements are proposed in this study to account for the breakdown characteristics at bottleneck locations in the calibration process. Various modifications are proposed to the existing fuzzy logic ramp metering system with the consideration of the probability of breakdown. The impacts of these modifications are evaluated using the calibrated simulation model. The results indicate that the probability of breakdown modifications may be able to provide some limited operational improvement at specific bottlenecks and/or along the entire network. However, there is no clear pattern regarding when these improvements can be observed and how different traffic demand levels may affect the impact of these modifications. Using an activation threshold to turn on ramp meters seems to be a viable alternative to time of day operation. This would allow less operator involvement and allow the activation process to become demand sensitive. In addition, this study developed a shockwave-based VSL system which uses a heuristic switching logic based controller with specified thresholds of prevailing traffic flow condition locations. This VSL strategy aims to improve operations and mobility at critical bottlenecks. The performance of the proposed method was tested in simulation assuming that the data required by the method is collected first using traffic detectors and then using Connected Vehicles. The results show that the considered VSL strategy can considerably decrease the maximum back of queue and the duration of breakdown KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Algorithms KW - Bottlenecks KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel demand management KW - Variable speed limits UR - http://stride.ce.ufl.edu/uploads/docs/ATDM_FinalReport_Hadi.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579613 AU - Copperman, Rachel AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Southeast Florida Transportation Council (SEFTC) Peer Review PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 31p AB - This report details the proceedings of a peer review of the Southeast Florida Transportation Council’s (SEFTC) transportation model. The peer review was intended to aid SEFTC in calibration and validation of its new regional travel model and to help guide the data collection activities SEFTC pursues. KW - Calibration KW - Data collection KW - Peer review KW - Southeast Florida KW - Travel demand KW - Travel Model Improvement Program KW - Validation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/tmip/resources/peer_review_program/seftc/fhwahep15060.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579611 AU - Blandford, Benjamin AU - Shouse, Michael AU - Ripy, John AU - Kentucky Transportation Center AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A GIS-Based Expert Systems Predictive Habitat Model for Threatened and Endangered Species: Case Study Using Kentucky Arrow Darter PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 29p AB - This study presents a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based predictive habitat suitability model for the Kentucky arrow darter (Etheostoma spilotum), a fish species of the upper Kentucky River basin that is a candidate for federal listing by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The model is based on previous work: the development of a similar predictive model for identifying the habitat of the blackside dace, a threatened minnow species of the upper Cumberland River basin in Southeastern Kentucky. The research describes a weighted, rules-based system which incorporates expert knowledge about habitat preferences for the arrow darter. For this model, five habitat factors were identified by experts as essential to modeling the habitat: stream gradient, canopy coverage, land cover, riparian zone width, and stream order. Using a GIS, the five habitat factors were parameterized and combined across the entire Kentucky River basin stream network. Experts evaluated combinations of habitat factors to determine habitat suitability. Using locational modeling statistics, the resulting model was tested against known Kentucky arrow darter occurrences. The analysis demonstrated successful identification of streams where the arrow darter was likely — and unlikely — to exist. Model results could be useful to transportation planners, particularly when determining sensitive landscape that could be impacted by transportation planning processes. This model may help planners save money on habitat mitigation when transportation initiatives take place in known unsuitable arrow darter habitats. A GIS model similar to the one developed in this study may be applicable to other endangered species. KW - Case studies KW - Endangered species KW - Expert systems KW - Fishes KW - Geographic information systems KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Kentucky KW - Streams KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2015/09/KTC_15_10_SPR14_483_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579260 AU - Martin, Andrew AU - Gibson, Bryan AU - Walton, Jennifer AU - Bell, Mark AU - Kentucky Transportation Center AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of IRP Truck Licensing for Ohio Counties PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 150p AB - Ohio officials are concerned with the disconnect causing an International Registration Plan (IRP) revenue shortfall. County governments and taxing districts are not given enough IRP revenue to correct the amount of pavement damage caused by commercial vehicles on local roads. Researchers determined the disconnect stems from a combination of Ohio’s IRP distribution process and the growing phenomenon of “jurisdiction shopping”, which is where companies register trucks in an IRP jurisdiction that is not the vehicle’s primary domicile location. Doing this saves the company money on non-IRP taxes and fees. Although IRP fees are still apportioned based on miles traveled, the money is distributed to counties and taxing districts differently than if the vehicle was registered in Ohio. Currently, there are more than 20,000 vehicles belonging to a company with a primary address in Ohio, but registered in another jurisdiction. The result is significant revenue impacts on Ohio counties, municipalities, and townships. In 2015, the authors predict the direct and indirect impacts will be $10.13 million for counties, $2.89 million for municipalities, and $684,997 for townships. The cumulative effect for all counties and taxing districts is as much as $13.7 million, although the true impact is potentially higher when additional factors are taken into account. KW - Counties KW - International Registration Plan KW - Ohio KW - Registration KW - Revenues KW - Taxes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle fleets UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/12898 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579235 AU - Tao, Junliang AU - Liang, Robert AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stabilization of Peat Deposits for Roadway Construction and Remediation PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 85p AB - Peat, a soil with very high organic content, is often encountered in roadway construction in Ohio, especially in Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) Districts 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12. Roadways constructed on peat often experience premature distress in the form of rutting, cracking and differential settlement. There is a pressing need for ODOT to identify cost effective remedial methods that would provide a permanent solution for existing pavements on peat. The outcome of Phase I is expected to provide ODOT a selection toolbox for peat treatment in roadway construction and maintenance. Based on comprehensive literature review, a total of 24 technically sound ground improvement technologies were identified. 13 most promising technologies were selected for detailed review. These 13 technologies are rated considering the mature level of the technology, the project requirements, the improvement performance. A decision tree was also developed considering technologies’ applicability and limitations. To perform cost analysis, the cost information for each technology is first collected from a variety of reliable sources. The cost estimation formulae including construction cost and user cost were established considering design requirements of each technology. The sensitivity of the cost on project scale was studied and recommendations were made on technology selection based on project scale and subsurface ground conditions. It was found that the proposed Geosynthetics Encased Foam Column method is most cost effective for projects with shallow treatment depth. Efforts were also made to collect and synthesize historical subsurface ground exploration data at problematic roadway sections in ODOT District 4. It is recommended to conduct a small scale field trial to further evaluate the performance of the proposed ground improvement method. KW - Costs KW - Decision trees KW - Literature reviews KW - Ohio KW - Pavement distress KW - Peat soils KW - Recommendations KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subsoil KW - Technological innovations UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/12897 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579189 AU - Zimmerman, Carol AU - Klein, Rachel AU - Schroeder, Jeremy AU - Pessaro, Brian AU - Burris, Mark AU - Turnbull, Katie AU - Joy, Barbara AU - Schreffler, Eric AU - Battelle AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Contemporary Approaches to Congestion Pricing: Lessons Learned from the National Evaluation of Congestion Pricing Strategies at Six Sites PY - 2015/08 SP - 64p AB - This document represents the final report of the national evaluation of congestion reduction strategies at six sites that received federal funding under the Urban Partnership Agreement (UPA) and Congestion Reduction Demonstration (CRD) programs. The six sites, or “urban partners,” were Atlanta, Georgia; Los Angeles, California; Miami, Florida; Minneapolis, Minnesota; San Francisco, California; and Seattle, Washington. Each site implemented a comprehensive policy response to urban congestion that included four essential components known as the “4 Ts”: 1) tolling (or congestion pricing), 2) enhanced transit services, 3) telecommuting and other transportation demand management (TDM) strategies, and 4) advanced technology. The U.S. Department of Transportation sponsored an independent national evaluation of the multi-year, multi-site demonstration of congestion pricing and other supporting strategies. The contents of this “lessons learned” report are derived from the national evaluation and represent a cross-cutting review and assessment of the impacts of the six projects. The findings will be useful to state and regional agencies interested in advancing new congestion pricing programs or expanding programs already in place. The report notes the strategies that worked well across sites and those that did not. The findings are presented in the following sections: Growth and Change in Usage, Congestion Performance, Transit Performance, Telecommuting and TDM Performance, Environmental Impacts, Benefit-Cost Analysis, Equity and Congestion Pricing, Technology Performance, The Deployment Experience, Operational Impacts, and the Long-Term Effects of the UPA/CRD Projects at the Six Sites. KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Congestion management systems KW - Congestion pricing KW - Environmental impacts KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Evaluation KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Miami (Florida) KW - Minneapolis (Minnesota) KW - Public transit KW - San Francisco (California) KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Telecommuting KW - Travel demand management KW - Urban areas KW - Urban Partnership Agreement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55600/55668/UPA_2015_Final_9-17-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01577521 AU - Smith, Scott AU - Bellone, Jeffrey AU - Bransfield, Stephen AU - Ingles, Amy AU - Noel, George AU - Reed, Erin AU - Yanagisawa, Mikio AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Department of Transportation TI - Benefits Estimation Framework for Automated Vehicle Operations PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 94p AB - Automated vehicles have the potential to bring about transformative safety, mobility, energy, and environmental benefits to the surface transportation system. They are also being introduced into a complex transportation system, where second-order impacts, such as the possibility of increased vehicle-miles traveled, are of significant concern. Given the complexity of the impacts, a modeling framework is needed to ensure that they are adequately captured. This report presents a framework for estimating the potential benefits and dis-benefits of technologies contributing to the automation of the Nation’s surface transportation system. Components of the framework include (1) Safety: exposure to near-crash situations, crash prevention, and crash severity reduction; (2) Vehicle mobility: vehicle throughput, both in car following situations and at intersections; (3) Energy / environment: fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions; (4) Accessibility: personal mobility, for motorists and nonmotorists; (5) Transportation system usage: response of travelers to changes in mobility and accessibility, as well as potential new modes of transportation such as increased car sharing; (6) Land use: effects of automation on land use, and (7) Economic analysis: the macro-economic impacts of all of the above changes. KW - Benefits KW - Economic analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Land use KW - Methodology KW - Mobility KW - Pollutants KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55400/55443/AVBenefitFrameworkFinalReport082615_Cover1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370427 ER - TY - SER AN - 01577511 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Muench, Steve AU - Van Dam, Tom TI - Climate Change Adaptation for Pavements PY - 2015/08 SP - 12p AB - Climate change can and is producing a wide array of impacts that affect infrastructure on a broad scale. An infrastructure asset’s vulnerability to climate change is highly context sensitive, with its location and the adaptive capacity of local businesses, governments, and communities all being influential. Much has been written generally about climate change and its impacts on transportation systems, and literature is now emerging on how climate change specifically affects pavement systems and what adaptation strategies might be pursued. However, at the level of pavement systems, the state of the practice is largely limited to general observations and is lacking with regards to specific adaptation strategies. This Tech Brief provides an overview of climate change and pavement-specific impacts, and then addresses specific pavement adaptation strategies that can be implemented now and in the future. KW - Climate change KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Weather conditions UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/sustainability/hif15015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01577116 AU - Martin, James B AU - Bailey, Nancy R AU - Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - LEGO Robot Vehicle Afterschool Workshops: Transportation Engineering Problem Solving (Year 1 & 2) PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 21p AB - “LEGO® Robot Vehicle Lesson Plans for Secondary Education – A Recruitment Tool for Transportation Engineering” was a workforce development project that was used to introduce students at the middle school level to congestion mitigation solution research, describing the importance of modeling and assessment of advanced technologies and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) with respect to congestion mitigation; and improvements of traffic signal systems to reduce delays in urban corridors. Students used computers, basic computer programming, mathematics, and robots as tools. They were introduced to transportation engineering as a career and were shown how science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) subjects apply to the field. Through the material presented in the lesson plans, the students developed an understanding of the work involved in transportation engineering. The lesson plans were used to show the students how transportation affects society as a whole and teach them how the use of advanced technology is integral to solving current and future transportation problems. Students were able to relate what they were learning about technology and engineering through hands-on exercises that employed elements of math and science. This workforce development project was funded for two years (2012 and 2013). KW - Education KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Middle school students KW - Robotics KW - Technology KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation careers KW - Transportation engineering KW - Workshops UR - http://stride.ce.ufl.edu/uploads/docs/STRIDE_LEGO_Robot_FinalReport_Martin_2912-FINAL.pdf UR - http://stride.ce.ufl.edu/uploads/docs/STRIDE_LEGO_Robot_FinalReport_Martin_Year_1_and_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01577107 AU - Giannini, Eric R AU - Lindly, Jay AU - Dunn, J Riley AU - University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AU - University Transportation Center for Alabama AU - Alabama Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Comparative Evaluation of Concrete Bridge Deck Sealers PY - 2015/08 SP - 103p AB - The main objective of this research was to compare the performance of five bridge deck sealer products using a synthesis of two testing methods: National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 244 Series II tests and standards developed by the Alberta Ministry of Transportation (BT Series). This research also sought to develop an improved method for future evaluation of bridge deck sealer products for the Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT). The sealer products were evaluated for their resistance to moisture and chloride ingress, performance after simulated traffic wear, and depth of sealer penetration into the concrete. The products tested included four epoxy-based sealer products and one sodium silicate sealer product. The sealers were evaluated on three different concrete mix designs representing the range of bridge deck concrete in service with ALDOT. Concrete cube specimens were fabricated, sealed, conditioned, and subjected to different tests. One test evaluated the waterproofing performance of sealers before and after abrasive conditioning (representing traffic wear). Another test determined the products’ ability to resist chloride penetration and their waterproofing performance in a saltwater solution. The chloride content was measured by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Sealer penetration depth was determined by a dye method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Initial (pre-abrasion) waterproofing performance results generally showed a good correlation to chloride resistance. XRF and titration analyses provided nearly identical results for measuring chlorides in concrete; however, XRF is a preferred method for determination of chloride content because it is much faster than titration. Two epoxy sealers outperformed all products for all evaluation criteria. A third epoxy sealer had good overall performance, but many specimens sealed with this product developed cracks that warranted further investigation. The sodium silicate sealer performed poorly compared to all four epoxy-based sealers. The epoxy-based sealers did not exhibit any measurable sealer penetration into the concrete and the sodium silicate sealer penetrated less than 100 µm into the concrete. KW - Alabama KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete bridges KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Electron microscopy KW - Sealing compounds KW - Spectroscopy KW - Waterproofing UR - http://utca.eng.ua.edu/files/2015/09/14401-Final-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576286 AU - Tsai, Yichang (James) AU - Wang, Zhaohua AU - Georgia Institute of Technology AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Detecting Asphalt Pavement Raveling Using Emerging 3D Laser Technology and Macrotexture Analysis PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 64p AB - This research project comprehensively tested and validated the automatic raveling detection, classification, and measurement algorithms using 3D laser technology that were developed through a project sponsored by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) program. The raveling condition survey protocol used in the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) was adopted in the testing and validation, though it can be easily extended to other highway agencies’ protocols. Four miles of test sections on I-85 and the entire asphalt pavements (61 miles) on I-285 were selected for validating the developed algorithms. The ground truth data was established by in-field investigation and in-office review of videolog images and 3D laser data with the help of GDOT’s pavement engineers. The results have demonstrated the promising capabilities of automatically detecting and measuring asphalt pavement raveling using the developed algorithms and 3D laser technology to assist in transportation agencies’ raveling data collection. Potentially, it will save tremendous manual effort for field surveys, improve data accuracy, and help highway agencies make more informed decisions on pavement maintenance and rehabilitation. KW - Algorithms KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Georgia KW - Lasers KW - Macrotexture KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/13-18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576280 AU - Mazzae, Elizabeth N AU - Baldwin, G H Scott AU - Andrella, Adam AU - Smith, Larry A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Adaptive Driving Beam Headlighting System Glare Assessment PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 201p AB - This report summarizes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA’s) evaluation of existing European adaptive driving beam headlighting systems. “Adaptive Driving Beam" (ADB) is a type of adaptive front-lighting system that automatically enables upper beam headlamps and adapts their beam patterns to create a shaded area around oncoming and preceding vehicles to improve long-range visibility for the driver without causing discomfort, distraction, or glare to other road users. In recent years, Europe and Japan have begun to allow adaptive beam headlighting systems as optional equipment. Using Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) test procedure maneuver scenarios for ADB and glare limit values derived from current static beam pattern information in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 108, the amount of glare cast on other vehicles by ADB systems was assessed. Overall in these tests, ADB was shown to have the ability to dynamically adapt the headlamp beams to shade oncoming and preceding vehicles. However, in many cases, ADB illuminance levels exceeded that of lower beam mode in the location of other vehicles. In particular, tested ADB systems exceeded derived lower beam glare limit values in curve scenarios involving both the ADB-equipped vehicle and other vehicle moving, and in intersection scenarios. Some ADB systems were also unable to control glare to lower beam levels in scenarios involving a motorcycle. This effort was successful in objectively assessing the performance of European ADB headlighting systems. A comprehensive objective test procedure was achieved. The test procedure was developed based on driving scenarios from the ECE R48 test procedure and incorporated use of the glare limit values derived from existing static beam pattern requirements of FMVSS No. 108. Existing FMVSS No. 108 requirements and the work summarized here together can provide a basis for performance criteria and an objective test procedure for ADB headlighting systems. KW - Adaptive control KW - Evaluation KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/NVS/Crash Avoidance/Technical Publications/2015/812174_LightingADB.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369980 ER - TY - SER AN - 01576265 JO - Exploratory Advanced Research Program Fact Sheet PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Automated Video Analysis Analyzing Large Quantities of Transportation Research Data PY - 2015/08 SP - 2p AB - The second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Safety research area has produced unprecedented data for highway researchers in the form of the naturalistic driving study (NDS). With approximately 2 petabytes of data available to researchers, most of which is video data, new automated tools for data extraction and analysis are required. Developing a prototype tool was the goal of the Exploratory Advanced Research (EAR) Program project, “Machine Learning for Automated Analysis of Large Volumes of Highway Video.” The National Robotics Engineering Center, at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), conducted this research, which was funded by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in 2012. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Data analysis KW - Information processing KW - Prototypes KW - Research projects KW - Video UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/15070/15070.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576255 AU - Machemehl, Randy AU - Gemar, Mason AU - Fan, Wei AU - University of Texas, Tyler AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forecasting Models to Investigate Future Uncertain Purchase Costs Due to Technology Changes, and Estimate Down Time Costs and Operating and Maintenance Costs PY - 2015/08 SP - 61p AB - The purpose of this task was to investigate future uncertain purchase costs due to technology changes and recommend feasible ways to model the future purchase costs given the historical data. The original approach was to incorporate models developed as part of project 0- 6412 into the software; however, issues were discovered with these forecasting methods and modifications to the strategy were considered and, ultimately, implemented. Based on the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Texas Equipment Replacement Model (TERM) data, the research team developed five different types of models (including Linear/Polynomial/Logarithm/Exponential/Power models) in TERM2 as results of project 0-6412 to investigate the future uncertain purchase costs due to technology changes using model year as the independent variable. Although the models seemed to perform well from a technical perspective, some purchase cost forecasts did not yield intuitive results. For some classcodes, even the best forecasting model derived from historical purchase cost data may yield negative forecasts for purchase cost due to the economic downturn that occurred in the latter years of the TERM data sets. The research team explored the use of both linear and nonlinear statistical modeling techniques, as well as strategies involving fixed increases to the forecasted purchase costs based on the inflation rate, to develop the best possible forecasts due to technology changes and other uncertainties. After a feasible (and potentially most desirable) way to model the future uncertain purchase costs was identified, it was incorporated into the TERM2 equipment replacement optimization software. In addition to developing models for estimating future uncertain purchase costs, the research team also explored the potential of emerging vehicle fuel technologies and their possible impacts on future purchase costs. Traditionally, the transportation industry relies heavily on conventional petroleum based fuels (diesel and gasoline). About two-thirds of U.S. petroleum demand is in the transportation sector and almost half of U.S. petroleum is imported. This high dependency on foreign petroleum supplies puts the United States at risk for trade deficits, supply disruption, and price changes. Development of new and alternative vehicle fuel technologies has the potential to reduce U.S. dependency on petroleum imports and provide future energy security. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Costs KW - Equipment replacement KW - Forecasting KW - Recommendations KW - Technological innovations KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Vehicle fleets KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/0-6693-P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576253 AU - Ashuri, Baabak AU - Kingsley, Gordon AU - Rogers, Juan AU - Gahrooei, Mostafa Reisi AU - Ilbeigi, Mohammad AU - Sung, Elie Ji-Yun AU - Toroghi, Shahaboddin (Sean) H AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Streamlining Project Delivery through Risk Analysis PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 200p AB - Project delivery is a significant area of concern and is subject to several risks throughout Plan Development Process (PDP). These risks are attributed to major areas of project development, such as environmental analysis, right-of-way (ROW) acquisition, utilities coordination, third-party agreements, etc. The major challenge for Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) is that the risks can negatively impact the project outcomes as cost overrun and schedule delay. However, if these risks could be identified early in the concept and scope development processes, their respective negative impacts on project outcomes could be reduced. The research objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive guidebook that advances the adoption of risk analysis tools in GDOT, in order to expedite project delivery. To achieve the research objective, various project risk management processes developed by different organizations were reviewed. Furthermore, current practice of risk management in different state DOTs were studied. Several state DOTs were surveyed and interviewed regarding their risk management programs. The results indicate that typically state DOTs determine the level and methods of risk management based on project size and complexity of the project. The level of risk management may vary from a simple risk register to a complex quantitative analysis. Then, a semi-structured interview was conducted with nine subject matter experts at GDOT. The key factors that influence risk management practices within GDOT were explored. The results were analyzed and a model explaining the current risk management practice and future needs was developed. A comprehensive list of potential risks for transportation projects was developed based on reviewing the academic/professional literature, current state of practice in risk management among leading state DOTs, and current state of practice of GDOT. During several meetings with higher level risk management experts at GDOT, the most important risks were indented and a short list of major potential risks was developed for each office at GDOT. Finally, a software tool specifically designed for identification and qualitative assessment of highway project risks during the pre-construction phase of the project was developed based on the shortlisted risk factors. The software program is equipped with the modification capability of adding new risk items and/or removing some of the predetermined risk factors from the assessment. KW - Construction projects KW - Georgia Department of Transportation KW - Project delivery KW - Risk management KW - Software KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the practice KW - Surveys UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/13-05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576250 AU - Gibbons, Ronald B AU - Meyer, Jason AU - Terry, Travis AU - Bhagavathula, Rajaram AU - Lewis, Alan AU - Flanagan, Michael AU - Connell, Caroline AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Impact of Spectral Power Distribution on Driver Performance PY - 2015/08 SP - 240p AB - This project is a complete investigation of the impact of light-source spectrum on driver visual performance. In a series of human factors experiments, the effect of overhead lighting and headlamp spectral power distribution was evaluated with respect to driver detection and recognition of large and small objects and pedestrians. The potential for applying mesopic multiplying factors to roadway lighting was also evaluated, as was a momentary peripheral illuminator system’s effects on driver visual performance and eye-glance behavior. The results indicate that, although the momentary peripheral illuminator improved one measure of pedestrian detection, it was also a distraction to drivers. The results also indicate that at higher speeds, neither light-source spectrum nor mesopic multiplying factors apply, but mesopic multiplying factors are applicable to lighting design for lower-speed roadways and other nondriving environments. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Eye movements KW - Headlamps KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Street lighting KW - Vision UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/15047/15047.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576236 AU - Hesse, Alex AU - Atadero, Rebecca AU - Ozbek, Mehmet AU - Colorado State University AU - Mountain-Plains Consortium AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Using Expert Opinion to Quantify Accuracy and Reliability of Nondestructive Evaluation on Bridges PY - 2015/08 SP - 93p AB - Bridge inspection is an important phase in bridge management. In 2009, a joint American Society of Civil Engineers Structural Engineering Institute and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Ad-Hoc group was created to identify the issues in bridge safety and to study current bridge practices. This group recommended: “A more rational, risk-based approach to determining the appropriate inspection intervals for bridges is needed, as opposed to a set twenty-four month cycle for all bridges.” The committee also recommended a wider use of Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) methods. The difficulty in increasing the use of these NDE methods is the increased costs and time spent. One way to deal with this is to implement risk-based planning. Although to do this, the accuracy, reliability, bias, and cost of each test must be quantified. This study attempts to quantify these parameters for common bridge NDE methods. This was done through two methods. First, a literature review was performed to determine common NDE methods and data were found for these methods. Second, a Delphi method survey was conducted to develop a broader range of data that matches real life practices. All of the data were then analyzed and conclusions were drawn to quantify the various parameters for these NDE methods. KW - Accuracy KW - Costs KW - Delphi method KW - Evaluation KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Literature reviews KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Reliability KW - Surveys UR - http://www.ugpti.org/resources/reports/downloads/mpc15-288.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576231 AU - Wei, Heng AU - Abrishami, Hedayat AU - Xiao, Xinhua AU - Karteek, Allam AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Adaptive Video-based Vehicle Classification Technique for Monitoring Traffic PY - 2015/08//Final Report SP - 66p AB - This report presents a methodology for extracting two vehicle features, vehicle length and number of axles in order to classify the vehicles from video, based on Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)’s recommended vehicle classification scheme. There are two stages regarding this classification. The first stage is the general classification that basically classifies vehicles into 4 categories or bins based on the vehicle length (i.e., 4-Bin length-based vehicle classification). The second stage is the axle-based group classification that classifies vehicles in more detailed classes of vehicles such as car, van, buses, based on the number of axles. The Rapid Video-based Vehicle Identification System (RVIS) model is developed based on image processing technique to enable identifying the number of vehicle axles. Also, it is capable of tackling group classification of vehicles that are defined by axles and vehicle length based on the FHWA’s vehicle classification scheme and standard lengths of 13 categorized vehicles. The RVIS model is tested with sample video data obtained on a segment of I-275 in the Cincinnati area, Ohio. The evaluation result shows a better 4-Bin length–based classification than the axle-based group classification. There may be two reasons. First, when a vehicle gets misclassified in 4-Bin classification, it will definitely be misclassified in axle-based group classification. The error of the 4-Bin classification will propagate to the axle-based group classification. Second, there may be some noises in the process of finding the tires and number of tires. The project result provides solid basis for integrating the RVIS that is particularly applicable to light traffic condition and the Vehicle Video-Capture Data Collector (VEVID), a semi-automatic tool to be particularly applicable to heavy traffic conditions, into a “hybrid” system in the future. Detailed framework and operation scheme for such an integration effort is provided in the project report. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Axles KW - Cincinnati (Ohio) KW - Image processing KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle length KW - Video UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/12837 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369969 ER -