TY - RPRT AN - 01625806 AU - Krile, Robert AU - Schroeder, Jeremy AU - Battelle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing Roadway Traffic Count Duration and Frequency Impacts on Annual Average Daily Traffic Estimation: Evaluating Special Event, Recreational Travel, and Holiday Traffic Variability PY - 2016/02 SP - 41p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Travel Monitoring Analysis System (TMAS) volume data were utilized from 418 sites/years in the United States where data were available for all 24 hours of every day of the year. These sites collectively represented a wide range of annual average daily traffic (AADT) volumes, 9 functional classes, 35 states, and years 2000 through 2012. The TMAS hourly data were converted to daily ratios of volume to the overall AADT for the site. These daily volume ratios were fit to statistical analysis of variance models to estimate the mean changes in volume for national holidays and the days surrounding them. Further subsets of sites were utilized to model the traffic impacts of roadways near recreational areas and associated with special events. The report includes the analysis methodology and summary statistics findings. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Continuous monitoring KW - Holidays KW - Recreational trips KW - Special events KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic estimation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/pubs/aadt/aadt_task_6_final_report_feb_2016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1442741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01625803 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Transportation Air Quality Selected Facts and Figures PY - 2016/02 SP - 56p AB - This brochure provides an overview of facts and figures regarding the linkages between transportation and air quality. The focus of this brochure is primarily on transportation-related emissions trends, policies, technologies, and standards that affect on-road mobile sources, including automobiles, light-duty trucks, and heavy duty trucks. KW - Air quality KW - Automobiles KW - Brochures KW - Environmental policy KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Light trucks KW - Mobile sources KW - Standards KW - Technology UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/publications/fact_book/factbook2016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1442736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01625801 AU - Krile, Robert AU - Todt, Fred AU - Schroeder, Jeremy AU - Battelle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing Roadway Traffic Count Duration and Frequency Impacts on Annual Average Daily Traffic Estimation: Assessing Accuracy Issues Related to Annual Factoring PY - 2016/02 SP - 27p AB - Annual average daily traffic (AADT) for many roadways is estimated through a temporary count obtained over anywhere from a few hours to one week, and subsequently expanded to a full year using factors derived from permanent count stations with similar characteristics. Many organizations perform these counts less than annually and therefore must further adjust counts from a prior year (typically 1, 2, or 5 years prior, depending on the roadway type) to the current year. This task quantifies the relative accuracy and precision associated with different annual count cycles for 24- and 48-hour count durations. Results are evaluated at the national level, as well as by functional classification of sites, and at the individual state level. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Travel Monitoring Analysis System (TMAS) volume data from 14 years consisting of hourly counts by day from nearly 6,000 continuous permanent volume traffic data sites/years in the United States comprised the reference dataset for this research. A subset of 320 of these were utilized which include complete data for all 24 hours of every day of the year. These sites collectively represented a wide range of AADT volumes, 9 functional classes, 32 states, and years 2000 through 2012. This report is a final task report that summarizes accuracy and precision of expanding short-term counts’ Average Daily Traffic (ADT) to AADT, depending on the frequency with which the counts are obtained (yearly, every two years, every three years, or every six years), and includes the analysis methodology and summary statistics findings. KW - Accuracy KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Continuous monitoring KW - Short term KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic estimation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/pubs/aadt/aadt_task_4_final_report_feb_2016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1442740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01624402 AU - Cohen, James AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Case Study of High Speed Rail in Florida: Implications for Financing Passenger Railways PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 28p AB - Between 1981 and 2011, the State of Florida and private corporations, sometimes jointly, sometimes alone, made four different attempts to implement very high speed rail lines between Miami, Orlando, and Tampa, on which trains would run at very high speed, between 150 and 220 miles per hour. Yet, at present, the only new passenger line that is likely to begin operations between these cities is not very high speed, and will not run on dedicated track. Why did all the earlier attempts at very high speed lines fail, while a moderate speed line appears likely to succeed? This report shows how neoliberal ideology and policies in the 1980’s caused a private consortium to plan a line based on credit from private investors and rents and profits from real estate development. When that failed, a public-private partnership was attempted in the 1990’s, which relied on direct government grants, guarantee for private activity bonds, federal financing (TIFIA), and other sources. This plan was vetoed by Governor Jeb Bush in 1999. The currently planned line will be financed, as in the 1980’s and 1990’s, by private activity bonds and real estate revenues. But, unlike earlier periods, trains will not run on grade separated track, so infrastructure costs are significantly lower than for very high speed. Nonetheless, sponsors of the current project are advertising their line as high speed, since its operating time will compete with existing air and highway options. This, then, shows how both actual and perceived speed-time and finance are related, and the implications of this relationship for American passenger rail in the future. KW - Bonds KW - Case studies KW - Financing KW - Florida KW - High speed rail KW - History KW - Policy KW - Real estate development KW - Traffic speed UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/pubs/Final-Report-Case-Study-of-High-Speed-Rail-in-Florida.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60600/60674/Final-Report-Case-Study-of-High-Speed-Rail-in-Florida.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1442747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01622671 AU - Moomen, Milhan AU - Qiao, Yu AU - Agbelie, Bismark R AU - Labi, Samuel AU - Sinha, Kumares C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge Deterioration Models to Support Indiana’s Bridge Management System SN - 9781622604166 PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 148p AB - An effective bridge management system that is equipped with reliable deterioration models enables agency engineers to carry out monitoring and long-term programming of bridge repair actions. At the project level, deterioration models help the agency to track the physical condition of bridge elements and to specify when bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement can be expected. Also, with reliable deterioration models, the agency can customize bridge repair or replacement schedules that incorporate element condition, functional obsolescence, and pre-specified performance thresholds. At the network level, component-specific deterioration models are useful for system-wide needs assessment over a specified future time horizon, and to quantifying the system-wide consequences of funding shortfalls or funding increases in terms of specified performance measures including average values of bridge condition and remaining service life. The bridge deterioration models that are currently in use in the Indiana Bridge Management System were developed over two decades ago. Since then, significant changes have taken place in inspection methods, technologies used, advanced statistical tools for data analysis. Also, because of the lack of reliable data, such items as the truck traffic and climate conditions were not included in past modeling efforts. In recent years, these obstacles have been minimized and therefore, there is an opportunity to update the deterioration models for the various bridge components. In addressing this research need, the present study developed families of curves representing deterioration models for bridge deck, superstructure, and the substructure. The National Bridge Inventory database was used, and the models use the NBI condition ratings as the response variable. The model families were categorized by administrative region, functional class, and superstructure material type. The explanatory variables include traffic volume and truck traffic, design type, and climatic condition, and design features. Deterministic and probabilistic models were developed. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Climate KW - Deterioration KW - Indiana KW - Traffic volume KW - Truck traffic KW - U.S. National Bridge Inventory UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316348 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1442400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01619068 AU - Díaz, Didier M Valdés AU - Ríos, Benjamín Colucci AU - González, Johnathan Ruiz AU - Cruz, Bryan Ruiz AU - Rosario, Ricardo García AU - Torres, Enid Colón AU - University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez AU - Safety Research Using Simulation University Transportation Center (SaferSim) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Operational and Safety-Based Analyses of Varied Toll Lanes PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 100p AB - Recent toll plaza designs have changed drastically due to the implementation of new technologies such as Electronic Toll Collection (ETC). Although these emerging features are developed to improve toll plaza operations, it has altered driver behavior and increased crash frequency as a result of driver confusion and difficult merging scenarios that occur when approaching toll plazas with alternative payment methods. This research presents the first mobile driving simulator in Puerto Rico used to address safety issues related to driver behavior and toll plaza design, which is located in the Transportation Laboratory of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez (UPRM). The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of two different signage configurations of Caguas Sur Toll Plaza using a virtual simulation environment. The first configuration contained roadside signage that corresponded to the existing sign conditions, while the second configuration consisted of the proposed overhead signage. Both signage configurations provided information regarding the speed limits and lane purpose before approaching the toll plaza. A sample of subject drivers was selected to drive through different scenarios to evaluate the effectiveness of both signage configurations. The variables used for analysis were standard deviation of roadway position (SDRP), average speed and acceleration noise, which were calculated in different locator references prior to the toll plaza. The outcome of the research indicated that the configuration with the proposed conditions had a statistically significant reduction of acceleration noise, which was used as a surrogate measure of safety. This was a result of the reduction in lane-changing patterns. It was found that subject drivers of scenarios containing overhead signage changed lanes smoothly and reduced vehicle velocity with anticipation when approaching the toll plaza. Significant difference was found between the signage configurations when analyzing acceleration noise in the Toll Plaza Locator Reference. In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence that driving simulators can be used as an effective and low-cost technology to identify alternative signage configurations at toll plazas without exposing drivers to dangerous situations. These results are expected to contribute both to the understanding of driving behavior and the safety of new features used in the operation of toll facilities around the world. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Behavior KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Lane changing KW - Puerto Rico KW - Toll plazas KW - Toll roads KW - Traffic signs UR - http://safersim.nads-sc.uiowa.edu/final_reports/UPR-1-Y1_FinalReport.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60554/UPR-1-Y1_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01619067 AU - Fisher, Donald L AU - Collura, John AU - Romoser, Matthew R E AU - Knodler, Michael AU - Gomez, Radha AU - Samuel, Siby AU - Roman, Luis AU - Abdul, Mal AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Massachusetts Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating the Effect of Advance Yield Markings and Symbolic Signs on Vehicle Pedestrian Conflicts at Marked Midblock Crosswalks across Multilane Roads PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 69p AB - The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has made walkable communities a priority. Pedestrian safety is key to the success of this objective. Pedestrians are at high risk when traversing unsignalized, marked crosswalks located either midblock or at T-intersections, especially when a vehicle adjacent to the driver blocks his or her view of a crossing pedestrian. A number of treatments have been proposed to reduce crashes at such crosswalks under these conditions. In four experiments, two performed on a driving simulator and two conducted on streets in the town of Greenfield, Massachusetts, the behavior of drivers exposed to modified standard yield markings (MSYM) was compared with the behavior of drivers exposed to “advance yield markings” (AYM). AYMs consist of a line of white triangles twenty to fifty feet in advance of the crosswalk. A sign indicating that drivers should yield at the markings accompanies the markings. On all measures of safety, the AYMs were superior to MSYMs at midblock crosswalks and T-intersections. Moreover, at T-intersections, pedestrians were safer when the mainline crosswalk was located at the far side of the cross street rather than the near side. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation KW - Massachusetts KW - Midblock crossings KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Road markings KW - T intersections KW - Yield signs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60200/60244/12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1436218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618822 AU - Zamenian, Hamed AU - Abraham, Dulcy M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pre-Contract Project Scoping Processes: Synthesis of Practices SN - 9781622604173 PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 45p AB - Scoping is the process of developing a project’s objectives, need, preliminary cost estimate, and preliminary schedule based on a recognized need that the project is intended to address. This study (INDOT/JTRP SPR-3944) was launched by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT)/Joint Transportation Research Program (JTRP) to develop a synthesis of scoping processes in different State Highway Agencies (SHAs). The study was conducted using a qualitative exploratory approach focusing on the review of project scoping practices across different SHAs. Focused interviews with personnel from SHAs along with the review of documents gathered during the literature search and resources provided by SHAs were the avenues used for data collection in the study. The study focused on eleven themes for the assessment of project scoping procedures: (1) primary entity with responsibility for scoping projects, (2) timeline for scoping activities, (3) functional groups within the SHA involved in scoping, (4) cost estimation procedures, (5) application of Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS), (6) addressing maintenance needs, (7) methods of assessing scope creep, (8) tracking the quality and effectiveness of scoping processes, (9) environmental consideration in scoping processes, (10) data collection and data sharing, and (11) scoping practices which have evolved/benefited the SHA. The report presents key findings of the study and provides suggestions for further investigation by INDOT. KW - Construction projects KW - Context sensitive solutions KW - Indiana KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project scoping KW - State highway departments KW - State of the practice UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316192 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60531/viewcontent.cgi1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1436768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01617699 AU - Campbell, Leslie E AU - Perry, Chase N AU - Connor, Robert J AU - Lloyd, Jason B AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Element Level Bridge Inspection: Benefits and Use of Data for Bridge Management SN - 9781622604128 PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 26p AB - In 2012, Congress passed the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) and committed to the development of a data-driven, risk based approach to asset management in the United States. This law requires the collection and submission of element level bridge inspection data for all National Highway System bridges, in addition to the National Bridge Inspection condition rating data. Ultimately, the data collected during element level bridge inspections should satisfy the requirements of the Federal Highway Administration and MAP-21 and be utilized by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) to evaluate bridge condition, predict deterioration, and guide decision making. The objective of this project is to develop recommendations for element level bridge inspection techniques, data collection, and inspector training based on a survey of INDOT peer agencies and a literature review of existing research and bridge inspection guidance. In order to collect consistent and reliable data, a rigorous inspector training program and detailed quality control procedures are necessary. INDOT must provide inspectors with the tools to be successful, including clearly defined expectations and instructions, comprehensive training and technical support, and effective inspection equipment. Similarly, robust quality control measures and periodic performance testing should be implemented to improve inspection quality and assess the agency’s performance. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Data collection KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Inspection KW - Inspectors KW - Literature reviews KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - Recommendations KW - Surveys KW - Training UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316336 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1434964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616105 AU - Adams, Teresa M AU - Juni, Emil AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - NEXTRANS AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Use of Comparative Efficiency Analysis to Optimize Transportation Infrastructure Maintenance Investment Strategy PY - 2016/02 SP - 44p AB - The primary goal of this study was to present an alternative way to analyze the process of maintenance for transportation infrastructure asset management, and to provide maintenance administrators with valuable information that could help them make better decisions in their maintenance strategy that are consistent with the spirit of performance-based decision-making. This was done by identifying the most significant parameters that affect the efficiency of the maintenance process, analyzing how these parameters effect efficiency, and then discussing how to use the results to guide improvements to maintenance investment strategies. It was shown that running a Charnes, Cooper, Rhodes (CCR)-based Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model on specific Decision Making Units (DMUs) provides the information needed regarding the parameters that matter the most in the efficiency of the system and the maintenance procedures being performed in these DMUs. KW - Asset management KW - Data envelopment analysis KW - Decision making KW - Infrastructure KW - Investments KW - Maintenance KW - Optimization KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation UR - http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/nextrans/assets/pdfs/new/132UWY2.1%20Use%20of%20Comparative%20Efficiency%20Analysis%20to%20Optimize%20Transportation%20Infrastructure_Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1428238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01612170 AU - Hancock, Kathleen L AU - Islam, Md Rauful AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - USE OF WIDE-AREA MOTION IMAGERY (WAMI) FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND OPERATIONS PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 73p AB - Wide-area motion imagery (WAMI), in combination with PVLabs’ integrated Tactical Content Management System spatio-temporal capability, automatically identifies and captures every vehicle in the video view frame, storing each vehicle with a discrete ID, track ID, and time-stamped location. This unique data capture provides comprehensive vehicle trajectory information for an extended period of time, approximately three continuous hours, over a relatively large area, approximately four square miles. This report presents the results of an initial exploration of the use of these data to support transportation planning and operation activities. A subset of the data was extracted, cleaned, validated, and processed for use in calibrating car-following submodels for use in microscopic simulations. A flexible multi-dimensional filtering method was developed to evaluate and filter the data provided by PVLabs to extract valid vehicle tracks. A 10-minute sample of tracks was validated using imagery frames from the video. Resulting tracks were map-matched to roads and individual lanes to support macro and microscopic traffic characteristic extraction. A spatio-temporal trajectory data model was developed to efficiently store vehicle tracks along with the traffic model attributes required for modeling car following behavior. The final processed dataset includes all vehicles and their trajectories for an area of approximately 4-square miles that includes a dense and complex urban network of roads over a three-hour period. Several car-following and lane-changing models were reviewed in detail as were calibration and validation of these models. Both a global deterministic and stochastic calibration process were applied to a 15-minute period for the portions of tracks that occurred on two principle one-way arterials. The preliminary results indicated that the global deterministic calibration produced results similar to previous work. Results of the stochastic calibration showed a significant reduction in the variance from the initially assumed value indicating that the parameters are converging to an expected distribution and have the potential to improve model performance for the test conditions. KW - Calibration KW - Car following KW - Data filtering KW - Lane changing KW - Macroscopic traffic flow KW - Microscopic traffic flow KW - Spatiotemporal data KW - Tactical Content Management System KW - Traffic models KW - Validation KW - Vehicle trajectories KW - Wide-area motion imagery UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/VT-2013-03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01612167 AU - Lee, Changju AU - Miller, John S AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Multimodal Enhancements to Public Private Partnerships PY - 2016/02//Research Report SP - 60p AB - Public-Private Partnership (PPP or P3) projects have received attention as they can increase private sector participation in transportation projects. However, P3s are not a panacea. Worldwide, almost 40% of P3 projects initiated during the 1990s required that the contractual agreement be renegotiated, implying some type of project failure. Because some (not all) types of P3 projects require a toll, one viewpoint is that P3 projects can be proposed only if tolls will render them financially self-sustaining. For passenger transportation, this generally means encouraging modes that can be more easily tolled—usually auto travel—and not necessarily modes that are subsidized—such as transit travel. However, it has been argued that multimodal projects can yield societal benefits, such as better jobs-housing balance. The emphasis on modes which will generate user fees may naturally reduce the likelihood of a P3 investment that will enhance multiple transportation modes. However, if it were possible to translate the socially beneficial impacts of multimodal investments into revenue sources, it might be possible to increase private sector participation in multimodal P3 projects. This research examined how a multimodal P3 project influences land development, specifically the relationship between jobs and housing. There are four objectives: (1) to identify lessons learned from previous use of toll facilities (necessary because Virginia stakeholders are concerned that insights from more distant eras may be overlooked); (2) to develop a way to quantify jobs-housing balance that is sensitive to transportation investments across multiple modes; (3) to develop a taxonomy for classifying the degree of multimodality for P3 projects (necessary because such projects are not completely “multimodal” nor completely “unimodal); and (4) to explore how implementation of a multimodal P3 affects the degree of multimodality and jobs-housing balance. This research uses real data sets from P3s in Virginia, Florida, Colorado, and Rhode Island. While some data had to be requested from public agencies, the data elements required for the research contained herein are available in the public domain. No synthetic data were used, thus, the methodology used herein should be replicable in other locations. As an initial research effort to consider land development impacts in multimodal P3s, this research suggests four key contributions: (1) lessons learned from the use of toll facilities in the U.S.; (2) a methodology to scale multimodality; (3) a way to relate jobs-housing balance (given observed travel patterns) to the aforementioned multimodality scale; and (4) empirical evidence of the multimodality and jobs-housing balance impacts by multimodal P3 projects. Ultimately these contributions may inform guidelines for increasing multimodal components in P3s. KW - Colorado KW - Data files KW - Florida KW - Housing KW - Investments KW - Jobs KW - Jobs-housing balance KW - Lessons learned KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Multimodality KW - Public private partnerships KW - Rhode Island KW - Toll facilities KW - Virginia UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/UVA-2013-03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610526 AU - Batta, Rajan AU - Kwon, Changhyun AU - Baveja, Alok AU - State University of New York, Buffalo AU - Rutgers University, Piscataway AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Effective and Equitable Supply of Gasoline to Impacted Areas in the Aftermath of a Natural Disaster PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 29p AB - The focus of this project was on supplying gasoline after a natural disaster. There were two aspects for this work: determination of which gas stations should be provided with generators (among those that do not have electric power) and determination of a delivery scheme that accounts for increased demand due to lack of public transportation and considerations such as equity. A Mixed -Integer Mathematical formulation was developed for this situation. Two case studies based on Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey are developed and solved in CPLEX. This project utilized the limited supply of back -up generators and optimized the generators assignment and truck deliveries to the gas stations to achieve maximum gasoline delivery, while ensuring equity factor across the different regions. The model works effectively to locate generators to gas stations and assigns delivery trucks to gas stations. Via the New Jersey 2-county case study the authors' study shows that different combinations of two types of trucks can affect the performance significantly. Different input parameters, e.g. available resource, number of generators, equity parameter, affect the deliverable results. From the large case study the authors conclude that their model is quite efficient and useful to manage gasoline delivery in the aftermath of a natural disaster. KW - Case studies KW - Demand KW - Disasters KW - Electric generators KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Fuel delivery KW - Gasoline KW - Gasoline stations KW - Gasoline supply KW - Hurricane Sandy, 2012 KW - Mathematical models KW - Mixed integer programming KW - New Jersey KW - Supply UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Effective-and-Equitable-Supply.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1423195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608622 AU - Krechmer, Daniel AU - Perry, Noel AU - Gallaher, Sarahjoy AU - McGuirk, Marjorie AU - Burnett, Thomas AU - Blizzard, Katherine AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - CASE Consultants International AU - Transport Fundamentals, LLC AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Regional Assessment of Weather Impacts on Freight PY - 2016/02 SP - 72p AB - This project follows up on a study completed for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in 2012 that provided a national estimate of weather-related delay affecting the trucking industry. The initial estimate indicated that weather-related delay costs the industry $8 billion to $9 billion annually. The goal of this study is to conduct a more detailed assessment of the impacts of adverse weather on freight movement in 13 diverse geographic regions, including both urban and rural corridors. The analysis presented in this report indicates that, overall, weather events have a significant negative impact on traffic speeds—and, therefore, the freight industry—when analyzed at the regional level. In this report’s study area, which focuses solely on a limited set of major highways, decreased traffic speeds due to weather events are estimated to cost the freight industry $3.8 million per year. The study found that ice, snow, fog, heavy rain, wind, and extreme temperature events were the most correlated with reduced traffic speeds, with the largest decreases occurring during the first hour of storms. Adverse weather was shown to have a greater correlation with decreased traffic speeds during peak hours. KW - Costs KW - Freight traffic KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Regional analysis KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucking KW - United States KW - Weather conditions UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop16044/fhwahop16044.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1417652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608554 AU - Chen, Danjue AU - Bang, Soohyuk AU - Ahn, Soyoung AU - Noyce, David AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Effects of Heavy Vehicles on Dynamic Traffic Features PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 80p AB - Traffic congestion on highways has been growing in urban areas where freight transportation hubs reside, affecting the efficiency and reliability of freight transportation. This research will investigate the effects of heavy vehicles on dynamic traffic patterns that substantially affect highway performance. To understand the underlying mechanisms, this research will analyze and model car-following and lane-change behavior involving heavy vehicles. These models will be used to simulate various traffic scenarios to examine the impact of heavy vehicles on bottleneck capacity drop and characteristics of stop-and-go oscillations. Potential impacts of Connected Vehicle technology for heavy vehicles will also be evaluated. Simulated vehicle trajectories will be used for obtaining travel time distributions for uncertainty assessment. The intent of this research is to help develop effective controls that can improve overall highway traffic operations while accommodating freight vehicles, an important step in improving the reliability of freight transportation. KW - Bottlenecks KW - Car following KW - Freight transportation KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Lane changing KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - http://www.wistrans.org/cfire/documents/CFIRE_0908_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1419121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605766 AU - Souleyrette, Reginald R AU - Howell, Brian AU - Green, Eric AU - Staats, William AU - Kentucky Transportation Center AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimation of Average Daily Traffic on Roads in Kentucky PY - 2016/02//Final Year 2 SP - 68p AB - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) officials use annual average daily traffic (AADT) to estimate intersection performance across the state maintained highway system. KYTC currently collects AADTs for state maintained roads but frequently lacks this information on local roads. A method is needed to estimate local road AADTs in a cost-effective and reasonable manner. Kentucky Transportation Center (KTC) researchers conducted a literature review on U.S. AADT models but found that none of them were suitable to Kentucky. Therefore, KTC developed an AADT model using non-linear regression to estimate AADTs on approaches to those intersections. KTC developed a Poisson distributed, non-linear regression model to estimate AADT. This model divided the state into three regions encompassing all of the highway districts: West (Districts 1, 2, 3, and 4), North Central (Districts 5, 6, and 7), and East (Districts 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12). This partitioning accounted for geographic and socioeconomic variability across the state. Each regional model relied upon three independent variables: probe count, residential vehicle registration, and curve rating. HERE proprietary probe counts—indicative of vehicle movements—provide tracking visibility on a select portion of vehicles moving across Kentucky highways. Residential vehicle registrations can be used to estimate trip generation information. Finally, the curve rating partially indicates accessibility. Model results were adjusted to KYTC daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) county control totals for local roads. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the impact of model errors for use in intersection safety analysis. Results indicate that the estimates generated can be effectively used for safety assessment and countermeasure prioritization. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Highway curves KW - Intersections KW - Kentucky KW - Literature reviews KW - Probe vehicles KW - Registrations KW - Regression analysis KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Traffic estimation KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2016/07/KTC_16_13_FRT201_15_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605729 AU - Flannagan, Carol AU - LeBlanc, David AU - Bogard, Scott AU - Nobukawa, Kazutoshi AU - Narayanaswamy, Prabha AU - Leslie, Andrew AU - Kiefer, Raymond AU - Marchione, Michael AU - Beck, Christopher AU - Lobes, Kyle AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Large-Scale Field Test of Forward Collision Alert and Lane Departure Warning Systems PY - 2016/02 SP - 130p AB - This report covers a field study on an innovative large-scale data collection technique used to gather information about how crash avoidance systems operate in the field and how drivers respond to them. Although the specific systems studied were the General Motors (GM) camera-based forward collision alert (FCA) and lane departure warning (LDW) systems, this technique could be readily applied to other emerging active safety (crash avoidance) systems and used to better inform emerging active safety consumer metrics. It should be noted that both the FCA and LDW systems evaluated have consistently met the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Crash Avoidance New Car Assessment Program (CA NCAP) performance criteria since this program was initiated. The study team found that this data collection technique has several distinct strengths, including cost, sample size, drivers using their own vehicles where they can turn systems off, ability to look at long-term effects, data efficiency, and the ability to acquire “rapid-turnaround” large-scale results, and that this new data collection technique is ideally suited for understanding the safety impacts of crash avoidance systems. KW - Behavior KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Lane occupancy KW - Warning systems UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/NVS/Crash Avoidance/Technical Publications/2016/812247b-LaneDepartureWarningSystems.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603599 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Safety Measurement System (SMS) Methodology: Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Category (BASIC) Prioritization Status PY - 2016/02//Version 3.0.5 SP - 162p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA) core mission is to prevent crashes, injuries, and fatalities related to large trucks and buses on our Nation’s roads. An important step in achieving the mission is to identify unsafe motor carriers and prioritize FMCSA enforcement resources on those that pose the greatest safety risk. The Safety Measurement System (SMS) is FMCSA’s workload prioritization tool. FMCSA uses the SMS to identify carriers with potential safety problems for interventions as part of the Agency’s safety compliance and enforcement program called Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA). The SMS is designed to incorporate the safety-based regulations related to motor carrier operations. The SMS assesses compliance and prioritizes carriers for interventions based on their on-road performance and investigation results. On-road performance includes data collected from roadside inspections and crash reports; investigation results include violations discovered within the previous 12 months. The SMS assesses motor carrier on-road performance and compliance by organizing data into seven Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Categories (BASICs): Unsafe Driving, Crash Indicator, Hours-of-Service Compliance, Vehicle Maintenance, Controlled Substances/Alcohol, Hazardous Materials Compliance (HM), and Driver Fitness. In each BASIC, the SMS calculates a quantifiable measure of a motor carrier’s performance. The SMS groups carriers by BASIC with other carriers that have a similar number of safety events (e.g., crashes, inspections, or violations). The SMS then ranks these carriers based on their BASIC measure, assigning them a percentile from 0‒100 (the higher the percentile, the worse the safety performance). The SMS also prioritizes carriers for interventions using a set of violations known as Acute and Critical Violations. This set of violations is defined in the current Safety Fitness Procedures (49 CFR 385 Appendix B). If a carrier has been found with one or more Acute and/or Critical Violations within the past 12 months during an investigation, the carrier will receive an “Alert” in the corresponding BASICs. The SMS uses both the BASIC percentiles and Acute and Critical Violations to highlight safety performance issues within each BASIC and prioritize carriers for interventions. Various studies have shown that the SMS is effective in helping the Agency identify high crash-risk carriers for interventions. KW - Behavior KW - Crash reports KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Data analysis KW - Decision support systems KW - Driver performance KW - Inspection KW - Methodology KW - Motor carriers KW - Traffic violations KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - https://csa.fmcsa.dot.gov/Documents/SMSMethodology.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1413000 ER - TY - SER AN - 01603540 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Evaluation of Intersection Conflict Warning Systems (ICWS) PY - 2016/02 SP - 12p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) organized 40 States to participate in the FHWA Evaluation of Low-Cost Safety Improvements Pooled Fund Study (ELCSI-PFS) as part of its strategic highway safety plan support effort. The goal of the ELCSI-PFS research is to identify new safety strategies that effectively reduce crashes and promote them for nationwide installation by providing measures of their safety effectiveness and benefit to cost ratios through research. One of the strategies selected by member States to be evaluated for this study is intersection conflict warning systems (ICWS). This strategy is intended to reduce the frequency of crashes by alerting drivers of conflicting vehicles on adjacent approaches at unsignalized intersections, particularly those with one-way or two-way stop control. Few studies have explored the safety effectiveness of ICWS; the effectiveness has not been show for four-legged intersections. This study sought to fill this knowledge gap. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Four leg intersections KW - Highway safety KW - Minnesota KW - Missouri KW - North Carolina KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Two lane highways KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Warning signs UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/15076/15076.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1410175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603510 AU - Simoni, Michele AU - Eldad, Ofer AU - Alexander, Andrew AU - Claudel, Christian AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Southwest Region University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Boundary Conditions Estimation on a Road Network Using Compressed Sensing PY - 2016/02 SP - 29p AB - This report presents a new boundary condition estimation framework for transportation networks in which the state is modeled by a first order scalar conservation law. Using an equivalent formulation based on a Hamilton-Jacobi equation, the authors pose the problem of estimating the boundary conditions of the system on a network, as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). The authors show that this framework can handle various types of traffic flow measurements, including floating car data or flow measurements. To regularize the solutions, the authors propose a compressed sensing approach in which the objective is to minimize the variations over time (in the L₁ norm sense) of the boundary flows of the network. The authors show that this additional requirement can be integrated in the original MILP formulation, and can be solved efficiently for small to medium scale problems. KW - Floating car data KW - Mixed integer programming KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic flow theory UR - http://static.tti.tamu.edu/swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/600451-00090-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603495 AU - Serigos, Pedro A AU - Buddhavarapu, Prasad AU - Gorman, Grant M AU - Hong, Feng AU - Prozzi, Jorge A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Southwest Region University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Contribution of Micro- and Macro-texture to the Skid Resistance of Flexible Pavement PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 50p AB - Skid resistance is an important characteristic of the pavement surface to reduce the number of road accidents. The mechanisms involved in the activation of the frictional force required for a safe braking of the vehicle depend on both the macro- and the micro-texture of the pavement surface. The state-of-the-practice methodologies commonly used for measuring pavement texture at highway speeds only account for the macro-texture, which alone might not be sufficient to effectively characterize skid resistance. This study explored different ways to characterize the micro-texture of pavement surfaces with the main objective of quantifying the effect of accounting for both the micro and the macro components of the texture, rather than just the macro-texture, on the prediction of skid resistance. The friction and texture data analyzed in this study were collected from an experiment conducted on in-service flexible pavement surfaces. Surface friction was measured using a British Pendulum Tester whereas texture data was collected using a Circular Track Meter and a Laser Texture Scanner. The surface micro-texture was characterized by different texture parameters calculated in both the spectral and the spatial domain. The impact of incorporating the micro-texture on the prediction of skid resistance was evaluated by analyzing a series of models specified by each of the proposed parameters. The results of the analyses show a significant improvement in predicting the surface friction when accounting for both components of the surface texture, as opposed to only the macro-texture. Furthermore, the parameters calculated on the frequency domain led to a better prediction power. KW - Data analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Macrotexture KW - Measuring methods KW - Microtexture KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - http://static.tti.tamu.edu/swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/600451-00085-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599875 AU - DeCoursey, William AU - Rothwell, Jeremy AU - University of Delaware, Newark AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Defining and Quantifying State of Good Repair (SGR) for the Pedestrian Network PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 95p AB - State of Good Repair (SOGR) is difficult to quantify in a pedestrian context. Dozens and dozens of variables can affect the utility of the pedestrian network, and these variables change depending upon the environmental context (urban, suburban, rural). Moreover, pedestrian infrastructure, in general, is subject to far less rigorous assessment and monitoring in relation to its maintenance and overall condition… certainly when compared with bridges, railroads, or roads. This paper attempts to posit a definition for SOGR for pedestrian facilities and put forth a scoring mechanism transportation agencies and municipalities can use to monitor the pedestrian network’s state of repair in a variety of contexts. KW - Condition surveys KW - Definitions KW - Evaluation KW - Level of service KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Walkability UR - https://cait.rutgers.edu/files/CAIT-UTC-041-final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1407825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599313 AU - Leary, Mary A AU - Rodriguez, Edwin AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - FTA Report on 2015 Section 5312 Projects PY - 2016/02 SP - 54p AB - This report provides information on projects funded by the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA's) Section 5312 program for 2015 and a proposed allocation of appropriated funds for FY 2016. FTA focused eligible projects in three strategic priority areas to promote innovation that improves operations, infrastructure, and the travelers’ experience, including safety, asset management and asset innovation, and mobility. Total amounts for FTA-funded projects across the three types of Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) eligible projects include Research projects ($10 million, 7% of 2015 allocations) for public transportation projects that develop and deploy new and innovative ideas, practices, and approaches; Innovation and Development projects ($11 million, 8%) that improve public transportation systems nationwide to provide more efficient and effective delivery of public transportation services including through technology and technological capacity improvements; and Demonstration and Deployment projects ($114 million, 85%) for the early deployment and demonstration of innovation in public transportation that has broad applicability. Major projects are related to safety and asset management/innovation. Included in the report are project descriptions and lists of pending or ongoing project awards and grantees for larger projects. The findings of FTA’s research, innovation, and demonstration programs benefit riders, providers, and all members living in communities with public transit services. New safety technologies and solutions that public transit agencies can implement will mitigate injuries and fatalities. New, more energy-efficient capital will continue to reduce harmful emissions and reduce energy costs. Advancements in mobility through shared public and private services mean more people can get a ride when and where they need it. Operational processes that track important data for transit agency operational efficiency reduce provider costs. Innovations in capital stimulate the economy and boost private sector businesses. FTA’s 2015 research activities are driving the development of many useful resources for the industry. Innovative research and demonstration grants are in process with impending recommendations for technologies that hold great promise to improve public transportation systems and travel. Projects are assessing new operational processes, piloting more efficient ways to schedule a ride, testing systems for monitoring rider and passenger safety, funding innovative improvement to buses that reduce emissions and energy use, and demonstrating and deploying real-world solutions across the three priorities of safety, asset management/asset innovation, and mobility. KW - Government funding KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - Public transit KW - Research projects KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration UR - https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/FTA_Report_No._0091.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1407789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599232 AU - Hendricks, Sara AU - Winters, Philip AU - Georggi, Nevine AU - Varzardoliya, Behzad Karimi AU - National Center for Transit Research AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Transportation Demand Management Guidance for Corridor Planning Studies PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 72p AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) regional planning programs address current and forecasted deficiencies of State highways through the conduct of corridor studies. This Guidance for the conduct of corridor planning studies is the product of a comprehensive evaluation of how to incorporate the consideration of Transportation Demand Management (TDM) strategies into several business areas of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). Corridor studies are an integral part of the transportation planning process, which support the State Highway System goals and objectives at the state and regional levels, as well as the vision for the corridor by the communities that the corridor serves. The Moving Washington approach recognizes the importance of using all the tools in the toolbox to cost effectively achieve the state transportation policy goals. This includes the mobility goal of maintaining the predictable movement of goods and people throughout the state of Washington. This Guidance describes a recommended approach to TDM strategies as part of least-cost planning for improving mobility. The Guidance asserts that all three methods: (1) managing travel demand, (2) optimizing traffic flow, and (3) accommodating travel demand by increasing capacity, should be used concurrently. This approach will advance the integration of TDM into the selected solutions aimed at reducing traffic congestion, providing mobility choices, enhancing transportation affordability, and meeting the State of Washington’s goals for reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improving community livability. This Guidance recommends use of a systematic process for identifying mobility needs, assessing existing TDM programs and resources, and evaluating potential TDM solutions against chosen performance metrics. KW - Costs KW - Mobility KW - Performance measurement KW - Recommendations KW - Regional planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand management KW - Washington State Department of Transportation UR - http://www.nctr.usf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WSDOT-Contract-GCB-1374-WA-RD-834-1-TDM-Guidance-for-Corridor-Planning-Studies-Final-cse.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59176/WSDOT-Contract-GCB-1374-WA-RD-834-1-TDM-Guidance-for-Corridor-Planning-Studies-Final-cse.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1406936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599169 AU - Eudy, Leslie AU - Caton, Melanie AU - Post, Matthew AU - National Renewable Energy Laboratory AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Transit Investments for Greenhouse Gas and Energy Reduction Program: Final Report PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 42p AB - This report is an addendum to the second assessment report of the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration’s Transit Investments for Greenhouse Gas and Energy Reduction (TIGGER) Program. The TIGGER Program provides capital funds to transit agencies for projects that work to reduce the agency’s energy use and/or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from their operations. The purpose of this report is to provide an overall status update for the program, provide an outlook on specific projects, and present an analysis of program results provided to date. This report briefly outlines the program and its goals, as well as the technologies being implemented. KW - Analysis KW - Capital investments KW - Energy consumption KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Implementation KW - Pollutants KW - Public transit KW - Transit Investments for Greenhouse Gas and Energy Reduction (TIGGER) UR - https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/FTA_Report_No._0090.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1406940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599166 AU - Hellman, Adrian D AU - Lamplugh, Aaron AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Evaluation of LED Sign Technology at a Passive Highway-Rail Grade Crossing PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 64p AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center), under the direction of DOT’s Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research, Development, and Technology (ORD), conducted a research study that evaluated the effectiveness of light-emitting diode (LED) regulatory signs at a passive highway-rail grade crossing. In this study, a grade crossing in Swanton, Vermont had its existing Grade Crossing Crossbuck (R15-1) signs and Advance Warning signs (AWSs) (W10-1) replaced with flashing LED-equipped signs. Vehicle speed profiles were measured at four locations on the northbound approach lane of the crossing in three phases: with the original signs prior to any changes at the crossing, after the LED enhanced Crossbuck signs were installed, and after the LED enhanced AWSs were installed. Daytime and night-time data samples were analyzed separately. After the LED enhanced Crossbuck signs were installed, test results showed: 1) a statistically significant decrease of 2.9-3.3 mph in mean vehicle speed at night at the four measurement locations and 2) improvements of 1.5%-2.5% in the rate of mean vehicle speed decrease for both the daytime and nighttime data sets. KW - Before and after studies KW - Evaluation KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Periods of the day KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Regulatory signs KW - Speed KW - Swanton (Vermont) KW - Warning signs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59164/Evaluation_of_LED_Sign_Technology.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1404757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01598878 AU - Macfarlane, Kate AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Summary of the Border Infrastructure Finance Workshop, January 20-21, 2016 PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 8p AB - On January 20-21, 2016, the U.S.-Mexico Joint Working Committee for Transportation Planning (JWC), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (SCT) sponsored a workshop on Border Infrastructure Finance. The workshop was hosted at the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) District 11 office in San Diego, California. This report summarizes the presentations given at the workshop. KW - Crowdfunding KW - Financing KW - Infrastructure KW - International borders KW - Public private partnerships KW - United States-Mexico Border KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59128/BIFW_Summary_Report_2016.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59128/BIFW_Summary_Report_2016.pdf?utm_source=GovDelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=April%202016%20newsletter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01598807 AU - Mohammad, Louay N AU - Kim, Minkyum AU - Challa, Harshavardhan AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Performance-based Specifications for Louisiana Asphalt Mixtures PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 149p AB - Quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) specifications typically define the asphalt mixtures by how close the as-built mixture meets the requirements of the as-designed mix. A common QC/QA specification for asphalt pavement construction is based on controlling the volumetric properties of compacted asphalt mixtures such as air voids, asphalt content, and aggregate gradation. However, there is no fundamental correlation to ensure that these volumetric properties are sufficient to provide satisfactory long term performance of the asphalt pavements. In order to address the issue in the current QC/QA specification, it is needed to develop a performance-based specification (PBS), which measures the mechanical and/or engineering properties of asphalt mixture as performance predictors of finished pavements. Such a PBS must be verified to actual field performance data. The objective of this study is to develop a framework for the implementation of PBS for Louisiana. To achieve this objective, nine asphalt paving projects were selected across the state. A total of 14 pavement sections that includes 21 asphalt mixtures were selected. A suite of laboratory tests using the Hamburg type loaded-wheel tester (LWT) and the semi-circular bending (SCB) device were performed to evaluate the rutting (in terms of rut depth, RD) and cracking resistance (in terms of critical strain energy release rate, Jc), respectively. In addition, indirect tensile dynamic modulus tests (IDT |E*|) were conducted to evaluate the viscoelastic properties of the asphalt mixtures. The dynamic modulus from IDT |E*| can be used as a material input in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) software to predict the 20-year projected distresses. The field distress data were obtained from Louisiana pavement management system (LA-PMS) for the selected projects and used to calibrate the 20-year projected rutting by the MEPDG simulations. From the comparison analyses, it was observed that the LWT measured rut depths of 6 mm or less and 10 mm or less can be the tentative quality limits for the Level 2 and Level 1 Louisiana asphalt pavements, respectively. Similarly, the minimum SCB Jc values of 0.6 and 0.5 kJ/m² for Level 2 and Level 1 asphalt pavements, respectively, seemed to serve well as the tentative criteria to avoid crack related problems. Along with the tentative rutting and cracking performance criteria, a draft sampling and testing plan of the PBS was proposed. A continued effort to collect more field and laboratory performance data in accordance with the proposed PBS is desired to validate the tentative performance criteria and to address unknown challenges for the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) and contractors in implementing the proposed PBS. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Cracking KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Louisiana KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Performance based specifications KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Rutting KW - Viscoelasticity UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2016/FR_558.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01598786 AU - Sargand, Shad AU - Green, Roger AU - Burhani, Ahmadudin AU - Alghamdi, Hasan AU - Jordan, Benjamin AU - Ohio Research Institute for Transportation and the Environment (ORITE) AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of In-Situ Strength of Various Construction/Widening Methods Utilized on Local Roads PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 108p AB - This project goal was to develop and verify a low-cost, repeatable, nondestructive methodology to characterize the load carrying capacity of materials used in road widening and construction when established values are not available, and establish a range of structural coefficients and moduli for these materials. A total of 99 test sites were selected from 68 projects in seven participating counties across Ohio, which were grouped into five clusters. These sites included 19 different widening treatments. Each site was visited and tests were conducted and specimens gathered using the following techniques: Falling weight deflectometer (FWD), portable seismic properties analyzer (PSPA), light weight deflectometer (LWD), coring, and dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP). The data and specimens collected were used to measure layer thicknesses, the modulus, effective structural numbers, and layer coefficients applicable to each treatment. At least seven approaches were used to obtain these numbers from the data collected. The results were plotted in box plot and cumulative frequency format for each material and each analysis method. For each material, there is a wide variability of values both within one section and between different sections. There are many sources for this variability, however a range of numbers for moduli and layer coefficients can be identified for most treatments which can be utilized by local engineering personnel to design future projects. The procedure based on the Section 2.3.5 of the 1993 AASHTO pavement design guide using FWD data provided the best estimate of published layer coefficients. It is recommended the layer coefficients for the study materials estimated using this procedure be used. But note, the use of the coefficients in other areas without validation is not recommended. Accurate layer coefficients for multiple materials can only be determined by the construction of test sections and monitoring the performance under known loadings. For materials which will be widely used and the economics are justified, it is recommended test sections, with controls, be constructed at a common location to eliminate extraneous factors which confound the analysis. KW - AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures KW - Bearing capacity KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Local roads KW - Materials KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Ohio KW - Pavement widening KW - Structural number (Pavements) UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/13560 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1404149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596819 AU - Sparko, Andrea L AU - Chase, Stephanie G AU - Yeh, Michelle AU - McGray, Bruce AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Low Visibility Operations/Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (LVO/SMGCS) Chart Symbology PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 64p AB - This study examined which symbol shapes are considered to be representative of information shown on Low Visibility Operations/Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (LVO/SMGCS) charts, and how useful pilots perceive that information to be. The information in this report is intended to provide data to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to identify best practices for LVO/SMGCS charts. One-hundred forty-four air transport pilots with category-III qualification and/or LVO/SMGCS training were shown symbol shapes that included symbols currently in use on LVO/SMGCS charts, symbols recommended for LVO/SMGCS charts by the International Civil Aviation Organization, and “foil” (fake) symbol shapes that are not in use. For each symbol shape, pilots responded “Yes” or “No” to whether they considered the symbol shape to be representative of a particular information type. Symbol shapes were presented alone as well as at increasing levels of context to examine whether additional airport-layout chart information helped pilots identify representative symbol shapes. Once pilots identified representative shapes, they rated the usefulness of various types of information depicted on LVO/SMGCS charts. Pilots identified real symbols as representative for geographic position markings (GPM), instrument landing system (ILS) hold lines, and the combination of runway guard lights (RGL) and stop bar lights. The majority of pilots rated the following information types to be very useful: GPM, clearance bar, ILS hold line, approach hold line position marking, stop bar lights, RGL, and the combination of RGL and stop bar lights. It is important to note that these ratings were made without operational context. Regardless of pilot ratings, all the information types in the study play a unique role in supporting LVO/SMGCS operations. KW - Air pilots KW - Best practices KW - Charts KW - Geometric configurations and shapes KW - Surface Movement Guidance and Control System KW - Symbols UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/58000/58900/58972/LVOSMGCS_Symbology_Study_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596766 AU - Wu, Zhong AU - King, Bill AU - Subedi, Yogendra P AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of LADOTD Aggregate Friction Rating Table by Field Measurements PY - 2016/02 SP - 126p AB - The objective of this research was to evaluate the current Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) coarse aggregate friction rating table and provide recommendations for the frictional mix design guidelines based on a new set of laboratory friction measurement devices. Twenty-two asphalt pavement test sections (each of 1000-ft. long) were selected for this study. The wearing course mixtures of the selected pavement sections contained eight DOTD commonly-used aggregate sources and four typical mix types: 12.5-mm and 19-mm Superpave, Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) and Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC). Field tests were carried out to collect the pavement surface friction and texture data, which included the measurements from a locked-wheel skid trailer at different sliding speeds (30-, 40- and 50- mph) using both ribbed and smooth tires, laser profiler, Dynamic Friction Tester (DFT), and Circular Track Meter (CTMeter) tests at the beginning, mid-point, and end on each 1000-ft. long test section selected. In addition, multi-year field skid number measurements were also retrieved from the DOTD Pavement Management System (PMS) database and included in the analysis of this study. The collected data and measurements were used to perform comprehensive statistical analyses of the influence of aggregate properties and mixture design on skid resistance value and its variability. Statistical correlation models were developed among different measurement devices as well as various surface texture and frictional properties. Consequently, the analysis results led to the development of a procedure for predicting pavement end-of-life skid resistance based on the design traffic, aggregate blend polish stone value and gradation parameters. The developed friction prediction procedure can be used to update the current DOTD coarse aggregate friction table by specifying the pavement friction requirements under different traffic levels through selection of different mixture and aggregate types. Moreover, the DFT and CTM measurements observed on field pavement surfaces of this study were compared with those measured on laboratory-prepared slab surfaces obtained in the Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) Project 09-2B. Finally, a benchmark DFT rating table based on the traffic level and mixture type was proposed for the DFT20 value after 100,000 polishing cycles, which can be used to evaluate the friction resistance of the new aggregate sources to be certified by DOTD. KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Friction KW - Friction tests KW - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development KW - Mix design KW - Recommendations KW - Skid resistance KW - Statistical analysis KW - Texture UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2016/FR_554.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596718 AU - Oneyear, Nicole AU - Hallmark, Shauna AU - Wang, Bo AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating the Relationship between the Driver and Roadway to Address Rural Intersection Safety using the SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study Data PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 38p AB - Rural intersections account for 30% of crashes in rural areas and 6% of all fatal crashes, representing a significant but poorly understood safety problem. Transportation agencies have traditionally implemented countermeasures to address rural intersection crashes but frequently do not understand the dynamic interaction between the driver and roadway and the driver factors leading to these types of crashes. The Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) conducted a large-scale naturalistic driving study (NDS) using instrumented vehicles. The study has provided a significant amount of on-road driving data for a range of drivers. The present study utilizes the SHRP 2 NDS data as well as SHRP 2 Roadway Information Database (RID) data to observe driver behavior at rural intersections first hand using video, vehicle kinematics, and roadway data to determine how roadway, driver, environmental, and vehicle factors interact to affect driver safety at rural intersections. A model of driver braking behavior was developed using a dataset of vehicle activity traces for several rural stop-controlled intersections. The model was developed using the point at which a driver reacts to the upcoming intersection by initiating braking as its dependent variable, with the driver’s age, type and direction of turning movement, and countermeasure presence as independent variables. Countermeasures such as on-pavement signing and overhead flashing beacons were found to increase the braking point distance, a finding that provides insight into the countermeasures’ effect on safety at rural intersections. The results of this model can lead to better roadway design, more informed selection of traffic control and countermeasures, and targeted information that can inform policy decisions. Additionally, a model of gap acceptance was attempted but was ultimately not developed due to the small size of the dataset. However, a protocol for data reduction for a gap acceptance model was determined. This protocol can be utilized in future studies to develop a gap acceptance model that would provide additional insight into the roadway, vehicle, environmental, and driver factors that play a role in whether a driver accepts or rejects a gap. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Behavior KW - Braking KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Intersections KW - Rural areas KW - Strategic Highway Research Program 2 KW - Traffic safety UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/21893/1/IADOT_InTrans_RB05-013_Oneyear_Eval_Relat_Driver_Roadway_Rural_Intersection_Safety_SHRP2_NDSD_2016_final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596697 AU - Amdal, James R AU - Georgiou, Ioannis AU - Hird, Jonathan AU - University of New Orleans AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of Sedimentation Affecting Riverine Ports in Louisiana PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 48p AB - Both the Port of Lake Providence and the Port of Madison Parish have suffered in recent years from record highs and lows of the Mississippi River. These events caused unique conditions to occur at both ports including excessive sedimentation at the navigation channel entry from the Mississippi River. This report was prepared in response to SR105, which directed the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) to prepare a report on potential measures to address the sedimentation at two northeast Louisiana ports, as named previously. Sedimentation and other morphological processes degrade channel depth, which requires investment in either structural controls or periodic maintenance dredging to maintain required depth. Given these ports’ primary commodities are related to agri-business, which remains a highly competitive environment, lack of sufficient access to these ports can negatively impact their economies for both import and export commodities. The research team investigated available literature on sedimentation at harbor channels and previous studies conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) for both ports; they also conducted on-site investigations as well as key-person interviews. After this comprehensive process, researchers recommended the following: (1) perform a Least Cost Market Analysis to determine maximum market share potential at each port facility; (2) perform detailed morphological studies of the evolution of persistent shoals at each port facility; (3) evaluate alternative configurations of river training structures; (4) evaluate the construction of a weir near the Mississippi River in the existing chute that bisects Stack Island abutting Hagaman Chute; (5) further investigate the chute and bypass channel into the Mississippi River; (6) develop a dredge operations model for each port facility to determine optimum dredge operations required to maintain uninterrupted port access; and (7) review alternative procurement approaches of maintenance dredging contracts. KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Dredging KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Literature reviews KW - Louisiana KW - Mississippi River KW - Port of Lake Providence KW - Port of Madison Parish KW - Ports KW - Recommendations KW - Sedimentation UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2016/FR_549.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596696 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control: Taking Cruise Control to the Next Level PY - 2016/02 SP - 2p AB - Using a combination of sensors and vehicle-to-vehicle communication, cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) takes cruise control to the next level, enabling vehicles to adjust their speed to the preceding vehicle in their lane. The CACC system can also respond more quickly to speed changes by the preceding vehicle and other vehicles farther ahead that are beyond the line of sight. These advancements improve the stability of traffic flow, increase driver confidence, and make shorter vehicle-following distances possible. Ultimately this results in better use of a highway’s effective capacity and greater fuel efficiency. Overcoming the key remaining technical challenges to implementing CACC is the goal of the Exploratory Advanced Research (EAR) Program project “Using Cooperative ACC to Form High-Performance Vehicle Streams.” The California Partners for Advanced Transportation Technology (PATH) Program at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), is conducting this research, which is funded by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The Technical University of Delft in the Netherlands is PATH’s research partner. KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Implementation KW - Research projects KW - Traffic flow UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/16044/16044.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596693 AU - Ghose-Hajra, Malay AU - Tavera, Eduardo A AU - University of New Orleans AU - GeoStellar Engineering, LLC AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Testing Protocol for Predicting Driven Pile Behavior within Pre-bored Soil PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 179p AB - Piles at a project site derive their load carrying capacity from “side friction” along their embedded lengths as well as from “end resistance.” Pre-boring is a method used to facilitate driving of displacement piles through hard/dense soils. A pilot hole, generally smaller in size than the pile to be installed, is first bored to a specified depth. By pre-boring a pilot hole, the “end bearing” and “side friction” within the pre-bore zone are reduced, thus aiding the driving of the pile. However, pre-boring complicates the prediction of long-term pile capacity (specifically side friction) within the pre-bored zone and the Wave Equation Analysis of Pile (WEAP) analysis, which aims to predict pile drivability. The objective of this project was to compile the state-of-the-art and best practice results available on the subject of pre-bored piles and develop a research and instrumentation testing plan for future field data collection and select multiple pile driving sites representing different soil strengths. Subsurface geologic characteristics of Louisiana were used to recommend multiple pile driving sites for future testing of piles. A plan was recommended for driving multiple test piles at each site using differently sized pre-bored holes with no pre-boring as control for comparison. Instrumentation and monitoring plan utilizing vibrating wire strain gauges or embedded data collector technology during static load test as well as pile dynamic analyzer (PDA) during initial pile driving and restrikes was suggested to be included in the pile testing protocol. The field load testing and instrumentation data obtained during the proposed protocol can be used by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) and consulting engineers in evaluating the change in “side friction” capacity of piles while utilizing different size pre-bored hole. The database of information generated from the different sites will help reduce uncertainty in long term pile capacity prediction and constructability issues when using a pre-bored hole for pile installation. KW - Best practices KW - Boring KW - Data collection KW - Instrumentation KW - Load tests KW - Louisiana KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2016/FR_546.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596069 AU - Waggoner, Joe AU - Frey, Bob AU - Novosad, Stephen AU - Johnson, Steve AU - Blue, Victor AU - Miller, David AU - Bahler, Stephen AU - Tampa Hillsborough Expressway Authority AU - Department of Transportation TI - Connected Vehicle Pilot Deployment Program Phase 1, Concept of Operations (ConOps) – Tampa (THEA) PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 118p AB - This document describes the Concept of Operations (ConOps) for the Tampa Hillsborough Expressway Authority (THEA) Connected Vehicle (CV) Pilot Deployment. This ConOps describes the current state of operations, establishes the reasons for change, and defines operations for the future in terms of functions/features and supporting operations. This document will be used to present the vision, goals and direction for the project and support the detailed systems engineering development process. KW - Concept of operations KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Pilot studies KW - Tampa (Florida) KW - Tampa Hillsborough Expressway Authority UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/57000/57000/57032/FHWA-JPO-16-311.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594690 AU - Dougald, Lance E AU - Goodall, Noah J AU - Venkatanarayana, Ramkumar AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Incident Management Quick Clearance Guidance and Implications PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 90p AB - Improving traffic incident management is one means to help reduce congestion, as traffic incidents account for approximately 25 percent of total congestion on U.S. highways. Between July and September 2012, 330 collisions were recorded for the I-66 corridor in Northern Virginia alone, of which 82 required more than 1 hour to clear. To improve its incident management efforts, the Virginia Department of Transportation’s (VDOT) Northern Region Operations recently piloted a quick clearance policy called Operation Instant Tow. With an instant tow concept, a tow truck and a Virginia State Police trooper are dispatched simultaneously to the site of specific incident types (e.g., lane blocking events), thus reducing clearance time. VDOT’s Operations Division is interested in the potential expansion of this initiative to other operations regions and the employment of other quick clearance initiatives currently not executed in Virginia. The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate traffic incident management initiatives including quick clearance practices and policies used by other state departments of transportation; (2) to assess the feasibility of adopting strategies that are not currently implemented in Virginia; and (3) to provide emergency responders and VDOT staff with a tool to estimate the benefits of clearing an incident quickly, individualized for a particular incident, location, and time. The tool would provide an incident commander with real-time information on the costs to the traveler from extended lane closures. The guidance and data tool developed in this study will provide VDOT with additional mechanisms to broaden and strengthen its outreach to the responder community and improve real-time awareness of incident lane closure costs. The guidance on quick clearance is intended to support statewide implementation of strategies to improve incident response and clearance times. Implementing this guidance will provide strengthened interagency coordination and cooperation resulting in measurable benefits for traffic incident management. KW - Costs KW - Emergency response time KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Incident management KW - Lane closure KW - Policy KW - Real time information KW - State departments of transportation KW - Time duration KW - Towed vehicles KW - Traffic incidents KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/16-r9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594682 AU - Young, C Bryan AU - McEnroe, Bruce M AU - Wei, Zhengxin AU - Zapata, Ricardo Gamarra AU - University of Kansas, Lawrence AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Updated Regional Flood Frequency Equations for Small, Rural, Unregulated Watersheds in Kansas PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 47p AB - This report presents new regional flood frequency equations intended to replace the Extended Rational and Three Variable Regression equations introduced in K-TRAN: KU-06-4, Flood Frequency Relationships for Small Watersheds in Kansas (McEnroe, Young, & Rome, 2007). This update was necessitated by the publication of new National Weather Service (NWS) rainfall frequency estimates for the Midwest in NOAA Atlas 14 Volume 8 (Perica et al., 2013). This report presents one set of regional regression equations to replace both the Extended Rational Method and Three Variable Regression Methods. The Extended Rational and the Three Variable Regression equations have the same three inputs: drainage area, mean annual precipitation, and rainfall intensity. The two sets of equations produce very similar results. The equations presented in this report incorporate current rainfall frequency and mean annual precipitation data, as well as current flood frequency estimates, and were developed using the best available regional regression techniques. The authors recommend adoption of these equations in subsequent editions of the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) Design Manual. KW - Floods KW - Forecasting KW - Kansas KW - Rainfall KW - Regression analysis KW - Rural areas KW - Watersheds UR - https://dmsweb.ksdot.org/AppNetProd/docpop/docpop.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594610 AU - Taylor, Peter AU - Zhang, Jiake AU - Wang, Xin AU - National Concrete Pavement Technology Center AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Conclusions from the Investigation of Deterioration of Joints in Concrete Pavements PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 41p AB - Premature deterioration of concrete at the joints in concrete pavements and parking lots has been reported across the northern states. The distress may first appear as shadowing when microcracking near the joints traps water, or as cracks parallel to and about 1 inch from the saw cut. The distress later exhibits as a significant loss of material. Not all roadways are distressed, but the problem is common enough to warrant attention. The aim of the work being conducted under this and parallel contracts was to improve understanding of the mechanisms behind premature joint deterioration and, based on this understanding, develop training materials and guidance documents to help practitioners reduce the risk of further distress and provide guidelines for repair techniques. While work is still needed to understand all of the details of the mechanisms behind premature deterioration and the prevention of further distress, the work in this report has contributed to advancing the state of the knowledge. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deterioration KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints UR - http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1182&context=intrans_reports UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/joint_deterioration_investigation_w_cvr.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59235/viewcontent.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594591 AU - Goodchild, Anne V AU - Ukrainczyk, Luka AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Food Distribution Supply Chain Data Collection: Supply Chain Firm Interviews and Truck Counts PY - 2016/02 SP - 57p AB - This report summarizes the work completed under the SHRP2 (Strategic Highway Research Program 2) Local Freight Data program. Supply chain firm interviews and truck counts were conducted to better understand the Food Distribution System in the Puget Sound. Interviews explored key business challenges, operations, and potential responses to natural gas incentives. Truck counts were conducted at grocery stores, and observations included truck type, time of day, stop duration, and parking behavior. The report includes a description of truck activity at grocery stores, and a summary of industry responses to natural gas incentives. The research contributes to the design of future freight data collection, and the development of policy responsive freight models. KW - Data collection KW - Delivery service KW - Food KW - Freight traffic KW - Incentives KW - Natural gas vehicles KW - Physical distribution KW - Puget Sound KW - Supply chain management KW - Traffic counts KW - Trip generation KW - Truck traffic UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/850.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594590 AU - Scarpato, David J AU - Scarptec, Incorporated AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Catastrophic Icefall Hazard Assessment, Avoidance Procedures & Mitigations Strategies-Phase I Literature Review PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 31p AB - The incidence of icefall is one of the most underrepresented and underappreciated of all the natural hazards. Falling pieces of ice are subject to melting and sublimation, and evidence of such events may be gone in a matter of days or even hours. There is very little existing research and engineering design criteria relative to icefall hazard mitigation. Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (AKDOT&PF) is undertaking research aimed at better understanding icefall hazards and eventually quantifying risk of impact along state highways, in an effort to mitigate icefall hazards. The research project was broken down into two (initial) distinct phases. This research report summarizes the results of the Phase No. 1 Literature Review, which includes potential sources of data that could be included for further site-specific studies. Sources of data include personal communications, documented icefall events, media accounts, technical literature, Alaska-specific documents, Alaska-specific web based sources, and potential software (for technical evaluations). Data sources are ranked according to perceived value for use during Phase No. 2 studies. Data ranked as “high” and “moderate” value will likely be further referenced during Phase No. 2 site-specific studies at seven key sites throughout the State of Alaska. KW - Alaska KW - Hazard analysis KW - Hazard mitigation KW - Highway safety KW - Ice KW - Icefall KW - Icing KW - Literature reviews KW - Risk analysis UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/4000-158.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594447 AU - Ozyildirim, Celik AU - Moruza, Gail M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge Beams and Pier Caps With Self-Consolidating Concrete at Nimmo Parkway PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 27p AB - Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has a very high level of workability as it easily fills formwork under the influence of its own mass without any additional consolidation energy. SCC can be placed in narrow and congested areas, fit the geometry of the element, and provide smooth surfaces. The purpose of this study was to investigate innovative, cost-effective, and aesthetically pleasing SCC mixtures for use in bridge beams and pier caps. The Virginia Department of Transportation used SCC in two bridges located south of Virginia Beach on the same project and in close proximity to each other. The bridges carry Nimmo Parkway traffic over Hunt Club Tributary and West Neck Creek. The bridge over West Neck Creek has 18 spans, and the bridge over Hunt Club Tributary has 2 spans. Precast SCC was used in the 220 beams on the two bridges, and cast-in-place SCC was used in three pier caps on one of the bridges. SCC mixtures were prepared at a prestressed concrete plant for the beams and a ready mixed concrete plant for cast-in-place applications. Cast-in-place SCC was delivered to the site by ready mixed concrete trucks. SCC for the bridge beams had high flow rates and attained high strength and low permeability. The surface of the beams had minimal blemishes. The cast-in-place SCC also had high strength and low permeability. In one of the four loads used in the first pier cap, marginal stability and lower but satisfactory strength were obtained. On the second and third day of the placements, SCC of uniform quality was obtained. Thus, compared to conventional mixtures, SCC is expected to have greater material-related costs because of changes in ingredients, particularly the addition of more and higher dosages of chemical admixtures. However, the ease of placement, speed of construction, and reduced labor requirements are expected to result in overall cost savings in structures with SCC. Further, the lack of problems with consolidation is expected to lead to improved surface appearance, strength, and durability; an increased service life; and lower life cycle costs. The study recommends that SCC be an option for precast and cast-in-place applications, and the Virginia Department of Transportation will include this option in its new 2016 Road and Bridge Specifications. KW - Beams KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge piers KW - Cast in place concrete KW - Costs KW - Highway bridges KW - Pile caps KW - Self compacting concrete KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/16-r11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594445 AU - Sebaaly, Peter E AU - Hajj, Elie Y AU - Weitzel, Dean AU - Belancio, Greg AU - University of Nevada, Reno AU - SOLARIS University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Effectiveness of Cape Seal Pavement Preservation Technique in Northern Nevada PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 93p AB - This report presents the results of a research study funded by SOLARIS University Transportation Center. The research evaluated the long-term performance of cape seals with micro-surfacing and slurry seal in the Truckee Meadows and Incline Village areas of Northern Nevada. The analysis of the data generated from this research led to the following findings and recommendations: (1) Among the six factors that were evaluated (Construction, Materials, Traffic, Structure, Environment, and Pre-Pavement Condition Index (PCI)) only the pre-PCI (PCI prior to application of cape seal) value had a significant impact on the long-termperformance of the cape seals. (2) Micro-surfacing cape seals exhibited very consistent long-term performance regardless of the conditions of the existing pavement as expressed by the pre-PCI level. This is shown by the narrow range of the final PCI values of all micro-surfacing cape seals of 70 – 80. (3) The effective performance life of micro-surfacing cape seals is 7 years in the Truckee Meadows and 5 years in Incline Village. The effective performance life of slurry seal cape seals is 3.5 years in the Truckee Meadows and 3 years in Incline Village. (4) The life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) indicates that the micro-surfacing cape seal is more cost effective than the slurry seal cape seal at both locations of Truckee Meadows and Incline Village. (5) Based on the excellent long-term performance and the significantly higher benefit cost ratio of the micro-surfacing cape seals as compared to the slurry seal cape seals, road agencies should continue to use the micro-surfacing cape seal as a preventive maintenance treatment. KW - Analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Chip seals KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Nevada KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Recommendations KW - Slurry seals UR - http://www.unr.edu/Documents/engineering/solaris/Sebaaly-Cape-Seal-Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594436 AU - Tian, Zong AU - Gholami, Ali AU - University of Nevada, Reno AU - SOLARIS University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Safe and Efficient Pedestrian Accomodation at Coordinated Signalized Intersections PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 69p AB - The purpose of this research is to study how pedestrian crossing timing should be considered in coordinated signal operations. A practical guideline needs to be developed to determine when accommodation (A) of pedestrian timing into coordination is preferable over non-accommodating (NA). With this guideline, practitioners input cycle length (C), volume (v), required pedestrian timing (RPT), and other signal parameters. The guideline will lead to a recommendation on whether A or NA should be used based on arterial vehicle delay. As part of the guideline development, a mathematical model was developed and validated by simulating 3,456 scenarios in VISSIM traffic simulation. Then, a software tool was created based on the mathematical model, named PeTASC (Pedestrian Timing Accommodation into Signal Coordination). A link is provided to download this free software. PeTASC can be used as a reference for an appropriate pedestrian timing design. This software can help practitioners design a better coordination plan and as a result, reduce arterial delay. KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Signalized intersections KW - Software KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation UR - http://www.unr.edu/Documents/engineering/solaris/Tian-Signal%20Coordination%5b1%5d.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594311 AU - Rasmussen, Benjamin AU - Deaderick, Lauren AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Fish and Wildlife Service TI - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Alternative Transportation Evaluation: Region 8 PY - 2016/02 SP - 65p AB - The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), Federal Lands Highway, and the U.S. Department of Transportation Volpe Center have conducted regional alternative transportation evaluations (RATEs) in most of FWS’s eight regions. RATEs help ensure effective consideration and integration of alternative transportation systems (ATS) into the goals and recommendations of the region’s long-range transportation plans (LRTPs). A RATE was conducted in Region 8, comprising California, Nevada, and the Klamath Basin in southern Oregon, in the summer of 2014. The RATE provided lessons on and opportunities for how ATS may be instituted more broadly across Region 8. KW - Accessibility KW - California KW - Case studies KW - Financing KW - Mode choice KW - Nevada KW - Oregon KW - Public land KW - Regional transportation KW - Transportation options KW - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service KW - Wildlife UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/57000/57000/57026/DOT-VNTSC-FWS-16-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400140 ER - TY - SER AN - 01594295 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Horton, Suzanne AU - Segev, Eran AU - Meltzer, Neil AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model, Fiscal Year 2012 PY - 2016/02//Draft Report SP - 38p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), in cooperation with the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, has developed an analytic model to measure the effectiveness of roadside inspections and traffic enforcement in terms of crashes prevented, injuries prevented, and lives saved. Traffic enforcement and roadside inspections are considered interventions and this analytic model is known as the Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model. This model provides FMCSA management with information to address the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, which requires Federal agencies to measure the effectiveness of their programs as part of the budget cycle process. It also provides FMCSA and State safety program managers with a quantitative basis for optimizing the allocation of safety resources in the field. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56900/56979/15-013-RIEM_FY2012_508C_-_V1_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594102 AU - Miller, Kristi AU - Geiselbrecht, Tina AU - Moran, Maarit AU - Miller, M A AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dynamic Ride-Share, Car-Share, and Bike-Share and State-Level Mobility : Research to Support Assessing, Attracting, and Managing Shared Mobility Programs - Final Report PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 220p AB - Texas is one of the fastest growing states in the nation, and its growth is expected to continue, supported by diversity in its economy, geography, and population. The challenge of prioritizing limited resources in this environment requires a proactive approach to travel demand management. This project provides guidance for Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) in its planning and mobility efforts and in understanding the viability of various alternative mobility programs. This report describes research of best practices and lessons learned from mobility programs. The research describes executive interviews, focus groups, and surveys to obtain details and document perspectives of the varying stakeholder groups. The research produced a guidebook that will aid TxDOT in determining how to best identify and implement alternative mobility programs in a given region as part of its planning and mobility efforts. KW - Best practices KW - Focus groups KW - Handbooks KW - Implementation KW - Mobility KW - Ridesharing KW - Stakeholders KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning KW - Vehicle sharing UR - http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6818-1.pdf UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/Presto/search/SearchResults_ClearCriteria.aspx?q=(catalog.ID=(33956)) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594100 AU - Gudishala, Ravindra AU - Wilmot, Chester AU - Mokkapati, Aditya AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - National Center for Intermodal Transportation for Economic Competitiveness AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Travel Time Estimation Using Bluetooth PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 90p AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using a Bluetooth Probe Detection System (BPDS) to estimate travel time in an urban area. Specifically, the study investigated the possibility of measuring overall congestion, the trend in congestion, the location of congestion “hotspots,” and finally measurement of the level of congestion at the hotspots using a BPDS. A secondary objective was to assess the possibility of obtaining travel time from other quicker and cheaper methods such as simply purchasing it from a commercial vendor. The findings of the study indicate that a BPDS can reliably be used to measure travel time and estimate congestion in terms of indices such as travel delay, planning time index, and travel time index. However, the acquisition of a BPDS includes certain overheads such as installation costs, maintenance costs and monitoring costs. Purchase of travel time from a commercial vendor might be a viable option if the travel time data is not needed on a day-to-day basis and over an extended period of time. However, one of the disadvantages of purchasing travel time data is limited flexibility in using the data because of contractual issues. The study recommends using BPDS for collecting travel time if real-time data are needed on a constant basis and over a period of one or more years. If the data are not needed in real time and are needed for limited purposes and for less than a year, then it would be preferable to acquire the data through a commercial vendor. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bluetooth technology KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Real time information KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.ncitec.msstate.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013-43FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594082 AU - Suh, Wonho AU - Guensler, Randall AU - Hunter, Michael AU - Guin, Angshuman AU - Anderson, James AU - Colberg, Kathryn AU - Zinner, Stephanie AU - Georgia Transportation Institute University Transportation Center (GTI-UTC) AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Work Zone Technology Testbed PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 69p AB - In this research project, travel time data collection technologies were reviewed and three different technologies, Bluetooth®, Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR), and iCone® system, were selected for field testing deployment in Metro Atlanta. After successful initial testing in controlled conditions, the systems were deployed into I-285 freeway work zones and real-time travel time data were collected. This research project evaluated the capability of the selected technologies to provide accurate real-time travel time information. The data from the systems were selectively compared with travel time data collected via manual means. The selected technologies were found to report reasonably accurate travel time data in free flow conditions and congested traffic conditions. However, travel times derived from all three methods were biased toward collecting more data from slower moving lanes during congested traffic conditions. As such, work zone travel times were biased high from all three methods. However, the overall results showed that all three methods are technologically feasible, and biases can be overcome with proper equipment placement and deployment configurations. KW - Accuracy KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Automatic license plate readers KW - Bluetooth technology KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Real time information KW - Technology assessment KW - Travel time KW - Work zones UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/11-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594073 AU - Im, Soohyok AU - Hu, Sheng AU - Zhou, Fujie AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Studies and Future Directions for Mixes Containing RAP/RAS: Technical Report PY - 2016/02//Technical Report SP - 124p AB - In the last several years reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) have been widely used in asphalt mixes in Texas. The use of RAP/RAS can significantly reduce the initial cost of asphalt mixtures, conserve energy, and protect the environment. There are always two main concerns: variability of RAP/RAS and durability (or cracking) of RAP/RAS mixes. Past studies in Texas have clearly indicated that both RAP and RAS have acceptable variability following the best practices for handling RAP/RAS. This study focused on the durability problems of RAP/RAS asphalt mixes. First, extensive laboratory tests were performed to investigate the impacts of RAP/RAS on the durability of RAP/RAS blended binders and asphalt mixes. Second, a field survey on test sections with RAP/RAS mixes was conducted to identify how significant RAP/RAS are and which approach to improve the durability problems of mixes. Third, a pavement life cycling cost analysis on RAP/RAS mixes was conducted to investigate the financial benefits of them. Finally, the findings, conclusions, and recommendations for RAP/RAS mixes are made. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Durability KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Recycled materials KW - Shingles KW - Test sections KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6738-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593931 AU - Xiao, M AU - Qiu, T AU - Khosrojerdi, M AU - Basu, P AU - Withiam, J L AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - D'Appolonia Engineering Division of Ground Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Synthesis and Evaluation of the Service Limit State of Engineered Fills for Bridge Support PY - 2016/02//Technical Report SP - 154p AB - This report synthesizes the current service limit state (SLS) design and analyses of engineered fills for bridge support used as shallow foundations. The SLS for settlement and deformations of bridge supports are summarized. Extensive literature reviews were conducted to synthesize the effects of various parameters on the SLS of engineered fills. The reliability of current prediction methods for deformations of bridge supports on granular soils are presented and evaluated using measured deformation data in the literature. Based on the literature review and synthesis, knowledge gaps and data needs for bridge supports with engineered fills were identified. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge piers KW - Deformation KW - Evaluation KW - Fills KW - Granular soils KW - Literature reviews UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/15080/15080.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593920 AU - Hosteng, Travis AU - Phares, Brent AU - Redd, Samuel AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - Laboratory Investigation of Bridge Strip Seal Joint Termination Details PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 69p AB - Bridge expansion joints, if not properly designed, constructed, and maintained, often lead to the deterioration of critical substructure elements. Strip seal expansion joints consisting of a steel extrusion and neoprene gland are one type of expansion joint and are commonly used by the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT). Strip seal expansion joints are susceptible to tears and pull outs that allow water, chlorides, and debris to infiltrate the joint, and subsequently the bearings below. One area of the strip seal that is particularly problematic is where it terminates at the interface between the deck and the barrier rail. The Iowa DOT has noted that the initial construction quality of the current strip seal termination detail is not satisfactory, nor ideal, and a need exists for re-evaluation and possibly re-design of this detail. Desirable qualities of a strip seal termination detail provide a seal that is simple and fast to construct, facilitate quick gland removal and installation, and provide a reliable, durable barrier to prevent chloride-contaminated water from reaching the substructure. To meet the objectives of this research project, several strip seal termination details were evaluated in the laboratory. Alternate termination details may not only function better than the current Iowa DOT standard, but are also less complicated to construct, facilitating better quality control. However, uncertainties still exist regarding the long-term effects of using straight-through details, with or without the dogleg, that could not be answered in the laboratory in the short time frame of the research project. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge substructures KW - Expansion joints KW - Iowa KW - Joint sealers KW - Laboratory tests KW - Skew bridges UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/strip_seal_joint_termination_details_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593748 AU - Schafer, Sarah AU - Martinko, Richard S AU - Lindquist, Peter S AU - Sundaraghavan, P AU - National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) AU - Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Collaborating Toward the IT Highway: Linking Public and Private Investments in Intelligent Transportation Systems to Freight Flows and Supply Chain Performance PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 30p AB - This work will examine the collaborative effort of public and private investments in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and how these investments impact freight flow system performance. Previous research has suggested benefits of implementing ITS, however few studies have developed metrics for the evaluation of system performance. In this study, metrics will be developed for system performance. Primary data will be collected from both public and private enterprises to examine performance outcome improvements gained by investing in ITS technology for freight. These outcomes will be analyzed to identify key success factors to leverage public and private investments in ITS for freight to further develop the system. It is envisioned that reporting quantified benefits from this work will support the collaboration of stakeholders in regions not currently using ITS to promote future investments in the system. KW - Cooperation KW - Financing KW - Freight traffic KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Investments KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Performance measurement KW - Public private partnerships UR - http://www.wistrans.org/cfire/documents/CFIRE_0911_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398938 ER - TY - SER AN - 01593726 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Ozer, Hasan AU - Renshaw, Greg AU - Hasiba, Khaled AU - Al-Qadi, Imad L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Impacts of Re-Refined Engine Oil Bottoms (ReOB) on Performance Graded Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Mixtures PY - 2016/02//Final Report IS - 16-006 SP - 55p AB - This report provides findings of a laboratory study that assessed the performance grade (PG) of asphalt binder modified with re-refined engine oil bottoms (ReOB), and the performance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) using these modified binders. The selected asphalt binder PG for this study was PG 58-28. Asphalt binder was blended with two ReOB products from two different manufacturers (CC-type and SK-type) at various percentages of ReOB (3%, 6%, and 9%). All asphalt binders (six different blends in addition to the control) were characterized using the SuperPave asphalt binder PG system. Even though the final PG of all blended asphalt binders was PG 58-28, a reduction in the stiffness of binder at intermediate and low temperatures was observed with increasing ReOB content. Some of the critical engineering properties of asphalt mixtures prepared with CC- and SK-type ReOB were evaluated. The mixtures’ resistance to permanent deformation was evaluated using the Hamburg wheel track test (HWT). The HWT did not show any significant difference in permanent deformation of HMA with 9% ReOB compared with the control mix. The low- and intermediate-temperature cracking resistance was examined using the semi-circular bending beam (SCB) test at three aging levels: short-term, long-term, and extended long-term. Fracture energy and strength values obtained from the low-temperature SCB tests were comparable for all mixtures with increasing ReOB content. The SCB test results at 25°C (77°F) showed a consistent reduction in fracture energy and flexibility index (FI) with an increasing amount of ReOB at different levels of aging. Similar performance was observed for both CC- and SK-types of ReOB. The impact of ReOB in the mixes’ fracture properties including fracture energy and FI was evident at intermediate temperatures. KW - Bituminous binders KW - Deformation KW - Engine oils KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fracture properties KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycled materials UR - https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=4772 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593722 AU - Wang, Liming AU - Liu, Jenny AU - Portland State University AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Multi-Modal Performance Measures in Oregon: Developing a Transportation Cost Index Based Upon Multi-Modal Network and Land Use Information PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 132p AB - Transportation Cost Index (TCI) is a performance measure for transportation and land use systems originally proposed and piloted by Reiff and Gregor (2005). It fills important niches of existing similar measures in term of policy areas covered and type of applications. The goal of this research project is to move TCI from prototype towards implementation and application by establishing robust definitions of travel market baskets and robust methods for calculating transportation costs. After reviewing literature, the authors propose two approaches of defining travel market baskets, namely the cluster-based approach and the survey-based approach, and one method of calculating travel costs. The authors develop these approaches and implement them in R as an open source project. The authors then apply TCI to various regions, in particular Portland and Corvallis in Oregon, to showcase its scalability and applicability. KW - Cluster analysis KW - Corvallis (Oregon) KW - Cost indexes KW - Land use KW - Literature reviews KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Performance measurement KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Travel surveys UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/SPR760_TCIFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593711 AU - Pickrell, Timothy M AU - Choi, Eun-Ha AU - KC, Shova AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Occupant Restraint Use in 2014: Results from the NOPUS Controlled Intersection Study PY - 2016/02 SP - 30p AB - This report presents results from the 2014 National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) Controlled Intersection Study. NOPUS is the only nationwide probability-based occupant restraint use survey. The National Center for Statistics and Analysis of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration conducts this survey annually. The 2014 NOPUS found that seat belt use continued to be higher for females (89%) than for males (84%). Seat belt use in the rear seat (73%) was lower than in the front seat (87%). Overall restraint use for children under 8 years old in 2014 was 91 percent compared to 89 percent in 2013. KW - Age groups KW - Child restraint systems KW - Demographics KW - Front seat occupants KW - Gender KW - National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Seat belt use KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812244.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593710 AU - Katz, Bryan AU - Kehoe, Nicholas AU - Kissner, Erin AU - Cobb, Douglas AU - Senger, Sara AU - Toxcel, LLC AU - TEC Engineering AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation for School Bus Stop Sign Ahead Signs PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 79p AB - To improve the safety at school bus stops, the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) conducted a study to identify available technologies or methods that could actively warn motorists of the presence of a school bus at an upcoming school bus stop. A scan of the current practice found that all States use static School Bus Stop Ahead signs similar to Ohio. The literature search reviewed current practices and research within the transportation industry as well as other relevant industries (e.g., construction, mining) and identified 13 potential technologies for use as a sensor, and 4 types of warning devices. Two approaches were taken to evaluate the potential solutions: cost-benefits analysis and benefits assessment. This combined approach found that a Bluetooth-based system using flashing beacons to warn drivers of an upcoming school bus stop was the recommended solution for a pilot test. This system will have low capital costs, is limited in complexity, and will be simple and inexpensive to operate and maintain for the school district. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Flashing beacons KW - Literature reviews KW - Ohio KW - School buses KW - Sensors KW - State of the practice KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning signs UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/13398 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400060 ER - TY - SER AN - 01592050 JO - Research Results PB - Federal Railroad Administration TI - C³RS: Midterm Accomplishments at Another Site and Success Factors Across Sites PY - 2016/02 IS - 15-44 SP - 4p AB - The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has been implementing the Confidential Close Call Reporting System (C³RS). This reporting system includes: Confidential reporting; Root-cause-analysis problem solving by a Peer Review Team (PRT) comprising labor, management, and FRA; Implementation and review of corrective actions, some locally, and others system-wide with the help of a Support Team made up of senior managers; Tracking the results of change; and Reporting the results of change. Demonstration pilot sites for C³RS were set up at Union Pacific Railroad (UP); Canadian Pacific Railway (CP); New Jersey Transit (NJT); and Amtrak. FRA is sponsoring a rigorous evaluation of C³RS in order to answer three questions: (1) What conditions are necessary to implement C³RS successfully? (2) What is the impact of C³RS on safety and safety culture? (3) What factors help to sustain C³RS? This evaluation has been organized into baseline, midterm, and final time periods at each site. To protect company confidentiality, specific sites are not identified in the findings. This report is part of a series of Research Results that will provide the public with the evaluation’s findings. This paper contains 1) findings at one demonstration site (Site A), which are based on interviews with stakeholders and redacted C³RS program data, as well as 2) cross-site findings from several other sites. KW - Amtrak KW - Canadian Pacific Railway Company KW - Crash reports KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Near miss collisions (Ground transportation) KW - New Jersey Transit KW - Railroad safety KW - Stakeholders KW - Union Pacific Railroad UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/15634 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592039 AU - Steinberg, Eric AU - Walsh, Kenneth AU - Sparks, Nik AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge Trough Maintenance Evaluation on Finger Joint Bridges PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 45p AB - The maintenance of drainage troughs under finger expansion joints is often difficult due to limited access from below due to height and from above due to the finger joint and traffic. Recently, research was conducted to determine if design changes or equipment may provide a better way of performing drainage trough cleaning. Best practices in drainage trough design and maintenance were identified through the following tasks: (1) review drawings and conduct site visits, (2) literature review, and (3) survey of state departments of transportation (DOTs). The results of the research revealed that approximately 40 finger joints exist in the state of Ohio, although not all of these joints contain drainage troughs. Furthermore, at least 17 other states still use drainage troughs, although some have made modifications to their trough designs due to issues with cleaning. Examples of design modifications included the installation of foam beneath the finger joints, installation of a side-flap to enhance accessibility, and the use of concrete troughs cast into bridge abutments or piers. It was concluded that each trough is unique with its own design, traffic conditions, debris loading, and accessibility, and may therefore require its own unique cleaning process. For troughs that can be cleaned frequently enough to assure proper drainage, methods such as pressurized water, compressed air, vacuum, or a combination of these should be used. Otherwise, consideration should be given to design modifications such as foam inserts, sideflaps, or the removal of the trough altogether. In some cases, replacement of the finger joint with another type of joint may be the most efficient solution. KW - Best practices KW - Drainage KW - Evaluation KW - Expansion joints KW - Highway bridges KW - Literature reviews KW - Maintenance KW - Ohio KW - Surveys KW - Troughs (Geology) UR - http://cdm16007.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401ccp2/id/13361 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592037 AU - Golias, Mihalis AU - Mishra, Sabya AU - Psarros, Ioannis AU - National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) AU - Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - A Guidebook for Best Practices on Integrated Land Use and Travel Demand Modeling PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 164p AB - Land use and transportation systems are closely interrelated and models used to support transportation planning need to be integrated with land use models to capture these effects. Currently 11 Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) in Tennessee (TN) use their respective analytical tools to estimate land use and transportation. However, there is limited coherence between MPOs in terms of integrated land use and transportation models (ILUTM) because of geographic boundaries. This project will seek to develop a guidebook that will assist practitioners as they integrate both their land use and transportation models. KW - Best practices KW - Handbooks KW - Land use models KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Tennessee KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand UR - http://www.wistrans.org/cfire/documents/CFIRE_0906_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592027 AU - Mishra, Sabya AU - Golias, Mihalis AU - Sarker, Afrid AU - Naimi, Alireza AU - National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Effect of Primary and Secondary Crashes: Identification, Visualization, and Prediction PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 86p AB - The authors propose to develop individual models for incident duration, secondary crash occurrence, associated delays, and queue length and apply those to one or two urban cities in Tennessee. The authors will also propose a framework for the development of an online Hot Spot Visual Tool (HSVT) to identify most hazardous locations or hot spots and a crash identification toolbox (CIT) to obtain specifics of primary and secondary crashes from archived crash data. In combination, the proposed three models can help in predicting short-term primary and secondary crash durations, the probable occurrence of secondary crashes, delay and associated queue length. The scope of the project will also include identification of hot spots and provide strategies to improve truck operations against accidents. KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash data KW - High risk locations KW - Queuing KW - Tennessee KW - Time duration KW - Traffic delays UR - http://www.wistrans.org/cfire/documents/CFIRE_0905_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398493 ER - TY - SER AN - 01592026 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Supplementary Cementitious Materials: Best Practices for Concrete Pavements PY - 2016/02 SP - 7p AB - State highway agencies (SHAs) and others charged with construction and maintenance of roads and bridges expect one key property from concrete: durability. Meanwhile, service demands placed on concrete structures continue to increase, along with expectations for reduced environmental impact and lower initial and lifecycle costs. To produce concrete mixtures that satisfy these demands, engineers increasingly turn to supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as part of the solution. The purpose of this tech brief is to describe common SCMs, highlight their benefits and drawbacks when used in concrete for highway applications, and discuss recent trends that may affect the use of SCMs during the foreseeable future. KW - Best practices KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Highways KW - Silica fume KW - Slag cement KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/hif16001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592006 AU - Sarder, M D AU - Miller, Chad AU - Sulbaran, Tulio AU - Holt, David AU - Golias, Mihalis AU - Anderson, Mike AU - Mohammadian, Kouros AU - Stewart, Richard AU - Islam, Samantha AU - National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) AU - Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Realigning Multimodal Freight Networks in Response to International Capacity Expansion PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 225p AB - The widely discussed Panama Canal expansion project is expected to be completed by 2014. Following that expansion, container flows for imports and exports will likely shift to eastern and Gulf coast ports and the increased freight volumes may strain the already congested intermodal transportation system. This project will examine how expansion of the Panama Canal may redistribute trade volumes across the intermodal system, including ports, waterways, railroads, and highways. This research will assess potential effects of the Canal’s expansion on the freight networks in the South and Midwest and identify rational strategies for the nation’s multimodal network in response to this international capacity expansion. A promising opportunity for gaining economic competitiveness is the freight village concept. Freight villages and global logistics parks are planned distribution, logistics, and warehousing communities built around intermodal hubs with the expectation of exogenous and endogenous growth. However, partners at the University of Memphis and the University of Southern Mississippi have shown that not all intermodal facilities are significant job creators and that the reasons for different economic impacts need to be better understood. KW - Container traffic KW - Economic impacts KW - Freight traffic KW - Highways KW - Intermodal facilities KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Logistics KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Panama Canal KW - Port capacity KW - Ports KW - Railroads KW - Waterways UR - http://www.wistrans.org/cfire/documents/CFIRE_RI06_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592003 AU - Peters, Robert W AU - Sisiopiku, Virginia P AU - Amekudzi-Kennedy, Adjo A AU - Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Development of Educational & Professional Training Modules on Green/Sustainability Design & Rating Systems for Neighborhood Development & Transportation PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 38p AB - While the importance of sustainability is well recognized by practicing and academic professionals alike, Civil Engineering curricula do not typically offer courses covering or addressing sustainability design principles and assessment methodologies. To bridge this gap, this report discusses the development and pilot testing of a course on “Sustainability Design and Rating Systems” for upper level undergraduate and master level civil engineering graduate students, which was taught at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). The course development was the result of close and productive collaboration between one transportation and one environmental engineering faculty member who team-taught the course pilot in the fall semester 2014. This approach can set an example of the benefits of multidisciplinary course instruction that can foster interaction among traditional civil engineering disciplines for the benefit of students. The pilot course focused on sustainable transportation and livable streets, transportation planning and site design for sustainable transportation, sustainability rating systems for neighborhoods and infrastructure, brownfield/greyfield redevelopment options, and sustainability and ethics. The objective was to educate the future engineering workforce about the basic principles of sustainable design and evaluation methods, in an effort to raise awareness and develop expertise on sustainable design options and their associated benefits. KW - Civil engineering KW - Education and training KW - Ratings KW - Sustainable development KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://stride.ce.ufl.edu/uploads/docs/Educational_Modules_on_Green-Sustainability_Design_Rating_Systems_for_Neighborhood_Development_and_Transportation_STRIDE_2012-051S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398241 ER - TY - SER AN - 01591992 JO - Traffic Safety Facts - Research Note PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Pickrell, Timothy M AU - Li, Hongying (Ruby) TI - Seat Belt Use in 2015—Overall Results PY - 2016/02 SP - 5p AB - Seat belt use in 2015 reached 88.5 percent, up from 86.7 percent in 2014; this was not a statistically significant difference. This result is from the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), which is the only survey that provides nationwide probability-based observed data on seat belt use in the United States. The NOPUS is conducted annually by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). In 2015, NHTSA conducted a redesign to select a new NOPUS sample representative of the most current demographic and traffic conditions. Seat belt use has shown an increasing trend since 2000, accompanied by a steady decline in the percentage of unrestrained passenger vehicle (PV) occupant fatalities during daytime. The 2015 survey also found that (1) seat belt use continued to be higher in the States in which vehicle occupants can be pulled over solely for not using seat belts; (2) seat belt use for occupants in passenger cars increased significantly from 88.1 percent in 2014 to 90.3 percent in 2015; and (3) seat belt use for occupants in pickup trucks increased significantly from 77.2 percent in 2014 to 80.8 percent in 2015. KW - Fatalities KW - National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) KW - Seat belt use KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812243.pdf UR - https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812243 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01591984 AU - Adams, Teresa AU - National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Compass 2013 Data Analysis and Reporting PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 91p AB - The Compass Annual Report is issued each year to communicate the condition of Wisconsin’s state highway network and to demonstrate accountability for maintenance expenditures. The primary audience for this report includes Maintenance Supervisors and Operations Managers at the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) and partner organizations including the 72 counties. Compass reports are used to understand trends and conditions, prioritize resources, and set future target condition levels for the state highway system. The condition data is also used to estimate the costs to reduce maintenance backlogs to varying levels of service. This report includes data on traveled ways (paved traffic lanes), shoulders, drainage, roadsides, selected traffic devices, specific aspects of winter maintenance activities, and bridges. The report does not include measures for preventive maintenance, operational services (like traveler information and incident management), or electrified traffic assets (like signals and lighting). KW - Annual reports KW - Condition surveys KW - Data analysis KW - Expenditures KW - Highway maintenance KW - State highways KW - Wisconsin UR - http://www.wistrans.org/cfire/documents/CFIRE_0901_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01591965 AU - Mishra, Sabya AU - Golias, Mihalis AU - Dulebnets, Maxim AU - Flaskou, Mania AU - National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - A Guidebook for Freight Transportation Planning Using Truck GPS Data PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 115p AB - The proposed guidebook will investigate (and develop case studies) of how and if the available global positioning system (GPS) data can be used to: (1) Develop performance measures for transportation facilities; (2) Provide key performance indicators for intermodal terminals in Tennessee; (3) Develop truck trip generation rates for different intermodal and trans-modal terminals; (4) Analyze TN truck corridors with a focus on travel time and flow; (5) Analyze inter- and intra-city travel patterns; and (6) Provide data to support development, calibration and validation of TN's State and Metropolitan Planning Organization's (MPO's) travel demand models (both for the freight and passenger component). KW - Case studies KW - Freight transportation KW - Global Positioning System KW - Handbooks KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Performance measurement KW - Tennessee KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Truck traffic UR - http://www.wistrans.org/cfire/documents/CFIRE_0904_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398492 ER - TY - SER AN - 01591958 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Fries, Ryan AU - Fadoul, Antoun AU - Niloy, MD Toushik Ahmed AU - Vyas, Veda AU - Atiquzzaman, Md AU - Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Real-time Information Dissemination Requirements for Illinois per New Federal Rule: Project Extension (Phase II) PY - 2016/02//Final Report IS - 16-008 SP - 72p AB - To satisfy the provisions of 23 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 511, state departments of transportations and other transportation agencies were required to establish real-time systems management information programs by November 2014. These programs are responsible for collecting and disseminating (1) travel times, (2) lane closures due to traffic incidents, (3) lane or road-closing construction activities, and (4) road weather conditions. The objective of this report is to provide the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) with guidance on compliance with 23 CFR 511. To meet this objective, the researchers applied the methods established in the first phase of the study, measuring the accuracy, availability, and coverage of the four key types of traveler information. Additionally, this project also guided the selection of routes of significance in the Chicago and East St. Louis metropolitan areas. The researchers collected the required data listed above by working with operations and construction officials in every district and the central office of IDOT. To measure the accuracy, the researchers compared samples of the information IDOT provided to the public with baseline sources. After assembling data samples, the researchers analyzed the accuracy level of the four main types of traveler information and found that the travel-time information in the Chicago area was 85.6% accurate, IDOT’s traffic incident information was 87.0% accurate, and IDOT’s construction information was 73.1% accurate. The study also identified the locations where traveler information was not provided to the public and identified data archiving practices that are needed for future evaluations. The researchers organized and held stakeholder meetings in the Chicago and East St. Louis metropolitan areas. During these meetings, officials discussed the factors that were appropriate for evaluating and selecting routes of significance. A utility analysis was applied to rank the potential routes based on the categories stakeholders selected and the data that were available. The stakeholders made the final selection of these routes, which should be included into IDOT’s real-time systems management information program by November 2016. KW - Accuracy KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Compliance KW - Construction KW - Illinois KW - Information dissemination KW - Real time information KW - Routes KW - Stakeholders KW - Traffic incidents KW - Travel time UR - https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=4765 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590894 AU - O'Brien, Thomas AU - Reeb, Tyler AU - Kunitsa, Annette AU - California State University, Long Beach AU - METRANS Transportation Center AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Mitigating Urban Freight Through Effective Management of Truck Chassis PY - 2016/02 SP - 45p AB - This report assesses the development of a pooled chassis strategy for the Southern California goods movement sector - focusing on the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach - and its implications for urban and regional freight mobility. In the wake of decisions by ocean carriers to divest themselves of intermodal chassis, and as a result of increasing demand for chassis because of rising trade volumes and larger vessels calling at Southern California ports, the goods movement industry has experimented with alternative strategies for equipment management. One such strategy involves the establishment of a chassis pool involving three third-party equipment managers that operate their own independent pools in and around the San Pedro Bay. Under this model, truckers may obtain equipment from one of the three providers for use at marine terminals at both ports. The strategy has come to be known as the “pool of pools.” The authors use surveys and interviews with a variety of key stakeholders including truckers, marine terminal operators, the ports, rail companies, and chassis pool operators to better understand the incentives for these stakeholders to take part in shared equipment management strategies. The authors also develop process flows to capture port-driven supply chains before and after the development of the pool of pools. This project builds upon METRANS-funded research done on in-terminal chassis management practices at the Southern California ports. KW - Chassis KW - Container handling KW - Intermodal transfer KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Port congestion KW - Port of Long Beach KW - Port of Los Angeles KW - Port operations KW - Supply chain management KW - Trucking UR - https://merritt.cdlib.org/d/ark%3A%2F13030%2Fm5jt44g2/1/producer%2F2-2%20Chassis-OBrien%20final.pdf UR - https://www.metrans.org/sites/default/files/research-project/2-2%20Chassis-OBrien%20final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590535 AU - Hendricks, Sara AU - Catalá, Martin AU - National Center for Transit Research AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Methodology for Linking Greenways and Trails with Public Transportation in Florida PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 165p AB - The purpose of this research was to provide a methodology to evaluate how intermodal connections between public transportation and public trails can improve livability in Florida communities. This research explored other available methodologies for evaluating intermodal connectivity, developed three case studies of communities outside Florida to compare different approaches, and developed an alternative methodology as applied to the trails and transit systems of Pinellas County and Hillsborough County, Florida. The research team used data sets and analysis tools that are widely available. The evaluation began by selecting a transportation goal of importance to the community, as defined by a particular travel market and purpose. The home locations of the target traveler market were mapped using a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) spatial analysis with the Environmental Protection Agency Smart Location Database (EPA SLD) and other information sources. The purpose of the mapping exercise was to discern areas within the counties where larger concentrations of the target traveler market are located. Locations of greater concentrations of the desired trip destination type were determined. Examples of destinations include employment centers, recreation centers, and post-secondary education campuses. The locations of bus routes and bus stops, bicycle and pedestrian facilities, and public trails also were mapped. Study subareas were selected for each county, based upon their location between trip origins and trip destinations. A trail/transit crossing inventory template was developed and used to conduct audits of the conditions present at selected transit/trail junctures found within the subareas. Recommendations were developed for improvements for each of these transit/trail junctures to make the connections stronger so that someone using nonmotorized transportation could use both public transit and a public trail to complete a multimodal trip to the destination. KW - Case studies KW - Florida KW - Geographic information systems KW - Greenways KW - Intermodal transfer KW - Mapping KW - Methodology KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Origin and destination KW - Public transit KW - Recommendations KW - Spatial analysis KW - Trails UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_PTO/FDOT-BDV26-977-03-rpt.pdf UR - http://www.nctr.usf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/FDOT-BDV26-977-03-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590524 AU - Kang, Junsuk AU - Jackson, Mike AU - Maghiar, Marcel AU - Maldonado, Gustavo AU - Rogers, Peter AU - Georgia Southern University, Statesboro AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Prefab Bridges for Georgia City and County Roads PY - 2016/02//Final Report SP - 425p AB - The objective of this study was to develop and deliver a toolkit to help local governments (LGs) in Georgia select and construct bridges using prefabricated modular systems with 40-, 60-, and 80-foot spans. The components of the proposed accelerated bridge construction (ABC) toolkit address: 1) decision-making; 2) design; 3) construction; 4) risk analysis; and 5) cost estimation. It will be an extensive, convenient source of the latest guidelines for ABC applications. It is not intended for developing final design and construction plans but as a source of information to help decision-makers and owners develop an initial design, estimate the material and construction costs, and determine when and where ABC will be most beneficial. It will provide guidelines to assist local governments and third-party designers using Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) design standards for ABC. With repeated implementation, ABC options will become even more economical and efficient. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Georgia KW - Prefabricated bridges KW - Risk analysis UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/14-10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603560 AU - Hu, Jia AU - Lee, Young-Jae AU - Park, Byungkyu Brian AU - Dadvar, Seyedehsan AU - Connected Vehicle/Infrastructure University Transportation Center AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Next Generation Transit Signal Priority with Connected Vehicle Technology PY - 2016/01/30/Final Research Report SP - 127p AB - This project utilized connected vehicle (CV) technology allowing two-way communication among vehicles and infrastructure to develop a next-generation Transit Signal Priority (TSP) system that does not have to rely on conventional TSP sensors. The research team extended a previously proposed TSP system based on CV technology (TSPCV) to handle conflicting requests and to coordinate passage between intersections in a travel corridor. The proposed TSP mechanisms minimize installation and maintenance costs by eliminating the need for local agencies to perform a level of service (LOS) study and/or volume/capacity (v/c) ratio for potential TSP intersections before installation. Simulation-based evaluation results showed that, compared to conventional TSP mechanisms, the proposed TSP logic reduces bus delays between 5% and 48% (TSPCVM) and decreases the delay of a bus progressing along a corridor between 35% and 68% (TSPCV-C). The range of improvement corresponds to the four different v/c ratios tested, which were 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0. In most cases, the proposed TSP logic caused no negative effects. A field experiment conducted on the Connected Vehicle test bed on the Virginia Smart Road, located at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) in Blacksburg, Virginia, validated the performance of the proposed TSPCV system. The TSPCV algorithm provided green traffic signal timing to buses with different arrival times with a 100% success rate. It also reduced delays for a bus with a speed of 45 mph and a traffic signal with a 90-second cycle length and 30 seconds of green time by as much as between 32% and 75%. Moreover, the field experiment showed that two Global Positioning System (GPS) devices (regular and differential) performed almost identically and, in an aggregate sense, the difference in their performance was not statistically significant. This finding facilitates the large-scale implementation of TSP, since regular GPS devices are much cheaper than differential GPS devices and operated just as well for TSPCV. KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Global Positioning System KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal priority KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://cvi-utc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Hu_Next-Generation-TSPCV-with-Connected-Vehicle-Technology.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1411137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599283 AU - Kawamura, Kazuya AU - Fu, Elizabeth AU - McNally, Alexandra AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Economic Benefits of Productivity Increases through Truck-to-Rail Mode Shift in Freight Transport PY - 2016/01/29/Final Report SP - 50p AB - Although the study of economic benefits of improving (or not improving) the efficiency of freight movement has been recognized as one of the critical research topic by the decision makers and researchers alike, there remains a dearth of transparent and theoretically sound methods to actually estimate the impacts. While there are many factors, the lack of reliable tools to simulate how the efficiency changes affect the flow of goods and also the absence of the framework to translate the output into an economic impact measure are two major obstacles. This study applies a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for the Chicago region to analyze the impacts of productivity increase in the trucking sector. KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Economic benefits KW - Economic impacts KW - Equilibrium (Economics) KW - Freight traffic KW - Modal shift KW - Productivity KW - Railroad transportation KW - Trucking UR - http://www.nurailcenter.org/research/final_reports/UIC/NURail2012-UIC-R09_Truck_Rail_NURail_Final_Report_Kawamura_v21.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59292/NURail2012-UIC-R09_Truck_Rail_NURail_Final_Report_Kawamura_v21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01591964 AU - Sheng, Biqing AU - Ping, W V AU - Florida State University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Florida Asphalt Mixes for Crack Resistance Properties using the Laboratory Overlay Test Procedure PY - 2016/01/29/Final Report SP - 164p AB - The primary objective of this research study is to evaluate the applicability of using the overlay test to characterize common asphalt mixtures for crack resistance in flexible pavement design in Florida. Cracking performance of common Florida asphalt mixtures were evaluated using laboratory Overlay Test (OT) procedure. Nine standard mixes for traffic level C & E, which included SP-12.5, SP-9.5, and SP-4.75 mix designs, were selected to conduct the overlay test. The mixtures were prepared using both PG 67-22 virgin asphalt binder and PG 76-22 polymer modified asphalt (PMA) binder. The effects of material characteristics, polymer modifier, and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the crack resistance of Florida asphalt mixtures were evaluated. The test results had a good agreement on the three replicate samples. The coefficients of variation (COV) were less than 20% for all types of mixtures. It was found that SP-9.5 mixtures had the best cracking performance compared to SP-12.5 and SP-4.75 mixtures when RAP was included. Considerable effects were found on the asphalt binder and RAP. Crack resistance of asphalt mixtures was significantly improved if PMA binder was used. However, the crack resistance was decreased when 20% RAP was included in the mix designs. A simplified fracture mechanics analysis was conducted to obtain the fracture properties from Paris’ Law. Crack indices, which can be easily obtained from the OT test results, are introduced and correlated to fracture properties. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Evaluation KW - Florida KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_SMO/FDOT-BDV30-977-06-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593528 AU - Gonzalez, Marta C AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Transportation Model in the Boston Metropolitan Area from Origin Destination Matrices Generated with Big Data PY - 2016/01/26/Final Report SP - 4p AB - As millions of people migrate to cities each year, it is critical that we put new data sources to work improving them. The density of cities brings economic productivity, provides cultural amenities, and facilitates sustainability, but is also the root of problems related to congestion, health, and safety. This project has presented new perspectives and applications of massive, passively collected data sources to understand human mobility and its relation to these outcomes. It has detailed a number of new methods and applications for extracting meaningful insights from these data to make cities better places to live. Above all, though, this work highlights the need for interdisciplinary approaches. We have seen combinations of methods from data mining and machine learning, network theory, and spatial statistics, with deep domain knowledge from urban planning, economics, and transportation. For decades, planners and sociologists such as Jane Jacobs have recognized cities as systems of organized complexity where the interactions between millions of residents combine to produce emergent phenomena. The promise of "big data" is to measure these interactions and enable us to study their consequences at a massive scale. KW - Boston Metropolitan Area KW - Cities KW - Data collection KW - Interdisciplinary approach KW - Mobility KW - Origin and destination KW - Travel demand KW - Trip matrices UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-5%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01619069 AU - Lautala, Pasi AU - Nelson, David AU - Michigan Technological University, Houghton AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Railroad Engineering Education Symposium (REES) 2012 and 2014 PY - 2016/01/25/Final Report SP - 23p AB - Since its initial offering in 2008, the objective of the Railroad Engineering Education Symposium (REES) has been to develop interest among university faculty in railroad transportation engineering, with the goal of facilitating and supporting their interest in adding railroad engineering content to their engineering courses and curricula. In 2012 and 2014, National University Rail Center (NURail) members worked closely with the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way (AREMA) Committee 24 (Education and Training), leading the preparation and presentation of much of the course material. REES 2012 and 2014 were held at the Johnson County Community College (JCCC) in Overland Park, Kansas. A general table that summarizes the development of REES content and structure from 2008 to 2014 is presented in Appendix 1, followed by REES 2012 Agenda in Appendix 2, and REES 2014 in Appendix 3. Appendix 4 is the 2013 Joint Rail Conference Paper, Railway Engineering Education Symposium (REES) – Universities and Industry Collaborate to Develop Railway Education. KW - Curricula KW - Education and training KW - Railroad engineering KW - Universities and colleges UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60200/60272/NURail2012-MTU-E02_Final_Report_REES_2014_v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1436225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593527 AU - D’Ambrosio, Lisa AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Assessing Alternative Transportation Options for Older Users PY - 2016/01/25/Final Report SP - 3p AB - While the aging of the population represents the triumph of advances in medicine, technology, education and public health, this unprecedented demographic shift has resulted in new kinds of challenges around how to help older adults navigate their new longevity. This study explored questions and challenges around keeping an aging population mobile. In the US, driving one’s personal vehicle is the majority of people’s preferred means of getting around. For many older adults, however, the driving mode is not just a means to an end, but an end in and of itself: the act of driving is central to their senses of identity and autonomy (Donorfio et al. 2008a). Driving gives the individual the ability to make choices about the timing of trips and the order of stops and the overall sense of control over one’s life. A great deal of work on older adults and transportation has focused specifically on driving, much of it around driving self-regulation: older adults’ voluntary reduction of when and where they drive in order to stay safe (e.g., Donorfio et al. 2008b; Molnar et al. 2010; Owsley, Stalvey and Phillips 2003; Ross et al. 2009). Less work has explored how older adults think about their transportation alternatives, and more precisely, how the fastest growing segment of the population – the oldest old, those ages 85 and older – think about their transportation. Many studies focus on the younger old – those who are still active and may have on average 15 or more years of life ahead of them. In contrast, someone reaching the age of 85 today has on average another 6.7 years to live, and he or she is likely in a more frail condition than he or she was 10 or 15 years earlier. Yet transportation is just as vital to the oldest old as it is to the younger old. This study used a qualitative approach to explore older adults’ assessments of their transportation options and alternatives, including transit and personal vehicles. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile travel KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Mobility KW - Mode choice KW - Public transit KW - Transportation UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-3%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605786 AU - Brewster, Rebecca AU - Bachman, Jennifer AU - Hurtado, Renee AU - Newton, Diane AU - Leidos AU - American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) AU - DKS Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Integrated Corridor Management and Traffic Incident Management: A Primer PY - 2016/01/22 SP - 32p AB - This primer will examine both how Traffic Incident Management (TIM) can be integrated into an Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) approach, as well as the many benefits resulting from ICM that can contribute to the advancement of TIM programs. It will explore opportunities to effectively integrate TIM strategies institutionally, operationally, and technically, both by leveraging existing platforms and considering new options for coordination between traditional ICM and TIM stakeholders. Lastly, although integrating TIM stakeholders into ICM processes holds great promise for more efficient and safer transportation operations, it is not without challenges. This document will explore what these challenges are and how they can be overcome. KW - Benefits KW - Coordination KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Stakeholders KW - Traffic incidents UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop16035/fhwahop16035.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590513 AU - Blandford, Benjamin AU - Grossardt, Ted AU - Shouse, Michael AU - Ripy, John AU - Kentucky Transportation Center AU - Multimodal Transportation and Infrastructure Consortium AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Intermodal Network Model of Coal Distribution in the United States and Its Economic Implications for the Inland Waterway System PY - 2016/01/22/Final Report SP - 34p AB - This paper describes a geographic information system (GIS)-based intermodal network model for the shipment of coal in the United States. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role played by railways, waterways, and highways in the movement of coal from its source area to point of use, and to highlight the implications these movements have for the U.S. economy. The project team modeled coal movements across the U.S. intermodal transportation network using the Energy Information Administration’s 2010 data, which provided detailed origin, destination, primary mode, and volume information for coal shipments. The model identifies the optimum routes for coal shipments based on a rate structure that accounts for the relative costs of shipping by each of the modes. The model, as well as available statistics, reveals the dominance of coal mined from the Powder River Basin. Compared to other sources— principally, the Appalachian Basin — coal from Mountain West is significantly less expensive, thus giving it a significant comparative advantage. Both Texas and Illinois, the two largest coal consumers by state, obtain virtually all of their coal from the West or from within state. Appalachian Basin coal serves domestic and export markets primarily in the East and Southeastern U.S. Only the Ohio River provides significant movement of Central Appalachian Basin coal to the west and south. Although this modeling relies on 2010 data, a look at more recent trends in coal prices and mining indicate that the Powder River Basin continues to dominate, while production and industry employment have steadily declined in the Appalachian Basin. The shift away from coal and toward natural gas as a primary energy source argues for the region’s coal extraction industries remaining in a depressed state, which could produce negative economic consequences for transportation industries. Carrier and port facilities will need to adopt a more diversified shipping portfolio to accommodate for these losses. It is possible that the loss of coal will open up opportunities for other commodity shipments on the inland waterways. This modeling demonstrates the potential for such integrated models to accommodate energy-related or similar data, and serves as a tool for freight planners in identifying energy transportation corridors of significance. It could potentially be used to analyze the movement of other commodities, which could let industry stakeholders identify new markets to tap into. Further, the model and analysis can help inform Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) related efforts to develop a National Freight Network and National Freight Strategic Plan. KW - Coal KW - Commodity flow KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Freight traffic KW - Geographic information systems KW - Inland waterways KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - Pricing KW - Routes KW - United States UR - http://www.mticutc.org/assets/pdf/Inland_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396133 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01587390 TI - Develop and Support Transportation Performance Management Capacity Development Needs for State DOTs AB - The focus of this pooled fund project will be to research and assess training and educational needs of contributing members, develop and deliver training, and to facilitate the sharing and retention of performance management best practices. Funding will be used to: (1) Identify Gaps in Transportation Performance Management (TPM) Knowledge, Skills and Abilities--Conduct a needs analysis for learning and capacity development of contributing members resulting in a short and long-term capacity building roadmap; (2) Develop and Deliver Learning and Capacity Development Resources--Develop training and educational material to meet the gaps identified in the knowledge, skills and abilities; (3) Establish a TPM Information Clearinghouse--The TPM Information Clearinghouse will be used to showcase PM best practices, foster collaboration, and serve as a repository for PM resources; and (4) Support Knowledge Transfer Among Pooled Fund States. Specifically this pooled fund will: guide the prioritization of needs for determining training and other educational support for contributing members; provide and promote communication and information sharing among member States related to learning and capacity development needs in the areas of performance management and provide input on research topics; develop framework and roadmap for addressing learning and capacity development needs; identify learning and capacity development resources needed to support the development of PM skills; develop online and/or blended training courses and materials that are suitable for a wide variety of audiences such as State Departments of Transportation (State DOTs), Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), Public Transit Providers, and local governments; support a TPM Information Clearinghouse which will serve as a repository for TPM best practices and other resource information to assist states, MPO's and local government with learning about TPM and their implementation of TPM. KW - Best practices KW - Cooperation KW - Highway capacity KW - Knowledge KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Needs assessment KW - Performance measurement KW - State departments of transportation KW - Training programs UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/575 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596066 AU - Timcho, Thomas AU - Zink, Gregory AU - Kellom, Brandy AU - Lordo, Robert AU - Hartman, Lauren AU - McKee, Kristen AU - Mishra, Santosh AU - Schweiger, Carol AU - McCord, Mark AU - Mishilani, Rabi AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Prototype Development and Demonstration for Integrated Dynamic Transit Operations - Final Report PY - 2016/01/20/Final Report SP - 136p AB - This document serves as the Final Report specific to the Integrated Dynamic Transit Operations (IDTO) Prototype Development and Deployment Project, hereafter referred to as IDTO Prototype Deployment or IDTO PD project. This project was performed under contract to the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Joint Program Office (JPO) in cooperation with the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). This final report provides a summary of the activities performed in conducting the IDTO PD project and documents the findings, lessons learned, and future considerations generated as an outcome of this work. As a prototype, IDTO was successful. It proved to be beneficial to the traveler, as throughout the demonstration period, users returned to use the application for trip planning/informational searches, and of those, over 25% took the action to monitor the trip and enable monitoring of transfers by the agencies to hold to allow for successful transfers. IDTO proved to be robust, with an uptime well over 95% based on 161 of 164 operational days. IDTO proved to be transferable, deployed both in Columbus, Ohio and Central Florida using the same core software tools. IDTO proved to be beneficial to transportation agencies, providing greater insight into system performance and allowing for adjustment to improve service. Finally, IDTO was insightful, identifying lessons learned that shape future research and deployment considerations. KW - Central Florida KW - Columbus (Ohio) KW - Demonstration projects KW - Deployment KW - Integrated Dynamic Transit Operations (IDTO) KW - Lessons learned KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Prototypes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/57000/57000/57028/FHWA-JPO-16-276.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596788 AU - Viray, Reginald AU - Noble, Alexandria M AU - Doerzaph, Zac AU - Mclaughlin, Shane AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Connected Vehicle/Infrastructure University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Connected Motorcycle System Performance PY - 2016/01/15/Final Research Report SP - 112p AB - This project characterized the performance of Connected Vehicle Systems (CVS) on motorcycles based on two key components: global positioning and wireless communication systems. Considering that Global Positioning System (GPS) and 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) may be affected by motorcycle rider occlusion, antenna mounting configurations were investigated. In order to assess the performance of these systems, the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute’s (VTTI) Data Acquisition System (DAS) was utilized to record key GPS and DSRC variables from the vehicle’s CVS Vehicle Awareness Device (VAD). In this project, a total of four vehicles were used where one motorcycle had a forward mounted antenna, another motorcycle had a rear mounted antenna, and two automobiles had center-mounted antennas. These instrumented vehicles were then subject to several static and dynamic test scenarios on closed test track and public roadways to characterize performance against each other. Further, these test scenarios took into account motorcycle rider occlusion, relative ranges, and diverse topographical roadway environments. From the results, both rider occlusion and approach ranges were shown to have an impact on communications performance. In situations where the antenna on the motorcycle had direct line of sight with another vehicle’s antenna, a noticeable increase in performance can be seen in comparison to situations where the line of sight is occluded. Further, the forward-mounted antenna configuration provided a wider span of communication ranges in open-sky. In comparison, the rear-mounted antenna configuration experienced a narrower communication range. In terms of position performance, environments where objects occluded the sky, such as deep urban and mountain regions, relatively degraded performance when compared to open sky environments were observed. KW - Antennas KW - Dedicated short range communications KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Global Positioning System KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance KW - Topography UR - http://cvi-utc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Viray_Connected-Motorcycle-System-Performance.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596728 AU - Song, Miao AU - Mclaughlin, Shane AU - Doerzaph, Zachary AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Connected Vehicle/Infrastructure University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Connected Motorcycle Crash Warning Interfaces PY - 2016/01/15/Final Research Report SP - 95p AB - Crash warning systems have been deployed in the high-end vehicle market segment for some time and are trickling down to additional motor vehicle industry segments each year. The motorcycle segment, however, has no deployed crash warning system to date. With the active development of next generation crash warning systems based on connected vehicle technologies, this study explored possible interface designs for motorcycle crash warning systems and evaluated their rider acceptance and effectiveness in a connected vehicle context. Four prototype warning interface displays covering three warning mode alternatives (auditory, visual, and haptic) were designed and developed for motorcycles. They were tested on-road with three connected vehicle safety applications - intersection movement assist, forward collision warning, and lane departure warning - which were selected according to the most impactful crash types identified for motorcycles. It showed that a combination of warning modalities was preferred to a single display by 87.2% of participants and combined auditory and haptic displays showed considerable promise for implementation. Auditory display is easily implemented given the adoption rate of in-helmet auditory systems. Its weakness of presenting directional information in this study may be remedied by using simple speech or with the help of haptic design, which performed well at providing such information and was also found to be attractive to riders. The findings revealed both opportunities and challenges of visual displays for motorcycle crash warning systems. More importantly, differences among riders of three major motorcycle types (cruiser, sport, and touring) in terms of riders’ acceptance of a crash warning interface were revealed. Based on the results, recommendations were provided for an appropriate crash warning interface design for motorcycles and riders in a connected vehicle environment. KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Instrument displays KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prototypes KW - Recommendations KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Warning devices UR - http://cvi-utc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Song_Connected-Motorcycle-Crash-Warning-Interfaces.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594410 AU - Shoag, Daniel AU - Muehlegger, Erich AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Cell Phones and Motor Vehicle Fatalities Final Report PY - 2016/01/15/Final Report SP - 3p AB - The research objective of this project was to explore how the use of mobile devices affects driver safety. With almost all American adults owning a cell phone and other mobile devices currently, cell phone use while driving is thought to be extremely common. There have been significant concerns raised about distracted driving; however, relatively little consensus has been reached on the impact of distracted driving on safety. The results of this research are the first direct evidence linking call patterns and accidents in a non-experimental setting. As expected, the observational data strongly confirm the link between traffic injuries and death and mobile phone use. KW - Cellular telephones KW - Crash injuries KW - Distraction KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/HVDR24-14%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01588720 AU - Department of Transportation TI - FAA Reforms Have Not Achieved Expected Cost, Efficiency, and Modernization Outcomes PY - 2016/01/15/Audit Report SP - 34p AB - Over the past 2 decades, Congress has enacted legislation aimed at making the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) a performance-based organization that would operate effectively and efficiently while improving the delivery of air traffic services and expediting modernization efforts. FAA has undergone several reorganizations in an effort to improve operational efficiency, deliver enhanced services to users, expedite delivery of new technologies, and reduce the Agency’s costs. The Chairman of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Chairman and Ranking Member of the House Aviation Subcommittee requested that the Office of Inspector General (OIG) assess FAA’s organizational structure, including FAA’s reforms over the past 2 decades. Accordingly, the objectives were to determine whether FAA reforms implemented since 1995 have (1) resulted in improved air traffic operations and reduced Agency costs, and (2) expedited the delivery of new technologies. OIG determined that while FAA has implemented the provisions of past reform legislation, these efforts have not achieved anticipated cost savings and operational efficiencies. FAA’s reforms have also fallen short in responding to legislation calling for improved delivery of new technologies and capabilities. OIG is making recommendations aimed at helping FAA improve its management of major acquisitions and better meet the outcome goals of its reforms. KW - Air traffic control KW - Costs KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Legislation KW - Organizational effectiveness KW - Recommendations KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FAA%20Organizational%20Structure_Final%20Report%5E1-15-16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616942 AU - Lautala, Pasi AU - Hannon, Pamela AU - Nelson, David AU - Michigan Technological University, Houghton AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Michigan Rail Conference PY - 2016/01/12/Final Report SP - 30p AB - The first Michigan Rail Conference was conducted on August 27th, 2013, in collaboration between Michigan Technological University (Michigan Tech), the National University Rail Center (NURail), and the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). The objective was to promote railroad transportation, railroad education, and the role of rail transportation in economic development in the state of Michigan. Funding was provided through NURail grant funds, MDOT matching funds and revenues from conference registrations. The conference was co-chaired by Dr. Pasi Lautala from Michigan Tech and Nikkie Johnson from MDOT. The conference program as well as the final report submitted to MDOT (including the results of post-conference survey) are included in the appendix of this report. KW - Conferences KW - Economic development KW - Education KW - Michigan KW - Railroad transportation UR - http://www.nurailcenter.org/education-and-outreach/final_reports/MTU/NURail2012-MTU-E05_Final_Report_Michigan_Rail_Conf1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1427207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594421 AU - Konduri, Karthik C AU - Lownes, Nicholas E AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Crowdsourcing Real-Time Traveler Information Services: Issues, Challenges and Recommendations PY - 2016/01/11/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Traditional solutions to traveler information services rely on fixed sensor networks (in the form of loop detectors, and traffic detection cameras), augmented with reports about planned and unplanned network perturbations to provide real-time traveler information services (RTIS). The information provided by RTIS is often limited in its coverage because of high cost of installing sensors across entire networks. Further, data are often delayed owing to limitations of communication and transmission technologies, and sensor network unreliability leads to a lack of information provision. Additionally, physical sensor networks are prohibitively expensive to maintain and operate. Recent advances, however, in information and communication technologies – in the form of smartphones and portable handheld devices – combined with participatory paradigms of information sharing, such as crowdsourcing, offer the ability to overcome challenges associated with traditional information provision solutions that rely on physical sensor networks. In this new wave of traveler information services, consumers with location-aware and data-enabled devices serve as a network of mobile sensors providing information about prevailing network conditions. This approach of traveler information has potentially wider coverage, almost real-time currency, and redundancy in data collection due to the participatory paradigm of information sharing. Additionally, since the end users serve as sensors, there is little investment involved in deploying the sensor network and minimal cost is incurred in maintaining and operating the information services. Despite the potential of crowdsourced based RTIS solutions, a number of issues abound about its feasibility and applicability to provide complete traveler information about entire transportation networks across all modal alternatives. To this end, researchers have developed a prototype of a RTIS solution called RETTINA to assess and evaluate the feasibility of providing real-time traveler information based on crowdsourced data. In the next section, an overview of the RETTINA prototype is presented. In the last section, some ongoing and future work is described. KW - Crowdsourcing KW - Handheld devices KW - Prototypes KW - Real time information KW - Smartphones KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UCNR24-31A%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594407 AU - Konduri, Karthik C AU - Lownes, Nicholas E AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Transportation System Modeling in the Information Era PY - 2016/01/11/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Enabled by advances in technology, Real-time Information Systems (RTIS) are increasingly being deployed as a solution to address the congestion issues we face today. RTIS solutions aim to provide roadway users with up to date information on travel times along roadway corridors allowing users to make informed decisions about routes, destinations, modes, and/or activity scheduling and sequencing. RTIS promise the ability to provide up-to-the-minute network-wide traffic conditions to people through a variety of technological solutions including smart phones, global positioning systems, and in-vehicle technologies. The potential of RTIS for improving the efficiency of different aspects of the activity and travel choices is undisputed. However, individuals may access and use the information to different extents and in different ways, with due consideration to their unique contextual situations characterized by time-space constraints, household obligations and interactions, modal availability and accessibility, and built environment attributes. The net impact of a RTIS strategy on activity-travel patterns of individuals, and on the transportation network as a whole, is complicated to assess. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive model system that can be utilized to systematically assess the direct and cascading impacts of real-time services such as RTIS. The focus of this research effort was twofold, namely, 1) develop a conceptual modeling framework for the activity-travel generation problem to accurately represent the behavioral dynamics that result from information provision and usage and 2) implement the conceptual framework using existing microsimulation models of travel demand and dynamic traffic assignment to build an integrated model prototype. In the next section an overview of the conceptual modeling framework is presented. In the following section, the prototype of the integrated model system is described. In the last section, ongoing and future research on the topic are described. KW - Activity choices KW - Driver information systems KW - Dynamic traffic assignment KW - Global Positioning System KW - In-vehicle technologies KW - Microsimulation KW - Prototypes KW - Real time information KW - Smartphones KW - Traffic conditions KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UCNR24-31%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592005 AU - Department of Transportation TI - FAA Continues to Face Challenges in Ensuring Enough Fully Trained Controllers at Critical Facilities PY - 2016/01/11/Audit Report SP - 22p AB - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) employs more than 13,800 air traffic controllers and is planning to hire over 6,300 more in the next 5 years to keep pace with expected attrition. Ensuring adequate staffing and training for controllers is essential to maintain the efficiency of the National Airspace System (NAS), especially at the Nation’s most critical facilities—i.e., facilities that are the busiest, most complex, and critical to NAS operations based on the number of airlines and flights serving them, such as New York, Chicago, or Atlanta. In 2012, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) conducted a review of controller staffing and training at FAA’s most critical facilities and reported that enhanced oversight of staffing and training is needed to maintain continuity of air traffic operations at these facilities. OIG also reported that these facilities were facing a potential shortage of certified professional controllers (CPCs), as they had higher rates of controller retirement eligibility, controllers in training, and training attrition than the national average. In the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014, Congress directed OIG to conduct a follow-up review of FAA’s most critical facilities, with a focus on analyzing current and projected controller staffing levels at these facilities and how they compare to FAA’s staffing ranges and future staffing plans. Accordingly, the audit objectives were to determine (1) whether controller staffing levels at FAA’s most critical facilities are consistent with FAA’s plans, and (2) how training needs and pending retirements impact controller resources. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Air transportation facilities KW - Selection and appointment KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FAA%20Controller%20Staffing%20at%20Critical%20Facilities%5E1-11-16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594416 AU - Osorio, Carolina AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Simulation-Based Energy-Efficient Transit Signal Priority Strategies PY - 2016/01/10/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Consider a subnetwork within a larger urban network (e.g., an arterial within a city, a city within a region) where local changes to the supply of the subnetwork are being considered (e.g., changes in the network design or in the traffic control). This project proposed a simulation-based optimization (SO) framework that allows for the combined use of multiple simulation models. It aims to achieve a suitable trade-off between obtaining accurate local performance estimates and the associated computational costs. The SO method is suitable to address continuous and generally constrained transportation problems, where the objective function is estimated via simulation, whereas the constraints are available in closed-form and are differentiable. KW - Optimization KW - Public transit KW - Simulation KW - Traffic signal priority UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-7%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590519 AU - Donnell, Eric AU - Gayah, Vikash AU - Li, Lingyu AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Regionalized Safety Performance Functions PY - 2016/01/08/Final Report SP - 195p AB - The objectives of this project were to develop Pennsylvania-specific, regionalized safety performance functions (SPFs) that are consistent in functional form with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ Highway Safety Manual. Regionalized SPFs for three roadway classes are included in this project: (1) rural two-lane highways segments and intersections; (2) rural multilane highway segments and intersections; and (3) Urban and suburban arterial (non-freeway) segments and intersections. For each of these roadway classes, the regionalized SPFs were developed to predict total crash frequency and the frequency of fatal + injury crashes on roadway segments and common intersection types of state-owned roadways. The regionalized SPFs were designed to capture any differences in safety performance across different geographic regions in Pennsylvania. The regionalization effort considered SPFs at the county, planning organization (metropolitan and rural), and engineering district levels. The results showed that, when an adequate sample of roadway segments or intersections were available for statistical modeling, district-level SPFs, with county adjustment factors, outperformed other regional or statewide models based on the predictive power of the models. When an adequate sample size was not available to estimate regionalized SPFs, statewide models, with district-level adjustment factors, were recommended to account for geographic differences in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The results underscore the importance of estimating local SPFs if crash and roadway inventory data are available. KW - Arterial highways KW - Crash rates KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Injury rates KW - Intersections KW - Pennsylvania KW - Rural highways KW - Safety Performance Functions KW - Urban highways UR - http://www.dot7.state.pa.us/BPR_PDF_FILES/Documents/Research/Complete%20Projects/Operations/Regionalized_Safety_Performance.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590452 AU - Department of Transportation TI - Enhanced FAA Oversight Could Reduce Hazards Associated with Increased Use of Flight Deck Automation PY - 2016/01/07/Audit Report SP - 21p AB - The former Ranking Members of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee and its Subcommittee on Aviation requested that the Office of Inspector General (OIG) evaluate the effectiveness of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) oversight of pilot training for using and monitoring automated flight deck systems. Accordingly, the audit objectives were to (1) determine whether FAA has established requirements governing the use of flight deck automation and (2) identify FAA’s process for ensuring that air carrier pilots are trained to use and monitor these systems while also maintaining proficiency in manual flight operations. To conduct this work, OIG interviewed FAA officials responsible for aviation safety and pilot training. OIG also visited nine randomly selected Part 121 air carriers representing both large and small operations and their respective FAA oversight offices. KW - Air pilots KW - Airlines KW - Automation KW - Aviation safety KW - Flight decks KW - Oversight KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FAA%20Flight%20Decek%20Automation_Final%20Report%5E1-7-16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594417 AU - Salvucci, Frederick AU - Murga, Mikel AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Development of a "Universal" Residential Public Transportation Pass, as Part of a Comprehensive Multi-Modal Approach to Urban Parking PY - 2016/01/04/Final Report SP - 7p AB - This project has been accomplished with the completion of Masters theses by Winnie C. Chang and Cara Elizabeth Ferrentino on “Whose Parking Space Is It? Managing Residential Parking in the Context of Urban Growth: Case Study of Cambridge, MA” and “Cambridge in Transition: Regulating Parking in a Growing City”, respectively. The abstracts of the said theses are attached. KW - Cambridge (Massachusetts) KW - Parking regulations KW - Passes (Transportation) KW - Residential areas KW - Urban growth KW - Urban transit UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-9%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594420 AU - Lownes, Nicholas E AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - t-HUB: Connecticut Public Transport Data Hub PY - 2016/01/01/Final Report SP - 3p AB - This project supported expansion of a centralized public transport data center (dubbed “t-HUB” hereafter) for the state of Connecticut. t-HUB is a central data storage point, access point, management point and analysis point for transit operators and planners, hosted at the University of Connecticut. This data and analytical resource has many practical uses, among these being the statewide evaluation of system connectivity, identification of prime integration and connection points or corridors ripe for new/upgraded transit service or analysis of an integrated fare structure. The tool will enable the analyst to: 1) Glean aggregate equity metrics (system, corridor, census designation) at a glance and 2) Develop estimates of service change impacts on equity through a dynamic user interface. KW - Connecticut KW - Data centers KW - Public transit KW - Transit operating agencies UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UCNR24-32%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594419 AU - Lownes, Nicholas E AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Spring 2014 Pilot Project Competition PY - 2016/01/01/Final Report SP - 3p AB - This project is a small pilot research project competition administered in Fall 2014 and executed in full by May 2015. Proposals were solicited from University of Connecticut researchers working in fields related to transportation. Proposed projects were able to request a maximum of $10,000. Five projects were selected for funding, spanning these topics: (1) Training the Next Generation of Transportation Professionals: Multi-media Communication Training for Transportation Sustainability; (2) Interdisciplinary Seminar Series in Livable Transportation Systems and Urban Planning; (3) The Double Dividend: Capturing Environmental and Economic Benefits from Connecticut's Deep Water Ports; (4) The Suburbanization of American Cities Post World War II: Documenting, Visualizing and Analyzing the Impacts using Hartford, Connecticut as a Case Study; and (5) Climate Adaptation in New London Harbor: Whoever Moves First Wins? KW - Adaptation planning (Climate change) KW - City planning KW - Connecticut KW - Economic benefits KW - Livable communities KW - Multimedia KW - Pilot projects KW - Ports KW - Research KW - Suburbs KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Urban growth UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UCNR24-32A%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594414 AU - Trancik, Jessika E AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Time Dependent Environmental Impacts of Transportation PY - 2016/01/01/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Energy technologies emitting differing proportions of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) vary in their relative climate impacts over time, due to the distinct atmospheric lifetimes and radiative efficiencies of the two gases. Standard technology comparisons using the global warming potential (GWP) with a fixed time horizon do not account for the timing of emissions in relation to climate policy goals. In this project the author developed an alternative approach for policy makers, engineers, and private investors to use in evaluating the time-dependent greenhouse gas emissions impacts of energy technologies, and in optimizing energy technology portfolios. KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Environmental impacts KW - Global warming KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Methane KW - Technology KW - Time dependence KW - Transportation KW - Transportation policy UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-11A.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594411 AU - Christofa, Eleni AU - Collura, John AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - A Person-based Comparison of Transit Preferential Treatments on Signalized Arterial Corridors PY - 2016/01/01/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Transit preferential treatments (TPTs) are promising strategies for reducing delays for transit vehicles and improving person mobility, leading to more sustainable and economically competitive multimodal transportation systems. However, the exact impact of such strategies, individually or combined, on the person carrying capacity and person delay of signalized arterial corridors are yet to be determined. This project focused on the development of analytical models to explicitly assess the impact of TPTs on the person carrying capacity and person delay of signalized intersections that are part of a larger signalized arterial (i.e., autos arrive in platoons). In addition, domains of application that dedicated bus lanes (DBL) and pre-signals with or without green extension and red truncation, should be used to minimize total person delay for a generic isolated intersection and undersaturated conditions were also determined. These models allow for a comprehensive comparison of various TPTs without the need for time-consuming simulations. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bus lanes KW - Isolated intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Mobility KW - Person capacity KW - Pre-signals KW - Public transit KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal priority UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-15%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594409 AU - Christofa, Eleni AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Signal Timing Optimization for Improved Person Mobility and Air Quality PY - 2016/01/01/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Continuous transportation demand growth in recent years has led to many traffic issues in urban areas. Among the most challenging ones are traffic congestion and the associated vehicular emissions. Efficient design of traffic signal control systems can be a promising approach to address these problems. A thorough review of the literature suggests that although there are some developed modal emission estimation models, there is no real-time signal timing optimization algorithm to minimize emissions or a combination of emission and person delay that have been estimated based on these models. The initial objective was to develop a real-time signal control system that simultaneously minimizes person delay and emissions for both cars and buses in bi-modal transportation networks. However, after the initial literature review, it made more sense to start by developing a real-time signal control strategy to minimize emissions at an isolated intersection before combining the two objectives. Therefore, this research project first developed a real-time signal control system to minimize total car and bus emissions at an isolated intersection that operates in undersaturated traffic conditions while research efforts to combine the two objectives are still in progress. The developed signal control optimization can assist transportation agencies in utilizing traffic signals to minimize emissions in critically polluted areas. KW - Air quality KW - Exhaust gases KW - Isolated intersections KW - Mobility KW - Optimization KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-14B%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593928 AU - Smith, Brian AU - Park, Hyungjun AU - Hayat, Md Tanveer AU - Connected Vehicle/Infrastructure University Transportation Center AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Connected Vehicle Enabled Freeway Merge Management – Field Test PY - 2016/01/01/Final Research Report SP - 46p AB - Freeway congestion is a major problem of the transportation system, resulting in major economic loss in terms of traffic delays and fuel costs. With connected vehicle (CV) technologies, more proactive traffic management strategies are possible. The Freeway Merge Assistance System (FMAS) can implement innovative ramp management strategies by providing personalized advisories to individual drivers to ensure smoother merging. The benefits anticipated from these strategies will completely depend on the advisory compliance of the drivers; this, in turn, will be influenced by situational as well as individual behavioral factors. The purpose of this research was to investigate drivers’ responses to this new generation of personalized in-vehicle advisory messages. A field test was conducted with naïve human subjects to collect driver behavior data about different types of advisory messages under different traffic scenarios in a controlled environment. The data gathered from the field test indicated that the compliance rate was higher when a large- or medium-size gap was available for a lane change. The lowest compliance rate was observed for a small-gap scenario. In addition, it was discovered that more drivers would follow a direct advisory message that advised a lane change rather than an indirect message which was meant to stimulate a lane change through speed control. KW - Behavior KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Gap acceptance KW - Lane changing KW - Merging control KW - Merging traffic KW - Mobile communication systems UR - http://cvi-utc.org/awarded-projects/connected-vehicle-enabled-freeway-merge-management-field-test/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593526 AU - Ben-Akiva, Moshe AU - Abou-Zeid, Maya AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Capturing the Relationship between Motility, Mobility and Well-Being Using Smart Phones PY - 2016/01/01/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Understanding and modeling subjective well-being has been an expanding area of research among transportation researchers during the last decade. It has been well argued that mobility is the result of people’s desire to conduct activities in order to satisfy several needs so as to maintain or enhance well-being. In recent years, several efforts have been made to quantify travelers’ subjective well-being using self-reported state of happiness while participating in various activities or travel patterns. The limitations of these conventional survey methods to collect uninterrupted and comprehensive information have restricted the number of such studies. In this study, the authors adapted a smartphone-based sensing platform to collect mobility information and measure happiness. KW - Mobility KW - Self evaluation KW - Smartphones KW - Surveys KW - Travelers KW - Well-being UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-1%20FP%20Appendix.pdf UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-1%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618823 AU - Tarko, Andrew P AU - Romero, Mario AU - Thomaz, Jose AU - Ramos, Jorge AU - Sultana, Afia AU - Pineda, Raul AU - Chen, Erdong AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Updating RoadHAT: Collision Diagram Builder and HSM Elements SN - 9781622604074 PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 56p AB - In order to minimize the losses resulting from traffic crashes, Indiana developed its road safety management methods before the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) and the SafetyAnalyst became available. The considerable cost of replacing the Indiana current practice with the safety management based on the Highway Capacity Manual prompted the Indiana Department of Transportation to continue using its own safety management tools. This study includes two related but distinct components: (1) comparison of the HSM-based and Indiana methods of safety management, and (2) development of a Collision Diagram Builder (CDB) to improve current Indiana safety management tools. This study concluded that the HSM safety performance functions (SPFs) would need to be calibrated to the Indiana conditions before they could be used. Calibrating the SPFs for, so-called, base conditions would lead to an insufficient number of roads and, consequently, to estimates that were not trustworthy. This problem is amplified by the large number of road categories and crash types in HSM (110 categories and 468 crash severity proportions). Furthermore, a re-calibration process must be repeated over time to keep the SPFs updated to the changes in safety. An advanced statistical simulation of a safety management system aimed to maximize the total safety benefit was performed. The results indicate that two best performing criteria: the HSM Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO)-based criterion and the Indiana total cost of crashes criterion are equivalent and they produce the same results. It is important that the HSM provides guidance as to which screening criteria support which screening objectives because some of the HSM criteria were found inadequate for maximizing the overall safety benefit. It also was concluded that although the cost of crashes and the Index of Crash Cost and Frequency used separately proved to be good screening criteria in Indiana, the combined use of these two measures did not deliver any considerable improvement. Two differences were found between the HSM and Indiana procedures for evaluating the benefits and costs of safety projects: the infinite period of analysis and the road capacity constraint on traffic growth. Consequently, Indiana results depend on the capacity constraints while the HSM results depend on the length of the analysis period. The differences between the two methods were quite limited and they could be fully reconciled if the capacity constraints were relaxed in the Indiana method and a long analysis period assumed in the HSM method. A second major component of the study was to improve the current Indiana safety management tool, RoadHAT2, by developing a computer application facilitating preparation of a so-called collision diagram. These diagrams are an important element of safety audits. They are not used frequently due to a considerable time required to build collision diagrams. The developed application reduces this time from one or two days to an hour or less. The application also provides additional tools for analyzing and visualization of crash patterns. A developed CDB User Manual introduces the user to the tool and provides examples to help the user get familiar with the application. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash diagrams KW - Equivalent property damage only KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Indiana KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Safety management KW - Safety performance functions KW - Safety projects UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316334 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60540/viewcontent.cgi_article_3112_context_jtrp.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1437030 ER - TY - SER AN - 01618688 JO - Traffic Safety Facts - Research Note PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Nichols, James AU - Chaffe, Robert AU - Solomon, Mark AU - Tison, Julie TI - The Click It or Ticket Evaluation, 2013 PY - 2016/01 SP - 5p AB - The Click It or Ticket (CIOT) high-visibility enforcement (HVE) program has been a primary component of national, State, and local efforts to increase seat belt use, being conducted at least annually since 2003. The 2013 CIOT mobilization included 48 States, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Indian Nations. This Research Note discusses the 2013 CIOT under the following headings: Publicity; Enforcement Activity; Awareness Survey; Belt Use; and Lives Saved and Fatalities. KW - Awareness KW - Click It or Ticket KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Publicity KW - Safety campaigns KW - Seat belt use UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/812238_RN-CIOT_2013_Evaluation.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1436154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616946 AU - Burgess, Lisa AU - Fowler, Thomas AU - Minowitz, Amy AU - Neudorff, Louis AU - Kimley-Horn and Associates, Incorporated AU - American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Improving Business Processes for More Effective Transportation Systems Management and Operations PY - 2016/01 SP - 58p AB - Many agencies are shaping their Transportation Systems Management and Operations (TSMO) programs to more effectively address those planned and unplanned events that affect road and travel conditions and can have an effect on overall system reliability. Business processes, in the context of TSMO, refers to activities such as planning, programming, agency project development processes, and those organizational aspects that govern various technical or administrative activities (such as training, human resource management, or agreements). Business processes get at the heart of many of the organizational issues that can influence TSMO. This primer presents business processes across several TSMO areas, including traffic incident management, planned special event traffic management, road weather management, work zones, and freeway traffic management. Case studies in each area illustrate where agencies have made concerted changes to their respective business processes, and modified aspects such as contracting, training, resource allocation, planning and other business processes. The primer also highlights available tools and resources to help assess business processes, provides strategies for engaging the right stakeholders, and provides a guide to next steps. KW - Case studies KW - Incident management KW - Management KW - Special events KW - Stakeholders KW - Strategic Highway Research Program 2 KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Weather conditions KW - Work zones UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop16018/fhwahop16018.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1429029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616945 AU - Strauss, Rachel AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - New York Metropolitan Transportation Council Scenario Planning Workshop PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 38p AB - This report summarizes noteworthy practices and key recommendations shared during a scenario planning workshop, hosted by the New York Metropolitan Transportation Council (NYMTC), on July 14-15, 2015, in New York, New York. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored this event as part of its Scenario Planning Program and in connection with the Transportation Planning Capacity Building Program jointly run by FHWA and the Federal Transit Administration. The workshop introduced the topic of financial scenario planning to NYMTC staff and representatives from local, State, and Federal agencies. Peer experts from Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, and Metropolitan Transportation Commission participated in the workshop to share their agencies’ experiences and perspectives in using financial scenario planning. KW - Best practices KW - Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning KW - Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission KW - Financing KW - Forecasting KW - Metropolitan Transportation Commission (California) KW - New York Metropolitan Transportation Council KW - Recommendations KW - Regional planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60100/60127/nymtcscenario.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1428262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01614004 AU - McGurrin, Mike AU - Vasudevan, Meenakshy AU - Wang, Peiwei AU - McHale, Gene AU - Thompson, Dale AU - Sakai, Koichi AU - Watanabe, Ryoichi AU - Tanaka, Yoshihiro AU - Kanoshima, Hideyuki AU - Mawatari, Shingo AU - Tsukiji, Takahiro AU - Flament, Maxime AU - Barnard, Yvonne AU - Dreher, Stephane AU - Salanova, Josep Maria AU - Noblis, Incorporated AU - Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism AU - European Commission AU - Department of Transportation TI - Assessment Report of US-Japan-Europe Collaborative Research on Probe Data: International Probe Data Work Group Phase 2 PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 176p AB - The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT), the Road Bureau of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT) of Japan, and the European Union’s European Commission Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content & Technology (DG CONNECT) have a long history of sharing information on ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) activities. A US-Japan-Europe ITS Task Force was established specifically to facilitate the exchange of information and identify areas for collaborative research for the development and deployment of ITS in the three nations. The Task Force identified the following four high-priority areas for conducting collaborative research: 1. International Standards; 2. Evaluation Tools and Methods; 3. Probe Data; and 4. Automation in Road Transport. To continue the initial joint US-Japan work documented in the US-Japan Collaborative Research on Probe Data: Assessment Report, published in November 2013, this report documents the work conducted from the fall of 2013 through the fall of 2015 to: 1. Add probe system and probe data inputs from the European team; 2. Significantly expand on the initial assessment, providing an extensive expansion on assessing the three applications; 3. Discuss cross-cutting issues that affect all three applications; and 4. Introduce the next steps for future collaboration. KW - Cooperation KW - European Union countries KW - Floating car data KW - Information exchange KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Japan KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Probe vehicles KW - Research KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60100/60131/FHWA-JPO-16-356.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1426743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610797 AU - Lee, David Jung-Hwi AU - Ross, Catherine L AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bringing Freight Components into Statewide and Regional Travel Demand Forecasting: PART1 PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 306p AB - Transportation decision makers have the difficult task of investment decision making having limited resources while maximizing benefit to the transportation system. Given the growth in freight transport and its importance to national, state, and regional economies, public-sector agencies need improved capabilities to analyze freight movement. In general, freight modeling is not widely developed and operationalized, at the metropolitan planning organization (MPO) level in particular due to the complexity of freight movement and the lack of availability of detailed truck trip data. This study develops a methodological framework of a tour-based freight demand model at the MPO level using global positioning system (GPS) truck data. Methodologically it is a more accurate model compared to trip based models allowing truck trips to be linked, which reflects how truck drivers and dispatchers often make multiple trips within a single ‘trip chain’ or ‘tour’. Disaggregate truck movement data can be obtained via truck GPS records collected in this study by the American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI). The developed framework has been applied to two metropolitan areas in the southeast, one covering the region around Atlanta, Georgia, and the other around Birmingham, Alabama. The report illustrates, with examples, potential uses of the model with multiple performance measures and also shows possibilities of applying the model to corridor analyses, small geographic area analyses, and scenario planning. The report introduces performance measures to compare the results of the two classes of models namely, the tour-based and the trip-based models. The results of six scenarios of the Atlanta metropolitan area are presented and compared along with some important policy implications for practice. The numerical results demonstrate that GPS data is feasible for model calibration and that tour-based models provide conceptually robust forecasts that sustain empirical validation under multiple scenarios. Although the study focuses on the Atlanta Metropolitan area, policymakers at all levels of government in other state departments of transportation and MPOs can benefit from this study and develop their own truck demand model borrowing the framework used. KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Birmingham (Alabama) KW - Forecasting KW - Freight traffic KW - Global Positioning System KW - Methodology KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Performance measurement KW - Travel demand KW - Truck traffic UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/12-23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1422685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610521 AU - Brennan, Thomas M AU - College of New Jersey AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Performance Measures To Characterize Directional Corridor Travel Time Delay Based On Probe Vehicle Data PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 39p AB - Anonymous probe vehicle data are currently being collected on roadways throughout the United States. These data are being incorporated into local and statewide mobility reports to measure the performance of freeways and arterial systems. Predefined spatially located segments, known as Traffic Message Channels (TMCs), are spatially and temporally joined with probe vehicle speed data. Through the analysis of these data, transportation agencies have been developing agency wide travel time performance measures. One widely accepted performance measure is travel time reliability, which is calculated along a series of TMCs. Travel time reliability is usually measured as a percentile of base travel time or speed. When reliable travel times are not achieved because of incidents and recurring congestion, it is desirable to understand the time and location of these occurrences to proactively manage the corridor. This research emphasizes a visually intuitive methodology that aggregates a series of TMC segments based on a cursory review of congestion hot spots within a corridor. Instead of a fixed congestion speed threshold, each TMC link is assigned a congestion threshold based on the 70th percentile of the 15-minute average speeds between 2AM and 6AM. An analysis of approximately 90-million speed records collected in 2013 along I-80 in northern New Jersey was performed for this project. Travel Time Inflation, the time exceeding the expected travel time at 70% of measured free flow speed, was used to evaluate each of the 166 directional TMC segments along 70 miles of I-80. This performance measure accounts for speed variability caused by roadway geometry, heavy traffic flows, and other Highway Capacity Manual speed-reducing friction-factors associated with each TMC. A t-stat analysis based on unequal means was conducted to compare each of the TMC segments to determine statistical similarities of adjacent TMCs. An example analysis of 5 Million records in 2013 during the AM Peak eastbound direction of I-80 in northern New Jersey was performed for this research. The results determined that of the 83 segments in the eastbound direction there were 25 statistically similar groups. KW - Data collection KW - Floating car data KW - New Jersey KW - Probe vehicles KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic Message Channel KW - Travel time KW - Travel time reliability UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Performance-Measures-Probe-Vehicle-Data.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1423192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01604581 AU - Guglielmi, John AU - Wilson, Bruce AU - Stevens, Scott AU - Lam, Andy AU - Nodine, Emily AU - Jackson, Chris AU - Najm, Wassim G AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Independent Evaluation of Heavy-Truck Safety Applications Based on Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications Used in the Safety Pilot Model Deployment PY - 2016/01//Research Report SP - 102p AB - This report presents the methodology and results of the independent evaluation of heavy trucks (HTs) in the Safety Pilot Model Deployment (SPMD); part of the United States Department of Transportation’s Intelligent Transportation Systems research program. In 2012 the SPMD deployed approximately 2,800 vehicles equipped with designated short-range-communication-based vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) technology in a real-world driving environment. The goals of the independent evaluation were to characterize capability, assess unintended consequences, and gauge driver acceptance of the V2V and V2I safety applications. The evaluation is based on naturalistic driving by 33 participants who drove HTs equipped with integrated and retrofit safety devices (RSDs). The V2V and V2I devices in the 3 integrated trucks and 16 trucks equipped with RSDs contained a suite of safety applications that issued alerts to participants in potential crash scenarios. The results of the analysis suggest that V2V safety applications work in real-world environment and issue useful alerts in driving conflicts, but improvements in their accuracy are needed. Results from the SPMD will help shape future research direction. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Field tests KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highway safety KW - Safety Pilot Model Deployment KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications UR - https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/812224-heavytruckv2vreport.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59247/812224-HeavyTruckV2VReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1414864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603544 AU - Banerjee, Ambarish AU - Burton, Maria AU - Prozzi, Jorge AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Southwest Region University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Quantification of Infrastructure Consumption under Different Axle Configurations and Wheel Loads PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 56p AB - Recent developments in the energy sector in Texas, in particular oil, gas and wind energy, have resulted in increased volumes of traffic generated in areas such as the Barnett Shale, Eagle Ford Shale, Permian Basin, the Texas Panhandle, and others. In the case of oil and gas, the development and operation of a well site requires significant number of truck movements (including oversize/overweight loads) that accelerate the deterioration of the surface transportation network of the state faster that what was designed for. This unanticipated and accelerated deterioration of the road network imposes additional burden on already insufficient maintenance and rehabilitation budgets that affect most state highway agencies in the United States. The energy sector contributes immensely to the economic competitiveness of the State of Texas and the Southwest Region of the United States, but, under the present situation, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) does not have the necessary resources to keep up with reconstruction, rehabilitation or maintenance of the system to keep it safe for the general public. A solution has to be worked out to address this immediate problem. KW - Axle loads KW - Cracking KW - Deterioration KW - Methodology KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Pavement distress KW - Rutting KW - Texas KW - Trucking UR - http://static.tti.tamu.edu/swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/600451-00071-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603536 AU - Zhang, Zhao AU - Wolshon, Brian AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Southwest Region University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Analysis of Evacuation Clearance Time under Megaregion Disaster Threats PY - 2016/01 SP - 44p AB - The significance and continuous growth of urbanized areas throughout the world has led to the emergence of the global phenomenon of megaregions. Megaregions often share common historical, cultural, environmental, and topographic/geologic systems as well as close economic ties, facilitated by transportation linkages that connect the movement of people and freight. Another characteristic that megaregions also often share are threats from naturally-occurring and manmade disasters. This paper describes a project to better understand, prepare for, and respond to catastrophic disasters in megaregions In the research, a mass evacuation of the United States Gulf Coast megaregion was modeled based on past hurricane scenarios in the area. The results of the analyses revealed how operational characteristics of the megaregion road network vary and how strategies such as temporally-phased evacuations and regional contraflow operations are able increase overall system effectiveness. The results of the simulations also showed numerous limitations of the network as well as existing modeling and computational processing capabilities to create such simulations. KW - Analysis KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Evacuation KW - Gulf Coast KW - Hurricanes KW - Megaregions KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01600766 AU - Ma, Jiaqi AU - Miller-Hooks, Elise AU - Tariverdi, Mersedeh AU - Lochrane, Taylor AU - Zhou, Fang AU - Prentiss, David AU - Hudgins, Kathleen AU - Jodoin, Paul AU - Huang, Zhitong AU - Hailemariam, Margaret AU - Leidos AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - User-Friendly Traffic Incident Management (TIM) Program Benefit-Cost Estimation Tool PY - 2016/01//Version 1.2 Final Report SP - 69p AB - Traffic incidents contribute significantly to the deterioration of the level of service of both freeways and arterials. Traffic Incident Management (TIM) programs have been introduced worldwide with the aim of mitigating the impact of traffic incidents on safety and roadway performance. These programs support quick incident response, thereby shortening incident duration, and control traffic demand around the incident scene. Some TIM programs can be costly to taxpayers, thus, it is important to evaluate their benefits and determine the associated return on investment. Although benefit-cost (BC) estimation studies have been conducted for numerous TIM programs, these studies employ a wide range of estimation methodologies and monetary equivalent conversion factors. Consequently, resulting BC ratio estimates vary widely and have been shown to be sensitive to these choices. Moreover, these studies can be quite costly. This report develops a TIM-BC tool with standardized methodology that can be universally and equitably employed in BC ratio estimation for different TIM programs, which is essential to creating consistency and, therefore, greater confidence in the validity of the results. With access to the methodology in the form of a simple-to-use, less data-intensive tool, TIM programs and taxpayers alike can benefit from cost-effective evaluations. A New York case study compares the effectiveness of implementing three selected TIM strategies, namely: safety service patrol, driver removal laws, and dispatch colocation. The case study also helps in understanding the need for a standardized BC ratio estimation tool and the effectiveness of the developed TIM-BC tool. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Case studies KW - Estimating KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Incident management KW - Methodology KW - New York (State) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/16055/16055.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1408781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01600763 AU - Garber, David AU - Gull, Jawad AU - Sheifiefar, Mohammadreza AU - Rezaei, Nazanin AU - Florida International University, Miami AU - Accelerated Bridge Construction University Transportation Center (ABC-UTC) AU - Department of Transportation TI - Compilation of Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) Bridges PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 38p AB - Development of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) technologies has been occurring across the country, many times in isolation. Although the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and others have worked to facilitate communication between these efforts, there was not a comprehensive resource to aid designers in selecting an appropriate technology for a particular project. The work of this project expanded and enhanced the existing FHWA ABC project database resources. The main objective of the project was to compile information on existing ABC technologies and present the information in a manner useful to designers. The compilation includes all bridge types constructed of any material using ABC. Alternatives and objective information is provided, allowing the end user to make informed decisions regarding the suitability of particular technologies in particular circumstances. KW - Bridge construction KW - Databases KW - State of the practice KW - Technological innovations UR - https://abc-utc.fiu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2016/02/ABC_Project_Database_Final_Report_v1-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1408859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01600177 AU - Willis, J Richard AU - Turner, Pamela AU - National Center for Asphalt Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Characterization of Asphalt Binder Extracted from Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 39p AB - An 80% increase in the amount of reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS) used in asphalt mixtures was reported from 2009 to 2012. Despite this increase, there is still little guidance given on the characterization of RAS binder in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) MP 023 and PP 078. In addition to the lack of direction, many contractors and owner agencies do not have equipment capable of determining the actual high and low temperature performance grades (PG) of the RAS binder; therefore, work needs to be completed which can aid owner agencies and contractors in determining the true PG grades of RAS binder. While a common virgin binder is PG 64 – 22, RAS binders are much stiffer with critical high temperature grades between 140 and 180°C and critical low temperature grades between 0 and 40°C. If this stiffer binder is not considered in design, it can negatively influence fatigue and thermal cracking performance. The objective of this research is to investigate methods of characterizing RAS asphalt binder for both the critical high and low temperatures. Binder was extracted from RAS and tested to determine the true (or measured) PG grade of the binder. In addition to direct measurement, extrapolation methods were assessed to determine appropriateness in case equipment was not available for direct measurement. Finally, within sample and between sample testing variability was quantified for RAS binders using conventional testing methodology. These tests were completed on RAS samples from across the U.S. and included both post-consumer (PC) and manufacturers’ waste (MW) RAS. Ultimately, it was determined that one could extrapolate the critical high temperature grade of RAS binders ensuring that variability and outliers were considered in the analysis; however, less repeatable and reliable results were discovered when assessing critical low temperatures. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Performance grade KW - Shingles KW - Temperature KW - Waste products UR - https://eng.auburn.edu/research/centers/ncat/files/technical-reports/rep16-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599332 AU - Gregg, Rob AU - Pessaro, Brian AU - National Bus Rapid Transit Institute AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Vehicle Assist and Automation (VAA) Demonstration Evaluation Report PY - 2016/01 SP - 61p AB - This report summarizes an evaluation of a vehicle assist and automation (VAA) system used by Lane Transit District in Eugene, Oregon, for its Emerald Express (EmX) Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). The 1.5-mile demonstration involved the use of magnetic sensors for precision docking at three stations and lane guidance between the stations. The VAA system was evaluated in six broad areas: bus driver satisfaction, customer satisfaction, efficiency/productivity, technical performance, maintenance, and safety. Data were collected from a variety of sources, including customer surveys, driver surveys and focus groups, accident reports, maintenance reports, and lane position data from the VAA on-board computer system. Key findings indicated that the VAA system kept the bus better centered in the busway while it was in motion, and it consistently docked the bus closer to the station platform. The VAA was widely praised by the bus operators and passengers for it precision docking at the station platforms. KW - Autonomous vehicle guidance KW - Bus rapid transit KW - Bus transit operations KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Driver support systems KW - Drivers KW - Eugene (Oregon) KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance KW - Performance KW - Sensors UR - https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/FTA_Report_No._0093.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1407787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599242 AU - Kohli, Vijay AU - Hudock, David AU - Fulcrom Corporation AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Railroad Track Inspection Interface Demonstration PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 22p AB - This project developed a track data user interface utilizing the Google Glass optical display device. The interface allows the user to recall data stored remotely and view the data on the Google Glass. The technical effort required developing a communication link between the Google Glass and a cellular telephone. Fulcrum Corp. demonstrated the interface between Google Glass and the Federal Railroad Administration's (FRA’s) track geometry data housed at FRA Headquarters. The laboratory demonstration used a simulated section of track with simulated data that were subjected to enhanced tolerances to create exceptions (TRL 4). Future work would involve a validation of the interface in a relevant work environment, on actual tracks with experienced track inspectors (TRL 5). KW - Google Glass KW - Information display systems KW - Inspection KW - Mobile applications KW - Railroad tracks KW - Real time information KW - Simulation KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/15618 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1407805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01598870 AU - Lautala, Pasi T AU - Pouryousef, Hamed AU - National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Evaluating the Use of Operational Management Techniques for Capacity Improvements on Shared-use Rail Corridors PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 73p AB - The majority of intercity passenger and commuter rail services in the United States (U.S.) operate on the shared-use corridors with freight rail services. These types of operations tend to be challenging for efficient capacity utilization and reliability due to the high heterogeneity of trains (diversity of trains' operations). In addition, the projected growth in demand for rail transportation is likely to exacerbate the situation, making efficient use of capacity a necessity for freight and passenger traffic alike. There are two main approaches to improve the capacity levels, either by applying new capital investment or by improving operational characteristics and parameters of the rail services (such as improving the trains' timetables). To date, the U.S. has concentrated more on the first approach while the second approach is commonly used in European practices. It would be beneficial to evaluate the main challenges and advantages of using operational management techniques to improve the capacity utilization along shared use corridors in the U.S. KW - Freight and passenger traffic KW - Freight trains KW - Intercity passenger rail KW - Management KW - Railroad capacity KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Railroad corridors KW - Railroad operations KW - Shared use corridors UR - http://www.wistrans.org/cfire/documents/CFIRE_0910_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405067 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01598126 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Anderson, Rosemarie AU - Beer, Pamela TI - The Roads Less Traveled PY - 2016/01 VL - 79 IS - 4 AB - Rural roads present challenges for local and tribal governments and agencies when it comes to improving safety for road users. The Federal Highway Administration has developed a toolkit and two user guides for transportation professionals and elected officials who are working to improve safety on rural roadways. "Improving Safety on Rural Local and Tribal Roads--Safety Toolkit" (FHWA-SA-14-072) is intended for local and tribal road practitioners, local public works staff, and Federal and State safety engineers. The accompanying user guides offer a step-by-step process for site and network safety analysis. The toolkit provides a single resource to assist with the identification of safety issues and countermeasures to address them, and offers guidance through the implementation and evaluation of countermeasures. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway safety KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Rural highways KW - Safety audits UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16janfeb/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403443 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01598107 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pisarski, Alan AU - Polzin, Steve AU - Murakami, Elaine TI - Commuting in a Post-Baby Boomer World PY - 2016/01 VL - 79 IS - 4 AB - An upsurge in retirements, coupled with workplace trends such as telecommuting, is bound to affect travel on U.S. highways. Other demographic, economic, technological and migration changes will affect the transportation system. Trends suggest that the role of commuting and its impact on transportation may change; a key role for transportation will continue to be improving access to jobs and to workers, but the pace of growth in commuters is likely to be far more modest than it has been in the past. KW - Commuting KW - Demographics KW - Location KW - Mode choice KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Travel behavior KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16janfeb/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403444 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01598092 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Colyar, James AU - Klein, Rachel AU - Jacobson, Les TI - Stop or Go? PY - 2016/01 VL - 79 IS - 4 AB - Ramp metering uses signals to control the rate at which vehicles enter a freeway. It breaks up traffic platoons and enables vehicles to merge smoothly. It can help manage demand at a level near capacity, preventing flow breakdowns. Despite clear benefits in safety and efficacy, transportation agencies are underutilizing it as a safety and traffic management strategy. To accelerate deployment of ramp metering across the country, the Federal Highway Administration initiated an effort to better understand the current state of the practice, identify reasons why ramp metering is not more widely deployed, and facilitate implementation by publishing guidance materials and conducting workshops. KW - Financing KW - Geometry KW - Guidelines KW - Planning KW - Ramp metering KW - State of the practice UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16janfeb/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403442 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01598054 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Merrefield, Clark AU - Smichenko, Susan AU - Flood, Gerry AU - Barrington, Melonie TI - Digitizing for Better Decisionmaking PY - 2016/01 VL - 79 IS - 4 AB - Through a combination of forward-thinking leadership, partnership with law enforcement, and technological advances, crash data in Michigan today is exchanged, accessed, and analyzed in hours and days rather than months or years. Local agencies in Michigan now have easy access to crash, roadway, and traffic data through an application called Roadsoft®. A desktop software application developed by Michigan Technological University (Michigan Tech) with funding from the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), Roadsoft provides local agencies with data and tools that help them manage roadway assets, collect field data, oversee maintenance jobs, and analyze safety needs. The software is complemented by MDOT’s Local Safety Initiative (LSI), a hands-on, collaborative technical assistance program that provides technical resources for Roadsoft users, on-the-road discussions about safety, and other kinds of guidance. Through Roadsoft and LSI, local and State agencies are now able to make roadway safety improvements based on accessible, actionable information. KW - Crash data KW - Data analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Information processing KW - Michigan KW - Software UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16janfeb/05.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403445 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01597983 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Nadeau, Gregory G TI - Moving Beyond Traffic PY - 2016/01 VL - 79 IS - 4 AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation released a draft study called Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045 that looks at the trends and the tough choices facing decision-makers. The report asks what the transportation system will look like in 2045 if the country does not modify its transportation policies and investment strategies to keep up with changing demographics and technological advances. This article takes a brief look at transportation projects that are working and those that are not. KW - Bridges KW - Road construction KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16janfeb/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403441 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01597968 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Unkefer, David AU - Petros, Katherine TI - Leveraging a Data-Rich World PY - 2016/01 VL - 79 IS - 4 AB - Civil Integrated Management (CIM) is the technology-enabled collection, organization, managed accessibility, and use of accurate data and information throughout the life cycle of a transportation asset. By combining multiple emerging technologies with an emphasis on digital practices with the concept of integrated management, CIM has the potential to take project delivery and asset management to the next level by taking a holistic approach to project design, construction, operation, and maintenance. This article looks at the history of CIM and how states are putting CIM technologies to work on their projects. KW - Asset management KW - Data collection KW - Data fusion KW - Information management KW - Mathematical models KW - Oregon KW - Road construction KW - Wisconsin UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/16janfeb/06.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596753 AU - Hopwood, Jennifer AU - Black, Scott Hoffman AU - Fleury, Scott AU - Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation AU - ICF International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pollinators and Roadsides: Best Management Practices for Managers and Decision Makers PY - 2016/01 SP - 96p AB - Concerns about the declines of managed honey bees and wild native pollinators, such as monarch butterflies, have focused attention on the importance of habitat restoration and management in the conservation of pollinators and the ecosystem services they provide. Roadsides form one of the most extensive networks of linear habitats on earth, and in the United States, roadside rights-of-way managed by State departments of transportation (DOTs) cover an estimated 17 million acres. This document provides best management practices for managing roadside vegetation to reduce impacts to pollinators. This includes implementing roadside plantings that provide functions, including erosion control and motorist safety, while also benefiting pollinators. The authors also outline challenges to implementation identified by State DOTs and roadside restoration experts, and discuss potential opportunities to overcome these challenges. Additionally, case studies are included from across the United States. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation and ICF International staff performed a thorough literature review of peer-reviewed and technical material and conducted interviews with State DOTs and roadside restoration experts who work with DOTs. The literature review included a comprehensive treatment of the status of pollinators, causes of decline, potential mitigation efforts, habitat restoration and management for pollinators, and applications to highway rights-of-way. The interviews provided documentation of existing roadside vegetation management practices, including information on the current State of the practice in roadside vegetation management as relates to pollinators. The interviews also provided feedback about the feasibility of implementing roadside vegetation management strategies that can benefit pollinators, highlighting both successes and challenges in improving pollinator habitat. KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Conservation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Implementation KW - Insects KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Literature reviews KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Roadside flora and fauna KW - State departments of transportation KW - United States UR - https://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/ecosystems/Pollinators_Roadsides/BMPs_pollinators_roadsides.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596724 AU - Jenior, P AU - Dowling, R AU - Nevers, B AU - Neudorff, L AU - Kittelson & Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Freeway Shoulders for Travel – Guide for Planning, Evaluating, and Designing Part-Time Shoulder Use as a Traffic Management Strategy PY - 2016/01 SP - 170p AB - Part-time shoulder use is the conversion of shoulders to travel lanes during some hours of day as a congestion relief strategy. This strategy is also known as temporary shoulder use or hard shoulder running, and is typically implemented on freeways. Part-time shoulder use is a transportation system management and operations (TSM&O) strategy that uses shoulders to provide additional capacity when it is most needed, and preserves shoulders as refuge areas during the majority of the day. This guide covers planning, design, implementation, and day-to-day operation of shoulder use. It covers a wide variety of design and operational concepts for shoulder use, and describes how a performance based practical design (PBPD) process guides the planning of facilities with shoulder use. KW - Congestion management systems KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Implementation KW - Road shoulders KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic lanes UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop15023/fhwahop15023.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596673 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Facilitation and Documenting of FHWA Division Office e-Construction Pilot PY - 2016/01//Interim 7-Month Report SP - 36p AB - State departments of transportation (DOT) use e-Construction for paperless contract administration and management functions and incorporate linkages to outside entities such as contractors and consultants. e-Construction is the collection, review, approval, and distribution of highway construction contract documents in a paperless environment. To assist with implementation of e-Construction, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated a pilot project to test tablet devices in several Division Offices. The purpose of this pilot project was to evaluate the use of two types of mobile devices and provide recommendations to the FHWA Investment Review Board (IRB) on the potential for agency-wide implementation of mobile devices. Key stakeholders met bi-monthly to report on the status of the pilot, how the devices were working, and to suggest issues and challenges in implementation and how they were overcome. Texas and Utah used the MS Surface Pro 3, Florida, Iowa and Michigan used the Apple iPad, and West Virginia served as control with no devices assigned. The study team developed a list of performance measures in close coordination and consultation with FHWA. The performance measures focus on efficiencies that may be realized through the use of the tablet devices. The performance measures reported by each division office are outlined in this report. The appendix includes division office anecdotes, challenges, and solutions. KW - Construction management KW - Contract administration KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Florida KW - Iowa KW - Michigan KW - Mobile computing KW - Performance measurement KW - Pilot studies KW - Tablet computers KW - Texas KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Utah KW - West Virginia UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/construction/econstruction/do_pilot_interim.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594694 AU - Gopalakrishna, Deepak AU - Martin, Lindsay AU - Neuner, Michelle AU - Leidos AU - ICF International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 2015 Road Weather Management Performance Measures Survey, Analysis, and Report PY - 2016/01//Technical Report SP - 136p AB - The Federal Highway Administration’s Road Weather Management Program (RWMP) established a set of performance measures and began collecting data in order to assess progress toward its stated objectives. Assessments of the program’s performance were completed in 2009 and 2012, and the program has continued to evolve over time, informed by past performance and influenced by emerging trends and technology. The RWMP continues to conduct a periodic review of its performance indicators to ensure that the performance measures reflect the changes in program objectives as well as the broader policy context. The 2015 Road Weather Management Performance Measures Report is the next iteration of this periodic review of the RWMP’s performance and an update to the 2012 report. Twenty-seven performance measures are quantified as part of this update to assess performance across the program’s eight objectives. KW - Data collection KW - Decision support systems KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Performance measurement KW - Road Weather Management Program KW - Weather conditions UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop16001/fhwahop16001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594608 AU - Aly, Aly Mousaad AU - Zaroudi, Hamzeh Gol AU - Rezaee, Milad AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hurricane Hazard Mitigation in Traffic Light Support Structures PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 108p AB - Traffic signs and signals are extensively used as vital elements in highways and urban roads for communicating with drivers, in order to convey the rules, guidance, warnings, and other highway agency information. On this basis, it is crucial to have reliable and well-maintained traffic signs and signals to ascertain that essential messages are properly conveyed to drivers in various environmental conditions. Long mast arm cantilever structures are widely used on highways all over the world. Cantilevered traffic signal support structures are slender, lightly-damped structures, and since they may have a span as long as 66 ft, they are very flexible structures, and highly sensitive to wind-induced vibrations, and their fatigue life is an important issue in the design process. Another important concern about traffic signal structures is their vulnerability in critical weather conditions, such as during hurricanes. The serviceability of these structures during hurricanes is extremely important due to their critical role in directing traffic, specifically for evacuation and rescue operation. Consequently, this study presents a methodology to suppress wind-induced vibrations in a mast arm cantilever traffic signal with a circular cylinder section, by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to create wind load time series and a dynamic model for structural control. For wind load simulations, a time-dependent approach by implementing the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was used. Monitoring points are defined on the mast arm to capture pressure coefficients, and then calculate distributed lift and drag forces at different sections. The simulated time histories of drag and lift forces are then used for the control purpose, after experimental validation. In order to mitigate the vibrations, distributed tuned mass dampers are investigated, making use of the available weights of the lighting boxes. The structural response with and without the dampers are simulated by a dynamic model. The dynamic analysis shows that damping enhancement in traffic lighting structures can significantly reduce vibration-induced stress, with promises to improve the safety to the traveling public, extend the life of existing traffic structures, increase traffic efficiency, and reduce the cost of new structures. Moreover, the generated wind load time histories with the dynamic model are being used for different vibration control schemes, including passive and semi-active control devices with drift magnification connections, with the objective of building a database useful for creating guidelines and recommendations on the proper use of damping enhancement devices, for future implementation in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standard. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Cantilevers KW - Circular cylinders (Geometry) KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Hurricanes KW - Methodology KW - Simulation KW - Structural supports KW - Traffic signals KW - Vibration control UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2016/14-2TIRE.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594413 AU - Mayne, Quinton AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Politics of Transport Policy in the Greater Copenhagen Region PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 3p AB - This project was focused on understanding the political conditions and factors that led to the emergence and development of a sustainable transportation regime during the postwar period in the Greater Copenhagen Region. KW - Copenhagen (Denmark) KW - Political factors KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Transportation policy UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/HVDR24-13A%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594412 AU - Shoag, Dan AU - Muehlegger, Erich AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Land-Use Regulations and Commuting Patterns PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 3p AB - Land-use regulations are a primary way in which state and local governments influence the urban landscape, affecting where people live, how much they commute and the impact they have on the environment. This research project examined two questions related to a specific way by which land use regulation in the U.S. affects individuals. First, do individuals spend more time commuting in locations with strict land use regulation, and second, does the correlation between land use regulation and commuting times vary with demographics? The research grant resulted in a working paper that was presented by one of the co-Principal Investigators at the peer-reviewed Humanitarian Technology: Science, System and Global Impact 2015 conference and published in a journal as part of the conference proceedings. KW - Commuting KW - Demographics KW - Land use KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Travel time KW - United States UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/HVDR24-14A%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593930 AU - Wu, Zhong AU - Xiao, Danny X AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of DARWin-ME Design Guideline for Louisiana Pavement Design PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 202p AB - The AASHTOWare Pavement ME™ Design is the next generation of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) pavement design software, which builds upon the newly developed National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). Pavement ME™ reflects a major change in the methods and procedures engineers use to design pavement structure and represents the most current advancements in pavement design. In preparation for Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) to adopt the new design guide, there is an urgent need to evaluate the MEPDG pavement design software based on typical Louisiana pavement structures and local conditions. This study selected a total of 162 projects (pavement sections) from the existing DOTD highway network for the evaluation of MEPDG pavement design, local calibration, and validation of Pavement ME in Louisiana. The selected projects consisted of flexible pavements with five types of base (asphalt concrete base, rubblized Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) base, crushed stone or recycled PCC base, soil cement base, and stabilized base with a stone interlayer), rigid pavements with three types of base (unbound granular base, stabilized base, and asphalt mixture blanket), and hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlay on top of existing flexible pavements. Pavement design information including structure, materials, and traffic were retrieved from multiple network-level data sources at DOTD. A Louisiana default input strategy of Pavement ME that reflects Louisiana’s condition and practice was developed from results of sensitivity analysis. In addition, based on a consensus distress survey and pavement management system (PMS) distress triggers, the design reliability and performance criteria were established for different highway classes in Louisiana. The predicted performance from the Pavement ME was then compared with the corresponding measured performance retrieved from PMS. The analysis results indicate that the Pavement ME’s nationally-calibrated distress models generally under-predict alligator cracking, but over-predict rutting for DOTD’s flexible pavement types. For rigid pavements, Pavement ME over-predicts slab cracking but under-predicts joint faulting. For those nationally-calibrated distress models that showed constant bias and large variation, local calibration was carried out against the performance data retrieved from PMS. After the local calibration, the Pavement ME designs were verified by additional projects outside of the evaluation projects’ pool. Based on the results of this study, an implementation guideline document was prepared. The document contains all necessary design input information and calibration coefficients for DOTD to use the latest MEPDG software on a day-to-day basis for design and analysis of new and rehabilitated pavement structures in Louisiana. KW - AASHTOWare (Software) KW - Calibration KW - DARWin-ME (Computer program) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Louisiana KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Software KW - Validation UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2016/FR_551.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593719 AU - Olson, Jeff AU - Goff, Phil AU - Piper, Sam AU - Zeftling, Lindsay AU - GoBike Buffalo AU - New York State Energy Planning Board AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - City of Buffalo AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Buffalo Bicycle Master Plan Update PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 168p AB - The Vision for the Buffalo Bicycle Master Plan Update is to make Buffalo a world-class bicycling community. Bicyclists’ needs will be integrated into the City’s projects, policies, and programs. Planning, implementation, and maintenance of roadway, public works, and transit projects will include improvements to accommodate bicyclists of all abilities. A well-connected bicycle infrastructure network will improve safety, the environment, public health, and quality of life for residents, visitors, and businesses. A bicycle friendly Buffalo will be a more affordable, economically competitive, and sustainable city. Contents of this document include: Summary of existing plans and policies, Existing conditions analysis, Planning the bicycle network, Catalyst projects, Implementation, Performance measures, Design guidelines, and Winter bikeway maintenance. KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Buffalo (New York) KW - Cyclists KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance KW - Performance measurement KW - Policy KW - Transportation planning UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-13-51.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593708 AU - Hopwood, Theodore AU - Palle, Sudhir AU - Wells, Danny AU - Meade, Bobby W AU - Fairchild, Jared AU - Goff, Chris AU - Kentucky Transportation Center AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Phase I Inspection of the Stay Cable System on the US 231 William H. Natcher Bridge over the Ohio River PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 182p AB - The US 231 Natcher Bridge was opened in 2002. By 2006 cracking was observed in the plastic piping that protected the stay cable strands from the environment at both the deck and tower anchorages. Over time the extent of cracking increased and an investigation was initiated to assess the types of deterioration impacting the cables, their causes and their impacts on the integrity of the stay cables. From 2012-2015, a series of in-depth field inspections were performed using visual and nondestructive testing. Most of this work focused on the piping at the deck anchorages. The inspections disclosed voids in cable grouting, bad welds in the plastic piping and deterioration of the co-extruded outer layer of the piping. Water was detected during inspections of the cable ends at the anchor blocks along with minimal corrosion of the strands and anchorages. The water and samples of the plastic piping were evaluated and found to be problematic. No direct indications of cable corrosion damage were observed, but ultrasonic testing of the strand wires at the deck anchorages revealed possible signs of corrosion. Thermography of the tower anchorages provided extensive grout void indications. Recommendations are provided to address remaining concerns related to the condition of the strands at the towers and to evaluation of strands of selected stay cables at the deck anchorages. KW - Air voids KW - Anchorages KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Deterioration KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Plastic pipe KW - Recommendations KW - William H. Natcher Bridge UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13023/KTC.RR.2016.01 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/57000/57100/57100/KTC_16_01_KHIT77_1F-final-web.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1399143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593702 AU - Ceylan, Halil AU - Steffes, Robert F AU - Gopalakrishnan, Kasthurirangan AU - Kim, Sunghwan AU - Yang, Shuo AU - Zhuang, Kailin AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Midwest Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Development and Evaluation of a Portable Device for Measuring Curling and Warping in Concrete Pavements PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 86p AB - Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement undergoes repeated environmental load-related deflection resulting from temperature and moisture variations across pavement depth. This has been recognized as resulting in PCC pavement curling and warping since the mid-1920s. Slab curvature can be further magnified under repeated traffic loads and may ultimately lead to fatigue failures, including top-down and bottom-up transverse, longitudinal, and corner cracking. It is therefore significant to measure the “true” degree of curling and warping in PCC pavements, not only for quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) purposes, but also for better understanding of its relationship to long-term pavement performance. Although several approaches and devices—including linear variable differential transducers (LVDTs), digital indicators, and some profilers—have been proposed for measuring curling and warping, their application in the field is subject to cost, inconvenience, and complexity of operation. This research therefore explores developing an economical and simple device for measuring curling and warping in concrete pavements with accuracy comparable to or better than existing methodologies. Technical requirements were identified to establish assessment criteria for development, and field tests were conducted to modify the device to further enhancement. The finalized device is about 12 inches in height and 18 pounds in weight, and its manufacturing cost is just $320. Detailed development procedures and evaluation results for the new curling and warping measuring device are presented and discussed, with a focus on achieving reliable curling and warping measurements in a cost-effective manner. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Curling KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement performance KW - Portable equipment KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Warpage UR - http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1094&context=intrans_techtransfer UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/MTC_portable_curling_and_warping_device_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592046 AU - Ferris, Thomas K AU - Suh, Youngbo AU - Miles, Jeffrey D AU - Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center) AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Investigating the Roles of Touchscreen and Physical Control Interface Characteristics on Driver Distraction and Multitasking Performance PY - 2016/01 SP - 39p AB - This study aimed to assess the potential of driver distraction, task performance, orientation of attention, and perceived workload in a multitasking situation involving interaction with touchscreen interface, compared to physical interface. Authors conducted a real-driving experiment focusing on qualities of synthetic feedback produced from the interfaces mounted on the center console, when a driver engages in an input task with the interfaces while maintaining visual attention and awareness on the road and the roadside. Participants drove a vehicle along a straight double-lane route prescribed on the closed-course track in Texas A&M University–Riverside Campus. The results revealed that the lack of both auditory and vibro-tactile feedback in touchscreen interaction led to significant degradation in input task performance, compared to a natural haptic feedback from the physical interface. The insufficiency also significantly deteriorated drivers’ ability in detecting and promptly responding to objects designed to suddenly appear on the roadside, as opposed to the physical interface or touchscreen interface with synthetic feedback. Perceived workload appeared to be not significantly affected by the difference in the interface characteristics. The findings emphasized the impact of synthetic feedback on multitasking performance as previous studies did, and highlighted its potential on regulating visual attention resource on which awareness is based. Designers of user interface or policy makers concerning with driving safety will benefit from the findings. KW - Attention KW - Distraction KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Multitasking KW - Touchscreens UR - http://www.atlas-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ATLAS-Center-Final-Research-Report-Tom-Ferris.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59210/ATLAS_Center_Final_Research_Report_-_Ferris_-_ATLAS_2015-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592019 AU - Lord, Dominique AU - Geedipally, Srinivas AU - Shirazi, Mohammadali AU - Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center) AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Improved Guidelines for Estimating the Highway Safety Manual Calibration Factors PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 71p AB - Crash prediction models can be used to predict the number of crashes and evaluate roadway safety. Part C of the first edition of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) provides safety performance functions (SPFs). The HSM addendum that includes freeway and ramp chapters consist of severity distribution functions (SDFs) to estimate the crash severity as a function of geometric and traffic characteristics. In order to account for the differences in factors that were not considered or cannot be considered in the development of SPFs and SDFs, it is essential to calibrate them when they are applied to a new jurisdiction. The HSM recommends a one‐size‐fits-all sample size for calibration procedures that require crash data collected from randomly selected sites. However, the recommended sample size is not fully supported by documented studies, and several agencies have initiated SPF calibration efforts. In addition, there are no clear guidelines on when an agency should update their calibration factors (C-factors) and how they should make a decision on the need of region-specific calibration factors. The objectives of this research are to (1) review and document issues with the existing calibrating method in the HSM, (2) identify factors that influence the selection of the sample size for the SPFs calibration (or recalibration), (3) determine how frequently or when an agency should update their calibration factors, (4) determine whether or not having region-specific C-factors are justified and when they are needed, and (5) identify factors that influence the selection of the sample size for the SDFs calibration (or recalibration). The study objectives were accomplished using simulated and observed data. The guidelines included a discussion on (1) the sample size that is required to calibrate SPFs; (2) when the models should be recalibrated; (3) when the region-specific C-factors are recommended; and (4) the sample size that is required to calibrate SDFs. KW - Calibration KW - Crash severity KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Methodology KW - Safety Performance Functions UR - http://www.atlas-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ATLAS-Final-Research-Report-Lord-ATLAS-2015-10.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59211/ATLAS_Center_Final_Research_Report_-_Lord_-_ATLAS-2015-10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592000 AU - de León Izeppi, Edgar AU - Katicha, Samer W AU - Flintsch, Gerardo W AU - McCarthy, Ross AU - McGhee, Kevin K AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Continuous Friction Measurement Equipment As a Tool for Improving Crash Rate Prediction: A Pilot Study PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 42p AB - A comprehensive pavement management system includes a Pavement Friction Management Program (PFMP) to ensure pavement surfaces are designed, constructed, and maintained to minimize friction-related crashes in a cost-effective manner. The Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Technical Advisory 5040.38 on Pavement Friction Management supersedes a previous advisory that focused on skid crash reduction. In addition to traditional locked-wheel friction-testing devices, this new advisory recommends continuous friction measuring equipment (CFME) as an appropriate method for evaluating pavements. The study described in this report developed a pavement friction inventory for a single construction district in Virginia using the Grip Tester, a low-cost CFME. The continuous friction data were then coupled with crash records to develop a strategy for network analysis that could use friction to improve the ability to predict crash rates. The crash rate analysis applied the well-established methodology suggested by the FHWA for the identification of high crash risk areas using safety performance functions (SPFs), which include empirical Bayes rate estimation from observed crashes. The current Virginia Department of Transportation SPF models were modified to include skid resistance and radius of curvature (interstate and primary system only) to improve the predictive power of the models. A variation of the same methodology was also used to contrast the effect of two different friction repair treatments, i.e., conventional asphalt overlay and high friction surface treatments, to explore how their strategic use can impact network level crash rates. The result suggests significant crash reductions with comprehensive economic savings of $100 million or more when applied to a single relatively rural district. These findings easily justify an aggressive state-level PFMP and further support continued research to quantify the influence of other pavement-related characteristics such as macrotexture, grade, and cross-slope. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Friction KW - Measuring instruments KW - Methodology KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Surface treating KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/16-r8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398072 ER - TY - SER AN - 01591988 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Bhattarai, Rabin AU - Kalita, Prasanta AU - Azeem, Anwar AU - Jha, Ranjeet AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Curb and Gutter Inlet Protection Products for Sediment Retention PY - 2016/01 IS - 16-001 SP - 45p AB - Construction sites are one of the largest sources of sediment and contaminants. When rainfall occurs, sediment is produced as soil particles disintegrate and erode from the bare soil area and are transported to the nearest water conveyance structure, such as an inlet. When soil is disturbed to construct buildings and highways, the rate of erosion increases. Sediment from these areas mixes with water and enters roadside gutters after rainfall or snowmelt events. This can lead to clogging of drainage systems and street flooding. It can also escalate treatment cost for wastewater treatment facilities, due to increased sediment load. Various tests were performed to analyze the effectiveness of curb and gutter inlet protection products at the Erosion Control Research and Training Center (ECRTC) of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The tests analyzed the ability of these products to prevent sediment from entering the inlets. The goal of these tests was to compare the various products and determine which would work best to prevent sediment from entering the inlets at construction sites. Several criteria were used in testing in order to make the best recommendations to the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). The products analyzed in testing were (1) frame and grate, (2) Dandy curb bag, (3) Dandy curb sack (orange fabric), (4) Erosion Eel, (5) GeoHay, (6) SediGuard, and (7) Inlet Pro. The duration of the test was 15 minutes with a discharge rate of 119 gallons/minute (7.5 L/s). One 5 gallon bucket of clay soil was initially poured into a 300 gallon water tank; half a bucket was later poured at 5 and 10 minutes. This mixture would spill over onto the slab, where samples would be collected before and after the product was installed. Water samples were collected every 3 minutes and were oven-dried to determine sediment concentration. Using this procedure, it was possible to determine how efficient each product was in terms of sediment retention. The SediGuard and Dandy curb sack products performed better than the other products tested. Although several products were able to filter efficiently, they often created excessive ponding. Ponding on an active roadway can potentially create safety concerns. The evaluation was based on two criteria: water should be able to infiltrate the product without creating heavy ponding and the product should retain a large fraction of the sediment. KW - Drainage structures KW - Erosion control KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Filtration KW - Illinois KW - Ponding KW - Sediment discharge KW - Water quality management UR - https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=4726 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01591986 AU - Cantor, David E AU - Tekippe, Matthew AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Midwest Transportation Center AU - Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Owner-Operator versus Company-Driver Safety Performance Analysis PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 28p AB - The safety performance of motor carriers is a serious concern in the trucking industry and is a top priority for the U.S. Department of Transportation. This study explored the extent to which a carrier’s use of owner-operators and/or company drivers affects safety performance. Two primary research questions were addressed: how does motor carrier firm size relate to organizational flexibility, or the use of owner-operators versus company drivers, and does organizational flexibility affect safety performance? The study also examined whether safety performance varies by industry segment. A dataset based on data obtained for a previous study was created that includes equipment ownership profile information for approximately 108,780 motor carriers. An analysis of the data indicated that the larger the firm, the lower the use of company drivers; contrary to expectations, the use of company drivers results in poorer safety performance; and safety performance varies by industry segment. KW - Motor carriers KW - Organization KW - Owner operators KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1091&context=intrans_techtransfer UR - http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/intrans_reports/173/ UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/owner-operator_vs_company-driver_safety_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01591979 AU - King, Ryan AU - Collins, Lauren (Vitagliano) AU - Weller, John R AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Artificial Turf and Gopher Tortoises at Orlando Sanford International Airport PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 62p AB - Under Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 139 (14 CFR 139) Section 309, airports are required to maintain runway safety areas (RSAs) free of “hazardous ruts, humps, depressions or other surface variations.” The safety areas must also be capable of supporting the “occasional passage of aircraft without causing major damage to the aircraft.” A number of airports in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Southern Region have difficulty meeting the regulations under 14 CFR 139 for holes in RSAs caused by burrowing of gopher tortoises. Gopher tortoises are listed as a threatened species in Florida, and mitigation efforts (i.e., tortoise removal or relocation and burrow eliminations) are heavily regulated, expensive, and time-consuming. However, gopher tortoises burrowing in such close proximity to runways are a safety hazard to aircraft that may leave the runway pavement surface. Artificial turf that meets the specifications in FAA Advisory Circular 150/5370-15B has been identified as a material that can be used to cover large portions of airport property with multiple benefits, such as providing consistent ground cover, as well as reducing maintenance costs and attractive vegetative food sources for hazardous wildlife species. It was determined that research was necessary to assess artificial turf as a potential solution for mitigating the burrowing behavior of gopher tortoises on the airport property. The FAA Airport Technology Research and Development Branch entered into an agreement with Orlando Sanford International Airport in August 2013 to conduct a study on the applicability of artificial turf in the RSA to mitigate potential hazardous conditions resulting from the presence of burrowing gopher tortoises. The study also investigated the ability of the artificial turf system to withstand exposure to harsh environmental conditions, and the occasional, inadvertent passage of vehicles and aircraft, which was tested by using a specialized vehicle retrofitted with an aircraft nose wheel. An area adjacent to the blast pad at the approach end of Runway 18 was selected as the test site, and construction on the test area commenced in February 2014. Data were collected between May 1, 2014 and April 30, 2015. The results from over a year of data collections and directed studies demonstrated that artificial turf is compatible with safe airport operations, is durable to passive environmental factors, is not attractive to other hazardous species, resists burrowing by gopher tortoises, and does not exhibit detrimental reduced braking during aircraft or vehicle excursions. It was also determined that the artificial turf performed well during the occasional passage by operational vehicles, including fully loaded aircraft rescue and firefighting vehicles. KW - Airport runways KW - Artificial turf KW - Aviation safety KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Orlando Sanford International Airport KW - Turf KW - Wildlife UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=e91e0e54-6390-443b-a902-c19e25fbc779&f=TC-15-61_Artificial%20Turf%20and%20Gopher%20Tortoises%20at%20SFB_010616.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398239 ER - TY - SER AN - 01591978 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Countermeasures That Work, Eighth Edition PY - 2016/01 SP - 2p AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has published its eighth edition of Countermeasures That Work. The guide is a basic reference to assist State Highway Safety Offices (SHSOs) and other professionals interested in highway safety in selecting effective, evidence-based countermeasures for traffic safety problem areas. The guide: describes major strategies and countermeasures that are relevant to SHSOs; summarizes strategy and countermeasure use, effectiveness, costs, and implementation time; and provides references to the most important research summaries and individual studies. KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Research KW - State Highway Safety Offices UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/812239_Countermeasures_8thEd_TT.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01591962 AU - Thomas, F Dennis AU - Rilea, Stacy AU - Blomberg, Richard D AU - Peck, Raymond C AU - Korbelak, Kristopher T AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of the Safety Benefits of the Risk Awareness and Perception Training Program for Novice Teen Drivers PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 68p AB - This project evaluated the impact of the PC-based Risk Awareness and Perception Training (RAPT) program on young driver crashes and traffic violations. Young drivers 16 to 18 years of age were recruited immediately after they passed the on-road driving exam at six California Department of Motor Vehicles licensing offices. Participants were assigned to a group that completed the RAPT program or to a comparison group that received a pre-test but did not receive any training. A total of 5,251 young drivers participated in the project and had their crash and violation records tracked for 12 months post-licensure. An analysis of group equivalency revealed the group assignment paradigm was effective in producing equivalent groups. Analyses of pre-test and post-test data included in the RAPT program showed substantial improvements in trainee performance, which suggests participants attended to the training materials. Crash analyses did not show an overall main effect for treatment, but there was a significant treatment by sex interaction effect. Analyses were then conducted for males and females separately to explore this interaction. The results showed a significant treatment effect for males, χ² (l, n = 2743) = 5.517, p =.019, but not for females χ² (l, n = 2447) = 0.553 p = .457. RAPT-trained males showed an approximately 23.7% lower crash rate relative to the male comparison group. For females, the RAPT group had an estimated 10.7% higher crash rate than the comparison group, but this increase was not statistically significant. Researchers used Cox regression analysis to evaluate the number of weeks after licensure at which each studied driver had their first crash (time to first crash). None of the overall models were statistically significant. Thus, the hypothesis that RAPT had an effect on time to first crash could not be confirmed. None of the analyses of traffic violations demonstrated any association with the RAPT treatment. The results of this study provide perhaps the first encouraging evidence that brief, computer-based training interventions can have a positive influence on driving safety for newly licensed teen drivers. Further research is needed to clarify the uncertainties arising from this study, particularly related to the lack of effectiveness of RAPT on female crash rates, and to assess how best to employ hazard perception training using a program such as RAPT in the driver training process. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Driver training KW - Evaluation KW - Gender KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Regression analysis KW - Risk KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic violations UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/812235-AwarenessPerceptionTrainingNoviceTeenDrivers.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590529 AU - Walsh, Colin AU - Vaisala, Incorporated AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Winter Maintenance Performance Measure PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 22p AB - The Winter Performance Index is a method of quantifying winter storm events and the Colorado Department of Transportation's (CDOT’s) response to them. It is a tool for evaluating the State’s maintenance practices, performing post-storm analysis, training maintenance personnel, and identifying potential areas of cost savings and improved performance. The Winter Performance Index is derived using the Storm Severity Index, which rates the severity of a winter storm event based on key atmospheric measurements such as wind speed, precipitation, and surface temperature. The Storm Severity Index compares performance across different geographic areas which have their own unique climate conditions. The Storm Severity Index is then combined with pavement grip measurements to calculate the Winter Performance Index, with the Winter Performance Index showing the total amount of time roads were compromised by winter weather. The Winter Performance Index is a tool that can be used to manage day-to-day operations. However, in this report the Index has been applied to an entire winter season to demonstrate the potential value of the tool and to highlight differences in performance within the studied region. KW - Colorado KW - Mobility KW - Storms KW - Temperature KW - Time duration KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://www.codot.gov/programs/research/pdfs/2016-research-reports/winter-performance-measure/at_download/file UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590515 AU - Harley, Matt AU - Vaisala, Incorporated AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Snow Route Optimization PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 56p AB - This report has been commissioned by The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), which has appointed Vaisala Inc. to examine current Winter Service practices across a designated section of patrol routes within Region 4, in the State of Colorado. The main objective of this research project is to review and understand current CDOT snow removal practices and provide operational recommendations. These recommendations shall aim to improve snow removal efficiency in a costeffective manner while also reducing winter weather related road incidents along CDOT routes. Vaisala will also investigate whether there is an option for route reduction under the current criteria (without compromising current levels of service) via a Route Optimization exercise across CDOT’s treatment network. Route optimization is a method of creating a set of winter highway treatment routes to meet a range of targets, including service level improvements, resource reallocation and changes to overriding constraints. These routes will allow the operator clear the pavement in a timely and efficient manner, reducing wastage and utilizing resources to their best effect. KW - Colorado KW - Level of service KW - Optimization KW - Recommendations KW - Routes KW - Snow and ice control KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://www.codot.gov/programs/research/pdfs/2016-research-reports/snow-route-optimization/at_download/file UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396356 ER - TY - SER AN - 01590511 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - El-Rayes, Khaled AU - Liu, Liang Y AU - El-Gohary, Nora AU - Golparvar-Fard, Mani AU - Halabya, Ayman AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Public Right-of-Way Accessibility Guideline Resource Material PY - 2016/01//Final Report IS - 16-005 SP - 227p AB - Public agencies are required by state and federal laws to provide accessibility on their right-of-way (ROW). Failure of public agencies to provide accessibility on their ROW has resulted in costly settlements. Accordingly, the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) needs to provide information for local public agencies, consultants, contractors, and IDOT personnel about current accessibility requirements and ways to improve accessibility and avoid costly penalties resulting from non-compliance. This report presents the findings of a research project funded by the Illinois Center for Transportation (ICT) to develop resource materials on providing accessibility to the public ROW to ensure that public works projects are built to meet the latest accessibility requirements. The objectives of this project were to (1) conduct a comprehensive literature review to gather and analyze the most current resource materials on public ROW accessibility requirements, (2) recommend content for public ROW accessibility requirements on an IDOT website, (3) develop a comprehensive and practical field guide for IDOT that can be used by field engineers and construction inspectors to verify compliance with all applicable accessibility laws and regulations in the State of Illinois, (4) create e-learning modules on accessibility requirements for IDOT classroom training, and (5) develop recommendations that provide guidance to IDOT on improving compliance with public ROW accessibility requirements. KW - Accessibility KW - Americans with Disabilities Act KW - Compliance KW - Guidelines KW - Illinois Department of Transportation KW - Literature reviews KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Recommendations KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Training KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=4741 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590491 AU - Wang, Teng AU - Gopalakrishnan, Kasthurirangan AU - Somani, Arun AU - Smadi, Omar AU - Ceylan, Halil AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Midwest Transportation Center AU - Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Machine-Vision-Based Roadway Health Monitoring and Assessment: Development of a Shape-Based Pavement-Crack-Detection Approach PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 48p AB - State highway agencies (SHAs) routinely employ semi-automated and automated image-based methods for network-level pavement-cracking data collection, and there are different types of pavement-cracking data collected by SHAs for reporting and management purposes. The main objective of this proof-of-concept research was to develop a shape-based pavement-crack-detection approach for the reliable detection and classification of cracks from acquired two-dimensional (2D) concrete and asphalt pavement surface images. The developed pavement-crack-detection algorithm consists of four stages: local filtering, maximum component extraction, polynomial fitting of possible crack pixels, and shape metric computation and filtering. After completing the crack-detection process, the width of each crack segment is computed to classify the cracks. In order to verify the developed crack-detection approach, a series of experiments was conducted on real pavement images without and with cracks at different severities. The developed shape-based pavement crack detection algorithm was able to detect cracks at different severities from both asphalt and concrete pavement images. Further, the developed algorithm was able to compute crack widths from the images for crack classification and reporting purposes. Additional research is needed to improve the robustness and accuracy of the developed approach in the presence of anomalies and other surface irregularities. KW - Algorithms KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Flaw detection KW - Image analysis KW - Machine vision KW - Pavement cracking KW - Shape KW - Width UR - http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1101&context=intrans_techtransfer UR - http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1188&context=intrans_reports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590469 AU - Sheppard, Eric AU - Jagasivamani, Vadivel AU - Khaykin, Vitaly AU - Multimodal Transportation and Infrastructure Consortium AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Acoustic Emission Non-Destructive Integrity Assessment of Intermodal Transportation Infrastructure Asset Interactions PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 23p AB - It is imperative to conduct research and utilize technologies that enhance highway bridge safety by predicting and thus preventing bridge failures. In this work, the technology of acoustic emission (AE) is applied to study the integrity of a highway bridge, the Interstate I-64 bridge crossing over Kempsville Road in Norfolk, Virginia. The bridge that comprises the westbound lanes of this crossing utilizes three steel girder spans. One of the girders in the middle span is suspected to carry a defect and the AE monitoring technology is a promising technique in such applications. The AE tests carried out on that girder indicated that the crack is not active and does not pose any threat to the integrity of the structure. The northern span of this bridge has ten steel girders to support the highway. These ten girders are subjected to fatigue loading due to the traffic and it is required to periodically examine their integrity against fatigue cracks. It is expected that the middle girders may undergo heavier load conditions and the measurements did show such a trend. However, the AE measurements also indicated that one girder showed distinctly higher AE activity which was not expected. Thus it is deduced that this girder may have an active crack site, which needs further detailed examinations. It is therefore advised to carry out further non-destructive testing (NDT) tests to check for the integrity of the girder. Visual examinations, dye penetrant tests, and ultrasonic tests can be carried out to locate the source of the defect, if any. KW - Acoustic emission KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Norfolk (Virginia) KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.mticutc.org/assets/pdf/Final_Report_Hampton.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397575 ER - TY - SER AN - 01590465 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Bhattarai, Rabin AU - Kalita, Prasanta AU - Garcia, Carlos Bulnes AU - Monical, Joseph AU - Schumacher, Paul AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Ditch Checks for Sediment Retention PY - 2016/01//White Paper IS - 16-002 SP - 42p AB - Construction activities generally involve significant land disturbances, leaving the soil unprotected and more susceptible to erosion, which may in turn adversely affect the surrounding environment. The lack of quantitative and qualitative data on erosion and sediment control product performance using standardized evaluation methodologies under locally relevant climate and soil conditions makes it difficult to appropriately select the most suitable erosion and sediment control best management practices (BMPs). During roadside construction, ditches are often impacted and may be left bare of vegetation throughout the duration of the construction project. As rain hits this bare soil, it tends to heavily erode the ditch, carrying large quantities of sediment in runoff. This sediment is then free to enter larger water systems, which is a detriment environmentally and economically, and could be harmful to human health. At the Erosion Control Research and Training Center (ECRTC) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a series of tests were conducted to analyze the effectiveness of various ditch checks to ensure they could be used in real-life construction sites to mitigate soil transport. The tests were conducted to determine their practicality in field use. The goal of these tests were to examine how well they reduce sediment leaving the ditch and how much ponding occurs, as well as other criteria of interest to the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). The test was performed following protocols designed by the University of Illinois in consultation with IDOT. Because there is currently a lack of products available for contractors to use on IDOT construction jobs, the importance of this test cannot be overstated. The tests were performed to determine whether a new product could be feasibly used. KW - Construction projects KW - Ditches KW - Erosion control KW - Illinois KW - Ponding KW - Sediments UR - https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=4730 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01588723 AU - Hurwitz, David AU - Abadi, Masoud Ghodrat AU - McCrea, Sarah AU - Quayle, Shaun AU - Marnell, Patrick AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Smart Red Clearance Extensions to Reduce Red-Light Running Crashes PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 139p AB - Red-light running (RLR) is a safety hazard at signalized intersections in Oregon and around the United States. RLR crashes occurring during phase transitions at signalized intersections can be addressed through the use of Red Light Extension (RLE) systems. This research project evaluated the accuracy, efficiency, and operations of three RLE system alternatives in Oregon. A field study was conducted at five intersections in Oregon with high rates of RLR vehicles. To understand driver behavior in response to the onset of the yellow change interval (on major approaches) or the green indication (on minor approaches), 149 h of video data were transcribed. Together with signal timings, geometries, peak volumes, and operating speeds, the video data were used to calibrate a VISSIM hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation of one intersection. The HIL simulation was used to code and evaluate the performances of three alternative RLE systems. Novel code was developed in R to process the VISSIM output into time-space diagrams (TSDs) for further analysis. RLR vehicles triggered the highest rate of RLE events when the downstream detection alternative was used. However, an examination of the TSDs showed that the RLE events triggered by the smart upstream speed-conditional detection alternatives (at 215 ft. & 475 ft.) consistently provided a greater degree of safety for vehicles that received a RLE while no significant increase to intersection delay occurred. Use of the 2070 controller and the NWS Voyage™ software allows the logic to be field implemented in the future. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Hardware in the loop simulation KW - Oregon KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Red light running KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/SPR773_Smart_Red_Clearance.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01588715 AU - Bauer, Jocelyn AU - Evans, Julie AU - Jeannotte, Krista AU - Vandervalk, Anita AU - Leidos AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Use of Data in Planning for Operations: State-of-the-Practice Review PY - 2016/01 SP - 66p AB - The purpose of this state-of-the-practice review is to identify the current use of data by metropolitan planning organizations to perform planning for operations activities. This information will be used to develop the virtual data access framework and to help establish requirements for the data that should be accessible by planning agencies via the framework. In addition to data availability and use, this review also looks at the barriers to the use of data so that the project team can design the framework to help address some of these barriers to increase use of the resulting framework. This report was developed in conjunction with another state-of-the-practice review on data access, sharing, and integration. KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Monitoring KW - Performance measurement KW - State of the practice KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/15071/15071.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587757 AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Pocket Guide to Transportation 2016 PY - 2016/01 SP - 71p AB - The Pocket Guide to Transportation is a compilation of statistics that provides key information on the U.S. transportation system and highlights major trends. The statistics are arranged in seven categories: infrastructure, moving people, moving goods, performance, economy, safety, and environment. Data covers such topics as: airport runway pavement condition, structurally deficient bridges, transit ridership, airport on-time performance, incoming truck border crossings, U.S. transportation spending, transportation injuries by mode, and hybrid vehicle sales. KW - Air travel KW - Economics KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Passenger transportation KW - Ports KW - Railroads KW - Safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/Pocket Guide 2016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1392178 ER - TY - SER AN - 01587756 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Bhattarai, Rabin AU - Kalita, Prasanta AU - Garcia, Carlos Bulnes AU - Monical, Joseph AU - Stoklosa, Matthew AU - Azeem, Anwar AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Ditch Inlet Protection Products for Sediment Retention PY - 2016/01//White Paper IS - 16-003 SP - 56p AB - Upon starting roadside construction work, construction crews must begin by ripping up a considerable amount of the ground. This process leaves areas such as roadside ditches without vegetation cover, which in turn leaves the soil bare and exposed to the elements such as heavy rains. When the rain hits this bare ditch, soil enters the water runoff and flows into ditch inlets. This soil is detrimental to sewer infrastructure as well as to the environment and must be avoided. At the Erosion Control Research and Training Center (ECRTC) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, various tests were conducted to test the installation and effectiveness of ditch inlet protection products. These tests analyzed the ability of the products to prevent soil from entering ditch inlets via site runoff. The goal of these tests was to compare the various products and determine which could best be implemented in the field at construction sites. Numerous criteria were examined during testing to make the best recommendations to the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). The products analyzed in testing were: (1) welded-wire inlet protector made of a porous woven monofilament fabric using two installation methods, (2) sediment log with two installation methods, (3) Dandy Pop, (4) Dandy Bag, (5) drop filter bag, (6) silt fence (with a woven slit tape fabric) at a 2 foot spacing from the inlet, and (7) silt fence with a woven monofilament fabric. Other than the tests done at the ECRTC in the past, there have been only limited studies done of inlet protection products, which makes the tests conducted as part of this project both more difficult and necessary in order to determine what products will work best onsite. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Erosion control KW - Field tests KW - Geotextiles KW - Recommendations KW - Runoff KW - Sediments UR - https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=4731 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587742 AU - Bhattarai, Rabin AU - Kalita, Prasanta AU - Azeem, Anwar AU - Jha, Ranjeet AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Flared-End Inlet Protection Products for Sediment Retention PY - 2016/01//White Paper IS - 16-004 SP - 40p AB - Construction sites are considered one of the main sources of sediment and contaminants that can create water quality concerns in the receiving waters. When rainfall occurs, loose soil particles are disintegrated and eroded from the bare soil area and transported to roads and parking lots. When earthwork is performed to construct buildings and highways, the rate of erosion increases. The sediment from these areas mixes with water and enters the roadside when it rains or snow melts. This can lead to clogging of drainage systems and street flooding. This can also escalate treatment cost due to increased sediment load for the wastewater treatment facilities. Various tests were performed to analyze the effectiveness of flared-end inlet protection products. The tests were conducted at the Erosion Control Research and Training Center (ECRTC) of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. These tests analyzed the ability of the products to prevent sediment from entering curb and gutter inlets via site runoff. The goal of these tests was to compare the various products and determine which would perform the best in preventing sediment from entering the inlets at construction sites. Several criteria were used in testing in order to make the best recommendations to the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). The products analyzed in testing were (1) sediment log, (2) silt fence (with woven monofilament fabric), (3) silt fence (with IDOT-approved fabric), (4) straw bale, and (5) stone. The duration of the test was 30 minutes with a discharge rate of 158 gpm (10 L/s). One 5 gallon bucket of clay soil was initially mixed into a 300 gallon filled tank. Another 5 gallon bucket was later poured at 10 and 20 minutes. This mixture would spill over into the channel, where samples would be collected before and after the product was installed. The water samples were collected every 5 minutes and were oven-dried to determine sediment concentration. With this procedure, it was possible to determine how efficient each product was in terms of sediment retention. It was found that the sediment log and silt fence with woven monofilament fabric performed better than the other products tested. Although several products were able to filter efficiently, they often created heavy amounts of ponding. The evaluation was based on two criteria: water should be able to infiltrate the product without creating heavy ponding and the product should retain a large fraction of the sediment. KW - Construction sites KW - Culvert inlets KW - Erosion control KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Geotextiles KW - Illinois KW - Ponding KW - Recommendations KW - Runoff KW - Sediments KW - Water quality management UR - https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=4732 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1394689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587727 AU - Hooks, John M AU - Weidner, Jeffrey AU - Rutgers University, Piscataway AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Long-Term Bridge Performance Program Protocols, Version 1 PY - 2016/01//Final Report SP - 335p AB - The Long-Term Bridge Performance (LTBP) Program is a long-term research effort to collect scientific performance data from a representative sample of bridges in the United States. Data will be collected for in-service bridges using a variety of techniques. These data will be supplemented with legacy data from design plans, design and construction specifications, as-built plans and construction records, inspection and maintenance records, weather records, and traffic data. To maintain consistency in the manner in which data are collected and stored, a set of protocols has been developed. These protocols provide guidance on what kinds of information to obtain from existing bridge records and how each field testing activity is to be conducted; how to identify and classify the defects and how to measure their extent; and how to document the location and severity of the defect in the bridge element being evaluated. The protocols also specify the accuracy to which defect measurements are to be recorded. This report presents protocols for the collection and mining of legacy data, site preparation, visual inspection, sampling and testing of materials, nondestructive evaluation, and data storage and management. Future versions of this report will include additional protocols covering other activities, data collection methods, and analysis and reporting protocols for the LTBP Program. KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Data mining KW - Data storage KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Long-Term Bridge Performance Program KW - Materials tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Test procedures KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/ltbp/16007/16007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1392110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01625557 AU - White, Karen E AU - Brumbaugh, Stephen AU - Notis, Kenneth AU - Crichton, Edward Ross AU - Crutcher, Bernetta AU - Firestine, Theresa AU - Smallen, David AU - Smith, Sonya AU - Tang, Connie AU - Department of Transportation TI - Transportation Economic Trends PY - 2016 SP - 102p AB - This report is the Bureau of Transportation Statistics' (BTS's) first stand-alone volume on transportation and the economy, and uses a variety of data series to highlight relevant trends and explain related measurement concepts. The report has eight chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the Transportation Services Index, a monthly summary of freight and passenger movement. Chapter 2 explains what transportation contributes to the American economy. Chapter 3 examines the costs that households and businesses pay for transportation. Chapter 4 analyzes transportation-related employment. Chapter 5 explains and examines trends in transportation productivity. Chapter 6 analyzes household spending on transportation goods and services. Chapter 7 examines government transportation spending and revenue. Chapter 8 discusses the value of transportation. Each chapter uses the latest data available at the time of publication. KW - Economics KW - Employment KW - Expenditures KW - Federal government KW - Freight transportation KW - Households KW - Local government KW - National economy KW - Passenger transportation KW - Productivity KW - Revenues KW - State government KW - Transportation costs KW - Transportation modes KW - Transportation Services Index KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States KW - Value UR - https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/Transportation_Economic_Trends_2016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1442267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01620433 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Statistics 2015 PY - 2016 SP - v.p. AB - This publication brings together an annual series of selected statistical tabulations relating to highway transportation in twelve major areas: (1) Bridges; (2) Highway Infrastructure; (3) Highway Travel; (4) Travelers (or System Users); (5) Vehicles; (6) Motor Fuel; (7) Revenue; (8) Debt Obligation for Highways; (9) Apportionments, Obligations, and Expenditures; (10) Conditions and Safety; (11) Performance Indicators; and (12) International. The data collected and published in the annual Highway Statistics is used by all levels of government and the public to assess the performance of the Nation's highway transportation system as well as identify future highway system options. The data are extensively used by various agencies of the Federal, State, and local governments, institutions of higher learning, industry, consultants, professional organizations, and the public for a host of purposes. Data are used for assessing highway system performance under the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) strategic planning and performance reporting process developed in accordance with requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) and for apportioning Federal-aid highway funds under Federal legislation. The information is used by FHWA to develop and implement legislation and by State and Federal transportation officials to adequately plan, design, and administer effective, safe, and efficient transportation systems. The data collected are essential to FHWA and Congress in evaluating effectiveness of the Federal-aid highway program providing a wide variety of related data that provide a representative cross section of the highway assets of the Nation. KW - Bridges KW - Debt KW - Drivers KW - Expenditures KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - International KW - Motor fuels KW - Performance measurement KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicles UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2015/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01620336 AU - Department of Transportation TI - Every Place Counts Design Challenge PY - 2016///Summary Report SP - 90p AB - In July 2016, U.S. Department of Transporation (DOT) hosted Every Place Counts Design Challenge visioning workshops in four cities to engage directly with neighborhoods adjacent to planned or existing transportation infrastructure projects. These workshops convened federal advisors, state agencies, local officials, community organizations, and neighborhood residents to explore design and policy approaches to creating connected, economically prosperous, and environmentally and physically healthy communities: (1) In Spokane, Washington, participants focused on the partially-built US 395 and the aging I-90, examining strategies to build connectivity, restore opportunity, and mitigate impacts of the planned US 395/I-90 interchange. (2) In Nashville, Tennessee, community leaders from historically African-American North Nashville discussed reversing the decline of neighborhoods along Jefferson Street where I-40 divides the city. (3) In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, city and regional agencies, community leaders, and residents collaborated on strategies to mitigate I-676’s impact on the surrounding neighborhoods, specifically Chinatown, and important civic institutions. (4) In Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, residents and local officials led a conversation about the historic impact of I-94 on minority communities—and how to reverse those effects. This report summarizes the conversations, concerns, and solutions that emerged during these four workshops. KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Communities KW - Highway design KW - Impacts KW - Interstate highways KW - Minneapolis (Minnesota) KW - Nashville (Tennessee) KW - Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) KW - Policy KW - Spokane (Washington) KW - Workshops UR - https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/CNU.USDOT_Report_FINAL.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01620335 AU - Department of Transportation TI - Every Place Counts Leadership Academy: Transportation Toolkit PY - 2016 SP - 94p AB - The Toolkit is packed with information and resources that will be valuable to existing and emerging community leaders who want to explore the details of the transportation decision-making process. This Toolkit is meant to help you figure out how to voice your ideas when your community is engaged in the process of making transportation decisions. It will help you learn about laws and policies that give you the right to participate in transportation decision-making processes. It will also help you learn how to take advantage of opportunities that occur during the process of planning, funding, designing, building and maintaining transportation projects. The authors hope that this Toolkit gives you the information you need to take those first steps to reach out to your neighbors and your local, regional and state transportation agencies. Sections include: An introduction to transportation; The process of making transportation decisions; Some common transportation scenarios; and Becoming a transportation leader in your community. KW - Communities KW - Decision making KW - Leadership KW - Policy KW - Transportation planning UR - https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/Toolkit-Final-4_508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01619070 AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AASHTO Guide for Enterprise Risk Management SN - 9781560516705 PY - 2016///1st Edition SP - 226p AB - This guide explains how state transportation agencies can establish and benefit from an enterprise risk management program. It defines risk management and illustrates how it complements strategic planning and performance management. The guide explains how the managing of risk provides agencies with a new set of skills to increase the likelihood that they will achieve their strategic objectives. The guide focuses upon enterprise risk management which is defined as the formal and systematic effort to control uncertainty and variability to an organization’s strategic objectives by managing risks at all levels of the organization. The guide also explains how to manage risks at four levels, the enterprise, program, project, and activity levels. The guide includes extensive summaries of how risk management is being applied nationally and internationally to typical transportation program areas. This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). This guide is based on research conducted under NCHRP Project 08-93, Managing Risk Across the Enterprise: A Guidebook for State Departments of Transportation. KW - Handbooks KW - Performance measurement KW - Risk management KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation departments KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1437032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01617701 AU - Briaud, Jean-Louis AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - University Transportation Center for Railway Safety AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - High Speed Train Geotechnics PY - 2016 SP - 6p AB - California is planning a high speed train (HST) to link Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Sacramento. The project is estimated at 68.4 billion dollars for 1300 kilometers of rail or about 53M$ per kilometer. The first design-build contract for this project has been awarded. This is a proposal for Texas A&M University and the Center for Railroad Safety to help the project team by sponsoring a graduate student for one year to investigate issues relevant to the safety concerns. The research approach will consist of three parts. One part will be an attempt to simulate the HST passing the Rayleigh wave barrier by using LSDYNA. This is a major challenge. The second part is to help quantify the stiffness of the subgrade soil using pressure meter testing, BCD testing, and simple plate testing. The third part is to simulate the intended solution for minimizing the problem of the bump at the end of the bridge. Part 1 will indicate how the pressure meter modulus compares with other soil moduli measured in the test pads. This will lead to guidance on how to best use the pressure meter, the BCD, and the simple plate test in the future for HST embankments. Part 2, if successful, will show what happens when the HST passes the Rayleigh wave barrier. Part 3 will give information on the impact of the depth and extent of the soil cement wedge on the bump at the end of the bridge. KW - California KW - Embankments KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - High speed rail KW - LS-DYNA (Computer program) KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness UR - http://www.utrgv.edu/railwaysafety/_files/documents/research/infrastructure/high-speed-train-geotecnics.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1429566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01617700 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) — Executive Brief PY - 2016 SP - 4p AB - Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) provides long-life performance with minimal maintenance at a competitive cost. CRCP contains continuous longitudinal steel reinforcement and has no transverse joints, except as required at end-of-day construction and at bridge approaches and transitions to other pavement structures. Continuous reinforcement is a mechanism for managing the transverse cracking that occurs in all new concrete pavements. This brief looks at CRCP design, placement of reinforcement, paving, placement, consolidation, curing, and State department of transportation experience. KW - Concrete curing KW - Consolidation KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/hif16025.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1434991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616948 AU - Firestine, Theresa AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Industry Snapshots: Uses of Transportation PY - 2016 SP - 107p AB - The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) estimates that transportation directly created $659.1 billion of economic activity by moving goods in 2012. BTS measures this contribution to the gross domestic product in the Transportation Satellite Accounts (TSAs). The most current TSAs are for 2012. BTS produces the TSAs, which provide a comprehensive measure of transportation activity (e.g., trucking carried out by grocers to move goods from distribution centers to stores and depreciation from households driving personal motor vehicles) in the United States. BTS builds on the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s (BEA’s) input-output (I-O) accounts. This report uses information from the TSAs to highlight the role of for-hire and business-related in-house transportation in the production process for all of the nontransportation sectors listed in the U.S. I-O accounts: natural resources and mining, manufacturing, construction, utilities, wholesale and retail trade, and services. For each sector, information is presented, using the latest available data on: (1) the sector’s contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) – nationally and by State in 2014, (2) the sector’s use of transportation by mode in 2012, (3) the amount of transportation the sector requires to produce one dollar of output in 2012, (4) the number of transportation (e.g., airline and commercial pilots, bus drivers, etc.) and material moving (e.g., cleaners of vehicles, dredge operators, etc.) workers employed by the sector in 2014, (5) the median annual wage for selected transportation occupations in the sector in 2014, (6) the number of trucks and number of truck miles accumulated by the sector in 2002, and (7) shipment characteristics (for selected sectors) in 2012. KW - Employees KW - For hire carriers KW - Gross domestic product KW - Industries KW - Input output models KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel and shipment characteristics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Wages UR - http://dotrita.prod.acquia-sites.com/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/industry_profilesnew.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1428265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613821 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Connected Vehicle Applications: Road Weather Management PY - 2016 SP - 2p AB - Connected vehicle applications related to road weather management and enabling systems are being designed to collect and take advantage of connected vehicle data and information transmissions to increase situational awareness, improve roadway levels of service, and optimize use of resources and materials. The use of these applications and systems are intended to inform decisions as well as increase the ability to respond quickly and appropriately to adverse weather and roadway surface conditions in order to reduce or eliminate weather-related crashes and delays. Applications will support advisories, warnings, and vehicle and/or infrastructure controls. This document includes a brief description of the connected vehicle road weather management applications and enabling systems in development or in practice. KW - ITS program applications KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Road weather information systems KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Weather conditions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59600/59634/FHWA-JPO-17-429.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613814 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Deployment: What Should States Do Now? PY - 2016 SP - 2p AB - For more than a decade, the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) has been researching the potential benefits of connected vehicle technology, which allows vehicles to communicate with each other, roadway infrastructure, traffic management centers, and personal mobile devices. Using advanced wireless communications, cars, trucks, buses, and even motorcycles soon will be able to share real-time information about their speed, position, brake status, and more. Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications is the wireless exchange of data between vehicles and roadway infrastructure such as traffic signals, work zones, and toll booths. When leveraged with vehicle-to-vehicle communications technology, a V2I deployment will result in significant safety, mobility, and environmental benefits that will be of significant interest to state, regional, and local transportation agencies. This document outlines seven basic steps for state departments of transportation (DOTs) and owners/ operators that are considering deployments for connected vehicle technology. KW - Implementation KW - Mobile communication systems KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technological innovations KW - United States KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59400/59466/FHWA-JPO-16-414.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613802 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Connected Vehicle Applications: Safety PY - 2016 SP - 3p AB - Connected vehicle safety applications are designed to increase situational awareness and reduce or eliminate crashes through vehicle-to-infrastructure, vehicle-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to-pedestrian data transmissions. Applications support advisories and warnings as well as vehicle and infrastructure controls. This resource includes a brief description as well as a cross reference of materials for each connected vehicle safety application. The end of this document provides detailed reference material information. KW - ITS program applications KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Traffic safety KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59400/59468/FHWA-JPO-16-427.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425490 ER - TY - SER AN - 01613783 JO - FHWA NHTS Brief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hispanics and Transportation: 2009 National Household Travel Survey PY - 2016 SP - 4p AB - According to the 2010 Census, about 16 percent of the U.S. population were of Hispanic or Latino origin, up from 13 percent in 2000, which accounted for more than half of the growth of the total U.S. population from 2000 to 2010. As the Hispanic population grows, it is important to better understand their mobility needs. The 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) examines the issue from several angles. Based on average daily trips, Hispanics have both the highest person trips and vehicle trips per household than any other group. From a person miles traveled per household standpoint, Hispanics travel more than African Americans but less than non-Hispanic whites and other non-Hispanics. This same pattern holds for vehicle miles traveled. Also, Hispanics average the shortest person trip length and vehicle trip length compared to non-Hispanics. As a whole, Hispanics and African-Americans have the lowest levels of mobility and also the highest levels of poverty. Other data included in this brief includes: mode choice, car sharing rates, vehicle occupants and trip purpose, and public transit use. KW - Age groups KW - Gender KW - Hispanics KW - Mobility KW - Mode choice KW - National Household Travel Survey KW - Person miles of travel KW - Public transit KW - Travel surveys KW - Trip length KW - Trip purpose KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle sharing UR - http://nhts.ornl.gov/briefs/HispanicBrief.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01612473 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National Household Travel Survey: Compendium of Uses PY - 2016 AB - The National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) Compendium of Uses is a series of reports that provide a summary of the use and applications of the NHTS data in transportation planning and related activities. Published journal articles and reports that cite the use of NHTS data were selected using the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Annual Meeting Online Portal http://amonline.trb.org/ and Google Alerts, notification emails sent by Google when new search results matched predetermined search terms pertaining to NHTS data. The key word and search engine terms used in both online sources were the National Household Travel Survey and NHTS. The research papers were grouped into 11 categories that were created based on the Subject Areas and index terms identified in each abstract as well as category titles used in previous NHTS compendium databases. A one-page description of each paper is provided which includes the Title, Authors, Abstract, Subject Areas, and Availability. KW - National Household Travel Survey KW - Research reports KW - Travel surveys UR - http://nhts.ornl.gov/usersAndUses.shtml UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01612165 AU - Buehler, Ralph AU - Lukacs, Kyle AU - Zimmerman, Mariia AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Alexandria AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Regional Coordination in Public Transportation: Lessons from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland PY - 2016///Final Report SP - 62p AB - This report analyzes history, demand, supply, organizational structure, and policies of regional coordination of public transport in large metropolitan regions in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and the U.S. with a focus on the time period between 1990 and 2012. The goal is to distill lessons for regional coordination of public transport in countries with federal systems of government and high levels of car ownership. The first part of the report focuses on case studies of regional public transport associations (called Verkehrsverbünde or in this report VBs) in Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich, the three largest cities in Germany, as well as Zurich and Vienna, the largest city in Switzerland and Austria respectively. The second part of the report provides an overview of regional coordination of public transport in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Washington National Capital regions. The report finds that between 1990 and 2012, the five VBs successfully attracted more riders and increased revenues—both in total and per capita. VBs involve collaboration among governments, among public transport providers, and between governments and public transport agencies. The original creation of VBs often involved one stakeholder taking the lead in enticing other stakeholders to participate—often at the (monetary) expense of the ‘lead’ stakeholder who absorbed potential financial risk for other collaborators. Moreover, the creation of VBs often occurred during a time of major transport infrastructure investment. In general, VBs are small agencies with between 30 and 150 employees that focus on an easy to use, convenient, and customer oriented public transport system (“One Network, One Timetable, One Ticket”). Typical main tasks of VBs are (1) ticketing, including steeply discounted monthly, annual and tickets for special groups (e.g. students), (2) marketing, branding and consistent messaging, (3) customer information and service, (4) drawing up and overseeing service contracts with public transport agencies, (5) quality control and tracking of quality standards, (6) planning of coordinated public transport services, and (7) coordination and distribution of fare revenue. Compared to the VBs, regional public transport in the San Francisco Bay Area and Washington National Capital region is more fragmented between operators and jurisdictions, offers less transit service with smaller geographic coverage, and has much lower farebox recovery ratios and total per capita demand. Regional transit coordination in the US systems is largely focused around capital investments and long-range transportation planning, with metropolitan planning organizations playing a critical role in facilitating collaboration between public agencies, transit providers, and other stakeholders KW - Austria KW - Case studies KW - Cooperation KW - Coordination KW - Germany KW - Government agencies KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Public transit KW - Stakeholders KW - Switzerland KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Transportation management associations KW - United States UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/VT-2013-04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01612157 AU - Martinelli, David R AU - Unnikrishnan, Avinash AU - Martinelli, Diana AU - Poszich, Andrew AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Perception of Young Drivers and Their Understanding of Graduated Drivers Licensing PY - 2016 SP - 131p AB - New, young drivers are over three times more susceptible to crashes in their first 1,000 miles of on road driving. In order to reduce the number incident rate for teenage drivers, Graduated Drivers Licensing (GDL) programs have been implemented across the country. West Virginia, along with all other states, aims to further improve the effectiveness of this program. Currently, GDL effectiveness is steeply limited by the willingness of teenager drivers and their parents to comply with the laws in place. Across the country, programs are being implemented that help raise awareness of GDL and supplement some of the information already provided by the state. One key aspect where GDL is limited is the effect it has on the behavior and attitude of the teenagers passing through its process. Understanding why teenagers engage in certain high risk activities that go against the restrictions outlined by GDL is crucial to developing educational programs. A survey of high schools representing urban, suburban, and rural demographics has been designed to flush out elements that may affect students’ perception of what risky driving habits are and what they would consider to be acceptable behavior. Using the insight developed from these surveys, programs will be recommended to better cater to the needs of the students of West Virginia; the most notable of which is “Teens in the Driver Seat” which promotes peer-led safe driving campaigns. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Graduated licensing KW - High school students KW - Risk taking KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - West Virginia UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/WVU-2014-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424204 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01610905 AU - Marquis, Brian AU - Greif, Robert AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Dynamic Wheel-Rail Forces on Mismatched Joints with Ramps PY - 2016 SP - 7p AB - The discontinuity between rail ends at a joint creates dynamic wheel-rail forces (i.e. high impact forces and wheel unloading) that can result in a range of problems including wear, deterioration, and early failure of the track structure, its components, and passing equipment. Under certain circumstances, railroads are introducing ramps (by grinding or welding) to reduce the mismatch discontinuity and produce a smoother transition in order to mitigate these dynamic wheel-rail forces. In this paper, analyses are conducted to estimate dynamic wheel-rail forces at joints having ramps and mismatches of various sizes using simplified models along with detailed NUCARS models for comparative purposes. Parametric studies are conducted to examine the effects of ramp length, direction of travel, mismatch height, and equipment speed (track class). Plots of primary shock-response-spectrum (maximum impact force on the ramp), residual shock-response-spectrum (maximum impact force after the ramp), and minimum wheel force (i.e. wheel unloading) are developed to provide guidelines on ramp length (H-rule) in order to control the maximum force by track class. U1 - 2016 Joint Rail Conference (JRC2016)American Society of Mechanical EngineersTransportation Research BoardColumbia,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20160412 EndDate:20160415 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Transportation Research Board KW - Design KW - Dynamic loads KW - Parametric analysis KW - Rail joints KW - Railroad tracks KW - Ramps KW - Rolling contact UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59169/JRC2016-5734.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415768 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01610897 AU - Yu, Hailing AU - Jeong, David AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Finite Element Bond Modeling for Indented Wires in Pretensioned Concrete Crossties PY - 2016 SP - 10p AB - Indented wires have been increasingly employed by concrete crosstie manufacturers to improve the bond between prestressing steel reinforcements and concrete, as bond can affect several critical performance measures, including transfer length, splitting propensity and flexural moment capacity of concrete ties. While extensive experimental testing has been conducted at Kansas State University (KSU) to obtain bond characteristics of about a dozen commonly used prestressing wires, this paper develops macro-scale or phenomenological finite element bond models for three typical wires with spiral or chevron indent patterns. The steel wire-concrete interface is homogenized and represented with a thin layer of cohesive elements sandwiched between steel and concrete elements. The cohesive elements are assigned traction-displacement constitutive or bond relations that are defined in terms of normal and shear stresses versus interfacial dilatation and slip within the elasto-plastic framework. A yield function expressed in quadratic form of shear stress and linear form of normal stress is adopted. The yield function takes into account the adhesive mechanism and hardens in the post-adhesive stage. The plastic flow rule is defined such that the plastic dilatation evolves with the plastic slip. The mathematical forms of the yield and plastic flow functions are the same for all three wire types, but the bond parameters are specific for each wire. The adhesive, hardening and dilatational bond parameters are determined for each wire type based on untensioned pullout tests and pretensioned prism tests conducted at KSU. Simulation results using these bond models are further verified with surface strain data measured on actual concrete crossties made with the three respective prestressing wires at a tie manufacturing plant. U1 - 2016 Joint Rail Conference (JRC2016)American Society of Mechanical EngineersTransportation Research BoardColumbia,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20160412 EndDate:20160415 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Transportation Research Board KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Finite element method KW - Prestressed concrete ties KW - Railroad ties KW - Simulation KW - Stresses KW - Wire UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59170/JRC2016-5782.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415770 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01610867 AU - Jeong, David Y AU - Carolan, Michael E AU - Perlman, Benjamin AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - On Railroad Tank Car Puncture Performance: Part II - Estimating Metrics PY - 2016 SP - 11p AB - This paper is the second in a two-part series on the puncture performance of railroad tank cars carrying hazardous materials in the event of an accident. Various metrics are often mentioned in the open literature to characterize the structural performance of tank cars under accident loading conditions. One of the consequences in terms of structural damage to the tank during accidents is puncture. This two-part series of papers focuses on four metrics to quantify the performance of tank cars against the threat of puncture: (1) speed, (2) force, (3) energy, and (4) conditional probability of release. In Part I, generalized tank car impact scenarios were illustrated. Particular focus is given to the generalized shell impact scenario because performance-based requirements for shell puncture resistance are being considered by the regulatory agencies in United States and Canada. Definitions for the four performance metrics were given. Physical and mathematical relationships among these metrics were outlined. Strengths and limitations of these performance metrics were discussed. In this paper (Part II), the multi-disciplinary approach to develop engineering tools to estimate the performance metrics is described. The complementary connection between testing and modeling is emphasized. Puncture performance metrics, which were estimated from other sources, are compared for different tank car designs. These comparisons are presented to interpret the metrics from a probabilistic point of view. In addition, sensitivity of the metrics to the operational and design factors is examined qualitatively. U1 - 2016 Joint Rail Conference (JRC2016)American Society of Mechanical EngineersTransportation Research BoardColumbia,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20160412 EndDate:20160415 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Transportation Research Board KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Estimating KW - Hazardous materials KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Puncture resistance KW - Railroad safety KW - Tank cars KW - Vehicle design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59168/JRC2016-5713.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415772 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01610855 AU - Jeong, David Y AU - Perlman, Benjamin AU - Alexy, Karl AU - González, Francisco AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - On Railroad Tank Car Puncture Performance: Part I - Considering Metrics PY - 2016 SP - 9p AB - This paper is the first in a two-part series on the puncture performance of railroad tank cars carrying hazardous materials in the event of an accident. Various metrics are often mentioned in the open literature to characterize the structural performance of tank cars under accident loading conditions. One of the consequences in terms of structural damage to the tank during accidents is puncture. This two-part series of papers focuses on four metrics to quantify the performance of tank cars against the threat of puncture: (1) speed, (2) force, (3) energy, and (4) conditional probability of release. In this paper (Part I), generalized tank car impact scenarios are illustrated. Particular focus is given to the generalized shell impact scenario because performance-based requirements for shell puncture resistance are being considered by the regulatory agencies in United States and Canada. Definitions for the four performance metrics are given. Physical and mathematical relationships among these metrics are outlined. Strengths and limitations of these performance metrics are discussed. In Part II, the multi-disciplinary approach to develop engineering tools to estimate the performance metrics will be described. The complementary connection between testing and modeling will be emphasized. Puncture performance metrics, which were estimated from other sources, will be compared for different tank car designs. These comparisons will be presented to interpret the metrics from a probabilistic point of view. In addition, sensitivity of the metrics to the operational and design factors will be examined qualitatively. U1 - 2016 Joint Rail Conference (JRC2016)American Society of Mechanical EngineersTransportation Research BoardColumbia,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20160412 EndDate:20160415 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Transportation Research Board KW - Hazardous materials KW - Impact KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Puncture resistance KW - Railroad safety KW - Shells (Structural forms) KW - Tank cars UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59167/JRC2016-5712.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610848 AU - Goworowska, Justyna AU - Smith, Sonya AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Passenger Travel Facts and Figures 2016 PY - 2016 SP - 102p AB - Passenger Travel Facts and Figures is a snapshot of the characteristics and trends of personal travel in the United States; the network over which passenger travel takes place; and the related economic, safety, and environmental aspects of passenger travel. Chapter 1 summarizes the basic demographic and economic characteristics of the United States that contribute to the demand for passenger travel. Chapter 2 examines travel patterns by household characteristics, trip purpose, and transportation mode. Chapter 3 provides information on the passenger transportation system and its performance. Chapter 4 discusses the economic characteristics of passenger travel and tourism. Chapter 5 describes the safety, energy, and environmental impacts of passenger travel. KW - Demographics KW - Economic factors KW - Energy consumption KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Households KW - Passenger traffic KW - Passenger transportation KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel patterns KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trip purpose KW - United States UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/PTFF 2016_full.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1423005 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01610815 AU - Frison, Benjamin AU - Jeong, David Y AU - Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Rail Integrity Experience on the Washington Metro System PY - 2016 SP - 9p AB - The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) provides passenger rail service to the nation’s capital. Although the rail system carries only passenger trains, the rail integrity issues that WMATA must manage are similar to those that freight railroads also face. These issues include occurrences of broken rail from internal rail head defects, detection of such defects, and repair of the rail to restore service. Another example is the development of damage on the running surface of the rail, called rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Such surface damage is known to adversely affect the detection of internal rail head defects beneath RCF conditions. While WMATA’s rail integrity issues may be similar to those that freight railroads also encounter, the management of such issues are different, which are also discussed in this paper. This paper describes the recent experience of broken rails on the WMATA rail system. In addition, results from engineering fracture mechanics analyses are presented to help understand how operational, environmental, design, and maintenance factors influence rail failure. U1 - 2016 Joint Rail Conference (JRC2016)American Society of Mechanical EngineersTransportation Research BoardColumbia,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20160412 EndDate:20160415 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Transportation Research Board KW - Failure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Maintenance of way KW - Passenger trains KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rolling contact KW - Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59166/JRC2016-5710.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415773 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01610812 AU - Yu, Hailing AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Estimating Deterioration in the Concrete Tie-Ballast Interface Based on Vertical Tie Deflection Profile: A Numerical Study PY - 2016 SP - 9p AB - In ballasted concrete tie track, the tie-ballast interface can deteriorate resulting in concrete tie bottom abrasion, ballast pulverization and/or voids in tie-ballast interfaces. Tie-ballast voids toward tie ends can lead to unfavorable center binding support conditions that can result in premature concrete tie failure and possible train derailment. Direct detection of these conditions is difficult. There is a strong interest in assessing the concrete tie-ballast interface conditions indirectly using measured vertical deflections. This paper seeks to establish a link between the vertical deflection profile of a concrete tie top surface and the tie-ballast interface condition using the finite element analysis (FEA) method. The work presented in this paper demonstrates the potential of using the vertical deflection profile of concrete tie top surfaces to assess deteriorations in the tie-ballast interface. The simulation results further help to clarify minimum technical requirements on inspection technologies that measure concrete tie vertical deflection profiles. U1 - 2016 Joint Rail Conference (JRC2016)American Society of Mechanical EngineersTransportation Research BoardColumbia,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20160412 EndDate:20160415 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Transportation Research Board KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Deflection KW - Deterioration KW - Finite element method KW - Interfaces KW - Numerical analysis KW - Railroad ties KW - Simulation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59171/JRC2016-5783.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415769 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01610784 AU - Tunna, John AU - Jeong, David AU - Gordon, Jeff AU - Patrick, Carlo AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - Controls to Eliminate Broken Rails in Service PY - 2016 SP - 9p AB - Broken rails in freight and passenger revenue service occur due to single, or combinations of, faults or failures of various kinds. These may occur due to limitations inherent in the rail defect inspection process, track maintenance and renewal practices, and may also arise due to changes in operating conditions. The Government and the industry have developed regulations, standards and procedures to control these issues and reduce broken rail occurrences. This paper presents a broken rail fault tree as a way of visualizing the problem. It describes current controls and shows how they map onto the fault tree. Examples of recent broken rail derailments are used to illustrate the fault tree. Lessons learned are used to identify areas where further tightening of controls or the imposition of new controls may be required to further reduce the number of, and potentially eliminate, broken rails in service. U1 - 2016 Joint Rail Conference (JRC2016)American Society of Mechanical EngineersTransportation Research BoardColumbia,South Carolina,United States StartDate:20160412 EndDate:20160415 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Transportation Research Board KW - Best practices KW - Defects KW - Derailments KW - Fault tree analysis KW - Maintenance of way KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad safety KW - Regulations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59165/JRC2016-5705.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608704 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mobile Source Air Toxic (MSAT) Analysis Case Study: Northwest Corridor in Atlanta, Georgia PY - 2016 SP - 10p AB - The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) identified that transportation improvements were needed to respond to concerns over growth in travel demand on Interstate 75 (I-75) and Interstate 575 (I-575), northwest of downtown Atlanta. The Northwest Corridor (NWC) project was designed to address these concerns related to transportation capacity deficiencies, as well as to provide additional transportation choices, improve mobility and connectivity between activity centers, and reduce single-occupancy vehicle travel while avoiding or minimizing adverse environmental impacts. GDOT made the determination that a quantitative Mobile Source Air Toxic (MSAT) analysis was needed for this project. Based on GDOT’s assessment, the Northwest Corridor project falls into the third category of project types from Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Interim Guidance (FHWA 2012) due to the expected traffic volumes and the proximity of the project to populated areas. GDOT was the project lead for this MSAT analysis. Since the MSAT analysis for the NWC project was the first MSAT analysis done by GDOT, and due to the time-sensitive nature of the project, FHWA assisted GDOT by performing the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) portion of the MSAT analysis for the 2014 reevaluation. KW - Air quality KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Case studies KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Highway corridors KW - Mobile Source Air Toxics KW - Pollutants UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/air_toxics/research_and_analysis/ga_nwc/fhwahep16067.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1419162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608674 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mobile Source Air Toxic (MSAT) Analysis Case Study—State Route 57/State Route 60 Confluence at Grand Avenue, California PY - 2016 SP - 10p AB - The City of Industry, California, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) proposed freeway improvements to the State Route (SR) 57/SR 60 confluence at the Grand Avenue interchange in Los Angeles County, California. SR 57 is a major north/south freeway, serving the cities and communities of the Greater Los Angeles area. SR 60 is a major east/west freeway that serves the cities and communities on the east side of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and on the south side of the San Gabriel Valley. The air quality analysis for this project was completed in 2012 with construction of the proposed project expected to begin in the fall of 2014 and to be completed by the fall of 2017. Thus, the project team modeled 2017 as the interim project-year and 2037 was modeled as the design-year. MSAT emissions were evaluated for a base year of 2009, the No-Build and Build Alternatives for 2017, and the No-Build and Build Alternatives for 2037. Table 1 presents the MSAT emission results for each of these scenarios. This table also shows the percentage change in daily emissions from the existing 2009 scenario to the 2017 and 2037 Build Alternative scenarios. KW - Air quality KW - Case studies KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Mobile Source Air Toxics KW - Pollutants UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/air_toxics/research_and_analysis/sr57_sr60/fhwahep16065.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1419165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608662 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MSAT Analysis Case Study: Elgin O’Hare-West Bypass, Illinois PY - 2016 SP - 11p AB - The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Illinois State Toll Highway Authority evaluated transportation improvements in the area on the west side of Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport. These agencies jointly served as lead agencies in the evaluation of the proposed Elgin O’Hare-West Bypass (EO-WB) project. The EO-WB project was advanced as a tiered Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) process. The action proposed by these agencies was comprised of three elements that include roadway, transit, and bicycle/pedestrian improvements. These improvements respond to the needs of an area that is an important transportation node in the Chicago metropolitan area and is the center of many interstate highways, railroads, and an international airport. The EO-WB project is located in a nonattainment area for ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and is a maintenance area for PM10. The Interagency Consultation Group (ICG) , which included representatives from IDOT, FHWA, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Chicago DOT, and others, determined the need for a particulate matter (PM) quantitative hot-spot analysis for the project. Construction of the project was expected to take place in phases, with the initial construction phase occurring from 2013 to 2025. Construction for the entire project was expected to be completed by 2040. A quantitative analysis was performed to estimate project area-specific emissions of the priority MSATs for the 2010 existing conditions and to forecast emissions in 2040, the expected project completion year, for the No-Build and Build Alternatives. KW - Air quality KW - Bypasses KW - Case studies KW - Chicago O'Hare International Airport KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Mobile Source Air Toxics KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/air_toxics/research_and_analysis/elgin_ohare/fhwahep16066.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1419164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608640 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mobile Source Air Toxic (MSAT) Analysis Case Study: I-94 Auxiliary Lanes in St. Paul, Minnesota PY - 2016 SP - 10p AB - The Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) identified a need to improve the safety and mobility of a segment of eastbound Interstate 94 (I-94) in St. Paul, Minnesota. The total project road length is about 1.35 miles in the City of St. Paul, Minnesota. The project was proposed to improve safety and reduce congestion by increasing roadway capacity, providing a smoother ride, improving drainage in the areas, and extending the service life of the roadway, bridges and drainage system. MnDOT made the determination that a quantitative Mobile Source Air Toxic (MSAT) analysis was needed for this project. MnDOT oversaw the MSAT air quality analysis, was engaged at the project meetings, worked through the MSAT analysis protocol with the consultant, and coordinated with other government agencies. Other agencies involved in the process included the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), the Metropolitan Council, which is the regional Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), and Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA’s) Resource Center. This MSAT analysis was prepared in 2014; construction of the project was expected to take place from 2016 to 2017. KW - Air quality KW - Case studies KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Interstate highways KW - Mobile Source Air Toxics KW - Pollutants KW - Saint Paul (Minnesota) UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/air_toxics/research_and_analysis/mn_194/fhwahep16064.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1419163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608569 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mobile Source Air Toxic (MSAT) Analysis Case Study: Gateway Connections Improvement Project in Buffalo, New York PY - 2016 SP - 10p AB - The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) identified that transportation improvements were needed to address concerns centered on the use of local streets by cross-border traffic as it enters and exits the existing U.S. Border Port of Entry/Peace Bridge Plaza (Plaza). The New York Gateway Connections Improvement Project was designed to help address the limited direct access between the Plaza and Interstate 190 (I-190). The project was located in the West Side neighborhood of the city of Buffalo in Erie County, New York. Major roadways in the study area included the Niagara Thruway (I-190), Porter Avenue, Baird Drive, Busti Avenue, and the I-190 ramp connections to and from the Plaza. NYSDOT determined that a quantitative Mobile Source Air Toxic (MSAT) analysis was needed for this project. This determination was made in accordance with methodologies presented in NYSDOT’s The Environmental Manual (TEM) (NYSDOT 2012), which states that the FHWA “Interim Guidance Update on Mobile Source Air Toxic (MSAT) Analysis in NEPA Documents” (2012) should be followed for project-level MSAT analyses. The NYSDOT TEM guidance specifies use of the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) 2010b emission factor model. The FHWA Interim Guidance was used as a guidance document for this analysis. (FHWA 2012) The air quality analysis for this project also included the quantification of emissions from selected criteria pollutants, including a particulate matter (PM) hot-spot analysis. This MSAT analysis was prepared in 2013. (FHWA 2014) The project was awarded on October 24, 2014, and project completion is expected in the summer of 2017. KW - Air quality KW - Buffalo (New York) KW - Case studies KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - International borders KW - Mobile Source Air Toxics KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/air_toxics/research_and_analysis/ny_gateway/fhwahep16063.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1419166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605779 AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Multimodal Transportation Indicators PY - 2016 AB - This report provides a broad range of quarterly, monthly, and weekly statistics for the transportation community. It was developed by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), and is updated every two months on the BTS website. The indicators fall under two general categories: those that provide context about the economy and society in which transportation functions, and those that convey information about an aspect of transportation. These latter indicators are either transportation-wide in scope or apply to a specific aspect of the transportation system. For indicators that are highly seasonal, the current value of that indicator is compared to the same time period in the previous year (e.g., October 2012 compared to October 2011). Otherwise, the tables show a comparison of the current value to a comparable preceding period of time (e.g., the data for the month of October 2012 compared to that of September 2012). Statistics includes: fatalities, the Transportation Services Index, personal spending on transportation, transportation employment, trade with Canada and Mexico, fuel prices, air fares, freight rail yields, passengers, ridership, freight usage, on-time performance, and construction spending. KW - Economic indicators KW - Employment KW - Fares KW - Fatalities KW - International trade KW - Multimodal transportation KW - On time performance KW - Passengers KW - Ridership KW - Transportation Service Index KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/multimodal_transportation_indicators/index.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603677 AU - Tomasic, Anthony AU - Giampapa, Joseph AU - Gardiner, Steven AU - Deng, Sophia AU - Steinfeld, Aaron AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Tiramisu: Information from Live Data Streams PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 8p AB - The primary source of information for rider safety with respect to dynamic events such as canceled buses, detours, traffic conditions and other factors is the transit system website. Although technological enhancements, such as real-time tracking, rider alert RSS feeds, and Twitter feeds, are available for transit users, such information sources do not always report updates reliably. The project goal is to access transit service live update data feeds, identify the routes and stops on which their updates will have an impact, and provide an integrated display of that information in the user’s Tiramisu smart phone app. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Mobile applications KW - Public transit KW - Real time information KW - Smartphones KW - Transit riders KW - Twitter UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Tomasic1_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60100/60117/Tomasic1_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603650 AU - Mertz, Christoph AU - Kozar, John AU - Wang, Jinhang AU - Doyle, Joseph AU - Kaffine, Christopher AU - Kelkar, Anuja AU - Poddatur, Nikitha AU - Chan, Lam AU - Amladi, Kedar AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Smartphone Based Traffic Sign Inventory and Assessment PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 8p AB - Government agencies are tasked with maintaining good signage and part of it is regular inspections to detect problems. Current methods involve manual inspections, specialized vehicles, or citizen reports. They are tedious, expensive, or not always reliable. In this project the authors developed a traffic sign inventory and assessment system that built on a smartphone based road inspection system. The system was tested in Cranberry Township, Pittsburgh, with the help of their maintenance department. They collected the road data with the collection system. The authors analyzed the data to find all the stop signs and determine any problems with it. The result was compared with a stop-sign inventory established independently from the system. KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Inspection KW - Inventory KW - Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) KW - Smartphones KW - Traffic signs UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Mertz_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603643 AU - Moura, José M F AU - Toropov, Evgeny AU - Deri, Joya AU - Kottur, Satwik AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Pulse of Allegheny County and Pittsburgh PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 5p AB - Cities are increasingly equipped with low-resolution cameras. Video from some of these cameras is publicly accessible in real time. In this project, the authors addressed the problem of building a traffic model for parts of the roads visible from publicly accessible cameras. In particular, the end goal is to build a model capable of detecting different types of vehicles in images in various weather conditions and times of the day except night. Models learn different appearance of vehicles as seen from different viewpoints. A major difficulty with any type of analysis like this is the need for large amounts of training data. In our case, it is easy to collect unlabeled data from publicly available low-resolution low-framerate cameras in Pittsburgh or NYC. KW - Automatic vehicle detection and identification systems KW - Data collection KW - New York (New York) KW - Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) KW - Traffic models KW - Video cameras UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Moura_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603634 AU - Kim, SeungJun AU - Dey, Anind K AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Sensor-Based Assessment of the In-Situ Quality of Human Computer Interaction in the Cars PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 9p AB - Human attention is a finite resource. When interrupted while performing a task, this resource is split between two interactive tasks. People have to decide whether the benefits from the interruptive interaction will be enough to offset the loss of attention from the ongoing task. The issue of dealing with self-interruptions and external interruptions is particularly critical in driving situations. In general, interruptions result in a time lag before users resume their primary task, increase mental workload, and thus decrease primary task performance. Therefore, being able to identify when a driver is interruptible is critical for building systems that can mediate these interruptions. In order to identify situations in which drivers enter either low or high cognitive load states during naturalistic driving (i.e., opportune moments for driver interruption – e.g., more interruptible states vs. less interruptible states), the authors have examined a broad range of sensor data streams to understand real-time driver/driving states (e.g., motion capture, peripheral interaction monitoring, psycho-physiological responses, etc.), and presented a model-based driver/driving assessment by using machine learning technology. KW - Attention KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Cognition KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Human machine systems KW - Sensors UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Kim_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603627 AU - Pires, Bernardo R AU - Gong, Jian AU - Kaffine, Chris AU - Kocamaz, Mehmet Kemal AU - Kozar, John AU - Nunnagoppula, Ganesh Kumar AU - Saksena, Dhruv AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Automatic Counting of Pedestrians and Cyclists PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 11p AB - Although the health and environmental benefits of a non-automobile commute are well known, it is still difficult to understand how to get more people to take up active transportation. Infrastructure can have a dramatic effect on cycling and walking adoption, but represents a significant outlay of government resources. Thus, concrete usage statistics are paramount for assessing and optimizing such spending. The goal of this project is to provide actionable data for government officials and advocates that promote bicycling and walking. The project created a vision-based cyclist and pedestrian counting system that allows for automatic and human-assisted data collection and analysis. The pedestrian and cyclist counting project was a result of a real-world need from the City of Pittsburgh to determine the usage of newly-created dedicated bike lanes throughout the city. Due to the relatively large area of bike paths for which it would be desirable to obtain information, a portable data collection system was deemed the most effective solution. The developed data collection device consists of a ruggedized Windows tablet, an extensible pole, and a miniature bullet camera. In order to collect data, the bullet camera is mounted at the top of the pole, which is extended to a suitable height. The whole system is fastened to a lamp post or other sturdy city fixture. The tabled is used to verify that the camera is pointed accurately at the bike lane and to control the data collection. The system is battery powered and allows for the collection of up to 12 hours of data on a full charge. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Cyclists KW - Data analysis KW - Pedestrian counts KW - Pedestrians KW - Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) KW - Portable equipment KW - Traffic counting UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Pires_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603609 AU - Bielak, Jacobo AU - Noh, Hae Young AU - Lederman, George AU - Chen, Siheng AU - Garrett, James AU - Kovačevic, Jelena AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Infrastructure Monitoring from an In-Service Light Rail Vehicle PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 40p AB - Presently, rail inspection is performed either visually or with dedicated track geometry cars. The authors examine a more economical approach where rail inspection is performed by analyzing vibration data collected from an operational passenger train. With the financial and logistical support of the Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center, a test-system was deployed on a light-rail vehicle and has been collecting data for the past two years. The collected data underscores two of the main challenges that arise in train-based track monitoring: the speed of the train at a given location varies from pass to pass and the position of the train is not known precisely. The authors explore which feature representations of the data best characterize the state of the tracks despite these sources of uncertainty (i.e., in the spatial domain or frequency domain), and the authors examine how consistently change detection approaches can identify track changes from the data. The authors show the accuracy of these different representations, or features, and different change detection approaches on two types of track changes, track replacement and tamping (a maintenance procedure to improve track geometry), and two types of data, simulated data and operational data from the test-system. KW - Data collection KW - Flaw detection KW - Inspection KW - Light rail vehicles KW - Maintenance of way KW - Passenger trains KW - Railroad tracks KW - Simulation KW - Uncertainty UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Beilak_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603608 AU - Hendrickson, Chris AU - Harper, Corey AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Safety and Cost Assessment of Connected and Automated Vehicles PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 10p AB - As the automobile industry transitions to partial vehicle automation, newer crash avoidance technologies are beginning to appear more frequently in non-luxury vehicles such as the Honda Accord and Mazda CX-9. The availability of Forward Collision Warning (FCW), Lane Departure Warning (LDW), and Blind Spot Monitoring (BSM) technologies could reach 95% of the registered vehicle fleet anywhere between the years 2032 and 2048 (HLDI, 2014a). This paper estimates the costs and benefits of large-scale deployment of BSM, LDW, and FCW crash avoidance systems within the light-duty vehicle fleet. Two estimates are made to provide insight on current trends and technology potential. First, an upper bound of relevant crashes that potentially could be avoided or made less severe by the three technologies is estimated, assuming 100% technology effectiveness. Next, a lower bound in crash reduction is estimated using current changes in observed insurance collision claim frequency and severity (average loss payment per claim) in motor vehicles with these technologies. After these estimates are made, an annualized cost to equip each vehicle with the technologies enables a cost benefit analysis for the lower bound and upper bound estimates. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Highway safety KW - Insurance claims KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Hendrickson_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603605 AU - Dias, M Bernardine AU - Teves, Ermine AU - Hochendoner, Eric AU - Sistla, Praneetha AU - Min, Byung-Cheol AU - Steinfeld, Aaron AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Enhancing the Safety of Visually Impaired Travellers in and around Transit Stations PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 17p AB - The TechBridge World research group at Carnegie Mellon University has been exploring specific needs and constraints encountered by blind or visually impaired (B/VI) adults when using transit stations. Through this work, the findings indicated a strong need for a tool that allows these travelers to annotate routes with their own notes of useful information, and to easily obtain and use relevant information from trusted sources. The authors initially prototyped an accessible Android smartphone tool that has significant potential to enhance the safety of these travelers. The authors developed two interfaces for this prototype tool: 1) for B/VI trusted sources, and 2) for sighted trusted individuals. Based on feedback received from the initial prototype, the research team focused on re-designing the NavPal app to enhance its robustness and user interface, and to allow for seamless integration of both indoor and outdoor navigation. This document describes the NavPal prototype app as well as the findings from a user study to determine the components' effectiveness and solicit feedback for improvement. KW - Assistive technology KW - Blind persons KW - Mobile applications KW - Rail transit stations KW - Smartphones KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Visually impaired persons UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Dias_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603603 AU - Ryerson, Megan AU - Tereshchenko, Ivan AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Impact of Personal Attitudes on Propensity to Use Autonomous Vehicles for Intercity Travel PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 12p AB - The autonomous vehicles are about to become a reality. One of the primary objectives of this study was to create a model of traveler behavior for intercity travel that takes the information about personal attitudes and norms into account. A large body of literature show that such models should include socio-demographic variables, such as age, gender and income, as well as personal attitudes towards travel and life, such as feeling of dependence on cars, concerns about safety and flexibility of schedules. The researchers use the general framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to account for these variables. The main idea behind this theory is that the behavior can be explained by the personal intentions, which in turn can be explained by a set of attitudes, subjective norms and behavioral controls. By studying the attitudes, norms and controls, accurate models of intentions and future behavior can be created. The main research problem of this study is to analyze the factors that influence the propensity to use autonomous vehicles in the future. The study aims at incorporating the information about personal attitudes into the model of future travel behavior. This is one of the first studies that applies TPB to modelling the intercity travel behavior. KW - Attitudes KW - Demographics KW - Forecasting KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Intercity travel KW - Travel behavior UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Ryerson_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60100/60113/Ryerson_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603574 AU - Tomasic, Anthony AU - Steinfeld, Aaron AU - Zimmerman, John AU - Doryab, Afsaneh AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Modeling Transit Patterns Via Mobile App Logs PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 8p AB - Transit planners need detailed information of the trips people take using public transit in order to design more optimal routes, address new construction projects, and address the constantly changing needs of a city and metro region. Unfortunately, good rider origin-destination (O-D) information is almost universally unavailable. The goal of this project is to develop machine-learning models that can infer O-D for a transit service based on the request logs of individual users of mobile transit apps. This project builds on already deployed and extensively used Tiramisu app. The project attempts to generate a generic model that takes Tiramisu mobile app data as input and outputs a highly accurate and generic travel model for the transit community using the app. The approach adopted in this project combines raw Tiramisu data with common sense assumptions to address questions about commuter behavior. The authors build statistical models and provide visualization of commuter behavior, which helps identify common behavioral patterns, inefficient routes, under served routes and predict the likely destination. KW - Commuters KW - Mobile applications KW - Origin and destination KW - Public transit KW - Smartphones KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transit riders KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Tomasic2_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60100/60118/Tomasic2_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603567 AU - Qian, Sean AU - Pi, Xidong AU - Hu, Zhangning AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Mobility Data Analytics Center PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 4p AB - Mobility Data Analytics Center aims at building a centralized data engine to efficiently manipulate large-scale data for smart decision making. The ultimate goal of understanding massive data is to accurately estimate the historical usage of the transportation infrastructure and to forecast its future performance. Through MAC the authors propose to develop a centralized data engine supported by a web application to manage and analyze multi-jurisdictional multi-modal data for safety, mobility and sustainability, using the City of Pittsburgh and the City of Philadelphia as case studies. Unlike the traditional single computer stand-alone software or tools for data preparation and system design, the data engine relies on web-based data sharing and browser-based human-computer interaction for it to be accessed by users. KW - Case studies KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Mobility KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) KW - Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) KW - Safety KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Travel demand KW - Web applications UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Qian2_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603553 AU - Lee, Insup AU - Bezzo, Nicola AU - Chang, Jian AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Vehicle Trust Management for Connected Vehicles PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 5p AB - Thanks to the large availability and quality of modern sensors and the high CPU computation power, modern vehicles are becoming more and more autonomous increasing the overall driving comfort. However these vehicles are not built with security in mind. In fact hackers could compromise vehicle safety by spoofing sensors or by injecting malicious/malformed data through their network system. In this work the authors investigate techniques to detect and defend against malicious cyber attacks on modern vehicles. KW - Computer security KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Lee_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603547 AU - Qian, Sean AU - Yang, Shuguan AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - What do autonomous vehicles mean to traffic congestion and crash? Network traffic flow modeling and simulation for autonomous vehicles PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 6p AB - Transportation infrastructure is quickly moving towards revolutionary changes to accommodate the deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs). On the other hand, the transition to new vehicle technologies will be shaped in large part by changes in performance of roadway infrastructure. This research aims at understanding the relationship between AV technology and infrastructure performance, which leads to revolutionary change in transportation infrastructure design in the both short and long term. To assess the vehicular technology impact to the traffic flow, two of the most important questions the project team attempts to tackle in this research are: 1) How would vehicle automation/communication, with different sensing and control specifications, change the vehicle speed and headway under various traffic conditions, and therefore change traffic congestion and crash patterns in the network? and 2) How would the vehicular technology change the flow capacity of the roadway infrastructure network, under different crash rates that are expected to be achieved by different vehicular control strategies? How does the change vary at different levels of AV penetration rates? This project primarily addresses the mobility concerns of AVs, while establishing a modeling framework that allows future extensions to assess both mobility and safety. In particular, this research proposes a multi-class traffic flow model that captures the car-following behavior of both regular vehicles and AVs. KW - Car following KW - Crash rates KW - Headways KW - Highway capacity KW - Infrastructure KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Qian1_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603546 AU - Dong, Chiyu AU - Dolan, John AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Sensory Augmentation for Increased Awareness of Driving Environment PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 19p AB - The goal of this project was to develop a lateral localization framework for autonomous driving in urban areas. Vehicle location is significant information for the controller, planner and behaviors systems. Lateral location is extremely important for safe and reliable self-driving, due to dense traffic, small lane width and varying road geometry. Though RTK global positioning system (GPS) has centimeter-level accuracy output in open areas, it can have half-meter lateral error in urban areas, which is extremely dangerous for urban driving. It is therefore desirable to precisely identify the lateral position by combining with other sensors. KW - Automated vehicle control for ground vehicles KW - Global Positioning System KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Lateral placement KW - Location KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Dolon_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603526 AU - Mersky, Avi C AU - Samaras, Constantine AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Municipal Fleet Vehicle Electrification and Photovoltaic Power In the City of Pittsburgh PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 27p AB - This report summarizes the results of an environmental systems assessment and cost benefit analysis of the electrification of the City of Pittsburgh's municipal vehicle fleet and also installing photovoltaic (PV) systems on the City's parking facilities. Currently the city of Pittsburgh has a civilian passenger vehicle fleet of 118 vehicles traveling 718,000 miles a year. The research team found that conventional vehicles would likely cost less to operate over 15 years than electric vehicles (EVs). This is due to the increased capital costs involved in purchasing the vehicles and charging stations, as well as the amount of miles these vehicles travel per year. For greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the research team found that EVs in Pittsburgh save GHGs compared to conventional gasoline vehicles in 3 of their 4 current electricity grid assumptions. As the GHG-intensity of the grid improves over the next 15 years, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have clear greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) advantages over conventional gasoline vehicles in Pittsburgh. SO₂ was the highest cost pollutant for vehicle externalities and is not emitted in significant amount from gasoline combustion. Because of the SO₂ emissions, vehicle electrification was also found to be likely to have higher total social emissions costs than gasoline options under most cases. A faster reduction in power plant air emissions improves the outlook for electrification. One way of offsetting these emissions is to ensure that a portion of the needed electricity is generated from renewable or low-emission sources. Photovoltaic (PV) generation is one possible renewable source to consider for distributed generation in an urban region. One potential location for PV cells would be on city-owned parking facilities. Currently the Pittsburgh Parking Authority maintains 10 downtown parking garages, with parking on the roofs, and 1 unshaded downtown surface level lot. The research team estimated a peak capacity of about 6,000 kW of PV is possible on these facilities. The amount of electricity potentially generated from these PV systems could power between 24 and 27 million miles of electric vehicle travel per year, which is more than 30 times the yearly travel of the city’s civilian passenger vehicle fleet. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Electric vehicles KW - Environmental impacts KW - Parking facilities KW - Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) KW - Pollutants KW - Solar power generation KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle fleets UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Samaras_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60100/60114/Samaras_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603514 AU - Taylor, C J AU - Yang, Yuting AU - Kennedy, Ryan AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Automated Video-Based Traffic Count Analysis PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 5p AB - In this research, the authors propose a method to extract traffic information from videos of road intersections using a vehicle detection, tracking, and 3D reconstruction system. The video is taken from a low-resolution camera fixed at a relatively low position, about 2 to 7m above ground. First, minimum eigenvalue feature points are detected and tracked with the Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi tracker to obtain feature point movements. These points are then segmented into groups corresponding to vehicles according to features such as position, movement and color. With the information of vehicle's grouping, the 3D position of each feature point can be calculated so that the vehicle's size, accurate position on road, time of entry and exit can be determined. The proposed method is robust to vehicles with varying movement and large perspective deformations. KW - Data collection KW - Detection and identification systems KW - Intersections KW - Traffic counting KW - Video cameras UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Taylor_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60100/60116/Taylor_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603505 AU - Smith, Stephen F AU - Barlow, Gregory J AU - Hu, Hsu-Chieh AU - Hua, Ju-Hsuan AU - Technologies for Safe and Efficient Transportation University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Pedestrian Friendly Traffic Signal Control PY - 2016///Final Research Report SP - 17p AB - This project continues research aimed at real-time detection and use of pedestrian traffic flow information to enhance adaptive traffic signal control in urban areas where pedestrian traffic is substantial and must be given appropriate attention and priority. The hypothesis investigated in this work is that lower resolution vehicle detection camera technology can be used to provide a relaxed form of pedestrian count data that is sufficient for incorporating pedestrian flow information into real-time intersection scheduling. Specifically, the authors study the possibility of extracting an approximate but usable measure of pedestrian “density” from the video stream of a commercial traffic camera. The target functionality is the ability to qualitatively discriminate between “no”, “few” or “many” waiting pedestrians. KW - Cameras KW - Detection and identification systems KW - Pedestrian counts KW - Pedestrian flow KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/tier-one-reports/Smith_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60100/60115/Smith_TSETFinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599257 AU - National Aging and Disability Transportation Center AU - Easter Seals Incorporated AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Building Awareness in Accessible Transportation: Transit Assessment Guide for Students, Families and Educators PY - 2016 SP - 17p AB - This guide can be used as a tool to raise awareness about how people with differing abilities and preferences can use public transportation and the pedestrian environment around public transportation. The guide contains an accessibility checklist for students, families, and educators who would like to increase their understanding of transit systems and how people with disabilities use public transportation. Individual students, class groups or families will be able to take a snapshot view of accessibility features and identify areas for improvement while sampling transit trip. After using the checklist and determining the accessibility level of a particular transit trip, students, families and educators will have a greater understanding of accessible transportation. In addition, they may become more involved in community activities or committees related to local transit and disability topics. KW - Accessibility KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Handbooks KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit UR - http://www.nadtc.org/wp-content/uploads/NADTC-Building-Awareness-in-Accessible-Transportation-for-Students.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1407258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599218 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Geomatics Workflows: California and North Carolina Integrating Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) into Existing Surveying Practices PY - 2016 SP - 7p AB - This case study highlights LiDAR technology as a surveying tool to support current transportation agency business applications and the true value of combining 3D survey data from multiple sources, such as traditional surveying equipment (i.e., robotic total stations, Global Navigation Satellite Systems or GNSS, photogrammetry, and LiDAR sensors) by the California and the North Carolina Departments of Transportation. It is offered as a general aid for those considering starting similar programs or enhancing existing ones. It provides two examples of how state transportation agencies might expand the use of 3D engineered models. KW - California Department of Transportation KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Laser radar KW - North Carolina Department of Transportation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveying methods and processes UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/construction/3d/hif16013.pdf UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/construction/3d/hif16013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1407334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599194 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guide for Efficient Geospatial Data Acquisition using LiDAR Surveying Technology PY - 2016 SP - 12p AB - State transportation agencies (STAs) rely on implementing innovative new processes and technology for managing roadway assets; LiDAR surveys are one of these key enabling technologies. LiDAR surveys comprise an ever-evolving set of technologies that allow for a rapid, yet very accurate, collection of roadway asset data through a single effort which, when specified, integrated, and used correctly, can result in efficient workflows for agencies. While STAs may already be collecting data for specific purposes, these efforts are often duplicated within various agency disciplines using a variety of collection methods and standards. LiDAR surveys help consolidate resources, thus maximizing funding and enhancing the accuracy and integration of information. While the process for implementing LiDAR surveys will depend on a number of factors — most notably the agency’s current pre-construction, post-construction, asset inventory practices, process maturity, internal technical resources, and available funding — this guide draws the decision makers’ attention to the key issues that must be addressed for the optimization of data collection for use in an enterprise digital data solution. These include developing information requirements for data collection and products to be delivered for specific purposes and disciplines within the agency, and implementing the data collection program itself. KW - Data collection KW - Handbooks KW - Implementation KW - Laser radar KW - Optimization KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveying methods and processes UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/construction/3d/hif16010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1407336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596795 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA Aerospace Forecast: Fiscal Years 2016-2036 PY - 2016 SP - 94p AB - This document starts with a review of U.S. aviation in 2015. It then provides forecasts for U.S. Airlines, General Aviation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Operations, U.S. Commercial Aircraft Fleet, Unmanned Aircraft Systems, and Commercial Space Transportation. Forecast highlights include: U.S. carrier passenger growth over the next 20 years to average 2.1 percent per year; system traffic in revenue passenger miles is projected to increase by 2.6 percent a year between 2016 and 2036; the long term outlook for general aviation is favorable; and operations at FAA and contract towers are forecast to increase 0.9 percent a year over the forecast period. KW - Air traffic controllers KW - Airlines KW - Civil aircraft KW - Civil aviation KW - Commercial space transportation KW - Drone aircraft KW - Forecasting KW - General aviation KW - Market assessment KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - United States UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/aerospace_forecasts/media/FY2016-36_FAA_Aerospace_Forecast.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1402010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596764 AU - Wiegand, Paul AU - Richards, Beth AU - Iowa Highway Research Board AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Temporary Traffic Control Handbook PY - 2016 SP - 52p AB - This handbook provides a broad, easy to understand reference for temporary traffic control in work zones, addressing the safe and efficient accommodation of all road users: motorists, bicyclists, pedestrians, and those with special needs. The information presented is based on standards and guidance in the 2009 Edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). KW - Handbooks KW - Iowa KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/21890/1/IADOT_InTrans_Wiegand_Temporary_Traffic_Control_Handbook_2016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594593 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Health in Transportation Corridor Planning Framework PY - 2016 SP - 36p AB - This document aims to support transportation agency efforts to incorporate health into corridor planning studies. It is intended to be used within an existing corridor planning process; not as a stand-alone or parallel process. Because transportation planning at the corridor level is flexible and adaptable to many different issues and contexts, the Framework is scalable to any type of corridor. It can be used at a single point in the process or to inform every aspect of the corridor planning study. It may also be used to inform planning activities at both the regional and project level to support broad health goals. Transportation practitioners at the State, regional, and local levels who conduct or participate in corridor studies are the intended audience for the Framework; recognizing health professionals are highly useful partners. Health issues, goals, and priorities are very context specific, and the Framework does not provide answers or outcomes. Six steps are outlined with questions to consider, partnerships and stakeholders, data and analytical support, resources, and examples from practice. The steps are: Step 1: Define Transportation Problems and Public Health Issues; Step 2: Identify Transportation and Health Needs, Resources, and Priorities; Step 3: Develop Goals and Objectives that Promote Health in the Community; Step 4: Establish Evaluation Criteria that Include Public Health; Step 5: Develop and Evaluate Alternatives and their Health Impacts; and Step 6: Identify Alternatives that Support Health in the Community. KW - Evaluation KW - Health KW - Public health KW - Stakeholders KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/health_in_transportation/planning_framework/the_framework/fhwahep16014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593933 AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health, and Highway Safety: Research Needs SN - 9780309392495 PY - 2016 SP - 219p AB - There are approximately 4,000 fatalities in crashes involving trucks and buses in the United States each year. Though estimates are wide-ranging, possibly 10 to 20 percent of these crashes might have involved fatigued drivers. The stresses associated with their particular jobs (irregular schedules, etc.) and the lifestyle that many truck and bus drivers lead, puts them at substantial risk for insufficient sleep and for developing short- and long-term health problems. To help answer questions about the linkages among hours of service, fatigue, highway safety, and the long-term health of commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) requested that the operating arm of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the National Research Council, through its Committee on National Statistics, convene the Panel on Research Methodologies and Statistical Approaches to Understanding Driver Fatigue Factors in Motor Carrier Safety and Driver Health. The panel was charged with providing advice on additional data collection and analytic techniques with the potential to support a more comprehensive understanding of the links between operator fatigue and highway safety and between fatigue and long-term health such as cardiovascular diseases. Specifically, the charge to the panel was to “assess the state of knowledge about the relationship of such factors as hours of driving, hours on duty, and periods of rest to the fatigue experienced by truck and bus drivers while driving and the implications for the safe operation of their vehicles. The panel will also assess the relationship of these factors to drivers’ health over the longer term. It will identify improvements in data and research methods that can lead to better understanding in both areas.” KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Data collection KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Methodology KW - Research KW - Statistical analysis KW - Truck drivers KW - United States UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/21921 UR - http://www.nap.edu/catalog/21921/commercial-motor-vehicle-driver-fatigue-long-term-health-and-highway-safety?utm_source=NAP+Newsletter&utm_campaign=1d2eef126c-NAP_mail_new_2016_03_15&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_96101de015-1d2eef126c-103347461&goal=0_96101de015-1d2eef126c-103347461&mc_cid=1d2eef126c&mc_eid=f2d058bb88 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01624425 AU - Anastasopoulos, Panagiotis Ch AU - Sadek, Adel AU - Suresh, Nallan AU - State University of New York, Buffalo AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Evaluation of Public-Private Partnership Contract Types for Roadway Construction, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 279p AB - Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in transportation infrastructure projects refer to contractual agreements formed between a public Agency and a private sector entity to allow for greater private sector participation in project delivery. At the current time, most Agencies do not have a set of straightforward guidelines by which they decide whether to adopt PPP for a given project, and if to adopt one, which type of PPP should be adopted. Before such a decision can be made in an informed manner, the Agency needs to develop and implement a PPP evaluation and decision-support framework that will incorporate the PPP costs and benefits. Such costs and benefits can include the Agency costs and user costs occurred at the time of the project as well as the risk costs borne by the Agency. This study develops a PPP evaluation and decision support framework, supported by an Excel-Based Expert System, which Roadway Agencies can use to decide whether to adopt a PPP for a given project, and if affirmative, what type of PPP to adopt, such that there is maximum benefit to the Agency. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Contract administration KW - Decision support systems KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Highway departments KW - Highway maintenance KW - Public private partnerships KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Road construction UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Evaluation-Public-Private-Partnership-Contract-Types.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1445496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610828 AU - Wakeman, Thomas AU - Miller, Jon AU - Python, Grace AU - Stevens Institute of Technology AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Port Resilience: Overcoming Threats to Maritime Infrastructure and Operations from Climate Change PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 48p AB - In the coastal zone, seaports and their intermodal connectors are key types of infrastructure that support the global supply chain, provide regional economic activity, local transportation system services, and community jobs. The protection of coastal communities and their ports has been taken for granted during a prolonged period of climate stability. Recently there are growing concerns that a new period of climate change and severe weather events is emerging. Communities and their waterfront facilities are vulnerable to disruptions. Enhancing coastal resilience has become an important response to these events. The objective of this research is to move from the aspirational concept of resilience to a standardized framework for creation of resilience in ports and transportation systems by integrating physical infrastructure and social systems. It takes a fully functioning maritime and shore-side distribution system for successful supply chain operations. A combination of stakeholder interviews and workshops provided insights into the resilience processes. It was discovered that every coastal community is unique and typically has its own plans. The same can be said of their coastal ports as well as the individual supply chain service providers associated with those ports. On the physical infrastructure side, it was found that a more resilient coastline can be achieved through the adoption of consistent, coordinated, and forward thinking building codes. One of the challenges to adopting more stringent design standards was the uncertainty surrounding future conditions. Another recommendation of the study involves the suggestion for port regions to organize along the entire supply chain including transport and distribution activities beyond local marine terminals. A suggested organizational scheme is proposed with coordinating bodies at the regional and state level that would interact with local port waterside and landside logistics teams prior to, during, and after a supply chain disruption. Resiliency processes and approaches used to reduce consequences of sea level rise, coastal flooding or other disruptions at ports and coastal communities cannot be fully treated with a single comprehensive framework or guidelines because of the unique characteristics of each situation and the involved community and their port facilities. However stakeholder organizations can build social capital by working and training together, ultimately improving port and supply chain resilience. KW - Building codes KW - Climate change KW - Coordination KW - Ports KW - Recommendations KW - Risk management KW - Stakeholders KW - Strategic planning KW - Supply chain management KW - Workshops UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Port-Resilience-Overcoming-Threats-to-Maritime-Infrastructure.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1422215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610524 AU - Daziano, Ricardo AU - Cornell University AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Analyzing the Willingness to Improve the Resiliency of New York City’s Transportation System PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 67p AB - The goal of this project is to provide statistical inference for the community’s willingness to pay for improvements in the resiliency to extreme events of the transportation system in New York City. This objective seeks to provide better tools for better informing planning investments to improve both resilience and security of transportation infrastructure and services. A fundamental, specific goal is to collect microdata using a choice-experiment specifically designed for this project. The population of interest for this study is those coastal communities in the NYC area facing increased risks of flood damage. KW - Choice experiments KW - Disasters KW - Improvements KW - Infrastructure KW - Microdata KW - New York (New York) KW - Willingness to pay UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Analyzing-Willingness-to-Improve-Resiliency.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1423196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610512 AU - Lawson, Catherine T AU - Ravi, S S AU - Hwang, Jeong-Hyon AU - Chen, Feng AU - State University of New York, Albany AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Techniques for Information Extraction from Compressed GPS Traces PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 26p AB - Developing techniques for extracting information requires a good understanding of methods used to compress the traces. Many techniques for compressing trace data consisting of position (i.e., latitude/longitude) and time values have been developed. Since current vehicles are equipped with many on-board instruments, traces generated by such vehicles contain many attributes in addition to position and time. The problem of compressing such multi--attribute traces is currently being studied by a number of researchers. The authors consider the Multiple Attribute Trajectory Compression program with defined error bounds on attributes. Their focus is on solving this problem using attribute partition methods. Such methods partition attributes into groups with the aim of reducing the total storage cost after compression methods are applied to each group individually. The authors present a comprehensive overview of various trajectory compression algorithms, concentrating on the most recent works since SQUISH-E. New accuracy metrics for measuring the difference between a trajectory and its compressed representation are also explained. Lastly, the authors present some preliminary experimental results on two real trajectory data sets with multiple attributes using two known compression algorithms, namely PROXIMUS and CompreX. KW - Algorithms KW - Data compression KW - Data extraction KW - Global Positioning System KW - Multiple attributes KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Techniques-Info-Extraction-GPS-Traces.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1423190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603675 AU - Bennett, F Lawrence AU - Perkins, Robert A AU - Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates AU - Department of Transportation TI - Sustainable Construction in Remote Cold Regions: Closure Report PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 93p AB - The goal of this project was to identify sustainable construction techniques appropriate for remote and cold regions, some of which apply to operations and maintenance as well. The vast body of literature regarding green construction in warm regions was reviewed, and information that might be applicable to cold and remote regions was ascertained. A hierarchal taxonomy was developed to categorize the information and reduce it to a form useful for presentation to engineering and construction managers. Twenty-two engineers and construction managers, all familiar with cold regions and remote projects, were interviewed, and the information and taxonomy were reviewed with them. This process resulted in a set of preliminary guidelines, which were then presented at two different meetings: one at Associated General Contractors (AGC) and one at the Department of Transportation (DOT), Central Region, where the preliminary guidelines were revised slightly. The final set of guidelines, approximately 160 suggestions and notes, was used to develop a module for University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) construction management classes, although it is suitable for other learning venues. The module, the Guidelines, as well as a preliminary paper are available on the Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Regions (CESTiCC) website. KW - Construction management KW - Construction projects KW - Curricula KW - Environmental impacts KW - Frigid regions KW - Guidelines KW - Literature reviews KW - Rural areas KW - Sustainable development UR - http://cem.uaf.edu/media/166718/101414Sustainable-ConstructionPerkinsFinal.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1409698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599872 AU - Imhoff, Paul T AU - Chiu, Pei C AU - University of Delaware, Newark AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Biochar as a Rechargeable Geobattery to Promote Nitrogen Removal in Stormwater from Roadways PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 11p AB - Stormwater runoff from roadways is a major source of pollution. State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) must comply with Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) regulations for nutrients such as nitrate-nitrogen, which is a major cause of water quality impairment. Existing stormwater treatment technologies, such as bioretention cells, do not remove nitrate adequately to meet water quality standards. New technologies are needed that can reduce nitrate more effectively and thus decrease the footprint required for stormwater treatment. Such technologies will not only improve water quality but also result in significant cost savings for state DOTs. The authors propose that biochar can serve as a rechargeable electron storage medium which, when added to a bioretention cell, can support/promote microbial reductive removal of nitrate in stormwater, and thereby enhance nitrate removal efficiency without increasing treatment footprint. Through batch experiments using a commercial wood-based biochar and the bacterium Geobacter metallireducens (GS-15), the authors showed that air-oxidized biochar served as an electron acceptor to enable acetate oxidation, and that either chemically or microbiologically reduced biochar served as an electron donor for nitrate reduction. The bioavailable electron storage capacity (ESC) of the biochar, estimated based on acetate oxidation and nitrate reduction, was 0.85 and 0.87 mmol e– /g, respectively. The authors propose that biochar should be regarded as a rechargeable reservoir of bioavailable electrons in anaerobic environments, and that biochar may be applied to bioretention cells and other engineered systems to promote microbial degradation of nitrate and other pollutants. KW - Bacteria KW - biochar KW - Biodeterioration KW - Nitrogen KW - Runoff KW - Water quality management UR - https://cait.rutgers.edu/files/CAIT-UTC-061-final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1407817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596810 AU - Ballestero, Thomas P AU - Houle, James AU - Puls, Timothy AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Validating Pollutant Load Estimates from Highways and Roads PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 27p AB - Rain and snowmelt that runs off of roadways carries pollutants. Pollutant event mean concentrations have been developed for various land uses to calculate annual pollutant loads. These were developed for total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen. New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT) uses the Simple Method for estimating the pollutant load in runoff. This study collected real time in situ measurements to validate the concentrations used in Simple Method calculations for modeling pollutant loads from New Hampshire roadways. Three locations were picked to represent low, medium, and high traffic volume roadways. The actual measured amount of pollutants was compared to the loading predictions of the Simple Method. This study confirmed that using one modeling approach is effective for all New Hampshire roadways. KW - Estimating KW - Highways KW - New Hampshire KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorus KW - Pollutants KW - Runoff KW - Suspended sediments KW - Validation KW - Water quality UR - http://www.nh.gov/dot/org/projectdevelopment/materials/research/projects/documents/FHWA-NH-RD-15680Y.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1403016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594415 AU - Reimer, Bryan AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Technology Adoption and Use Across the Lifespan PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 3p AB - This project assessed a select set of hypotheses on aspects of typeface design and their impacts on driver behavior. The initial focus considered the amount of visual-attention (eye tracking) required to complete a simple menu selection task in a driving simulator. The task was presented in two typefaces that closely resembled those used by several automotive manufacturers as part of their interior user interfaces. The results of two experiments are summarized in Reimer et al., 2014. The process of assessing differences in typographical characteristics in a driving simulation environment using eye movement is time consuming and complex. Therefore, the exploration of the vast number of intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics that may impact the legibility of a typeface may be limited in this context. To assess the degree to which simpler laboratory based psychophysical technique (lexical decision) could be utilized to assess legibility differences that were observed in an automotive context, a second set of experiments (Dobres et al., 2016) was conducted. The work firmly suggests that the simple laboratory based testing of legibility differences can be readily used in theoretical research and an applied evaluation context for optimizing interface characteristics. One key take away from the effort appears to be that older observers are more strongly affected by suboptimal designs (small type and negative polarity displays). KW - Aged drivers KW - Data displays KW - Driving simulators KW - Font size KW - In-vehicle technology KW - Legibility KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Visual in-vehicle task UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-8%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594408 AU - Zarrillo, Marguerite AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Security & Privacy Breaches in ETPS: Problem Survey & Case Study of I-90 PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 3p AB - This study gathered news reports of security and privacy breach violations in electronic transportation payment systems, ETPS, over a sixteen-year period from the year 1997 until 2012. This research also constructed a computer simulation using VISSIM traffic software of a 12-mile stretch of the I-90 Massachusetts Turnpike ticketing tolling system. Working closely with MassDOT, Massachusetts Department of Transportation, April 2013 data were acquired that facilitated the simulation construction. This facilitated the analyses of the impacts of adopting protective measures on transponders. KW - Automated toll collection KW - Case studies KW - Massachusetts Turnpike KW - Privacy KW - Security KW - Simulation KW - Transponders KW - VISSIM (Computer model) UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-27%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593529 AU - Glass, James AU - Mehler, Bruce AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Spoken Dialog Planning to Reduce User Distraction in Mobile Environments PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 3p AB - As speech technology becomes a significant modality in the vehicle environment, it is essential to develop and assess mechanisms that can reduce driver distraction. Although speech-based interfaces are natural candidates for hands-busy, eyes-busy environments such as the vehicle, they also present a potential safety hazard. Since language is inherently a cognitive process, the more attention that is required by the speech interface, the less that is available for the task of driving. Due to inevitability of vehicle-based speech interfaces, the question becomes how to design and modulate the human-computer communication flow so as to minimize the extra cognitive burden on the vehicle occupants. Similar observations can also be applied to pedestrians using smartphone-based applications, where distracted pedestrians pay less attention to where they are going. This project explored both basic and applied aspects of voice based human-machine interface interaction with the goal of providing insight regarding variables and strategies that are significant for minimizing user distraction in driving or pedestrian scenarios. The results are timely as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is considering Phase III distraction guidelines to address demands associated with voice-activated in-vehicle controls. As detailed in the reports listed in this document, many modern voice initiated in-vehicle systems may best be considered as auditory-vocal-visual-manual-cognitive interactions (e.g. mixed mode tasks) and a comprehensive demand assessment mechanism may need to consider the time course of tasks of this nature. KW - Auditory tasks KW - Distraction KW - Highway safety KW - Human machine interface KW - In-vehicle technology KW - Pedestrians KW - Smartphones KW - Voice communication KW - Voice-activated in-vehicle controls UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-4%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590533 AU - Ni, Daiheng AU - Gao, Lixin AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Making More Value out of Transportation Data PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Over the past decades, tremendous investments have been made to advance technologies in computing, sensing, and communication to collect, process, and disseminate transportation related data. As such, transportation system operators and users have timely information to make educated decisions to improve safety and mitigate congestion. These investments can become more productive if the following problems can be properly addressed: (1) effective algorithms to process huge volume of transportation data, (2) creative approaches to merge a variety of transportation data, (3) advanced tools to increase the velocity of information retrieving, processing, and delivering. This research aspires to explore solutions to these problems and the effort will be facilitated by the Regional Traveler Information Center (RTIC) at the University of Massachusetts (UMass) Amherst. As a starting point, this research will focus on two basic problems: (1) variety: developing effective algorithms to convert traffic data in different forms so that these data can be merged to provide complementary perspectives on the real system, and (2) velocity: developing applications to disseminate transportation information in a timely fashion to enable better decision-making by road users, system operators, and emergency responders. KW - Algorithms KW - Data collection KW - Information dissemination KW - Information processing KW - Traffic data UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-23%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590531 AU - Ni, Daiheng AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Efficient Methodology for Traffic Flow Model Calibration PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Proactive traffic management and control relies on sound traffic flow models that are central to traffic prediction and analysis. One of the challenges faced by such models is the calibration of these models to prevailing local conditions. As such, an efficient methodology is called for to fine tune model parameters so that they reflect local traffic characteristics. Many calibration procedures have been developed in the past with varying transferability, complexity, and accuracy. For example, some procedures are customized for certain models and are not easy to be adapted to other models; some procedures may involve optimization of multiple levels, so calibrating a model becomes a time-consuming job; some procedures optimize only one side of the model at the cost of the other inherently related side. The objective of this research is to develop a methodology for calibrating equilibrium traffic flow models that is accurate in nature, independent on models, efficient in computation, robust to calibration data. The result of this research can help traffic analysts and transportation agencies to better understand traffic flow characteristics, predict traffic evolution, mitigate traffic congestion, and deploy resources to anticipate incidents. KW - Calibration KW - Methodology KW - Traffic equilibrium KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic models UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-22A%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590530 AU - Ni, Daiheng AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Modeling Drivers' Lateral Motion Control PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Vehicle lateral motion including lane change, merging, and turning is a major contributor to traffic accidents. Realistic modeling of drivers’ lateral motion control can not only improve understanding of the mechanisms that trigger these accidents but also permit the design of advanced systems that are capable of warning drivers of potential hazard during lateral movements. Departing from conventional, descriptive approach to modeling vehicle lateral motion which fits statistical models to field data, this research takes an explanatory approach by capturing the mechanism that underlies drivers’ lateral motion control. A clear understanding of what factors are involved in driver lateral control and how these factors function in driver decision-making will lead to the formulation of Lateral Control Model. This model incorporates lane changing and gap acceptance decisions into a single model and applies to both highways and intersections. This research responds to the Grant Theme of Safety. In particular the research focused on not only human factors research as it relates to elderly drivers but also technology-related research which leads to better traffic simulators and on-board lateral collision warning systems. KW - Aged drivers KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Lane changing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-24%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590522 AU - Knodler, Michael A AU - Fisher, Donald AU - Romoser, Matthew AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - An Observational Evaluation of Safety and Operations Resulting from Driver Distraction PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Although laws have been passed in many states that prohibit distracted driving behaviors, people disregard these restrictions and continue to use various devices while driving. By observing random drivers who may or may not be distracted, this research attempted to find commonalities among drivers and further understand driver behavior while distracted, at a critical juncture (i.e., while actively engaged in the driving task). Data collection in this area to date has primarily been concentrated at intersections where observations are easier to capture; however, observations made while drivers are engaged in the driving task are more critical in nature as it is this point in time when the distraction related behavior is most concerning. To this end, the research team employed a probe vehicle strategy on various roadway types, and as other vehicles were passed or passing direct observations were made and recorded for the driver distraction type (for both distracted and non-distracted behaviors) and associated information about the driver and vehicle. This type of mobile observation had the ability to shed light on natural driving behaviors without driver manipulation. KW - Behavior KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Probe vehicles UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-21B%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590507 AU - Gonzales, Eric J AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Data-based Model for Regional Freight Demand PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 3p AB - This project addresses problems associated with the movement of freight using trucks in urban areas. Initially the project started as a demand modeling effort, but it became apparent that there are many pressing issues related to the impacts of the specific vehicle stops and deliveries themselves. The work in this project consisted of two parts: 1) development of models for demand responsive transportation systems in order to model network-level characteristics of the logistics system of urban goods delivery, and 2) development of traffic models to quantify the impact of urban freight deliveries on street capacity and delays. This second effort addresses a gap in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), which contains guidelines for estimating capacity and delays on streets under a variety of operating conditions but does not account for blockages associated with freight deliveries. Together, these research efforts shed light on the operations of urban freight systems and the impacts that these deliveries have on other users of the street network in a city. Ultimately, the research on demand responsive models was restricted by available trucking data, so the main research effort for this project has focused on modeling traffic interactions associated with vehicle stops for urban freight delivery. KW - Delivery service KW - Freight traffic KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Stopping KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic models KW - Travel demand KW - Trucking KW - Urban areas UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-21A%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590467 AU - Ganz, Aura AU - Collura, John AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Hybrid NFC and Vision Based Navigation System in Subways for the Blind and Visually Impaired PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 3p AB - This research introduces an indoor navigation system for blind and visually impaired users. The authors deploy visual tags in the environment at specific landmarks and introduce a visual tag detection algorithm using a sampling probe and cascading approach. Guidelines are provided to determine the visual tag size which is a function of various environmental and usage scenarios, which differ in lighting, dimensions of the indoor environment and angle of usage. The authors also developed a Smartphone based user interface for the visually impaired users that uses Android accessibility features. KW - Algorithms KW - Assistive technology KW - Blind persons KW - Indoor environments KW - Navigational aids KW - Pedestrians KW - Smartphones KW - Subways KW - Visually impaired persons UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-18%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590448 AU - Knodler, Michael A AU - Fisher, Donald AU - Romoser, Matthew AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Evaluating the Effects of Integrated Training on Minimizing Driver Distraction PY - 2015/12/31/Final Report SP - 3p AB - Recent driving simulator studies which record driver and vehicle behaviors have focused on examining and developing specific training programs for improving driver performance across three cognitive skills that are critical to driver safety, hazard anticipation (HA), hazard mitigation (HM), and attention maintenance (AM). Of current interest is the evaluation of an integrated training program, SAFE-T, developed by Hamid (2013) that has been shown to reduce the effect among nurses (all experienced drivers) that fatigue has on each of the above three critical driving skills. The current study addresses whether the integrated training program will prove as effective among novice drivers. The authors also compare the effect size of SAFE-T with the effect size of one of the training programs, RAPT, to determine whether the decrease in exposure and potential for interference decrease the size of the effect of SAFE-T on hazard anticipation (the same skills that RAPT is designed to train). Forty-eight students between 16 and 18 years old participated in the study. All participants completed a single driving simulator evaluation of their HA, HM, and AM skills, immediately after a training program (SAFE-T, RAPT, or placebo). The SAFE-T training program led to significant improvements in the three higher cognitive skills, HA, HM & AM. The effects were similar to those found in other similar training programs (RAPT, ACT, and FOCAL). The results clearly show that the program holds great promise for improving young drivers’ safety-critical skills in a much shorter span and to a level akin to that of existing programs. KW - Cognition KW - Distraction KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-22%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610511 AU - Zimmerman, Rae AU - Restrepo, Carlos E AU - Kates, Hannah B AU - Joseph, Robert AU - New York University, New York AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Suburban Poverty, Public Transit, Economic Opportunities, and Social Mobility PY - 2015/12/30/Final Report SP - 41p AB - Recent demographic trends suggest an increasing suburbanization of poor populations. Given that poor households are often unable to afford increasing housing prices in many urban areas they are increasingly moving to the suburbs. At the same time, suburbs often do not support the public transit needs of poor populations and access to jobs often with increasing commute time. Insufficient transit can also exacerbate recovery times after extreme weather events for vulnerable populations. Three areas within New York State with transit facilities and areas of poverty were evaluated with respect to the proximity of transit (distance to bus stops), use of transit, and commuting time. Some of the results indicated that certain poor populations in low density areas use transit less and have longer commutes. Historic and projected weather extremes and climate changes could also pose substantial threats to transportation and its users, particularly the poor. KW - Bus stops KW - Commuting KW - Job access KW - Low income groups KW - New York (State) KW - Public transit KW - Suburbs KW - Travel time KW - Vulnerability KW - Weather conditions UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Surburban-Poverty-Public-Trans-Eco-Opportunities.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1423191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01600747 AU - Fang, Clara AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Hartford AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Operations Modeling of Connecticut Roundabouts PY - 2015/12/30/Final Report SP - 624p AB - The Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) has constructed four roundabouts in the State of Connecticut within the past ten years. VISSIM, a microscopic traffic simulation software program was utilized to analyze roundabout during their design phase. This project has collected a variety of traffic data at the roundabouts using Miovision Technologies. A large sample size of field data was analyzed to achieve accurate and statistically significant results. The research investigated a series of simulation parameters as calibration factors for describing driver behaviors at roundabouts. A VISSIM simulation of existing roundabouts was built to compare both queue length and travel time as predicted from simulation with measured field data. In the end, this project identified VISSIM input variables most critical to accurate modeling; summarized the recommended parameter values; and, provided recommendations for roundabout traffic operations modeling. KW - Behavior KW - Calibration KW - Connecticut KW - Drivers KW - Recommendations KW - Roundabouts KW - Traffic queuing KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time KW - VISSIM (Computer model) UR - http://www.ct.gov/dot/lib/dot/documents/dpolicy/research/CT-2284-F-15-9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1408430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590495 AU - Gao, Song AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - An Optimal Adaptive Routing Algorithm for Large-Scale Stochastic Time-Dependent Networks PY - 2015/12/30/Final Report SP - 3p AB - The objective of this project is to develop an efficient algorithm and its computer implementation for the optimal adaptive routing problem that is practical in large-scale real-life networks, where a traveler could revise the route choice based upon en route traffic information. Existing adaptive routing algorithms are for explorative purpose and can only be applied to hypothetical and simplified networks. In this project, important changes will be made to make the algorithm practical in real-life networks, in three major areas: memory, running time, and realistic features. The algorithm will be implemented and tested on both randomly generated networks and a number of real-life large networks, including those from the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission (PVPC) of Massachusetts, and Stockholm, Sweden. The developed algorithm is an important building block for the route choice module of an advanced traffic prediction model, and is also the intelligent core of a route guidance system. KW - Algorithms KW - Real time information KW - Route choice KW - Routes and routing KW - Stochastic processes KW - Time dependence UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMAR24-19A%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590479 AU - Ivan, John N AU - Ravishanker, Nalini AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Effectiveness of Interventions at Midblock Crossings for Improving Senior and Other Pedestrian Safety PY - 2015/12/30/Final Report SP - 3p AB - This project evaluated the effectiveness of designed interventions on pedestrian crash experience at midblock crossings, focusing on seniors, children and other pedestrians. From the large crash database, the authors studied crashes involving pedestrians in situations with and without the interventions, and merged this data against a database containing the road and roadside characteristics. The authors fit a suitable regression and identify important covariates. Conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles subject to the interventions were observed using a variation of the Swedish Traffic Conflicts Technique, and classified by estimated age of the pedestrian and the severity of the conflict. Observations were made at locations specifically targeted for having characteristics found to be associated with senior pedestrian crash severity relative to nonseniors. The authors carried out a statistical test of association between conflict severity and crash severity based on data obtained through field observation and sampled from the crash database. KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Midblock crossings KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Regression analysis KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic control devices UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UCNR%2024-30A%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590473 AU - Garrick, Norman AU - Atkinson-Palombo, Carol AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Impact of Parking Policies on the Long-term Vitality of American Cities PY - 2015/12/30/Final Report SP - 5p AB - The primary question in this study is one of causality: do citywide changes in parking actually cause automobile use to increase, or are minimum parking requirements an appropriate response to already rising automobile use? The purpose of this study is to consolidate the available knowledge, contribute original data, and apply a robust, scientifically accepted framework for inferring whether causality exists. In addition to prior research, the authors rely on data related to parking provision and automobile use for nine U.S. cities in the years 1960, 1980 and 2000, which allow the authors to track and analyze considerable changes over time. It is found that at the city scale an increase in parking provision from 0.1 to 0.5 parking spaces per resident and employee is associated with an increase in commuter automobile mode share of roughly 30 percentage points. KW - Automobile travel KW - Cities KW - Commuters KW - Modal split KW - Parking KW - Parking facilities KW - Policy KW - Travel behavior KW - United States UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UCNR24-28%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590443 AU - Murga, Mikel AU - Salvucci, Frederick AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Kendall Square: Lessons Drawn from Its Past Development to Guide Its Future PY - 2015/12/30/Final Report SP - 6p AB - This research is part of an interconnected series of research products about the complexity of economic development, land use densification, and mode share change in the Cambridge area which is undergoing rapid transformation and growth in a context of capacity constraints in affordable housing, transit capacity, roadway capacity, and parking availability. The series of research projects is called the Massachusetts Avenue Living Laboratory. This research project has resulted in added insights into the unique high tech development cluster now underway in Kendall Square Cambridge, and the Seaport Innovation District in Boston, as well as the Inner Belt development district in Somerville, providing input into the ongoing revision of zoning requirements in the cities involved. KW - Cambridge (Massachusetts) KW - Economic development KW - High technology industries KW - Land use KW - Modal split KW - Zoning UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-6%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590502 AU - Howitt, Arnold M AU - Giles, David AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Disaster Recovery for Transportation: China's Wenchuan Earthquake of 2008 and Japan's Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 PY - 2015/12/29/Final Report SP - 3p AB - This project examined issues related to the recovery of transportation infrastructure and services in two countries following catastrophic disasters: the People’s Republic of China, after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan Province, and Japan, in the aftermath of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami and subsequent nuclear crisis. Both disasters severely disrupted surface transportation networks, infrastructure, and services in their respective countries. This project examined decision-making and implementation of policies to restore transportation in the wake of these two disasters. It gave particular attention to the tension between simply replicating infrastructure/services that previously existed and using the opportunity of the disaster to rethink the nature of the transportation network and operations in order to make choices appropriate for current and future needs in the region. In doing so, the project considered the politics of transportation decision making, including contention over a vision of the region’s future, among different stakeholders and between local and central government policy makers; the economics and budget issues in restoring infrastructure; and the operational and management challenges of transportation recovery. KW - China KW - Decision making KW - Disasters KW - Earthquakes KW - Great Wenchuan Earthquake (China) KW - Implementation KW - Infrastructure KW - Japan KW - Policy KW - Stakeholders KW - Tohoku Earthquake (Japan), March 11, 2011 KW - Tsunamis UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/HVDR24-12%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610825 AU - McCullough, Patrick AU - Shilling, Donn AU - University of Georgia, Griffin AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Enhancing Extension Recommendations to Maximize Efficacy of Spray Programs for the Georgia DOT PY - 2015/12/23/Final Report SP - 48p AB - Research was conducted to evaluate equipment, adjuvants, and water quality used by the Georgia Department of Transportation (DOT) on herbicide efficacy for roadside management. From 19 DOT stations, 68% had alkaline (7.1 to 7.9) water, 32% had hard water (>120 ppm), and 10% had a concentration of more than 5 ppm of suspended solids. Johnsongrass control was reduced from 50 to 75% when glyphosate was sprayed in water containing various levels of calcium, magnesium, and iron, compared to soft water. Weed control from Accord (glyphosate) and Garlon (triclopyr) was reduced by about half when applied with hard water, but control from Milestone (aminopyralid) in one experiment was similar to treatments made in soft water. The efficacy of the standard DOT drift retardant adjuvant, Ground Zero, did not reduce the efficacy of glyphosate in bioassay experiments. The DOT trucks equipped with Boombuster nozzles and Northstar sprayers delivered the targeted calibration volumes. However, applications showed substantial differences in uniformity from visual, volumetric, and whole plant bioassays. From incremental distances from the truck, the total spray volume varied from about 80 to 120% of the targeted application rate. Trucks equipped with Boombuster and Northstar sprayers controlled broomsedge and vaseygrass 89% or greater for plants placed from 0 to 20 feet from the truck. However, control ranged 56 to 69% for plants spaced at 25 and 30 feet from trucks, suggesting the DOT sprayers provide insufficient coverage beyond 20 feet. It is recommend that the DOT sample water several times throughout the year at stations with reported issues in this research. If fresh water sources cannot be used for applications, it is recommended that ammonium sulfate, EDTA, or other amendments be used with water sources containing alkaline pH or hardness levels greater than 100 PPM. Selecting herbicides that have less potential for antagonism is recommend for controlling broadleaf weeds over 2,4-D, glyphosate, or triclopyr when water quality is compromised. It is recommended that the DOT request inspections from the manufacturers of the sprayer equipment to improve consistencies of applications or use alternative sprayers for roadside management. KW - Georgia Department of Transportation KW - Herbicides KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Recommendations KW - Roadside flora KW - Water quality KW - Weed control UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/13-08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1422775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01624427 AU - McCall, Neil J AU - Riddell, William T AU - Bhatia, Krishan K AU - Rowan University AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Effect of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Adoption on Gas Tax Revenue, Local Pollution, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions PY - 2015/12/22/Final Report SP - 52p AB - Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are likely to increase in popularity in the near future. However, the environmental benefits of PHEVs involve tradeoffs between the benefits of reduced tailpipe emissions against the drawbacks of increased emissions at marginal electric generation plants and reduced gasoline tax income. In this report, a model is developed that will enable these tradeoffs to be studied. The model accounts for local commuting patterns and marginal electric generation in New Jersey. The result allows the effect of PHEV adoption on gasoline tax, CO₂, NOx and SOx to be predicted on a county level. Sample calculations are presented. KW - Commuting KW - Counties KW - Electric power generation KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel taxes KW - New Jersey KW - Plug-in hybrid vehicles KW - Pollutants KW - Revenues UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/Final-Report-Effect-of-Plug-in-Hybrid-Electric-Vehicle-Adoption.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1445498 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01583004 TI - Contaminant Release from Storm Water Culvert Rehabilitation Technologies: Understanding Implications to the Environment and Long-Term Material Integrity AB - The primary project objectives are to determine the following: (1) The scope of the problem across departments of transportation (DOTs) (i.e., the extent of use of these technologies and the scale of their impacts to water quality); (2) The effectiveness of existing construction specifications at minimizing contaminant release from rehabilitated culverts; and (3) The degree to which the structural integrity and longevity of rehabilitated culverts are compromised by chemical leaching. Results of this project will enable DOTs to make informed decisions with regard to culvert rehabilitation selection and specification development. KW - Contaminants KW - Culverts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Leaching KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Runoff KW - State departments of transportation KW - Storm sewers UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/588 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590466 AU - Sussman, Joseph M AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Determining Performance Measures to Evaluate the Effect of High Speed Rail on Communities' Livability PY - 2015/12/21/Final Report SP - 6p AB - This project takes a broad look at the concept of livability--broadly defined--and the role of intercity passenger rail systems in creating viable sustainable communities. The geographic venues the authors have considered include California and the Northeast Corridor of the United States. The research considers many issues. These include: the use of shared infrastructure to create a viable and affordable rail network; the effective measurement of performance (e.g. schedule adherence) and its role in creating demand for intercity high-speed rail systems; the concept of capacity pricing and allocation in creating an economically balanced rail network; the multi-scale considerations in developing intercity rail systems that effectively interface with regional and urban transportation systems. This research, taken collectively, includes methodological advances. This includes adding modules to the CLIOS Process (to study Complex Large-Scale Integrated Open Sociotechnical Systems) to consider such concepts as advanced stakeholder analysis, multi-criteria, multi-stakeholder decision making under uncertainty, and creating strategy vectors that properly weigh different performance criteria. KW - California KW - Decision making KW - High speed rail KW - Intercity transportation KW - Northeast Corridor KW - Performance measurement KW - Quality of life KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Stakeholders KW - Sustainable development UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/MITR24-11%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587702 AU - Gentry, Lance AU - Heartland Market Research LLC AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessing MoDOT’s Efforts to Provide the Right Transportation Solution PY - 2015/12/21/Final Report SP - 71p AB - The basic research design for the project was to sample opinions on a variety of projects spread across the state. A small, medium, and large project from each of the seven Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) districts was selected by a regional manager for the project for a total of 21 projects. The sample included 600 addresses per project area for a total of 12,600 Missouri addresses being mailed a copy of the survey. Each survey was focused on one of 21 individual projects, which was briefly described on the survey, and the majority of survey questions related to the recently completed project, such as determining if the completion of the project increased safety, convenience, and made it easier to drive. KW - Construction projects KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TR201522/cmr16-006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1394989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587732 AU - Rami, Keyvan Zare AU - Kim, Yong-Rak AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Nebraska Data Collection PY - 2015/12/20/Final Report SP - 44p AB - Automated pavement performance data collection is a method that uses advanced technology to collect detailed road surface distress information at traffic speed. Agencies are driven to use automated survey techniques to enhance or replace their current manual distress survey because of the advantages of objective measurements, safety benefits, and reduced measurement time. As agencies move toward the transition to fully automated data collection methods, there are common concerns regarding how the output of the new method will match the current manual survey ratings and how they will be adopted into the existing Pavement Management System (PMS). This study evaluates the newly implemented automated distress survey technique and its implementation into the Nebraska Pavement Management System (NPMS). To meet the objectives, a user-friendly program was developed to convert the automated distress ratings into the current manual distress ratings format. Then, a data set that includes more than 7,000 miles of distress data collected by the automated method was converted to the manual data format and compared to the most recent manual rating data of those sections to assess the agreement between the two data formats after the conversion process. The results show that the automated pavement survey slightly overrates bituminous pavement distresses with only a few distress types that could not be properly detected. Finally, a regression analysis of a core pavement performance indicator, Nebraska Serviceability Index (NSI), was conducted to examine how the new automated performance measurement system will ultimately affect NPMS decisions if implemented into Nebraska’s pavement management system. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Condition surveys KW - Data quality KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Nebraska KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Regression analysis UR - http://www.transportation.nebraska.gov/mat-n-tests/research/Other/FinalReportM017.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1378630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593749 AU - Cox, Ben C AU - Howard, Isaac L AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cold In-Place Recycling Characterization Framework and Design Guidance for Single or Multiple Component Binder Systems PY - 2015/12/18/Final Report SP - 204p AB - This report focused on cold in-place recycling (CIR) and presented laboratory and field data collected during this multi-year study. The primary objective of this report was to characterize CIR properties that are important to design, construction, and performance in high-traffic applications. This report considers single component binder (SCB) or multiple component binder (MCB) systems used to stabilize reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) to produce CIR. Stated simply, a framework capable of encompassing any cementitious or bituminous binder within one protocol in an unbiased way did not exist prior to completion of the activities presented in this report to the author’s knowledge. The primary conclusion from this report is that a framework capable of systematically addressing single or multiple component binder systems in an unbiased manner for CIR is feasible technically and from the standpoint of implementation. The framework prepares specimens at a 6% moisture content, compacts specimens 30 to 40 gyrations in a Superpave Gyratory Compactor, uses a maximum mixture specific gravity (Gmm) protocol developed in this research, uses American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T269 or T331 to determine bulk mixture specific gravity (Gmb), cures specimens in a humid oven at 40 °C and 35-50% relative humidity, and tests specimens via asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) wheel tracking and instrumented indirect tension. Overall, a blend of 1.5% cement and 3% emulsion by mass, while not the most economical blend tested, appeared to offer the best balance of rutting and cracking. KW - Binders KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Rutting UR - http://www.cee.msstate.edu/publications/2015_FHWA_MS_DOT_RD_15_250_Vol_2_CIR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1398805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593734 AU - Cox, Ben C AU - Howard, Isaac L AU - Ivy, Joe AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Approaches to Improve Longitudinal Joints in Mississippi Overlay Projects PY - 2015/12/18/Final Report SP - 169p AB - The Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) has experienced longitudinal joint issues (e.g. raveling) on many pavements, often caused by oxidation due to increased water and air intrusion into the pavement. Because the asphalt at or near the joint is usually less dense than the remaining pavement mat, this is not uncommon. Additionally, with increasing focus on pavement preservation, thin-lift overlays (e.g. 25 mm overlay or less) are beginning to garner attention from DOTs. Arguably, longitudinal joint performance is of greater concern in thin-lift pavements as satisfactory joint density is generally more difficult to achieve as lift thickness decreases. In order to improve performance of longitudinal joints and, consequently, the pavement system as a whole, some means of performance characterization is needed. Permeability (or infiltration) testing shows promise as a field characterization tool for longitudinal joint performance. It directly measures ability of water and air to penetrate pavement systems, which may correlate to distresses (e.g. raveling). Permeability testing could also be useful in evaluating benefits of alternative joint techniques (e.g. joint sealers). Objectives of this report are to use permeability measurements to: 1) evaluate longitudinal joint performance of thin-lift overlays and 2) evaluate effectiveness of RePLAY, an agricultural-based joint sealer. To this end, two thin-lift test sections in Baldwyn, MS are being tested using permeability equipment developed largely at Mississippi State University. Permeability results to date indicate crack development at some for thin-lift overlays with and without RePLAY joint treatment, and 2) evaluate the permeameter used in this report against other traditional permeability methods. Permeability results identified longitudinal joint cracking, though this cracking was largely influenced by underlying layers rather than longitudinal joint quality or RePLAY treatment. The permeameter studied related to other field permeameters and appears promising as a versatile field pavement characterization tool. KW - Evaluation KW - Joint sealers KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Mississippi KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance measurement KW - Permeability KW - Permeameters UR - http://www.cee.msstate.edu/publications/2015_FHWA_MS_DOT_RD_15_250_Vol_3_Joints.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590478 AU - Rubin, Jonathan AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Regional Credit Trading: Economic and GHG Impacts of a National Low Carbon Fuel Standard PY - 2015/12/17/Final Report SP - 3p AB - This research looks at the costs and impacts of implementing a low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) given the major existing regulations of corporate average fuel economy (CAFE), Renewable Fuel Standard 2 (RFS2) and California LCFS that impact the on-road transportation sector. Rather than treat the nation as a whole, the authors implement the national policy at the level of the 9 census districts. The authors find significantly different costs of compliance by region. At the same time, flexibility mechanisms such as credit trading and banking can lower costs substantially. It is concluded that a national LCFS implemented at the regional level may be a promising way to reform RFS2 to allow for greater greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and provide for greater regulatory flexibility. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Costs KW - Credit KW - Economic impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Low Carbon Fuel Standard KW - Pollutants KW - Regulations UR - http://utc.mit.edu/system/files/UMER24-34%20FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594573 AU - Garder, Per AU - New England University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Elderly Pedestrian Safety and Driver Distractions PY - 2015/12/16/Final Report SP - 3p AB - About two-thirds of pedestrian fatalities in Maine involve people crossing urban streets or rural roads. Therefore, providing safe sidewalks is not a cure-all even if that is what many pedestrians ask for. We also need to improve safety at crosswalks and other places where people cross. One objective of this study has been to look at how pedestrian safety for elderly people in particular can be improved in spite of motor-vehicle drivers having more and more ‘distracters’ in their vehicles. A focus of this study has been to look at how pedestrians interact—with respect to safety margins, misunderstandings, short post-encroachment times, conflicts, etcetera—with motorists who are being distracted to different degrees and in different ways, for example by using cellular phones. Pedestrian distractions, such as the pedestrian talking on a mobile phone, was also studied through field observations. KW - Aged KW - Cellular telephones KW - Crosswalks KW - Distracted drivers KW - Distraction KW - Maine KW - Pedestrian safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56900/56948/UMER24-33_FP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1397350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594131 AU - Department of Transportation TI - Plan to Increase Public Access to the Results of Federally-Funded Scientific Research Results PY - 2015/12/16/Version 1.1 SP - 16p AB - This plan is issued in response to the February 22, 2013 Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies entitled “Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research.” Through this memorandum, OSTP directed all Executive Departments with greater than $100 million in yearly research and development expenditures to prepare a plan for improving the public’s access to the results of federally funded research. This plan establishes objectives to ensure public access to Publications and Digital Data Sets arising from Department of Transportation (DOT)-managed research and development (R&D) programs. DOT already provides access to intramural and extramural research in progress and technical reports, as well as many final publications through partnerships with organizations such as the Transportation Research Board (TRB). Many DOT R&D programs are already making data sharing a priority. DOT’s intramural research programs have a long history of making data available to the Public. On an incremental basis, DOT’s extramural research programs are taking steps to increase data sharing. The purpose of this plan is to scale and institutionalize those intramural and extramural R&D access practices across the Department. KW - Data files KW - Data sharing KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - Research UR - https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/Official%20DOT%20Public%20Access%20Plan%20ver%201.1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56760/Official_DOT_Public_Access_Plan_ver_1.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584256 AU - Amekudzi-Kennedy, Adjo AU - Smith-Colin, Janille AU - Fischer, Jamie M AU - Boadi, Richard AU - Akofio-Sowah, Margaret-Avis AU - Amoaning-Yankson, Stephanie AU - Brodie, Stefanie AU - Ingles, Amy AU - Georgia Transportation Institute University Transportation Center (GTI-UTC) AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evidence-Based Decision Making: Developing a Knowledge Base for Successful Program Outcomes in Transportation Asset Management PY - 2015/12/15/Final Report SP - 110p AB - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official's (AASHTO’s) framework for transportation asset management (TAM) offer opportunities to use more rigorous approaches to collect and apply evidence within a TAM context. This report documents the results of a study funded by the Georgia Department of Transportation, conducted by the Infrastructure Research Group (IRG) at Georgia Institute of Technology, to link TAM investments to outcomes. The study methodology includes a review of evidence-based approaches from various fields including healthcare, education and organizational management, an “evidence exchange” among transportation practitioners, and several case studies demonstrating how evidence can be gathered and used in TAM. The study identifies attributes of an evidence-based approach that can enhance AASHTO’s existing framework for TAM program advancement and decision making. These attributes are used to develop (1) a hierarchy of evidence that can inform evidence-based decision making (EBDM) for TAM, (2) a documentation framework for TAM that can be applied at the project and program levels to support evidence-based decisions, and (3) a prototype evidence database that can be used to accumulate the knowledge needed for evidence-based decision making in a TAM context. This study also applies evidence-based decision-making processes to provide guidance on how to develop higher quality evidence for TAM decision making. The documentation framework is used to synthesize and gather data on evidence related to TAM decision making, and this information was used to populate the TAM evidence database. The primary outcome of this work is a prototype TAM evidence database and resource for knowledge sharing that can assist transportation agencies in meeting the performance-based planning requirements of MAP-21. KW - Asset management KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Decision making KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - Transportation departments KW - Transportation planning UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/12-18.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56789/12-18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583546 AU - Smith, Brian L AU - Kluger, Robert AU - Park, Hyungjun AU - Connected Vehicle/Infrastructure University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Infrastrucure Safety Assessment in a Connected Vehicle Environment PY - 2015/12/15 SP - 36p AB - The goal of the Infrastructure Safety Assessment in a Connected Vehicle (CV) Environment project was to develop a method to identify infrastructure safety “hot spots” using CV data. Using these basic safety messages to detect hot spots may allow for quicker discovery than traditional methods, such as police-reported crashes. The basic safety message may be able to detect events that police normally cannot obtain, including unreported crashes and near-crashes. The project successfully explored some models and algorithms to detect crashes and near-crashes and also designed a methodology to apply to hot spot identification. With the data available, conclusive results were not achieved; however, the models showed some potential. Three techniques were tested to predict crashes using vehicles’ kinematic data. To predict where a crash was occurring, multivariate adaptive regression splines, classification and regression trees, and a novel pattern matching approach were all tested. The models were able to identify the majority of 13 known crashes with different amounts of false positives. The pattern matching approach outperformed a simple acceleration threshold by identifying nearly 70% of crashes in a crash-only test set and 74% of near-crashes in a near-crash only test set. On the training set, it was able to identify more crashes than the thresholds without increasing the number of false positives observed. Based on the work described in this report, the Connected Vehicle/Infrastructure University Transportation Center (CVI-UTC) is fully prepared to apply the methodology to data collected on the field test bed. KW - Algorithms KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Infrastructure KW - Methodology KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Regression analysis UR - http://cvi-utc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Smith_Infrastrucure-Safety-Assessment-in-a-Connected-Vehicle-Environment_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583502 AU - Smith, Brian L AU - Ma, Jiaqi AU - Park, Hyungjun AU - Connected Vehicle/Infrastructure University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Prototyping and Evaluating a Smartphone Dynamic Message Sign (DMS) Application PY - 2015/12/15/Final Research Report SP - 57p AB - Traveler Information Systems are designed and operated by transportation agencies to provide travelers with real-time traffic information, enabling them to make better travel decisions. One of the most commonly used ways to provide real-time, en route traveler information to motorists is through Dynamic Message Signs (DMSs). Despite their effectiveness, they are costly and limited in terms of the amount of information they can deliver. The wide availability of smart mobile devices can provide traveler information through in-vehicle devices (without incurring huge infrastructure costs) and (in a more flexible manner) to selected individuals and locations without geographical constraints. Research was conducted to comprehensively develop and evaluate this concept and a summary of tasks and findings is presented below. First, this research proposed the concept of a Virtual Dynamic Message Sign (VDMS) system utilizing a smartphone-based application to demonstrate and summarize user experience for future deployment. The user survey revealed a positive attitude among participants toward a VDMS system in terms of both usefulness and satisfaction; the average ratings were −0.90 and −0.81 respectively on a −2 to 2 (Totally agree to Totally disagree) five-point Likert scale. The survey also indicated that most drivers (81.0%) perceived VDMS as a safer way to receive information. Many drivers (66.7%) also felt more comfortable receiving an audible message from a VDMS system rather than a text message on a DMS. The results indicate great user acceptability and the potential for such systems to be deployed by public agencies in the future. This research also aimed to address the question of whether a VDMS conveys information at least as effectively as existing DMSs. A mixed, repeated-measure experiment was designed using a driver simulator to examine (1) the impacts of driver age, (2) information transmission mode, (3) amount of information, and (4) driving complexity on message comprehension, distraction, and perceived difficulty. Forty-two people were recruited and each of them participated in a test under different combinations. Participant performance was measured in terms of message comprehension, distraction, and self-reported message difficulty level. Results revealed that VDMS generally performs better than DMS across different amounts of information, under different driving conditions, and regardless of driver age. VDMS proved significantly better than DMS in message comprehension under relatively complex conditions. It reduced reaction time to unexpected stimuli (as measured with a reduced time-to-brake of 0.39 seconds), and made the same messages easier to process and retain for drivers than DMS. Based on these results, it is recommended that transportation agencies give careful consideration to VDMS as a future strategy for delivering public traffic information in a connected vehicle environment. KW - Age KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation KW - Information dissemination KW - Mobile applications KW - Real time information KW - Smartphones KW - Surveys KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Variable message signs UR - http://cvi-utc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Smith_Prototyping-and-Evaluating-a-Smartphone-Dynamic-Message-Sign-Application_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599245 AU - Metaxatos, Paul AU - Sriraj, P S AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Pedestrian/Bicyclist Warning Devices and Signs at CTA Rail-Highway Grade Crossings PY - 2015/12/14/Final Report SP - 64p AB - In contrast to the declining number of fatalities due to train-vehicle collisions at highway-rail grade crossings, the number of non-motorist fatalities at crossings remains relatively unchanged. The objective of this study was to contribute to the still limited research on pedestrian safety at rail grade crossings by expanding the scope of a previous study (Metaxatos and Sriraj, 2013) to include rail grade crossings in the city of Chicago with rail operations by the Chicago Transit Authority. The study was divided into three components: a literature review, identification of seven hot spots used for survey locations, and a survey of non-motorized users and analysis of pedestrian attitudes. KW - Attitudes KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Chicago Transit Authority KW - Cyclists KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Literature reviews KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Surveys KW - Warning signs UR - http://www.nurailcenter.org/research/final_reports/UIC/NURail2012-UIC-R07_Rail_Grade_Crossing_NURail_Final_Report_Sriraj_Metaxatos1.pdf UR - https://utc.uic.edu/wp-content/uploads/Ped-Bike-CTA-NURail-Final-Report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59291/NURail2012-UIC-R07_Rail_Grade_Crossing_NURail_Final_Report_Sriraj_Metaxatos1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01594246 AU - Gopalakrishna, Deepak AU - Garcia, Vince AU - Ragan, Ali AU - English, Tony AU - Zumpf, Shane AU - Young, Rhonda AU - Ahmed, Mohamed AU - Kitchener, Fred AU - Serulle, Nayel Urena AU - ICF International AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Trihydro Corporation AU - McFarland Management, LLC AU - University of Wyoming TI - Connected Vehicle Pilot Deployment Program Phase 1, Concept of Operations (ConOps), ICF/Wyoming PY - 2015/12/14/Concept of Operations SP - 127p AB - The Wyoming Department of Transportation’s (WYDOT) Connected Vehicle (CV) Pilot Deployment Program is intended to develop a suite of applications that utilize vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication technology to reduce the impact of adverse weather on truck travel in the I-80 corridor. These applications support a flexible range of services from advisories, roadside alerts, parking notifications and dynamic travel guidance. Information from these applications are made available directly to the equipped fleets or through data connections to fleet management centers (who will then communicate it to their trucks using their own systems). The pilot will be conducted in three Phases. Phase I includes the planning for the CV pilot including the concept of operations development. Phase II is the design, development, and testing phase. Phase III includes a real-world demonstration of the applications developed as part of this pilot). This document presents the concept of operations (ConOps) for the pilot program. The ConOps is a user-oriented document that describes system characteristics for a proposed system from the users’ viewpoint. The ConOps has been drafted to communicate the users’ needs for and expectations of the proposed system that utilizes vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure connectivity to address adverse weather challenges along the I-80 corridor in Wyoming. The ConOps was developed through an intense process of stakeholder engagement and is consistent with the Connected Vehicle Reference Implementation Architecture (CVRIA). In general, the ConOps follows the template recommended by the IEEE Std 1362™-1998 (R2007) but outputs from the Systems Engineering Tool for Intelligent Transportation (SET-IT) are included directly where appropriate. The ConOps will be the guiding document for subsequent planning activities in Phase I including security, safety, human-use and performance management plan development. KW - Deployment KW - Interstate 80 KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Road weather information systems KW - Trucking KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications KW - Wyoming UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56900/56997/FHWA-JPO-16-287.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599215 AU - Issa, Mohsen A AU - Lotfy, Ibrahim AU - Farhat, Maen AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Effect of Pre-drilling, Loading Rate and Temperature Variation on the Behavior of Railroad Spikes used for High Density Polyethylene Crossties PY - 2015/12/10/Final Report SP - 32p AB - The University of Illinois at Chicago conducted a series of studies to assess the feasibility of implementing High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) crossties in both conventional and high speed rail applications. In this report, an investigation aiming to understand and assess the performance of typical railroad spikes used with recycled HDPE crossties is presented. The objectives of this report were to: (1) Understand the behavior of rail spikes under pure pullout forces and their interactions with the HDPE crosstie; (2) Assess the effect of temperature, rate of loading and type of spike on the spike pullout behavior; (3) Investigate the behavior of rail spikes when subjected to lateral forces; and (4) Develop accurate finite element modeling techniques, which accurately portray the behavior of the fastening system using the experimental data. KW - Composite materials KW - Drilling KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Finite element method KW - Load factor KW - Plastics KW - Railroad ties KW - Spikes KW - Thermal properties UR - http://www.nurailcenter.org/research/final_reports/UIC/NURail2012-UIC-R02-Combined_reduced1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584257 AU - Department of Transportation TI - Weaknesses in MARAD’s Management Controls for Risk Mitigation, Workforce Development, and Program Implementation Hinder the Agency’s Ability to Meet its Mission PY - 2015/12/10/Audit Report SP - 28p AB - The Office of Inspector General (OIG) initiated this audit to assess the United States Maritime Administration's (MARAD) management controls for (1) planning, performance measurement, and risk management; (2) organizational structure and workforce development; and (3) program implementation, monitoring, and oversight of core mission requirements. To conduct this work, OIG assessed MARAD’s management controls organization-wide and for five specific program areas: (1) National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) Reserve Fleet Operations, (2) Historic Preservation Program, (3) Ship Disposal Program, (4) Vessel Transfer Office (VTO), and (5) Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) Grant Oversight. These program areas were selected based on MARAD’s risk assessments, congressional interest, and input from OIG investigators or previous audits KW - Grant aid KW - Historic preservation KW - Organization KW - Oversight KW - Performance measurement KW - Personnel development KW - Recommendations KW - Risk management KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery KW - U.S. Maritime Administration UR - https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/MARAD%20Management%20Controls%20Final%20Report_12-10-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377953 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01587290 TI - Acquisition Distance of LED Based Runway Closure Lighting AB - This project will evaluate the pilot acquisition distance of light emitting diodes LED-based runway closure lighting to ascertain if such lighting is comparable or greater than traditional incandescent (L-893) runway closure lighting. Evaluation will be completed at three airports with varying light pollution, during day and night Visual Flight Rules. This project proposes a series of controlled field experiments to be conducted at three test airports using traditional runway closure lighting (incandescent) and LED-based closure lighting. Pilots will fly approaches to a closed runway and report the distance at which the lighted Xs of each type are first observed as well as when the pilots detect the actual X and color displayed. This statement of work proposes the field experiments be conducted at the Purdue University Airport, the Ohio State University Airport, and the Orlando Melbourne International Airport. Partnering in this study will be: (1) The Federal Aviaton Administration (FAA) who will supply the LED test equipment, (2) Purdue University, Ohio State University, and Florida Institute of Technology who will supply research staff, airport technicians, and a specified location on their respective airports to administer the study, (3) Pilots and students from the respective universities who will evaluate the lighting acquisition distances and (4) The Purdue University Airport, the Ohio State University Airport, and the Orlando Melbourne International Airport. KW - Air traffic control KW - Aircraft pilotage KW - Airport operations KW - Airport runways KW - Aviation safety KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting systems KW - Visual flight UR - https://www.pegasas.aero/projects.php?p=28 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1392192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590468 AU - Scott, David AU - White, Donald AU - Stewart, Lauren AU - Arson, Chloe AU - Bakhtiary, Esmaeel AU - Lee, Seo-Hun AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating the Performance of Guardrail Systems for Installation in Georgia by Driving Through Asphalt Layers PY - 2015/12/04/Final Report SP - 155p AB - The preferred procedure for guardrail installation in the State of Georgia includes a layer of asphalt (usually referred to as a “mow strip”) placed to retard vegetation growth around the guardrail. The objective of this multi-phase research program is to develop effective alternatives to post installation methods that incorporate a leave-out around the post. The work described in this report represents Phase I of the overall research effort. The research team evaluated the structural performance of guardrail posts installed in accordance with current GDOT (Georgia Department of Transportation) procedures that include an asphalt mow strip, as well as alternative installation options developed in conjunction with GDOT personnel. The current state of practice related to the use of asphalt vegetation barriers in the United States was identified through on a nationwide survey. An experimental program was carried out in accordance with applicable American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) guidelines. In parallel with the experimental program, a three dimensional finite element model was developed for a guardrail post installed through an asphalt layer. Results from the experimental program and finite element analyses were used to develop a series of quantitative criteria to evaluate the performance of the various post/mow strip configurations. Parametric studies were conducted on pertinent geometric variables in terms of the quantitative performance criteria. The results of this Phase I research program demonstrate that (1) there are potential combinations of mow strip thickness and rear distance that are likely to result in satisfactory dynamic performance, and (2) two techniques appear effective in reducing the ground-level restraint imparted by a mow strip on a guardrail system: decreasing the mow strip rear distance behind the post, and pre-cutting the mow strip in the region behind the post. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Finite element method KW - Georgia KW - Guardrails KW - Installation KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - State of the practice UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/13-21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583592 AU - Solaimanian, Mansour AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices for the Design, Evaluation and Quality Control of High Percentage RAP Mixes PY - 2015/12/01/Final Report SP - 58p AB - Placing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) back on the roadway is a common and popular technique in the paving industry. There are always challenges associated with this type of recycling, especially when the RAP content in the newly paved asphalt mix exceeds 20 to 30 percent by mass of the total mix. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and many state highway agencies have been pursuing usage of high RAP content in asphalt mixes. There are concerns about uniformity of the stockpiled RAP and the brittleness of the RAP aged binder. When using high RAP content in asphalt mixes, high quality can only be achieved through best practices in design, RAP stockpile management, and construction. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) has been an advocate of using RAP in asphalt pavements. Under a PennDOT-sponsored project, Penn State was charged with reviewing and revising PennDOT publications based on the most recent research findings in regard to RAP usage. The PennDOT documents that were affected by these practices were Publication 27, Specification 408, and Publication 2 (POM). Most of the changes incorporated into PennDOT publications were applicable to RAP usage. However, the changes also covered usage of recycled asphalt shingles (RAS). The overall goal of this work was the adaptation and implementation of accepted best practices for mix design procedures and performance evaluation of higher percentage RAP mixes. The main objective of this work was to make necessary changes to PennDOT publications affected by recently proposed practices by National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 752 and its accompanying report on the best RAP management practices. KW - Best practices KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation KW - Quality control KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Recycled materials KW - Specifications UR - http://www.dot7.state.pa.us/BPR_PDF_FILES/Documents/Research/Complete%20Projects/Construction/Best%20Practices%20for%20Design%20Evaluation%20and%20Quality%20Control%20of%20High%20Percentage%20RAP%20Mixes.pdf UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/PSU-2014-03.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56768/Best_Practices_for_Design_Evaluation_and_Quality_Control_of_High_Percentage_RAP_Mixes.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583527 AU - Amekudzi-Kennedy, Adjo AU - Southworth, Frank AU - Rodgers, Michael AU - Ross, Catherine AU - Boadi, Richard AU - Amoaning-Yankson, Stephanie AU - Brodie, Stefanie AU - Akofio-Sowah, Margaret-Avis AU - Smith-Colin, Janille AU - Fischer, Jamie AU - Wall, Thomas AU - Georgia Transportation Institute University Transportation Center (GTI-UTC) AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Transportation Systems Health: Concepts, Applications & Significance PY - 2015/12/01/Final Report SP - 83p AB - This report offers conceptual and analytical frameworks and application examples to address the question: how can broader statewide (or national) objectives be achieved while formally taking into consideration different regional priorities and constraints? -- a pertinent multi-scalar and multi-dimensional issue in performance-based planning under MAP-21: Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century. The study defines health as the extent to which a transportation system meets the deficiency (i.e., basic) and growth (i.e., beyond basic) needs of the communities it serves, from various decision-making and stakeholder perspectives (e.g., state, regional, city, urban, rural, etc.). A conceptual framework for transportation system health is developed, using Maslow’s Theory of Motivation, and applied to characterize regional transportation priorities in the state of Georgia. A supporting analytical framework is developed to analyze regional highway corridor health. The framework applies goal programming methods to develop corridor utility values that capture state and regional priorities in different corridors. Analysis results show that the relative priority rankings of corridors based on state versus regional priorities can differ, and can inform decisions to augment overall statewide and regional social and economic benefits. The study explores an expanded set of performance measures, using existing and available data for urban and rural areas. It explains how regional deficiency-growth profiles and statewide goals can inform the selection of performance measures and setting of performance targets. The report concludes with implementation guidelines to formally incorporate system health considerations in transportation planning and decision making in state transportation agencies. KW - Decision making KW - Georgia KW - Highway corridors KW - Performance measurement KW - Regional planning KW - Stakeholders KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/14-34.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56766/14-34.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01624684 AU - Sobolev, Konstantin AU - Moini, Mohamadreza AU - Cramer, Steve AU - Flores-Vivian, Ismael AU - Muzenski, Scott AU - Pradoto, Rani AU - Fahim, Ahmed AU - Pham, Le AU - Kozhukhova, Marina AU - University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - Temple University AU - Bloom Companies, LLC AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laboratory Study of Optimized Concrete Pavement Mixtures PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 226p AB - Recent research supported by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) concluded that concrete produced with reduced cementitious materials content had an adequate durability; however, tested mixes frequently demonstrated poor workability. As a result, a need was identified for a multi-faceted approach to optimize the mixture proportions for low-slump concrete in pavements in order to realize the benefits related to reduced cementitious material content. The reported approach includes the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), optimized aggregate gradations, and the use of superplasticizers (high-range water reducing admixtures). Current WisDOT practice minimizes the use of portland cement through replacement with SCMs, but does not address the use optimized aggregate gradation or superplasticizers. Therefore, additional research was conducted to support the development of specifications inclusive of these factors to improve the performance and sustainability of concrete paving mixtures used in Wisconsin. This research project evaluated the feasibility of expanding current specifications to incorporate the optimized superplasticized concrete in sustainable concrete paving applications. Furthermore, the goal of the reported study was to produce the guidelines for optimizing concrete mix design by evaluating the performance of a range of concrete mixtures. The performance evaluation of optimized concrete included the workability (slump), air content, compressive and flexural strength, freeze-thaw resistance, and rapid chloride permeability in accordance with the relevant American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) or ASTM standards. Finally, the reported research recommended the selection of aggregate gradations and superplasticizing admixtures in low-slump concrete with reduced cementitious materials intended for paving applications. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Cement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mix design KW - Optimization KW - Permeability KW - Specifications KW - Strength of materials KW - Superplasticizers KW - Wisconsin KW - Workability UR - http://wisconsindot.gov/documents2/research/13-04-final-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1446869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01622398 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Report to Congress: “Electronic Systems Performance in Passenger Motor Vehicles” PY - 2015/12 SP - 63p AB - The use of electronics in the design of modern automobiles is a rapid ongoing progression. The first common use of automotive electronics dates back to the 1970s and by now a typical automobile features over 100 microprocessors, 50 electronic control units (ECUs), five miles of wiring and 100 million lines of code. This report responds to the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) requirement that the Secretary of Transportation to “complete an examination of the need for safety standards with regard to electronic systems in passenger motor vehicles.” As outlined in section 31402, MAP-21 directed the agency to consider the following topics in conducting this examination: (1) electronic components, (2) interaction of electronic components, (3) security needs for those electronic components to prevent unauthorized access, and (4) effect of surrounding environments on the electronic systems. Moreover, MAP-21 directed the agency to allow for public comment in conducting this examination. Upon completing the examination, MAP-21 also directed the agency to submit a report to Congress on the highest priority areas for safety with regard to the electronic systems. On October 7, 2014, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued a Request For Comment (RFC) in the Federal Register (FR) requesting public comment on Automotive Electronic Control Systems Safety and Security [Docket No. NHTSA-2014-0108 ]. This report conveys NHTSA’s findings from conducting its examination, addresses the public comments received from said examination, and subsequently lists “the highest priority areas for safety with regard to electronic systems.” KW - Computer security KW - Electronic components KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle electronics KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/electronic-systems-performance-in-motor20vehicles.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01620258 AU - Nodine, Emily AU - Stevens, Scott AU - Lam, Andy AU - Jackson, Chris AU - Najm, Wassim G AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Independent Evaluation of Light-Vehicle Safety Applications Based on Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications Used in the 2012-2013 Safety Pilot Model Deployment PY - 2015/12//Research Report SP - 129p AB - This report presents the methodology and results of the independent evaluation of safety applications for passenger vehicles in the 2012-2013 Safety Pilot Model Deployment, part of the United States Department of Transportation’s Intelligent Transportation Systems research program. In 2012, the pilot model deployed approximately 2,800 vehicles equipped with designated short-range-communication-based vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure technology in a real-world driving environment. The goals of the independent evaluation were to characterize the capability, assess unintended consequences, and gauge driver acceptance of the V2V safety applications. The evaluation is based on naturalistic driving by 127 participants who drove passenger vehicles with fully integrated V2V communication systems for 6 months each. Additionally, 293 participants drove passenger cars with aftermarket communication systems for 12 months each. The 127 integrated-vehicle and 293 aftermarket-device participant’s vehicles were equipped with a suite of V2V safety applications that issued alerts to participants in potential crash scenarios. The results of the analysis suggest that V2V safety applications work in a real-world environment and issue valid alerts in driving conflicts, but improvements in their ability to correctly differentiate imminent threats from various normal driving situations are needed so as to reduce nuisance warnings. Results from the model deployment will help shape future research direction. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Dedicated short range communications KW - Evaluation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety Pilot Model Deployment KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60548/812222-EvalLightVehicleSafetyAppsBasedV2V.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01619072 AU - Krechmer, Daniel AU - Cheung, May Gin AU - Hyde, Jason AU - Osborne, James AU - Jensen, Mark AU - Flanigan, Erin AU - Cambridge Systematics AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Connected Vehicle Impacts on Transportation Planning: Technical Memorandum #5: Case Studies PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 91p AB - The principal objective of this project, “Connected Vehicle Impacts on Transportation Planning,” is to comprehensively assess how connected vehicles should be considered across the range of transportation planning processes and products developed by States, Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO), and local agencies throughout the country. This report summarizes the results of one of the key tasks, development of illustrative scenarios of connected-automated vehicle (C/AV) planning, based on real-world planning environments, that highlight the various ways that C/AVs can be addressed in planning processes and products. The first section includes a comprehensive overview of C/AV technology and deployment, followed by C/AV case studies. While the impact of C/AV on each of the planning products will differ, the fundamental technical and policy aspects are the same. Case studies included are: 1) Transportation Improvement Program; 2) Regional Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Architecture; 3) Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan; 4) Long-Range Metropolitan Transportation Plan; 5) Asset Management Plan; 6) Strategic Highway Safety Plan; 7) State Implementation Plan; 8) Transit Development Plan; 9) Public Involvement Plan; 10) Freight Plan; and 11) Financial Plan. Each case study includes an overview of the planning product and explores potential impacts of C/AV on the planning product, the process used to develop it, and related tools and techniques. In addition, a sample C/AV project is presented for nine of the case studies. The Public Involvement Plan (case study #9) and the Financial Plan (case study #11) do not include specific project examples, since development of the plan itself is the only activity. KW - Asset management KW - Case studies KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Public participation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60200/60295/FHWA-JPO-16-281_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1436214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01617702 AU - Khattak, Aemal AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - University Transportation Center for Railway Safety AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Improving Safety at Rural Highway-Rail Grade Crossings by Utilizing Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Technology PY - 2015/12 SP - 9p AB - The objective of this research is to test and validate the feasibility of a computer-based tool that safety analysts can use to quickly assess rural highway-rail grade crossings for large truck traffic in case of an emergency or route closure situation. The suitability of many rural highway-rail grade crossings for use by large trucks with trailers is a concern because of the possibility of trucks getting stuck on the rail tracks when excessive grade difference exists between the rails and approach surface of the crossing highway. While trucks usually ply on designated routes, emergencies and highway closures may necessitate re-routing of trucks to rural highways with grade crossings that may not have the safe geometry needed for large trucks with trailers. Therefore, it would be useful to have a computer-based tool and relevant data by which analysts could quickly assess crossing suitability without the need for field visits. The availability of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data for most of Nebraska makes the possibility of developing a computer-based tool that allows analysts to assess the suitability of highway-rail crossings for large vehicles a possibility. LiDAR data are usually collected using an appropriately-equipped airplane that flies and collects the locations of millions of points on the Earth’s surface. Using geographic information systems (GIS) software, the point cloud can be converted into a terrain model replicating the surface profile. LiDAR data are available for most of Nebraska and in many cases free of cost. This research will develop a computer-based tool utilizing LiDAR data that will allow users to assess the suitability of rural highway-rail grade crossings for use by large trucks. Field validation of the results from the tool will be carried out as part of this research. KW - Clearances (Navigation) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Geographic information systems KW - Laser radar KW - Nebraska KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Rural highways KW - Street closure KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks UR - http://www.utrgv.edu/railwaysafety/_files/documents/research/operations/improving-safety-at-hrgc-by-using-lidar-technology.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1429565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616958 AU - Markiewicz, Alexandra AU - McCoy, Kevin AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Regional Cooperation and Environmental Justice in Transportation Planning in Ohio: A Regional Models of Cooperation Peer Exchange Summary Report PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 26p AB - This report highlights key themes identified at the “Regional Cooperation and Environmental Justice in Transportation Planning in Ohio” Peer Exchange held on December 15, 2015 in Columbus, Ohio. The Regional Models of Cooperation Initiative, which is funded by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), sponsored this event. The purpose of the peer exchange was to share best practices in incorporating environmental justice into transportation planning and to determine how models of regional cooperation can inform this process. Peer agencies included: Baltimore Metropolitan Council (BMC), FHWA Washington Division Office, and Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). KW - Baltimore Metropolitan Council KW - Best practices KW - Cooperation KW - Environmental justice KW - Florida Department of Transportation KW - Ohio KW - Peer exchange KW - Regional planning KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60100/60130/columbus_environmental_justice.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1428263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616957 AU - Prevedouros, Panos D AU - Horowitz, Alan J AU - Mitropoulos, Lambros AU - Yu, Xin (Alyx) AU - Shi, Liang AU - Lee, Daniel AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidelines for Project-Level Traffic Forecasting for Hawaii Department of Transportation PY - 2015/12 SP - 127p AB - These guidelines describe both best practice and acceptable practice for performing project-level traffic forecasts for the State of Hawaii. The guidelines describe a number of techniques and options that are all acceptable within their intended scope, specific to the technique. Techniques include (1) Custom travel forecasts using conventional three-step or four-step travel forecasting software; (2) Refinement of existing travel forecasts or of new forecasts from existing models; and (3) Statistical analysis of time series. To the extent possible these guidelines are consistent with national standards including the “Analytical Travel Forecasting Approaches for Project Level Planning and Design,” National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 765, which is an update of NCHRP Report 255. Four extensive case studies were developed with Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) data, case study 1 based on the Lahaina Bypass, case study 2 based on the Saddle Road/West Side Defense Access Road (Daniel K. Inouye Highway), case study 3 which is a trends analysis on major highways, and case study 4 on models correlating Average Daily Traffic (ADT) with other trends. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Construction projects KW - Guidelines KW - Hawaii KW - Hawaii Department of Transportation KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Travel demand KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1428266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01614850 AU - Delaware Department of Transportation AU - Delaware Office of Highway Safety AU - Delaware State Police AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Delaware Strategic Highway Safety Plan: Toward Zero Deaths PY - 2015/12 SP - 76p AB - This plan builds upon the success of Delaware’s previous plans and is designed to be a “living document” that provides a framework within which roadway safety programs and initiatives can be evaluated and selected based on their consistency with the goals of the Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP). Delaware’s coordinating agencies collaborated to update Delaware’s emphasis areas based on current crash data, establish performance-based goals, identify strategies and countermeasures, and evaluate progress of the SHSP. The overall mission of the plan is to eliminate fatalities and serious injuries on Delaware’s roadways through a multi-agency approach that utilizes education, enforcement, engineering, and emergency medical service strategies. The emphasis areas for the 2015 plan are: intersections, roadway departure, impaired driving, unrestrained motorists, motorcycles, speeding, pedestrians, and traffic records. Performance measures relevant to the emphasis areas as well as those required by Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) are included in the plan. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Delaware KW - Emergency medical services KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - Performance measurement KW - Safety programs KW - Stakeholders KW - Strategic Highway Safety Plan KW - Strategic planning UR - https://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/manuals/shsp/DE_SHSP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1426162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613029 AU - Tsai, Yichang (James) AU - Wang, Zhaohua AU - Wang, Chieh (Ross) AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing a GDOT Pavement Marking Handbook Using Field Test Deck Evaluation and Long-term Performance Analysis PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 183p AB - This research project comprehensively reviewed the state departments of transportation’s (DOTs) practices on selecting and inspecting pavement marking materials (PMMs) and evaluated pavement marking retroreflectivity data collected on the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) Test Deck and the National Transportation Product Evaluation Program (NTPEP) test decks. A methodology was developed to enhance the reliability of pavement marking retroreflectivity analysis by systematically identifying and removing retroreflectivity data with irregular variability, such as inconsistent retroreflectivity along the same section, as well as irregular temporal jumps in retroreflectivity. Statistical models were further developed to predict the retroreflectivity and expected service life of selected PMMs. Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was then conducted to calculate the expected life-cycle cost of each type of material. Results of the comprehensive review and data analysis were finally integrated into a Pavement Marking Handbook for GDOT to have a standardized and consistent reference for selecting and inspecting PMMs. An interactive tutorial was also developed to enhance the content of the Handbook through interactive means such as images, videos, and user inputs. KW - Field tests KW - Georgia KW - Handbooks KW - Life cycle costing KW - Long term performance KW - Materials selection KW - Mathematical models KW - National Transportation Product Evaluation Program KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Service life UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/12-31.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01612169 AU - Shin, Hyeon-Shic AU - Lee, Young-Jae AU - Park, Byungkyu "Brian" AU - Morgan State University AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Research Product Transfer for Local Calibration Factors of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) and Integrated Surrogate Safety Assessment Framework PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 22p AB - This technology transfer workshop presented transportation planners in the public and private sectors with two successful and closely related studies, conducted respectively by Morgan State University and the University of Virginia. The first module of the workshop is based on the two studies recently completed by a team of researchers at Morgan State University. The Maryland State Highway Administration (SHA) funded the studies. The first study developed local calibration factors for the State of Maryland by adjusting the predicted crash frequencies on state-maintained roadway facilities using the predictive methods of the first edition of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) (Association of American State Highway Transportation Officials, 2010). While the HSM is the first comprehensive and systematic approach to transportation research, prototype models must be readjusted for each state in order to account for, to name a few, different traffic characteristics, roadway geometrics, socioeconomic characteristics, weather, and geology specific to a study region. The factor for adjusting predicted crash frequencies is called the local calibration factor (LCF). The second study assessed the safety conditions of base and future traffic scenarios for an interchange on I-495. This study used the new chapters of the HSM for Interstate highways. The second module presented the surrogate safety assessment model (SSAM) in assessing safety conducted by researchers at the University of Virginia. The SSAM can be applied to conditions such as when historical crash data are not available or new technology is under consideration. KW - Calibration KW - Crash rates KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate highways KW - Local conditions KW - Maryland KW - Surrogate Safety Assessment Model KW - Technology transfer UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/MAUTC-2013-06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01612156 AU - Rakha, Hesham AU - Chen, Hao AU - Haghani, Ali AU - Zhang, Xuechi AU - Hamedi, Masoud AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Use of Probe Data for Arterial Roadway Travel Time Estimation and Freeway Medium-term Travel Time Prediction PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 86p AB - Urban traffic congestion is a problem that plagues many cities in the United States. One approach to alleviating this congestion is to provide drivers with better travel time information so that they can make better departure time and routing decisions. This research project focuses on two efforts: (1) validating the use of probe data to estimate arterial travel times and (2) validating and developing techniques to predict freeway travel times over a 2 to 4 hour window. With regards to the arterial travel time estimation the objectives are two-fold. The first goal is a comprehensive validation of INRIX arterial data. In the validation the variability and reliability of arterial data in different corridors equipped with permanent and portable traffic sensors will be studied under different traffic conditions. The second goal is to develop a methodology for augmenting INRIX data with other data sources in order to improve the data quality. With regards to freeway travel time prediction the objectives are also two-fold. The first objective is to validate the INRIX travel time prediction algorithms along a number of corridors in the state of Virginia. The second objective is to enhance the prediction accuracy using various pattern recognition and machine learning techniques. KW - Algorithms KW - Arterial highways KW - Data quality KW - Estimating KW - Floating car data KW - Freeways KW - INRIX KW - Learning (Artificial intelligence) KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Probe vehicles KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Travel time UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/MAUTC-2013-05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1424167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610843 AU - Haddock, John E AU - McCullouch, Bob AU - Domonkos, Richard AU - Atisso, Etienne AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Standardized Component-Based Equipment Specifications and Transition Plan into a Predictive Maintenance Strategy SN - 9781622603916 PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 62p AB - This project investigated Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) equipment records and equipment industry standards to produce standard equipment specifications and a predictive maintenance schedule for the more than 1100 single and tandem axle trucks in use at INDOT. The research utilized equipment records from the M5 software program that INDOT currently uses. The predictive maintenance schedule includes the major components, those items whose cost is more than $200. There were other outcomes and related equipment recommendations produced. Based on the data analysis, expected component life was calculated and the results reported in the predictive maintenance schedule. The research team consulted with other equipment industry sources to include other components and maintenance activities that should be included in a predictive schedule. Other reported results are a daily driver checklist, other recommended maintenance programs, recommendations to truck specifications, shop based software tools, and oil sampling program. Also an Excel analysis tool was developed for use at INDOT to categorize parts and perform average life analyses. KW - Data analysis KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Recommendations KW - Scheduling KW - Service life KW - Specifications KW - Trucks UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316013 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1422154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01610513 AU - Chien, Steven AU - Mouskos, Kyriacos AU - New Jersey Institute of Technology AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Optimizing Work Zones for Highway Maintenance with Floating Car Data (FCD) PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 57p AB - One of the main tools that the Department of Transportation (DOT) of each state in the United States should have to support their work zone activities is a sound model that produces adequate work zone schedules for roadway maintenance and construction projects; this should be able to produce reliable estimates of the impacts on traffic flow characteristics due to work zone activity. Existing analytical models used by DOTs have been developed based on traditional volume/capacity formulas with deterministic traffic queuing theory. However, the shortcomings of these models often result in inaccurate estimates of traffic flow delay, speed and associated costs. The objective of this report is to develop a methodology that accomplishes the following: 1) Estimates the traffic flow characteristics in work zones using Floating Car Data (FCD) also known as vehicle-probe data; 2) Minimizes the impact of work zones on traffic flow characteristics; and 3) Minimizes the total work zone impact cost (including maintenance cost, idling cost, vehicle emissions, and user cost) yielded by the optimized work zone lengths and the associated schedule. The developed methodology takes advantage of the fact that the majority of freeways throughout the United States are now monitored through vehicle probe data that are based on the following technologies: 1) The proliferation of a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) in vehicles and cellular phones that provide vehicle location and speed data every second; and 2) The proliferation of Bluetooth Technology (BT), in which vehicle location and speed/travel time are estimated using BT installed at the side of the roadway – while BT is currently under more limited coverage, which is expanding rapidly. These FCD technologies provide an added dimension to the estimation of traffic flow characteristics in work zones, namely travel time, speed, and associated delay. To test this methodology, two case studies were conducted using a real work zone on a segment of Interstate I-287 in New Jersey. KW - Bluetooth technology KW - Case studies KW - Cellular telephones KW - Floating car data KW - Global Navigation Satellite System KW - Highway maintenance KW - Interstate highways KW - New Jersey KW - Optimization KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time KW - Work zones UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/pubs/Final-Report-Optimizing-Work-Zones-for-Highway-Maintenance_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1423193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608725 AU - Kogler, Robert AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Corrosion Protection of Steel Bridges PY - 2015/12 SP - 83p AB - Corrosion is a serious threat to the long-term function and integrity of a steel bridge. Structural steel will corrode if left unprotected or inadequately protected from the natural environment. This corrosion can take the form of general uniform thickness loss or concentrated pitting depending on exposure to the environment and the steel design detail in question. Bridge designers should view corrosion as a long term threat to the integrity of the bridge structure, and is a critical consideration that must be addressed in a rational manner during the design process. While there are several proven strategies for corrosion protection of steel bridges, there is no universal solution. The proper system must be chosen to accommodate cost, fabrication and productivity, and long term performance and maintenance. Additionally, each corrosion protection system must be selected based on the anticipated exposure of the structure to corrosive elements over its lifetime. This module highlights the most common issues confronting bridge designers regarding corrosion protection and provides guidance in this area. KW - Bridge design KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608716 AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Loads and Load Combinations PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 22p AB - Sections 1 and 3 of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications, 7th Edition discuss various aspects of loads. The load factors are tabulated in Table 3.4.1-1 of the AASHTO LRFD and are associated with various limit states and further various load combinations within the limit states. This module discusses the various components of load and provides information beyond that contained in the AASHTO LRFD that will be useful to the designer. It also discusses and reviews the various limit-state load combinations to assist the designer in avoiding non-governing load combinations. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Handbooks KW - Load factor KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608711 AU - Wright, Ken AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Stringer Bridges and Making the Right Choices PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 33p AB - Once a bridge type is selected, the designer then advances to the detailed design of the bridge. Since the vast majority of steel bridges designed today are steel girders made composite with concrete bridge decks, this module covers many detail issues that are encountered when designing a composite deck girder system. This module addresses the design of welded plate girders. However, many of the principles presented are also applicable to the design of rolled beam bridges. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Composite structures KW - Handbooks KW - Plate girder bridges KW - Plate girders KW - Steel bridges KW - Stringers UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608707 AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tennessee DOT Transportation Asset Management Gap Analysis and Implementation Plan PY - 2015/12//Final Plan SP - 28p AB - The mission of the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) is to enable the safe and efficient movement of people and goods by fostering a robust multimodal transportation system, including highways, airports, public transit, bicycle/pedestrian facilities, railroads, and navigable waterways. To further this mission, TDOT is committed to integrating a risk-based asset management approach into its business practices, the primary objective being to improve the management of its transportation assets over time, increase transparency in agency decision-making, and promote accountability with Tennessee taxpayers. Of critical importance, the approach will allow the department to transition to policy-driven management strategies that clearly define what assets need to be improved, timeframes for effective improvement, and realistic priorities for the department given available revenues. In support of the improvement process, TDOT conducted a transportation asset management (TAM) gap assessment for highway assets as part of a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) project. The FHWA is assisting 15 state DOTs with this type of assessment. TDOT’s objectives for the assessment were to compare current practices with state-of-the-art best practices used in other states, identify and prioritize gaps in these practices, and define a set of activities to address the most significant gaps. This report documents the results of the gap assessment and provides guidance for implementation. TDOT manages a wide range of assets to meet the public’s transportation needs. However, as an initial step, this implementation plan focuses only on TDOT’s bridges and pavements. KW - Asset management KW - Best practices KW - Bridges KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Implementation KW - Pavements KW - Risk management KW - Tennessee Department of Transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/gap/tngap.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608702 AU - Wright, William J AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Bridge Steels and Their Mechanical Properties PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 55p AB - This module presents an overview of structural steel products that are used for steel bridge construction. It is intended to serve as a reference and educational tool for structural engineers involved with bridge design and evaluation. The primary focus is on steel plate and rolled shape products that are available under the ASTM A709 Specification. This includes both a general introduction to steel making practices and a detailed discussion of mechanical properties. It also includes a brief introduction to other steel products such as bolts, castings, cables, and stainless steels that are often used for steel bridge connections and components. References are provided to the relevant American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and ASTM standards for additional information. The mechanical properties of bridge steels are presented based on the A 709 specification. The stress-strain behavior of the various steel grades is presented to provide an understanding of strength and ductility. Fracture toughness is discussed to relate how the Charpy V-notch test relates to fracture resistance in structures. Finally, the methodology for determining atmospheric corrosion resistance is presented along with the requirements for classification as "weathering steels" for use in un-coated applications. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge design KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Deformation curve KW - Fracture properties KW - Handbooks KW - Mechanical properties KW - Standards KW - Steel bridges KW - Steel plates KW - Welding UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608696 AU - Kaczinski, Mark AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Bearing Design PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 26p AB - Steel bridge bearings may be divided into three general types: elastomeric bearings, high-load multi-rotational bearings, and mechanical bearings. The designer must determine which bearing type is best suited to cost effectively accommodate the design requirements. This module provides practical information for efficient bearing design and detailing. The information contained in this module is drawn largely from the following two sources - National Steel Bridge Alliance's (NSBA's) “Steel Bridge Bearing Selection and Design Guide,” Highway Structures Design Guide, Volume II, Chapter 4 (Highway Structures Design Handbook Volume II, Chapter 4)) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)/NSBA Steel Bridge Collaboration, G9.1-2004 “Steel Bridge Bearing Design and Detailing Guidelines.” KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge design KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608692 AU - Helwig, Todd AU - Yura, Joseph AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Bracing System Design PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 91p AB - This module discusses the design of bracing systems for the superstructures of straight and curved girder systems. I-girder and box shaped members are covered. Bracing for other types of bridges, such as truss, arch or towers is not specifically addressed; however much of the information included in this module may be applicable. Bracing systems serve a number of important roles in both straight and horizontally curved bridges. The braces provide stability to the primary girders as well as improving the lateral or torsional stiffness and strength of the bridge system both during construction and in service. Depending on the geometry of the bridge, braces may be designated as either primary or secondary members. The engineer needs to recognize the importance of the bracing systems and bracing member design for appropriates construction and in-service stages. This module provides an overview of the design requirements of the braces so that engineers can properly size the members to ensure adequate strength and stiffness. The module provides: a) an overview of bracing utilized for I-girders is covered, b) a discussion of the bracing systems for tub girders, c) design requirements for the members and connections of bracing systems. KW - Braces KW - Bracing KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Girder bridges KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges KW - Stiffness UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608685 AU - Wright, Ken AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Selecting the Right Bridge Type PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 27p AB - One of the initial choices to be made by the bridge designer is to select the most appropriate bridge type for the site. While this choice is not always straightforward, selecting the right structure type is probably the important aspect of designing a cost-effective bridge. This particular module provides bridge designers with the tools to select the right bridge type for the given site. Bridge types discussed included rolled steel beam, steel plate girder, trusses, arches, cable-stayed, and suspension bridges. KW - Bridge design KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Girder bridges KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges KW - Suspension bridges KW - Truss bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608668 AU - Chavel, Brandon AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Bridge Deck Design PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 47p AB - The primary function of a bridge deck is to support the vehicular vertical loads and distribute these loads to the steel superstructure. This module provides practical information regarding the decking options and design considerations for steel bridges, presenting deck types such as concrete deck slabs, metal grid decks, orthotropic steel decks, wood decks, and several others. The choice of a particular deck type to use can depend on several factors, which may include the specific application, initial cost, life cycle cost, durability, weight, or owner requirements. For the deck types discussed herein, a brief description of the particular deck type is given, in addition to general design and detail considerations. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume17.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608664 AU - Barth, Karl AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 2B: Two-Span Continuous Straight Composite Steel Wide-Flange Beam Bridge PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 84p AB - This design example presents an alternative design for that presented in the Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 2A. Specifically, the design of a continuous steel wide-flange beam bridge is presented using a standard shape rolled I-beam, as an alternative to the plate girder design. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications are the governing specifications and all aspects of the provisions applicable to wide-flange beam bridge design (cross-section proportion limits, constructibility, serviceability, fatigue, and strength requirements) are considered. Furthermore, the optional moment redistribution specifications will be invoked. In addition to the beam design, the design of the concrete deck is also included. A basic wind analysis of the structure is also presented. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Composite structures KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Handbooks KW - Plate girders KW - Steel bridges KW - Wind UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/designexample03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608659 AU - Coletti, Domenic AU - Puckett, Jay AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Structural Analysis PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 55p AB - An important aspect of the structural analysis process is the selection of the mathematical model and associated analysis method. Few absolute guidelines are available for the selection of an analysis method. The number of permutations resulting from various combinations of complicating physical features and mathematical models is virtually boundless. This decision should be based on an evaluation of the nature and complexity of the structure, a thorough understanding of the expected behavior, and knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of the various analysis options. Therefore, this module provides an overview for the structural analysis of steel girder bridges. Discussions include the applicable loads, descriptions of the various tools and techniques available, and considerations for selecting the appropriate application or technique for a given bridge. KW - Bridge design KW - Girder bridges KW - Handbooks KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608656 AU - Eaton, Roger A AU - Boring, Calvin AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Design for Constructibility PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 33p AB - In many cases, bridge designers concern themselves only with checking the stability and member stress levels in the structure for the in-service condition after erection of the entire superstructure is complete. But many times the critical stress in a particular component is encountered during the erection of the bridge where large unbraced lengths affect the stability of the partially completed structure. This module describes typical erection methods and procedures and highlights some of the aspects that should be considered by the designer. With this basic knowledge, the bridge designer can determine which, if any, of these aspects are a concern for his/her particular design situation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Erection (Building) KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges KW - Stresses UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608652 AU - Grubb, Michael A AU - Schmidt, Robert E AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 1: Three-Span Continuous Straight Composite Steel I-Girder Bridge PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 172p AB - The basic application of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications to the design of straight steel I-section flexural members is illustrated through this design example. The example illustrates the design of a typical three-span continuous straight steel I-girder bridge with spans of 140.0 feet – 175.0 feet – 140.0 feet. Specifically, the example illustrates the design of selected critical sections from an exterior girder at the strength, service and fatigue limit states. Constructibility checks, stiffener and shear connector designs are also presented. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Composite structures KW - Girder bridges KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/designexample01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608650 AU - Rivera, Julie AU - Chavel, Brandon AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 3: Three-Span Continuous Horizontally Curved Composite Steel I-Girder Bridge PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 159p AB - Horizontally curved steel bridges present many unique challenges. Despite their challenges, curved girder bridges have become widespread and are commonly used at locations that require complex geometries and have limited right-of-way, such as urban interchanges. Some of the important issues that differentiate curved steel girders from their straight counterparts include the effects of torsion, flange lateral bending, their inherent lack of stability, and special constructibility concerns. Also, the complex behavior of horizontally curved bridges necessitates the consideration of system behavior in the analysis. This design example illustrates the design calculations for a curved steel I-girder bridge, considering the Strength, Service, fatigue and Constructibility Limits States in accordance with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Designs specifications. Calculations are provided for design checks at particular girder locations, a bolted field splice design, a cross frame member design, shear connector design, and a bearing stiffener design. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Composite structures KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/designexample04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608646 AU - Day, Christopher M AU - Stevens, Amanda AU - Sturdevant, James R AU - Bullock, Darcy M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Alternative Intersections and Interchanges: Volume II—Diverging Diamond Interchange Signal Timing SN - 9781622603817 PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 44p AB - This report presents findings from field studies of operations at diverging diamond interchanges (DDIs) in Salt Lake City, Utah and Fort Wayne, Indiana. These discuss optimization of signal offsets both within the DDI, and with the DDI integrated as part of an arterial corridor. Optimization of Fort Wayne, Indiana corridor comprising the DDI and three neighboring intersections yielded an annualized user benefit of $564,000, when assessing origin‐destination paths both along the arterial and for movements to and from the freeway. This is the first field study of DDI offset optimization with neighboring intersections. Additionally, a pilot study was carried out in Salt Lake City on a new phasing scheme that incorporated a “holdback” phase into the signal sequence that delayed vehicles exiting the ramp in order to better coordinate their arrival at the downstream intersection, increasing the percent on green from 53% to 92%. The report concludes with a discussion of practical issues pertaining to DDI signal timing and provides a series of guidelines to assist in the design of new signal timing plans for future DDI deployments. KW - Arterial highways KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Fort Wayne (Indiana) KW - Offsets (Traffic signal timing) KW - Optimization KW - Origin and destination KW - Pilot studies KW - Salt Lake City (Utah) KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316012 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1418063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608630 AU - Bunner, Matthew AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Splice Design PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 87p AB - Typically it is not possible to fabricate, handle, ship or erect the entire length of a girder in one piece. In these cases, provisions must be made to splice multiple pieces of the girder together in the field to provide the required length. These splices must be capable of transmitting the shear and moment in the girder at the point of the splice. This module focuses on the factors which influence and the principles of the design of bolted field splices. Factors that influence field splice design and layout are presented, including span layout, curvature, and girder properties. General design provisions are also addressed in this module, including flexural resistance provided by a bolted field splice at the Strength and Service limit states, as well as detailing considerations. Lastly, a thorough design example of a bolted field splice for a steel I-girder is provided, illustrating calculations for flange and web stress, splice plate design, and bolt design. Strength, Service, and Fatigue limit states are considered, and design checks are provide for tension, compression, and shear resistance of splice plates, fracture and bearing resistance of splice plates, and strength and slip resistances of the bolted connections. KW - Bolts KW - Bridge design KW - Flanges KW - Flexural strength KW - Girders KW - Handbooks KW - Shear strength KW - Splice plates KW - Splicing KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608629 AU - Godazi, Khosro AU - Clark, Latissha AU - Hassell, Vincent AU - Texas Southern University, Houston AU - Southwest Region University Transportation Center AU - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology TI - Proposing Transportation Designs and Concepts to Make Houston METRO’s Southeast Line at the Palm Center Area more Walkable, Bikeable, and Livable PY - 2015/12 SP - 27p AB - Over the years, the Palm Center (PC) in Houston, Texas, has been the beneficiary of several economic development endeavors designed to ignite economic and community growth and revitalization. While these endeavors brought forth initial success, they have failed to transform the PC into a lasting model of economic growth and prosperity and to inspire community pride and engagement. The development of METRO’s Southeast Line light rail station at the Palm Center Transit Center presents the prime opportunity for meeting the needs of the community by implementing design concepts and principles that provide social, environmental, and economic benefits to those living within close proximity of the transit station. The objective of this study is to explore community partnerships and initiatives, Transit Oriented Development (TOD) and livable center concepts and principles, features from previously successful TODs, and lessons learned from past development initiatives designed to foster revitalization. The information gathered will be synthesized and presented as recommendations to help ensure the PC area reaches its full social, environmental and economic potential. The outcome of this project will provide communities, local government and transportation planning agencies with innovative ideas and planning strategies that will place the PC area on the path to sustainable growth and prosperity. KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Land use planning KW - Light rail transit KW - Rail transit stations KW - Recommendations KW - Sustainable development KW - Transit oriented development KW - Transportation planning KW - Walkability UR - http://static.tti.tamu.edu/swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/600451-00048-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1420405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608623 AU - Krause, Scott AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Steel Bridge Fabrication PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 33p AB - The purpose of this module is to explain the basic concepts of fabricating steel bridge structures. It is intended to serve as a resource for the engineer while preparing the design of the structure and as a reference throughout the life cycle of the bridge. The methods employed in the fabrication of a bridge structure are as variable as the structure itself. Each fabricator has its own way of solving the problems associated with each structure. This module is to serve as a reference document to facilitate fabricator/engineer communication. KW - Bridge design KW - Fabrication KW - Handbooks KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Steel bridges KW - Welding UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608614 AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Load Rating of Steel Bridges PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 25p AB - Load rating is defined as the determination of the live load carrying capacity of a bridge using as-built bridge plans and supplemented by information gathered from the latest field inspection. Load ratings are expressed as a rating factor or as a tonnage for a particular vehicle. Emphasis in load rating is on the live-load capacity and dictates the approach of determining rating factors instead of the design approach of satisfying limit states. Existing highway bridges are rated to prioritize a bridge owner’s needs, assure the traveling public’s safety, and facilitate the passage of goods. Bridges that cannot safely carry statutory loads, based on a load-rating evaluation, should be load posted, rehabilitated or replaced. This module informs designers of load ratings, and discusses the load and resistance factor rating (LRFR) methodology used for load rating evaluation. KW - Bridge design KW - Handbooks KW - Live loads KW - Load factor KW - Methodology KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608605 AU - Chavel, Brandon AU - Carnahan, James AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 4: Three-Span Continuous Straight Composite Steel Tub Girder Bridge PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 106p AB - Tub girders are often selected over I-girders because of their pleasing appearance offering a smooth, uninterrupted, cross section. Bracing, web stiffeners, utilities, and other structural and nonstructural components are typically hidden from view within the steel tub girder, resulting in the tub girder’s clean appearance. Additionally, steel tub girder bridges offer advantages over other superstructure types in terms of span range, stiffness, durability, and future maintenance. This design example demonstrates the design of a tangent three-span continuous composite tub girder bridge with a span arrangement of 187.5 ft - 275.0 ft - 187.5 ft. This example illustrates the flexural design of a section in positive flexure, the flexural design of a section in negative flexure, the shear design of the web, the evaluation of using a stiffened versus an unstiffened bottom flange in the negative flexure region, as well as discussions related to top flange lateral bracing and bearing design. KW - Bridge design KW - Composite structures KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Flexural strength KW - Girders KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/designexample05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608597 AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Design for Fatigue PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 36p AB - Fatigue in metals is the process of initiation and growth of cracks under the action of repetitive tensile loads. If crack growth is allowed to go on long enough, failure of the member can result when the uncracked cross-section is sufficiently reduced such that the member can no longer carry the internal forces for the crack extends in an unstable mode. The fatigue process can take place at stress levels that are substantially less than those associated with failure under static loading conditions. The usual condition that produces fatigue cracking is the application of a large number of load cycles. Consequently, the types of civil engineering applications that are susceptible to fatigue cracking include structures such as bridges. This document provides the practicing engineer with the background required to understand and use the design rules for fatigue resistance that are currently a standard part of design codes for fabricated steel structures. KW - Bridge design KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608594 AU - Coletti, Domenic AU - Sheahan, James AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Substructure Design PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 87p AB - While the main focus of the Steel Bridge Design Handbook is the design of steel girder superstructures, the overall design process associated with the design of substructures is equally important. This module provides an overview of many issues associated with substructure and foundation design. Many factors influence the selection of substructure and foundation materials, types, configurations, positions, and orientations. Often, existing constraints will limit the range of options and intrinsically lead the designer to only one or a few feasible solutions. This module provides designers with an overview of several foundation types including shallow foundations such as spread footings, and deep foundations that utilize piles or drilled shafts. The module also discusses conventional, integral, and semi-integral abutments, and provides considerations for the design and detailing of these substructure components. Several considerations for pier selection are also presented, including multi-column piers, single column piers, pile bents, straddle bents, and integral pier caps. Lastly, this module provides designers with information regarding substructure software availability, seismic design, precast substructures, and superstructure and substructure interaction. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge substructures KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Handbooks KW - Precast concrete KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608590 AU - Chavel, Brandon AU - Rivera, Julie AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 5: Three-Span Continuous Horizontally Curved Composite Steel Tub-Girder Bridge PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 184p AB - Tub girders, as closed-section structures, provide a more efficient cross section for resisting torsion than I-girders, which is especially important in horizontally curved highway bridges. The increased torsional resistance of a closed composite steel tub girder also results in an improved lateral distribution of live loads. For curved bridges, warping, or flange lateral bending, stresses are lower in tub girders, when compared to I-girders, since tub girder carry torsion primarily by means of St. Venant torsional shear flow around the perimeter of their closed sections, whereas I-girders have very low St. Venant torsional stiffness and carry torsion primarily by means of warping. This design example illustrates the design calculations for a curved steel tub girder bridge, considering the Strength, Service, fatigue and Constructibility Limits States in accordance with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Designs specifications. Calculations are provided for design checks at particular girder locations, a bolted field splice design, an internal pier diaphragm design, and a top flange lateral bracing member design. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Composite structures KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/designexample06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608588 AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Limit States PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 18p AB - In the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications, a limit state is defined as “a condition beyond which the bridge or component ceases to satisfy the provisions for which it was designed.” Bridges designed using the limit-states philosophy of the LRFD Specifications must satisfy “specified limit states to achieve the objectives of constructibility, safety and serviceability.” These objectives are met through the strength, service, fatigue-and-fracture and extreme-event limit states. This module provides bridge engineers with the background regarding the development and use of the various limit states contained in the LRFD Specifications. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Failure KW - Handbooks KW - Load limits KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608584 AU - Gatti, Walter AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Structural Steel Bridge Shop Drawings PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 42p AB - The preparation of shop drawings is a very specialized process with its own language and methods. The drawings and data for fabrication are developed from information presented on the contract drawings. These drawings contain the basic bridge geometry, pier and sub-structure locations and design, as well as the sizes of all material, weld and bolt sizes and the basic connection information. Fabrication, thus the shop drawings, must adhere to all the applicable specifications and the information on the contract plans. With this in mind, the detailers, shop drawing producers, must have experience, knowledge and ability to translate contract information into shop drawings. Steel bridge fabrication is a field unlike any others such as building construction, therefore most detailers who prepare steel bridge shop drawings specialize in bridges, and very few of them detail buildings or other steel structures. This document contains the history, present practices, and illustrations of the fundamentals of shop detail drawings for steel bridges, and is not intended to cover every type of bridge structure. The purpose is to familiarize engineers, detailers and other individuals involved with steel bridge fabrication on the preparation and use of shop detail drawings. KW - Bridge design KW - Fabrication KW - Handbooks KW - State of the practice KW - Steel bridges KW - Technical drawings UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608570 AU - Unnasch, Stefan AU - Riffel, Brent AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Life Cycle Associates, LLC AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Review of Jet Fuel Life Cycle Assessment Methods and Sustainability Metrics PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 123p AB - The primary aim of this study is to help aviation jet fuel purchasers (primarily commercial airlines and the U.S. military) to understand the sustainability implications of their jet fuel purchases and provide guidelines for procuring sustainable fuels. This study reviews literature on life cycle analysis and sustainability and identifies the regulatory requirements and third party standards for sustainable fuel use in different regions of the world. It also provides guidance in understanding the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions impacts of jet fuels, and defining guidelines for estimating the sustainability implications of criteria other than life cycle GHG emissions such as water use, land use, criteria pollutants, air toxics, biodiversity and a number of other issues as noted throughout this report. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Jet engine fuels KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Literature reviews KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Pollutants KW - Procurement KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Sustainable transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59262/LCAJetFuelSustainabilityReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1418800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608560 AU - Mertz, Dennis AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Redundancy PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 23p AB - Redundancy is “the quality of a bridge that enables it to perform its design function in a damaged state” and it is considered a desired characteristic of good design. The consideration of redundancy affects the design, fabrication and in-service inspection of steel bridge members especially when they are classified as fracture critical member (a steel tension member whose failure would probably cause collapse). This module provides engineers with an explanation of redundancy and how it affects the design, fabrication, inspection, and management of steel girder bridges. KW - Bridge design KW - Fabrication KW - Girder bridges KW - Handbooks KW - Inspection KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608553 AU - Tarko, Andrew P AU - Romero, Mario AU - Hall, Thomas AU - Matin, Shaikh Ahmad AU - Lizarazo, Cristhian AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Alternative Intersections and Interchanges: Volume I—Roundabout Capacity and Rollover Analysis for Heavy Vehicles SN - 9781622603794 PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 61p AB - There is a recent trend of building roundabouts on high‐speed roads, often with the considerable presence of heavy vehicles. With the increased presence of trucks on roundabouts, the issue of overturning has become a concern. Although some geometric, vehicle, and loading factors have been connected to rollover, the safety performance of roundabouts built on high‐speed roads is not well understood due to their relative novelty. In addition, other concerns related to geometry, driver behavior, and environmental considerations may exist at roundabouts. This study examined roundabout circulatory superelevation, aggressive driver behavior, roundabout readability, and nighttime conditions in the context of heavy vehicle rollover. Moreover, the critical and follow‐up headways were estimated for trucks and other vehicles at roundabouts located on the low‐ and high–speed roads and during daytime and nighttime conditions. This research developed a methodology which may be used to examine truck overturning at roundabouts. A generalized rollover model suitable for application to heavy vehicles was applied to field‐observed semi‐trailer speeds and paths to estimate their proximity to rollover at newly‐built Indiana roundabouts. This was done by introducing delta v ‐ the difference between the critical rollover speed determined from the model and the actual speed. This report revealed that heavy vehicles increased the critical headway, and in turn reduced the entry capacity of roundabouts. Drivers of heavy vehicles, on average, accepted a 1.1 sec longer critical headway than drivers of passenger cars. The effects of nighttime/twilight conditions indicated additional capacity reduction caused by a 0.6 sec longer critical headway compared to daylight conditions. Likewise, drivers on dual‐lane roundabouts in rural areas accepted a 0.6 sec longer critical headway than drivers on single‐lane roundabouts in urban areas. It was determined that the gap‐acceptance parameters for a single‐lane roundabout on a low‐speed state road were shorter than the national values, resulting on average in 30% higher capacity for Indiana conditions. In contrast, the estimated critical headway was larger for dual‐lane roundabouts on high‐speed state roads, resulting in 15% reduced capacity for Indiana conditions. The findings of this report are based on low and medium traffic volumes presently observed on high‐speed rural and suburban roads. Heavy traffic flow may affect driver behavior; therefore, studying such roundabouts in heavier traffic conditions might improve the results. KW - Analysis KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Headways KW - Highway capacity KW - Indiana KW - Nighttime crashes KW - Rollover crashes KW - Roundabouts KW - Superelevation KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316011 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1418064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608532 AU - White, Don AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Structural Behavior of Steel PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 281p AB - The behavior of steel structures is an intricate and fascinating topic. This module is intended to serve as a guide to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Specifications and their representation of the behavior of steel bridge systems and members. The module focuses on the structural form and function of bridge systems and members, with emphasis on strength limit states. Where relevant, recent advances in the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Specification for Structural Steel Buildings as well as findings from research developments are discussed in addition to the AASHTO LRFD Specifications. There are numerous areas where a broad understanding of the fundamental behavior of structures is key to the proper interpretation, application, and where necessary, extension of the AASHTO LRFD Specifications. This module aims to aid the Engineer in reviewing and understanding the essential principles of steel system and member strength behavior and design. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/volume04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608517 AU - Barth, Karl AU - HDR, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 2A: Two-Span Continuous Straight Composite Steel I-Girder Bridge PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 114p AB - The purpose of this example is to illustrate the use of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design for the design of a continuous two span steel I-girder bridge. The design process and corresponding calculations for steel I-girders are the focus of this example, with particular emphasis placed on illustration of the optional moment redistribution procedures. All aspects of the girder design are presented, including evaluation of the following: cross-section proportion limits, constructibility, serviceability, fatigue, and strength requirements. Additionally, the weld design for the web-to-flange joint of the plate girders is demonstrated along with all applicable components of the stiffener design and cross frame member design. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Composite structures KW - Girder bridges KW - Handbooks KW - Steel bridges KW - Welds UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/pubs/hif16002/designexample02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605737 AU - Dong, Jing AU - Houchin, Andrew Jeremy AU - Shafieirad, Navid AU - Hawkins, Neal R AU - Lu, Chaoru AU - Knickerbocker, Skylar AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VISSIM Calibration for Urban Freeways PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 106p AB - In urban areas, interchange spacing and the adequacy of design for weaving, merge, and diverge areas can significantly influence available capacity. Traffic microsimulation tools allow detailed analyses of these critical areas in complex locations that often yield results that differ from the generalized approach of the Highway Capacity Manual. In order to obtain valid results, various inputs should be calibrated to local conditions. This project investigated basic calibration factors for the simulation of traffic conditions within an urban freeway merge/diverge environment. By collecting and analyzing urban freeway traffic data from multiple sources, specific Iowa-based calibration factors for use in VISSIM were developed. In particular, a repeatable methodology for collecting standstill distance and headway/time gap data on urban freeways was applied to locations throughout the state of Iowa. This collection process relies on the manual processing of video for standstill distances and individual vehicle data from radar detectors to measure the headways/time gaps. By comparing the data collected from different locations, it was found that standstill distances vary by location and lead-follow vehicle types. Headways and time gaps were found to be consistent within the same driver population and across different driver populations when the conditions were similar. Both standstill distance and headway/time gap were found to follow fairly dispersed and skewed distributions. Therefore, it is recommended that microsimulation models be modified to include the option for standstill distance and headway/time gap to follow distributions as well as be set separately for different vehicle classes. In addition, for the driving behavior parameters that cannot be easily collected, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the impact of these parameters on the capacity of the facility. The sensitivity analysis results can be used as a reference to manually adjust parameters to match the simulation results to the observed traffic conditions. A well-calibrated microsimulation model can enable a higher level of fidelity in modeling traffic behavior and serve to improve decision making in balancing need with investment. KW - Calibration KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Headways KW - Highway capacity KW - Iowa KW - Microsimulation KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - VISSIM (Computer model) UR - http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/intrans_reports/206 UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/22394 UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/projects/detail/?projectID=990792459 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605647 AU - Brewster, Rebecca AU - Giragosian, Anna AU - Newton, Diane AU - Leidos AU - American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Integrated Corridor Management and Freight Opportunities PY - 2015/12 SP - 44p AB - The vision of integrated corridor management (ICM) is that transportation networks will realize significant improvements in the efficient movement of people and goods through integrated, proactive management of existing infrastructure along major corridors. Through an ICM approach, transportation professionals manage the corridor as a multimodal system and make operational decisions for the benefit of the corridor as a whole. This primer examines how freight can be incorporated into an ICM approach, as well as the benefits of ICM in addressing the freight challenge. It explores opportunities to effectively integrate freight institutionally, operationally, and technically, both by leveraging existing platforms and considering new options for coordination between traditional ICM and freight stakeholders. Lastly, although integrating freight stakeholders and ICM holds great promise for more efficient operations on both ends, it is not without challenges. This document will explore what these challenges are and how they can be overcome. KW - Benefits KW - Coordination KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Stakeholders UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop15018/fhwahop15018.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605611 AU - Bartholomew, Michael AU - Blasen, Benjamin AU - Koc, Ali AU - CH2M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM) Using Open Parametric Objects PY - 2015/12 SP - 296p AB - This project was undertaken to investigate alternative Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM) standards. The process developed is called OpenBrIM. OpenBrIM is an alternative method for exchanging bridge information modeling data between different application platforms, organizations, and users. It is a community driven, free, open, on-cloud information modeling system designed for the bridge industry. With OpenBrIM, there’s one central data repository from which all participants operate. Participants are allowed to access information from and to contribute information into the repository. For this project, approximately 30 standard bridge component objects were developed. The OpenBrIM concept uses a standard XML data format to describe dimensions and other data parameters for bridge components. Bridge component library objects are defined parametrically, allowing repeated use for similar components by varying the geometric and/or physical property data. Common data can be defined globally within a project and automatically update all affected objects. In the future, new standards will be developed by the bridge community – the actual users of the information with the most knowledge about various bridge components. KW - Bridge members KW - Data sharing KW - Highway bridges KW - Information dissemination KW - Web applications UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/pubs/hif16010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605568 AU - Ahmed, Mohamed M AU - Ghasemzadeh, Ali AU - Eldeeb, Hesham AU - Gaweesh, Sherif AU - Clapp, Joshua AU - Ksaibati, Khaled AU - Young, Rhonda AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Driver Performance and Behavior in Adverse Weather Conditions: An Investigation Using the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study Data—Phase 1 PY - 2015/12//Final Report SP - 66p AB - Inclement weather events such as fog, snow, ground blizzard, slush, rain, and strong wind affect roadways by impacting pavement conditions, vehicle performances, visibility, and drivers’ behavior. Road-user characteristics and behavior are among the most important elements influencing the driving task. The ability to see objects that are in motion relative to the eye (“dynamic visual acuity”) and the reaction process (e.g., speed choice, lane maintenance, car following, etc.) are of utmost importance for safe driving. Adverse weather conditions can result in a sudden reduction in visibility on roadways, which leads to an increased risk of crashes. The literature shows a variation of crash risk estimates; however, a general trend can be concluded that adverse weather and road conditions can easily elevate the risk of crashes. Drivers' performance and behavior are absent in safety modeling due to lack of driver data. The second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) has collected the most comprehensive Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS). The unique NDS data will enable researchers to better understand the role of driver performance and behavior under various highway research. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Strategic Highway Research Program 2 KW - Weather conditions KW - Wyoming UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59242/1608F_RS04215_Driver_Performance_and_Behavior_in_Adverse_Weather_Conditions.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01604574 AU - Hastings, Aaron AU - Ahearn, Meghan AU - Guthy-McInnis, Catherine AU - Garrott, Riley AU - Garay-Vega, Lisandra AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Acoustic Data for Hybrid and Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles and Electric Motorcycles PY - 2015/12 SP - 31p AB - The Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act (PSEA) of 2010 requires the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to conduct a rulemaking to establish a Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard requiring an alert sound for pedestrians to be emitted by all types of motor vehicles that are electric or hybrid. NHTSA completed acoustic measurements for hybrid and electric heavy-duty vehicles (gross vehicle weight rating over 10,000 lb) and for electric motorcycles. This acoustic data analysis was conducted to support activities related to the PSEA. The measurements protocol used follows general procedures in SAE J 2889/1, Measurement of Minimum Noise Emitted by Road Vehicles, May 2012. Two electric motorcycles were tested at the Transportation Research Center in Columbus, Ohio. The test surface conforms to ISO 10844:2011 specifications. One electric vehicle delivery truck was tested at Navistar’s Fort Wayne, Indiana, proving grounds. The test surface conforms to an ISO 10844:1994 surface that is suitable for heavy vehicles. In addition, screening data for four hybrid and electric heavy-duty vehicles were collected. The purpose of the screening test was to obtain raw descriptions of the sound characteristics for a subset of heavy-duty vehicles. The measurements protocol used for the screening tests follows general procedures in SAE J 2889/1, Measurement of Minimum Noise Emitted by Road Vehicles. However, the measurement protocol used for screening tests does not fulfill all the parameters stated in SAE J 2889/1. Several aspects are different, including the acoustic environment, operating conditions, test surface, number of microphones, and microphone position. Therefore the results obtained may deviate appreciably from the results obtained using specified conditions. KW - Electric motorcycles KW - Electric vehicles KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act KW - Screening tests KW - Sound UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59248/812225-ElecHybridNoiseReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1414855 ER -