TY - RPRT AN - 01523320 AU - Garlock, Maria AU - Glassman, Jonathan AU - Labbouz, Samy AU - Princeton University AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Elevated Temperature Properties of A588 Weathering Steel PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 35p AB - In recent decades, bridge fires have become a major concern in the United States. Fire hazard in bridges can result in significant economic and public losses. New construction of bridges often use “Weathering Steel” (also known as “Corten Steel”), which has a corrosion-retarding effect since the steel forms a protective rust layer on its surface under the influence of the weather. To date, no information exists on the high temperature mechanical properties of weathering steel. The objective of this work is to develop a database of mechanical properties of A588 weathering steel that has been exposed to high temperatures. These properties include the residual (after heating and cooling) stress-strain, fracture toughness, and surface hardness. The parameters that are investigated include temperature (800°F, 1000°F, 1200°F, and 1500°F), cooling methods (in air (CIA), and in water (CIW), representing fire-fighting effects), and material. Experiments are also done in a steady-state elevated temperature condition. A comparison is made between A588 weathering steel, used widely for bridges, and another material whose chemical composition and mechanical properties allows it to be classified by ASTM as both an older weathering steel (A242), a steel commonly used in building construction (A992), and also a non-weathering steel used for bridges (A709 Grade 50). The studies showed that at temperatures of 1200°F and below, the residual material properties of both materials studied (representing the post-fire condition), were affected no more than on the order of 10% compared to the unheated steel. Examining the residual properties of the CIW specimens, there is a clear trend of decreasing fracture toughness with increasing temperature. There is also a clear trend of increasing hardness with increasing temperature. It is expected that the CIW method produces different microstructure changes than the CIA method, thus resulting in the trends observed. Specimens tested to 1500°F showed a significant change in response, especially for the CIW method of cooling. At this temperature, it is likely that the steel has gone through a phase change. Practically speaking, a bridge that reaches 1500°F will experience significant permanent deformations if this temperature is widespread and in that case it will likely need to be demolished. Based on the results obtained thus far, it is likely that if significant permanent deformations are not observed, a bridge of A588 weathering steel has the potential to be put back into service following a fire. KW - Fires KW - Fracture properties KW - Hardness KW - High temperature KW - Mechanical properties KW - Steel bridges KW - Tension tests KW - Weathering steel UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/CAIT-UTC-021-final_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1307066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01523310 AU - Block, David AU - Harrison, John AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - University of Central Florida, Cocoa AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Electric Vehicle Sales and Future Projections PY - 2014/01 SP - 9p AB - The objective of this research is to evaluate historical vehicle sales as a basis to determine future projections of electric vehicles sales and cumulative values within the United States and by selected states. The results for the U.S. show that the cumulative sales of electric vehicles through 2013 is 167,600 vehicles with 96,700 sold in 2013 or that 58 percent of total vehicles were sold in 2013. Depending upon the escalation rate selected, the 10 year future U.S. cumulative sales (2023) are predicted to be from 1.8 to 7.3 million vehicles. Future predictions were also done for the states of Florida, Hawaii, Alabama and for comparison purposes for Georgia, California and New York. The process used was the same as done for the U.S. beginning with known values for 2013 and then using a 10, 15, 20, 25 and 35 percent growth rate. KW - Alabama KW - California KW - Electric vehicles KW - Florida KW - Forecasting KW - Georgia KW - Hawaii KW - New York (State) KW - Sales KW - United States UR - http://evtc.fsec.ucf.edu/reports/EVTC-RR-01-14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1307060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01523304 AU - Schumacher, Thomas AU - McConnell, Jennifer Righman AU - Mhamdi, Lassaad AU - Ahmed, Shafique AU - University of Delaware, Newark AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Quantitative Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Fatigue Cracks in Fracture Critical Steel Bridges PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 47p AB - The objective of this research is to evaluate the feasibility to employ quantitative acoustic emission (AE) techniques for monitoring of fatigue crack initiation and propagation in steel bridge members. Three A36 compact tension steel specimens were tested in the laboratory according the ASTM E647. AE sensor networks were deployed and recorded AE during the fatigue-type loading. Noise from the load application points represented a significant challenge. However, a number of events could be located and for a selected few a moment tensor inversion (MTI) was performed. Despite the challenges, the methodology has been completely established and evaluated, and can be used in future testing. KW - Acoustic emission KW - Bridge members KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural health monitoring UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/CAIT-UTC-007-final_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1307063 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01523041 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kodumuri, Pradeep AU - Lee, Seung-Kyoung AU - Virmani, Y Paul TI - The Century Challenge PY - 2014/01 VL - 77 IS - 4 AB - Corrosion is a serious issue in bridge design. Corrosion can impair the long-term function and integrity of the structure of a steel bridge. Engineers have developed a variety of coatings that can protect steel surfaces from the elements. This coatings are critical for the durability and integrity of bridge structures. Most coating lasts about thirty years before major maintenance is required. Researchers at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) are working to improve the service life of bridge coatings. A study from FHWA’s Coatings and Corrosion Laboratory worked to identify a coating system that could last for a hundred years with almost no maintenance. The study did not find any coating that filled this qualification. KW - Bridge design KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Maintenance KW - Steel bridges KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/14janfeb/04.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306962 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01522967 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Strauss, Rachel TI - Setting the Bar for Excellence PY - 2014/01 VL - 77 IS - 4 AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsors the biennial Environmental Excellence Awards program, which recognizes outstanding contributions in achieving transportation goals while minimizing adverse effects on the natural environment. Recipients of the award have used FHWA funding to implement programs encouraging environmental stewardship and sustainable planning while meeting the country’s growing transportation needs. There are a variety of awards, covering different categories, such as air quality, environmental research, and nonmotorized transportation. For the 2013 awards, FHWA added three new categories: collaboration and partnership; geospatial tools, technology, and analysis; and programmatic agreements. The new categories reflect the changing state of the practice. The projects recognized by the awards represent significant achievements in preserving and enhancing the environment in the course of delivering transportation projects. KW - Awards KW - Cooperation KW - Environmental protection KW - Sustainable development KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/14janfeb/03.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306961 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01522913 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Delcambre, Gordon J TI - When Disaster Strikes PY - 2014/01 VL - 77 IS - 4 AB - The Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG), published by the United States Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), provides a roadmap for assessing the situation at the scene of a highway incident involving hazardous materials. The ERG helps first responders determine the nature of the material released and identify the appropriate procedure to secure the scene and ensure a safe and orderly response. The guidebook is available for free to public safety agencies in all States and territories, plus Native American tribes. The ERG is revised every four years, continually evolving to accommodate new hazardous materials, technologies, and response tactics. In addition to print copies, it is now available on mobile devices. KW - Emergency management KW - Handbooks KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - North American Emergency Response Guidebook KW - Traffic incidents KW - U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/14janfeb/02.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306960 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01522886 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Johnson, Judith AU - Butts, Laurie TI - Now Is the Time for Innovation PY - 2014/01 VL - 77 IS - 4 AB - Much of the United States highway system is at the end of its design life and is inadequate for today’s traffic volumes. The deterioration of the system is causing issues for safety, mobility, and the economy. The second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) aims to address these issues and renew the highway infrastructure. SHRP2 looks for innovative solutions that state departments of transportation (DOTs) can implement, with an aim to reduce traffic injuries and fatalities, complete road construction projects on time, and increase reliability of travel times, among other goals. SHRP2 support has helped several state DOTs begin projects to upgrade highway systems. KW - Deterioration KW - Highways KW - Modernization KW - Road construction KW - Service life KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic Highway Research Program 2 KW - Traffic volume KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/14janfeb/01.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522251 AU - Ellis, Jenny AU - JEBE Consulting, LLC AU - National Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Bicycle Safety Education for Children From a Developmental and Learning Perspective PY - 2014/01 SP - 60p AB - When children ride bicycles in and near traffic, they engage in a complicated task of combining motor skills and cognitive skills. In addition to developing bicycle-handling skills, bicycle safety education programs teach children how to ride safely in and near traffic. However, to what extent are bicycle education programs effective in improving safe, bicycle-riding behavior and reducing injuries? The purpose of this literature review is two-fold. First, this report describes the nature of children and adolescents’ bicycle injuries in addition to understanding the types of programs that exist and their effectiveness. Second, this report explores the psychological domains related to riding a bicycle in childhood and adolescence such as motor skill development, cognitive development, brain development, and risk-taking and social influences. Understanding how each of these interacts with children’s abilities to learn and ride a bicycle safely in traffic allows researchers and safety practitioners to design more effective bicycle education programs to teach children and adolescents how to safely negotiate traffic as bicyclists. KW - Adolescents KW - Bicycling KW - Children KW - Cognition KW - Cyclists KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor skills KW - Risk taking KW - Safety education KW - Traffic UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/bicycles/pdf/Bicycle_Safety_Education_For_Children-811880.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1304848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522242 AU - McDonald, Armando AU - McIlroy, David AU - Han, Yinglei AU - Kengne, Blaise-Alexis AU - TranLIVE AU - National Institute for Advanced Transportation Technology AU - Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Upgrading to Renewable Fuels PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 30p AB - This study aims to upgrade woody biomass pyrolysis bio-oil into transportation fuels by catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) using nanospring (NS) supported catalyst via the following research objectives: (1) develop nanospring-based catalysts (nanocatalyst) and (2) evaluate the nanocatalysts for the hydrogenation of pyrolysis bio-oil into liquid fuels. The authors developed protocols for HDO treatment of bio-oil and model compounds and product evaluation using commercial nickel (Ni) and ruthenium (Ru) based catalysts initially. The authors successfully synthesized Ni decorated NS catalysts (Ni-NS), in small amounts (mg level) and characterized the catalysts. It was shown that the Ni-NS catalyst had to be reduced (activated) before use. The Ni based catalysts were able to hydrodeoxygenate the model compounds and bio-oil and conversion was Ni content and temperature dependent. Low conversions using the Ni-NS catalysts were obtained, but only very small amounts of catalyst were used. Further work is required to scale up the Ni-NS catalyst production, increase Ni loading on NSs, and modify the reactor for future work in bio-oil upgrading. KW - Biomass fuels KW - Catalysts KW - Nickel KW - Pyrolysis KW - Renewable energy sources UR - http://www.uidaho.edu/~/media/Files/orgs/ENGR/Research/NIATT/TranLIVE/Final%20Reports/UI_TranLIVE_Final%20Report_Pyrolysis%20Biooil%20Upgrading2 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1305805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522233 AU - Ullman, Gerald AU - Schroeder, Jeremy AU - Gopalakrishna, Deepak AU - Battelle AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Work Zone Intelligent Transportation Systems Implementation Guide: Use of Technology and Data for Effective Work Zone Management PY - 2014/01 SP - 80p AB - Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the use of a broad range of communications-based information and electronics technologies to enhance transportation. Work zone ITS is the use of ITS to enhance transportation and improve safety and mobility in and around work zones. A work zone ITS deployment can be focused around safety or mobility, but often supports both goals, and can also enhance productivity. The systems are portable and temporary in most cases, although some deployments may use either existing fixed infrastructure or become a permanent system. The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on implementing ITS in work zones to assist public agencies, design and construction firms, and industry, including developers, manufacturers, distributors, packagers, and providers of devices, systems, and programs. Work zone ITS is one possible operational strategy of many potential solutions that an agency can include in a transportation management plan (TMP). This document summarizes key steps for successfully implementing ITS in work zones, using a systematic approach to provide a technical solution that accomplishes a specific set of clearly defined objectives. The document illustrates how a systems engineering process should be applied to determine the feasibility and design of work zone ITS for a given application, regardless of its scale, by walking through the key phases, from project concept through operation. These steps include assessment of needs; concept development and feasibility; detailed system planning and design; procurement; system deployment; and system operation, maintenance, and evaluation. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Handbooks KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Systems analysis KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop14008/fhwahop14008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1304845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522202 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Field Study on the Efficacy of the New Restart Provision for Hours of Service Report to Congress PY - 2014/01 SP - 11p AB - Section 32301 of the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) requires the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation to complete a field study on the efficacy of the restart provisions of the Hours of Service of Drivers final rule published on December 27, 2011, applicable to operators of commercial motor vehicles (CMV) of property subject to maximum driving time requirements of the Secretary. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sponsored a naturalistic field study that was conducted to assess fatigue in drivers working their normal schedules and performing their normal duties. During this study, researchers compared driver fatigue between weekly duty cycles preceded by a restart break with one nighttime period to weekly duty cycles preceded by a restart break with two or more nighttime periods. This report describes the design, methods, research findings, and conclusions of this naturalistic study. The study measured sleep, reaction time performance, sleepiness, and driving performance across two duty cycles and the intervening restart breaks for participating CMV drivers. The study’s methods and findings are summarized in this report to Congress. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver performance KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Field studies KW - Hours of labor KW - Night shifts KW - Reaction time KW - Sleep UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51418/Efficacy-of-HOS-Restart-Rule-Enclosure-FINAL-508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01520713 AU - Wagner, Jason AU - Baker, Trey AU - Goodin, Ginger AU - Maddox, John AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Southwest Region University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Automated Vehicles: Policy Implications Scoping Study PY - 2014/01//Technical Report SP - 64p AB - Automated vehicles are an emerging technology with the potential to greatly change and disrupt the American transportation system, but may also have significant benefits. This study sought to understand how automated vehicles will change the transportation system, identify implications on state and local transportation providers, determine future research needs, and understand emerging policy issues. To accomplish these ends, the research team performed an in-depth literature review. Following this review, the research team interviewed expert personnel from automated vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, and developers; and state and local transportation agency representatives. These interviews informed the research process and provided insight into the future needs of transportation providers in the face of automated vehicles. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Economic impacts KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Literature reviews KW - Policy KW - Technological innovations UR - http://swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/600451-00029-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01519404 AU - Layton, Kyle AU - Nims, Douglas AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUC-2-1682 Anthony Wayne Bridge Main Cable Long Term Health Monitoring PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 53p AB - In preparation for a large rehabilitation project on the Anthony Wayne Bridge (AWB), the Ohio Department of Transportation has expressed interest in evaluating monitoring and protection strategies which may extend the life of the AWB. This study was proposed and performed in line with this goal. Corrosion of the main cable was identified as the driving mechanism for the aging of suspension bridges. Experiments were performed in order to determine whether or not the existing acoustic monitoring system on the AWB could be used to readily identify active corrosion. Results from laboratory testing show that use of acoustic emission to detect corrosion is possible and promising; however, field experiments indicate that additional tests are needed to determine the practicality of identifying corrosion in the field. The upcoming bridge closure will provide a great opportunity for researchers to more closely examine this possibility. In addition, this report includes literature investigation into other state-of-the-art corrosion monitoring and protection strategies including an internal sensor array, the magnetic main flux method for wire inspection, and cable dehumidification. KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Bridge cables KW - Corrosion protection KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Ohio KW - State of the practice KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Suspension bridges UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/881434020/viewonline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01519401 AU - Monty, Chelsea N AU - Rodriguez, Alvaro AU - Miller, Christopher M AU - Schneider, William H AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Salt Neutralizers for Washing Snow and Ice Equipment PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 153p AB - In winter maintenance, the chloride-based deicers used to keep roadways clear of snow and ice are highly corrosive to vehicles and equipment. Corrosion of snow and ice equipment is a major issue causing increased maintenance and repair costs, reduced vehicle life, and increased vehicle downtime. Statistics show that road salt causes approximately $1500/ton of damage to vehicles, bridges, and the environment. Washing of winter maintenance equipment after exposure to ice control chemicals has been suggested as one possible solution to minimize corrosion. However, washing with soap and water has been shown to be insufficient in removing residual salt from winter maintenance vehicles. Treating winter maintenance equipment with salt neutralizers, used in a variety of household and industrial applications, has been shown to prevent corrosion. Although the consensus points to the need for a reliable and easy to implement corrosion prevention strategy, at present there is not sufficient information available to determine the effectiveness of different wash systems at preventing corrosion. As the corrosion reduction data of salt neutralizer solutions on bare and coated metal surfaces is lacking, a systematic study has been carried out to provide quantitative information. A parallel study of six commercially available salt neutralizers is carried out for comparison. Analysis of the salt neutralizer solutions was carried out using contact angle, Ultra Violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and Scanning Electron Microscopy imaging (SEM). Corrosion inhibition for several metals treated with salt neutralizer was determined using potentiodynamic measurements and accelerated weight loss analysis (ASTM B117). When considering the effects of corrosion on winter maintenance equipment, it is important to study not only steel but also various “soft metals” (copper, aluminum, brass, etc.) that can be found in the wiring and other parts of the fleet. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and visual inspection were used to determine the ability of coated metal samples to prevent corrosion. A cost benefit analysis was completed to determine what specific conditions directly impact the cost effectiveness of corrosion prevention strategies. KW - Anticorrosion coatings KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Spectroscopic analysis KW - Washing KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/8/OHI/2014/06/11/H1402499055768/viewer/file1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01519001 AU - Lininger, Marci AU - Perlik, Matthew AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - Effectiveness of the TRU-88 Wildlife Roadway Crossing Culverts and Exclusion Fencing PY - 2014/01//Technical Report SP - 24p AB - Natural resource agencies continually express interest in increasing the permeability of roadways for both aquatic and terrestrial wildlife nationwide. Specific review of Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) projects by resource agencies may result in the request that terrestrial wildlife crossing structures be installed (i.e. Nelsonville Bypass, Nelsonville, Ohio). These structures are often required of ODOT although they are provided with little or no design guidance, no supporting evidence that they are appropriate for the target species, no project specific setting, and no proof that they will provide greater permeability long term for wildlife. However, ODOT must still install and maintain them for the life of the roadway. From April of 2013 to August of 2013, ODOT Office of Environmental Services (OES) staff, working with ODOT District 4, conducted field studies during peak breeding season for amphibians and reptiles to measure the effectiveness of crossing culverts and exclusion fencing constructed along state route 88 in Trumbull County, Ohio within the Grand River Wildlife area. The TRU-SR 88 crossing was a unique opportunity to monitor the permeability of an un-mandated, low cost, crossing culvert and exclusion fencing design that could be used in other parts of the state as needed for both aquatic and terrestrial wildlife. Over the span of 4 months, the study generated 4,122 photos of animals using the culverts and exclusion fencing. Over the life of the study, the use of all culverts and fencing was 11% amphibian and reptile, 5% birds, and 84% mammals. Mortality surveys reveal that 65% of road-kill recorded in both the study and control areas consisted of amphibians and reptiles followed by 20% of birds and 14% of mammals. The use of passive laser motion triggered infrared cameras successfully recorded wildlife use of the crossing structures and exclusion fencing. These observations suggest that this design is providing permeability for multiple species of both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. KW - Amphibians KW - Culverts KW - Fences KW - Field studies KW - Highways KW - Ohio KW - Road kill KW - Wildlife KW - Wildlife crossings UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/883407139/viewonline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01518989 AU - Taylor, Peter AU - Wang, Xin AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Deicer Scaling Resistance of Concrete Mixtures Containing Slag Cement: Phase 3 Final Report PY - 2014/01//Phase 3 Final Report SP - 24p AB - Concern has been expressed about the deicer scaling resistance of concrete containing slag, especially when the dosage of slag exceeds 50% of the total cementitious material in the mixture. Much of the concern appears to be based on the results of laboratory scaling tests based on ASTM C 672, despite indications that such mixtures often perform well in the field. The initial phase of this study showed that construction-related issues played a bigger role in the observed scaling performance than did the amount of slag in the concrete mixture. The work also indicated that the test method (ASTM C 672) may be more severe than most environments. A second phase developed an alternative laboratory test method to ASTM C 672 that would better represent the field performance of concretes, based on a method from the Canadian Quebec Ministry of Transportation. The work described in this report was to repeat some tests using similar materials in a second laboratory to evaluate repeatability of the test methods. KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Laboratory tests KW - Scaling (Concrete) KW - Slag cement KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/deicer_scaling_resistance_3_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01518881 AU - Lewis, Kristin C AU - Baker, Gary AU - Lin, T Tom AU - Smith, Scott AU - Gillham, Olivia AU - Fine, Alisa AU - Costa, Stephen AU - Chen, Ze AU - Cooper, Coralie AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Office of Naval Research TI - Biofuel Transportation Analysis Tool: Description, Methodology, and Demonstration Scenarios PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 83p AB - This report describes a Biofuel Transportation Analysis Tool (BTAT), developed by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe) in support of the Department of Defense (DOD) Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The purpose of the BTAT is to help ONR and FAA better understand the transportation needs and constraints associated with biofuel feedstock collection, processing, and fuel distribution, specifically alternative jet fuel produced from oilseed feedstocks. The BTAT uses calculations of available agricultural production and existing transportation infrastructure to generate: locations of potentially supportable biorefineries; optimal transportation routes for moving biofuels from the point of oilseed feedstock production/pre-processing to refinement and finally to fuel aggregation and storage; allocation of feedstock and fuels among biorefineries and depots based on demand and efficient transport patterns; and transportation costs, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, fuel burn, and vehicle trips and miles traveled as a result of the transportation of feedstock and fuels. This report describes how the BTAT was developed and the functionality of the tool; it also demonstrates the tool’s capability through the analysis of seven scenarios. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Biomass fuels KW - Biorefineries KW - Costs KW - Fuel storage KW - Needs assessment KW - Oilseed KW - Pollutants KW - Routes KW - Transportation by load KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51100/51114/DOT-VNTSC-FAA-14-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1301941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01518870 AU - Glover, Charles J AU - Han, Rongbin AU - Jin, Xin AU - Prapaitrakul, Nikornpon AU - Cui, Yuanchen AU - Rose, Avery AU - Lawrence, James J AU - Padigala, Meghana AU - Arambula, Edith AU - Park, Eun Sug AU - Martin, Amy Epps AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Binder Aging and Its Influence in Aging of Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete: Technical Report PY - 2014/01 SP - 526p AB - Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Project 0-6009 was a comprehensive interdisciplinary research effort that has developed the ability to predict asphalt oxidative hardening over time and pavement depth, and the impact of this hardening on mixture durability. The many interrelated research and development accomplishments form three major elements: 1) Pavement Binder Oxidation Model Development (improved pavement temperature model, binder oxidation kinetics parameters, binder diffusion coefficients, model for predicting binder oxidation in pavements); 2) Mixture Test Development and Measurements (method for testing prismatic specimens cut from pavement cores, measurements of binder oxidation in pavements, measurements of binder oxidation in laboratory mixtures, evaluation of seal coat effectiveness); and 3) an HMA Mixture Design Approach That Includes Binder Oxidation (accelerated binder aging test, mixture design and analysis system, software user interface). Suggestions for implementation and future work include: 1) Introduce the software user interface to TxDOT engineers, 2) Adopt the accelerated aging test, 3) Implement a strategy for evaluating existing pavements by testing recovered binders for their oxidation and hardening kinetics, 4) Incorporate the pavement transport and thermal oxidation model into a new pavement design guide, 5) Further evaluate the effectiveness of maintenance treatments, 6) Further validate the pavement oxidation and hardening model, 7) Improve fundamental understanding of oxidation kinetics chemistry and reaction kinetics, 8) Improve fundamental understanding of the correlation between pressure aging vessels (PAV) and pressure oxidation vessels (POV) reaction kinetics parameters. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Binders KW - Durability KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Oxidation KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6009-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01518788 AU - Nazzal, Munir D AU - Kim, Sang-Soo AU - Abbas, Ala R AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Winter Pothole Patching Methods PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 118p AB - The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and cost-effectiveness of the tow-behind combination infrared asphalt heater/reclaimer patching method and compare it to the throw and roll and spray injection methods. To achieve this objective a national survey was first conducted to document the experience of the infrared asphalt heater/reclaimer users in different states. In addition, a comprehensive testing program, that included installing over 60 patches using the three considered methods as well as monitoring the performance and survivability of those patches, was performed. The results of the survey and subsequent phone interviews indicated that the infrared asphalt heater/reclaimer equipment can significantly improve the performance and longevity of pothole patches and can be cost-effective when proper installation procedures are followed. The results of testing program indicated that the infrared method had much lower productivity than the other two methods. In addition, the throw and roll had better productivity than the spray injection method. The properties and storage procedure of the asphalt mixture used in the infrared method were found to affect the performance of the installed patches. Improper storage of the infrared heater/reclaimer equipment also was found to cause problems in igniting the infrared heater, which significantly increased the patching duration. In general, most of the deterioration in the patches installed using the different methods occurred in the first month of installation and continued after that but at much slower rate. The infrared patches had significantly better performance than those installed using the two other patching methods. The main distress in infrared patches was raveling, while it was dishing for the throw and roll and spray injection patches. The results of survivability analyses also indicated that the patches installed using infrared had much longer expected life than those installed using the other two considered methods. The results of the cost analyses showed that the infrared method can be more cost-effective than the spray injection method when used for winter pothole patching. For short term repairs, the throw and roll method was found to cost less than the infrared method if the user cost were not considered. However, for permanent repairs, the infrared method can be more cost effective than throw and roll method. In summary, the tow-behind infrared heater/reclaimer was found to be an efficient and cost effective method for patching certain types of potholes as well as performing other pavement repairs. A strategy for its deployment in Ohio is provided in this report. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Infrared heating KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Ohio KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Surveys UR - http://worldcat.org/oclc/870900288/viewonline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01518741 AU - Balk, Stacy A AU - Bertola, Mary Anne AU - Shurbutt, Jim AU - Do, Ann AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Human Factors Assessment of Pedestrian Roadway Crossing Behavior PY - 2014/01 SP - 220p AB - Pedestrian–vehicle crashes are both common and deadly. The majority of pedestrian fatalities occur outside marked intersection crosswalks. The influences of pedestrian and environmental factors on crossing location choice were examined. A literature review covering factors intrinsic to pedestrians is provided. In addition, pedestrian crossings at 20 different locations were recorded and analyzed. The vast majority of crossings (89 percent of the total observed) took place in the marked intersection crosswalks. Drivers are likely to yield to pedestrians. However, while drivers are more likely to yield to pedestrians in the marked crosswalk, pedestrians and vehicles are equally as likely to yield to one another outside the marked crosswalk. The data also suggest that measures that reduce the perceived affordances to cross the roadway (e.g., flowerbeds that separate the sidewalk from the roadway) also reduce the proportion of crossings outside the marked crosswalks. It also appears that pedestrians cross when perceived control of the crossing is greatest. Measures to increase perceived control have the potential to increase (e.g., visible countdown clocks) or decrease (e.g., large medians) crossings in the marked crosswalk. A model to predict pedestrian crossing location is provided. The model uses various environmental variables as predicting factors and was shown to successfully predict an average of 90 percent of the crossings. KW - Crosswalks KW - Environment KW - Human factors KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/13098/13098.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1301903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516697 AU - King, William AU - Kabir, Sharear AU - Cooper, Samuel B AU - Gaspard, Kevin AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Rutting Distresses on I-20 near Mound to Delta Scales PY - 2014/01//Technical Assistance Report SP - 70p AB - Within six months of construction, areas with excessive premature rutting were noticed on a 4.95 mile long asphaltic concrete overlay project on the I-20 corridor in Madison Parish, Louisiana. The scope of the project included full depth patching of the existing 8-inch Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement and providing a structural overlay with a 2-inch Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) layer on top of a 7.5-inch minimum layer of Superpave Level 2 Binder Course. Prior to this report, at the request of District 05, Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) Asphalt Material Lab performed two rounds of forensic evaluation of the Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) surface layer of that job. From the preliminary investigations, the blended aggregate gradations of SMA mixture at isolated areas seemed to be the cause of the failures. However, since the occurrence of the initial rutting, the problem kept progressing with time and rutting was detected for almost the entire length of the job. Twenty one full depth asphaltic concrete roadway cores were sampled from various locations and a suite of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the mixture. Tests include various volumetric tests along with Loaded Wheel Tests (LWT) and boil tests to quantify the moisture susceptibility of the mixture. The SMA layer was excluded from this round of testing as that mix was already included in the first and second rounds. Investigation into design features revealed lift thicknesses being placed that were thinner than adequate for the nominal maximum aggregate size used in the mixture. Even though a small percentage of aggregate gradations and asphalt contents of Superpave BC mixes were found to be out of the validation tolerance limits in the latest round of evaluation, no correlation was noticed between materials and performance of distressed and non-distressed areas. However, field investigations, subsurface drainage inspection, and laboratory evaluation of mixtures demonstrated the occurrence of moisture damage in the leveling and binder course lifts. High Speed Profiler and falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data were collected and evaluated in an effort to define areas of weaker pavement for estimating the amount of full depth patching that would be required. LTRC recommends modifying the existing drainage system to help eliminate the moisture from the existing pavement structure. Milling the existing surface course of each outside travel lane and replacing with a new hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture is recommended. KW - Binder course KW - Concrete pavements KW - Louisiana KW - Moisture damage KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Superpave UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2014/13_01TAB.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516632 AU - Pike, Adam AU - Songchitruksa, Praprut AU - Geedipally, Srinivas AU - Kang, Don AU - Damnjanovic, Ivan AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating the Effectiveness of Performance Based Pavement Marking Maintenance Contracts in Texas PY - 2014/01//Technical Report SP - 166p AB - Performance-based pavement marking maintenance contracts (PBPMMCs) are one of the latest mechanisms used to maintain adequate pavement marking performance levels. Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has issued two PBPMMCs, but the effectiveness of these contracts as compared to other contracting mechanisms from a risk management, cost, performance, or safety perspective has not been evaluated. This project gathered information to evaluate the effectiveness of PBPMMCs by evaluating the delivered pavement marking performance, safety performance, potential cost savings, and the most suitable performance measures and measurement protocols for inclusion into the PBPMMCs. The evaluations found inconclusive evidence as to the benefit of the PBPMMC from a safety, marking performance, or cost-effectiveness standpoint. Recommendations are provided to improve future PBPMMCs. KW - Contracts KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Maintenance management KW - Performance measurement KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6705-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290655 ER - TY - SER AN - 01516622 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Vaynman, Semyon AU - Fine, Morris E AU - Hahin, Christopher AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Formability of New High Performance A710 Grade 50 Structural Steel PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 54p AB - This project compared the formability of modified ASTM A710 Grade B50 ksi yield strength steel, jointly developed by Northwestern University and the Illinois Department of Transportation, with ASTM A606 Type 4 weathering steel used in Illinois and many other states for sign and signal structures, light poles, and other highway structures. ASTM E290 Type 1 free-bend 180° guided-bend test was used to evaluate formability, with side clearances as per ASTM E190. Bend and tensile specimens were cut in longitudinal and transverse directions from plates and sheets of numerous thicknesses (from 0.38" down to 0.10" thick). Mandrels of three diameters (0.25", 0.313", and 0.375") were used, each having a rounded nose with radius of bend equal to ½ of the mandrel diameter. All specimens of A710 and A606 steels of all thicknesses passed the guided-bend tests. No cracks, side tears, or fractures were observed. Tensile tests showed excellent ductility in both longitudinal and transverse rolling directions, making the modified ASTM A710 steel very suitable for use in sign and signal structures, light poles, and highway structures, along with structural tubing and other applications requiring weathering steel sheets and plates. Comparable A606 Type 4 steel had a yield strength range of 65 to 73 ksi and an ultimate tensile strength range of 79 to 89 ksi. The elongation to failure for the A606 steel sheets was in the range of 41% to 49%, averaging 43% ± 2.5% based on a 1" gage length. The microstructure of A606 steel is primarily ferrite with a limited amount of pearlite. The grain size of A606 in thinner plates was much smaller; grains were more rounded in thicker plates. Two heats of modified A710 Grade B steel were tested. Variations in mechanical properties were a function of steel composition, hot-rolling procedures, and thickness of the plates or sheets. In the first heat, yield strength varied in a range of 48 to 119 ksi, and tensile strength ranged from 64 to 119 ksi. The variation in the strength in the first heat was most likely caused by excessive section reduction during hot-rolling. The microstructure of the A710 steel was fine-grained ferrite and was significantly smaller than the A606 steel grains of similar thickness, which accounted for the higher strengths of the A710 steel in the first heat. Some bands of pearlite and fine-grained ferrite were observed in the modified A710 sheets, but did not affect the formability of the steel. Copper, nickel and manganese contents were decreased and better rolling procedures were used in the second heat, which had a uniform 49 to 56 ksi yield strength range. The second heat also had a uniform yield to tensile ratio of 0.74, high ductility and formability, making this alloy a very attractive weathering steel for many transportation and structural applications. An optimized 50 ksi minimum yield strength composition with an ASTM G101 index of 6.0 or more was developed for A710 sheet steel, and is proposed for general use in transportation and other construction applications. KW - Bend tests KW - Ductility KW - High strength steel KW - Illinois KW - Mechanical properties KW - Structural steel KW - Tension tests KW - Thickness KW - Weathering steel KW - Yield strength UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/47234 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516611 AU - Liu, Rongtang AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Methodology for Analysis of Soluble Salts from Steel Substrates PY - 2014/01 SP - 24p AB - Coatings applied on surfaces contaminated with excessive amounts of adverse soluble salts do not provide expected service life. Steel meant to be used without protective coating, such as weathering steel and stainless steel, can also suffer from corrosion damage caused by high concentration of soluble salts under corrosive conditions. Soluble salts often contain chloride, nitrate, and sulfate as adverse anions. Although most of the salts are soluble in water, they cannot be easily removed from steel surface by washing or abrasive blasting. Salts may also exist in pits and crevices on corroded surfaces within or under rust. The objective of this study is to evaluate extraction and analysis methods for determining the amount of soluble salts on steel substrates. KW - Analysis KW - Corrosion KW - Long-Term Bridge Performance Program KW - Protective coatings KW - Soluble salts KW - Steel UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/14026/14026.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290999 ER - TY - SER AN - 01516572 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Graybeal, Ben AU - Zhang, Gang AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Family of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Pi-Girders PY - 2014/01 SP - 8p AB - Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is an advanced cementitious composite material, which tends to exhibit superior properties such as exceptional durability, increased strength, and long-term stability. The use of existing structural configurations for materials with advanced properties results in inefficient designs and less cost-effective solutions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to develop a series of optimized sections of UHPC pi-girders to effectively utilize the superior mechanical properties of UHPC over longer span lengths through finite element analysis (FEA). KW - Bridge design KW - Finite element method KW - Girders KW - Long span KW - PI girders KW - Ultra high performance concrete UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/hpc/14028/14028.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516563 AU - Greimann, Lowell AU - Phares, Brent M AU - Deng, Yaohua AU - Shryack, Gus AU - Hoffman, Jerad AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Monitoring of Curved Girder Bridges with Integral Abutments PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 274p AB - Nationally, there are questions regarding the design, fabrication, and erection of horizontally curved steel girder bridges due to unpredicted girder displacements, fit-up, and locked-in stresses. One reason for the concerns is that up to one-quarter of steel girder bridges are being designed with horizontal curvature. There is also an urgent need to reduce bridge maintenance costs by eliminating or reducing deck joints, which can be achieved by expanding the use of integral abutments to include curved girder bridges. However, the behavior of horizontally curved bridges with integral abutments during thermal loading is not well known nor understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of horizontal curved bridges with integral abutment (IAB) and semi-integral abutment bridges (SIAB) with a specific interest in the response to changing temperatures. The long-term objective of this effort is to establish guidelines for the use of integral abutments with curved girder bridges. The primary objective of this work was to monitor and evaluate the behavior of six in-service, horizontally curved, steel-girder bridges with integral and semi-integral abutments. In addition, the influence of bridge curvature, skew and pier bearing (expansion and fixed) were also part of the study. Two monitoring systems were designed and applied to a set of four horizontally curved bridges and two straight bridges at the northeast corner of Des Moines, Iowa—one system for measuring strains and movement under long term thermal changes and one system for measuring the behavior under short term, controlled live loading. A finite element model was developed and validated against the measured strains. The model was then used to investigate the sensitivity of design calculations to curvature, skew and pier joint conditions. The general conclusions were as follows: (1) There were no measurable differences in the behavior of the horizontally curved bridges and straight bridges studied in this work under thermal effects. For preliminary member sizing of curved bridges, thermal stresses and movements in a straight bridge of the same length are a reasonable first approximation. (2) Thermal strains in integral abutment and semi-integral abutment bridges were not noticeably different. The choice between IAB and SIAB should be based on life – cycle costs (e.g., construction and maintenance). (3) An expansion bearing pier reduces the thermal stresses in the girders of the straight bridge but does not appear to reduce the stresses in the girders of the curved bridge. (4) An analysis of the bridges predicted a substantial total stress (sum of the vertical bending stress, the lateral bending stress, and the axial stress) up to 3 ksi due to temperature effects. (5) For the one curved integral abutment bridge studied at length, the stresses in the girders significantly vary with changes in skew and curvature. With a 10⁰ skew and 0.06 radians arc span length to radius ratio, the curved and skew integral abutment bridges can be designed as a straight bridge if an error in estimation of the stresses of 10% is acceptable. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Curved bridges KW - Des Moines (Iowa) KW - Field studies KW - Finite element method KW - Girder bridges KW - Jointless bridges KW - Live loads KW - Thermal analysis KW - Thermal stresses UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/curved_girder_integral_abutments_w_cvr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516561 AU - Cooney, Robert C AU - Clement, Kirt A AU - Shah, Keyur V AU - eVision Partners, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Strategic Enterprise Architecture Design for the Ohio Department of Transportation PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 286p AB - In order for the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) to successfully carry out its mission, it is essential to appropriately incorporate and utilize technology. Information management systems are vital to maintaining the state’s transportation infrastructure and are critical components for activities such as asset management, forecasting, quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) efforts, and data collection and analysis. The objective of this research is to develop a strategic enterprise architecture design for ODOT. To accomplish this task, the researcher completed an analysis and documented the `as is’ organization wide business processes and supporting information systems architecture at ODOT, and made recommendations for a `to be’ future state business process and information system architecture. Based on the analysis, recommendations were provided for appropriate governance mechanisms and change management procedures. KW - Information management KW - Information technology KW - Ohio Department of Transportation KW - Recommendations KW - System architecture KW - Systems analysis KW - Technology assessment UR - http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/SPR/Research/reportsandplans/Reports/2014/Administration/134756_FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298611 ER - TY - SER AN - 01516556 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Dye, Bill AU - Kraft, Elizabeth AU - Mills, Peter AU - Gransberg, Douglas AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance-Based Contractor Prequalification as an Alternative to Performance Bonds PY - 2014/01 SP - 4p AB - State transportation departments must rely on private industry construction contractors to build, rehabilitate, and replace their infrastructure assets. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is interested in ensuring that State transportation departments select contractors that can complete projects cost-effectively. One potential method to help select qualified contractors is to use a performance-based contractor prequalification process. FHWA commissioned this study to evaluate the wisdom of expanding the use of this process. This report presents the results of this study, which examined relevant literature, evaluated the benefits and costs of performance bonds and performance-based contractor prequalification, and recommended a model performance-based prequalification approach. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Contractors KW - Literature reviews KW - Performance based specifications KW - Prequalifications KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surety bonds UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/14035/14035.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516539 AU - Washburn, Scott AU - Watson, Donald AU - Song, Ziqi AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation TI - Impact of Lane Closures on Roadway Capacity, Phase 2 PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 91p AB - This project is a follow-up to Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) research project BD545-61, “Impact of Lane Closures on Roadway Capacity” (specifically, Part A: Development of a Two-Lane Work Zone Lane Closure Analysis Procedure and Part C: Modeling Diversion Propensity at Work Zones). In this previous project, the primary objective was to update the procedure in the Plans Preparation Manual (PPM), Volume 1, Section 10.14.7 (2006), for two-lane roadways. Field data collection was not included in the previous project; thus, the results were based strictly on simulation data from the FlagSim simulation program. The primary objective of this project was to update the two-lane roadway with a lane closure analysis procedure developed under the previous project, based on calibrating the FlagSim simulation program to field data. An additional aspect of this that was not considered in the BD545-61 project was to account for the effect of grade on the work zone performance measures. An additional project objective was to update the Remaining Traffic Factor (RTF) estimation method developed under the BD545-61 project, as necessary, based on measured traffic demands (before and during) at work zone field sites. Field data were collected at three sites and used to calibrate the FlagSim program. FlagSim was then used to generate the data used to update the models contained in the analysis procedure developed under the previous project. Local area traffic demand data were also used to update the RTF estimation model. KW - Field studies KW - Florida KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway grades KW - Lane closure KW - Performance measurement KW - Simulation KW - Traffic diversion KW - Two lane highways KW - Work zones UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_RD/FDOT-BDK77-977-18-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516532 AU - Anderson, Keith W AU - Uhlmeyer, Jeff S AU - Sexton, Tim AU - Russell, Mark AU - Weston, Jim AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Long-Term Pavement Performance and Noise Characteristics of the Next Generation Concrete Surface PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 52p AB - This report documents the performance of the first Next Generation Concrete Surface (NGCS) built by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). A 1,500 foot test section was installed on the eastbound lanes of I-82 near Sunnyside, Washington in October of 2010. On-board sound intensity (OBSI) measurements increased from initial levels of 100.6 dBA to 104.4 dBA in 30 months. The increase in noise level was attributed to the loss of aggregate and general roughening of the concrete surface by studded tires. It was concluded that the NGCS is not a viable option as a noise mitigation strategy for Washington State. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Next Generation Concrete Surface Program KW - Noise control KW - Pavement performance KW - Sound intensity KW - Test sections KW - Tire/pavement noise KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/767.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516519 AU - Hu, Sheng AU - Zhou, Fujie AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Texas Mechanistic-Empirical Flexible Pavement Design System (TxME) PY - 2014/01//Technical Report SP - 180p AB - The Flexible Pavement Design System (FPS) implemented in the mid-1990s has limitations in that it does not use any results from laboratory testing so it is impossible to determine benefits from improved base materials or superior asphalt mixes. The development of the new flexible pavement design system, Texas Mechanistic-Empirical Flexible Pavement Design System (TxME), will enable Texas pavement designers to take full advantage of new or premium materials, with a full consideration of the influential factors including pavement structure, traffic loading, and environmental conditions. The features of TxME include 1) Mechanistic-Empirical modeling, 2) performance-based material characterization, 3) traffic load spectrum incorporation, 4) design input variability-based reliability methodology, 5) incremental distress prediction, 6) fast running speed, 7) user-friendly interface, and 8) convenient connection with FPS. This report documents the work and findings during this study. Sensitivity analysis shows that TxME can make rational predictions under different combinations of pavement structure, climate, and traffic load. As a first stage, the researchers recommend that TxME be used as a performance check tool for design options recommended by the FPS design system. More calibration and model fine-tuning work still needs to be done. KW - Cracking KW - Flexible pavements KW - Implementation KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Rutting KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Texas KW - Traffic loads KW - Weather and climate UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6622-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516507 AU - Williams, Kevin W AU - Christopher, Bonny AU - Drechsler, Gena AU - Pruchnicki, Shawn AU - Rogers, Jason A AU - Silverman, Evan AU - Gildea, Kevin M AU - Burian, Barbara K AU - Cotton, Samuel AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - San Jose State University AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Aviation Human-in-the-Loop Simulation Studies: Experimental Planning, Design,and Data Management PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 86p AB - Researchers from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Flight Cognition Lab and the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA’s) Aerospace Human Factors Research Lab at the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute examined task and workload management by single pilots in very light jets, also called entry-level jets. This exploratory simulation study was also performed to generate baseline data to be used in future NextGen-oriented studies and was conducted in a Level 5 Cessna Citation Mustang flight training device (for simplicity, referred to as a “simulator” throughout the rest of this document). In addition to the use of the simulator, data collection included voice analysis, instantaneous self-assessment of perceived workload, NASA Task Load Index workload measures, researcher observations, final debriefing interviews, Cockpit Set-up Preferences questionnaires, Demographics questionnaires, and Automation Experiences and Perceptions questionnaires. Within the current paper, the process by which the human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation study was designed and the methodology used to collect and analyze the results are described. For a summary of the results, please refer to Burian, Pruchnicki, Rogers, et al. (2013). The purpose of this document is to describe much of the work required in the development of HITL simulation study materials, the design of experimental scenarios, and the management and transformation of data required in preparation for analysis. KW - Air pilots KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Flight simulators KW - Human factors KW - Human in the loop simulation KW - Information processing KW - Methodology KW - Next Generation Air Transportation System KW - Small aircraft KW - Workload UR - http://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/2010s/media/201401.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290995 ER - TY - SER AN - 01516494 JO - Traffic Safety Facts - Research Note PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Breath Test Refusal Rates in the United States - 2011 Update PY - 2014/01 SP - 6p AB - Breath alcohol concentration (BAC) test refusals by suspected impaired drivers are a challenge for impaired driving enforcement and prosecution. Periodically, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) gathers data on State BAC refusal rates and develops an estimated national rate. This information can be useful to States and local jurisdictions. It enables them to track changes over time and compare their rates to other States and the Nation as a whole. NHTSA developed previous estimates for 1987, 2001, and 2005. The average (mean) BAC test refusal rate in 2011 was 23 percent, compared to 22 percent in 2005, 25 percent in 2001, and 19 percent in 1987. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol test refusal KW - Drunk drivers KW - States KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/Breath_Test_Refusal_Rates-811881.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516479 AU - Bauer, Karin M AU - Harwood, Douglas W AU - MRIGlobal AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Effects of Horizontal Curve and Grade Combinations on Rural Two-Lane Highways PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 68p AB - This report summarizes the results of research undertaken to quantify the safety effects of five types of horizontal and vertical alignment combinations for rural two-lane highways. The research is based on Federal Highway Administration Highway Safety Information System data for Washington State, including crash records from 2003 to 2008. The outcome is a set of safety prediction models for fatal and injury and property damage only crashes. To present the results in a form suitable for incorporation in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Highway Safety Manual, crash modification factors representing safety performance relative to level tangents were developed from these models for each of the five combinations of horizontal and vertical alignment—horizontal curves and tangents on straight grades, horizontal curves and tangents at type 1 crest vertical curves, horizontal curves and tangents at type 1 sag vertical curves, horizontal curves and tangents at type 2 crest vertical curves, and horizontal curves and tangents at type 2 sag vertical curves. KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Highway curves KW - Highway grades KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/13077/13077.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516468 AU - Druta, Cristian AU - Wang, Linbing AU - McGhee, Kevin K AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Evaluation of Thin Wearing Courses Through Scaled Accelerated Trafficking PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 27p AB - The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the permanent deformation (rutting) and fatigue performance of several thin asphalt concrete wearing courses using a scaled-down accelerated pavement testing device. The accelerated testing was conducted using a model mobile load simulator (MMLS3). Field testing with the MMLS3 was conducted on a 4.75-mm nominal maximum aggregate size dense-graded mixture installed at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. This mixture (designated SM-4.75), two other conventional dense-graded mixtures, and a thin gap-graded mixture were also used to prepare specimens for laboratory rutting tests using the MMLS3. Test results from more than 100,000 wheel load applications of the MMLS3 showed that the thin wearing courses underwent various degrees of permanent deformation depending on their compacted air void content. According to the protocol guidelines developed for the evaluation of permanent deformation and moisture damage when using the MMLS3, most of the mixtures performed well. One exception was a coarser dense-graded material with a high amount of recycled asphalt pavement. No indication of fatigue cracking or other distress was observed for any mixture during or after testing. The study supports use of the SM-4.75 mixture on low- to medium-traffic roadways and for maintenance and/or preservation applications. It further recommends that the Virginia Department of Transportation apply the methods demonstrated through this research to assess better the stability of experimental wearing course mixtures in advance of wider spread field applications. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Fatigue strength KW - Field tests KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycled materials KW - Rutting KW - Thickness KW - Virginia KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Wheel loads UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/14-r7.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51900/51988/14-r7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516456 AU - Kamga, Camille AU - Conway, Alison AU - Aslam, Nadia AU - Eickemeyer, Penny AU - Farias, Tiago AU - Melo, Sandra AU - Baptista, Patricia AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Lisbon Technical University AU - New York State Energy Research and Development Authority AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Conference on Last Mile Freight Delivery: Use of Cleaner Mobility Vehicles PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 39p AB - While population increases, so do the demand for products and the freight traffic to deliver them. The increase in truck traffic creates many negative effects including increased traffic congestion, illegal parking and resting, incessant idling, and greenhouse gas and local pollutants emissions. Recently, many initiatives have been promoted to address this problem. The event presented cross-disciplinary perspectives on urban logistics using electric vehicles (EV) and other vehicles as a sustainable mobility transportation solution. Presentations at the event reflected various perspectives, as speakers represented the public and private sectors and academia, including public officials, community leaders, transit community members, academia, consultants and the interested public. The multi‐disciplinary team was from the United States and Europe. The event provided a forum that gathered experts and sustainability advocates to focus on the actions that can be taken immediately to meet the environmental challenges and take advantage of the business opportunities presented by such dense city areas, namely with the use of small sized mobility solutions. KW - Air quality management KW - Conferences KW - Electric vehicles KW - Environmental policy KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Logistics KW - Mobility KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Truck traffic KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/pubs/Final-Report-NYSERDA-Freight-Conference.pdf UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/C-13-07%20Final-Report-NYSERDA-Freight-Conference_1-2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516440 AU - Schaudt, William A AU - Bowman, Darrell S AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Olson, Rebecca L AU - Marinik, Andrew AU - Soccolich, Susan AU - Joslin, Spencer AU - Toole, Laura AU - Rice, J C AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s Advanced System Testing Utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH): Safety Technology Evaluation Project #1 Blindspot Warning PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 102p AB - The purpose of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) Advanced System Testing utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH) program is to conduct an efficient and independent evaluation of promising safety technologies aimed at improving commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operations. The CMV safety technology evaluated in this study was a blindspot object detection and warning system (BSW), which uses an array of infrared laser beams to create three-dimensional (3D) detection zones on either side of a CMV. The system alerts the driver of objects in the blindspots via activation of amber light-emitting diodes (LEDs) mounted on the side-view mirrors. This particular technology type was selected because it can address the leading heavy truck pre-crash scenario that an independent analysis by Volpe National Transportation Systems Center identified (“Changing lanes/Same direction”), and there is limited documentation of BSW system effectiveness for CMVs in industry literature. Results from the controlled tests and the field study indicate that the subject BSW system provides good coverage and helps to identify objects in the blindspot zones of CMVs. These blindspot zones pose a particular challenge to CMV drivers, especially on the passenger-side of the vehicle. System testing in controlled experiments on a test track showed that the system performed well at correctly detecting vehicles inside the detection zones and correctly ignoring vehicles outside the detection zones. During the field study, participating drivers indicated an overall user acceptance for the system. A safety benefit analysis was performed, using safety critical events (SCEs) as a measure of risk, and results indicate practically significant improvements with a strong positive statistical trend for safety benefits. KW - Blind spots KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Technology assessment KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Warning devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51416/FAST-DASH-Concurrence-Package.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516426 AU - Taylor, Peter AU - Wang, Xuhao AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comparison of Setting Time Measured Using Ultrasonic Wave Propagation With Saw-Cutting Times on Pavements in Iowa PY - 2014/01//Technical Report SP - 24p AB - Concrete setting behavior strongly influences scheduling of construction operations, such as surfacing, trowelling, jointing, and saw-cutting. To conduct pavement sawing activities effectively, it is useful for contractors to know when a concrete mixture is going to reach initial set, or when the sawing window will open. Monitoring the set time of a fresh mixture also provides a tool to assess the uniformity between material and concrete batches. The aim of this project was to confirm that initial set could be measured using an ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) approach, and to assess whether there was a relationship between initial set and sawing time for pavement concrete in the field. Eight construction sites were visited in Iowa over a single summer/fall period. At each site, initial set was determined using a p-wave propagation technique with a commercial device. It was also determined on mortar samples in accordance with ASTM C 403. Calorimetric data were collected using a commercial semi-adiabatic device on some of the sites. The data collected to date revealed the following: UPV approaches appear to be able to report initial set times and Early entry sawing time can be predicted for the range of mixtures tested here. KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Iowa KW - Sawing KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Ultrasonic pulse velocity KW - Ultrasonic waves UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/20589 UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/MDA_p-wave_w_cvr.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56712/IADOT_TR_675.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516394 AU - Epps, Jon AU - Sebesta, Stephen AU - Hewes, Bailey AU - Sahin, Hakan AU - Luo, Rong AU - Button, Joe AU - Lytton, Robert AU - Herrera, Caroline A AU - Hatcher, Ronald AU - Gu, Fan AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Specification for Flexible Base Construction PY - 2014/01//Technical Report SP - 414p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) currently uses Item 247 “Flexible Base” to specify a pavement foundation course. The goal of this project was to evaluate the current method of base course acceptance and investigate methods to replace materials approval based on stockpile sampling and testing with a mixture design methodology and quality control procedure. Researchers gathered existing information that would assist in defining the types of tests to be used, specification acceptance criteria, and acceptance limits. Researchers then gathered data to identify tests that should be considered for inclusion in the specification and defined property variability of base course materials from nine pits/quarries in Texas. They also conducted other activities concerning precision and bias statement development, production/placement variability, technician certification, laboratory accreditation, and the development of relationships that allow test property parameters to predict pavement performance. The project developed draft flexible base course specifications in a quality control/quality assurance and quality monitoring program format. Researchers recommend an implementation project to determine the accuracy of the developed pavement performance prediction techniques and the suitability of the specification, including the types and limits of the test parameters in the specification. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance tests KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Texas UR - http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6621-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290822 ER - TY - SER AN - 01516376 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA’s Behavioral Safety Research: Updated, Annotated Bibliography, 1985–2013 PY - 2014/01 SP - 2p AB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) Compendium of Traffic Safety Research Projects 1985-2013 covers more than 25 years of research, and updates previous editions, now containing brief summaries of over 500 studies published from 1985 to 2013. A new feature is that most of the entries in the electronic version of the Compendium include hyperlinks directly to the listed reports. KW - Behavior KW - Bibliographies KW - Highway safety KW - Research projects KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811848.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516371 AU - Staes, Lisa AU - Goodwill, Jay AU - Yegidis, Roberta AU - National Center for Transit Research AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Bus Operator Safety - Critical Issues Examination and Model Practices PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 241p AB - In this study, researchers at the National Center for Transit Research performed a multi-topic comprehensive examination of bus operator-related critical safety and personal security issues. The goals of this research effort were to: (1) Identify and discuss the organizational reporting structure related to safety departments and/or function within each of the 30 fixed route public transit agencies in Florida, with input also provided by transit agencies from across the United States; (2) Identify and document model policies and practices that address the post event condition of bus operators and their ability to return to duty; (3) Summarize the current practices related to driver’s licenses and criminal history background checks and identify model policies or procedures related to these record checks; (4) Examine the training opportunities being provided by transit agencies and report the successes of these training programs on reducing the safety and security issues related to distracted driving and assaults; and (5) Provide recommendations on how transit agencies can improve their training processes to be more effective in dealing with both the safety and security related issues discussed in this research. KW - Bus drivers KW - Criminal histories KW - Distraction KW - Driver licenses KW - Florida KW - Public transit KW - Recommendations KW - Safety and security KW - State of the practice KW - Training KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Transit safety UR - http://www.nctr.usf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/77953-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516332 AU - Hummer, Joseph E AU - Holzem, Anne M AU - Rouphail, Nagui M AU - Cunningham, Christopher M AU - O'Brien, Sarah W AU - Schroeder, Bastian J AU - Salamati, Katy AU - Foyle, Robert S AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pedestrian and Bicycle Accommodations on Superstreets PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 789p AB - The objective of this research was to consider the unique challenges for pedestrians and bicyclists at superstreet intersections and recommend crossing alternatives for both users. For pedestrians the options included the diagonal cross, median cross, two-stage Barnes Dance cross and midblock cross. For bicyclists the options included the bicycle U-turn, bicycles using the vehicle U-turn, the bicycle direct cross and the midblock cross. These options were analyzed through microsimulation based on average stopped delay per route, average number of stops per route, and average travel time per route. Furthermore, various parameters were analyzed per each of the crossing geometries including two signal cycle lengths, two signal splits, two signal offset designs, and two midblock distances. The results for pedestrians showed that the two-stage Barnes Dance crossing produced the lowest values for average stopped delay, average number of stops, and average travel time. However, since the Barnes Dance is designed for an intersection with high volumes of pedestrians, the pedestrian option recommended for most superstreets was instead a combination of the diagonal cross with the midblock cross. The levels that ultimately influenced travel time for pedestrians were a cycle length of 90 seconds rather than 180 seconds, a signal split of 60/40 rather than 75/25, and an offset signal design where the vehicle platoons arrived at different times rather than simultaneously. The results for bicyclists showed that the bicycle direct cross had the lowest average number of stops and the lowest average travel time. The bicycle option with the lowest stopped delay was the vehicle U-turn. The levels that produced lower travel time values for bicyclists included a cycle length of 90 seconds, a signal split of 75/25, and situations where the vehicle platoons arrived at different times rather than simultaneously. The recommended bicycle options for the superstreet were the bicycle direct cross and the midblock cross implemented together. Additionally, the research outcomes include suggestions for public outreach materials in the form of a brochure and discussions with public groups. KW - Cyclists KW - Intersections KW - Microsimulation KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrians KW - Stopped time delays KW - Traffic signal cycle KW - Travel time KW - U turns UR - http://www.ncdot.gov/doh/preconstruct/tpb/research/download/2012-13finalreport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516331 AU - Boulanger, Bryan AU - Carlson, Paul AU - Fatkin, Harry AU - Raut-Desai, Aditya AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Screening Level Assessment of Arsenic and Lead Concentrations in Glass Beads Used in Pavement Markings PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 96p AB - Retroreflective glass beads used in pavement markings are a critical component of highway safety. Glass beads meeting American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) M247 specifications are the current industry standard. AASHTO M247 glass beads are fabricated using reclaimed glass cullet, offering cost effective performance while beneficially reusing sources of industrial and commercial waste glass. However, reclaimed glass cullet may contain elevated levels of arsenic and lead that can be passed through to the final product. Concern regarding the presence of arsenic and lead in retroreflective glass bead products within the U.S. marketplace resulted in recently adopted legislation that sets a 200 part-per-million (ppm = 106 x massmetal/massbeads) limit for both arsenic and lead for beads used on United States roadways. While the scientific justification for the 200 ppm limit is not immediately clear, the proposed legislation is regarded as a good-faith attempt to limit the risk associated with the presence of arsenic and lead in the beads. This research developed a preliminary understanding of the risk associated with the presence of arsenic and lead in glass beads used in pavement marking systems to support decisionmaking. Researchers tested 15 samples of commercially available glass beads in current use on U.S. roadways from State transportation department stockpiles. The mean total concentration observed in the sampled beads across replicates was 71 ppm arsenic and 54 ppm lead. Extractable and bioaccessible arsenic levels in the beads were below instrument detection limits, and extractable and bioaccessible levels of lead in the beads were present at less than 3.6 ppm as a maximum mean value. Based on laboratory-generated characterization data, field investigations, available literature data, and the developed model, reasonably conservative screening levels for arsenic and lead in glass beads were determined to be 220 ppm and 580 ppm, respectively. Lead and arsenic levels observed in glass bead samples provided by State transportation departments were within the determined screening limits, indicating that currently available products pose minimal health risk while meeting retroreflective performance criteria. KW - Arsenic KW - Decision making KW - Glass beads KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Risk assessment KW - Road markings KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/14021/14021.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516268 AU - Abu-Odeh, Akram Y AU - Bligh, Roger P AU - Mason, Melinda L AU - Menges, Wanda L AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development and Evaluation of a MASH TL-3 31-Inch W-Beam Median Barrier PY - 2014/01//7/2011-8/2013 SP - 112p AB - Typically, when the G4(1S) W-beam barrier is impacted in a roadside application, the W˗beam rail element deforms, the support posts are displaced through the soil, and the vehicle is redirected. During the impact sequence, the rail becomes detached from the post by means of the post bolt pulling out of the rail slot as the post displaces rearward. However, in the MB4 steel post W˗beam median barrier, the addition of the rear W-beam rail element provides additional lateral stiffness and post constraint. This changes the post behavior and vehicle-post interaction. In a test of the 27-inch tall MB4 median barrier, the impacting pickup truck climbed and vaulted over the barrier. A taller 30˗inch version of the MB4 W-beam median barrier (AASHTO Designation SGM06a&b) incorporates a C6×8.2 rub-rail channel to help mitigate vehicle-post snagging. However, the rub-rail may still permit the pickup to climb the barrier. The purpose of this project was to develop and evaluate a W-beam median barrier that would meet the strength and safety performance criteria of the AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). A 31˗inch tall W-beam median barrier with rail splices offset from the posts and 8-inch offset blocks (AASHTO Designation SGM06a) was successfully crash tested in accordance with MASH. KW - AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Posts KW - W-beam guardrail UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/9-1002-12-8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516263 AU - Stamatiadis, Nikiforos AU - Kirk, Adam AU - Cull, Andrea AU - Dahlem, Austin AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Transition Zone Design PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 177p AB - The purpose of this report is to document the activities of the research effort and present the findings of the work accomplished. Transition zone is the area in which it is communicated to drivers that the roadway environment is changing (i.e., from rural to built-up) and that their speed should change as well. This study evaluated treatments that could advise drivers to this. Based on the study findings, it is recommended to add additional speed warning signs to such transition zones. KW - Kentucky KW - Rural highways KW - Speed signs KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2014/01/KTC_13_14_SPR_431_12_1F_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516260 AU - McVay, Michael C AU - Bloomquist, David AU - Thiyyakkandi, Sudheesh AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation TI - Field Testing of Jet-Grouted Piles and Drilled Shafts PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 314p AB - A field study of deep foundations supporting high mast lighting and signage was undertaken in typical Florida soils. Three drilled shafts (48 in x12 ft and two 48 in x18 ft) and two jet-grouted piles (28 in x18 ft) were constructed in Keystone Heights, and subject to axial as well as combined lateral with torsional loading. In the case of combined loading, a heavy-duty mast arm equivalent to Florida Department of Transportation's (FDOT’s) E7-T6 type was placed on the top of each foundation and loaded with a crane. In situ as well as laboratory data were collected for the sand, silt, and clay layers to measure properties in order to predict capacities (axial and torsional) based on FDOT (ϖ) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (β and rational) methods. In the case of the axially loaded drilled shafts, FHWA’s rational approach agreed the closest to measured results, followed by FHWA’s β method (<20% difference); however, for combined loading (lateral and torque), FHWA’s β method was the closest (<12% difference), followed by rational approach (<40% difference). It was noted under combined loading that the short shaft underwent lateral and rotational failure, and one of the longer shafts had rotation failure in combination with nonlinear lateral response. Both of the jet-grouted piles were side grouted, followed by tip grouting to have lateral dimensions similar to the drilled shafts. The piles could not be failed axially with top-down testing due to pullout failure of the 40-ft reaction shafts. Under combined loading, the jet-grouted piles had 3 times the capacity of the drilled shafts (<30 of rotation) when loading was stopped (capacity of mast arm). A Statnamic axial capacity of 1000 kip was obtained for one of the piles, of which 450 kip was skin friction. Both torsional and axial skin friction of the piles were predicted based on pressuremeter testing, as well as observed grout pressures during construction. A comparison with similar capacity drilled shafts showed that the jet-grouted piles were 20% to 40% more economical. KW - Axial loads KW - Drilled shafts KW - Field tests KW - Florida KW - Jet grouting KW - Pile foundations KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Torque UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_GT/FDOT-BDK75-977-41-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1299533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01515854 AU - Al-Qadi, Imad L AU - Abuawad, Ibrahim M AU - Dhasmana, Heena AU - Coenen, Aaron R AU - Trepanier, James S AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - Effects of Various Asphalt Binder Additives/Modifiers on Moisture-Susceptible Asphaltic Mixtures PY - 2014/01//Research Report SP - 93p AB - Moisture damage of asphalt concrete is defined as the loss of strength and stability caused by the active presence of moisture. The most common technique to mitigate moisture damage is using additives or modifiers with the asphalt binder or the aggregate. Various additives and modifiers are used to enhance the performance of asphalt mixtures. However, some of these additives/modifiers may affect the moisture susceptibility of the asphaltic mixtures. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect, if any, of various additives and modifiers on the moisture susceptibility of asphalt concrete. Additives and modifiers included in this study were selected as those most commonly used in Illinois: liquid anti-strip (LAS), styrene butadiene styrene (SBS), polyphosphoric acid (PPA), and hydrated lime. Two mixtures exhibiting failed tensile strength ratio (TSR) results were selected for testing. Mixture-level lab tests were conducted including modified AASHTO T283 Lottman test with five freezing and thawing (FT) cycles, the Hamburg wheel tracking test, and a fracture test using semi-circular bending (SCB) specimens. The modified AASHTO T283 Lottman tests showed that LAS and hydrated lime improved moisture damage control of the asphalt mixes. In the wheel tracking tests, mixes with SBS-modified binder and mixes with hydrated lime provided the least rutting potential. The fracture tests generally showed that mixes with either hydrated lime or LAS had the best relative performance. Component-level tests were conducted including the direct adhesion test (DAT) and contact angle test to determine surface free energy (SFE). Results of SFE values and DAT parameters were in agreement with the results of mixture-level tests: LAS and hydrated lime generally help to mitigate a mixture’s susceptibility to moisture. Full-scale test sections were built and exposed to accelerated load testing. Although not all full-scale sections met the lab-mix design volumetrics, the control mix and the mixes with LAS and SBS had similar mixture composition compared with the lab-prepared mixes. This study found that LAS and hydrated lime might reduce moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixes. However, PPA may need to be used with another moisture control additive or modifier in order to avoid adverse effects on an asphalt mixture. The study also found that surface free energy values can be used to identify aggregate–binder compatibility with respect to moisture damage. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt additives KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Fracture tests KW - Moisture damage KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Polyphosphoric acid KW - Styrene butadiene styrene KW - Surface energy KW - Tensile strength UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/47103 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01515200 AU - Brecher, Aviva AU - Sposato, Joseph AU - Kennedy, Bernard AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Best Practices and Strategies for Improving Rail Energy Efficiency PY - 2014/01 SP - 98p AB - In support of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Energy, Environment, and Engine (E3) program, this study reviews and evaluates technology development opportunities, equipment upgrades, and best practices (BPs) of international and U.S. passenger and freight rail industry segments for improving energy efficiency (E2) performance and attaining environmental sustainability goals. FRA’s Preliminary National Rail Plan, the High-Speed Intercity Passenger Rail (HSIPR) initiative and environmental compliance requirements provide new impetus for renewed rail industry E2 advances. This report presents data on comparative rail energy efficiency, emerging energy efficient technologies, and alternative fuels. Based on a comprehensive literature review and on experts’ inputs, the report presents model corporate sustainability plans, rail equipment upgrade opportunities, system-wide BPs, and success stories that measurably improved E2 performance with environmental and economic benefits for all rail industry segments. Findings and recommendations are tailored to intercity and commuter passenger rail, as well as to freight rail carrier (Class I-III) needs and goals for improved, but cost-effective, E2 and environmental performance. Key opportunities include: public-private partnerships (P3) for Research & Development, demonstrations and equipment upgrades with Federal agencies (Federal Railroad Administration - FRA), trade associations (Association of American Railroads - AAR, American Public Transportation Association - APTA, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials - ASHTO), international rail organizations (International Union of Railways - UIC), and regional and State environmental protection agencies for E2 and cross-enterprise sustainability improvements. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Best practices KW - Electric multiple unit cars KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy efficiency KW - Freight service KW - High speed rail KW - Modernization KW - Passenger service KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Railroads KW - Sustainable development KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/3547 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51000/51097/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-13-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01515100 AU - Aguilar, Alexander M AU - Sheffield, Richard H AU - Welch, Wilfred M AU - Southeast Transportation Consortium AU - Thompson Engineering AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STC Synthesis of Research Results for Water Quality Management at Construction Sites PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 60p AB - The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lists sediment as the most common pollutant in U.S. streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. This is of significant importance to state Departments of Transportation (DOT) due to the large amount of construction necessary to maintain and improve interstate and intrastate public roadways. As part of construction, soils are frequently exposed due to the removal of vegetative cover. Unimpeded, sediment is transported to waters of the state, where deposition may cause a problem for aquatic organisms in the receiving waterways. Sediment is known to disrupt fish populations and aquatic plants and promote the growth of nuisance algae. Sediment may also be a carrier for chemical contamination. In March 2012, Thompson Engineering contracted with the Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) to perform a synthesis of research results on water quality management at construction sites within the Southeastern Transportation Consortium member states. This report presents the results of the research. While states in the southeastern U.S. have performed research on the subject of erosion and sediment management, there is still a need to take a closer look at management practices that will improve water quality at department of transportation construction sites. This report is an overview of recent research that has been performed or funded by state level DOTs in the southeastern United States. The primary source of information for this report comes from literature obtained from individual DOT databases or the Transportation Research Board database. Additionally, a questionnaire was sent to 12 states located in the southeastern United States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The following nine states responded to the questionnaire Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Research that is ongoing is not included. Responses from the questionnaire indicate that the DOTs are making an effort in managing erosion and sediment at construction sites. All responding states indicate that they have stormwater training or monitoring programs in place. Additionally, literature regarding erosion and sedimentation was found from most states. A wide variety of research has been performed throughout the southeastern United States. Topics ranging from vegetative cover to individual best management practice (BMP) design and performance assessments have been studied with varied results. In the case that water quality degradation is eminent, the mitigation process has also been studied. The most recent research available was collected from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Although DOTs are making efforts through research and management programs, there is still a need to continue improving construction impacts on bodies of water. More research regarding specific BMPs, site planning, training programs and systematic approaches would greatly benefit the DOTs in the effort to control or eliminate sediment loss at construction sites. KW - Best practices KW - Environmental impacts KW - Erosion control KW - Road construction KW - Sediments KW - Southeastern United States KW - State departments of transportation KW - Water quality management UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/stc/pdf/FR_511.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514902 AU - Kent, Joshua D AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bayou Corne Sinkhole: Control Measurements of State Highway 70 in Assumption Parish, Louisiana PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 81p AB - This project measures and assesses the surface stability of the portion of LA Highway 70 that is potentially vulnerable to the Assumption Parish sinkhole. Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) enhanced by a real-time network (RTN) of continuously operating reference stations (CORS), the Center for GeoInformatics (C4G) at Louisiana State University (LSU) has collected the horizontal and vertical positions for control points located along the Highway 70 corridor between Bayou Corne (in th e west) and Bayou Choupique (in the east). Measurements were collected between September 2012 and June 2013. Data has been processed and made available to the Louisiana Department of Transportation & Development (DOTD) via an Internet FTP site maintained by C4G. During the report’s measurement period, no movement attributable to the sinkhole has been detected on Highway 70. The GPS measurements did exhibit variability typically associated with random and systematic error. In order to capture more accurate, precise, and consistent positions, a permanent monitoring solution is recommended. KW - Data collection KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Global Positioning System KW - Louisiana KW - Monitoring KW - Sinkholes KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2014/fr_514.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514643 AU - Flamm, Bradley AU - Rivasplata, Charles AU - San Jose State University AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Perceptions of Bicycle-Friendly Policy Impacts on Accessibility to Transit Services: The First and Last Mile Bridge PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 100p AB - The coordination of bicycle and transit modes has received close attention from public transit planners and researchers in recent years, as transit agencies around the world have installed bicycle racks on transit vehicles, implemented bicycles-on-trains policies, and made other efforts to facilitate bicycle-transit integration. Many planners presume that the catchment area for transit is enlarged by these efforts, but geographic changes in the size of catchment areas have not been effectively documented. This research project was designed to assess the distances travelled on bicycle by cycle-transit users (CTUs), both those who use bicycles as a means of access to transit stops and stations and those who bicycle to and travel on transit with their bicycles. A mixed-methods approach was employed, using a literature review, a survey of cyclist-transit users in Philadelphia and San Francisco, and telephone interviews with a subset of survey respondents. Responses provided by CTUs in the two cities allow us to define their characteristics and behaviors in detail. What is more, they highlight two intriguing conclusions: that transit catchment areas can be much larger for cycle-transit users than for traditional transit users who access transit buses and rail on foot, and that the very concept of a cycle-transit catchment area is quite complex because of the variety of travel opportunities that cycle-transit coordination policies present transit riders. CTUs take advantage of larger catchment areas to reduce their travel costs, and they use those catchment areas in curious, less predictable and more varied ways. KW - Access KW - Bicycle commuting KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Cyclists KW - Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - San Francisco (California) KW - Travel behavior KW - Trip length UR - http://transweb.sjsu.edu/PDFs/research/1104-bicycle-policy-transit-accessibility-first-last-mile.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514637 AU - Rakha, Hesham AU - Ahn, Kyoungho AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Institute for Advanced Transportation Technology AU - TranLIVE AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Developing Eco-adaptive Cruise Control Systems PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 42p AB - The study demonstrates the feasibility of two eco-driving applications which reduces vehicle fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In particular, the study develops an eco-drive system that combines eco-cruise control logic with state-of-the-art car-following models and evaluates Eco-Lanes and SPD-HARM applications. The research investigated the potential of developing an eco-drive system that combines an Eco-Cruise Control (ECC) system with state-of-the-art car-following models. The system makes use of topographic information, the spacing between the subject and lead vehicle, and a desired (or target) vehicle speed and distance headway as input variables. The study demonstrated that the proposed system can significantly improve fuel efficiency while maintaining reasonable vehicle spacing. Furthermore, the study also demonstrated that a dynamic car-following spacing threshold significantly reduces the average vehicle spacing compared to a fixed car-following spacing threshold. The study finally demonstrated that non-ECC-equipped vehicles can significantly reduce their own fuel consumption just by following a lead ECC-equipped vehicle. Further, the research investigated the feasibility of Eco-Lanes applications that attempt to reduce system-wide fuel consumption and GHG emission levels through lane management strategies. The study demonstrated that the proposed Eco-Lanes system can significantly improve fuel efficiency and air quality while reducing average vehicle travel time and total system delay. The study also found that the optimum throttle levels and the optimum eco-speed limits can significantly improve the mobility and fuel economy. KW - Air quality management KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Car following KW - Ecodriving KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Managed lanes KW - Sustainable transportation UR - http://www.uidaho.edu/~/media/Files/orgs/ENGR/Research/NIATT/TranLIVE/Final%20Reports/VT_TranLIVE_Final_Eco-Driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514636 AU - Rakha, Hesham AU - Ahn, Kyoungho AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Institute for Advanced Transportation Technology AU - TranLIVE AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Developing an Eco-Routing Application PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 36p AB - The study develops eco-routing algorithms and investigates and quantifies the system-wide impacts of implementing an eco-routing system. Two eco-routing algorithms are developed: one based on vehicle sub-populations (ECO-Subpopulation Feedback Assignment or ECO-SFA) and another based on individual drivers (ECO-Individual Feedback Assignment or ECO-IFA). Both approaches initially assign vehicles based on fuel consumption levels for travel at the facility free-flow speed. Subsequently, fuel consumption estimates are refined based on experiences of other vehicles within the same class. This stochastic, multi-class, dynamic traffic assignment framework was demonstrated to work for various scenarios. This study also quantifies the system-wide impacts of implementing a dynamic eco-routing system, considering various levels of market penetration and levels of congestion in downtown Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio, USA. The study concludes that eco-routing systems can reduce network-wide fuel consumption and emission levels in most cases; the fuel savings over the networks range between 3.3% and 9.3% when compared to typical travel time minimization routing strategies. We demonstrate that the fuel savings achieved through eco-routing systems are sensitive to the network configuration and level of market penetration of the eco-routing system. The results also demonstrate that an eco-routing system typically reduces vehicle travel distance but not necessarily travel time. We also demonstrate that the configuration of the transportation network is a significant factor in defining the benefits of eco-routing systems. KW - Air quality management KW - Algorithms KW - Dynamic traffic assignment KW - Ecorouting KW - Emission models KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Stochastic processes KW - Sustainable transportation UR - http://www.uidaho.edu/~/media/Files/orgs/ENGR/Research/NIATT/TranLIVE/Final%20Reports/VT_TranLIVE_Final_Eco-Routing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514634 AU - Ahmed, Umama AU - Ng, ManWo AU - Old Dominion University AU - TranLIVE AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - A Study on the Impact of Parameter Uncertainty on the Emission-based Ranking of Transportation Projects PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 34p AB - With the growing concern with air quality levels and, hence, the livability of urban regions in the nation, it has become increasingly common to incorporate vehicular emission considerations in the ranking of transportation projects. Network assignment methods have proven invaluable in the characterization of system level emissions. The estimation of these regional air quality impacts has been typically based on the assumption of determinism. That is, model parameters in network assignment methods are typically assumed to be known with complete certainty. In this research, the assumption of determinism is relaxed and the impact of trip table/ demand uncertainty and road capacity uncertainty is examined. In addition to emissions as the project selection criterion, the classical total system travel time measure is also considered. Based on extensive simulations, the authors' results indicate that the impact of uncertainty is limited. However, at the same time, it is to be emphasized that the findings in this study are preliminary in nature and might not necessarily generalize to other settings than the ones considered in this report. KW - Air quality KW - Exhaust gases KW - Highway capacity KW - Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) KW - Network assignment models KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Travel time KW - Trip tables KW - Uncertainty KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.uidaho.edu/~/media/Files/orgs/ENGR/Research/NIATT/TranLIVE/Final%20Reports/ODU_TranLIVE_Final%20Report_Study%20Impact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514291 AU - Kahane, Charles J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Updated Estimates of Fatality Reduction by Curtain and Side Air Bags in Side Impacts and Preliminary Analyses of Rollover Curtains PY - 2014/01 SP - 91p AB - Curtain and side air bags are designed to protect occupants in near-side impacts, those to the sides of vehicles adjacent to where the occupants are seated. Four major types of curtain and/or side air bags have been available in the United States since 1996. However, by model year 2011, 85 percent of new cars and LTVs (light trucks and vans) were equipped with curtains plus torso bags for drivers and right-front passengers. Curtains that deploy in rollover crashes began to appear in 2002; by 2011 about 45 percent of new cars and LTVs were equipped with such curtains. Logistic regression analyses of FARS data through calendar year 2011 show statistically significant fatality reductions for all four types of curtain and side air bags in near-side impacts for drivers and right-front passengers of cars and LTVs: Fatality Reduction (%) and Confidence Bounds, respectively: Curtains plus torso bags 31.3, 25.0 to 37.1; Combination bag 24.8, 17.7 to 31.2; Curtain only 16.4, 3.0 to 28.0; Torso bag only 7.8, .4 to 14.7 Corresponding analyses of far-side impacts do not show corresponding, large benefits for curtain or side air bags. Curtains that deploy in rollover crashes show a statistically significant effect in first-event rollovers: The estimated fatality reduction is 41.3 percent (confidence bounds, 22.5 to 55.5%). Analyses should be repeated in about 3 or 4 years, when there will be considerably more data available. KW - Curtain air bags KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Nearside KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Rollover crashes KW - Side air bags KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811882.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291005 ER - TY - SER AN - 01506796 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Popovics, John S AU - Ham, Suyun AU - Garrett, Stephen AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State of Practice for Concrete Cylinder Match Curing and Effect of Test Cylinder Size PY - 2014/01//Research Report IS - 14-003 SP - 101p AB - The prestressed concrete element industry is interested in exploring the application of different types of match-curing technologies and in using 4 x 8-in. (100 x 200-mm) cylinders to measure concrete compressive strength instead of the standard 6 x 12-in. (150 x 300-mm) cylinders. Application of this new technology creates potential for cost savings to the producer and the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) as improved knowledge of concrete strength development allows more efficient and accurate stress release and form removal times, normally within 24 hours after casting. The technology associated with match-curing cylinders is somewhat new, and little information is available on the use of temperature-controlled chambers for match curing. This study explores the effects of match-curing performance specifically taking into consideration the insulated jacket mold and air chamber technologies, as well as the effect of cylinder size. This research effort consists of five objectives: (1) review of the literature, current industry practice, and available technology; (2) purchase, assembly, and verification of the effectiveness of match-curing technology; (3) study of the effect of system temperature control on match-cured (water bath) strength results; (4) study of the utility of using match-curing technologies (insulated jacket mold and air chamber) to estimate 1-day, in-place compressive strength; and (5) study of the effect of cylinder size on match-cure strength results. KW - Bridge members KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete curing KW - Cylinders (Geometry) KW - Match cure technology KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Temperature control UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/47086 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506781 AU - Gagnon, Jeffrey W AU - Dodd, Norris L AU - Sprague, Scott AU - Loberger, Chad AU - Nelson, Rob AU - Boe, Susan AU - Schweinsburg, Raymond E AU - Arizona Game and Fish Department AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Measures to Promote Desert Bighorn Sheep Highway Permeability: U.S. Route 93 PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 86p AB - This study evaluated desert bighorn sheep–highway relationships from 2008 to 2010 along a 17‐mi stretch of U.S. Route 93 (U.S. 93), in northwestern Arizona. Highway reconstruction between mileposts (MP) 2.3 and MP 17.0 was completed in October 2010. The research objectives were to: 1. Assess sheep movements, highway crossing patterns, distribution, and determine permeability. 2. Investigate spatial and temporal patterns of sheep highway crossings and relationships to traffic volume. 3. Investigate spatial and temporal sheep‐vehicle collision patterns. 4. Assess the impact of highway reconstruction activities on sheep movements, habitat use, and permeability. 5. Establish baseline data for pre‐ and during‐reconstruction movements, highway crossing and passage rates, and sheep-vehicle collisions against which to conduct a sound post‐reconstruction assessment. Researchers instrumented 38 desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) with GPS collars. Sheep crossed the highway 340 times. U.S. 93 constituted a significant barrier to sheep passage, as passage rates averaged just 0.07 crossings/approach. Passage rates varied by season, with summer rates higher than winter and spring rates given that sheep exhibited increased tolerance to traffic during summer when crossing U.S. 93 in pursuit of water. The highway reconstruction project’s significant measures promoting sheep highway permeability—including three new wildlife overpasses, other bridges to accommodate wildlife passage, and ungulate funnel fencing—are expected to have a beneficial impact on bighorn sheep crossing patterns. Further monitoring will assess the efficacy of these measures on increasing sheep crossings and reducing collisions along U.S. 93. KW - Animal behavior KW - Animal vehicle collisions KW - Desert bighorn sheep KW - Fences KW - Global Positioning System KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic volume KW - Wildlife crossings UR - http://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/az677.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290517 ER - TY - SER AN - 01506313 JO - Traffic Safety Facts - Research Note PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Pickrell, Timothy M TI - Seat Belt Use in 2013—Overall Results PY - 2014/01 SP - 4p AB - Seat belt use in 2013 reached 87 percent, statistically unchanged from 86 percent in 2012. This result is from the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), which is the only survey that provides nationwide probability-based observed data on seat belt use in the United States. The NOPUS is conducted annually by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Seat belt use has shown an increasing trend since 1995, accompanied by a steady decline in the percentage of unrestrained passenger vehicle (PV) occupant fatalities during daytime. The 2013 survey also found the following: 1) Seat belt use for occupants in heavy traffic increased significantly from 89 percent in 2012 to 90 percent in 2013. 2) Seat belt use for occupants in the Northeast increased significantly from 80 percent in 2012 to 84 percent in 2013. 3) Seat belt use continued to be higher in the States in which vehicle occupants can be pulled over solely for not using seat belts (“primary law States”) as compared with the States with weaker enforcement laws (“secondary law States”) or without seat belt laws. KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Primary seat belt laws KW - Seat belt use KW - Seat belts KW - Secondary seat belt laws KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811875.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506312 AU - Pickrell, Timothy M AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - Occupant Restraint Use in 2012: Results From the National Occupant Protection Use Survey Controlled Intersection Study PY - 2014/01//NHTSA Technical Report SP - 29p AB - This report presents results from the 2012 National Occupanst Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) Controlled Intersection Study. NOPUS is the only nationwide probability-based occupant restraint use survey. The National Center for Statistics and Analysis of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration conducts this survey annually. The 2012 NOPUS found that male seat belt use increased significantly (up to 84 percent in 2012 from 81 percent in 2011) and that female seat belt use increased significantly (up to 88 percent in 2012 from 86 percent in 2011). Seat belt use among occupants age 25-69 years old increased significantly (up to 87 percent in 2012 from 84 percent in 2011). Restraint use for children in vans and SUVs decreased significantly down to 94 percent in 2012 from 97 percent in 2011. Seat belt use in rear seats stood at 75 percent in 2012. KW - Age groups KW - Child restraint systems KW - Demographics KW - Front seat occupants KW - Intersections KW - National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Regional analysis KW - Seat belt use KW - Seat belts KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811872.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506249 AU - Brown, Andrew C AU - Dellinger, Gregory F AU - El-Mohtar, Chadi AU - Zornberg, Jorge G AU - Gilbert, Robert B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Long-Term Performance of a Drilled Shaft Retaining Wall in an Expansive Clay PY - 2014/01//Technical Report SP - 202p AB - The purpose of this research is to advance the understanding of the behavior of drilled shaft retaining walls installed through expansive clay. The primary source of information for this study is data from a full-scale instrumented test wall, which was installed through highly overconsolidated, expansive clay in Manor, Texas, and monitored for a period of 4 years. This study includes a summary of existing research, technical information on the design and construction of the instrumented test wall, an analysis of the relationship between soil behavior and wall deformation during the 4-year monitoring period, and preliminary recommendations on how to account for the effects of expansive soil in design of drilled shaft retaining walls. KW - Construction KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Expansive clays KW - Recommendations KW - Retaining walls KW - Swelling soils KW - Texas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/0-6603-2.pdf UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/0-6603-2_appdx.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1287665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506248 AU - Seedah, Dan AU - Owens, Travis AU - Bhat, Chandra AU - Harrison, Robert AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluating Truck and Rail Movements along Competitive Multimodal Corridors PY - 2014/01//Technical Report SP - 113p AB - Texas faces increased freight demands from population growth and economic success, with little prospect of adding substantial capacity to the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) principal highway networks. In Texas’s truck-dominated intrastate corridors, can railroads offer competitive service and reduce truck volumes? Current mode choice models do not capture the effects of weight, speed, engine power, grade, or curvature—key elements of any mechanistic approach. Moreover, they are incapable of fully internalizing external or social costs into their calculations. Therefore, in two critical areas for transportation planners—fuel costs and emissions—existing models are deficient. This project combines mechanistic models for both trucks and rail into a PC model, calibrated for Texas and implemented through a series of study workshops for TxDOT and metropolitan planning organization (MPO) planning staff. The output of the toolkit allows planners to compare truck and rail service over a series of corridors in terms of overall cost, fuel costs, emissions per ton-mile, and related secondary costs such as pick-up and delivery costs for rail freight. It provides truck and rail operating cost comparisons that should strengthen corridor analysis—an important component of the Moving Ahead for Prosperity in the 21st Century (MAP-21) legislation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Freight traffic KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mode choice KW - Pollutants KW - Railroad transportation KW - Texas KW - Transportation corridors KW - Trucking UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/0-6692-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1287573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506246 AU - Balke, Kevin AU - Chaudhary, Nadeem AU - Brydia, Bob AU - Songchitruksa, Praprut AU - Pesti, Geza AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Warrants and Criteria for Installing and Sunsetting TxDOT ITS Equipment PY - 2014/01//Technical Report SP - 114p AB - Over the past several decades, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has made a significant investment in deploying and developing intelligent transportation systems (ITS) devices, such as closed-circuit television (CCTV), traffic sensors, and dynamic message signs (DMS), to assist in managing traffic operations. However, as these systems have matured and as financial resources have become more constrained, TxDOT needs to become more strategic in their decision-making as to when and where to deploy new ITS devices and systems and when and where to continue supporting and/or upgrading systems that have met their life expectancy. The goal of this project was to develop guidelines, criteria, and procedures to assist TxDOT in their decision-making specific to installing, repairing, and/or removing ITS field devices and systems. Specifically, through this project the research team assisted TxDOT by: 1) developing warrant conditions and criteria for assessing when and where to install new ITS devices and systems, 2) providing sunset requirements and criteria for determining when to no longer support deployed ITS devices and systems, and 3) developing an analytical framework for identifying and prioritizing mission- critical devices and systems for upgrade and maintenance. KW - Asset management KW - Decision making KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Equipment replacement KW - Installation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6773-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1287708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506245 AU - Meadati, Pavan AU - Toson, Sonia AU - Jambro, John AU - Southern Polytechnic State University AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) Leadership Academy PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 67p AB - Public agencies like the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) are continually challenged with reduced staff levels, reduced budgets, increased workloads and expectations for services provided. In addition, the current economic and political environments and complex accountability systems create unique management and leadership challenges. Response to these demands requires a well-informed and coordinated team that includes professionals, supervisors, technicians, lead workers, and workers led by an able leader or supervisor. The development of a true leader or supervisor to address current problems and issues requires frequent training and interaction. To thrive and become successful, individuals must possess a blend of hard, soft, analytical and problem solving skills along with self-awareness, policy sophistication, and systems-focus. Such skills are not built overnight. The goal of this research is to develop a training curriculum and courses for GDOT managers and supervisors and make them perform better under challenging situations. A survey was conducted to identify the existing and required skills and competencies for the GDOT managers and supervisors. After reviewing and analyzing the results, nine core skills and competencies were finalized for the GDOT managers’ and supervisors’ curriculum. In this research project, new course modules were developed for eight core skills and competencies. They include: Leadership and leadership skills; Motivating employees; Negotiation and conflict resolution; Decision making and problem solving; Managing for quality; Strategic management - linking performance plans to organizational goals; Team building and group productivity; and Ethics for state employees. All the developed course modules were taught in an instructor-led class setting and were revised based on the participants’ feedback. KW - Curricula KW - Georgia Department of Transportation KW - Leadership KW - Managerial personnel KW - Personnel development KW - Supervisors KW - Surveys KW - Training programs UR - http://www.dot.ga.gov/BuildSmart/research/Documents/GDOT%20Leadership%20Academy%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1287754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506233 AU - Miller, Christopher M AU - Schneider, William H AU - Kennedy, Marla J AU - Sullivan, Sarah AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Snow Removal Wastewater Disposal Alternatives PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 273p AB - Management of truck wash water generated at Department of Transportation (DOT) maintenance facilities without access to sanitary sewer can be costly. Strategies for managing this waste stream, including collection and direct disposal, reuse with and without treatment, and tying into the sanitary sewer were identified and evaluated. The results of truck wash water quality monitoring at 24 maintenance facilities indicated that heavy metals concentrations exceeded the established reuse limits in Ohio at many garages. Pilot scale testing indicated that media filtration and particulate settling may be adequate to reduce heavy metals concentrations to acceptable levels for reuse of wash water. KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Filtration KW - Heavy metals KW - Ohio KW - Sewage treatment KW - Snow removal KW - Wastewater KW - Water quality management UR - http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/8/OHI/2014/03/13/H1394723603526/viewer/file1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505938 AU - Carlson, Paul J AU - Pratt, Michael P AU - Higgins, Laura L AU - Nelson, Alicia A AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Control Device Evaluation Program: Technical Report PY - 2014/01 SP - 120p AB - This project was established to provide a means of conducting small scale research activities on an as-needed basis so that the results could be available within months of starting the specific research. This report summarizes the research activities that were conducted between September 2009 and August 2013. Researchers evaluated bridge clearance signing and visibility; incorporating multiple-curve processing capabilities into the global positioning system (GPS) method for setting advisory speeds; and guidelines for sign sheeting material for rural applications. KW - Rural areas KW - Sign sheeting KW - Signs KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic control devices KW - Visibility UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/9-1001-4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1285861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505933 AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Pocket Guide to Transportation 2014 PY - 2014/01 SP - 64p AB - This guide is a compilation of statistics related to the performance and impact of the United States transportation system. The statistics are arranged in seven categories: infrastructure, moving people, moving goods, performance, economy, safety, and environment. Data covers such topics as: airport runway pavement condition, structurally deficient bridges, transit ridership, top 10 world airport rankings, incoming truck border crossings, U.S. transportation spending, transportation injuries by mode, and hybrid vehicle sales. KW - Air travel KW - Economics KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Passenger transportation KW - Ports KW - Railroads KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/Pocket_Guide_2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1286020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505861 AU - Griffin, Richard AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - In-Place Voids Monitoring of Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements: Follow-Up PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 33p AB - In order to validate the policy of allowing the adjustment of the asphalt cement to reduce the laboratory air voids up to one percent, cores were taken over a period of four years on 19 paving projects and tested for air voids. After being compacted by traffic over several years, the average air voids in these pavements were 3.8%. Since the design air voids are required to be between 3.5% and 4.5%, the monitoring validates the effectiveness of the policy. However, there was significant scatter in the data with most of the in-place voids falling out of this design range. The asphalt cement adjustment policy has been validated, but more guidance needs to be developed to reduce scatter. The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) should consider additional guidance in making asphalt cement adjustments to achieve more consistent in-place voids. Forensic analysis of any pavement showing premature failure related to mix problems may help in developing and fine-tuning this guidance. KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt cement KW - Colorado KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Mix design UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2014/voids.pdf/at_download/file UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1286550 ER - TY - SER AN - 01505860 JO - Civil Engineering Studies, Illinois Center for Transportation Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - El-Rayes, Khaled AU - Liu, Liang AU - El-Gohary, Nora AU - Abdelmohsen, Ahmed AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effect of Flaggers and Spotters in Directing Work Zone Traffic for Illinois Expressways and Freeways PY - 2014/01//Research Report IS - 14-001 SP - 146p AB - This research project focused on assessing the effectiveness and essential role of flaggers and spotters in directing traffic for expressway and freeway work zones in Illinois with a posted speed limit greater than 40 mph. The objectives of this project were to (1) conduct a comprehensive literature review to study the latest standards and research on the use of flaggers and spotters to direct work zone traffic on expressways and freeways; (2) perform site visits and field studies to evaluate flagger practices currently used in work zones in Illinois; (3) collect and fuse the latest data on work zone crashes in Illinois during a 14-year period from 1996 to 2009 from all available sources; (4) analyze the gathered data to study the frequency and severity of traffic-related work zone crashes in Illinois highways, and investigate the probable causes and contributing factors of these work zone crashes; (5) investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of work zone safety measures that can be used to supplement or replace the use of flaggers and/or spotters, such as intrusion alarm systems, portable changeable message signs, and portable speed monitoring displays; (6) conduct an online survey of resident engineers and construction personnel in the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) and other state DOTs to gather their feedback on the essential roles and effectiveness of flaggers and spotters in directing work zone traffic for expressways and freeways; (7) identify the effectiveness and risks of using spotters and/or flaggers in work zones with a posted speed limit greater than 40 mph on Illinois expressways and freeways, and identify effective work zone safety measures that can be used to supplement or replace flaggers in these works zones; and (8) develop recommendations on the use of flaggers, spotters, and other safety measures in work zones with a posted speed limit greater than 40 mph on Illinois expressways and freeways. These recommendations can be used by IDOT to update and/or expand related IDOT policies, specifications, and standards in order to improve work zone safety and mobility. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Expressways KW - Field studies KW - Flaggers KW - Freeways KW - Illinois KW - Literature reviews KW - Occupational safety KW - Recommendations KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2142/49944 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1286714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505856 AU - Kiousis, Panos D AU - Wang, Judith AU - Walthall, Rebecca M. AU - Colorado School of Mines AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall Connections and End of Walls Subjected to Seismic Loads PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 145p AB - The 4th Edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications requires all states to design for a 1,000-year return period earthquake, as opposed to earlier editions' 500-year return period. In response to this requirement, the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) sponsored this study to examine the impact that these more stringent design requirements have upon connection details in mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls. The objective of this study was to perform displacement-based dynamic finite element analyses of MSE walls to examine the response of selected internal components when subjected to seismic excitations such as those expected in Colorado. Details that were of particular interest were the upper block connections in modular block walls; the dynamic displacements of the ends of walls; and the relative displacements and motions between the wall facings, soil reinforcement, and soil. The results of this study show that segmental and modular block walls representative of typical current CDOT design practices performed well with respect to both serviceability and strength requirements, even under AASHTO's newly stringent requirement for the consideration of a 1,000-year return period earthquake. The results of these linear elastic finite element studies indicate that seismic design for MSE walls in Colorado does not need to be routinely completed. The MSE walls, which were modeled based upon walls designed using current CDOT MSE wall design procedures, performed very well under all of the seismic loads examined. This means that CDOT's MSE walls do not need to be designed for seismic loads as per the AASHTO recommendation. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Colorado KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Finite element method KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Retaining walls KW - Structural connection UR - http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/research/pdfs/2014/mse.pdf/at_download/file UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1286957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505766 AU - Lin, Pei-Sung AU - Wang, Zhenyu AU - Wang, Qing AU - Guo, Rui AU - National Center for Transit Research AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Coordinated Pre-Preemption of Traffic Signals to Enhance Railroad Grade Crossing Safety in Urban Areas and Estimation of Train Impacts to Arterial Travel Time Delay PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 158p AB - This research project investigated the potential for using advanced features of traffic signal system software platforms (ATMS.now), prevalent in Florida, to alleviate safety and mobility problems at highway-railroad at-grade crossings and adjacent arterials. Pre-preemption phasing was developed in this study to provide “extra” green time to the movements blocked by a train before the train’s arrival at the crossing in order to (1) mitigate congestion on the arterials near railways and (2) reduce the conflicts of train-vehicle and/or vehicle-vehicle adjacent to at-grade crossings. This study explored the technologies for implementing key functions of a pre-preemption system, including train detection, train arrival prediction, and pre-preemption control algorithms, and the capabilities of ATMS.now system. VISSIM-based simulation models were developed in this study based on three control sections along two railway corridors (FEC and CSX) in Broward County, Florida, to test the proposed pre-preemption strategies. A series of comparisons before-after implementing pre-preemption strategies was conducted to validate the effectiveness of pre-preemption strategies. The major findings and recommendations for implementation from this study are provided below. (1) Upstream preemption signals (activation or release) are suggested for triggering pre-preemptions at downstream intersections along the railroad corridor. The Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) is predicted based on the logs of two or more preemptions at upstream crossings with ideal space less than 0.5 miles. (2) The coordinated pre-preemption strategy developed in this study aims to clear the through traffic at several intersections along an arterial as much as possible before train’s arrival. All pre-preemption phases are pre-timed; coordinated pre-preemption is easy to be implemented on existing traffic controllers. (3) Based on the simulation results, the coordinated pre-preemption strategy can effectively reduce average delay, average stops, and average queue length of the arterials near a railroad crossing. The performance pattern is sensitive to site features and strategy configurations. Considering its applicability and corridor-level effectiveness, coordinated pre-preemption is suggested when through traffic volume is higher than 500 vehicles per hour per lane (vphpl) and train block duration is longer than 100 seconds. (4) A generic pre-preemption plan was developed in this study to provide guidance on implementation of the pre-preemption strategy using the ATMS.now system in Florida. KW - Algorithms KW - Arterial highways KW - At grade intersections KW - Before and after studies KW - Florida KW - Implementation KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_PTO/FDOT-BDK85-977-44-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1285613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01503972 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Compendium of Traffic Safety Research Projects 1985-2013 PY - 2014/01//Compendium SP - 179p AB - Through many name changes, from the Office of Program Development and Evaluation, the Office of Research and Evaluation, to the current, Office of Behavioral Safety Research, the focus has remained on improving the safety of drivers, occupants, pedestrians, and all road users. This office conducts studies, evaluations and projects that include laboratory research, field studies, national surveys, and analyses of observational and archival data. The work over the past decades has significantly enhanced law enforcement strategies, strengthened community traffic safety programs, informed policy decisions, examined emerging issues, and helped to decrease lives lost to motor vehicle crashes. This compendium contains brief summaries of research on alcohol-involved driving, drug-involved driving, occupant protection (e.g., seat belts, and child safety seats), speed and other unsafe driving behaviors, motorcyclist safety, pedestrian and bicyclist safety, older driver safety, novice and young driver safety, fatigue and distraction, and emergency medical services. This document updates previous versions, both by adding entries since the previous version was released in 1996, and also adding two additional early years – 1985 and 1986. A new feature is that most of the entries in the electronic version of this document include hyperlinks directly to the listed reports. KW - Aged drivers KW - Behavior KW - Bibliographies KW - Cyclists KW - Distraction KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency medical services KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Motorcyclists KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Research KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811847.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1286154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616426 AU - AASHTO Center for Environmental Excellence AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Examples of Effective Techniques for Preparing High-Quality NEPA Documents PY - 2014 SP - 400p AB - The purpose of this report is to help practitioners bridge the gap between the theory and practice of producing high-quality National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents by providing examples that illustrate specific techniques. The examples are organized into two broad categories: (1) Improving Overall Document Quality: This group includes techniques for improving the quality and readability of the NEPA document as a whole. These examples address issues such as page layout, writing style, and graphics. (2) Meeting NEPA and Related Requirements: This group includes techniques for strengthening portions of the document that address specific requirements under NEPA and other environmental laws. These examples address issues such as purpose and need, alternatives analysis, methodologies, and mitigation. KW - Documents KW - Federal requirements KW - National Environmental Policy Act KW - Readability KW - Reports UR - http://environment.transportation.org/pdf/examples_quality_enviro_docs/examples_quality_enviro_docs_all.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1434922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599336 AU - Saat, M Rapik AU - Lin, Chen-Yu AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Shared Rail Corridor Adjacent Track Accident Risk Analysis PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 18p AB - Safety is a high priority for any rail system. There are several safety concerns associated with operating passenger and freight trains on shared-use rail corridors (SRC). Adjacent track accident (ATA) is one of the most important concerns. ATA mainly refers to a train accident scenario where derailed equipment intrudes on adjacent tracks, causing operation disturbance and potential subsequent train collisions on the adjacent tracks. Other ATA scenarios include collisions between trains on adjacent tracks (raking), turnouts and railroad crossings. Limited literature is available that addresses the risk of ATA for shared-use rail corridors. This study presents a comprehensive risk assessment to identify and quantify the effect of factors affecting the likelihood and consequence of ATA. A discussion on how these factors affect the probability and consequence is provided. A semi-quantitative risk analysis model is developed to evaluate the ATA risk incorporating various factors affecting train accident rate, intrusion rate, train presence rate, and accident consequences. A case study with a hypothetical railroad network is presented to illustrate the potential application of the risk model. This research intends to depict a high-level overview of adjacent track accident risk and provides a basis for future quantitative risk analyses and risk mitigation. KW - Case studies KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Derailments KW - Freight trains KW - Passenger trains KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroad tracks KW - Risk assessment UR - http://www.nurailcenter.org/research/final_reports/UIUC/NURail2013-UIUC-R08_Final_Report_-_SAAT_Shared_Rail_Corridor_Adjacent_Track_Accident_Risk_Analysis1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59300/59307/NURail2013-UIUC-R08_Final_Report_-_SAAT_Shared_Rail_Corridor_Adjacent_Track_Accident_Risk_Analysis1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01599224 AU - Khattak, Asad J AU - Clarke, David AU - Liu, Jun AU - Wang, Xin AU - Zhang, Meng AU - National University Rail Center (NURail) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - What is the Extent of Harm in Rail-Pedestrian Crashes? PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 80p AB - This project provides a comprehensive understanding of rail-trespassing crashes. Specifically the project explores injury severity in rail-trespassing crashes that occurred at highway-rail grade crossings and non-crossings. The authors examined the role of pre-crash behaviors, socio-demographics, time of crash, location and traffic controls where crash occurred on injury severity. Relying on the accident and incident data as well as inventory and highway-rail crossing data maintained by the Office of Safety Analysis of the Federal Railroad Administration, the project is split into three efforts. The first effort examines spatial patterns of rail-trespassing crashes at non-crossings using ten years of crash data. The second effort analyzes rail-pedestrian and bicyclist trespassing crashes at highway-rail grade crossings to non-crossings by comparing them. The third effort focuses on injury outcomes at highway-rail grade crossings, expanding the analysis from non-motorized trespassers to include motorized trespasser crashes. Path analysis quantifies the direct and indirect associations of passive control and active controls with pre-crash behaviors and injury severity. KW - Behavior KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash data KW - Cyclists KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Injury severity KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad safety KW - Spatial analysis KW - Trespassers UR - http://www.nurailcenter.org/research/final_reports/UTK/NURail2013-UTK-R06_Final_Report1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59300/59312/NURail2013-UTK-R06_Final_Report1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405118 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01594537 TI - Assessment of Commercial Driver's License (CDL) Holders' Traffic Violations, Convictions, and Suspensions AB - The goal of this project is to collect information to assess why commercial driver's license (CDL) holders’ major traffic offenses are underreported and to make recommendations for improving State and court processes for collecting and processing reports accurately and efficiently. This project is designed to assess the reporting issues described below and to recommended research-based methods for improving the processes within States and in courts. The study will track the final disposition of a citation from issuance. This process will determine if a major or serious traffic offense for a CDL holder results in a conviction, an exoneration, a suspension, or a non-suspension. This will aid in the assessment of a commercial driver’s safety risk when a violation has been documented. It will also identify the process gaps when a conviction occurs that fails to result in the appropriate disqualification or suspension of a driver’s CDL. Process gaps may include a court’s failure to transmit a disqualified or suspended CDL to the State Licensing Agency (SLA) or a SLA’s failure to disqualify or suspend the CDL when required. The study will investigate why courts are not promptly and accurately reporting convictions (related to major and serious traffic offenses) of CDL holders. The outcomes of this study include an assessment of the disposition of major traffic citations of CDL holders; a discussion on why many courts are not promptly or accurately reporting CDL holders convicted of major traffic offenses; an assessment of the percentage of suspended CDL holders who are not detected at roadside inspections; and an assessment of the percentage of CDL holders suspended for safety reasons versus the percentage suspended for non-safety reasons. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial Driver'S License Program KW - Commercial drivers KW - Methodology KW - Offenders KW - Safety KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Truck drivers UR - www.fmcsa.dot.gov UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593945 AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - National Transportation Atlas Databases 2014 PY - 2014 AB - The National Transportation Atlas Databases 2014 (NTAD2014) is a set of nationwide geographic databases of transportation facilities, transportation networks, and associated infrastructure. These datasets include spatial information for transportation modal networks and intermodal terminals, as well as the related attribute information for these features. Metadata documentation, as prescribed by the Federal Geographic Data Committee, is also provided for each database. The data support research, analysis, and decision-making across all modes of transportation. They are most useful at the national level, but have major applications at regional, State, and local scales throughout the transportation community. All data included here are in shapefile format. KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal facilities KW - Metadata KW - Spatial analysis KW - Transportation modes KW - Transportation, hydraulic and utility facilities UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_atlas_database/2014/index.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56700/NTAD_2014.zip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400284 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592642 TI - Wireless Roadside Inspection (WRI) Research Project AB - The objective of this project is to improve safety and the efficient operations of trucks and buses operating on our Nation’s roads and highways by developing, testing, and evaluating a wireless inspection system that is designed to conduct inspections at roadway speeds. Further, the research will support the development of a means by which wireless inspections can contribute to a carrier’s safety score. The Wireless Roadside Inspection (WRI) research project is implemented in three phases: Proof of Concept, Pilot Tests, and the Field Operational Test (FOT). The project is currently in Phase III, the FOT, which builds on the recently completed pilot tests. These pilot tests showed that a national system may be feasible but required further refinement of interfaces between government and carrier information systems. The tested system aligns directly with the Agency's Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) initiative as a tool to identify more drivers, vehicles, and carriers using limited resources. Phase I: Proof of Concept Test–Testing of commercially-available off-the-shelf (COTS) or near-COTS technology to validate the wireless inspection concept. Phase II: Pilot Test–Safety and inspection technology maturation demonstration, system loading, and back office system integration. Phase III: FOT–Full end-to-end system testing on multiple vehicles from multiple fleets within a multi-State corridor. Currently in Phase III, the FOT will: (1) Demonstrate WRI system by modifying an existing telematics system, equipping about 600 trucks with it, and collecting inspection data wirelessly over a 1-year period. (2) Demonstrate carrier, enforcement, and compliance decision-making using WRI interfaces. (3) Demonstrate WRI system instantaneous loading equal to a nationally-deployed system. (4) Provide experience to revise the already existing WRI requirements, concept of operations, and architecture. KW - Innovation KW - Inspection equipment KW - Reports KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Wireless communication systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400251 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592560 TI - FAST DASH Safety Technology Evaluation Project #3: Novel Convex Mirrors AB - The objective of this project is to conduct an independent evaluation of a novel set of multi-radii convex mirrors designed to increase field of view (FOV) for drivers and provide reflection similar to that found on flat mirrors. Large trucks, because of their size and design, have extensive areas around their bodies that are obscured from the driver’s direct and indirect vision. These blind spot areas have the potential to hide other road users from the drivers (due to restricted FOV), contributing to safety conflicts and crashes during maneuvers such as lane changes and merges. In fact, lane changes and merges are considered some of the riskiest maneuvers that a driver can perform on the highway, due to the high demand on the driver’s attention and vision. Conventional convex mirrors on commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) provide indirect visibility in areas surrounding the truck and function as a means for drivers to detect and identify objects within those areas. Conventional convex mirrors are shown to substantially reduce blind spots when compared with conventional planar mirrors, but with distortion to objects via indirect visibility. This distortion narrows the horizontal dimensions of the corresponding image, and is a potential problem for drivers. The proposed novel prototype mirror is expected to reduce distortion when compared to a conventional convex mirror, while also increasing drivers’ FOV. The third FMCSA’s Advanced System Testing utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH) program evaluation explored the feasibility and user acceptance of a novel mirror prototype to replace existing convex mirrors on a heavy vehicle. This was accomplished by examining the interaction between driver and object placement for FOV and distance estimations as described in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA’s) static testing method. An independent evaluation of the tested novel convex mirrors. KW - Data analysis KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Field of vision KW - Mirrors KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations KW - Truck drivers UR - www.fmcsa.dot.gov UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590509 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Statistics 2014 PY - 2014 SP - v.p. AB - This publication brings together an annual series of selected statistical tabulations relating to highway transportation in twelve major areas: (1) Bridges; (2) Highway Infrastructure; (3) Highway Travel; (4) Travelers (or System Users); (5) Vehicles; (6) Motor Fuel; (7) Revenue; (8) Debt Obligation for Highways; (9) Apportionments, Obligations, and Expenditures; (10) Conditions and Safety; (11) Performance Indicators; and (12) International. The data collected and published in the annual Highway Statistics is used by all levels of government and the public to assess the performance of the Nation's highway transportation system as well as identify future highway system options. Data are used for assessing highway system performance under FHWA's strategic planning and performance reporting process developed in accordance with requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) and for apportioning Federal-aid highway funds under Federal legislation. The information is used by FHWA to develop and implement legislation and by State and Federal transportation officials to adequately plan, design, and administer effective, safe, and efficient transportation systems. The data collected are essential to FHWA and Congress in evaluating effectiveness of the Federal-aid highway program providing a wide variety of related data that provide a representative cross section of the highway assets of the Nation. KW - Bridges KW - Debt KW - Drivers KW - Expenditures KW - Highway safety KW - Infrastructure KW - International KW - Motor fuels KW - Performance measurement KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicles UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2014/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1394935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579156 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Speed Management Toolkit PY - 2014 SP - 64p AB - This package of speed management resources was developed from the most relevant and up-to-date existing speed management guides, informational resources, and research evidence. There are three main types of content. The first section, an Annotated Bibliography provides a descriptive list of key speed management resources. The Bibliography also indicates the primary target audiences who may find the resources most useful. Resources were reviewed as part of the project to identify best speed management practices, and to develop the model speed management Action Plan template. The second section describes crash- and speed-reducing countermeasures and the effects that might be expected for implementing the listed treatments. The countermeasures included, with potential crash effects or Crash Modification Factors (CMFs), are derived from high quality evaluations. Several sources were consulted to develop the list of countermeasures with strong evidence of crash or speed-reducing effects. Key among these sources were the Highway Safety Manual, the Crash Modification Factors Clearinghouse, and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) proven safety countermeasures information. Although only measures that have a high quality of evaluation evidence were included in these lists, other measures may also have crash-reducing effects, but the evidence is not as conclusive. The third section provides tip sheets for communications experts and others involved in supporting the speed management program and countermeasures through education and awareness efforts. The tip sheets provide guidance on developing a locally-tailored communications program. Creating and sustaining an effective speed management program requires the commitment and support of diverse stakeholders, including users of the roadways and effective communications can help build such support. In addition, safety benefits of specific countermeasures, such as enforcement or new or unfamiliar engineering treatments, may be enhanced with an effective communications programs. KW - Best practices KW - Bibliographies KW - Communications KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/docs/speedmanagementtoolkit_final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576273 AU - Interrante, Erica AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Next Generation of Travel: Research, Analysis and Scenario Development PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 34p AB - The work completed under the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA’s) The Next Generation of Travel project provides for both a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of current and emerging travel shifts among the different generations, with a focus on youth ages 16-27. The quantitative portion of this project is the statistical analysis conducted by the University of California-Los Angeles (Blumenberg et. al.), using primarily National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data to analyze differences across age cohorts and generations over time and to identify any new or emerging predictors of travel that fall outside the traditional norms as a person ages from youth to retirement. In addition to the statistical analysis, several focus groups were held across the country to further explore the results of the statistical analysis and generational perceptions on transportation-related issues. In conjunction with both the statistical analysis and focus groups, in-depth literature reviews were written on both current sociological issues and their effect on travel behavior, and emerging transportation technologies, with an emphasis on how future generations will interface with these technologies in the areas of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), electronic payment systems and fuel efficient vehicles. This report summarizes the information and findings from this research. Its purpose is to identify trends that are influencing the travel decisions of youth and speculate how these trends may impact future travel forecasts. It may also be used to help guide future research and policy initiatives related to personal travel. KW - Age groups KW - Focus groups KW - Forecasting KW - Global Positioning System KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Literature reviews KW - National Household Travel Survey KW - Statistical analysis KW - Technological innovations KW - Telecommunications KW - Travel behavior KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Young adults UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/nextgen_finalreport.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01570731 AU - Department of Defense AU - Department of Homeland Security AU - Department of Transportation TI - 2014 Federal Radionavigation Plan PY - 2014 SP - 217p AB - The Federal Radionavigation Plan (FRP) reflects the official positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) policy and planning for the Federal Government. Within the construct of the National PNT Architecture, the FRP covers both terrestrial- and space-based, common-use, federally operated PNT systems. Systems used exclusively by the military are covered in Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 6130.01, DoD Master Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Plan (MPNTP). The FRP does not include systems that mainly perform surveillance and communication functions. The policies and operating plans described in this document cover the following PNT systems: Global Positioning System (GPS); Augmentations to GPS; Instrument Landing System (ILS); Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR); Distance Measuring Equipment (DME); Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN); Aeronautical Nondirectional Beacon (NDB); Microwave Landing System (MLS); Internet Time Service (ITS); Radio Station WWVB signal; Two-Way Satellite Time Transfer (TWSTT); and Network Time Protocol (NTP). The FRP is composed of the following sections: (1) Introduction to the Federal Radionavigation Plan; (2) Roles and Responsibilities; (3) Policy; (4) PNT User Requirements; (5) Operating Plans; (6) PNT Architecture Assessment and Evolution; (Appendix A) System Parameters and Descriptions; (Appendix B) PNT Information Services; (Appendix C) Geodetic Reference Systems and Datums; (Appendix D) Acronyms; and (Appendix E) Glossary. KW - Aeronautical nondirectional beacon KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Federal Radionavigation Plan KW - Global Positioning System KW - Instrument landing systems KW - Microwave landing systems KW - National PNT Architecture KW - Operating plans KW - Policy KW - Radio navigation KW - Tactical air navigation system KW - United States KW - Very high frequency omnidirectional radio range UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55100/55108/20150526_Final_Signed_2014_FRP.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1361249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01567491 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - New Hampshire Integrated Transportation Planning Workshop, Concord, New Hampshire, November 4, 2014 PY - 2014 SP - 34p AB - This report documents a one-day Integrated Transportation Planning workshop held in Concord, New Hampshire, on November 4, 2014. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored the workshop as part of its Scenario Planning Program in partnership with the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). The workshop was developed in close coordination with the Nashua Regional Planning Commission (Nashua RPC) and the FHWA New Hampshire Division. The New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT) hosted the event. Participants included a diverse range of agencies, such as NHDOT,New Hampshire’s five rural RPCs, and four metropolitan planning organization (MPO)-designated RPCs. The workshop focused on the themes of integrated planning, performance-based planning and programming (PBPP), and scenario planning. KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - New Hampshire KW - Performance measurement KW - Regional planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Workshops UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/scenario_and_visualization/scenario_planning/peer_exchange/concord_nh/fhwahep15043.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1356972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01560902 AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Mid-America Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - S-HAL: Safety Handbook for Locals PY - 2014///4th Edition SP - 152p AB - The Safety Handbook for Locals (S-HAL) is intended to be a comprehensive traffic safety resource for all local communities in Missouri, be it cities or counties. The S-HAL mirrors the national Highway Safety Manual (HSM) (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 2010) in using a systematic and data-driven approach to improving traffic safety. The HSM is expected to significantly influence local policy and engineering practice, in the same way that the Highway Capacity Manual transformed traffic impact analysis for planning and site development. It is important that the S-HAL is consistent with the principles and techniques promoted in the HSM, which was developed using a wealth of national highway safety knowledge and experience; the S-HAL takes advantage of the same wellspring of knowledge. The HSM is divided into four major parts. Part A discusses fundamentals of traffic safety, including human factors. Part B presents the safety management process, namely, network screening, diagnosis, countermeasure design, economic appraisal, project prioritization, and safety effectiveness evaluation. Part C describes predictive methods for rural highways, and urban and suburban arterials. Part D lists crash modification factors for a wide range of transportation facilities and treatments. The S-HAL covers the same topics as the HSM but not in as much detail. Also, the S-HAL focuses on facilities that are of more interest to local communities; thus freeway and expressway facilities are not covered in the S-HAL. Even though the types of topics covered in the HSM and the S-HAL are similar, the S-HAL is organized into seven chapters instead of four parts. Topics covered in the S-HAL include establishing a traffic records system, screening for problem locations, analyzing conflict and crash patterns, designing safety improvements, conducting road safety audits, and accessing national and regional safety resources. The S-HAL can be considered a gateway to HSM, since it introduces readers to the theory and techniques presented in the HSM. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Handbooks KW - High risk locations KW - Highway Safety Manual KW - Missouri KW - Performance measurement KW - Records management KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.modot.org/safety/Safety_Engineering/documents/S-HALManual.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1349907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01560898 AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Transportation Statistics Annual Report 2013 PY - 2014 SP - 205p AB - The Transportation Statistics Annual Report describes the Nation’s transportation system, the system’s performance, its contributions to the economy, and its effects on people and the environment. This 18th edition of the report is based on information collected or compiled by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), a Federal statistical agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). Chapters include: Extent of the U.S. Transportation System; Physical Condition of the U.S. Transportation System; Moving People; Moving Goods; Transportation System Performance; Transportation Economics; Transportation Safety; Energy and Environment; and The State of Transportation Statistics. KW - Condition surveys KW - Economics KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Highways KW - Mode choice KW - Passenger transportation KW - Pipelines KW - Statistics KW - Transportation safety KW - Travel behavior KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/TSAR_2013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1350231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01558250 AU - Middleton, Scott AU - Lucken, Emma AU - Regan, Terry AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Disadvantaged Business Enterprise and Business Development Programs: A TPCB Peer Exchange PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 29p AB - This report highlights key recommendations and best practices identified at the peer exchange on Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) and Business Development Programs (BDPs), held on October 15 and 16, 2014, in Houston, Texas. This event was sponsored by the Transportation Planning Capacity Building (TPCB) Peer Program, which is jointly funded by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration (FTA). KW - Best practices KW - Businesses KW - Disadvantaged business enterprises KW - Peer exchange KW - Program management KW - Recommendations KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://www.planning.dot.gov/Peer/Houston/houston_10-15-14_DBE_programs.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1347056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01557573 AU - Sharif, Hatim AU - Weissmann, Jose AU - Dessouky, Samer AU - University of Texas, San Antonio AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Impact of Texas Travel Information Centers PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) currently operates and maintains 12 Travel Information Centers that serve travelers entering the state. These public facilities serve a broad range of visitors, including vacation/recreational travelers, commercial vehicle operators, commuters, travelers on bus tours, motorcyclists, and others. Travel Information Centers provide the distinct advantage of quick and convenient access, some with facilities that are open 24 hours a day. A recent legislative appropriation prompted TxDOT to reassess the functional value of Travel Information Centers and develop a methodology to determine their economic and safety impact for taxpayers. The overall goal of this research was to develop a methodology and gather sufficient data to quantify the impact of Texas Travel Information Center staff and services on the safety of travelers on Texas roadways. Data and analytical tools that quantify the value of person-to-person contact with visitors that provides information about travel route, road condition, destination, weather, and disaster evacuation were used. Several tasks were performed under this study to provide a response to this legislative request. KW - Assessments KW - Crash data KW - Methodology KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6821-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01555758 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FAA Aerospace Forecast Fiscal Years 2014-2034 PY - 2014 SP - 129p AB - This document forecasts aviation traffic and aviation activity through fiscal year 2034. It starts with a review of economic activity, commercial aviation, general aviation, and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) operations for 2013. Forecasts cover commercial aviation, commercial aircraft fleet, general aviation, FAA operations, unmanned aircraft systems, and commercial space transportation. A final section looks at risks to the forecasts and alternative forecast scenarios. KW - Air traffic KW - Air transportation KW - Air travel KW - Civil aviation KW - Commercial space transportation KW - Drone aircraft KW - Economic analysis KW - Forecasting KW - General aviation KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1344385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554333 AU - Finley, Melisa D AU - Venglar, Steven AU - Iragavarapu, Vichika AU - Miles, Jeff AU - Park, Eun Sug AU - Cooner, Scott AU - Ranft, Stephen AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wrong Way Driving Countermeasures PY - 2014 SP - 2p AB - Researchers reviewed the state of the practice regarding wrong way driving (WWD) in the United States and Texas. Researchers then designed and conducted two closed-course studies to determine the effectiveness of select WWD countermeasures on alcohol-impaired drivers. In addition, researchers obtained preexisting data from several Texas agencies that had installed WWD countermeasures and/or mitigation methods on their road network. Using these datasets, researchers assessed the effectiveness of the implemented strategies in actual operational environments. Researchers also used the focus group discussion method to obtain motorists’ opinions regarding the design of wrong way driver warning messages that can be displayed on dynamic message signs (DMSs). Based on the focus group findings and accepted message design principles, researchers developed two single-phase wrong way driver warning messages that can be posted on DMSs. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Focus groups KW - State of the practice KW - Texas KW - Variable message signs KW - Wrong way driving UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6769-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1341456 ER - TY - SER AN - 01554308 JO - NHTS Brief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mobility Challenges for Households in Poverty: 2009 National Household Travel Survey PY - 2014 SP - 4p AB - Studies have shown that rising transportation costs have a disproportionate negative impact on lower income households. The Bureau of Labor Statistic’s Consumer Expenditure Survey has shown that transportation is the second highest American household expenditure, only exceeded by housing costs. The high sticker price of vehicles, increased prices at the pump, and transit fare hikes all pose a financial burden to the mobility of all households, especially those in poverty. In 2009, the year of the most recent National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), the Census Bureau reported that the nation’s official overall poverty rate was 14.3 percent whereas 25.8 percent of Blacks and 25.3 percent of Hispanics were in poverty. In 2012, the Census poverty numbers changed slightly with poverty rates of 27.2 percent and 25.6 for Blacks and Hispanics respectively. These vulnerable groups are in need of cost-effective transportation options that are affordable and provide them access to job opportunities. Data in this brief includes: distribution of trip mode; distribution of number of household vehicles; and daily travel radius of all persons for Atlanta, Los Angeles and New York City. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Demographics KW - Households KW - Low income groups KW - Mobility KW - Modal split KW - National Household Travel Survey KW - Travel behavior UR - http://nhts.ornl.gov/briefs/PovertyBrief.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554280 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National Household Travel Survey: Compendium of Uses: January 2014 - December 2014 PY - 2014 SP - 342p AB - This compendium contains various uses and applications of the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data used in transportation planning and research from January 2014 to December 2014. Published journal articles and reports that cite the use of NHTS data were selected using the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Annual Meeting Online Portal http://amonline.trb.org/ and Google Alerts, notification emails sent by Google when new search results matched predetermined search terms pertaining to NHTS data. The key word and search engine terms used in both online sources were the National Household Travel Survey and NHTS. The research papers were grouped into 11 categories that were created based on the Subject Areas and index terms identified in each abstract as well as category titles used in previous NHTS compendium databases. This 2014 compendium consists of approximately 322 research papers and articles. A one-page description of each paper is provided which includes the Title, Authors, Abstract, Subject Areas, and Availability. KW - National Household Travel Survey KW - Research reports KW - Travel surveys UR - http://nhts.ornl.gov/2009/pub/Compendium_2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342016 ER - TY - SER AN - 01554275 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Intelligent Compaction: Summary of Intelligent Compaction on Soil and Subbase PY - 2014 SP - 7p AB - This Tech Brief represents the second in a series of three tech briefs that are targeted at sharing information about intelligent compaction (IC) technology and helping to promote its use throughout the U.S. This first Tech Brief provides an Executive Summary that provides background information, a detailed description of the technology, and identifies the advantages and implementation considerations. It is applicable to IC for both soil/ subbase and hot-mix asphalt/ warm-mix asphalt (HMA/WMA) construction. Using the findings of recent demonstration projects, this Tech Brief provides information that demonstrates the field application of this technology for soil and subbase materials. KW - Compaction KW - Demonstration projects KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Implementation KW - Paving KW - Soil compaction KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Technological innovations KW - United States KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/construction/ictssc/pubs/hif13052.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342633 ER - TY - SER AN - 01554257 JO - Application Notes PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Intelligent Compaction for Asphalt Paving: Intelligent Compaction Implementation on Sitka Airport Project PY - 2014 SP - 4p AB - With traditional rolling efforts, some areas of the asphalt mat do not receive total coverage. Contractors can use intelligent compaction (IC) to ensure the entire asphalt mat gets the correct amount of compaction effort. This document outlines the IC process used for the Sitka Rocky Gutierrez Airport Runway Overlay Project. Strengths and limitations of using IC equipment from the contractor's standpoint are included. KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compaction KW - Implementation KW - Paving KW - Sitka Rocky Gutierrez Airport KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/construction/ictssc/pubs/hif13049.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342632 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01553171 JO - Journal of Transportation and Statistics PB - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Fishbain, Barak AU - Grembek, Offer TI - A Multidimensional Clustering Algorithm for Studying Fatal Road Crashes SN - 1094-8848 PY - 2014 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - pp 79-100 AB - Road fatalities are rare outcomes of events that occur in a small time-space region. Although the exact chain of events for each fatality is unique, there are inherent similarities between road fatalities. The science of road safety is dedicated to identifying such similarities, mainly using statistical analysis tools. Researchers typically analyze patterns that emerge over space, such as hot-spot studies, or patterns that emerge over time, such as before-after studies. Traffic research enumerates 84 parameters that characterize a road fatality. A vast number of papers have tried to find the correlation between one or two parameters. In those studies quite often the contribution of other factors is omitted. In this research the authors utilize a clustering graph theoretic method, known as graph-cuts, for segmenting a very large crash dataset (i.e., all fatal car crashes in the last 2, 5, or 10 years), while incorporating all available crash information into the process. The analysis of the clusters allows one to find subtle trends and significant causes for traffic fatalities. With this method, for example, the authors have found high correlation between hit-and-run and pedestrians fatalities, which was overlooked by previous studies. An additional output of the research is a full description of the typical fatality, thus all factors that characterized the representative crash in a cluster. KW - Cluster analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash types KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/JTS%20Vol%2010%20N%201_Jan2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1341945 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01553170 JO - Journal of Transportation and Statistics PB - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Ghazizadeh, Mahtab AU - Boyle, Linda Ng TI - Crash Injuries in Four Midwestern States: Comparison to Regional Estimates SN - 1094-8848 PY - 2014 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - pp 15-34 AB - This study used binary logit models to examine the crash factors that contribute to severe injuries to the drivers across four Midwestern states: Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. The findings regarding the association between many crash factors (e.g., driver’s age, gender, seat belt use, and alcohol use) and severe injuries are consistent with previous studies. However, the magnitude of the associations varies greatly with some outcomes not even significant in some states (e.g., adverse weather). Findings were then compared to those from regional crash estimates using the General Estimates System (GES) and differences were obtained for rural road crashes. The outcomes bring up issues on the appropriateness of implementing safety countermeasures based on geographical regions and underscore the need for standard crash reporting procedures. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - General Estimates System KW - Highway safety KW - Injury severity KW - Iowa KW - Kansas KW - Logits KW - Missouri KW - Nebraska KW - Rural areas UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/JTS%20Vol%2010%20N%201_Jan2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1341470 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01553169 JO - Journal of Transportation and Statistics PB - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Chimba, Deo AU - Sando, Thobias AU - Kwigizile, Valerian AU - Kutela, Boniphace TI - Modeling School Bus Crashes Using Zero-Inflated Model SN - 1094-8848 PY - 2014 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - pp 3-11 AB - School bus crashes are rare, but their occurrence can have devastating effects on the school children involved. Such crashes are infrequent and random, and some roadway segments may not experience any school bus related crashes for a number of years (zero crashes). Despite the fact that no crashes may have occurred along particular stretches of road, these zerocrash road segments cannot be termed as safe sites, and they cause a dual state of crash experience (no crashes, but still at risk for crashes) compared to a single state of non-zero crash prone sections where risk is confirmed. Literature indicates that for extremely rare and random count data, such as school bus crashes, Poisson and Negative Binomial (NB) distributions become more applicable for modeling. Apart from Poisson and NB, there exists an alternative discrete distributional model that is used to model extra-zero discrete data, such as school bus crashes,that allows exploration of the impact of zero segments. This alternative modeling approach called zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model is introduced in this study for evaluation of variables influencing school bus crashes. Although crash data rarely reveal variability, the ZINB model provides a more flexible modeling framework for school bus crashes. The study found that, ZINB yields better prediction (tight standard errors and higher z-statistics), compared to NB model though same variable coefficient signs. Presence of median and outside shoulders was found to have tendency of reducing school bus crashes. On the other end, wider medians, outside shoulders, inside shoulders, and lane widths were found to reduce the probability of these crashes. Presence of curb and gutter and two-way left turn lane (TWLTLL, high posted speed limits, multilane segments, and congested segments were found to increase the probability of school bus crashes. KW - Bus crashes KW - Highway factors in crashes KW - Regression analysis KW - School bus safety KW - School buses UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/JTS%20Vol%2010%20N%201_Jan2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1341378 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01553082 JO - Journal of Transportation and Statistics PB - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Sando, Thobias AU - Mbatta, Geophrey AU - Moses, Ren TI - Lane Width Crash Modification Factors for Curb-and-Gutter Asymmetric Multilane Roadways: Statistical Modeling SN - 1094-8848 PY - 2014 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - pp 61-78 AB - This study developed lane width crash modification factors (CMFs) for urban curb-and-gutter multilane roadways with asymmetric lanes, i.e., outside lane wider than inside lane. The roadway segments used were urban four-lane with a raised median (4D) and with a two-way left-turn lane (5T). Three crash categories were evaluated: KABCO (Fatal (K), incapacitating-injury (A), non-incapacitating injury (B), possible injury (C) and property damage only crashes (O)), KABC (Fatal (K), incapacitating-injury (A), non-incapacitating injury (B), and possible injury crashes (C)), and PDO (property damage only) crashes. A cross-sectional method was used as it was the most practical and feasible for this study. Six-year (2004 to 2009) of segment crashes were examined. The analysis involved statistical modeling using the negative binomial model, whose coefficients were used to develop multiplicative CMF equations for a combined effect of variable inside and outside lane width. In summary, the results show that reducing the inside lane width from 12 ft to 11 ft does not affect estimated crash frequency of four-lane with a raised median segments for all three crash categories, and PDO crashes for four-lane with a two-way left-turn lane segments. However, narrowing the inside lane width appears to be associated with increased estimated KABCO and KABC crashes for four-lane with a two-way left-turn lane sections. The results also suggest that widening the outside lane from the baseline 12 ft causes a reduction in estimated crash frequency for all three crash categories (KABCO, KABC, and PDO) for both four-lane with a raised median and four-lane with a two-way left-turn lane segments. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injuries KW - Cross sectional studies KW - Fatalities KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic lanes KW - Two way left turn lanes KW - Width UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/JTS%20Vol%2010%20N%201_Jan2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1341944 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01553081 JO - Journal of Transportation and Statistics PB - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Zou, Yajie AU - Lord, Dominique AU - Zhang, Yunlong AU - Peng, Yichuan TI - Application of the Bayesian Model Averaging in Predicting Motor Vehicle Crashes SN - 1094-8848 PY - 2014 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - pp 49-60 AB - Developing reliable statistical models is critical for predicting motor vehicle crashes in highway safety studies. However, the conventional statistical method ignores model uncertainty. Transportation safety analysts typically select a single “best” model from a series of candidate models (called model space) and proceed as if the selected model is the true model. This paper proposes a new approach for deriving more reliable and robust crash prediction models than the conventional statistical modeling method. This approach uses the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) to account for model uncertainty. The derived BMA crash model is an average of the candidate models included in the model space weighted by their posterior model probabilities. To examine the applicability of BMA to the Poisson and negative binomial (NB) regression models, the approach is applied to the crash data collected on 338 rural interstate road sections in Indiana over a five-year period (1995 to 1999). The results show that BMA was successfully applied to Poisson and NB regression models. More importantly, in the presence of model uncertainty, the proposed approach can provide better prediction performance than single models selected by conventional statistical techniques. Thus, this paper provides transportation safety analysts with an alternative methodology to predict motor vehicle crashes when model uncertainty is suspected to exist. KW - Binomial distributions KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Poisson distributions KW - Regression analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Uncertainty UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/JTS%20Vol%2010%20N%201_Jan2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1341943 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01553080 JO - Journal of Transportation and Statistics PB - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Kwigizile, Valerian AU - Mulokozi, Eneliko AU - Xu, Xuecai AU - Teng, Hualiang (Harry) AU - Ma, Caiwen TI - Investigation of the Impact of Corner Clearance on Urban Intersection Crash Occurrence SN - 1094-8848 PY - 2014 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - pp 35-48 AB - Corner clearance is defined as the distance between the corner of an intersection of two roadways and the first driveway. Vehicles turning into a driveway adjacent to an intersection or vehicles merging into the mainline from such a driveway may pose a safety hazard to other traffic. Adequate corner clearance is important to effectively separate conflict points and allow drivers enough time to make safe maneuvers. Although previous studies have investigated and identified factors influencing crash frequency at intersections, corner clearance has not been well studied. In this study, the authors used crash count data collected from all signalized intersections of major roadways in the cities of Las Vegas and North Las Vegas, Nevada, to investigate the impact of corner clearance on crash frequency. The authors estimated and compared results from four models: Poisson, Negative Binomial, and Zero-Inflated (Poisson and Negative Binomial). Model comparison test results indicated that the Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial was the best fitted model for the data at hand. As expected, it was revealed that longer corner clearance tends to reduce the number of crashes occurring at an urban intersection. In addition to corner clearance, the results indicated that land-use type, entering volume, number of left-turn lanes, as well as number of through lanes, have significant impact on the number of crashes occurring at an intersection. Sensitivity results revealed that adequate corner clearances have greater potential of improving safety at signalized intersections when compared to other factors considered in this study KW - Binomial distributions KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Driveways KW - Highway factors in crashes KW - Intersections KW - Las Vegas (Nevada) KW - Poisson distributions KW - Safety engineering KW - Steering UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/JTS%20Vol%2010%20N%201_Jan2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1341941 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01553002 AU - Federation Internationale De L'Automobile (FIA) AU - Institut Francais des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR) AU - Bureau of Transportation Statistics TI - Women's Issues in Transportation 5th International Conference. Proceedings: Bridging the Gap PY - 2014 SP - 732p AB - The 5th WIiT Conference was organized around the general idea of “bridging the gap” in an effort to identify and address issues specific to women’s use and involvement in the transportation system and to ensure that transportation systems meet women’s needs. The conference provided an international forum for information sharing and for presenting the latest research findings and policy analyses. The aim was to build on the research on women's transportation issues that has been developed over the past decades, and to broaden its perspective by considering women’s issues in transportation with a more balanced perspective - i.e. of women not just as passive recipients of transport services, but as actors in sustainable access and safe mobility research, policy development, governance and oversight, service delivery and business expansion. Additionally, the conference aimed to identify future research needs. The Conference focused on four pillars: (1) Transport Policy, Transport Patterns and Mobility; (2) Health, Safety and Personal Security; (3) Sustainability; (4) Transportation Impacts on Careers and Careers Impacts on Transportation. In addition, three cross-cutting issues were considered: (a) gender research issues; (b) achieving the full traction of research findings into policy making; and (c) narrowing the gap between developed countries and developing countries with respect to women’s issues in transportation. The conference was organized in conjunction and concurrent with the Transport Research Arena Conference (TRA). U1 - 5th International Conference on Women's Issues in TransportationFederation Internationale De L'Automobile (FIA)Institut Francais des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)Bureau of Transportation StatisticsTransportation Research BoardParis,France StartDate:20140414 EndDate:20140416 Sponsors:Federation Internationale De L'Automobile (FIA), Institut Francais des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Transportation Research Board KW - Bicycling KW - Conferences KW - Developed countries KW - Developing countries KW - Employment KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Males KW - Mobility KW - Pedestrians KW - Policy making KW - Public health KW - Public policy KW - Safety and security KW - Sustainable development KW - Transportation KW - Transportation careers KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel patterns UR - http://wiit-paris2014.sciencesconf.org/conference/wiit-paris2014/pages/Proceedings_The_5th_International_Conference_on_WIiT_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01551470 AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Transportation in the United States 2013 PY - 2014 SP - 26p AB - The analysis contained in this report is taken from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) Transportation Statistics Annual Report. Data includes: extent of the U.S. transportation system, recent trends, bridge condition by age group, moving people and moving goods, system performance, peak-period congestion on the highway system, transportation and the economy, transportation safety, and energy and environment. KW - Economic impacts KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight and passenger traffic KW - Safety KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation modes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/TITUS_2013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1341352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01551384 AU - Beningo, Steven AU - Menegus, Dominic AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Passenger Travel Facts and Figures 2014 PY - 2014 SP - 79p AB - Passenger Travel Facts and Figures is a snapshot of the characteristics and trends of personal travel in the United States; the network over which passenger travel takes place; and the related economic, safety, and environmental implications. Chapter 1 summarizes the basic demographic and economic characteristics of the United States that contribute to the demand for passenger travel. Chapter 2 examines travel patterns by trip purpose, transportation mode, and household characteristics. Chapter 3 provides a picture of the passenger transportation system in 2005 and 2011 and summarizes movement on the system by transportation mode and congestion impacts. Chapter 4 discusses the economic characteristics of passenger travel and tourism. Chapter 5 discusses the safety, energy, and environmental impacts of passenger travel. KW - Crashes KW - Demographics KW - Economic factors KW - Energy consumption KW - Environmental impacts KW - Households KW - Passenger traffic KW - Passenger transportation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel patterns KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trip purpose KW - United States UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/PassengerTravelFactsFigures.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1340000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01551366 AU - Firestine, Theresa AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Transportation Satellite Accounts: Findings from 2002–2006 PY - 2014 SP - 33p AB - The Transportation Satellite Accounts (TSAs), as a supplement to the U.S. Input-Output (I-O) Accounts, measure the contribution of both for-hire and in-house transportation. The TSAs include all of the for-hire transportation industries reported in the summary level U.S. I-O accounts (air, rail, truck, passenger and group transportation, pipeline, and other transportation and support services) and the five created in-house transportation modes (air, rail, water, truck, and household transportation). Four of the five in-house transportation modes are related to business activities (air, rail, water, and truck transportation) and one, household transportation, is related to household activity. Household transportation covers transportation provided by households for their own use through the use of an automobile and is a new component of the TSAs. The annual TSAs were developed as an extension of the benchmark TSAs to provide the most current estimate of the contribution of transportation services to the economy as possible. Data includes: contribution of transportation to gross domestic product, use of transportation by industry, cost of transportation services by commodity, and direct and indirect effects of transportation on the economy. KW - Commodities KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - For hire carriers KW - Freight and passenger services KW - Gross domestic product KW - Industries KW - Private passenger vehicles KW - Transportation Satellite Accounts UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/Transportation%20Satellite%20Accounts.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1340001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01551291 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLMA Southeast Region Climate Change Transportation Tool PY - 2014 SP - 4p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) partnered with two Federal Land Management Agencies (FLMAs)—the U.S. National Park Service (NPS), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S. FWS)—in a project to develop a tool to help agencies manage their transportation assets in the face of climate change. Major project components include: (1) a synthesis report of FLMA climate change efforts and current best practices; (2) a Southeast Region Climate Change and Transportation Tool to help National Parks and National Wildlife Refuges assess climate vulnerabilities and develop adaptation strategies; and (3) workshops at four pilot units (two Parks and two Refuges) to test best practices and tool components. The project resulted in data-driven vulnerability assessments for each Park and Refuge in the region, based on information from national hazard datasets and Park and Refuge asset management systems. KW - Asset management KW - Best practices KW - Climate change KW - Federal Land Management Agencies KW - National parks KW - Risk assessment KW - Southeastern United States KW - Transportation KW - Workshops UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/case_studies/southeast_region/flma.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01551259 AU - Toward Zero Deaths Steering Committee AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Towards Zero Deaths: A National Strategy on Highway Safety PY - 2014 SP - 91p AB - While so much progress has been made in efforts to prevent fatalities, traffic safety professionals and advocates nationwide understand the magnitude of both the challenge and the efforts necessary to continue to make significant progress. Highway safety stakeholders—including government agencies, private industry, safety advocates, associations representing professionals, and individuals—are committed to reducing fatalities to zero. These stakeholders continuously expand their efforts to improve highway safety and they are committed to do more of what stakeholders know works, while also using new approaches, materials, and technologies to reach safety goals sooner. This document highlights the key initiatives to prioritize over the coming decades to achieve the Towards Zero Deaths (TZD) vision. The National Strategy includes initiatives that are known to be—or are expected to be—effective in addressing specific factors contributing to crashes, have the potential to make a significant reduction in fatalities and serious injuries nationally, or address areas of growing concern. There are many proven safety strategies and the ones highlighted in this document are expected to have a high impact. This document does not provide an exhaustive list of all effective countermeasures and programs—although it does present numerous strategies for the organizations with a role in highway safety to consider. KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs KW - Stakeholders KW - United States UR - http://www.towardzerodeaths.org/dld/TZD_Strategy_4_30_2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1340561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548620 AU - Sunkari, Srinivasa R AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Songchitruksa, Praprut AU - Estakhri, Cindy AU - Wilson, Bryan T AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Low-Cost Safety Solutions, Pavement Preservation, and Maintenance Practices for Rural Highways PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - This project included two tasks. The objective of task one was to develop and demonstrate innovative low-cost solutions to improve safety at stop-controlled intersections. Preliminary directives from the project panel were to focus on treatments on the minor street approach and not necessarily on the major street approach, and to investigate solutions that are active in nature, i.e., have beacons come on when a vehicle arrives or when a vehicle is not slowing down. The focus of task two was to demonstrate the latest pavement preservation and maintenance treatments in a controlled environment, and then apply the best-performing products in demonstration projects. The focus of these treatments included: thin hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlays (dense graded, gap graded, and open graded) and modified and unmodified crack sealants. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Intersections KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rural highways KW - Sealing compounds KW - Texas KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/9-1529-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548561 AU - Thompson, Dale AU - Kanoshima, Hideyuki AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management AU - Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism TI - United States-Japan Evaluation Tools and Methods PY - 2014 SP - 2p AB - Cooperative systems based on intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies can deliver significant benefits for all road users and the public, especially in terms of safer, more energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly surface transportation. Through a wireless communications network, a cooperative system enables cars, buses, trucks, and other vehicles to “talk” to each other and to roadside infrastructure, cell phones, and other devices, exchanging valuable safety, mobility, and environmental information. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology and the Road Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan (MLIT) are working together to foster research, development, and deployment of such a system of communicating vehicles and roadside in both countries. The USDOT and MLIT have a long history of sharing information on ITS activities, including an annual U.S.-Japan ITS Workshop held in conjunction with the ITS World Congress. Building on this relationship, the USDOT and the MLIT signed a Memorandum of Cooperation in 2010 to promote bilateral collaboration in the field of ITS, especially cooperative systems. This Memorandum aims to enhance cooperation between both agencies and further the development and implementation of global ITS activities. KW - Cooperation KW - Data sharing KW - Evaluation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism KW - Methodology KW - Mobile communication systems KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54000/54074/14-156.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548545 AU - Folliard, Kevin J AU - Dornak, Mitchell AU - Zuniga, Jose AU - Garcia, Anthony AU - Drimalas, Thano AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Rapid, Cement-Based Repair Materials for Transportation Structures PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The state of Texas has been plagued by various durability-related issues in recent years, including deterioration from alkali-silica reaction, delayed ettringite formation, corrosion of reinforcing steel, volume changes (plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, thermal effects, etc.), and spalling of continuously reinforced concrete pavements. These durability-related issues, coupled with other factors that contribute to reductions in service life (e.g., service loads and defects), have resulted in the need to repair concrete structures and to do so in a timely, efficient fashion, with minimal disruption to the traveling public. Thus, the need for rapid, cement-based repair materials has emerged, especially in highly congested urban areas. The focus of this project was to evaluate a range of repair materials across a range of properties (fresh, hardened, and durability) that affect the performance of horizontal repairs, such as on pavements and bridge decks. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete structures KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Repairing KW - Texas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/psr/0-6723-s.pdf UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6723-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548496 AU - Gharaibeh, Nasir G AU - Narciso, Paul AU - Cha, Youngkwon AU - Menendez, Jose R AU - Oh, Jeongho AU - Wimsatt, Andrew AU - Dessouky, Samer AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Develop a Pavement Project Evaluation Index to Support the 4-Year Pavement Management Plan PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - A pavement management plan (PMP) identifies candidate maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) projects for a particular roadway network over a multi-year planning period. The PMP describes the location, treatment type, year, and cost of the planned M&R projects, and provides an assessment of the impact of these projects on the network condition throughout the planning period. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) instituted the PMP requirement for all 25 districts to help expend its limited resources and achieve its performance goals in a cost-effective manner and in response to legislative requirements. Each of TxDOT’s 25 districts prepares a PMP that identifies candidate M&R projects for a 4-year planning period. This research project seeks to support and enhance the PMP development process through a consistent methodology and computational tool. The methodology will help identify pavement M&R projects that yield the maximum performance benefits expected under different budget scenarios over a multi-year planning period. KW - Budgeting KW - Decision support systems KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - Methodology KW - Pavement management systems KW - Software KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6683-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544692 AU - Hu, Sheng AU - Zhou, Fujie AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Partially Populated Catalogue of Measured Properties of Field Sections PY - 2014 SP - 20p AB - This catalogue documents the construction, monitoring, and mixture information of 11 test sections: four in SH 15 north of Amarillo, Texas, three in US 62 at Childress, and four in Loop 820 at Fort Worth. The field test section and the lab mix test information provide a partially populated catalogue to track the field performance of test sections. These test sections will be monitored, and comparisons will be made between prediction and surveying results for further model refining/calibration. Information in this catalogue includes: (1) Field Test Section Information, such as, global positioning system (GPS) coordinates of each test section, existing pavement structure and pavement conditions, asphalt mix type of each test section, and construction information such as laying temperature and compaction pattern. (2) Lab Testing Results of Mixtures from Each Test Section, such as, dynamic modulus results, overlay test (OT) results, and repeated load test results. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Catalogs KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Field tests KW - Global Positioning System KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Test sections KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6674-P3.zip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544681 AU - Farzaneh, Mohamadreza AU - Kenney, Megan E AU - Prozzi, Jolanda AU - Carlson, Todd B AU - Li, Yingfeng AU - Zhang, Yue AU - Ramani, Tara L AU - Zietsman, Josias AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Maintaining Project Consistency with Transportation Plans through the Project Life Cycle with an Emphasis on Maintaining Air quality Conformity PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Streamlined project delivery is a federally mandated goal that the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) leadership supports to achieve a more efficient and effective transportation system in Texas. Federal and state transportation planning statutory and regulatory laws require transportation projects to be consistent with transportation plans and improvement programs before the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) or the Federal Transit Authority (FTA) can take federal action on a project requiring one. This issue is especially critical for projects in nonattainment and maintenance areas. This research focused on how to maintain project consistency through the letting stage. This project provides TxDOT with insight into the stakeholders' involvement in maintaining project consistency and the key challenges that hinder project consistency during the project development process. KW - Air quality management KW - Project delivery KW - Project management KW - Stakeholders KW - Texas KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544678 AU - Quiroga, Cesar AU - Sharma, Sushant AU - Meyland, Mary AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determine the Cost for TxDOT to Process/Review/Approve Utility and Driveway Permits PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Reviewing and processing utility and driveway permits require Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) personnel to devote a considerable amount of involvement and coordination, both at the district and division levels. This research evaluated the time and cost to process various types of utility and driveway permits, and examined potential fee alternatives to recover those costs. The research also included evaluating the feasibility of transferring permitting functions to municipalities and developing recommendations for access management compliance. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Costs KW - Driveways KW - Fees KW - Permits KW - Public utilities KW - Recommendations KW - Texas KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544660 AU - Buttlar, William G AU - Islam, Md Shahidul AU - NEXTRANS AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Integration of Smart-Phone-Based Pavement Roughness Data Collection Tool with Asset Management System PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 36p AB - With an enormous roadway network, increasing traffic and loading, and shortfalls in transportation spending, the timing and prioritization of pavement evaluation and maintenance has never been more critical. Pavement roughness data is a critical input for maintenance and rehabilitation planning and overall pavement management, and has traditionally cost state agencies millions of dollars annually. A smartphone-based application will not only save millions of tax dollars but also provide ease in data collection and possibly real time International Roughness Index (IRI) assessment and localized roughness (i.e., pothole) identification in pavement sections. In this project, an android-based cellphone application has been developed which is able to collect vehicle vertical acceleration data while driving. A MATLAB script has been created which filters collected acceleration data, performs integration to produce profile of pavement, and finally executes quarter car simulation to estimate pavement roughness in terms of IRI. Pavement roughness data have been collected using an inertial profiler, and simultaneously, vehicle vertical acceleration data also collected from different pavement sections with different roughness level. A smartphone based application was shown to be capable of measuring IRI data in a very economical manner, and was used in an experiment to compare estimated IRI values against those obtained with an industry standard inertial profiler system. It has been found that IRI values measured by smartphone application and inertial profiler are very close to each other for pavements with very good to fair condition in terms of roughness. KW - Asset management KW - Condition surveys KW - Data collection KW - Illinois KW - International Roughness Index KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Roughness KW - Smartphones UR - http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/nextrans/assets/pdfs/098IY04%20Integration%20of%20Smartphone-Based-Pavement%20Roughness%20data%20collection%20tool%20with%20asset%20management%20system.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1330348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544646 AU - Bligh, Roger P AU - Arrington, Dusty R AU - Menges, Wanda L AU - Kuhn, Beverly T AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Design Standards for Mounting Temporary Large Guide Signs PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - A common issue during phased highway construction projects is the need to temporarily relocate large guide signs on the roadside or install new guide signs for temporary use. This project developed a series of design standards for mounting temporary guide signs that are cost effective, crashworthy, and capable of accommodating wind load requirements. KW - Construction sites KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design standards KW - Guide signs KW - Sign supports KW - Temporary structures KW - Wind resistant design UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6782-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544620 AU - Tarko, Andrew P AU - Ariyur, Kartik B AU - Romero, Mario A AU - Bandaru, Vamsi Krishna AU - Liu, Cheng AU - NEXTRANS AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Stationary LiDAR for Traffic and Safety Applications – Vehicles Interpretation and Tracking PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 69p AB - The goal of the Traffic Scanning (T-Scan) project is to develop a data processing module for a novel Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-based traffic scanner to collect highly accurate microscopic traffic data at road intersections. T-Scan uses LiDAR technology that can detect and track various types of road users, including buses, cars, pedestrians, and bicycles; and, unlike video detection, it does not experience the well-known occlusion problem. Moreover, LiDAR data has a one-to-one correspondence with the physical world, which makes it possible in principle to produce the positions and velocities of road users in real-time as needed for traffic and safety applications, with the errors of estimation dependent only on the resolution and accuracy of the LiDAR sensor. This report presents a research project that is the first step towards evaluating the feasibility and developing a practical tool of T-Scan for counting turning vehicles at intersections, measuring traffic interactions for the purpose of safety estimation, and conducting other traffic studies. The presented first phase of this research includes: 1) the integration and evaluation of a data acquisition system, 2) the development of basic pre-processing functions for data reduction, storing, and retrieval, 3) recognition and extraction of the fixed background, 4) correction of the measurements for the sensor motion, and 5) development of a concept for tracking and classifying moving objects. KW - Automatic vehicle detection and identification systems KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Intersections KW - Laser radar KW - Sensors KW - Traffic data KW - Turning traffic UR - http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/nextrans/assets/pdfs/134PY2.1%20Stationary%20LiDAR%20for%20Traffic%20and%20Safety%20Applications%20Vehicles%20Interpretation%20and%20Tracking.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1330765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544609 AU - Chaudhary, Nadeem A AU - Sunkari, Srinivasa R AU - Charara, Hassan A AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NTCIP-Based Traffic Signal Evaluation and Optimization Toolbox PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Like most agencies in charge of operating and maintaining traffic signals scattered over large geographic regions, Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) districts do not have the resources needed to proactively maintain traffic signals in their respective jurisdictions. TxDOT initiated this project to develop two toolboxes to assist its staff to troubleshoot and resolve operational problems at signalized intersections and diamond interchanges. Each toolbox consists of an off-the-shelf industrial laptop computer loaded with custom software to provide needed functionality. Use of the National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation Systems Protocol (NTCIP) was a key requirement. KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation Systems Protocol KW - Signalized intersections KW - Software KW - Texas KW - Traffic signals KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329337 ER - TY - SER AN - 01544576 JO - Technology Scan Series PB - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Bayless, Steven H AU - Guan, Adrian AU - Intelligent Transportation Society of America TI - Connected Vehicle Technical Insights: Vehicle Applications and Wireless Interoperability: Heterogeneous Networks, “Multi-­‐Path” Applications and their Impact on Transportation PY - 2014 VL - 2011-2015 SP - 23p AB - The original designers of Transmission Control Protocol-Internet Protocol (TCP-IP) never imagined that one day wireless mobile devices may roam, changing location or paths in the middle of a communication session. During roaming, data communications break down and must be reestablished once the user reestablishes a single network pathway – a process completed once a device leaves one wireless area network and connects to another. The original designers also did not imagine that a mobile device might be connected to multiple wired or wireless networks simultaneously. To address this opportunity, the Multi-Path TCP standard was established in an ongoing effort of the Internet Engineering Task Force's (IETF) Multi-Path TCP working group, which aims at allowing a TCP connection to use multiple communications paths, known as inverse multiplexing. This technical insight report suggests that devices and networks may soon incorporate wireless inverse multiplexing standards like Multi-Path TCP-IP and/or possibly other schemes in large numbers. This report describes the momentum behind these technologies, and some of the technical and operational challenges to widespread adoption. The report also suggests that if these challenges are overcome, widespread adoption of standards such as Multi-Path TCP may positively influence the evolution of the vehicle-infrastructure communications architecture as envisioned within the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (USDOT) Connected Vehicle program. In 2014, USDOT’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) initiated a rulemaking process that may result in a rulemaking proposal to create a new Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) which would require vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication capability for light vehicles. KW - Mobile communication systems KW - TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) KW - Technological innovations KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://connectedvehicle.itsa.wikispaces.net/file/view/Connected+Vehicle+Technical+Insights+Wireless+Interoperability+FINAL+11-14-2014.pdf/531116670/Connected%20Vehicle%20Technical%20Insights%20Wireless%20Interoperability%20FINAL%2011-14-2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331661 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01544553 AU - Pant, Yash V AU - Nghiem, Truong X AU - Mangharam, Rahul AU - University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia AU - Department of Transportation TI - Peak Power Reduction in Hybrid Energy Systems with Limited Load Forecasts PY - 2014 SP - 6p AB - Hybrid energy systems, which consist of a load powered by a source and a form of energy storage, find applications in many systems, e.g., the electric grid and electric vehicles. A key problem for hybrid energy systems is the reduction of peak power consumption to ensure cost-efficient operation as peak power draws require additional resources and adversely affect the system reliability and lifetime. Furthermore, in some cases such as electric vehicles, the load dynamics are fast, not perfectly known in advance and the on-board computation power is often limited, making the implementation of traditional optimal control difficult. The authors aim to develop a control scheme to reduce the peak power drawn from the source for hybrid energy systems with limited computation power and limited load forecasts. The authors propose a scheme with two control levels and provide a sufficient condition for control of the different energy storage/generation components to meet the instantaneous load while satisfying a peak power threshold. The scheme provides performance comparable to Model Predictive Control, while requiring less computation power and only coarse-grained load predictions. For a case study, the authors implement the scheme for a battery-supercapacitor-powered electric vehicle with real world drive cycles to demonstrate the low execution time and effective reduction of the battery power (hence temperature), which is crucial to the lifetime of the battery. U1 - American Control Conference (ACC) 2014Portland,Oregon,United States StartDate:20140604 EndDate:20140606 KW - Algorithms KW - Case studies KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric power supply KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy storage systems KW - Hybrid vehicles UR - http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=mlab_papers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1326563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544551 AU - Coifman, Benjamin AU - Kim, Seoungbum AU - NEXTRANS AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Using Probe Vehicle Data to Understand Bottlenecks and Congestion PY - 2014 SP - 37p AB - Point bottleneck models are widely used and are well established in traffic flow theory. Contrary to such conventional wisdom, in this report the authors present evidence that modeling the bottleneck mechanism as if it occurs at a single point along the road is too simplistic and they show that the mechanism appears to occur over an extended distance for some bottlenecks. The present work highlights additional features that are obscured by the single point assumption. The term "apparent-point-bottleneck", APB, is adopted to specify the location where one would place the point bottleneck model while underscoring the belief that the actual bottleneck mechanism occurs over an extended distance. Many earlier works have studied traffic evolution in the queue, upstream of freeway bottlenecks using loop detectors, film/video, etc.. Few of these studies consider conditions downstream of the APB beyond looking for free flow conditions to ensure that the bottleneck is active. In this study the authors take the opposite approach and focus almost entirely on traffic downstream of a recurring APB that arises from a lane drop. Like earlier studies they employ conventional loop detectors, but then go further and use over a hundred probe vehicle tours through the corridor. The authors find evidence of subtle flow limiting and speed reducing phenomena more than a mile downstream of the APB when the bottleneck is active. As discussed in Section 2, both data sets tell the same story: when the bottleneck is active it takes several miles downstream of the APB before drivers attain full free speed for the given flows. KW - Bottlenecks KW - Lane drops KW - Loop detectors KW - Probe vehicles KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed UR - http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/nextrans/assets/pdfs/064OY03%20Final_Report%20Using%20Probe%20Vehicle%20Data%20to%20Understand%20Bottlenecks%20and%20Congestion.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544544 AU - Arrington, Dusty R AU - Theiss, LuAnn AU - Zimmer, Richard A AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of New Delineator Material and Impact Testing Standard to Prevent Premature Failures Specific to Installation Application PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The use of delineators has become popular across Texas. They are being used in several different applications with unique impact conditions and/or impact frequency. There is not a federally mandated national standard for testing and evaluation of delineators. By developing a categorical testing specification, the state can better evaluate delineator products for each application use. This enhanced evaluation would lead to proper selection of the best delineator for a certain application. KW - Evaluation KW - Highway delineators KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6772-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329989 ER - TY - SER AN - 01544535 JO - Exploratory Advanced Research Program Fact Sheet PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Innovative Culvert Inspection: Developing an Effective Small-Pipe Culvert Inspection System PY - 2014 SP - 2p AB - Thousands of culvert pipes are damaged every year in large rain events or in floods, costing millions in repair or replacement costs and causing widespread impacts. Developing an effective culvert inspection technology for small pipes, less than 1.2 m (4 ft) diameter, to minimize these costs, disruptions, and impacts was the goal of the Exploratory Advanced Research (EAR) Program project “Buoyant Sensors for Mapping, Monitoring, Diagnosis, and Repair of Culverts.” Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) conducted this research, which was funded by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in 2010. KW - Culvert pipe KW - Culverts KW - Inspection KW - Sensors UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/14095/14095.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544531 AU - Zhou, Fujie AU - Hu, Sheng AU - Li, Hongsheng AU - Chen, Peiru AU - Scullion, Thomas AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improving Fracture Resistance Measurement in Asphalt Binder Specification with Verification on Asphalt Mixture Cracking Performance PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The current performance grading (PG) specification for asphalt binders is based primarily on the study of unmodified asphalt binders. It is necessary to improve the current asphalt grading system and recommended associated specification limits, especially for modified binders. This project: Identified/evaluated simple laboratory evaluation methods to characterize binder properties; recommended a potential binder specification change; tracked the field performance of pavements using different binders including softer b highly modified binders; developed a statewide binder selection catalog for each district based on cracking performance simulation and life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) results. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Cracking KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Simulation KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6674-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01541416 AU - Department of Transportation TI - Sun Grant Initiative: Great Strides Toward a Sustainable and More Energy-Independent Future PY - 2014 SP - 18p AB - The Sun Grant Initiative is a collaborative partnership among the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Congress authorized the Sun Grant Initiative in the 2002 and 2008 Farm Bills. The Biobased Transportation Research Program--established by the 2005 Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU)--authorized USDOT to fund innovation in the transportation sector. USDOT uses a portion of this funding to support the Sun Grant Initiative and the National Biodiesel Board, which promote biobased research on the national level. This document looks at the environmental benefits of biofuels, the role of transportation in biofuel production, the five Sun Grant Initiative Regional Centers, and the National Biodiesel Board. KW - Biodiesel fuels KW - Biomass fuels KW - Environmental impacts KW - Financing KW - National Biodiesel Board KW - Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users KW - Sun Grant Initiative KW - Transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52600/52636/SunGrantInitiative_508.pdf?utm_source=GovDelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=September_newsletter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1324915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01539718 AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - State Transportation Statistics 2014 PY - 2014 SP - v.p. AB - The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) presents State Transportation Statistics 2014, a statistical profile of transportation in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. This is the 12th annual edition of the State Transportation Statistics, and a companion document to the National Transportation Statistics (NTS), which is updated quarterly on the BTS website. Like the previous editions, this document presents transportation information from BTS, other federal government agencies, and other national sources. A picture of the states' transportation infrastructure, freight movement and passenger travel, system safety, vehicles, transportation related economy and finance, energy usage and the environment is presented in tables covering the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Tables have been updated with the most recently available data. Included in this State Transportation Statistics 2014 report is a brief description of the data sources used and a glossary of terms. Also contained in this publication is a summary table that displays the approximate timing of future data releases and contact information for each state's department of transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Economics KW - Energy consumption KW - Finance KW - Freight transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - Passenger transportation KW - Registrations KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Transportation safety KW - United States KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/state_transportation_statistics/state_transportation_statistics_2014/index.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1324879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01539696 AU - Bhat, Chandra R AU - Deng, Jun AU - Castro, Marisol AU - Paleti, Rajesh AU - Lorenzini, Karen AU - Kraus, Edgar AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Developing a Business Process and Logical Model to Support a Tour-Based Travel Demand Model Design for TxDOT PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) created a standardized trip-based modeling approach for travel demand modeling called the Texas Package Suite of Travel Demand Models (referred to as the Texas Package) to oversee the travel demand model development and implementation for most of the urban areas in Texas. TxDOT’s existing trip-based modeling approach for travel demand forecasting is adequate to examine most large-scale, regionally significant, highway capacity-added projects and to provide output usable for the air quality analysis required for areas designated as non-attainment and maintenance areas. However, this approach requires substantial post-processing and/or is unable to provide output for decision makers on other types of transportation improvement projects being explored. The Texas Package does not currently include the advanced-practice behavioral analysis techniques to examine some specific policy- and behavioral-response questions. This research considers a business case for a tour-based travel demand model system using formal documentation from TxDOT’s Technological Services Division (TSD). KW - Implementation KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban areas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/psr/0-6759-s.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1324786 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538343 AU - Young, Seth B AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Use of SMS Risk-Based Methodology to Identify and Mitigate Airfield Hazards PY - 2014 SP - 18p AB - From 2009-2012, the Ohio State University (OSU) Department of Aviation/Center for Aviation Studies and The Ohio State University Airport partnered with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on its Airport Safety Management System pilot implementation study program. As part of this study, OSU researchers performed literature review, conducted focus groups, established paper-based and digital-based hazard reporting and analysis models, and presented recommendations towards improving the safety of the OSU airfield. Such safety recommendations included the reduction of risk in certain pavement areas on the ramp and taxiway areas of the airfield, and other risk related to wildlife hazard and runway incursion mitigation. This paper and presentation will summarize the background, methodology, and findings of this study, and provide insight as to how risk-based performance modeling may be applied to other areas of the airfield, including pavement management. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airports KW - Hazard analysis KW - Methodology KW - Pavement management systems KW - Ramps KW - Recommendations KW - Risk management KW - Runway incursions KW - Safety management KW - Wildlife UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=1dcee381-b5df-4278-946f-243f56401890&f=S10084-Young.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538342 AU - Leite, Fernanda AU - Griffin, Lisa AU - Machemehl, Randy AU - Fleisher, Tim AU - Choe, Sooyoung AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Summary of Stretch and Flex Program for TxDOT Operations PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Strain- and sprain-related incidents account for 40 percent of the total injuries of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) employees. Over the past 5 years, the most common strain or sprain injury was of the lower back; 50 percent of these injuries were caused by lifting tasks. Research studies have shown that muscle-strengthening exercises can reduce workplace strain- and sprain-related incidents. However, most of the Stretch and Flex programs currently being implemented involve more stretching than flexing. Thus, current Stretch and Flex programs may not be as beneficial as they could be. The goal of this project was to create a guidebook presenting a set of ergonomic recommendations for common TxDOT workplace tasks and a Stretch and Flex program designed to reduce strain- and sprain-related incidents for both office and field workers. KW - Back KW - Employees KW - Ergonomics KW - Health KW - Industrial accidents KW - Injuries KW - Physical fitness KW - Recommendations KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/psr/0-6805-s.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322643 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538339 AU - Poole, Toy AU - Martin, Timothy AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Effectiveness of Standards for Mitigating Damage in Concrete Due to Materials Deficiencies PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - Standards are an important part of the process of technology transfer from research and development (R&D) to practice. The purpose of this report is to explore the effectiveness of standards in accomplishing this task for materials properties that cause damage to concrete. The main thesis is that standards do a good job of addressing the main technical issues relating to materials properties, but seemingly less critical issues are sometimes overlooked. This condition sometimes persists for a long time, and sometimes is found to be the basis of chronic problems in practice that can be significant. Standards development for concrete and concrete making materials became a significant process starting around the start of the twentieth century. ASTM (formerly American Society of Testing and Materials), which is the principal standards development organization in the U.S. for cement and concrete materials was organized at about this time. ASTM committee C1 on cement was organized in 1902 and committee C9 on concrete and concrete materials was organized in 1914. The American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) also develops and manages concrete and concrete materials standards. Many AASHTO standards are based on ASTM standards and some are uniquely AASHTO developed. ACI (formerly American Concrete Institute) is the principal organization that develops and maintains standards on concrete design and construction practice. While all standards are updated on a regular basis, as required by regulations of the managing standards organization, a number of them have gaps in coverage of problems that seem to have persisted for a long time and are the source of chronic problems. The problems caused by these gaps tend be sporadic in nature, but when they do occur, the consequences to the particular structure can be significant with respect costs and/or service life. Some of the problems are general in nature, found commonly in many standards. These include significance of field service records, precision and bias of test methods, sampling, and basis for specification limits. Other problems are specific to details of individual standards. Some examples of these will be presented. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - American Concrete Institute KW - ASTM International KW - Concrete KW - Materials tests KW - Precision KW - Properties of materials KW - Records management KW - Sampling KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=ae4830c6-a2c6-4210-88a0-dcfd7f920e58&f=P10025-Poole_Martin.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322584 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538334 AU - Celaya, Manuel AU - Nazarian, Soheil AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Field Evaluation of NDT Devices for Delamination Detection of HMA Airport Pavements PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - To ensure the desired structural capacity of flexible pavements, sufficient bonding between the hot mix asphalt (HMA) layers is essential. If lack of bonding is present, it may lead to delamination or debonding. This problem is particularly more severe on airfield pavements, due to higher traffic loads applied by aircrafts. Undetected delamination and associated cracks may result in stripping of the lower layers due to moisture intrusion or peeling away of thin lifts from the surface. Moreover, further progression of delamination may develop other dangerous distresses such as foreign object debris (FOD). Rapid nondestructive test (NDT) methods to determine the presence and extent of delamination in asphalt pavements are highly desirable. Previous studies have investigated promising NDT procedures and equipment that have the potential to address the problem. The most promising NDT methods include Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), seismic methods, mechanical impulse methods and thermography. These methods were previously evaluated on controlled pavement sections specifically constructed to simulate an airfield pavement. The theoretical and practical strength and limitations of these methods were identified and discussed as well. Field evaluation of NDT technologies has not been extensively conducted. The focus of this paper is to present the results of these promising technologies at two major international airports in the US. The objective was to assess capabilities and practicality of selected NDT methods under actual field conditions. Results were also compared with cores retrieved at selected locations. Overall, Impulse Response and ultrasonic surface waves were the most successful methods, followed by the Falling Weight Deflectometer. The most effective methods are too slow and the rapid methods require improvements to their interpretation and analysis algorithms to be suitable for network level implementation. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Delamination KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field studies KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Impulse response KW - Logan International Airport KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland International Airport (Oregon) KW - Structural analysis KW - Ultrasonic waves UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=36be4549-842e-445b-b0bd-055dcd4cecb9&f=P10063-Celaya_Nazarian.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322628 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538329 AU - Song, Injun AU - Larkin, Albert AU - Augustyn, Stephen AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Profile Data Comparisons for Airfield Runway Pavements PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)’s Advisory Circular (AC) 150/5380-9 does not recommend use of inertial profilers that include highpass filtering for measuring profiles which are to be used for computing Boeing Bump Index (BBI) or simulated aircraft accelerations on airport pavements. This paper introduces the influences of the highpass filtering on BBI and aircraft accelerations. Therefore, rationales to exclude the highpass filtering which is adopted for highway pavement profiling are provided. The FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center (WJHTC) owns inertial profiling system, SurPro walking profiler, Dipstick, and highway profiling system were used for data collections. Longitudinal profile data was collected from test pavement sections including the Smart Road test facility located at Blacksburg, Virginia. The FAA roughness program, ProFAA, was used for processing the collected profiles. Since there are unknown procedures for signal processing in highway profiling systems, airport profiles from the FAA inertial profiler were filtered with multiple level of wavelengths ranging from 100 feet to 500 feet. After the highpass-filtered profiles were generated by ProFAA, comparisons were made with original profiles from the FAA profiler and from the highway profiler. The profiles from the walking profiler and dipstick are also included for the comparisons. Arbitrary bumps with different wavelength and height were created for wavelength sensitivities using the aircraft simulation function in ProFAA. The sensitivity analysis presented effective wavelengths required for airport runway pavements for given conditions in terms of accelerations at the aircraft cockpit and center of gravity. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Boeing Bump Index (BBI) KW - Profilographs KW - Roughness KW - Simulation KW - Wavelength UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=0548ad87-5c7d-42df-8db4-e3b4e7896b15&f=P10054-Song.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322614 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538327 AU - Vanchieri, Cori AU - Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA (INCE/USA) AU - Noise Control Foundation AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - Cost Benefit Analysis – Noise Barriers and Quieter Pavements SN - 9870989943116 PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 66p AB - The workshop, Cost Benefit Analysis – Noise Barriers and Quieter Pavements, and this report review current technology and methods of cost-benefit analysis of two highway traffic noise reducing measures—noise barriers and quieter pavements. Their purpose is to address challenges and solutions for implementing a method that accounts for both and to present findings aimed at allowing state and federal agencies to expand their highway noise control cost benefit analyses to include consideration of both barriers and quieter pavements. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. Chapter 2 offers detailed presentations on a new methodology for cost benefit analyses of noise barriers and quieter pavements, offering several examples of its utility. Chapter 3 lays out recommendations for solutions and next steps, based on small group discussions during the workshop. Findings and recommendations are in Chapter 4. Appendix A includes several summaries of presentations made during the workshop that offer important background information on barriers and pavements. The first section describes a 2007 workshop that addressed cost-benefit analysis of noise barriers and road surfaces. The next two summaries are specific to noise barrier utility and costs, followed by a review on quieter pavement, and finally, how the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) currently treats highway traffic noise analysis and abatement. U1 - Cost Benefit Analysis – Noise Barriers and Quieter Pavements: WorkshopInstitute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA (INCE/USA)Noise Control FoundationTransportation Research BoardVolpe National Transportation Systems CenterU.S. Department of TransportationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:20140116 EndDate:20140116 Sponsors:Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA (INCE/USA), Noise Control Foundation, Transportation Research Board, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Methodology KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Recommendations KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tire/pavement noise KW - Traffic noise KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52400/52442/Cost_benefit_analysis_noise_barriers.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322955 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538323 AU - Kawamura, Naoya AU - Morikawa, Yoshiyuki AU - Murayama, Masato AU - Hirato, Toshiaki AU - Maekawa, Ryota AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Durability of High-Stability Asphalt Mixture Under Aircraft Loading PY - 2014 SP - 14p AB - Rutting is a major distress mode for airfield asphalt pavements. In Japan, polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) mixtures are often used in the surface course to reduce rutting. However, severe rutting can still occur at intersections of taxiways and at the ends of runways, where aircraft stops temporarily or taxi. Although concrete paving is considered to be an effective countermeasure against rutting, tight time and space constraints make it difficult to apply where it is needed because most airports are unable to provide alternate runways or taxiways for takeoff and landing while the pavement is curing. Thus, the development of materials that have a higher resistance to rutting and overnight serviceability remains a technical challenge. The authors have developed a high-stability asphalt (HSA) mixture. The newly developed asphalt is composed of a special thermoplastic resin, and an asphalt modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS). It has a high resistance to rutting, and oil and can be applied using the same construction procedure used for conventional hot mix asphalt mixtures in Japan. The unit price of the HSA mixture is about three times as high as that of the straight asphalt (SA) mixture. Although the rutting resistance under vehicle loading has been found to be equal to a semi-flexible pavement material, which is an open-graded asphalt mixture filled with a cement grout, little is known about the durability such as the rutting resistance and groove stability under aircraft loading. In order to investigate the durability of the HSA mixture, laboratory tests were carried out involving simulated aircraft loading. A full-scale loading test was then performed in order to confirm the results of the laboratory tests. The present paper describes the results of a series of tests performed in order to clarify the fundamental properties of the mixture under aircraft loading. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Durability tests KW - Japan KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rutting KW - Styrene butadiene styrene KW - Thermoplastic resins UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=abeea33c-c13e-40ec-9bf7-6ff944161a8e&f=P10027-Kawamura.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538316 AU - Walton, C M AU - Jin, Peter J AU - Hall, Andrea AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - New Technology Task Force: Phase II PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Texas’ 83rd Legislature charged the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) with examining and evaluating innovative transportation technologies for purposes of reducing costs, reducing traffic congestion, enhancing safety, and increasing economic productivity. As a result, the Texas Transportation Task Force (TTTF) was formed, encompassing a group of experts who discussed four areas of emerging transportation technologies: connected vehicles, autonomous vehicles, electric systems, and cloud computing/crowdsourcing technologies. . Phase II of this project aimed to complete initial background work for a strategic technology business plan and establish a work plan for completing the strategic plan in later phases. Preliminary work includes the following topics: (1) Review of other technology development plans from the federal government, other states, and industry. Development of a work plan for the completion of a strategic business plan. (2) Internal and external environmental scan. (3) Texas economic strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis. (4) Vision and strategy development. KW - Cloud computing KW - Crowdsourcing KW - Electric power generation and transmission KW - Electric vehicles KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Texas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/psr/0-6803-s.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1324308 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538314 AU - McQueen, Roy D AU - Hayhoe, Gordon F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Construction Cycle 6 (CC-6) Revisited: Fatigue Analysis and Economic and Design Implications PY - 2014 SP - 11p AB - For some time, industry has indicated that concrete with high flexural strength will cause embrittlement of concrete pavements and premature cracking, and as such, flexural strengths are limited for rigid pavement thickness design. As a result, and based on only anecdotal information, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular 150/5320-6E, states that the thickness of rigid airport pavements should be computed based on a 90-day concrete flexural strength ranging between 600 psi and 700 psi, independent of the flexural strength of the concrete mix determined according to the guidelines of FAA Advisory Circular 150/5370-10, which requires a 28-day flexural strength for acceptance. FAA Advisory Circular 150/5320-6E also states that the 28-day strength for specification development should be approximately 5% less than the 90-day strength, resulting in a specified range in 28-day flexural strengths of 570 psi to 665 psi. In many areas of the country, 28-day and 90-day flexural strengths are commonly much higher than 700 psi when produced with relatively low cement contents and utilizing mix design optimization techniques. Also, many engineers believe that, based on anecdotal information, the performance of rigid pavements is improved when asphalt, in lieu of cement, treated subbase is used. Construction Cycle 6 (CC-6) at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) was designed to test the technical validity of limiting the flexural strength requirements for thickness design to improve performance, as well as the relative performance of rigid pavements constructed on cement and asphalt stabilized subbases. The test items in CC-6 were constructed at uniform 12-inch thicknesses with three different concrete flexural strengths (nominally 500, 750, and 1,000 psi) on two different subbases (lean concrete and asphalt stabilized). Traffic testing, as reported in Brill and Brill and Hao, demonstrated that the flexural strength of the test items was a good predictor of the life of the test items under full-scale traffic testing, suggesting that the 90-day, and consequently 28-day, flexural strength limitation can be raised. The pavements on the asphalt and cement stabilized subbase were also shown to provide comparative performance. These findings suggest the possibility of significant cost savings in pavement construction. As part of CC-6, laboratory fatigue testing of beams from the test items was also performed. When normalized to the flexural strength, the results from the fatigue tests indicated that the characteristics of the laboratory determined fatigue life of the test item mixes were not significantly affected by the flexural strength of the mixes; however a statistical analysis of the laboratory fatigue test results was not performed. The paper reviews the major findings from CC-6; statistically analyzes whether the normalized laboratory fatigue characteristics of concrete vary with flexural strength; and demonstrates the relative economic impact of implementing the major findings from CC-6. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance tests KW - Rigid pavements KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Thickness UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=7975f9b9-2b01-4115-ba1d-30bb591f8e3c&f=P10050-McQueen_Hayhoe.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322599 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538311 AU - Bin, Cauê AU - Balbo, José AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Comparing Results of Airport Concrete Slabs Design Using Damage Models of FAARFIELD to MEPDG Concrete Fatigue Model PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - The current but still new design method for airport pavements of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) deals with the pavement damage by using a two-stage degradation model for the concrete slabs which have been completely rewritten. Nowadays is being discussed the need of a “three-stage” model of failure. This one inserts a new and very important stage, with starts at the crack initiation and end at the first full-depth crack. But FAARFIELD is using the two-stage model, with some modifications for stabilized bases. The two-staged model consists into two clear periods, with the first beginning when the slabs are new and ending at the developing of first full-depth crack (Brill). The second period starts at this point and goes until the end of pavement service life. In other words, the three-stage model subdivides the first stage into two smaller ones, whose effects are different in the pavement life. The degradation model in question uses the Structural Condition Index (SCI) and is directly related to the traffic coverage of airplanes during the design period; such as an index is field-performance related taking into account distresses like corner breaks, linear cracks, shattered slabs, shrinkage cracks and joint and corning spalling, presenting at most three levels of severity. Such approach, clearly semi-empirical, differs from traditional fatigue degradation approach used widely by road agencies for the design of concrete pavements, when concrete fatigue transfer-functions refer to a first and catastrophic crack. This paper deals with such a difference for the crack criteria, were it seeks to understand the different results on using a concrete fatigue transfer function proposed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), namely mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG) criteria, for the fatigue design of airport concrete slabs alternatively to the 2-stage FAA criteria. The purpose of comparison of FAA failure model to MEPDG fatigue semi-empirical transfer function was carried out by simulating the commercial airplane traffic mix actually obtained from John F. Kennedy International Airport data for the period from 2000 to 2001. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Civil aircraft KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - John F. Kennedy International Airport KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Simulation KW - Slabs UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=6042d5e9-5a14-4301-ae95-7793671bf614&f=P10049-Bin_Balbo.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322577 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538310 AU - Hayhoe, Gordon F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Standardized Acceleration Processing for Pavement Roughness Evaluation PY - 2014 SP - 17p AB - Aircraft body vertical accelerations are frequently used to characterize the response of an aircraft to pavement disturbances during ground maneuvers. A standardized procedure is presented which can be used to process measured and simulated aircraft accelerations. In the procedure, an acceleration of interest is filtered according to the weighting functions defined in ISO Report 2631-1, “Mechanical Vibration and Shock – Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration, Part 1: General Requirements.” Ride quality index values are computed from the weighted time histories according to four methods defined in the ISO report: 1) root mean square (r.m.s.); 2) running r.m.s.; 3) fourth power vibration dose; and 4) spinal response acceleration dose. These functions were previously implemented by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in a standalone computer program called “ISO Accel Processing” written in the Microsoft VB6 language. They have now been implemented in a Microsoft Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) development of the FAA computer program ProFAA. The new program is called ProView and the time history weighting and ISO index computations are applied to the acceleration outputs of the internal aircraft simulations. An additional function has been added to the program whereby an externally generated acceleration time history from any source can be read from a text file. The weighting and ISO index functions are then performed on the externally generated acceleration time history and the results displayed in the same way as the accelerations from the internal aircraft simulations. The implementation of the ISO functions is described in detail together with two examples: 1) the weighted time history and ISO index values computed from the internal aircraft simulation in response to an elevation profile measured on an airport runway and 2) the weighted time history and ISO index values computed from an external acceleration record measured on an aircraft operating on the same airport runway as in the first example. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Computer programs KW - Roughness KW - Simulation KW - Vibration UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=258e1469-7226-4faf-86af-bfa563a74f7c&f=P10048-Hayhoe.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322613 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538309 AU - Lombardi, Thomas M AU - Frabizzio, Michael A AU - Tabrizi, Kaz AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Nondestructive Pavement Evaluation of Stewart International Airport’s Runway 9-27 PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - Knowledge of the existing structure and condition is critical to developing a reliable, cost-effective pavement restoration design. Airside pavements present a challenge in this regard, due to the limited time windows afforded for pavement evaluation and the critical nature of ensuring their structural and functional integrity. A nondestructive testing (NDT) survey, incorporating various NDT methods, was utilized to meet this challenge on Runway 9-27 at Stewart International Airport in upstate New York. This runway was programmed to receive improvements, including converting the existing typical cross-slope to a crown section. During low volume hours an integrated testing vehicle equipped with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), a high-speed Inertial Profiler, and a high-resolution video camera was deployed to measure pavement thickness and smoothness in addition to capturing video and complemented by a Heavy Weight Deflectometer (HWD) to back-calculate layer moduli along testing lines at various transverse offsets. Analyzed GPR data was compared to ground truth core data provided by the owner (Port Authority of New York and New Jersey) at several locations, and the thickness results were found to correlate fairly well. In addition to producing the asphalt thickness, survey data along each of the test lines was utilized to produce the elevation profile of the top and bottom of the asphalt layer. This information was used by the owner to model the asphalt concrete (AC) layer using AutoCAD Civil 3D. The GPR data yielded an explanation for anomalous cores ranging up to 43 inches thick and avoided the need for more extensive coring. Ultimately, the NDT survey was used to segment the runway along the tested offsets, allowing for a comprehensive and reliable design assessment and construction quantity estimates. Additionally, the data was presented for visualization through a software interface that enables the coordinated simultaneous viewing of video and pavement data. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Stewart International Airport KW - Structural analysis KW - Thickness UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=565ff806-ae71-4b4b-a629-83582c52966f&f=P10058-Lombardi.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322627 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538307 AU - Stoffels, Shelley AU - Lopez, Maria AU - Yeh, Lin AU - Jeong, Yoseok AU - Barzegari, Saman AU - Kermani, Behnoud AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Fracture Characterization and SEM Examination of NAPTF CC6 Concrete Mixes PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) rigid pavement design procedure utilizes the flexural strength to stress ratio to predict performance, based on regression models developed from full-scale experiments by the Corps of Engineers and FAA. Construction Cycle 6 (CC6) at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) was constructed to further examine the effects of concrete strength on structural performance through full-scale accelerated testing. For CC6, FAA utilized concrete mixtures with three target flexural strengths. To complement the full-scale accelerated testing, both lab-cured and field-sawn beams were tested. Beam strength and fatigue tests were performed in the FAA testing lab. Fracture properties of the three design mixtures were determined at the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) laboratory following RILEM TC-187-SOC. Scanning Electron Microscopy was conducted to investigate the micro-structural differences between concrete samples to investigate apparent anomalies in other laboratory observations. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Admixtures KW - Beams KW - Electron microscopes KW - Flexural strength KW - Fracture properties KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=738f7bf1-1297-4f4a-b8e7-8c630aebe04e&f=P10097-Stoffels.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322587 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538305 AU - Bullough, John D AU - Skinner, Nicholas P AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Do LEDS Increase the Accuracy OF LED Aviation Signal Light Color Identification by Pilots With and Without Color-Deficient Vision? PY - 2014 SP - 10p AB - Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are being used for many airfield signal lighting applications, and it is important to ensure that they can be correctly identified by pilots, including those with deficient color vision. Until recently, color specifications for aviation signal lights used by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) have been unchanged for several decades. Filtered incandescent lamps used in most signal lights have largely consistent and predictable chromaticities within the allowable aviation color boundaries. Additionally, colored glass filters produce luminous intensity differences among incandescent signal lights of different colors, and these differences might assist color-deficient pilots (e.g., protans and deutans) in distinguishing among them. Many commercially available LEDs have chromaticities within the SAE color boundaries but look perceptibly different than incandescent sources of the same nominal color. In addition, because the luminous efficacies (in lm/W) of red, yellow, green and white LEDs are similar, LED signal lights with these colors could have similar luminous intensities while still meeting FAA requirements. If such signals were used, a color deficient pilot's ability to discriminate among their colors might be reduced because the redundant information of intensity differences would not be present. It is therefore important to understand the practical implications of these differences between LED and incandescent light sources. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Air pilots KW - Color KW - Color blind persons KW - Color vision KW - Incandescent lamps KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting KW - Luminous intensity KW - Signal lights KW - Vision UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=26238a0d-e2ed-4ad3-bb0c-70279e58512b&f=S10104-Bullough_Skinner.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322616 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538304 AU - Bullough, John D AU - Skinner, Nicholas P AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Can Linear Light Sources be Beneficial to Pilots? PY - 2014 SP - 13p AB - Presently, lighted delineation for runway and taxiway airfield systems uses discrete light sources in the form of raised and in-pavement light fixtures varying in color to indicate edges and centerlines of runways and taxiways. There have been suggestions both anecdotally and in published literature, that delineation practices using more continuous visual elements might provide superior visual cues to pilots navigating on the airfield than the primarily discrete visual elements used in the form of edge and centerline light fixtures. To assist the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in assessing the potential benefits of more continuous or linear visual delineation of runways and taxiways, a series of laboratory and field experiments was conducted by the Lighting Research Center (LRC). The primary objective was to investigate the influence of the length and spacing of delineation elements on visual acquisition under simulated airfield viewing conditions, including both static and dynamic situations. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Air pilots KW - Airport runways KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lighting KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Taxiways KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=3d4fb4f6-09cc-469c-8364-3b40253fcc28&f=S10108-Bullough_Skinner.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538302 AU - Bhat, Chandra R AU - Hoklas, Megan Marie AU - Deng, Jun AU - Dubey, Subodh Kant AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forecasting Tool User Manual PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - The Excel-based forecasting tool allows users to provide a mode choice model along with various skims (in-vehicle travel time, out-of-vehicle travel time, travel distance, and travel cost) in order to calculate the mode share at both the traffic analysis zone (TAZ) level and individual level. It also has the capability of obtaining the mode share given any change in the model explanatory variables—such as in-vehicle travel time, out-of-vehicle travel time, etc.—via the tool’s scenario module. The .zip file contains the Excel-based forecasting tool and the Forecasting Tool User Manual. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Forecasting KW - Modal split KW - Mode choice KW - Traffic analysis zones KW - Travel costs KW - Travel time KW - Trip length UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/0-6766-P1.zip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1323274 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538296 AU - Rodriguez, Pedro Pablo Carrasco AU - Dominguez, Fernando Sanchez AU - García, José Antonio Ramos AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Measurement of Surface Macrotexture on Runways of Airports: Texturometers Laser Versus Traditional Methods of Measurement PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - Because of the impact that is produced on the safety of aircraft operations, surface macrotexture is a vital parameter in airport runways. In the present document are described different measurement methods to determine this parameter. It is made a comparative analysis between traditional volumetric methods and, besides, between them and those texturometers which are using laser technology, including the three-dimensional one. For this purpose, there are presented the results of tests of two different pavement surface layers performed on airports runways. Besides, the authors review other comparative studies and other optical methods for measuring pavements textures. In the end of the article comes a section of conclusions advising the use of 3D texturometer laser, as a method of measuring the surface macrotexture and MPD (Mean Profile Depth). Besides there are used digital devices to obtain texture values which could be easily adapted to the Sand and Grease Patch tests. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Lasers KW - Macrotexture KW - Measuring methods KW - Optical measurement KW - Surface texture tests UR - http://www.airtech.tc.faa.gov/ATT2014/Papers/S10030%20-%20Carrasco%20et%20al.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322589 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538293 AU - Anand, Pritha AU - Ceylan, Halil AU - Gkritza, Konstantina (Nadia) AU - Taylor, Peter AU - Pyrialakou, Vasiliki Dimitra AU - Kim, Sunghwan AU - Gopalakrishnan, Kasthurirangan AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Cost Comparison of Alternative Airfield Snow Removal Methodologies PY - 2014 SP - 18p AB - Maintaining operational safety and status of airport runways during snowfall events is a challenging issue that many airports are grappling with. Ice and snow impacts on transportation infrastructure systems add significant costs to the American economy in the form of snow removal, damaged pavement and lost productivity due to travel delays. Most transport category aircraft are prohibited from operating on runways covered by untreated ice or by more than ½ inch of snow or slush. Hence, it is imperative that both small and large airports maintain operational status during snowfall events to support the existing operations. Conventional ice and snow removal practices are labor intensive and have environmental concerns such as possible contamination of nearby water bodies for highway and airport pavements. This preliminary study aims at identifying and establishing cost parameters for an ongoing research project on energy and economic analyses of alternative ice and snow removal strategies. One such alternative approach is the use of a heated pavement system using either conventional or renewable energy as a heat source, to keep the surface temperature of concrete pavements above freezing so that any frozen precipitation melts upon contact. Based on the limited data available, the costs incurred due to melting snow by hydronic heated pavements were calculated and compared with the operating costs of conventional snow removal strategies under specific case scenarios. A case study is carried out using limited data from Des Moines International (DSM) airport in Iowa to demonstrate the methodology. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Des Moines International Airport KW - Economic analysis KW - Energy consumption KW - Heating KW - Snow and ice control UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=6b74a4cd-2b91-4f25-b72e-38fd6c6ad6b7&f=P10066-Anand.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322603 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538292 AU - Gibson, Nelson AU - Seo, Youngguk AU - Li, Xinjun AU - Adriescu, Adrian AU - Youtcheff, Jack AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Full-scale and Laboratory Fatigue Cracking Performance of Combined High-Recycle and Warm Mix Asphalt Pavements PY - 2014 SP - 13p AB - The Federal Highway Administration’s Office of Infrastructure Research and Development has initiated a full-scale accelerated pavement testing experiment to evaluate the fatigue cracking performance of sustainable asphalt materials and mix designs. Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) contents providing up to 40% asphalt binder replaced (ABR) by 44% by RAP by weight have been incorporated in hot mix asphalt (HMA) production as well as reduced-temperature warm mix asphalt (WMA) that was produced with water foaming and chemical additive. Recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) have been incorporated to provide 20% ABR in HMA. The objective of the experiment is to establish realistic boundaries for high-RAP & RAS mixtures employing WMA technologies based on percent binder replacement and binder grade changes when combined together. This paper will document the construction, the as-built engineering properties of the 10 different test sections characterized in the laboratory, and the full scale fatigue cracking performance. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Recycled materials KW - Shingles KW - Test sections KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=05a96d4b-4233-432b-9ee8-df85da900612&f=P10042-Gibson.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322582 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538290 AU - Cary, C E AU - Kumpel, C AU - Bagriacik, A AU - Cohen, R AU - Clark, J AU - Sukumaran, B AU - Lecorvaisier, M AU - Daouadji, A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Assessment of Field Compaction of Subbase Material during Construction and Trafficking of Heavy Aircraft using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - Past full-scale pavement testing at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has shown excessive compaction of the subbase layer during trafficking. Modern construction compaction equipment is capable of achieving densities higher than maximum Proctor values at moisture contents drier than optimum conditions. Laboratory testing has been conducted at different moisture contents and confining pressures using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). SGC results were found to be similar to that achieved by modern construction compaction equipment in the field. Different from the Proctor method, the shear work component added by the SGC closely replicates the aggregate crushing mechanisms observed in the field during construction and trafficking. Results suggest that the excessive compaction reported for the subbase after trafficking is, in part, due to abrasion and attrition of the aggregate which reduces particle interlock and promotes additional compaction. Based on the test results, it is recommended to implement SGC based construction specifications in order to prevent excessive compaction from construction and trafficking. After achieving field construction density, the additional compaction observed in SGC test samples was found to be significantly smaller than the actual compaction observed in the pavement during trafficking. The suitability of the SGC to reproduce trafficking compaction in the field due to heavy aircraft loading is still under evaluation. Research efforts are currently directed to find a rational method for determining field compaction energy, which will lead to the development of a correlation between SGC test results and material field performance during compaction and trafficking. Using compaction energy principles this correlation would allow determination of the number of roller passes required during construction in order to achieve any desired density-moisture condition. Preliminary results on the development of this approach are presented in this study. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Compaction KW - Compactors KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=343e8be2-ef8e-4eed-ac60-578d28c012ff&f=P10022-Cary.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322598 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538289 AU - Ye, Dan AU - James, Mainey AU - Daleiden, Jerome AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Curling’s Impact on Structural Responses of Jointed Concrete Pavements PY - 2014 SP - 11p AB - Backcalculation of layer moduli of jointed concrete pavements (JCP) normally uses the slab-on-grade model, which assumes that the concrete slab is flat and in full contact with the subgrade. The shape of a concrete slab, however, is changing due to either seasonal or daily variations of temperature and moisture gradients. This invalidates the commonly used assumption. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data collected at various times of a day exhibit significant variations and so do the subsequently backcalculated layer moduli using these data. This paper presents a case study that quantitatively characterizes the amount of change in the daily deflections and backcalculated layer moduli for data collected for JCP sections under the seasonal monitoring program (SMP) of the long-term pavement performance (LTPP) study. This paper also provides a method that accounts for slab curling during the backcalculation process using a finite element model. Pavement engineers shall understand the variations associated with the deflection data and backcalculated moduli for JCP pavements while using the data for pavement rehabilitation/reconstruction design as the material moduli are essential in the structural evaluation process. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Backcalculation KW - Case studies KW - Concrete pavements KW - Curling KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Finite element method KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement joints KW - Periods of the day KW - Seasonal Monitoring Program KW - Slabs KW - Temperature UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=5c147f4c-15b9-41f0-9191-eba0480c02ed&f=P10057-Ye.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322607 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538287 AU - Levy, B AU - Carpenter, M AU - DeHart, S AU - Nolan, T AU - Boudreau, R AU - Watkins, Q AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Airport Surface Surveillance Data Improves Pavement Management Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - An airport pavement management system is the basis for planning maintenance, rehabilitation, or reconstruction activities for airside pavement infrastructure. Airport authority engineers use counts of arrival and departure operations to make initial assumptions of how these arriving or departing aircraft taxi between runways and gates as a gross estimate of the true stress allocation over the pavement network. The quality of these estimates can be improved with data that measures the actual traffic patterns and aircraft characteristics, providing better pavement lifetime assessments and reducing maintenance and refurbishment costs. This approach is in the early stages of development at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International (ATL) Airport. While the test and inspection tools are essential to the accurate assessment of the pavement condition index (PCI), unnecessary and laborious inspection of large regions of pavement could be avoided through the use of airport-wide traffic data to guide the program and set priorities for inspection. A unified analysis capability incorporating databases, simulation, and algorithms has been created to measure and characterize actual aircraft surface traffic patterns based on surveillance data and project alternatives using simulation. This paper applies that capability to improve upon the accuracy of the knowledge of pavement usage. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Aircraft KW - Airports KW - Algorithms KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport KW - Pavement management systems KW - Simulation KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic surveillance UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=3d4fb4f6-09cc-469c-8364-3b40253fcc28&f=S10108-Bullough_Skinner.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538286 AU - Breen, John E AU - Kreger, Michael E AU - Kilduff, Andrew L AU - Moyer, Kevin L AU - McCool, Gregory E AU - Ahern, Michael E AU - Kalina, Ryan D AU - MacLean, Sean AU - Luthi, Tanya AU - Icaza, Juan J AU - Diephuis, Jeffrey R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Corrosion Resistance of Grouted Post-Tensioning Systems PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The increased popularity of post-tensioned bridge construction in the United States has led to concerns about corrosion and its impact on the life cycle of these bridges. New materials have been produced by commercial manufacturers and are being used in post-tensioning systems. New construction methods have also been developed and include procedures recommended by the Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI). One major problem that agencies face today is the difficulty of providing sufficient monitoring and inspection techniques for bonded post-tensioned structures. Condition surveys are often limited to visual inspections for signs of cracking, spalling, and surface rust staining. This limited technique can often overlook the deterioration of prestressing steel and can fail to detect the potential for very severe and sudden collapses. Using the recommendations from previous Center for Transportation Research (CTR) research, the research team designed and developed new specimens. To establish the corrosion resistance of the post-tensioning strands to be used in the new specimens, the researchers performed preliminary companion tests. These strands were then used in combinations with different duct, coupler, and anchorage types and were subjected to highly aggressive exposure for either 4 or 6 years. The specimens were monitored continuously and eventually autopsied to evaluate the final corrosion resistance of each strand, duct, coupler, and anchorage combination. KW - Bridges KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Durability KW - Grout KW - Posttensioning KW - Specimens KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4562-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1324128 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538283 AU - Stauffer, Scott AU - Hyland, Warren AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Pavement Edge Light Safety System, PELSS: Visual Enhancement to Airfield Lighting PY - 2014 SP - 11p AB - For over 60 years, boundary edge lighting has been limited to a single point of illumination. A taxiway Pavement Edge Light Safety System provides a much needed improvement to the traditional “nodes of light” by adding an illuminated horizontal linear bar that is aligned with the pavement edge. Individual nodes of light can become confusing at night, during reduced visibility periods or when approaching the lights from an angle out of alignment with the runway or taxiway. At larger airports, these lights may appear as a “sea” of random lights which may not provide adequate visual cues for pilots to safely navigate around the airport. The addition of a linear light source to existing taxiway light fixtures, or as a replacement, provides information related to both the location and the orientation of the pavement edge. Rather than time, distance, length and spacing, this paper focuses on patterns that are created once the line segment shape is discernable by the human eye and progress related to a fixture that presents a purposeful illusion of a boundary using a combination of relatively short, elevated, linear light sources. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Aviation safety KW - Edge lines KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting KW - Taxiways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538279 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects PY - 2014 SP - 762p AB - These Standard Specifications for the Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects are issued primarily for constructing roads and bridges on Federal Highway projects under the direct administration of the Federal Highway Administration. Contents include: General requirements, Project requirements, Earthwork, Slope reinforcement and retaining walls, Aggregate and base courses, Asphalt pavements and surface treatments, Rigid pavements, Bridge construction, Incidental construction, and Material. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bridge construction KW - Construction projects KW - Earthwork KW - Embankments and retaining walls KW - Federal Lands Highway Program KW - Materials KW - Pavement layers KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road construction KW - Specifications UR - http://flh.fhwa.dot.gov/resources/pse/specs/fp-14/fp14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322126 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538276 AU - Araki, Hidenori AU - Pereyra, Julie AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Safely Secure Fasteners in Critical Applications PY - 2014 SP - 8p AB - It can be vital that bolted joints holding subassemblies together remain secure. Fasteners used to secure bolts and screws should resist the loosening caused by vibrations and dynamic loads, while keeping the ease of removability during maintenance. When a threaded fastener is subjected to vibration, the rapid movement causes a lowering of friction against the threads and a subsequent loss of preload. The loss of preload allows the fastener to vibrate loose and could lead to catastrophic consequences for critical applications. To mitigate the problem of unintentional bolt loosening, one must understand what parameters are critical in the bolted joint that affects this. The critical displacement threshold and the Junker vibration principle will be discussed to understand these self-loosening effect and the ways to reduce the risk. There are many locking methods that are out on the market today to prevent this bolt self-loosening from occurring. While some are effective when the dynamic loads are mild, certain applications such as the aviation industry needs to have a locking method that can withstand harsh dynamic and vibratory conditions where self-loosening is not an option. The Junker vibration test will analyze these locking systems to compare among them how effective they are under extreme transverse loading conditions where bolt loosening is most susceptible. Several locking methods will be compared under this test procedure and analyzed. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Aircraft KW - Bolts KW - Dynamic loads KW - Fasteners KW - Locks (Fasteners) KW - Vibration UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=0d66c562-2ae3-46c9-af60-9c22fadba53a&f=S10016-SAFELY_SECURE_FASTENERS_IN_CRITICAL_APPLICATIONS.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322580 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538270 AU - Wang, Hao AU - Li, Maoyun AU - Garg, Navneet AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Simulation of NAPTF High Tire Pressure Tests with Advanced Finite Element Modeling PY - 2014 SP - 13p AB - The new generation of aircrafts, like Boeing 787 and Airbus 350/380, has tire pressure exceeding 1.5MPa. This creates a challenge for the traditional Pavement Classification Number (PCN) rating with 1.5MPa limitation. A series of high tire pressure tests on heated pavements have been conducted at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) to duplicate the worst-case conditions likely to be encountered in the field. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of high aircraft tire pressure on asphalt pavement responses using three-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FE) modeling. The FE model characterized the hot-mix asphalt (HMA) layer as a viscoelastic material and utilized an implicit dynamic analysis to predict the time-dependent pavement responses under moving aircraft tire loading. The tire loading was simulated as a continuously moving load having half-sinusoidal shape distribution along the contact length and non-uniform distribution along five ribs of the tire. The pavement responses (tensile, shear and compressive stresses/strains) under various loading conditions were calculated and compared. Two temperature profiles were considered in the analysis; one is the “artificial” bottom-up heating that was used in the NAPTF full-scale test and another one is the "natural" top-down heating. The results show that the critical pavement responses increase by 10 to 20% as the tire inflation pressure increases from 1.45 to 1.69MPa, depending on the type of pavement response. The analysis findings can support the NAPTF high tire pressure test results and provide valuable suggestions for airfield pavement design under heavy aircrafts with high tire pressure. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compressive strength KW - Finite element method KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Shear strain KW - Simulation KW - Tension KW - Tire pressure KW - Wheel loads UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=2e40fa6a-4b0b-4c11-adb9-021b2dd40c0a&f=P10061-Wang.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322578 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538269 AU - Brill, David R AU - Kawa, Izydor AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Relative Performance of CC6 Concrete Pavement Test Items at the FAA National Airport Pavement Test Facility PY - 2014 SP - 17p AB - Between August 2011 and April 2012, six rigid pavement test items, designated CC6, were trafficked to full structural failure at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF). The primary objective of these full-scale tests was to investigate the effect on pavement life of concrete flexural strengths higher than recommended by current FAA standards in Advisory Circular (AC) 150/5320-6E. The six test items were constructed using three different concrete mixes with different flexural strengths. All test items were subjected to traffic from 4-wheel landing gears in a 2D configuration. Pavement condition was continuously monitored, and traffic was continued until the structural condition index (SCI) of all test items was under 30, which is well below the design failure condition of SCI 80. Due to the significantly different flexural strengths, it was necessary to vary the gear loads to achieve failure of all test items in a reasonable number of traffic passes. Moreover, all test items (except one) received traffic at a mixture of different load levels. Therefore, in order to compare test item performance, it was necessary to introduce mixed aircraft traffic concepts to the analysis. A rational method of compensating for various load levels, making use of the cumulative damage factor (CDF), results in equivalent traffic passes to failure at a reference wheel load, so that the effect of concrete strength can be clearly observed. Using this method, it was demonstrated that CC6 pavement life was strongly correlated to 28-day flexural strength, and was not strongly affected by the base type. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design standards KW - Failure analysis KW - Flexural strength KW - Load tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance tests KW - Rigid pavements UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=1e7e635f-eb24-4919-942d-46e5807c2f4d&f=P10052-Brill_Kawa.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322600 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538264 AU - Mooren, Fer AU - Stet, Marc AU - Hopman, Piet AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Tire Induced Surface Cracking due to Extreme Wheel Loads PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - Triggered by recurring surface distresses on particular spots at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, a study was performed into tire induced surface cracking. Calculations focused on traffic in curves at various wheel loads, tire pressures, speeds and curve radii (CROW). It has been concluded that asphalt failure stresses close to the pavement surface can occur under certain load conditions, and particularly in high speed taxiway and in areas of sharply turning traffic, such as tight push-back operations with lateral wheel slip. However, failure stresses are not necessarily exceeded because of increasing tire pressures, but mainly due to excessive shear stresses imposed onto the pavement surface as a result of high centrifugal forces or rigidity of a multi-axle main gear in tight curves. It can lead to top-down cracking. Based on linear elastic and visco-elastic VEROAD® calculations and fundamental theory of elasticity for circular loads on an isotropic half space (Gerrard and Harrison, 1970), an analytical model has been developed to analyze the risk of tire induced surface cracking as a function of the tire pressure and the shear stress. The model shows that tire induced surface cracking is solely a material strength issue. The Mohr-Coulomb criterion has been used as the failure criterion. On some issues, the analytical model requires more validation. Mixture cohesion (c) has been found as the crucial parameter to resist tire induced surface cracking. Cohesion tends to drop with increasing temperatures, which means that the risk of surface cracking is highest during summer. Suggestions have been made for laboratory tests to determine mixture cohesion. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Amsterdam Schiphol Airport KW - Cohesion KW - Cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Shear stress KW - Tire pressure KW - Turning (Aircraft pilotage) KW - Wheel loads UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=9f9cd4a1-5276-4d2d-b15c-2139d332a1da&f=P10005-Mooren.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322592 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538257 AU - Narendran, Nadarajah AU - Freyssinier, Jean Paul AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - How is the Operational Failure of LED Fixtures Identified? PY - 2014 SP - 6p AB - Selecting the most effective light source or lighting system for a given application requires the comparison of a number of figures of merit for the options under evaluation. One of the most important characteristics to consider is the useful lifetime of the lighting system. For aviation lighting, knowing the expected useful life of airfield luminaires allows designers, airport owners, administrators, and operators to make informed decisions that impact initial and operational costs, maintenance programs, and overall service reliability. Light-emitting diode (LED)-based solutions have become more prevalent in airport systems because of their potential to aid pilots’ visibility and the impressive improvements that this technology has seen in the last few years, including energy efficiency and their potential for long life. While the rated life of commercially available LED systems, usually between several to tens of thousands of hours, is much longer in comparison to the incandescent lamp-based products they are replacing, there is no clear definition of an airfield’s luminaire life. Additionally, because of the recent history of LEDs in the market, there is no sufficient field information to fully validate the long-life claims of such products. Funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Alliance for Solid-State Illumination Systems and Technologies (ASSIST), researchers at the Lighting Research Center (LRC) conducted a laboratory study to understand the long-term performance of LED systems as a starting point to develop a functional definition of useful lifetime for airfield luminaires. To complement this body of research, LRC researchers are working presently on the development of an accelerated test method to project catastrophic failure of LED systems. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airports KW - Laboratory studies KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting KW - Service life UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=bac0e5da-7fb3-43fe-bd2d-35c4a6d84d51&f=S10106-Narendran_Freyssinier.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322624 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538252 AU - Henschen, Jacob AU - Amirkhanian, Armen AU - Roesler, Jeffery AU - Lange, David AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Field Evaluation of Alternative Isolation Joints at O'Hare International Airport PY - 2014 SP - 14p AB - Airfield isolation joints are specified to separate horizontal movement between two adjacent concrete pavements. Typically, these are a thickened edge joint without any man-made connection, which requires a 25% thicker slab to compensate for the higher free edge stresses. Thickened edge joints are more difficult to construct and thus require more time and resources to complete. Recently, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) introduced an alternative design for isolation joint with embedded steel reinforcement near the slab bottom allowing the normal slab thickness to be maintained. In this study, two isolation joint types were constructed at Chicago O’Hare International Airport. One section followed the recently recommended FAA steel reinforcement design and the other section was constructed with macro-fiber reinforced concrete. Embedment gages were placed in the freshly cast concrete as well as gages on the steel reinforcing bars to monitor the strains under aircraft loading. Dynamic strain data was collected during a night of aircraft taxiing over the joint. In addition, heavy weight deflectometer (HWD) testing was conducted at a separate time to measure the isolation joint effectiveness. The alternate joint designs were modeled using 2D finite element analysis for comparison to the experimental results and to determine the critical tensile stresses. The field analysis indicates that the steel or macro-fiber reinforced joint design with a stabilized base should prevent the tensile stresses in the pavement from causing premature failure of the concrete isolation joint. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Chicago O'Hare International Airport KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflectometers KW - Expansion joints KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Pavement design KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Strain measurement KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=f705c689-331e-4a7b-bad1-08f7bdbc12fc&f=P10075-Henschen.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538230 AU - Cleveland, Theodore G AU - Strom, Kyle B AU - Sharif, Hatim AU - Liu, Xiaofeng AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Empirical Flow Parameters : A Tool for Hydraulic Model Validity Assessment PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Hydraulic modeling assembles models based on generalizations of parameter values from textbooks, professional literature, computer program documentation, and engineering experience. Actual measurements adjacent to the model location are seldom available for use in refining model parameters. This situation often leads to good-faith estimation of velocities (needed for assessing forces on bridge piers, and assessing erosion and scour potential) that are unusually large. This research developed independent ways to assess computed velocities based on prior, authoritative, and observational experience as an independent tool to assess hydrologic and hydraulic model validity. KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Mathematical models KW - Texas KW - Validation KW - Velocity measurement UR - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/Reports/PSRs/0-6654-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1323272 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538225 AU - Hernandez, Jaime A AU - Al-Qadi, Imad L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Airfield Pavement Response Due to Heavy Aircraft Takeoff: Advanced Modeling Comparing Single-Tire and Dual-Tandem Gear PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - The normal and shear strains of a typical airfield pavement subjected to single and dual-in-tandem configuration of Airbus A380 were compared during takeoff. The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, a detailed description of the model generation and the process for including the variables usually omitted in typical pavement analysis are provided. These variables include variation of loading with time, nonlinear base materials, friction interaction between pavement layers, viscoelastic asphalt concrete (AC) layers, and three-dimensional nonuniform contact stresses. Second, the responses studied were not limited to the tensile strains at the bottom of AC layers and the maximum compressive strain on top of the subgrade, but also included the shear strains in each layer and surface tensile strain. Third, the comparison was not limited to magnitude as the variation of critical strains along the moving direction and its perpendicular was also considered, and the tire interaction in the dual-in-tandem configuration was described. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Landing gear KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Shear strain KW - Surface tension KW - Takeoff KW - Tandem axle loads KW - Tires and wheels UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=94c937f3-f6b0-46f5-b906-50b2e181e5ae&f=P10021-Hernandez_Al-Qadi.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322576 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538223 AU - Radetsky, Leora C AU - Skinner, Nicholas P AU - Narendran, N AU - Bullough, John D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Can the Intensity of LED-Based Runway Guard Lights Be Reduced? PY - 2014 SP - 10p AB - In 2005, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) began collaborations with research universities to study the potential for using light-emitting diode (LED) technology in airfield lighting applications. The overarching goal of this research has been to reduce the energy use and maintenance costs associated with incandescent lamps in airfield lighting. One application considered was the elevated runway guard light (ERGL), which helps pilots detect the presence of taxiway-runway intersections. LED-based ERGLs have been developed by manufacturers based on incandescent ERGL specifications (FAA AC 150/5345-46C), but the FAA sought to improve this specification based on the operational and visual performance of LEDs. At the FAA’s request, the Lighting Research Center (LRC) conducted a series of human factors studies, first in the laboratory and then in the field, to understand the influence and interaction of different lighting parameters on the visibility of elevated-type runway guard lights (ERGLs) to pilots. This research serves to assist in the development of applicable performance standards for LED-based ERGLs. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Air pilots KW - Airport runways KW - Field strength KW - Human factors KW - Laboratory studies KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting KW - Taxiways UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=7d2febec-ad2b-40eb-8fd7-9813e3bfc083&f=S10109-Radetsky.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322625 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538221 AU - Bullough, John D AU - Tan, Jianchuan AU - Narendran, N AU - Freyssinier, Jean Paul AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Understanding Flicker in Airfield Lighting Applications PY - 2014 SP - 6p AB - Nearly all electric light sources produce flicker, especially when operated from mains power. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can use a wide variety of driving methods, including constant direct current, pulse width modulation, or from mains power using simple rectifiers, each resulting in different amounts of perceived flicker. Quantifying the effects of flicker from light sources is important in specifying light source performance in many lighting applications, including airfield lighting. With funding from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and from the Alliance for Solid State Illumination Systems and Technologies (ASSIST), researchers at the Lighting Research Center (LRC) conducted a series of studies to develop a model to predict the detection and acceptability of stroboscopic effects from light source flicker. Further studies looked at new and efficient electrical LED circuit designs to produce light output waveforms with reduced perception of stroboscopic effects. The present paper summarizes these efforts. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Design KW - Electric circuits KW - Flicker KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=430f0971-4bc6-4b16-993c-e0f87e90f9e1&f=S10107-Bullough.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322617 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538220 AU - Bullough, John D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Matching LED and Incandescent Aviation Signal Brightness PY - 2014 SP - 6p AB - Airfield lighting is increasingly using light-emitting diode (LED) sources, because of their potential for long operating life and reduced maintenance requirements. However, LED signals being too bright is a complaint that has sometimes been heard from pilots. Generally, colored LED signal lights have narrower spectral power distributions than incandescent signals that produce more saturated colors, which tends to result in the perception of increased brightness for the same luminance. White LED signals are available in a wide range of correlated color temperatures (CCTs) and these also can be judged as brighter than white incandescent signal lights of the same intensity. At the request of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), researchers at the Lighting Research Center (LRC) developed a set of “brightness correction factors” for white, green, and blue signal lights, to match the apparent brightness of LED and incandescent airfield signal lights. Red and yellow LED signals also differ from their incandescent counterparts in terms of spectral power distributions. The objective of the present paper is to describe brightness-luminous intensity characteristics of the five aviation signal light colors as well as the impact of factors such as the background light level, number of light sources, and the presence of fog on perceived brightness. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Brightness KW - Color KW - Incandescent lamps KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting KW - Luminous intensity KW - Signal lights UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=4b709f63-94f3-4643-887b-259004c431c1&f=S10103-Bullough.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322623 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538219 AU - Mukhopadhyay, Anal K AU - Liu, Kai-Wei AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Rapid Chemical Method for Determination of Aggregate Alkali Silica Reactivity PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - The main objective of this study was to develop a fast, reliable test method to determine the aggregate alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) with respect to the overall alkalinity of the concrete. A device, called volumetric change measuring device (VCMD), which measures volume change over time due to ASR was used in this research. The VCMD simulates the aggregate–pore solution reaction in concrete and measures free solution volume contraction due to ASR over time. The solution volume change over time at multiple temperatures is modeled to determine compound activation energy (Ea) based on the rate theory. The VCMD-based test can reliably predict aggregate alkali silica reactivity in a short period of time (5 days) in terms of measuring compound activation energy. A representative Ea can be determined by testing as-received aggregates (i.e., field aggregates) with 0.5N NaOH + Ca(OH)2 solution (similar to concrete pore solution) and with permissible repeatability. Researchers have developed an Ea-based aggregate classification system, which can serve as a potential screening parameter in an aggregate quality control program. A relationship between Ea and alkalinity is developed, which became the basis to determine threshold alkalinity. The proposed method has the potential to be considered as an alternative method to the current accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) method. An effective way of tailoring mix design depending on the level of protection needed is developed based on activation energy, threshold alkalinity, pore solution chemistry. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Alkalinity KW - Concrete KW - Mix design KW - Volumetric analysis UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=dacf1b2f-6ed0-4aa9-9f92-cd5b4e99953e&f=P10092-Mukhopadhyay_Liu.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322586 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538214 AU - Shen, Weibin AU - Gopalakrishnan, Kasthurirangan AU - Kim, Sunghwan AU - Ceylan, Halil AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Greenhouse Gas Emission Analysis for Heated Pavement System PY - 2014 SP - 18p AB - Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have become significant environmental indicators in analyzing the comparative environmental impacts of conventional and newly developed alternative systems or techniques. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is considered an accepted and systematic methodology to calculate the amount of carbon released from all the processes of a system/technique, helping users select the best environmental-friendly alternative. The use of automated heating based snow removal systems is gaining attention as an alternative strategy to traditional ice and snow removal practices such as the use of anti-icing chemicals and snowplowing vehicles. Most previous studies on heated pavement systems have focused on their efficiency and economic evaluation, but few studies have investigated their environmental impacts in a systematic manner. Considering the energy consumptions associated with heated pavement systems, their environmental impacts should be assessed over the life cycle before they could be implemented in airport pavement applications. This study employs a partial LCA methodology to assess the GHG emissions from various operations of energy sources used in geothermal heated pavement systems and their environmental impacts in contrast with traditional snow removal operations, Detailed discussions are presented in the context of developing an environment assessment framework to help users select the most environmental-friendly snow removal system. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Energy consumption KW - Environmental impacts KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Heating KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Snow removal UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=e9a6313a-eb8d-4f8a-8104-4ff92409d316&f=P10065-Shen.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322602 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538213 AU - Liston, Leah AU - Krafcik, Matthew AU - Farnam, Yaghoob AU - Tao, Bernard AU - Erk, Kendra AU - Weiss, Jason AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Toward the Use of Phase Change Materials (PCM) in Concrete Pavements: Evaluation of Thermal Properties of PCM PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - Phase change materials (PCM) have the potential to be used to store thermal energy from ambient, solar or applied sources. Due to the PCM’s high heat of fusion, the stored energy can be released during cooling (i.e., during a freezing/icing event), thereby delaying or preventing ice formation. This can help to eliminate or decrease the deicing salt demand to melt ice or snow on the surface of concrete pavements. Deicing salts can cause premature deteriorations in concrete pavement by physical or chemical damage. The research team, as a part of a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) study through the PEGASAS center, has begun to investigate the potential use of PCM in concrete pavements to reduce ice formation and snow accumulation on concrete pavements. As a first step,it has been attempted in this paper to evaluate thermal properties of different PCMs made of fatty acids and methyl esters. The temperature of the liquid-solid phase transition is determined and the latent heat absorbed or released during the phase change is measured using a low temperature differential scanning calorimeter (LT-DSC) for each PCM. This work begins to discuss how the thermal properties can be changed by altering the compositions in order to remain in the desired temperature range. Additionally, this paper discusses how the use of PCM in concrete can be increased by changing absorption technique or lightweight aggregate (LWA) type. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Anti-icing KW - Calorimeters KW - Concrete pavements KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Materials selection KW - Phase change materials KW - Thermal properties UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=d03693bd-27e7-4a77-a2da-0e5882ab7ab7&f=P10093-Liston.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322605 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538205 AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Remote Sensing Laser Survey and Imagery Technologies for Expediting Airport Mapping and Asset Management Applications PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - This paper reviews the recently developed survey protocols and elevation accuracy specifications of LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) sensors for airport obstruction mapping. Airborne LIDAR surveys have been reportedly conducted for over 24 airports in the United States. Due to daytime and nighttime operations and computational efficiency of LIDAR workflow obstruction mapping is expedited enhancing safety of aircraft and airport users. Additionally, LIDAR vector data can be re-analyzed to produce acceptable topographic mapping for engineering analysis of airfield assets. This significant improvement saves time and costs, compared to traditional field topographic surveying and aerial photogrammetry. The paper also presents applications of high spatial resolution aerial and satellite imagery for airport orthophotos and asset management applications. An example of three-dimensional feature extraction of airport infrastructure including air traffic control tower is presented. This is a cost-effective approach to enhance inventory of airport infrastructure assets. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Aerial surveying KW - Airports KW - Asset management KW - Elevation KW - Imagery KW - Laser radar KW - Mapping KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Remote sensing UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=6adfa9ef-4349-46f0-a155-153e12dbd8d5&f=S10089-Uddin.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322591 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538200 AU - Kwak, Pyung-Jin AU - Kim, Tae-Hun AU - Lee, Je-Il AU - Jeong, Woo-Yeong AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Pavement at Gimpo International Airport - A Maintenance Case Study using HMA Overlays PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - In most cases, the deteriorated concrete pavements caused by alkali-silica reaction (ASR) need to be replaced to maintain their original function because it is easier than doing repairs on the pavements. To maintain a sustainable operation of the airport business, however, there are greater demands for using repair types in contrast to complete replacement and it can be conducted without any close pavement. In preparation for such demands, Korea Airports Corporation (KAC) has conducted test construction by milling 10 cm of existing concrete slabs and overlaying asphalt mixture and evaluated the pavement performance. The testing has been conducted on the 90m-long parallel taxiway at Gimpo International Airport in 2010. When the concrete pavement has been overlaid with 10 cm of asphalt mixture, it takes five years for the reflection cracking to occur and the spread of the cracks continue to create potholes. Therefore, KAC has conducted four different types of testing. Their types used asphalt mixture. After monitoring each types, it takes a result of which types can more effective on reducing the reflection cracking. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Case studies KW - Concrete pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Reflection cracking KW - Seoul Gimpo International Airport KW - Taxiways UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=cdfd4bbf-f65f-40e8-8bf0-f8dae0cb0fc3&f=P10036-Kwak.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322611 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538198 AU - Lee, Jung-Su AU - Stokoe, Kenneth H AU - Scullion, Thomas AU - Leidy, Joe AU - Oshinski, Edward AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Demonstration of a New, Multi-Function, Nondestructive Pavement Testing Device PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - The rolling dynamic deflectometer (RDD) was originally developed through the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) research program to determine continuous deflection profiles that are used in pavement structural assessments. TxDOT researchers have shown that RDD deflection profiles can be used more effectively when combined with other data such as pavement thickness and subsurface conditions. Therefore, TxDOT has supported development of a multi-function device which is equipped with RDD profiling and ground penetrating radar (GPR) functions. Additional functions that have been integrated into the new device are video cameras for pavement and right-of-way conditions, pavement temperature measurements and high-precision positioning. These multi-functions permit efficient comparisons of RDD deflection data with other nondestructive testing (NDT) data logged by the different methods. The new device is called the Total Pavement Acceptance Device (TPAD). The TPAD has all functions combined on a single platform that can move along the pavement at 2 to 3 mph. All measurements are collected in a single pass and analysis software permits the data to be displayed in near-real time (less than 5 minutes after collection) so that the results can be used for preliminary evaluations of pavement conditions on-the-fly or can be used for more detailed analyses at a later time. In this paper, a background on two of the nondestructive testing functions in the TPAD, the RDD and GPR systems, are briefly discussed. A description of the TPAD mobile platform and the RDD dynamic loading system are described. The developmental work for the speed-improved rolling sensors is also discussed. Finally, the TPAD is demonstrated by presenting RDD deflection profiles and GPR records collected at a testbed created at the TxDOT Flight Services Facility (FSF) are presented. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rolling dynamic deflectometers KW - Structural analysis KW - Total Pavement Acceptance Devices UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=89b04d89-5d90-44b5-80f8-09c72f750e3c&f=P10064-Lee.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322629 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538195 AU - Yang, Shuo AU - Ceylan, Halil AU - Gopalakrishnan, Kasthurirangan AU - Kim, Sunghwan AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Smart Airport Pavement Instrumentation and Health Monitoring PY - 2014 SP - 13p AB - Realistic characterization of pavement layer properties and responses under in-situ field conditions is critical for accurate airport pavement life predictions, planning pavement management activities as well as for calibration and validation of mechanistic-based pavement response prediction models. The recent advancements in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Sensor (MEMS)/Nano-Electro-Mechanical Sensor (NEMS) technologies and wireless sensor networks combined with efficient energy scavenging paradigms provide opportunities for long-term, continuous, real-time response measurement and health monitoring of transportation infrastructure systems. This paper presents a summary review of some recent studies that have focused on the development of advanced smart sensing and monitoring systems for highway pavement system with potential applications for long-term airport pavement health monitoring. Some examples of these potential applications include: the use of wireless Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags for determining thermal gradients in pavement layers; self-powered MEMS/NEMS multifunction sensor system capable of real-time, remote monitoring of localized strain, temperature and moisture content in airport pavement that will eventually prevent catastrophic failures such as blow-ups on runways during heat waves. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Instrumentation KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement management systems KW - Radio frequency identification KW - Sensors KW - Strain measurement KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Temperature gradients UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=cc65473b-0dbe-44cf-94b4-c1589d1b89c4&f=P10067-Yang.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322604 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538193 AU - Jenkins, Barry AU - Binns, Lee AU - Sai, Tun Aye AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Active Compound Plasma Lightning (CPLR) Rejection System PY - 2014 SP - 11p AB - Airports have lightning protection in place using present-day “lightning rod” technology. Yet airports continue to experience lightning damage and must shut down airside operations during a lightning event. Brightex offers an alternative protection that prevents lightning from striking the airport and allows operations to continue uninterrupted during a lightning event. The purpose of this paper is to: Define lightning and the associated dangers; Discuss current passive lightning protection methods; Present the First and only active lightning protection system; and Present Brightex’s history. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Lightning UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=f8d1811a-1198-4b86-a049-cccf9bc1038f&f=S10074-Jenkins.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322575 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538192 AU - Bullough, John D AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Can LEDs Be Seen in Fog as Well as Incandescent Lamps? PY - 2014 SP - 6p AB - Light emitting diode (LED) light sources are increasingly being used for airfield lighting because of their potential advantages in terms of energy savings and increased reliability. They also may have some benefits for visibility such as increased accuracy of color identification compared to incandescent airfield lighting and rapid onset and offset times that may increase their conspicuity in flashing-light applications such as runway guard lights (RGLs). Because of the narrower spectral distribution of colored LED signal lights compared to incandescent lights, they tend to produce more saturated colors and as a consequence, sometimes appear brighter than their incandescent counterparts. The present paper reviews research findings and technical information on the perception by human observers of LED aviation lighting in inclement weather such as fog, compare to that of incandescent signal lighting. Three types of visual responses are described: color identification, brightness perception, and detection of flashing lights. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Brightness KW - Color KW - Fog KW - Incandescent lamps KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting KW - Visual perception UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=26fc8f52-70f8-4c68-a56c-121201945879&f=S10101-Bullough.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322622 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538186 AU - Lenngren, Carl A AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Detecting Emerging Sinkholes with FWD Testing PY - 2014 SP - 12p AB - A local settlement on a runway was raising some concern at the Visby Airport on the Baltic island Gotland. The unevenness was local but the extent, the depth, and the reasons for the distress were unknown. The objective was to use falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data including time histories to detect areas prone to settlements. The testing was laid out as to cover settlement area. The spacing between tests was set up in 5 m intervals and some additional tests were done with larger in-between spacing to get a statistical base line for the field parameters. The following analysis consisted of a backcalculation of pavement layer moduli and an assessment of the layer dynamic properties by time histories. The time history evaluation can be plotted as a load-deflection graph. These have been calibrated to hysteresis. For the 70 kN load level the area outside the settlement displayed a dissipation of about 4 Nm, whereas the settlement showed a dissipation of over 20 Nm. Practically, this means that the settlement has not stopped and is continuing. A recommendation was made not to allow traffic near this area until further examinations. A thorough FWD testing of the airfield using this method was also recommended. As such the method seems promising in detecting emerging sinkholes at an early stage to avoid lengthy runway closures. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Pavement distress KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Sinkholes KW - Visby Airport UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=78867b33-9d37-40e9-af8b-d3e74657f8a0&f=P10070-Lenngren.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322608 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538185 AU - Lane, Troy AU - Cudmore, Paul AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Mobile Lidar: The Benefits to Airports From an Operations and Safety Perspective PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - In 2007, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approved the use of airborne lidar (light detection and ranging) in conjunction with aerial imagery that is collected concurrently to perform obstruction surveys following FAR Part 77. There are many derivative data sets to airborne lidar; including, but not limited to, accurate 3D Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), accurate 3D Digital Surface Models (DSMs), identification and digitization of markings on runways and taxiways, and building locations, all of which could be utilized for beneficial purposes in airport planning, safety and operations. At the same time in 2007, mobile lidar was being promoted as the next wave of lidar technology from global lidar manufacturers. These systems, which are mounted to a ground vehicle in various configurations, are able to capture large amounts of data in short periods of time while maintaining a high level of detail, precision and accuracy. This paper focuses on the benefits of employing mobile lidar technology, to enhance airport and airfield knowledge, planning and operations, specifically to include but not limited to marking effectiveness, asset extraction and low/no visibility navigation. Case studies from airports will be used to illustrate the opportunity to employ mobile lidar and related sensing technologies towards significant operational and safety benefit. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport operations KW - Airports KW - Aviation safety KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Laser radar KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Remote sensing UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=54cc3769-0d2d-4161-8f37-952b59fb4e47&f=S10083-Lane_Cudmore.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322590 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538181 AU - Pigozzi, Franco AU - Coni, Mauro AU - Portas, Silvia AU - Maltinti, Francesca AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Implementation of Deflection Bowl Measurements for Structural Evaluations at Network Level of Airport Pavement Management System PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - The Airport Pavement Management System (APMS) is a useful tool for operators and managers, providing a systematic and objective method for pavement condition evaluation, maintenance planning decisions and budget allocation. The pavement evaluation process also includes the evaluation of structural capacity and, more specifically, the use of deflectometer testing device has become a basic part of the structural evaluation, allowing non-destructive and rapid to execute surveys. The measured deflection bowl is used for the back-analysis process in order to evaluate the modulus of each layer. This application can be less cost effective, requiring experienced analyst and often providing more detail than necessary, especially for implementation at network-level of Airport PMS. These aspects are amplified for seasonal and regional airports, faced with low budget availability and looking for easy and rapid techniques. The investigation reported in this paper focused on developing a direct method for the assessment of the overall conditions as well as single layer strength, based on deflections measured by performing Heavy Falling Weight Deflectometer (HWD) tests. The data collected by deflectometer campaign performed on the runway has been analyzed, focusing the attention on the factors that can affect the measurements. The survey was performed on five alignments, according to the international regulations, in different seasons and with different loads, then the relative influence was examined, conducting a correlation aimed on comparing deflections. With comparable data, the immediately visual rating of deflection values has been conducted, adopting the relative benchmarking methodology. The implementation at network level of Airport PMS allows the rapid overview of structural conditions, identifying areas that need further detailed investigations. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Deflection tests KW - Deflectometers KW - Pavement management systems KW - Seasons KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=aa46b8a3-f702-4917-b34a-2a68979c9f11&f=P10082-Pigozzi.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322621 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538177 AU - White, Greg AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Statistical Analysis of In-Service Evolution of an Airport Asphalt Surfacing PY - 2014 SP - 13p AB - Significant testing was performed on cores recovered from the trafficked and un-trafficked portions of a typical Australian airport runway surface approximately two years after paving. The relative density, aggregate orientation, resilient modulus, wheel tracking and interface shear resistance were measured and statistically compared. Interface shear resistance included strength, modulus and work/energy measurements. With the exception of the interface’s shear modulus, traffic was found to have a statistically significant impact on all parameters compared. Aircraft traffic triggered a substantial change in the asphalt’s structure. This evolution of the asphalt structure resulted in a measurable improvement in the surface layer’s resilient modulus and interface shear strength. Being typical of airport asphalt used throughout Australia, the measured effects of traffic are expected to be representative of all Australian airport asphalts. Further investigation is needed to determine the rate of evolution of asphalt structure as a function of traffic frequency. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Airport traffic KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Australia KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Density KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Shear strength KW - Statistical analysis KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=92a9f65b-5259-49b3-b6f5-872f1ab3eb19&f=P10020-White.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322593 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538176 AU - Zhang, Cheng AU - Tighe, Susan L AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Improving Runway Pavement Friction Analysis through Innovative Modeling PY - 2014 SP - 14p AB - Available runway friction has a significant impact on aircraft landing performance. This is especially noted when aircrafts are landing on wet or otherwise contaminated runways due to the reduced braking action, which has been well documented since the dawn of the jet aircraft age. In addition, according to International Air Transport Association (IATA) statistics, runway excursions contribute nearly a quarter of all the accidents and no trends show an obvious decrease of these accidents in the past few years. In order to prevent runway landing excursion accidents and incidents, and enhance airport and airline operation safety, available runway friction should be studied. A good level of available runway friction is required for aircraft landing operations. With the presence of water film, snow, and ice, the available runway friction changes rapidly, and different measure devices provide results with a large variance on a uniform runway condition. According to the results of a survey of Canadian airline pilots in the Joint Winter Runway Friction Measurement Program, “Pilots indicated that the quality of runway friction information provided by airports varies between airports. Generally the quality is better at large airports, but each airport differs depending on various factors”. Because of the inconsistencies in runway friction measuring devices, it is better to analyze available runway friction based on aircraft measurements. In order to model the aircraft’s landing performance, a mechanistic-empirical aircraft landing deceleration equation has been developed. This equation incorporates all of the major forces that contribute to aircraft braking, and was calibrated and validated using digital flight data from dry runway aircraft landings. As a result, it is able to back calculate friction from the developed equations and evaluate the impacts of dry, wet, and contaminated runways on aircraft braking performance. The objectives of the paper are as follows: (1) Provide back ground knowledge regarding wet and contaminated runway aircraft braking; (2) Analyze aircraft braking performance on wet and contaminated runways using the built mechanistic-empirical aircraft landing deceleration equation; and (3) Study runway available braking friction under different conditions. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Aircraft operations KW - Airport runways KW - Braking performance KW - Dry weather KW - Friction KW - Landing KW - Wet weather UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=120d0be7-feae-42ac-91fe-01bf70b0f2f9&f=S10043-Zheng_Tighe.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322595 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538174 AU - Zollinger, Dan G AU - Little, Dallas AU - McFarland, William F AU - Burke, Dock AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Review of FAA LCCA Methodology PY - 2014 SP - 17p AB - This paper addresses the findings, conclusions and recommendations drawn from a detailed review of the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) procedures presently followed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for pavement alternative development and selection. The review considered key aspects of both the pavement type design and selection as well as economic issues associated with alternative development. Key components, analysis tools and software, methods, and procedures were included in the review. Examples of why recommended techniques should be implemented are also provided. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Decision making KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Recommendations KW - Software KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=e96af723-174f-4748-b0dd-bfdbbd5bfbfc&f=P10015-Zollinger.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322571 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538170 AU - Merighi, João Virgilio AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Study of Water Pools on Runways Considering the ICAO and Brazilian Civil Aviation Agency Recommendations for Large Aircraft PY - 2014 SP - 12p AB - Aviation is an important component of worldwide multimodal transportation systems. Safety and security issues are emerging because many airport managers are not well prepared to meet current passenger and freight demands. Timely corrective maintenance of airfield pavements ensures safety and security of aircraft operations. At the International Airport of Belém (SBBE) in the northern region of Brazil more than twenty flights were canceled in recent months due to the formation of water pools on the airfield pavements. The paper reviews limitations of current related regulations and standards. Guidelines are recommended for consideration of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and Brazilian National Aviation Agency related to longitudinal roughness measurements for standard commercial airliners and large aircraft. It is essential to reduce the risk of aquaplaning on landing and takeoff operations to improve the runway condition and safety. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Agencia Nacional de Aviacao Civil (Brazil) KW - Airport runways KW - Aviation safety KW - Hydroplaning KW - International Civil Aviation Organization KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Roughness KW - Standards KW - Val de Cans/Júlio Cezar Ribeiro International Airport KW - Water UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=6bb173b8-f077-436c-8c01-52cfe9804cdb&f=S10073-Merighi_Uddin.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322596 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538156 AU - Garg, Navneet AU - Bilodeau, Jean-Pascal AU - Doré, Guy AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Experimental study of Asphalt Concrete Strain Distribution in Flexible Pavements at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility PY - 2014 SP - 14p AB - The use of high-inflation pressure and heavily loaded tires on aircrafts induce high stresses at the surface of runway pavements. High compressive, tensile and shear stresses at or near pavement surface are likely to induce rutting and surface initiated fatigue cracking (top-down cracking) in asphalt concrete, particularly in the case of slow moving aircrafts. Tire-pavement interaction has been extensively studied using finite element modelling but has not been experimentally documented due to the limitations of conventional pavement instrumentation technology. During construction cycle 7 (CC7), five flexible pavements were constructed. Four of the five test sections include 200mm, 250mm, 300mm and 375mm of P401 hot mix asphalt (HMA) concrete over a P154 subbase (thickness varying between 890 and 965 mm) resting on a CBR 5.5 subgrade soil. The proposed paper describes experimental investigation of near-surface strains induced under Heavy Weight Deflectometer (HWD) and aircraft tires using an innovative instrumentation technique based on fiber optic sensors. Four “strain plates” supporting an array of 24 Fabry-Perrot fiber optic sensors were retrofitted in the HMA layers of four test sections at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The strain plates allow for the measurement of near –surface compressive and tensile strains as well as tensile strains at the bottom of the AC layer over a 45 cm width across the wheel path. Data obtained from the strain plates under a moving wheel can be used to produce detailed strain basins across the entire tire width, allowing for a detailed analysis of the effect of tire type, load and pressure on pavement response. The proposed paper will describe the strain plate technology and the installation of the sensors at the NAPTF. It will also present early results of pavement response under the HWD and aircraft wheel loads. The project is done through a cooperation agreement between the Federal Aviation Administration and Laval University (Canada). U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deflectometers KW - Fiber optics KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Rolling contact KW - Sensors KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Test sections KW - Wheel loads UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=5d2c5971-2ff1-4ba1-9ef4-4ae57fce9821&f=P10095-Garg.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322601 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538153 AU - Mejías-Santiago, Mariely AU - Doyle, Jesse D AU - Rushing, John F AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Warm-Mix Asphalt for Airfield Pavements PY - 2014 SP - 11p AB - This paper describes an evaluation program conducted by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center to determine the suitability of using warm-mix asphalt (WMA) technologies for airfield pavements. The work consisted of two main phases. Phase I consisted of laboratory evaluations of the performance of different WMA technologies and included tests for rutting, durability, low-temperature cracking, moisture damage, binder properties, and workability. Phase II consisted of evaluating production and placement procedures and conducting accelerated pavement testing on full-scale test sections under simulated full-scale military aircraft traffic to evaluate rutting performance. In both phases the performance of mixtures produced using different WMA technologies was compared to that of the same mixtures produced at hot-mix asphalt (HMA) temperatures. WMA was recommended as a viable alternative to HMA for use on heavily trafficked airfield pavements. The Unified Facilities Guide Specification (UFGS) 32 12 15.16 was developed along with two Engineer Technical Letters (ETL) to provide guidance for using WMA on airfield pavements. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Airport runways KW - Bituminous binders KW - Cracking KW - Durability tests KW - Evaluation KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Moisture damage KW - Pavement performance KW - Rutting KW - Specifications KW - Warm mix paving mixtures KW - Workability UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=ff641a0b-7ad5-418a-b0bf-30b49f8e9693&f=P10023-Mejias-Santiago.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322581 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538151 AU - Yin, Hao AU - Barbagallo, Donald AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Full-Scale Test of Thermally-Induced Reflective Cracking: Lessons Learned from 5-Year Research at FAA NAPTF PY - 2014 SP - 13p AB - For a moderately deteriorated portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement where jet blast and fuel spillage are not a major concern, resurfacing the existing pavement with a relatively thin (less than 4 in) hot mix asphalt (HMA) layer provides an economic means of restoring or improving pavement life. The new asphalt concrete (AC) overlay unfortunately often fails before reaching its design life due to the occurrence of reflective cracking. In the early stages of development, reflection cracks may barely be visible and are not considered to be a structural problem. However, when they propagate through the pavement, infiltration of water can weaken the foundation and fine material may be pumped to the surface, resulting in the creation of voids beneath the concrete. Field experiences indicate that reflection cracks usually propagate into the overlay at a rate of approximately 1 inch per year and appear at the surface, in most cases, within 3 years or less. Thermally-induced reflective cracking is probably the most commonly accepted mechanism of reflection cracks. Temperature variations cause horizontal movements of the underlying PCC pavement joints. As a result, tensile stresses are induced in the overlay immediately above the joint/crack whenever contraction occurs. AC can relax under slow-moving conditions; therefore, considerable daily temperature changes have a far more instrumental role in the performance of HMA overlay than gradual seasonal temperature cycles. For instance, a number of reflection cracks were observed on the 18-month-old, 4-in.-thick AC overlaid PCC runway (1L-19R) at the Kansas City International Airport (KCI). Since the Southwest Boeing 737 was identified as the predominant aircraft loading at KCI, these reflection cracks appeared to be the result of fairly large local temperature swings. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Field tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Kansas City International Airport KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reflection cracking KW - Temperature gradients KW - Thermal degradation UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=287c9f17-5d8e-4b54-9936-604132661025&f=P10007-Yin_Barbagallo.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538150 AU - Bae, Sang-Wook AU - Tate, Derrick AU - Zuo, Delong AU - Wood, Timothy AU - Bligh, Roger P AU - Menges, Wanda L AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Testing of Alternative Supporting Materials for Portable Roll-Up Signs Used for Maintenance Work Zones PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Portable roll-up signs are currently used by the Texas Department of Transportation for identification of short-term maintenance/work zones and emergency operations. These signs have fiberglass frames that directly support diamond-shaped and rectangular flexible sign faces. It has been frequently reported that these fiberglass frames have failed due to bending caused by natural winds or gusts generated by passing vehicles. This research project addressed three major issues: (1) Understanding the nature of wind loading on portable roll-up signs. (2) Identifying alternative materials for fiberglass frames. (3) • Developing modified/new designs of portable roll-up signs. KW - Design KW - Fiberglass KW - Frames KW - Loads KW - Materials selection KW - Portable equipment KW - Texas KW - Traffic signs KW - Wind KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/reports/psrs/0-6639-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1323271 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538145 AU - Tipnis, Manoj AU - Patil, Mohan AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Design Program Based PCN Evaluation of Aircraft Pavements PY - 2014 SP - 18p AB - The Pavement Classification Number (PCN) evaluation and reporting procedure has been detailed in Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular No. 150/5335-5B. The procedure essentially covers estimation of PCN for the pavement thickness, considering the aircraft traffic in terms of the fleet mix operating from the facility. The actual correlation of the Aircraft Classification Numbers (ACN)--PCN is based on COMFAA version 3.0. The COMFAA programme derives its pavement thickness estimation from the charts provided in FAA Advisory Circular No 150/5320-6D, which for flexible pavement designs are based on the California bearing ratio-equivalent single wheel load (CBR-ESWL) method and for rigid pavements are based on the Westergaard’s theory and are included in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Aerodrome Design Manual Part 3 – Pavements. With advances in computing technology, new pavement design methodologies have also evolved viz; Mechanistic-Empirical designs based on Layered Elastic theory for Flexible pavements and Finite Element analysis for Rigid pavements. FAA, via its Advisory Circular No 150/5320-6E has provided the guidelines for use of this methodology for design of aircraft pavements. The design methods being able to model and analyse the pavement structures in a better way, they provide for a more efficient pavement thickness design. The design thicknesses computed by the FAARFIELD software for both rigid and flexible aircraft pavements is thus based on an advanced pavement analysis methodology compared to that computed by the COMFAA software. The PCN reporting based on COMFAA is therefore not matched in design principle and thus to the design thicknesses computed by FAARFIELD or any other software adopting mechanistic-empirical methods. The paper presents an alternative approach based on first principles for evaluating and reporting the design PCN value aligned the specific design principle / methodology adopted by the software used for pavement design. For the purpose of this paper, FAARFIELD software is adopted for analysis and reporting of the Design PCN value. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Evaluation KW - Finite element method KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Methodology KW - Pavement classification number KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Software KW - Thickness KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=330057f2-6d7e-49ac-80e6-5f35d6a99e96&f=P10037-Tipnis_Patil.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322572 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538139 AU - Stein, Jeffrey AU - Brill, David R AU - Ishee, Charles AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Effects of Long Term Moisture Storage on Concrete Test Samples PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - Concrete flexural strength is the primary thickness design input for rigid airport pavement. Therefore it is necessary to have an accurate estimate of pavement strength not only at the time of construction but also at the time of pavement testing. Researchers have three alternatives for estimating concrete strength at the time of testing, test cast samples which have been cured in the laboratory, test cast samples cured in the field, or cut samples from the pavement immediately after traffic testing. At the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) during Construction Cycle 6 (CC6), all three test sampling methods were used with varying results for concrete strength depending on the curing method. Three different concrete mix designs were used on the project. All mixes were straight cement, with no supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). MRS1 was a “low” strength mix with a design flexural strength of 500 psi. MRS2 was a “medium” strength mix with a design flexural strength of 750 psi. MRS3 was a “high” strength mix with a design flexural strength of 1000 psi. The MRS1 concrete mix was made with gravel and sand aggregates. The MRS2 and MRS3 concrete mixes were made with dolomite and sand aggregates. The main difference between MRS2 and MRS3 mixes was the amount of cement. Laboratory tests were performed around the time of pavement testing which was approximately two years after construction. Samples from MRS2 and MRS3 stored in the moisture curing room for two years had a lower average flexural strength than tests performed at 28 days. The flexural strengths of field samples from MRS1, MRS2 and MRS3 mixes were higher than at 28 days. Sawed beams from MRS1, MRS2 and MRS3 had flexural strength approximately the same as those beams tested at 28 days. Petrographic analysis indicated that MRS2 and MRS3 concrete samples left in the curing room had Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) damage and secondary ettringite formation in ASR induced cracks. The conclusion is that prolonged storage of concrete samples in curing rooms is not recommended since tests made after this time do not reflect the condition of the pavement which has cured in a much drier environment. Field cured samples or saw cut sample are more likely to give a good estimation of concrete strength at the time of testing. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Admixtures KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Cement KW - Concrete curing KW - Cracking KW - Flexural strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Petrography KW - Samples UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=7fe8e0b5-8a67-4413-803e-8291fd9e9064&f=P10091-Stein.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322585 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538137 AU - Song, Injun AU - Gagnon, Jeffrey AU - Larkin, Albert AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Load Pulse Width and Deflection Analysis using HWD and MDD Data at National Airport Pavement Test Facility PY - 2014 SP - 13p AB - Heavy Weight Deflectometer (HWD) tests on flexible pavement at different loading levels of 12,000, 24,000, and 36,000 lbf were performed at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)’s National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NATPF) located in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The FAA equipment used for the testing was a KUAB Model 240 HWD configured with a 12 inch diameter plate. Testing was performed directly on two different Multi-Depth Deflectometers (MDD) embedded in the flexible pavement to validate the HWD data by comparing to the measured MDD data. Based on the data analysis, three different methods of load pulse measurements including the method used for FAA’s F/HWD Roundup are presented and discussed in this paper. In addition to MDD monitored load pulse widths at different traffic speed levels using the NAPTF full scale test vehicle are presented. From an examination of the MDD responses accuracy before and after the load drops, potential errors were detected caused by the HWD weight and the towing vehicle weight. The deflections are included in this paper. Temperature effects on flexible pavement response measurements were analyzed using the collected HWD data from the flexible pavements at different traffic numbers. Deflection basin area, maximum deflection, and basin shape factor were computed for the analysis. The results showed close correlations between the three parameters and pavement temperature. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Deflection KW - Deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - National Airport Pavement Test Facility KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Structural analysis KW - Temperature UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=e69d21c0-9a76-428a-8c75-30d8d3a66b94&f=P10053-Song.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322626 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538135 AU - Li, Qiang (Joshua) AU - Wang, Kelvin C P AU - Yang, Guangwei AU - Li, Lin AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - One-mm 3D Laser Imaging Survey for Comprehensive Runway Evaluation PY - 2014 SP - 13p AB - Based on the application of 1mm 3D imaging technology for pavement survey, and through the use of inertial and other types of profiling devices, it is possible to establish a virtual runway with necessary x, y, and elevation accuracies for engineering analysis. A field example of such application is illustrated on a full-size runway that was surveyed in the spring of 2014 with the PaveVision3D technology of WayLink Systems Company, inertial profiling for longitudinal profiles, and an inclinometer based reference device for transverse profiling. The potential applications of a virtual runway include nearly all surface evaluations of runways, including longitudinal profiling for Boeing bumps, transverse profiling, grooving analysis, and various distresses. The most important application of a virtual runway is that complete surface of the runway at 1mm resolution is available to engineers who may choose to examine anywhere on the runway for defects and study remedial actions, now or later. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Condition surveys KW - Image analysis KW - Lasers KW - Pavement distress KW - Surface course irregularities UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=8e817b94-47e1-423a-a101-8d74f813e9e0&f=P10041-Li.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322612 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538134 AU - Li, Qiang AU - Garg, Navneet AU - Haggag, Monir AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Evaluation of Correlation Between Phenomenological Approach and Fracture Mechanics Approach for Asphalt Concrete Fatigue Performance PY - 2014 SP - 14p AB - Phenomenological approach and fracture mechanics approach are generally used to estimate the fatigue performance of asphalt concrete. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between these approaches and to characterize the fatigue behavior using fracture parameters. A series of Indirect Tensile Tests (IDT) and Disk-shaped Compact Tension Tests (DCT) were conducted to obtain the Dissipated Creep Strain Energy (DCSE) and Fracture Energy (FE) of hot mix asphalt (HMA) materials. The fatigue life (Nf) and Plateau Value (PV) of asphalt mixture was also estimated using four point bending beam fatigue tests which is a widely used phenomenological approach. Four different asphalt mixtures were investigated. Test results indicate there is a correlation between fracture parameters and beam fatigue results. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Beams KW - Bending stress KW - Creep properties KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Tension tests UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=df9eda8b-a0ec-4670-a620-19c0d839a691&f=P10056-Li.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322583 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538133 AU - Parsons, Timothy AU - Pullen, Aaron AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Relationship Between Joint Spacing and Distresses Present PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - Previous research by Parsons and Hall has shown that joint spacing in Portland cement concrete (PCC) airfield pavements has an effect on pavement deterioration rates and life cycle costs. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the differences in pavement performance for various joint spacing lengths (slab sizes) are manifested in the individual distresses used to measure pavement condition. Specifically, this study investigates if the poorer performance in pavements with larger joint spacing is related to a difference in the types, amounts, or severities of distresses present as compared to pavements with smaller joint spacing. The hypotheses investigated in this study were: (1) Smaller slabs perform better because they have fewer overall distresses. (2) Smaller slabs perform better because they have lower overall severities. (3) Smaller slabs perform better because they have fewer “high-deduct” distresses. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Slabs UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=2efa3c83-8699-4db3-a04b-4a0534fb8bb5&f=P10081-Parsons_Pullen.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322620 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538130 AU - Hall, Jim AU - Speir, Richard AU - Shirazi, Hamid AU - Mustafa, Endri AU - Song, Injun AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Performance Trends in Airport Runway Pavements PY - 2014 SP - 17p AB - Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Office of Airport Safety and Standards (AAS) will extend the expected life of large hub runway pavements from 20 to 40 years. Research is being conducted to collect performance data at major hub airports across the U.S. that will provide performance trends of existing runways and identify factors to be considered in order to extend the pavement life expectance to the goal of 40 years. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the research project and to provide preliminary performance trends for 18 runway pavements studied. The pavement condition index (PCI), conducted in accordance with ASTM D5340, is a measure of overall pavement serviceability, and it can be used to track performance over time. It is generally accepted that the PCI decreases at a relatively slow rate over the first years of the pavement life, and then at some point the rate of deterioration increases. Some runways surveyed were relatively new and therefore have no performance history. However, most of the runways studied have been surveyed a number of times and some history of changes in PCI with time are available. The deterioration over time of the runways indicates the effect of maintenance that keeps serviceability at an acceptable level. The distresses found on nearly all runways studied were not load related, which implies that currently the runways are structurally sound and capable of supporting the actual (current) traffic. The predominant distresses observed on the runways studied thus far are: Low to medium severity longitudinal/transverse cracking, low severity weathering, and low severity patching (Asphalt Concrete (AC) pavements); Low to medium spalling, low to medium longitudinal/transverse/diagonal cracking, low severity patching, and pop-outs (Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavements). The paper describes the data collection effort and findings thus far. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Data collection KW - Hubs KW - Pavement Condition Index KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Service life KW - United States UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=43a14dea-43d1-419e-a928-dc284b049471&f=P10090-Hall.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322573 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538129 AU - Hama, Seiya AU - Hachiya, Yoshitaka AU - Nishikawa, Takaharu AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Rehabilitation of Water-Damaged Runway Composite Pavements PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - Composite pavement consisting of an asphalt mixture layer placed on continuously reinforced concrete slabs over subbase was constructed at the end of Runway A in Narita International Airport between the autumn of 2011 and spring of 2012. However, several months after it had been opened to traffic, some signs of distress appeared on the pavement surface. These included a dull sound when subjected to a hammer tapping test, white spots and black spots on the surface, stains at construction joints and flows of asphalt mixture around airport lights. Along with conducting tentative repairs, a permanent rehabilitation method has been studied. The causes of the above problems were studied in several different ways, including examination of the construction records, investigation of the site, laboratory tests, numerical analysis and literature survey. The causes can be classified into two kinds, namely, intrusion of water into asphalt mixtures and low stability of the asphalt mixtures. Based on these studies, rehabilitation work in which the existing asphalt mixture layers are removed and new asphalt mixture layers are placed with some special treatments for water drainage has been planned. A new asphalt mixture layer that is composed of two kinds of polymer modified asphalt layers is to be introduced. Two kinds of water drainage facilities are to be installed on concrete slabs surrounding the rehabilitation area to remove water from the asphalt mixtures. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Composite pavements KW - Drainage KW - Moisture damage KW - Narita International Airport KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=84b3df66-b7e7-4206-acbe-5ba23f6517c4&f=P10034-Hama.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322610 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538128 AU - Shirazi, Hamid AU - Speir, Richard H AU - MacKay, Joe AU - Mosleh, Ali AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Risk Assessment Methodology for Runway End Safety Area (RESA) at Canadian Airports PY - 2014 SP - 13p AB - In response to recent domestic and international developments, Transport Canada Civil Aviation (TCCA) published Notice of Proposed Amendment (NPA) 2010-012 to mandate the implementation of Runway End Safety Areas (RESAs) at certain certificated airports. This is intended to harmonize the airport requirements for a RESA with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards. As proposed in revised NPA, a RESA would be required if the runway is longer than 1200 m or if an instrument runway is utilized by passenger carriers with more than 9 passenger seats. As a result of industry feedback to the NPA and to better document the risks and safety benefits associated with RESA, TCCA released a request for proposal (RFP) for an independent risk assessment study. GENIVAR in combination with Applied Research Associates (ARA) was selected to conduct the study. The main objectives of the study are the following: (1) Develop a high level qualitative risk assessment model of runway overrun and undershoot; (2) Develop a consequence model for aircraft overrunning and undershooting a runway; (3) Develop a database of certificated airports runways to include major operational characteristics as well as RESA characteristics through surveys; and (4) Apply the consequence model to the database both in current RESA condition and in compliant condition. This paper presents the methodology that is developed for the risk assessment as it is pertinent to takeoff overrun events. Similar methodology can be used for the assessment of the risk for landing overrun and landing undershoot accidents. The risk assessment methodology consists of evaluating the likelihood of a takeoff overrun event based on historic accidents that have happened in Canada and combining that with a consequence model that is also derived from historic events. The paper also presents how the methodology could be implemented to assess the risk of overrun at Canadian airports responding to a questionnaire. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport runways KW - Canada KW - Landing KW - Methodology KW - Risk assessment KW - Runway overruns KW - Takeoff UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=b0e21370-857f-4490-aff8-c6288c245f90&f=S10044-Shirazi.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538127 AU - Murphy, Mike AU - Burton, Maria AU - Kim, Moo Yeon AU - Smit, Andre AU - Trevino, Manuel AU - Wu, Hui AU - Prozzi, Jorge AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practice for Flexible Pavement Structure Widening Projects PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has experienced problems with construction quality and performance on narrow widening projects (e.g., adding a 2- to 5-ft shoulder). Texas has approximately 40,000 lane-miles of Farm-to-Market (FM) roads with 9- to 10-ft-wide lanes. In addition, approximately 20 percent, 26 percent, and 36 percent of roadways with 9-ft, 10-ft, and 11-ft lanes, respectively, have either no shoulder or a 1-ft shoulder. These roads are potential candidates for lane or shoulder widening to improve safety performance and increase capacity. However, due to constraints regarding construction equipment limitations, material selection options and compatibility, construction methods, and other issues, problems with narrow widening projects can arise. These challenges include inadequate compaction at the base layer joint interface, drainage within the pavement and at the pavement surface, either high or depressed surface layer construction joints, and potential safety concerns. To effectively overcome these challenges, TxDOT has initiated this project to prepare a compendium of best practices and lessons learned regarding narrow widening projects. The primary goal of this project is to identify best practices for improving pavement performance on projects involving widening of narrow pavement structures. KW - Best practices KW - Decision support systems KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement widening KW - Paving KW - Road shoulders KW - Texas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/psr/0-6748-s.pdf UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6748-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1324133 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01538126 AU - Tirado, Cesar AU - Carrasco, Cesar AU - Nazarian, Soheil AU - Norwood, Gregory J AU - Tingle, Jeb S AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - Benefits of Inclusion of Geosynthetic Products in Reinforcement of Flexible Airfield Pavements Using Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling PY - 2014 SP - 15p AB - A 3D finite element model was developed to estimate the structural benefits that are gained by introducing the geosynthetic materials within pavements. Modeling of the geosynthetic material was carried out by means of membrane and interface elements. The most relevant properties, including the type of geosynthetic used (geomembrane or geogrid), soil-geogrid interface shear stiffness, and the type of geogrid (biaxial vs. triaxial), were evaluated. In addition, the impacts of pavement structural properties, linear vs. nonlinear material models, and location of reinforcement were evaluated. The benefits provided by the geosynthetic reinforcement depended on the pavement structure and the airplane wheel configuration and pressure. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Evaluation KW - Finite element method KW - Geogrids KW - Geomembranes KW - Geosynthetics KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement design KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/DesktopModules/FlexNews/DownloadHandler.ashx?id=87d74f7d-2aaa-477e-b13e-059f21f51377&f=P10078-Tirado.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322579 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01537257 AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer Conference Proceedings: Innovations in Airport Safety and Pavement Technology PY - 2014 SP - v.p. AB - This was an international conference on the development of technology and its applications for airports. This conference provided a unique opportunity for both the aviation industry and the research community to interact and exchange information that ensures safe and more efficient airport operations. Technical session were organized into two broad categories: Airport Pavement and Airport Safety. U1 - 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer ConferenceFederal Aviation AdministrationStockton CollegeSRA International, IncorporatedApplied Research Associates, Inc.Galloway,New Jersey,United States StartDate:20140805 EndDate:20140807 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Stockton College, SRA International, Incorporated, Applied Research Associates, Inc. KW - Airport operations KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Safety and security KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology transfer UR - http://www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/Airport-R-D/Conference-and-Workshop/Past-Airport-Technology-Transfer-Conferences/Airport-Technology-Transfer-Conference-2014 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01536063 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - AASHTO Center for Environmental Excellence AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - Examples of Effective Techniques for Improving the Quality of Environmental Documents PY - 2014 SP - 398p AB - For more than a decade, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has been engaged in an effort to improve the quality of environmental documents prepared under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This effort has included several initiatives undertaken in collaboration with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC). The purpose of this report is to help practitioners bridge the gap between the theory and practice of producing high-quality NEPA documents by providing examples that illustrate specific techniques. The examples are organized into two broad categories: improving overall document quality and meeting NEPA and related requirements. This report consists of 17 chapters, each addressing a technique for improving the quality of NEPA documents. Each chapter begins with a brief introduction, which provides context and describes the technique. Following the introduction, the chapter includes a series of examples. Each example is an excerpt from a recent environmental impact statement. The examples are annotated to describe the techniques that they are intended to illustrate. KW - Documents KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Information dissemination KW - National Environmental Policy Act UR - http://environment.transportation.org/pdf/examples_quality_enviro_docs/examples_quality_enviro_docs_all.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1320925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01535706 AU - Hernandez, Eric M AU - UVM Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Statistical Analysis of Weigh-in-Motion Data for Bridge Design in Vermont PY - 2014///Final Technical Report SP - 113p AB - The design loads in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Specifications were calibrated in the 1980s and 1990s. Ever since states in the U.S. have been using this code to design bridges, researchers have sought to analyze their performance from the stand-point of bridge reliability. The basic question they are trying to answer is: Does using the AASHTO specified design loading result in the target level of reliability consistent with field data? The goal of this project was to explore this question for the state of Vermont. This project focuses on one type of load, the vehicular live load. For bridges, the primary source of live load is heavy vehicles. The Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans) has provided 12 years of Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) data to use for comparison with the AASHTO loads. This is an extensive data set, containing roughly 37 million vehicles. As a comparative reference, the live load in the AASHTO specifications (HL-93) was calibrated using 9,250 vehicles. KW - AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications KW - Bridge design KW - Calibration KW - Design load KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Live loads KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vermont KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://vtransplanning.vermont.gov/sites/aot_policy/files/2014%20-%2014%20Statistical%20Analysis%20of%20Weigh-in-Motion%20Data%20for%20Bridge%20Design%20in%20Vermont.pdf UR - http://www.uvm.edu/~transctr/research/trc_reports/UVM-TRC-14-014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1319593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01535686 AU - Tamburo, Robert AU - Nurvitadhi, Eriko AU - Chugh, Abhishek AU - Chen, Mei AU - Rowe, Anthony AU - Kanade, Takeo AU - Narasimhan, Srinivasa G AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - Intel Research TI - Programmable Automotive Headlights PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - The primary goal of an automotive headlight is to improve safety in low light and poor weather conditions. But, despite decades of innovation on light sources, more than half of accidents occur at night even with less traffic on the road. Recent developments in adaptive lighting have addressed some limitations of standard headlights, however, they have limited flexibility - switching between high and low beams, turning off beams toward the opposing lane, or rotating the beam as the vehicle turns - and are not designed for all driving environments. This paper introduces an ultra-low latency reactive visual system that can sense, react, and adapt quickly to any environment while moving at highway speeds. The single hardware design can be programmed to perform a variety of tasks. Anti-glare high beams, improved driver visibility during snowstorms, increased contrast of lanes, markings, and sidewalks, and early visual warning of obstacles are demonstrated KW - Adaptive control KW - Headlamps KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle design UR - http://utc.ices.cmu.edu/utc/TNCCRKN-ECCV14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1320034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01535358 AU - The Sulphur Institute AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Molten Sulphur Rail Tank Car Loading and Unloading Operations: Leading Practices in Industry PY - 2014 SP - 68p AB - The Sulphur Institute (TSI) has coordinated with the US Department of Transportation (DOT), Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to observe, review, and provide a summary of procedures for loading and unloading molten sulphur rail tank cars and identify leading practices and opportunities for information sharing to enhance operations. These observations have led to development of this document on reducing potential for solid sulphur residue on the exterior of rail tank cars and ideas to improve practices and procedures for loading and unloading operations. The Institute conducted a confidential survey of existing member company locations, including average number of molten sulphur rail tank cars loaded or unloaded per day, at several operating facilities. From this survey, sites were selected and solicited for peer review. Companies were contacted to assess their interest in participating in this study. Copies of loading and unloading procedures were requested and received from these and other interested companies. Institute staff visited two loading, one transloading, and three unloading facilities to observed and collect data on possible origins of sulphur residue on the exterior of rail tank cars. These data have allowed TSI to identify potential causes, analyze associated trends, and provided an opportunity for industry to share practices and reduce molten sulphur residue on exterior surfaces of rail tank cars. The sulphur industry’s goal is to load, transport, and unload sulphur in as safe and effective manner as possible. The Institute received an FRA grant to conduct a study and share leading practices for improving efficiency and safety of loading and unloading molten sulphur to and from rail tank cars. This Molten Sulphur Rail Tank Car Loading and Unloading Operations study is an effort to share a variety of leading practices collected and aggregated from several facilities within the United States. This summary report provides the sulphur industry multiple examples of loading and unloading practices from which to select those most appropriate for their facility. In addition, this summary report provides general information about properties of sulphur and available references for safe handling. The focus of the document is to address common issues faced when a worker is performing standard operating procedures around the manway when loading or unloading. Additional information regarding bottom outlet valves, as is necessary to the loading / unloading of the rail tank car is provided, however, is largely referenced in Section 6.0. Please refer to these resources for additional information. This document references the following aspects of loading / unloading molten sulphur: Study Overview and Sulphur Properties; Safety Precautions; Loading Practices; Unloading Practices; and Observations Regarding Leading Practices This study is neither a complete and comprehensive set of rail tank car loading and unloading methodologies, including worker safety procedures, nor meant to establish any standard or industry practice. Each particular location may require the use of additional, or different, precautions for loading and/or unloading operations to be performed safely, as each site may have unique attributes. KW - Loading and unloading KW - Occupational safety KW - State of the practice KW - Sulfur KW - Surveys KW - Tank cars KW - United States UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/4083 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1320004 ER - TY - SER AN - 01532307 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Nieves, Antonio TI - Intelligent Compaction: Summary of Intelligent Compaction for HMA/WMA Paving PY - 2014 IS - Spring 2014 SP - 9p AB - This tech brief presents information about intelligent compaction (IC) technology and helps to promote its use throughout the United States. A companion tech brief provides an executive summary containing background information, a detailed description of IC technology, and advantages and implementation considerations. It is applicable to IC for both soil/subbase and hot-mix asphalt/warm-mix asphalt (HMA/WMA) construction. Using the findings of recent demonstration projects, this tech brief provides information that exhibits the field application of this technology for HMA/WMA paving. KW - Case studies KW - Compaction KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Paving KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Technological innovations KW - United States KW - Warm mix paving mixtures UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/construction/ictssc/pubs/hif13053.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1317285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01530054 AU - Elkrry, Adel M AU - Anderson, Neil AU - Center for Transportation Infrastructure and Safety/NUTC program AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Non-Invasive Imaging and Assessment of Pavements PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 56p AB - Currently, there are over 3.96 million public centerline road miles in the U.S. and of this, 2.50 million miles (or about 63%) are paved. Pavement deterioration is a significant problem that must be addressed to preserve highway infrastructure investments in highways in United State and around the world. Accurately evaluating condition of pavement and sub-pavement soil/rock over time and using this information to choose appropriate maintenance techniques is critical in terms of the responsible maintenance of roadways. In order to demonstrate the utility and cost-effectiveness of using geophysical tools to assess roadway and sub-roadway conditions, the authors propose to acquire geophysical control along total of eight segments of roadway in central Missouri to assess the condition of pavement, base and native soil all the way down to the top of bedrock. Each segment of road way will be approximately 1000 ft. long. Geophysical data will be acquired at these different locations using; Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Wave, Ground Penetrating Radar using both 1.5 GHz and 400 MHz, Portable Seismic Property Analyzer and Ohm Mapper methods. Core control (surface to native soil) and falling weight deflect meter control will be acquired along the test segments in order to constrain the interpretation of the acquired geophysical data. Data will be collected under different weather conditions (wet, dry, warm and cold) to assess the impact of these climatic conditions on the data quality and interpretability. The test sites will be selected so, data will be acquired in different geological environments and with very different pavement condition (including asphalt over concrete, asphalt reinforces concrete, thick asphalt, thin asphalt, good asphalt and poor asphalt). The reason of using these geophysical techniques is because the utility and cost-effectiveness of these techniques has not been demonstrated yet because they are not routinely applied to the investigation of roadways and the use of these geophysical techniques could result in decreased cost and time and increased safety. The tools to be tested will generate reliable information about pavement thickness, pavement/base/sub-grade elastic moduli, base and sub-grade moisture content, base thickness, sub-grade clay content, depth to top of rock. Information can also be generated about the thickness, elastic moduli, clay content and moisture content of the soil. A secondary objective is to assess the accuracy of the interpretations and the various factors that affect the reliability of the interpretations. KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Missouri KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Tomography UR - http://transportation.mst.edu/media/research/transportation/documents/R329%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1314846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529870 AU - ElGawady, Mohamed AU - Center for Transportation Infrastructure and Safety/NUTC program AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Dilation Characteristics of Rubberized Concrete PY - 2014 SP - 20p AB - Green construction has been a very important aspect in the concrete production field in the last decade. One of the most problematic waste materials is scrap tires. The use of scrap tires in civil engineering is increasing. This article investigates the effect of the strain rate on the confined concrete mechanical properties. Self consolidating (SCC) control and rubberized concrete mixtures were designed and used during the course of this study to test the properties of concrete having 0%, 10%, and 20% volume replacement of sand with shredded rubber. The compressive strength of the concrete was reduced by the use of rubber. The confined compressive strength was also reduced for the FRP tubes by the use of rubber. The confinement of both conventional and rubberized concrete resulted in an increase in both the compressive strength and ductility. The increase in the strain rate by two and three orders of magnitude resulted in an increase in the compressive strength and ductility of the confined concrete in the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes. KW - Confined concrete KW - High strength concrete KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mix design KW - Reclaimed rubber KW - Self compacting concrete KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Tires UR - http://transportation.mst.edu/media/research/transportation/documents/R342%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1313837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529417 AU - Khayat, Kamal H AU - Libre, Nicolas Ali AU - Center for Transportation Infrastructure and Safety/NUTC program AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Automated Measurement and Control of Concrete Properties in a Ready Mix Truck with VERIFI PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 54p AB - In this research, twenty batches of concrete with six different mixture proportions were tested with VERIFI to evaluate 1) accuracy and repeatability of VERIFI measurements, 2) ability of VERIFI to adjust slump automatically with water and admixture, and 3) effects on concrete properties when water and admixture are added continuously during transit instead of adding whole at the plant or jobsite. For each batch, concrete was sampled every 30 minutes up to 90 minutes and tested for slump, temperature, air content, unit weight, water content, bleeding (select batches), and rheology (select batches). Cylindrical concrete specimens were cast at 90 minutes and were tested for compressive strength at 3 and 28 d (or 3 and 14 d for Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) mixes). KW - Admixtures KW - Automation KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete mixers KW - Mix design KW - Slump test UR - http://transportation.mst.edu/media/research/transportation/documents/R335%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1313471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529405 AU - Bhat, Chandra R AU - Castro, Marisol AU - Dubey, Subodh AU - Deng, Jun AU - Loftus-Otway, Lisa AU - Hoklas, Megan AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Generic Mode Choice Model Applicable for Small and Medium-Sized MPOs PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Due to the projected population growth increase in Texas and the continued increase in total motorized vehicle miles traveled in Texas, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is interested in examining multimodal solutions to aid in managing the growing auto travel demand. TxDOT’s Transportation Planning and Programming Division has initiated another enhancement to their travel demand modeling system to analyze alternative transportation modes. KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Mode choice KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Specifications KW - Texas KW - Travel demand UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6766-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1311874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529404 AU - Boske, Leigh B AU - Gamkhar, Shama AU - Harrison, Robert AU - Diamond-Ortiz, Andres D AU - Harwin, Alexandra L AU - Lazarus, Dana R AU - Martin, John Anthony AU - Martinez, Sergio AU - Neuhausen, Alissa AU - Payne, Will AU - Somerville, Courtney AU - Udwin, Trevor C AU - Zhang, Weihui AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Summary of Texas Highway Funding Options and Alternatives PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - During the 2012–2013 academic year, The University of Texas at Austin’s Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs offered a Policy Research Project (PRP) course on Texas highway funding options. PRPs are a standard course in the LBJ School’s curriculum and involve team research performed by 10–15 graduate students and two or more supervising faculty on a public policy issue of concern to a client public agency. The study produced four finance issue briefs on the following subjects: Energy-sector infrastructure financing, Weight-distance charges, Electric vehicle fees, and Toll road availability payments. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fees KW - Financing KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highways KW - Policy KW - Texas KW - Toll roads KW - User charges UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/0-6802-s.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1313478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529366 AU - Buehler, Ralph AU - Hamre, Andrea AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Alexandria AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Economic Benefits of Capital Bikeshare: A Focus on Users and Businesses PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 40p AB - This study investigates potential economic benefits of bike sharing on the neighborhood level. Using a sample of five Capital Bikeshare (CaBi) stations in Washington, DC, the authors conducted an intercept survey of 333 bikeshare users at five CaBi stations and a door-to-door survey of 140 local businesses within 0.1 miles of the five CaBi stations. It was found that many CaBi riders are motivated to use the system due to travel time (73% of users) and cost (25% of users) savings. In addition, 16% of riders report making new trips because of Capital Bikeshare. Meanwhile, 23% of users reported spending more money because they used bikeshare. Income level was positively associated with new trips, spending levels, and spending during new trips. Joining CaBi to save money had a significant positive association with new trips. The business survey showed that 20% of the businesses in our sample report a positive impact of bike sharing on sales, and 70% identify a positive impact on the neighborhood. In addition, 61% would have either a positive or neutral reaction to replacing car parking in front of their business with a bikeshare station. Businesses that perceive a positive impact on sales from the bikeshare system are more likely to support the expansion of the system and the replacement of car parking with bikeshare stations. Overall, the findings suggest bike sharing may generate benefits among both users and businesses. KW - Businesses KW - Capital Bikeshare KW - Costs KW - Cyclists KW - Economic benefits KW - Sales KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle sharing KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/VT-2013-06.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51900/51965/VT-2013-06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529329 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Understanding Material Durability: Workshop Examines Aging of Composite Materials PY - 2014 SP - 2p AB - Corrosion decay is an expensive and ongoing challenge throughout the U.S.-highway network. To mitigate this problem, advanced composite materials are used in a wide range of infrastructure applications. These materials are lightweight, high strength and offer high-fatigue and corrosion resistant properties; however, accurately understanding how these materials degrade and age over time is critical for safe and economical implementation. Accordingly, a workshop supported by the Federal Highway Administration’s Exploratory Advanced Research (EAR) Program and the National Science Foundation was held to discuss state-of-the-art understanding and future research directions on aspects of aging of composites. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Composite materials KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Workshops UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/14068/14068.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1311860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529326 AU - ElGawady, Mohamed AU - Center for Transportation Infrastructure and Safety/NUTC program AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Dilation Characteristics of Rubberized Concrete PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 20p AB - Green construction has been a very important aspect in the concrete production field in the last decade. One of the most problematic waste materials is scrap tires. The use of scrap tires in civil engineering is increasing. This article investigates the effect of the strain rate on the confined concrete mechanical properties. Self consolidating (SCC) control and rubberized concrete mixtures were designed and used during the course of this study to test the properties of concrete having 0%, 10%, and 20% volume replacement of sand with shredded rubber. The compressive strength of the concrete was reduced by the use of rubber. The confined compressive strength was also reduced for the fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) tubes by the use of rubber. The confinement of both conventional and rubberized concrete resulted in an increase in both the compressive strength and ductility. The increase in the strain rate by two and three orders of magnitude resulted in an increase in the compressive strength and ductility of the confined concrete in the FRP tubes. KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Dilation KW - Ductility KW - Recycled materials KW - Rubber KW - Sand KW - Tires UR - http://transportation.mst.edu/media/research/transportation/documents/R342%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1313467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529310 AU - Hall, Kevin AU - Kockelman, Kara AU - Chen, Donna AU - Mullins, Andy AU - Fagnant, Dan AU - Boyles, Stephen AU - Burris, Mark AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Review of Tolling Approaches for Implementation within TxDOT’s Travel Demand Models PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The urban travel demand models developed and applied by the Transportation Planning and Programming Division of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT-TPP) are daily three-step models without feedback. In other words, trip generation, trip distribution, and traffic assignment are sequentially invoked for a single, full-day (24-hour) trip assignment. Estimates of highway travel times are used as the exclusive measure of impedance to travel, rather than travel costs or tolls. TxDOT-TPP does not yet have a procedure to account for existing or planned toll roads in the regional models, and has been operating under the guidance established when toll roads existed as planned facility improvements only. Toll roads have been implemented only recently in a few small- to medium-sized urban areas still under the purview of TxDOT-TPP’s modeling team. To calibrate base-year travel models with operational toll roads or anticipate demands along planned tolled facilities, TxDOT-TPP needs a procedure to account for facilities that charge user fees. KW - Texas KW - Toll roads KW - Tolls KW - Travel demand UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6754-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1311873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529308 AU - Won, Moon AU - Ghebrab, Tewodros AU - Choi, Pangil AU - Ha, Soojun AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Minimize Premature Distresses in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - The performance of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) has been quite satisfactory in Texas, providing one of the most cost-effective pavement systems for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). However, distresses do occur occasionally. Once distresses occur, they need to be repaired in a timely manner, and the repair cost is relatively high. Extensive field performance evaluations of CRCP in Texas conducted under the TxDOT rigid pavement database project indicate that the majority of the distresses are not necessarily due to the deficiencies in the structural capacity of CRCP. Rather, the majority of distresses are due to imperfections in materials and construction quality. These distresses normally occur earlier than structural distresses caused by fatigue failure of concrete. Accordingly, they are termed premature distresses (PMDs). Traditional ways of strengthening the pavement system, such as the use of increased concrete slab thickness, do not reduce the frequency of PMDs. The repair cost of CRCP is higher than that of jointed concrete pavement (CPCD), and there is little difference in the repair cost between PMDs and normal structural failures. Also, repair of CRCP distress takes longer to complete than CPCD repairs, causing traffic delays and increasing user cost. It is desirable to identify the mechanisms of PMDs and develop means to prevent or minimize the occurrence of PMDs. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6687-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1311872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529302 AU - Chang, Carlos M AU - Nazarian, Soheil AU - Abdallah, Imad AU - Saenz, Daniel AU - Wimsatt, Andrew AU - Freeman, Tom AU - Fernando, Emmanuel AU - University of Texas, El Paso AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improvement in Pavement Ride, Distress, and Condition Based on Different Pavement Types PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Each district is required to develop a 4-year pavement management plan assigning project treatment categories for the Pavement Management Information System (PMIS). However, there are different interpretations in the districts about what treatments should be considered as preventive maintenance (PM), light rehabilitation (LRhb), medium rehabilitation (MRhb), and heavy rehabilitation (HRhb). There is a need to develop guidelines with technical criteria for the selection of maintenance and rehabilitation alternatives and to identify which treatments belong to each PMIS treatment category. There is also a need to update the improvements to the PMIS scores for each treatment category. KW - Data analysis KW - Guidelines KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement Management Information System KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6673-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1311871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01528605 AU - Anderson, Neil AU - Center for Transportation Infrastructure and Safety/NUTC program AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Assessment of Active Karst Features in Proximity to Paved Roadways PY - 2014///Final Report SP - 19p AB - In an effort to better understand and define the lateral and vertical extent of active karst features in immediate proximity to paved municipal roadways in Nixa, Missouri, MS&T will acquire electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data. The intent is to use this non- invasive technology to map the lateral and vertical extent of the active karst features so that appropriate mitigation plans can be developed. KW - Air voids KW - Geophysics KW - Karst KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Resistivity method KW - Tomography UR - http://transportation.mst.edu/media/research/transportation/documents/R367%20Final%20Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01527164 AU - Goddard, Tara AU - Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian AU - Adkins, Arlie AU - Portland State University AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Racial Bias in Driver Yielding Behavior at Crosswalks PY - 2014 SP - 16p AB - Racial minorities are disproportionately represented in pedestrian traffic fatalities, indicating a significant public health and safety issue. Psychological and social identity-related factors have previously been shown to influence drivers’ behaviors toward pedestrians. If drivers’ behavior reflects racial bias and results in differential behavior toward Black and White pedestrians, this may lead to disparate pedestrian crossing experiences based on race and potentially contribute to disproportionate safety outcomes. The authors tested this hypothesis in a controlled field experiment at an unsignalized midblock marked crosswalk in downtown Portland, Oregon. Six trained male research team confederates (3 White, 3 Black) simulated an individual pedestrian crossing, while trained observers cataloged the number of cars that passed and the time until a driver yielded. Results (90 pedestrian trials, 168 driver-subjects) revealed that Black pedestrians were passed by twice as many cars and experienced wait times that were 32% longer than White pedestrians. Results support the hypothesis that minority pedestrians experience discriminatory treatment by drivers. KW - Behavior KW - Crosswalks KW - Discrimination KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons by race and ethnicity KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Yielding UR - http://ppms.otrec.us/media/project_files/TRF_Crosswalkpaper_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1309746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526961 AU - Hu, Jiong AU - Jensen, Darrin AU - Fowler, David AU - Siddiqui, Md Sarwar AU - Whitney, David AU - Kim, Yoo Jae AU - Lee, Soon-Jae AU - Texas State University, San Marcos AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Texas State University and The University of Texas at Austin Project 0-6749 : Feasibility Study of Two-Lift Concrete Paving PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Two-lift concrete paving (2LCP) involves placing two layers of concrete (wet-on-wet) instead of a single homogeneous layer, as is typically done in the United States. 2LCP offers the opportunity to optimize the use of local aggregates and recycled materials to produce an economical, durable, and sustainable pavement system with the most desirable surface characteristics (improved skid resistance and reduced noise). Challenges of 2LCP include having the proper paving equipment, pavement construction management, the right mixture proportions to use local materials in the bottom lift, which results in an economical pavement placement, and the proper proportions and materials to ensure adequate surface friction and abrasion resistance in the top lift. This study is to deliver a feasibility analysis and cost assessment of this alternative method of paving with current equipment and materials, but using more of the plentiful local resources (that might not be suitable as the surface course), instead of relying on imported materials. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Literature reviews KW - Local materials KW - Surveys KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6749-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1310675 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01526408 AU - Carolan, Michael E AU - Jeong, David Y AU - Perlman, A Benjamin AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - Engineering Studies on Joint Bar Integrity, Part II: Finite Element Analyses PY - 2014 SP - 10p AB - This paper is the second in a two-part series describing research sponsored by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to study the structural integrity of joint bars. In Part I, observations from field surveys of joint bar inspections conducted on revenue service track were presented. In this paper, finite element analyses are described to examine the structural performance of rail joints under various loading and tie-ballast support conditions. The primary purpose of these analyses is to help interpret and understand the observations from the field surveys. Moreover, the finite element analyses described in this paper are applied to conduct comparative studies and to assess the relative effect of various factors on the structural response of jointed rail to applied loads. Such factors include: discrete tie support (i.e. supported joint versus suspended joint with varying spans between effective ties), bolt pattern (four versus six bolts), initial bolt tension, and easement. In addition, results are shown for 90 lb rail joined with long-toe angle bars compared to 136 lb rail joined with standard short-toe joint bars. U1 - 2014 Joint Rail ConferenceAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersIEEEAmerican Society of Civil EngineersColorado Springs,Colorado,United States StartDate:20140402 EndDate:20140404 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, IEEE, American Society of Civil Engineers KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Field studies KW - Finite element method KW - Load tests KW - Rail joints KW - Structural analysis KW - Tie bars UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51500/51593/JRC2014-Joint_bar_integrity.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1310519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526398 AU - Fitzpatrick, Kay AU - Iragavarapu, Vichika AU - Brewer, Marcus A AU - Lord, Dominique AU - Hudson, Joan AU - Avelar, Raul AU - Robertson, James AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Pedestrian Crash Countermeasures and Appropriate Crash Reduction Factors (CRF) PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - In Texas, the average number of pedestrian fatalities for 2007-2011 was about 400 per year. Due to the high number of pedestrian crashes, the Federal Highway Adminstration (FHWA) considers Texas a focus state. To address these concerns, the Texas Department of Transportation desired to learn more about the characteristics of Texas pedestrian crashes, as well as appropriate countermeasures to those crashes. KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6702-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1310002 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01526375 AU - Jeong, David Y AU - Bruzek, Radim AU - Tajaddini, Ali AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Engineering Studies on Joint Bar Integrity, Part I: Field Surveys and Observed Failure Modes PY - 2014 SP - 11p AB - This paper is the first of a two-part series describing a research project, sponsored by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), to study the structural integrity of joint bars. In Part I of this series, observations from field surveys conducted on revenue service track are presented. Automated and visual inspections of rail joints were conducted to identify defective joint bars. Detailed information and measurements were collected at various joint locations. The survey team consisted of personnel from ENSCO, Inc. and Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI), working in cooperation with staff from participating railroads. Part II of this series describes the development of finite element analyses of jointed rail, which is being carried out by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center). U1 - 2014 Joint Rail ConferenceAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersIEEEAmerican Society of Civil EngineersColorado Springs,Colorado,United States StartDate:20140402 EndDate:20140404 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, IEEE, American Society of Civil Engineers KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Field studies KW - Inspection KW - Rail joints KW - Tie bars UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51500/51594/JRC2014-3706_Joint_Bar_part1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1310517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526361 AU - Mukhopadhyay, Anal K AU - Liu, Kai-Wei AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASR Testing: A New Approach to Aggregate Classification and Mix Design Verification PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - In the past 5.5 years, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) spent approximately $2 million for recasting precast concrete products that had alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Aggregates belonging to false positive and negative categories based on the current test methods are gradually growing. Therefore, the demand for a rapid and reliable test, which can assess aggregate ASR potential at various alkali loadings, is high. This study developed a fast, reliable test method to determine aggregate alkali-silica reactivity based on the time-dependent nature of the onset and speed of reaction. KW - Aggregates KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Concrete KW - Mix design KW - Test procedures KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6656-S.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51900/51909/0-6656-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1310000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526360 AU - Zhou, Fujie AU - Li, Hongsheng AU - Im, Soohyok AU - Hu, Sheng AU - Button, Joe AU - Epps, Jon AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Recycled Asphalt Shingles in HMA PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - In the last several years, both reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) have been widely used in paving Texas highways. Compared to RAP, RAS has two features: 1) much higher asphalt binder content, and 2) super stiff asphalt binder. Thus, the use of RAS can not only reduce the cost of asphalt mix paving significantly, but it also conserves energy and protects the environment. However, the super high stiffness of RAS binder causes strong concern on durability (or cracking performance) of asphalt mixes containing RAS. Another concern was the variability of processed RAS due to different RAS sources varying from manufacture waste shingles to a wide variety of tear-off shingles. To address these two major concerns (variability and durability), in 2010, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) initiated this research study at the Texas A&M Transportation Institute with objectives to: (1) Define variability of processed RAS. (2) Develop best practices for RAS processing and stockpile management. (3) Evaluate methods of improving cracking performance of RAS mixes in the laboratory. (4) Construct field test sections to validate laboratory test results. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Best practices KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Pavement cracking KW - Recycled materials KW - Shingles KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6614-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1309999 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01526345 AU - Carolan, Michael AU - Perlman, Benjamin AU - Tyrell, David AU - Gordon, Jeff AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Crippling Test of Budd M-1 Passenger Rail Car: Test and Analysis Results PY - 2014 SP - 11p AB - The Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA) Office of Research and Development is conducting research into the occupied volume integrity (OVI) of passenger railcars. OVI refers to a passenger railcar’s ability to preserve space for passengers and crew during accident loading conditions. The information developed in this research program will form the basis for establishing alternative OVI evaluation procedures. These alternative procedures, in turn, will allow a wider variety of passenger railcar designs to have their OVI evaluated, will provide guidance for applying modern engineering technologies, such as finite element analysis (FEA), and will continue to ensure a level of safety in evaluated vehicles equivalent to conventional evaluation. As part of this research program, two tests and corresponding FEA were conducted on a Budd M-1 passenger railcar that had been retrofitted with crash energy management (CEM) components on both ends. This testing and analysis program was sponsored by FRA and carried out by Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI), Arup, and the Volpe Center. An 800,000 pound load test was conducted on March 13, 2013 and was intended to elastically deform the car. The data generated during this test were, in turn, used to validate FE models of the M-1 car. The second test was performed on July 17, 2013. This test introduced loads into the occupant volume through its CEM attachment points until the ultimate, or crippling, load was reached. By loading the occupant volume through the CEM components, the test load path is similar to the load path that would be traveled by collision loads during activation of the CEM system. This paper presents the results of the crippling test, discusses the sequence of buckling that was observed to occur in the test, and compares the results of the test with the results from FEA of the test conditions. During the crippling test, the car exhibited a crippling load of 1.1 million pounds. This value is consistent with crippling loads reached by two Budd Pioneer cars that were previously tested in an FRA program. The buckling sequence of the members making up the M-1’s occupant volume were particularly well-captured by strain gages during this most recent test. The load path through the occupant volume and the sequence of progressive buckling of structural members is discussed. Additionally, the presence of existing damage and previously-repaired areas and their likely effects on the crippling behavior of the car are discussed. U1 - 2014 Joint Rail ConferenceAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersIEEEAmerican Society of Civil EngineersColorado Springs,Colorado,United States StartDate:20140402 EndDate:20140404 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, IEEE, American Society of Civil Engineers KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Load tests KW - Passenger cars KW - Railroad safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51600/51600/JRC2014-3824_Crippling_Test.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1310516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526326 AU - Sebesta, Stephen AU - Taylor, Ross AU - Lee, Sang Ick AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rapid Field Detection of Moisture Content for Base and Subgrade PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Properly applying water during compaction of roadway base and subgrade materials is important for achieving adequate compaction. Construction specifications determine the required water content, and field measurement historically takes place with a nuclear density gauge. However, with the regulatory requirements of using nuclear sources, and continued interest in stiffness or modulus-based compaction acceptance, researchers need to identify techniques to rapidly measure moisture content on base and subgrades without using a nuclear source. Researchers surveyed potential technologies for such rapid measurement including the Electrical Density Gauge (EDG), the DOT 600, and a moisture analyzer. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Measurement of specific phenomena KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6676-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1310001 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01526300 AU - Jacobsen, Karina AU - Carolan, Michael AU - Perlman, Benjamin AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - Conventional Fuel Tank Blunt Impact Tests: Test and Analysis Results PY - 2014 SP - 10p AB - The Federal Railroad Administration’s Office of Research and Development is conducting research into fuel tank crashworthiness. A series of impact tests are planned to measure fuel tank deformation under two types of dynamic loading conditions – blunt and raking impacts. This paper describes the results of the first set of blunt impact tests for two retired EMD F-40 locomotive fuel tanks, Tank 232 and Tank 202. On October 8, 2013 and October 9, 2013, the FRA performed impact tests on two conventional passenger locomotive fuel tanks at the Transportation Technology Center (TTC) in Pueblo, Colorado. Each fuel tank was emptied of fluid and mounted on a crash wall with the bottom surface exposed. A rail cart modified with a “rigid” indenter was released to impact the center of the bottom of each fuel tank at about 6 mph. A center-impact on Tank 232 was chosen to impact between two baffles. A center-impact on Tank 202 was chosen to impact on a baffle. Prior to the test, computer models were developed from measurements taken on the test articles. Material properties were estimated based on Brinell hardness measurements. Computer analyses were conducted to determine the conditions for the test, i.e. instrumentation, location of impact, target impact speeds and to predict the deformation behavior of the tank. Post-test, the resulting stress-strain relationships for the bottom sheets and baffles of both tanks were used to update the finite element models of the two tanks. The models were also updated to reflect the actual geometry of the tanks as confirmed by measurements of the tank interiors. The results of the finite element (FE) models run at the test conditions with the updated tank details are compared with the results from the test itself. Specifically, the deformation progression and the residual dent depth are compared between the tests and the models. U1 - 2014 Joint Rail ConferenceAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersIEEEAmerican Society of Civil EngineersColorado Springs,Colorado,United States StartDate:20140402 EndDate:20140404 Sponsors:American Society of Mechanical Engineers, IEEE, American Society of Civil Engineers KW - Computer models KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deformation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Finite element method KW - Fuel tanks KW - Impact tests KW - Railroad safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51500/51599/JRC2014-3786_Conventional_Fuel_Tank_Blunt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1310515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526289 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National Household Travel Survey: Compendium of Uses : January 2013 - December 2013 PY - 2014 SP - 307p AB - This compendium contains various uses and applications of the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data used in transportation planning and research from January 2013 to December 2013. Published journal articles and reports that cite the use of NHTS data were selected using the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Annual Meeting Online Portal http://amonline.trb.org/ and Google Alerts, notification emails sent by Google when new search results matched predetermined search terms pertaining to NHTS data. The key word and search engine terms used in both online sources were the National Household Travel Survey and NHTS. The research papers were grouped into 11 categories that were created based on the Subject Areas and index terms identified in each abstract as well as category titles used in previous NHTS compendium databases. A one-page description of each paper is provided which includes the Title, Authors, Abstract, Subject Areas, and Availability. KW - National Household Travel Survey KW - Research reports KW - Travel surveys UR - http://nhts.ornl.gov/2009/pub/Compendium_2013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1307343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522312 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon Guide – Recommendations and Case Study PY - 2014 SP - 12p AB - A pedestrian hybrid beacon (PHB) is a traffic control device similar to a European pedestrian signal (PELICAN) that was imported to the United States and adapted by engineers in Arizona to increase motorists’ awareness of pedestrian crossings at uncontrolled marked crosswalk locations. A PHB is distinct from pre-timed traffic signals and constant flash warning beacons because it is only activated by pedestrians when needed. PHBs have been shown to significantly reduce pedestrian crashes. A Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study published in 2010 found that pedestrian hybrid beacons can reduce pedestrian crashes by 69 percent and total crashes by 29 percent. Because PHBs remain dark until activated, they can help increase driver attention to pedestrians crossing the roadway, and can reduce rear-end collisions. This document will show how PHBs are being used to reduce pedestrian crashes across the country, highlight available provisions for implementing PHBs, and describe how PHB installations improved a problematic section of roadway. KW - Case studies KW - Crosswalks KW - Implementation KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic control devices KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/tools_solve/fhwasa14014/fhwasa14014.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51900/51942/fhwasa14014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1305306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522297 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Coordinating State and Regional Transportation Safety Planning through the SHSP Process: An RSPCB Peer Exchange PY - 2014 SP - 19p AB - Local and regional governments have important roles to play in identifying and addressing safety issues on roadways within their jurisdictions. Congress recognized this need and passed legislation in 1998 requiring safety consideration in transportation plans at the local, regional, and State levels. Efforts have since been underway to increase the explicit consideration of safety in these planning processes. More recently, the focus has shifted to improving the linkage between Strategic Highway Safety Plans (SHSPs) and transportation planning documents, notably Statewide and Metropolitan Long Range Transportation Plans (LRTPs), which are required to consider strategies and services to improve the safety of the transportation system. In addition to these plans, States, Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) and local agencies typically develop other important transportation planning documents (e.g., corridor, bicycle, freight, transit plans) that frequently include safety elements. Improving the coordination and linkages of the safety elements and priorities among these planning processes supports a comprehensive and holistic approach to transportation safety planning. It also provides additional opportunities to implement safety programs addressing key priorities throughout the State. This report provides a summary of the proceedings of the Peer Exchange held in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 22 and 23, 2013. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored the Peer Exchange in coordination with Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LA DOTD). The purpose of the Peer Exchange was to explore specific strategies the peer States could adopt to improve the coordination of regional and statewide safety planning efforts. Representatives from Louisiana, Nevada and Utah participated in the event. KW - Long range planning KW - Louisiana KW - Nevada KW - Peer exchange KW - Regional planning KW - States KW - Strategic Highway Safety Plan KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation safety KW - Utah UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/p2p/la/la.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1305305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01520476 AU - Zhou, Fujie AU - Hu, Sheng AU - Scullion, Tom AU - Nazarian, Soheil AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - University of Texas, El Paso AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation of a Texas Mechanistic-Empirical Thickness Design System (TxME) PY - 2014 SP - 2p AB - The current flexible pavement design system (FPS) used at the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has limitations in that it does not use any results from laboratory testing, so it is impossible to determine benefits from improved base materials or superior asphalt mixes. Developments over the last several decades have offered an opportunity for more rational and rigorous pavement design procedures. Substantial work has already been completed in Texas, nationally, and internationally in all aspects of modeling, materials characterization, and structural design. These and other assets provided the technical infrastructure that made it possible to develop a new mechanistic-empirical flexible pavement design system (TxME) specifically for Texas. The main objectives of this project were to identify or propose performance models and implementation approaches, and develop the new TxME. KW - Flexible pavements KW - Implementation KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Performance measurement KW - Test procedures KW - Texas KW - Thickness UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6622-S.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01519413 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Pilot Project: Oahu Metropolitan Planning Organization PY - 2014 SP - 4p AB - In 2010, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) selected five pilot teams from across the country to test a climate change vulnerability assessment model. This conceptual model guided transportation agencies through the process of collecting and integrating climate and asset data in order to identify critical vulnerabilities. During this year-long pilot program, the pilot teams formed a community of practice, exchanged ideas, presented draft results, and participated in a series of webinars and peer exchanges. FHWA used the feedback and lessons learned from the pilot projects to revise the draft conceptual model into the Climate Change & Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessment Framework. The Oahu Metropolitan Planning Organization (OahuMPO) coordinates transportation planning for the island of Oahu. A key priority of the OahuMPO is ensuring the resilience of this remote Hawaiian island’s roads, airports, and harbors to existing and anticipated climate changes. As one of the 2010–11 pilots, OahuMPO facilitated a workshop designed to identify and prioritize transportation assets that may be vulnerable to climate impacts. The study focused on five high-priority sites with existing vulnerability to extreme weather and climate variability. KW - Climate change KW - Oahu (Hawaii) KW - Oahu Metropolitan Planning Organization KW - Pilot studies KW - Risk assessment KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Weather and climate UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/case_studies/oahu/oahu.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01519411 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Pilot Project: Hampton Roads, Virginia Department of Transportation — VDOT PY - 2014 SP - 4p AB - In 2010, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) selected five pilot teams from across the country to test a climate change vulnerability assessment model. This conceptual model guided transportation agencies through the process of collecting and integrating climate and asset data in order to identify critical vulnerabilities. During this year-long pilot program, the pilot teams formed a community of practice, exchanged ideas, presented draft results, and participated in a series of webinars and peer exchanges. FHWA used the feedback and lessons learned from the pilot projects to revise the draft conceptual model into the Climate Change & Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessment Framework. Hampton Roads, Virginia, is a low-lying, coastal metropolitan region that serves as the site for multiple military installations, including the largest naval base on the east coast of the United States. This pilot study used an existing decision model to evaluate how the transportation priorities of the region might be influenced by a variety of climate change, economic, regulatory, travel-demand, wear-and-tear, environmental, and technology scenarios. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) led this pilot in partnership with the University of Virginia, the Hampton Roads Planning District Commission (HRPDC), and Hampton Roads Transportation Planning Organization (HRTPO). KW - Climate change KW - Decision making KW - Hampton Roads (Virginia) KW - Pilot studies KW - Risk assessment KW - Transportation planning KW - Virginia Department of Transportation KW - Weather and climate UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/case_studies/hampton_roads/hampton_roads.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01519407 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Pilot Project: North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority PY - 2014 SP - 4p AB - In 2010, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) selected five pilot teams from across the country to test a climate change vulnerability assessment model. This conceptual model guided transportation agencies through the process of collecting and integrating climate and asset data in order to identify critical vulnerabilities. During this year-long pilot program, the pilot teams formed a community of practice, exchanged ideas, presented draft results, and participated in a series of webinars and peer exchanges. FHWA used the feedback and lessons learned from the pilot projects to revise the draft conceptual model into the Climate Change & Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessment Framework. In recognition that climate change poses a growing threat to transportation infrastructure and operations, the North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority (NJTPA) led the interagency New Jersey (NJ) Partnership to assess the vulnerability of transportation systems. Much of the state’s infrastructure is aging and concentrated near major rivers and the coast. The NJ Partnership wanted to understand how to make more strategic capital investments in light of the changing climate. To accomplish this goal, the project team conducted a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based climate vulnerability assessment on transportation assets in two geographic areas of focus. KW - Capital investments KW - Climate change KW - Geographic information systems KW - New Jersey KW - North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority KW - Pilot studies KW - Risk assessment KW - Transportation planning KW - Weather and climate UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/case_studies/new_jersey/new_jersey.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01519396 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Pilot Project: Metropolitan Transportation Commission — MTC PY - 2014 SP - 4p AB - In 2010, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) selected five pilot teams from across the country to test a climate change vulnerability assessment model. This conceptual model guided transportation agencies through the process of collecting and integrating climate and asset data in order to identify critical vulnerabilities. During this year-long pilot program, the pilot teams formed a community of practice, exchanged ideas, presented draft results, and participated in a series of webinars and peer exchanges. FHWA used the feedback and lessons learned from the pilot projects to revise the draft conceptual model into the Climate Change & Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessment Framework. The San Francisco Bay Area is home to approximately 7 million people supported by a dense network of public infrastructure. The region’s history of seismic activity and long coastline make it uniquely exposed to earthquakes and sea level rise. The San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC), in partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center, is leading a project called Adapting to Rising Tides (ART). As part of ART, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) District 4, and BCDC collaborated on the 2010–2011 FHWA pilot to assess climate vulnerability and risk in Alameda County. KW - California Department of Transportation KW - Climate change KW - Earthquakes KW - Metropolitan Transportation Commission (California) KW - Pilot studies KW - Risk assessment KW - San Francisco Bay Area KW - Sea level KW - Transportation planning KW - Weather and climate UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/case_studies/san_francisco_mtc/san_francisco_mtc.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01519392 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Pilot Project: Washington State Department of Transportation PY - 2014 SP - 4p AB - In 2010, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) selected five pilot teams from across the country to test a climate change vulnerability assessment model. This conceptual model guided transportation agencies through the process of collecting and integrating climate and asset data in order to identify critical vulnerabilities. During this year-long pilot program, the pilot teams formed a community of practice, exchanged ideas, presented draft results, and participated in a series of webinars and peer exchanges. FHWA used the feedback and lessons learned from the pilot projects to revise the draft conceptual model into the Climate Change & Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessment Framework. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) believes that understanding future conditions is essential to its mission of keeping people and business moving. In keeping with this spirit, one of the agency’s strategic goals is to “identify WSDOT facilities vulnerable to the effects of climate change and to evaluate and identify possible strategies to reduce risk.” As part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) pilot program, WSDOT developed a structured, stakeholder-based approach to qualitatively assess facility risk. The project team held 14 workshops in all regions of the state in which WSDOT staff rated all state-owned highways and other transportation assets for climate vulnerability. This focus on a simple, inexpensive, and replicable assessment process is one of the reasons why WSDOT’s approach is an attractive model for other state Departments of Transportation. KW - Climate change KW - Pilot studies KW - Risk assessment KW - Transportation planning KW - Washington State Department of Transportation KW - Weather and climate UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/case_studies/washington_state/washington_state.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01518905 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - 2013 Status of the Nation’s Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions & Performance. Report to Congress PY - 2014 SP - 482p AB - This is the tenth in a series of combined documents prepared by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to satisfy requirements for reports to Congress on the condition, performance, and future capital investment needs of the Nation’s highway and transit systems. This 2013 report to Congress draws primarily on 2010 data, which reflect funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In assessing recent trends, many of the exhibits presented in this report present statistics for the 10 years from 2000 to 2010. Other charts and tables cover different time periods depending on data availability and years of significance for particular data series. The prospective analyses presented in this report generally cover the 20-year period ending in 2030. This document is intended to provide decision makers with an objective appraisal of the physical conditions, operational performances, and financing mechanisms of highways, bridges, and transit systems based both on the current state of these systems and on their projected future state under a set of alternative future investment scenarios. This report offers a comprehensive, data-driven background context to support the development and evaluation of legislative, program, and budget options at all levels of government. It also serves as a primary source of information for national and international news media, transportation associations, and industry. This report consolidates conditions, performance, and financial data provided by States, local governments, and public transit operators to provide a national-level summary. Some of the underlying data are available through the U.S. DOT’s regular statistical publications. The future investment scenario analyses are developed specifically for this report and provide national-level projections only. Chapter topics include: household travel and highway freight movement; trends in system characteristics; current physical conditions of highways; bridges and transit systems; safety; sustainability and operational performance; revenue sources; capital investment and future performance; and investment scenarios. Special topics include: transportation systems serving Federal and Tribal lands; the Federal Highway Administration's Center for Accelerating Innovation; and the National Fuel Cell Bus Program. KW - Bridges KW - Capital investments KW - Condition surveys KW - Financing KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - National Fuel Cell Bus Program KW - Public transit KW - Transit safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2013cpr/pdfs/cp2013.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55700/55708/cp2013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516607 AU - Mundorf, Norbert AU - Redding, Colleen AU - Paiva, Andrea AU - Prochaska, James O AU - Brick, Leslie AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - University of Rhode Island Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Developing Tailored Intervention Technology For Alternative Transportation PY - 2014 SP - 46p AB - Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) transportation is a key contributor to climate change and numerous other environmental impacts. Alternative Transportation (AT) or Sustainable Transportation (ST), i.e. commuting by means other than SOV, represents one important step toward slowing climate change, improving communities and enhancing health. Communication and behavior change approaches can play a key role in encouraging commuters to choose more sustainable modes of transportation. The Transtheoretical model of behavior change (TTM) is a useful framework for understanding Transportation Behavior and ways to encourage sustainable alternatives. Few systematic applications of TTM to sustainable behavior exist to date. This report explains assessments and interventions designed to encourage Alternative Transportation. While the TTM Stages of Change Model is well established and world-renowned in the field of health promotion and related areas, very limited systematic work has been done related to transportation behavior. To develop tailored interventions, key TTM measures had to be developed: Stages for ST, Decisional Balance, and Self-Efficacy. These measures then became the cornerstone of TTM based interventions. Short and reliable measures for decisional balance and self-efficacy, and their associations with Stage of Change were examined. University student volunteers (n=588) participated in this cross-sectional study. Through measurement development analyses using split-half cross validation procedures, the authors developed two internally consistent measures: a 20-item Decisional Balance measure with four hierarchically organized scales (Pros, Specific Pros, Cons, and Climate Change Doubt) and an 8-item Self-Efficacy scale. Both Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy confirmed predicted associations with Stage of Change, supporting the application of TTM to Sustainable Transportation. KW - Commuting KW - Decision making KW - Mode choice KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Transtheoretical Model of behavior change KW - Travel behavior UR - http://131.128.106.203/uritc-org/media/finalreportspdf/0003027.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516397 AU - Bayless, Steven H AU - Guan, Adrian AU - Son, Patrick AU - Murphy, Sean AU - Shaw, Anthony J AU - Intelligent Transportation Society of America (ITS America) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Connected Vehicle Insights: Trends in Roadway Domain Active Sensing: Developments in Radar, LIDAR, and other Sensing Technologies, and Impact on Vehicle Crash Avoidance/Automation and Active Traffic Management PY - 2014 SP - 31p AB - The objective of advanced automotive research has been to develop new technologies that can prevent an ever wider variety of crash types. The end goal for such research, however, has been to mass produce affordable “smart” cars designed never to crash. The first challenge in developing vehicles that “refuse to crash” is to improve and integrate a growing variety of roadway domain sensing technologies. This paper covers developments in this area, focusing on “active” sensing systems. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver support systems KW - Laser radar KW - Radar KW - Sensors UR - http://connectedvehicle.itsa.wikispaces.net/file/view/Connected+Vehicle+Insights+Roadway+Domain+Active+Sensing+-+FINAL+-+081313+-+ITS+America.pdf/444780568/Connected%20Vehicle%20Insights%20Roadway%20Domain%20Active%20Sensing%20-%20FINAL%20-%20081313%20-%20ITS%20America.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1286021 ER - TY - SER AN - 01516363 JO - Technology Scan Series 2011-2014 PB - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Bayless, Steven H AU - Murphy, Sean AU - Shaw, Anthony AU - Intelligent Transportation Society of America TI - Connected Vehicle Assessment: Cybersecurity and Dependable Transportation: System Assurance, Operations and Reactive Defense for Next Generation Vehicles, Intelligent Highway Infrastructure, and Road User Services PY - 2014 SP - 37p AB - There are approximately five billion "machine" devices connected to the internet, and it is estimated that the “internet of things” will reach nearly 50 billion online connected machines, sensors and appliances by 2020. Likely more than a billion connected M2M (machine-to-machine) devices will be in highway transportation, of which more than half will be road vehicles. Securing M2M applications, and preventing mischief and mischance, will be major tasks for the transportation sector. The connectivity of billions of new vehicle- or infrastructure-based sensors and "big data" analytics promises to bring new insights into how transportation assets are currently utilized, and how safety and mobility outcomes might be improved. However, there are concerns about the security of these devices and the potential for compromise and misuse. This report is an overview of global innovations in risk management and development of safe, dependable and secure systems. Cyber security is about meeting critical assurance requirements - maintaining transportation systems that ensure the preservation of human safety, the environment, critical economic infrastructure, and the viability of commerce and maintenance of personal privacy. This report reviews trends in securing enterprise systems and networks, as well as the unique challenges presented by connectivity of safety-critical control systems, such as those found in vehicles and in highway Advanced Traffic Management Systems. KW - Communication systems KW - Computer security KW - Cybersecurity KW - Highways KW - Information technology KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Motor vehicles KW - Risk assessment UR - http://connectedvehicle.itsa.wikispaces.net/file/view/Connected+Vehicle+Assessment+Cybersecurity+ITSA+FINAL+PUBLICATION2+Jan12014.pdf/500136998/Connected%20Vehicle%20Assessment%20Cybersecurity%20ITSA%20FINAL%20PUBLICATION2%20Jan12014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1299688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506239 AU - Williams, William F AU - Bligh, Roger P AU - Menges, Wanda L AU - Kuhn, Darrell L AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Crash Test and Evaluation of The TxDOT T631 Bridge Rail PY - 2014 SP - 102p AB - In August 2010, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility (MwRSF) developed and crash tested a low-cost, energy-absorbing bridge rail for the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) TL-3 applications. This low-cost bridge rail was designed to be compatible with the Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) such that an approach transition would not be required between the two barriers. It was desired that the system minimize bridge deck and rail costs. As part of this project, several concepts for an energy-absorbing bridge post were developed and tested. These concepts included strong-post systems designed with plastic hinges and weak-post systems designed to bend near the attachment to the bridge deck. The final post concept incorporated S3 × 5.7 steel sections designed to yield at their bases. These posts were located on 6 ft-3 in. on center. A W-beam section was used as the rail element and was attached to the posts with a bolt designed to break during and impact event. Two full-scale crash tests were performed according to the TL-2 impact conditions provided in MASH. The new bridge rail system successfully met all the safety performance criteria for MASH TL-2. The Texas Type T631 Bridge Rail was developed as a low-cost, energy absorbing bridge rail system for TL-2 applications. Many of the features used for the system tested at Midwest Roadside Safety Facility for TL-3 were incorporated into the design developed for this project for MASH TL-2 application. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Type T631 Bridge Rail designed and developed for this project was evaluated under MASH TL-2. KW - AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware KW - Bridge railings KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Midwest Guardrail System KW - Posts KW - Texas UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/9-1002-12-10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1287628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505837 AU - Balke, Kevin AU - Chaudhary, Nadeem AU - Brydia, Bob AU - Songchitruksa, Praprut AU - Pesti, Geza AU - Texas A&M Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Warrants and Sunset Requirements for ITS Equipment Installations on Texas Highways PY - 2014///Project Summary SP - 2p AB - Intelligent transportation system (ITS) devices are one tool in the Texas Department of Transportation’s (TxDOT’s) toolbox for improving safety and operations on the state’s highways. TxDOT routinely installs ITS devices, such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, vehicle detection systems, and dynamic message signs (DMSs), to better manage operations, improve safety, and reduce the effects of incidents on Texas highways. This project developed guidelines, criteria, and procedures for installing, repairing, and/or removing ITS field devices and systems. The research team also developed a framework that applies the risk management principles for conducting a risk-based analysis for prioritizing TxDOT’s ITS assets. KW - Asset management KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Equipment replacement KW - Installation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Risk management KW - Texas Department of Transportation KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6773-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1286468 ER - TY - SER AN - 01535756 JO - PATH Research Report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Lu, Xiao-Yun AU - Su, Dongyan AU - Spring, John AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Coordination of Freeway Ramp Meters and Arterial Traffic Signals Field Operational Test (FOT) PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 129p AB - The objective of this project was to develop a practical coordination strategy between one freeway ramp meter and one arterial intersection traffic signal and conduct a field operational test. The project team successfully accomplished all proposed tasks. The project started with a literature review, development of a Concept of Operations (ConOps) document, site selection criteria based on several factors, and systematic data collection. The collected data was then used to calibrate a microscopic traffic system modeling using Aimsun, which is used to simulate the field operation test results prior to deployment. After achieving positive results in the simulation modeling, the coordination algorithm were then deployed in the field. The ramp meter 2070 controller running URMS (Universal Ramp Metering System) and the signal 2070 controller were linked and then coordinated. Traffic data before and after the deployment was collected and analyzed. The test data analysis showed a net delay reduction at Taylor Street Intersection by 7%. The analysis also showed a better use of the entrance ramp storage with higher flow to the entrance ramp while avoiding queue overspill. In addition, the analysis found that the freeway mainline traffic conditions immediately upstream of the entrance ramp remained unchanged by such coordination. Due to the success of the coordination between one intersection and one ramp meter, it may be worthwhile to coordinate a freeway corridor comprised of multiple ramps and arterial signals. KW - Algorithms KW - Arterial highways KW - Before and after studies KW - California KW - Field tests KW - Freeways KW - Literature reviews KW - On ramps KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic simulation UR - http://www.dot.ca.gov/newtech/researchreports/reports/2013/final_report_task_2223.pdf UR - https://merritt.cdlib.org/d/ark%3A%2F13030%2Fm5qv51q7/1/producer%2F883449047.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1318103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01530970 AU - Freyne, Seamus F AU - Watkins, Mitchell L AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Acceptable Vibrations on Green Concrete PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 31p AB - Vibrations are potentially harmful to green concrete in shaft foundations, and many states, including Mississippi, cautiously established limits in terms of compressive strength, distance boundary, and wait time to protect early age concrete. But these limits could be overly conservative with respect to experimental evidence, and perhaps unnecessarily impede construction schedules and add cost to projects. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of early age vibrations on concrete performance. Concrete cylinders were exposed to several combinations of vibration magnitudes and durations that were representative of shaft construction, and at ages coincident with the sensitive period between initial and final set. The vibrations had no consistent effect on compressive strength and electrical resistivity. There was also no discernable difference between limestone and river gravel coarse aggregates. KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Fresh concrete KW - Mississippi KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Vibration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52100/52176/SS_252_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1316325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01530897 AU - Cooley, L Allen AU - Williams, Kevin AU - Burns Cooley Dennis, Incorporated AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Laboratory Mix Design Procedures for RAP Mixes PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 31p AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the amount of blending that occurs between recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and virgin asphalt binders in plant produced hot mix asphalt (HMA) in which RAP is incorporated. This objective was accomplished by testing plant produced mixtures from three different on-going HMA projects. Two of the three projects incorporated 15 percent RAP while the third project incorporated 30 percent. Samples were brought back to the laboratory and subjected to a staged extraction/recovery process. Asphalt binder recovered from each stage was subjected to Dynamic Shear Rheometer testing in order to determine the high failure temperature using a criterion of 2.20 kPa. Based upon the research approach, it was concluded that the majority of asphalt binder was extracted and recovered from the first stage of washing. The amount of asphalt binder extracted/recovered from successive washes decreased, except for the last stage. For mixes containing 15 percent RAP, the asphalt binder was not significantly affected by the RAP though there was a slight increase in failure temperature through the staged washes, except for the last stage. The majority of the asphalt binder from the 30 percent RAP mixture was removed during the first stage of washing. The stiffness of the asphalt binder after Wash 1 was higher for this 30 percent RAP mix than for the 15 percent RAP mix; however, the increase in stiffness was not large. The increase in stiffness for successive washes was higher for the 30 percent RAP mix than for the 15 percent RAP mixes. Based upon these findings, it was concluded that partial blending takes place between RAP and virgin asphalt binders when RAP is incorporated into plant produced HMA. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous binders KW - Blending KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Recycled materials KW - Stiffness UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20246%20Development%20of%20Laboratory%20Mix%20Design%20Procedures%20for%20RAP%20Mixes.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52100/52178/SS246_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1316323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01530889 AU - Cooley, L Allen AU - Williams, Kevin AU - Burns Cooley Dennis, Incorporated AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Aggregate Absorption in HMA Mixtures PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 59p AB - Designing hot mix asphalt (HMA) that will perform for many years is a complex balancing act of selecting an appropriate design asphalt binder content that is sufficiently high to provide durability but not so high as to lead to rutting problems. One of the factors that has to be considered during the design of HMA is the absorption of asphalt by aggregates. Most all aggregates used in the production of HMA have some absorptive characteristics. The objective of this project was to evaluate asphalt absorption through the production and construction process. In order to accomplish this objective, six on-going HMA construction projects were visited and HMA sampled. The HMA was sampled from four locations through the production and construction process, including: the slat conveyor prior to the mix being placed in the silo, trucks prior to transportation, the paver, and the compacted HMA layer (cores). Laboratory testing was conducted on these samples to evaluate the amount of asphalt that was absorbed by the aggregates throughout the production and construction process. Based upon the results of testing, it was concluded that asphalt absorption continues from the production process through the construction process. Samples obtained from the slat conveyor and the truck had similar average asphalt absorption values, while the paver and core samples also had similar average asphalt absorption values. However, the asphalt absorption at the paver and core locations were significantly higher than the other two. This suggested that most of the absorption took place during mix transportation to the job site. It was attempted to compare the amount of asphalt absorption that took place during mix design (based upon the job mix formula) to the amount of asphalt absorption that took place during the production and construction process; however, this attempt was not successful. Generally, the amount of asphalt absorption in the field was much higher than that shown on the job mix formulas. KW - Absorption KW - Aggregates KW - Construction projects KW - Field studies KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Processing (Materials) UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20245%20Aggregate%20Absorption%20in%20HMA%20Mixtures.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52100/52177/SS245_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1316324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529282 AU - Howard, Isaac L AU - Alvarado, Alejandro AU - Floyd, Webster C AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Oriented Guidance for Mississippi Chip Seals-Volume II PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 78p AB - A laboratory and field study was conducted related to long term chip seal performance. This report’s primary objective was to initiate development of a long term performance (LTP) test protocol for chip seals focused on aggregate retention. Key components of the study were to: 1) develop laboratory equipment and protocols to place a chip seal onto asphalt concrete; 2) develop laboratory equipment and protocols to evaluate chip seal aggregate loss placed onto asphalt concrete; 3) monitor chip sealed pavements from construction through two years of service life while collecting cores to be tested for aggregate loss in the laboratory; 4) compare laboratory produced chip seals to cores taken from in service pavements when using the same aggregates and emulsion. The study evaluated two pavements: Highway (Hwy) 366 near Baldwyn, Mississippi (Size 89 aggregates), and Hwy 44 near Hattiesburg, MS (Size 7 aggregates). The primary objective was met, though the effort stopped short of long term performance prediction of in service chip seals. The primary conclusion from this report was that fabricating chip seals in the laboratory that represent those placed in the field was feasible to some extent. Chip seals fabricated using the equipment developed in this research with Size 7 aggregates and corresponding embedment/conditioning protocols did represent field applied chip seals taken from Hwy 44 6 days after construction. Chip seals fabricated using the equipment developed in this research with Size 89 aggregates and corresponding embedment/conditioning protocols did not represent field applied chip seals taken from Hwy 366 10 days after construction. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Chip seals KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mississippi KW - Performance tests KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20211%20-%20Performance%20Oriented%20Guidance%20for%20Mississippi%20Chip%20Seals-Volume%20II.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1313207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526420 AU - Howard, Isaac L AU - Sullivan, W Griffin AU - Anderson, Brennan K AU - Shannon, Jay AU - Cost, Tim AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design and Construction Control Guidance for Chemically Stabilized Pavement Base Layers PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 182p AB - A laboratory and field study was conducted related to chemically stabilized pavement layers, which is also referred to as soil-cement. Soil-cement practices within Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) related to Class 9C soils used for base layers were evaluated in this report. The overall objective was to provide draft design and quality control guidance that could be incorporated and/or specified to improve performance of soil-cement base layers. A total of 2,101 tests were performed to evaluate a variety of parameters. Testing included strength versus time, strength variability, compaction, elastic modulus, wheel tracking, and thermal profile measurement. One key component of the research was development of economical thermal profile equipment to evaluate compacted soil-cement during the first few hours of hydration. The primary intention of this equipment is a quality control tool. Another key component of the research was development of equipment that allowed soil-cement to be compacted inside a plastic mold that could be used for laboratory mix design, specimen preparation for pavement layer thickness design, and for quality control. Results indicated the plastic mold compaction approach has many advantages and should be implemented into design and quality control operations. At the present time, widespread use of thermal profiles for quality control is not recommended. Additional study, however, could result in effective implementation of thermal profiles into soil-cement construction projects on a more frequent basis. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Quality control KW - Soil cement pavements KW - Soil cement tests KW - Temperature measurement KW - Testing equipment UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20206%20-%20Design%20and%20Construction%20Control%20Guidance%20for%20Chemically%20Stabilized%20Pavement%20Base%20Layers.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1308713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526279 AU - Chowdhury, Mashrur AU - Putman, Bradley AU - Pang, Weichiang AU - Dunning, Anne AU - Dey, Kakan AU - Chen, Linbo AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rate of Deterioration of Bridges and Pavements as Affected by Trucks PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 353p AB - The largest loads on public road systems disproportionately inflict the greatest damage to highway infrastructure. Simultaneously facing both increasing demand for overweight loads and deteriorating pavement and bridges, the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) commissioned this study to investigate the impact of heavy vehicle traffic on pavements and bridges in South Carolina and to develop policy recommendations based on technical analysis and the modern institutional environment in South Carolina. To conduct this study, Clemson University estimated pavement and bridge deterioration, investigated the adequacy of standard practices in state agencies for dealing with this deterioration, and characterized how stakeholders in South Carolina’s trucking industry perceive those practices. The pavement models revealed that overweight trucks reduce pavement service life significantly beyond design standards. Results from the bridge model indicated that bridge damage increased exponentially with an increase in truck weight. Recovering damage for South Carolina’s highways will require a flat fee of $65 per trip, but traditional flat fees for overweight loads fail to charge fairly according to the differing level of damage from distributions of vehicle weights, axle configurations, and trip length. Several alternative fee structures are presented, such as an axle-based system in which permits will cost between $24 and $175 per trip according to load, vehicle configuration, and trip distance. Stakeholder interviews indicated differing opinions on the objectives of user fees for permitting overweight loads; however, many stakeholders indicated a need to address illegal loads and establish consistent fee structures across the Southeastern mega-region. SCDOT and trucking industry representatives should work together in an ongoing focus group to develop common understanding of issues, consensus around objectives, and provisions for fairness that will address industry concerns. KW - Bridges KW - Deterioration KW - Fees KW - Overweight loads KW - Pavements KW - Permits KW - Policy KW - South Carolina KW - Stakeholders KW - Trucks UR - http://www.scdot.scltap.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/FINAL_REPORT_SPR-694.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1308651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516629 AU - Zhang, Dapeng AU - Wang, Xiaokun (Cara) AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Traffic Volume Estimation using Network Interpolation Techniques: An Application on Transit Ridership in NYC Subway System PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 30p AB - Kriging method is a frequently used interpolation methodology in geography, which enables estimations of unknown values at certain places with the considerations of distances among locations. When it is used in transportation field, network distance is a better measurement of distance as traffic follows the network. This report presents the development of the Network Kriging method and demonstrates its application on predicting transit ridership. Network distance, instead of Euclidean distance, is used to reflect the fact that subway stations are only connected by subway tunnels. Results show that the Network Kriging method outperforms other approaches. And the application on transit ridership estimation indicates that the new service would largely relieve the traffic burden on current crowded subway lines, although the total fare revenue would not increase right after the new service. KW - Distance KW - Estimating KW - Interpolation KW - New York (New York) KW - Ridership KW - Subways KW - Traffic volume UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/pubs/Final-Traffic-Volume-Interpolation_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1299551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516609 AU - Briscoe, Kyle R AU - Varco, Jac J AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Fertility Practices during Roadside Establishment in Mississippi to Minimize Nonpoint Source Pollutants PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 124p AB - Runoff during the revegetation of roadsides can transport sediment and nutrients offsite, leading to surface water quality reductions. Two field experiments were conducted near Starkville, Mississippi in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate the influence of various nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) sources and rates, fertilization timing, and mulch type on vegetative establishment and nutrient and sediment runoff losses. Stainless steel runoff frames (0.75 x 2.0 m) were installed in a randomized complete block with eight treatments and four replications during both experiments. A bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb), sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don], and common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] mixture was seeded within each frame during Experiment I. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) was added for Experiment II. Fertilization of Experiment I consisted of 73.5 or 147 kg N ha-1 as 13-13-13, poultry litter, ammonium nitrate, stabilized urea, polymer coated urea, or diammonium phosphate. Experiment II mulching materials consisted of wheat straw and seven hydromulches; paper fiber, wood fiber, wood/paper fiber blend, flexible growth medium (FGM), extended term-FGM (ET-FGM), bonded fiber matrix (BFM). Runoff from natural and simulated rainfall was analyzed for PO43--P, total P (TP), NH4+-N, NO3- -N, total N (TN), and total solids (TS). Weekly percent vegetative coverage ratings were collected during both experiments. Experiment I results suggest fertilization program did not have an influence on vegetative establishment or TS runoff losses. Generally, the greatest N and P runoff losses occurred during the first runoff event following fertilization. Splitting 147 kg N ha-1 into two separate applications increased N and P losses. Application of organic plus inorganic P increased orthophosphate in runoff compared to inorganic P alone. Experiment II results indicate straw was the most effective mulch for increasing vegetative establishment and limiting solids and nutrients in runoff. However, lack of fertilizer prill dissolution may have influenced N and P runoff losses during dry conditions. FGM, ET-FGM, and BFM were more effective than paper, wood, and paper/wood fiber in reducing solids and nutrients in runoff. These experiments will provide vegetation coordinators with beneficial information regarding fertilization and mulching practices with the least environmental impact. KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Fertilizers KW - Field tests KW - Mulches KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorus KW - Revegetation KW - Roadside flora KW - Runoff KW - Starkville (Mississippi) KW - Vegetation UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20240%20-%20Evaluation%20of%20Fertility%20Practices%20during%20Roadside%20Establishment%20in%20MS%20to%20Minimize%20Nonpoint%20Source%20Pollutants.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516264 AU - Zhang, Dapeng AU - Wang, Xiaokun (Cara) AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Conduct Urban Agglomeration with the Baton of Transportation: Effects of Jobs-Residence Balance on Commuting Pattern PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 30p AB - A key indicator of traffic activity patterns is commuting distance. Shorter commuting distances yield less traffic, fewer emissions, and lower energy consumption. This study develops a spatial error seemingly unrelated regression model to investigate commuting distance, and how various influential factors affect commuting distances in ten counties across the United States. By integrating datasets from the Census Transportation Planning Product (CTPP) and Smart Location Database (SLD), this study acquires rich employment and residence information at the census block group (CBG) level. Patterns of commuting distance, characterized by mean and standard deviation, of three industry sectors are calculated. A set of jobs-residence metrics is created to represent the degree of matching between residence and employment. Variables characterizing the trip origins, such as income level and road network connectivity, are also controlled in the model. Results confirm that a high jobs-residence ratio is beneficial for commuting patterns. Short commuting distances are also associated with clustered industry sector distribution, and dense road networks with few intersections. In addition, sprawled regions should control car ownership to shorten commuting distances. Income and payment level have a county-specific effect, and related policies should be proposed on a case-by-case basis. Spatial autocorrelation is also found to be significant in many counties, confirming the need to consider spatial effects in commuting distance studies. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing valuable insights into the influence of a jobs-residence balance on commuting patterns, applying a more efficient econometric model, and comprehensively investigating multiple cases. KW - Commuting KW - Employment KW - Jobs KW - Regression analysis KW - Residential location KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip length KW - United States KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/pubs/Final-Urban-Agglomeration.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1299555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505256 AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Development of Digital Instructional Modules for Transportation Engineers Overviewing the Fundamentals of How to Obtain Soil Properties in Practice PY - 2013/12/31/Final Report SP - 7p AB - The work completed in this project created a series of online lab modules that transportation professionals could use as a reference to learn how to conduct, how to interpret, and the applications of geotechnical lab tests used in practice to determine engineering soil properties. These instructional modules were produced and distributed through the Virginia Transportation Training Academy for use by highway design professionals throughout the state of Virginia. Additionally, the Transportation Training Academy made these videos available through their website for use by other MAUTC universities or State DOTs that wish to offer these instructional video modules as reference tools within their own highway design communities. KW - Computer aided instruction KW - Continuing education KW - DVDs KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.mautc.psu.edu/docs/UVA-2013-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1287002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579230 AU - Valdes, Didier AU - Perdomo, José L AU - University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez AU - University Transportation Research Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Using Mobile Computers to Automate the Inspection Process for Highway Construction Projects PY - 2013/12/30 SP - 22p AB - Highway construction projects are characterized by the large amount of data that needs to be collected, processed, and exchanged among the different project participants. Collection of construction inspection data, in particular, allows field personnel to monitor project performance with the ultimate goal of improving productivity and lowering costs. The accomplishment of these two goals could lead to better construction project management and performance that could in turn reduce the time required for project delivery. Current practices for recording and filing field inspection data are mainly paper-based. The manual process using paper forms is a time consuming and tedious task. Not only is the clerical expense of this process very high, but also the organization and review of the information commands an inordinate amount of time by a project manager, of which most managers posses very little. Continuous evolvement and improvements of mobile computing such as iPADs and Android Tablets, software technologies including more powerful processors, smaller storage devices, higher quality displays, and wide availability of third party application software, have made it possible for these devices to become stand alone systems with powerful functional capabilities. Because of their high mobility characteristics due to their small size and lightweight, these mobile devices can be used in the highway construction field to perform various tasks including recording of inspection data. The use of such mobile devices in construction processes seems to be the next logical step. This report communicates the research findings of the development of a mobile computing application for automating the collection process of field inspection data using iPADs or Android Tablets. The use of this application results in a more efficient data collection process, and faster transfer of information between the parties in a highway construction project, therefore improving the current communication process. After the application was developed, the research team tested it in several highway construction projects, and positive feedback was received from the users of the application. KW - Construction projects KW - Data collection KW - Information dissemination KW - Inspection KW - iPad (Computer) KW - Mobile applications KW - Mobile computing KW - Project delivery KW - Road construction UR - http://www.utrc2.org/sites/default/files/pubs/Automate-Inspection-Highway-Construction-Projects.pdf?utm_source=10-13-15+Final+Reports&utm_campaign=07-06-14+PR-Final+Reports&utm_medium=email UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56000/56059/Automate-Inspection-Highway-Construction-Projects.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371707 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01577976 TI - Consolidated Project Full Scale Testing of Interactive Features for Improved Models AB - This project addresses pipeline crack growth as influenced by complex operational circumstances by expanding on existing work performed through Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) and Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI). Through full scale testing, the team will gather data on mechanical damage interacting with secondary features – gouges (with cracks and micro-cracks), corrosion, and welds. The team will create a database which will be used by others to validate and improve burst and fatigue strength models. The team will also gather experimental data to estimate when cracks in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) colonies coalesce. The project will improve knowledge on the influence of complex loadings on both mechanical damage exposed to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) or to combined pressure and high axial strains, and on crack growth dynamics of SCC. The primary objectives of the project are to strengthen industry consensus standards and to generate data which will promote new knowledge. The benefits of the program will improve safety and environmental protection by filling critical knowledge gaps on pipeline response to crack growth in mechanical damage and SCC as driven by complex loads and interacting threats. KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Deterioration by environmental action KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Stress corrosion KW - Stresses KW - Testing UR - http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/matrix/prjHome.rdm?prj=555 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522352 AU - White, Thomas D AU - Hillabrand, James L AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Open Graded Friction Courses for HMA Pavements PY - 2013/12/30/Final Report SP - 90p AB - A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC) mixtures meeting current Mississippi specifications. In addition, materials included a second 12.5 mm gradation and an asphalt rubber binder. The additional 12.5mm gradation was selected to evaluate application of the asphalt rubber binder. Specifically, the asphalt rubber OGFC was included for its potential of noise reduction. Factors in the study included gravel and gravel/limestone aggregate combinations, three gradations, and two asphalt binders, PG 76-22 and Ground Tire rubber (GTR) PG 76-22. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of design mixtures relative to aggregate type, gradation, and binder type. Tests included two permeability tests, MT-84 and White falling head test; Stripping, MT-63; sound absorption, ASTM E1050; dynamic modulus, AASHTO TP 62; and interface bond strength, direct shear. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Friction course KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mississippi KW - Mix design KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Tire/pavement noise UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/Open%20Graded%20Friction%20Courses%20for%20HMA%20Pavements.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1304843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01543185 AU - Baron, William AU - Song, Darryl AU - Hassol, Joshua AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Park Service TI - Cape Cod National Seashore Parking Management System Pilot Synthesis PY - 2013/12/27 SP - 17p AB - The Cape Cod National Seashore (CACO) has undertaken a program to improve parking management at its beach parking lots, and to provide information about parking availability to CACO visitors. This project will build upon work already accomplished, to develop a networked Parking Management System (PMS) and Traveler Information System (TIS) covering the seven CACO-managed beaches (and, potentially, town-managed beaches within CACO), along with multiple systems for disseminating parking information to the public. On September 26, 2012, the Volpe Center conducted a site survey of the beach parking lots throughout the Seashore. Included in this survey were all six of the National Park Service (NPS)-operated parking lots, as well as eight town-operated parking lots located within the Seashore. The site survey assessed existing wireless communications coverage, networking, AC power, and other factors pertinent to deployment of parking management system components at each of the parking areas. On June 20, 2013, as a first step toward deployment of the full parking management system, the Volpe Center installed a pilot system at the Little Creek parking area, which serves Coast Guard Beach. The pilot system was in operation for the duration of the 2013 summer season (through September 30) with a few periods when the system was not operational. This report provides details on the pilot parking management system’s components, location, installation, testing and monitoring. It also provides the Volpe Center’s findings and conclusions. KW - Beaches KW - Cape Cod National Seashore KW - National Park Service KW - Parking KW - Parking lots KW - Parking management KW - Pilot studies KW - Tourists KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52600/52601/CACO_PMS_Pilot_2013_Final_Report_rev1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516614 AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Synthesis Study of Noncontact Nondestructive Evaluation of Top-down Cracking in Asphalt Pavements PY - 2013/12/24/Final Report SP - 84p AB - The primary objective of this research study was to conduct an extensive literature review on top-down cracking evaluation studies, prepare a synthesis of findings, and recommend a follow up phase for a pilot study in Mississippi with a candidate technology. The top-down cracking appearing mostly in longitudinal wheel paths on asphalt highway pavements, was first reported in the 1970s in tropical countries, later reported in the 1980s in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France and South Africa, followed by field investigations in the late 1990s and 2000s in the United States, several European countries, and Japan. Since then the top-down cracking distress has been identified as the most important distress observed on asphalt highways in many states including Florida, Indiana, Michigan, Washington, Illinois, and Mississippi. Proper and timely maintenance of top-down cracking is critically important for thick asphalt pavements. Therefore, a procedure is needed to expedite field survey of top-down cracking without depending on cores. An existing viable nondestructive and noncontact technology operating at highway speed was not found in this study. Therefore, a problem statement for research need is prepared for a national study through the National Highway Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP). KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Literature reviews KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement cracking KW - Problem identification UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20255%20-%20A%20Synthesis%20Study%20of%20Noncontact%20Nondestructive%20Evaluation%20of%20Top-down%20Cracking%20in%20Asphalt%20Pavements.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300317 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01577845 TI - Deploying of Sustainable Practices using INVEST AB - Continued support for the INVEST Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) sustainability self-assessment tool to evaluate and improve sustainability practice. KW - Best practices KW - Capital investments KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Investments KW - Sustainable development KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371016 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01577818 TI - ID-86: NDE Technology AB - No summary provided. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Infrastructure KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1370858 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01577979 TI - CM 6-EM 3D Digital Engineering Models For Highway Project Delivery AB - No summary provided. KW - Digital displays KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway planning KW - Project delivery KW - Three dimensional displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505734 AU - Department of Transportation TI - More Comprehensive Data Are Needed To Better Understand the Nation's Flight Delays and Their Causes PY - 2013/12/18 SP - 50p AB - The causes and impacts of flight delays and cancellations continue to be a key concern for Congress, the Department of Transportation (DOT), the airline industry, and the flying public. In 2000, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) issued a report assessing the extent of flight delays and their nationwide impact. This report and subsequent testimony also highlighted concerns with how the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) tracked and reported flight delays and cancellations and their respective causes, as well as air carriers’ scheduling practices at major airports. Since then, FAA and BTS have taken a number of steps to address these concerns, including improving data collection, tracking flight delay causal factors, and developing capacity benchmarks for the major airports. Given our previous findings and the significant changes to the aviation industry in the past decade, Congress directed the OIG in the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 20125 to update the 2000 report, as well as examine various delay statistics, air carrier scheduling practices, and airport capacity benchmarks. Accordingly, the audit objectives were to (1) analyze recent flight delay and cancellation trends, (2) examine air carrier scheduling practices and their relative impact in causing flight delays and cancellations, and (3) review FAA’s use of capacity benchmarks to assess airport capacity and monitor airline scheduling practices at the Nation’s largest airports. KW - Airlines KW - Airport capacity KW - Data collection KW - Flight delays KW - On time performance KW - Scheduling KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - United States UR - http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/Flight%20Delays%20Final%20Report%2012-18-13_final_signed_508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1285611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505691 AU - Department of Transportation TI - FAA’S Safety Analysis and Sharing System Shows Progress, But More Advanced Capabilities and Inspector Access Remain Limited PY - 2013/12/18 SP - 28p AB - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been moving toward a data-driven approach for airline safety oversight for a number of years. As part of this initiative, in 2007, FAA implemented the Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) system, which collects and analyzes data from multiple databases to proactively identify and address risks that may lead to accidents. ASIAS enables authorized users to obtain data from confidential databases—including airline voluntary safety reporting programs—as well as publicly available data sources. After the 2009 Colgan Air accident, Congress passed the Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010, which directed the Office of the Inspector General to assess FAA’s ability to establish a comprehensive information repository that can accommodate multiple data sources and be accessible to FAA safety inspectors and analysts who oversee air carriers. Accordingly, the audit objectives were to assess FAA’s (1) progress in implementing ASIAS and (2) access to and use of ASIAS data by FAA inspectors to assist in commercial air carrier safety oversight. KW - Aviation safety KW - Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) KW - Data collection KW - Data sharing KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Inspectors KW - Risk management KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration UR - http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/FAA%20ASIAS%20System%20Report%5E12-18-13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1285610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529341 AU - Howard, Isaac L AU - Jordan, Walter S AU - Barham, Jason M AU - Alvarado, Alejandro AU - Cox, Ben C AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Oriented Guidance for Mississippi Chip Seals-Volume I PY - 2013/12/17/Final Report SP - 191p AB - A five year laboratory study was conducted to investigate near surface properties of flexible pavements in relation to how they are affected by bituminous surface treatments. Chip seals and scrub seals (a specialized type of chip seal) were the focus of the study. Seven emulsions, three aggregates, and four asphalt pavement types were tested. The overall objective was to provide Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) with performance oriented guidance for chip seals. This overall objective was divided into aggregate retention and rejuvenation of the existing pavement’s near surface. Repeated creep of mixture bars, viscosity change of recovered binder, and Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) mixture beam responses were used to assess rejuvenation effects of chip seals on a pavement’s near surface. Vialit adhesion, frosted marble, and sweep testing were used to assess aggregate retention behavior. Within the six test methods studied, some were used without modification, while others were modified during this research. Over 2,000 experiments were performed for this report. Key rejuvenation testing included: 24 repeated creep torsion bars, 168 viscosity change measurements, and 959 BBR mixture beams. Key aggregate retention testing included: 231 Vialit trays, 221 frosted marble trays, and 533 sweep pads. Key performance oriented recommendations included: requiring a minimum m-value increase of a BBR mixture beam due to emulsion application when rejuvenation is of high importance, monitoring moisture loss of a chip seal system for traffic opening determination, and specifying chip seal systems (i.e. aggregate and emulsion) as opposed to independently approving chip seal materials. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Chip seals KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mississippi KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Surface treating UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20211%20-%20Performance%20Oriented%20Guidance%20for%20Mississippi%20Chip%20Seals-Volume%20I.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1313206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505747 AU - Edwards, Geoff AU - Delaware Center for Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Resilient Cartography: Using Interactive Online Mapping to Represent Corridor Mobilities PY - 2013/12/16/Final Report SP - 18p AB - This project suggests a technique for developing interactive travel-duration maps to work in conjunction with static maps of socioeconomic data from across a city-region. Such maps may help to call attention to the spatial distribution of network capital and the capacity of marginalized groups to access certain areas of the city within reasonable amounts of time. The report addresses the relationship between mobility with inequality, and discusses the concept of motility in the context of travel-duration. It discusses how cartographers and others have used the temporal dimension to illustrate uneven spatial landscapes. Finally, a description of the development of interactive travel-duration maps for Baltimore and Boston is included along with the issues encountered. KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Cartography KW - Digital mapping KW - Mapping KW - Maps KW - Mobility KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Spatial analysis KW - Travel time UR - http://www.ce.udel.edu/UTC/downloads2013/Resilient_Cartography.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1285412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505724 AU - Department of Transportation TI - Top Management Challenges for Fiscal Year 2014 PY - 2013/12/16 SP - 38p AB - As required by law, the Office of Inspector General has identified the Department of Transportation’s top management challenges for fiscal year 2014. Several criteria in identifying the following seven challenges were considered, including their impact on safety, documented vulnerabilities, large dollar implications, and the ability of the Department to effect change in these areas. The areas are: (1) Improving the Federal Aviation Administration’s Oversight of the Aviation Industry and the Operations of the National Airspace System; (2) Identifying and Addressing Root Causes of Problems With the Next Generation Air Transportation System and Setting Investment Priorities; (3) Continuing Actions To Strengthen Highway, Transit, and Pipeline Safety; (4) Improving Oversight of Surface Infrastructure Investments and Implementing Statutory Requirements; (5) Implementing Requirements To Address the Federal Railroad Administration’s Expanded and Traditional Responsibilities; (6) Managing Acquisitions and Contracts To Achieve Results and Save Taxpayer Dollars; and (7) Building a Secure and Modern Information Technology Infrastructure. KW - Contract administration KW - Highway safety KW - Information technology KW - Investments KW - Laws KW - Management KW - National Airspace System KW - Next Generation Air Transportation System KW - Pipeline safety KW - Transit safety KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/DOT%20OIG%20Top%20Mngt%20Challeges%20for%20FY%202014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1285609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529363 AU - Sullivan, Jim AU - Novak, Dave AU - Scott, Darren AU - UVM Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Travel Importance and Strategic Investment in Vermont’s Transportation Assets PY - 2013/12/15/Final Report SP - 69p AB - In recent decades, the “wear-and-tear” of the last 60 years of travel on the nation’s transportation infrastructure has outpaced the ability to maintain highways. In an environment of scarce public resources, addressing this problem will require a re-thinking of the current approaches to strategic transportation planning. As networks become increasingly saturated, focus on the most highly-traveled elements is not enough. New performance measures are required to provide objective information for identifying critical elements in saturated networks under disrupted flow regimes to ensure that scarce resources can be utilized effectively. This project advances a new type of system-wide measurement of link criticality that will provide the tools needed for strategic disinvestment in roads that are not critical to the health and welfare of Vermonters. This new approach requires a paradigm shift in the current planning function and in the methods used to measure the importance of transportation system components. In this research, the Network Robustness Index (NRI) methodology is modified to include a process for considering the reason for travel in valuing roadways in Vermont. In addition, a new planning metric based on critical accessibility to emergency services is introduced, and combined with the NRI to yield a new measure, the access-based NRI (aNRI), that is uniquely suited to disinvestment planning. KW - Accessibility KW - Asset management KW - Highway maintenance KW - Links (Networks) KW - Network Robustness Index KW - Performance measurement KW - Vermont UR - http://transctr.w3.uvm.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Final-Report-13-016_opt.pdf UR - http://vtransplanning.vermont.gov/sites/aot_program_development/files/documents/materialsandresearch/completedprojects/2014%20-%2001%20Travel%20Importance%20and%20Strategic%20Investment%20in%20Vermont%E2%80%99s%20Transportation%20Assets.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516570 AU - Long, Diana AU - Blandford, Ben AU - Dailey, Pete AU - Dayan, Sinaya AU - Matthews, Justin AU - Sowards, Kent AU - Rahall Appalachian Transportation Institute AU - West Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Future of Transit in West Virginia PY - 2013/12/09 SP - 77p AB - This report is a study of the current system of public transportation in West Virginia and an examination of issues, priorities and projections of the public transportation network in the coming years. The purpose of the study was to examine the existing public transportation systems in West Virginia and compile a document that would discuss transit’s relationship with economic development efforts, potential corridors of transit to improve mobility and access to employers, inter-county commuting patterns, opportunities and barriers to coordination, funding, and transit workforce needs of the future. The scope of work for the study included a review of the literature, a compilation of a timeline on the history of transit in West Virginia, site visits and interviews with transit professionals, an examination of Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) transit funding, and surveys of students, employers, health care providers and employers. KW - Accessibility KW - Commuting KW - Economic development KW - Financing KW - History KW - Literature reviews KW - Mobility KW - Public transit KW - Surveys KW - West Virginia UR - http://www.mticutc.org/assets/pdf/Future_of_transit_final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1300195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505668 AU - Overby, Lynnette Young AU - Delaware Center for Transportation AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Effects of Learning through the Arts on Transportation Knowledge and Skills of Elementary School Students, University Students and Classroom Teachers PY - 2013/12/06/Final Report SP - 89p AB - The purpose of this study was to enhance knowledge of geographic and other transportation concepts, through the lens of dance and theatre. During the last five years 2009-2013, elementary and middle school students and their teachers gained knowledge through an interdisciplinary approach that combined the teaching of transportation concepts with the arts. Through the lesson plans, research projects, presentations and publications, there is evidence that this project benefited elementary and middle school age students and current and future educators. KW - Art KW - Elementary school students KW - Geography KW - Learning KW - Middle school students KW - Teachers KW - Transportation UR - http://www.ce.udel.edu/UTC/downloads2013/Overby_FinalReport_Complete.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1285410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01505733 AU - Department of Transportation TI - National Environmental Policy Act: FRA Coordinates As Required But Opportunities Exist To Modernize Procedures and Improve Project Delivery PY - 2013/12/05 SP - 27p AB - As part of its $10.1 billion High Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program (HSIPR), the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) collaborates with project grantees, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) on both construction and compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act’s (NEPA) requirements. The President’s Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is responsible for implementing NEPA and Federal agencies are required to follow CEQ regulations and develop procedures as necessary to ensure proper consideration of environmental concerns in agency decision-making. Until HSIPR’s inception, FRA had undertaken comparatively few NEPA reviews, because it historically focused on rail safety. With recent legislation aimed at improving project delivery of surface transportation projects, primarily through reforming environmental issues, and as construction begins on many HSIPR projects, there is growing interest among grantees and other stakeholders regarding the variation among modal agencies in handling NEPA reviews. There is also growing interest in the degree to which FRA coordinates with FHWA and FTA. The Office of Inspector General initiated this audit to address questions surrounding the adequacy of FRA’s procedures for navigating the NEPA process and review concerns raised by stakeholders. After the review began, the Chairman of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure requested that additional work be conducted as part of this audit. Specifically, the Chairman asked for an evaluation of the impact that differing authorities mandated to FHWA and FTA by Titles 23 and 49 of the U. S. Code have on FRA’s ability to coordinate with those operating administrations (OA) to expeditiously complete NEPA reviews. This evaluation was completed while executing the audit objectives which were to (1) assess FRA’s procedures for coordination with FHWA and FTA to ensure compliance with NEPA requirements, and (2) determine whether the procedures incorporate relevant statutory requirements and CEQ guidance. KW - Compliance KW - Coordination KW - Environmental impacts KW - Interagency relations KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - Project delivery KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration UR - http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/FRA%20NEPA%20coordination.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1285629 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01573314 TI - Evaluation of Lateral Pile Resistance Near MSE Walls at a Dedicated Wall Site AB - The objectives for this study include the following, all aimed at improving the understanding of pile-mechanically stablized earth (MSE) wall interaction: (1) Measure reduced lateral pile resistance vs. displacement curves for circular, square, and H piles behind a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall with steel strips and grid reinforcement. (2) Measure the increase and distribution of tensile force in the MSE reinforcement induced by lateral pile loading. (3) Measure effect of special pile head geometry (e.g. corrugated pipe sleeves, double plastic sheeting) on lateral pile resistance. (4) Develop design rules (e.g. p-multipliers) to account for reduced pile resistance as a function of spacing and reinforcement. (5) Develop equation to predict reinforcement force induced by pile loading. (6) Develop design equations to account for pile shape and pile head geometry. KW - Design KW - Earth walls KW - Lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Resistance (Mechanics) UR - http://www.pooledfund.org/Details/Study/505 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01611986 AU - Vogel, Jason R AU - Storm, Daniel E AU - Barfield, Billy J AU - Harp, Sam AU - Bhadbhade, Neha AU - Mittelstet, Aaron AU - McLemore, Alex AU - Rogers, Brad AU - Neupane, Sagar AU - Garbrecht, Karl AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation and Demonstration of Turbidity Reduction in Stormwater Runoff for Oklahoma Highway Construction Sites PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 525p AB - The Environmental protection Agency (USEPA) has issued new requirements on the construction industry to control the discharge of pollutants from the sites. The construction effluent guidelines or ELG’s require construction sites to reduce the pollutant discharge to ‘maximum extent practicable’ and comply with the Clean Water Act. Sediment is the primary pollutant in a construction site effluent runoff. It is mainly composed of large amounts of fine silt, clay and colloidal particles. These particles have low settling velocities and remain in suspension for long durations and therefore cannot be trapped effectively in conventional best management practices (BMPs) like detention ponds, grass lined channels, sedimentation basins that rely on gravity for settling. The trapping efficiencies of the particles can be enhanced by flocculation, where addition of the flocculant to the sediment discharge would bind multiple particles together, increasing them in size and increasing the settling velocity. Construction sites often experience space restrictions and therefore a modular sediment trapping system based on flocculation would require much less space compared to a settling pond especially in those regions which have high clay content in their soil, which is commonly found in state of Oklahoma. The following report presents the improved design for the passive flocculent and mixing devices. The report also includes all the experimental data collected with the flume experiments performed on the five soils from the state of Oklahoma namely Port A and Port B, Kamie B, Stephenville B and Norge B soils. The values of the flocculation constants associated with each soil are presented. Additionally, field tests on a field with Port soils are presented. KW - Construction sites KW - Effluents KW - Environmental protection KW - Field tests KW - Flocculating agents KW - Oklahoma KW - Runoff KW - Suspended sediments KW - Turbidity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1423509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01611974 AU - Wang, Kelvin C P AU - Cross, Stephen A AU - Li, Joshua Q AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Distress Modeling for DARWin-ME PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 127p AB - Distress prediction models, or transfer functions, are key components of the Pavement Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) Design and relevant analysis. The accuracy of such models depends on a successful process of calibration and subsequent validation of model coefficients in the transfer functions with independent data sets. In this project, data needs for distress models in Pavement ME Design are investigated for the state of Oklahoma. Based on past research work at Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT), various Pavement ME Design inputs, historical cracking, rutting, and roughness data are gathered for selected ODOT segments and Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) sites. Pavement ME Design test runs are performed, and precision and bias levels of rutting, cracking, and roughness data sets in the historical ODOT databases are studied. Finally a workflow for Pavement ME Design prediction model calibration in Oklahoma is established to assist ODOT in implementing Pavement ME in the next decade in a production environment. KW - Calibration KW - Cracking KW - DARWin-ME (Computer program) KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Program KW - Mechanistic-empirical pavement design KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Oklahoma KW - Pavement distress KW - Roughness KW - Rutting KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1423508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605763 AU - Chen, Stuart S AU - Hu, Hanjin AU - Ali, Najaf AU - Srikonda, Rohit AU - Research Foundation of SUNY AU - State University of New York, Buffalo AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge Data File Protocols for Interoperability and Life Cycle Management Volume II - Information Delivery Manual Elements for Highway Bridge Interoperable Data Protocols PY - 2013/12 SP - 246p AB - The research resulting in this report and its companion report (“Model View Definition Elements for Highway Bridge Interoperable Data Protocols”) develops, implements and demonstrates an efficient and robust digital data protocol that could be used to automate the exchange of bridge information in the various activities of design, detailing, fabrication, construction, inspection, and evaluation involved in the bridge lifecycle. This data protocol is intended for public domain use and provides the relevant information that requires exchange regarding the bridge from “cradle to grave.” This data exchange protocol, dubbed “openBrIM,” is developed and presented in a manner that is software neutral (a.k.a. “vendor agnostic”), but is developed with consideration of relevant software vendors to facilitate their development of conforming translators to automate the transfer of data among software applications. Focus is placed on common “workhorse” steel and concrete girder bridge structures. KW - Data files KW - Data sharing KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Implementation KW - Interoperability KW - Steel bridges UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/protocols/hif16003_v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1416736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01597255 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National Congestion Pricing Conference PY - 2013/12 SP - 9p AB - On July 9-10, 2013, 114 leaders in congestion pricing, managed lanes, and parking pricing convened in Seattle, WA to discuss recent successes and challenges to advancing congestion pricing in the United States. Much of the discussion centered on the important outcomes of project implementations, especially the Urban Partnership Agreement (UPA)/Congestion Reduction Demonstration (CRD) programs as well as the Value Pricing Pilot Program (VPPP). The primary objective of the conference was raising the awareness, advancing the state-of-the-practice, and identifying the research and technology transfer needs in support of deploying congestion pricing strategies in the United States. Sharing the collective knowledge and experience of presenters and participants, the conference provided input to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Transportation Research Board (TRB) and other research organizations, and implementing transportation agencies. The participants represented state, local and regional jurisdictions from across the United States and Ontario, Canada. Nearly half of the participants came from regional entities and State agencies; including metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), State departments of transportation (DOT), and tolling and transit agencies. The FHWA coordinated and worked with Washington State DOT (WSDOT) and the TRB Congestion Pricing Committee to make this conference a success. This report briefly summarizes the conference proceedings. KW - Conferences KW - Congestion pricing KW - Managed lanes KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Parking fees KW - State of the practice KW - United States KW - Urban Partnership Agreement KW - Value Pricing Pilot Program (FHWA) KW - Workshops UR - http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop14005/fhwahop14005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01590528 AU - Guin, Angshuman AU - Hunter, Michael AU - Suh, Wonho AU - Anderson, James AU - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility Study for Using Video Detection System Data to Supplement Automatic Traffic Recorder Data PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 72p AB - The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of incorporating Georgia NaviGAtor traffic volume data with Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) traffic volume data to enhance federal reporting. Some of the pertinent conclusions from this study are: (1) Accuracy of video detection system (VDS) counts varied from site to site and lane to lane. (2) Accuracy for VDS with gantry-mounted cameras was not significantly better than that of pole-mounted VDS sites. (3) Accuracy of VDS sites with cameras mounted on 36 ft. offset poles was marginally lower than units with cameras mounted on 24 ft. offset poles. (4) Accuracy of counts from VDSs and remote traffic microwave sensors (RTMSs) is sensitive to site-specific deployment characteristics. (5) There is a likely limit to the number of lanes that may be accurately counted by a single VDS unit. (6) Counts aggregated over all lanes provide the highest accuracy. (7) Given the variability in data quality across detection stations, the use of VDS data to supplement GDOT data should be considered on a detector-by-detector basis (i.e. the data from a detector need to be individually checked for quality against ground truth data before they are used for federal reporting purposes). KW - Accuracy KW - Data collection KW - Data quality KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Georgia KW - Remote sensing KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic volume KW - Video imaging detectors UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/11-13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576193 AU - Kim, Sung-Hee (Sonny) AU - Southern Polytechnic State University AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Measurements of Dynamic and Resilient Moduli of Roadway Test Sites PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 102p AB - To perform the structural analyses of existing flexible pavements using Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) or Pavement ME, the accurate measurements of dynamic modulus (E*) for asphalt materials and resilient moduli (MR) for unbound materials are essential. E* is a direct input of Pavement ME software and it explains the viscoelastic behavior of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), which is the function of the loading frequency and temperature. The resilient behavior is the nature of granular material behavior and thus, MR is one of the most important material properties, that is directly related to the structural performance of flexible pavement. The accurate measurements of dynamic and resilient moduli are required to correctly analyze the existing pavement and to properly design new pavement with highest level of reliability. In this study, the Georgia Pavement and Traffic Research Center (GPTRC) at Southern Polytechnic Applied Research Corporation (SPARC) developed the material input library to assist the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) for successful implementation of MEPDG in the State. KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Flexible pavements KW - Georgia KW - Granular bases KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Implementation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Structural analysis UR - http://g92018.eos-intl.net/eLibSQL14_G92018_Documents/12-07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1369386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01570289 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidebook for Value for Money Assessment PY - 2013/12 SP - 81p AB - In addition to other guidance, the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA’s) Public-Private Partnership (P3) toolkit includes the Value for Money Assessment for Public-Private Partnerships: A Primer, the Public Sector Comparator Tool and User Guide, and the Shadow Bid Tool and User Guide. This guidebook is intended to be an intricate and detailed follow-on to the Primer and covers more challenging and advanced Value for Money (VfM) assessment topics. To make the guidebook as useful as possible to practitioners, this document provides an advanced understanding of the practical applications for assessing and allocating project life cycle risks, and addresses the numerous challenges faced when doing this. The intended audience for this material includes the staff at the FHWA, individual state departments of transportation, executive branch departments and agencies submitting P3 requests, metropolitan planning organizations, and other transportation management agencies that are considering a P3 approach or are preparing, procuring, and implementing a P3 project. KW - Assessments KW - Public private partnerships KW - Risk management KW - Valuation KW - Value for money UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/pdfs/p3/p3_guidebook_vfm_1213.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55200/55258/p3_guidebook_vfm_1213.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1359496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01570263 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidebook for Risk Assessment in Public Private Partnerships PY - 2013/12 SP - 74p AB - The Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA’s) Public-Private Partnership (P3) Toolkit includes both the Risk Assessment for Public-Private Partnerships: A Primer, and the Risk Assessment Tool and User Manual. This guidebook is intended to be a detailed follow-on to the primer, and as such covers more challenging and advanced risk assessment topics. It is designed to enhance the overall understanding of the relationship between risk assessment and Value for Money analysis and to provide hands on guidance for practitioners in the field. To make this guidebook as useful as possible to practitioners, it provides an advanced understanding of the practical applications for assessing and allocating project life cycle risks, and addresses the numerous challenges faced when doing so. The intended audience for this material includes the staff at FHWA, individual state departments of transportation, executive branch departments and agencies considering P3s, metropolitan planning organizations, and other transportation management agencies that are considering a P3 approach or are preparing, procuring, and implementing a P3 project. KW - Public private partnerships KW - Risk assessment KW - Risk management KW - Valuation KW - Value for money UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/pdfs/p3/p3_guidebook_risk_assessment_030314.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55200/55257/p3_guidebook_risk_assessment_030314.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1359495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01569144 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Financial Structuring and Assessment for Public–Private Partnerships: A Primer PY - 2013/12 SP - 40p AB - This primer addresses the issue of financial structuring and assessment for Public–private partnerships (P3s). Most P3 projects are financed by using a combination of private equity, debt, and (often) public subsidies. For financial assessment of P3s, it is important to understand these sources of capital, how they are combined (referred to as financial structure), and how funds invested in a project are repaid. A considerable portion of this primer (chapters 2 through 5) discusses these aspects of P3s. The basic concepts of project finance for P3s are presented in chapter 2. Because P3s require revenue to pay back investors and lenders, the various types of revenue sources and their advantages and disadvantages with regard to P3s are described in chapter 3. In chapter 4, sources of public sector financing for P3s are discussed, whereas in chapter 5, the various sources of private capital and their incentives and capabilities are reviewed, including how debt repayments may be scheduled to match projected cash flows and project characteristics to make the project financially viable. Financial modeling and indicators used by public agencies, equity investors, and lenders to assess financial feasibility are discussed in chapters 6 through 9. Finally, a summary and concluding remarks are provided in chapter 10. KW - Assessments KW - Debt KW - Financial analysis KW - Financing KW - Public private partnerships KW - Revenues UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/pdfs/p3/p3_primer_financial_assessment_1213.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55200/55260/p3_primer_financial_assessment_1213.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1359492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01567428 AU - John, Lori AU - Redington, Mike AU - Rutyna, Eve AU - Grace, Nathan AU - Shanahan, Felicity AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - MacroSys Research and Technology TI - Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 2009 Annual Report PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 90p AB - This is the 15th annual report of the results of the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. This report summarizes the reporting requirements for calendar year 2009, the requirements of the overall drug and alcohol testing program (49 CFR Part 40 and 49 CFR Part 655), the results from the data reported for 2009, and the random drug and alcohol violation rates (the percentage of persons selected for a random test who produced a positive specimen or refused to take the test) for calendar years 2003 through 2009. This report provides a brief overview of the drug and alcohol testing requirements for both safety-sensitive employers and employees. The official random rates for 2009 are provided, as well as the official random rate trends over the last seven years. The results of alcohol and drug tests are provided by test type, employee category, and region. The positive testing rates for drugs and alcohol are also provided for each test type, employee category, and region. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Drug tests KW - Employees KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55000/55021/damis09.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55000/55023/damis09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1358906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01562612 AU - Feng, Tian AU - San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District AU - Arup AU - Parsons Brinckerhoff AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART) Climate Change Adaptation Assessment Pilot PY - 2013/12 SP - 151p AB - The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the impacts of climate change on the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART) infrastructure and to develop and implement adaptation strategies against those impacts. Climate change hazards considered are sea-level rise, downpours, and flooding. The study focuses on four specific types of assets: station and maintenance facilities, track and aerial structures, train control, and traction power. It evaluates the current and future impacts of the hazards and uses this information to assess the risk of four specific assets. Adaptation strategies are developed and linked to various departments within the organization. KW - Automatic train control KW - Climate change KW - Electric power KW - Floods KW - Public transit KW - Rail transit stations KW - Railroad tracks KW - Rain KW - Risk assessment KW - San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District KW - Sea level UR - http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_Report_No._0074.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55500/55557/FTA_Report_No._0074.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1352133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01557312 AU - Smith, Sarah AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Safety Improvement Program National Summary Baseline Report: 2009-2012 PY - 2013/12//Summary Report SP - 23p AB - The Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) National Summary Baseline Report compiles and summarizes aggregate information related to the States progress in implementing HSIP projects. Progress in implementing HSIP projects is described based on the amount of HSIP funds available and the number and general listing of projects initiated during the reporting period. The baseline report presents HSIP funding and project data from 2009 through 2012. The HSIP National Summary Baseline Report is not intended to compare states; rather to illustrate how the states are collectively implementing the HSIP to reduce fatalities and serious injuries on all public roads across the nation. KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety Improvement Program KW - Implementation KW - Safety management KW - States UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/hsip/reports/pdf/2013/hsip_report_2009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1345875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01557295 AU - Kurtis, Kimberly E AU - Kahn, Lawrence F AU - Nadelman, Elizabeth AU - Georgia Institute of Technology AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Viability of Concrete Performance-Based Specification for Georgia DOT Projects PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 107p AB - Performance-based specifications provide an alternative means of designing concrete to meet specific performance-related goals. Instead of specifying materials, means, and proportions, as current prescriptive specifications do, a performance-based specification instead indicates the functional requirements for concrete in the plastic and hardened states and allows the concrete producer to design a mixture that meets those requirements. Research conducted in this project has shown that by focusing on achieving specific performance objectives, it is possible to produce more durable concrete mixtures with longer service lives and lower costs than mixtures made under current prescriptive requirements. Based on the results of this research effort, recommendations are proposed for future introduction of performance-based options into the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) Section 500 – Concrete Structures Standard Specification. It is recommended that performance criteria for permeability and dimensional stability be included in future GDOT specifications as optional requirements to supplement the existing prescriptive requirements for concrete structures. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Georgia KW - Mix design KW - Performance based specifications KW - Recommendations KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1346739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548531 AU - Athey Creek Consultants AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Warrants for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Devices PY - 2013/12//Final Report Version 2.1 SP - 79p AB - In 2006, many ENTERPRISE member agencies were facing the challenge of increasing requests for the deployment of technology devices (commonly referred to as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) devices). The group believed that a process of assessing whether individual devices are warranted at specific locations could help them in prioritizing device deployments. In 2009, the group developed initial warrants for the following Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) devices to assist agencies in the decision process of deploying technology devices as well as to validate the location of deployed devices: Closed Circuit Television (CCTV); Dynamic Message Signs (DMS); Highway Advisory Radio (HAR); and Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS). In 2010 warrants were developed for the following technology devices: Variable Speed Limit (VSL) Signs; Dynamic Speed Display Signs (DSDS); Curve Warning Systems; Ramp Meters; and Intelligent Work Zones. ENTERPRISE has continued to identify additional ITS devices for warrant development and in 2013 developed warrants for: Intersection Conflict Warning Systems (ICWS). This document represents the efforts performed to develop the device warrants. Section 8 of this report contains the text of each device warrant which is also included on the ITS Warrants website: http://enterprise.prog.org/itswarrants/. KW - Closed circuit television KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Highway advisory radio KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Ramp metering KW - Road weather information systems KW - Traffic control devices KW - Variable message signs KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) KW - Work zones UR - http://enterprise.prog.org/Projects/2010_Present/itswarrants/ENT%20ITS%20Warrants%20Report%20Final%20121913.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01545577 AU - Circella, Giovanni AU - McFadden, Andrew AU - Alemi, Farzad AU - University of California Transportation Center (UCTC) AU - University of California, Davis TI - California Beyond SB 375: Evaluating the Impact of Proposed Land Use and Transportation Plans on Future Travel Patterns and Interregional Travel Behavior PY - 2013/12 SP - 78p AB - As a result of environmental legislation and regulation in California, land use and transportation policies are being developed by metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs). This study reports on the use of the California Statewide Travel Demand Model (CSTDM) to test the impact of select changes in land use and transportation planning in California. The model has several advantages over previous approaches: it allows modeling the effects of the proposed policies using consistent modeling assumptions for the entire state; it provides for a broader evaluation of policies by simulating both regional/short distance and interregional/long-distance components of travel; and, it provides information on the marginal modifications introduced in transportation patterns by the adoption of the recent Sustainable Community Strategy plans, compared to the previous trends resulting from previous policy and investment plans. Results from this study indicate that changes in land use and transit investment in Sustainable Community Strategies will contribute to lower VMT and increase nonmotorized travel in short distance passenger travel. KW - California KW - Land use planning KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://uctc.net/research/papers/UCTC-FR-2014-06.pdf UR - http://www.its.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/themes/ucdavis/pubs/download_pdf.php?id=2300 UR - https://merritt.cdlib.org/d/ark%3A%2F13030%2Fm5ns283m/1/producer%2F890239634.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1323138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01545294 AU - Tremblay, Jason AU - Colgrove, George W AU - Vermont Agency of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Ultraliner PVC Alloyᵀᴹ Pipeliner PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 17p AB - In an effort to evaluate promising pipe lining techniques, the Vermont Agency of Transportation (the Agency) installed two Ultraliner polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Alloy Pipeliners in the town of Barton, Vermont in May of 2003; one in an 18-inch (450 mm nominal) reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) and one in a 24-inch (600 mm nominal) asphalt coated corrugated metal pipe. The liners were a folded continuously extruded PVC pipeliner and are designed to return to their extruded shape upon the application of heat and to be formed tightly against the host pipe by “blow molding” with steam. In ten years of service life to the publishing of this report, the liners and the culverts have no visible damage. The liners have halted the degradation of the culverts and extended the serviceable lives considerably. Due to these findings, the Agency is in support of continued use of the Ultraliner product, as well as continued evaluations and usage of similar culvert lining materials to extend the lives of culverts and to reduce maintenance costs going forward. KW - Culverts KW - Linings KW - Metal pipe KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Reinforced concrete pipe KW - Service life UR - http://vtransplanning.vermont.gov/sites/aot_program_development/files/documents/materialsandresearch/completedprojects/2013%20-%2013%20Evaluation%20of%20Ultraliner%20PVC%20Alloy%20Pipeliner.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544665 AU - Kipp, Wendy AU - Walters, Benjamin AU - Ahearn, William E AU - Vermont Agency of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Asphalt Treated Permeable Base PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 20p AB - This report summarizes the construction and 13-year performance of an experimental asphalt treated permeable base used along Interstate 89 in the towns of Georgia, Vermont and Fairfax, Vermont. This investigation compares the performance of this material to that of a base material recrushed and re-compacted in place. The performance was based on deterioration criteria including cracking, roughness and field observations. After 13 years of use, both sections exhibit low roughness values for ride. The control treatment had lower roughness values after a 6-year period but throughout time, the experimental roughness values became lower than the control section. There also seems to be a lower cracking average for the control section compared to the experimental test sections. There is not sufficient data to conclude it was substantially better. KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cracking KW - Performance tests KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness KW - Vermont UR - http://vtransplanning.vermont.gov/sites/aot_program_development/files/documents/materialsandresearch/completedprojects/2013%20-09%20Asphalt%20Treated%20Permeable%20Base.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544664 AU - Khattak, Aemal AU - Tung, Li-Wei Chris AU - Mid-America Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Investigation of Distracted Driving Activities At Highway-Rail Grade Crossings (HRGC) PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 55p AB - Safety at highway-rail grade crossings (HRGCs) is a major concern for various agencies due to the high probability of severe injuries and fatalities associated with such locations. In the year 2010, 2,055 crashes and 227 fatalities were reported at grade crossings in the U.S. Of these, 97 crashes were reported at or adjacent to HRGCs in the state of Nebraska, including 43 crashes involving distracted driving. Distracted driving behaviors at HRGCs may increase driver susceptibility to the hazards common to grade crossings, and should therefore be carefully considered in efforts to maintain and improve safety at HRGCs. The objectives of this research were to report on the frequency and sources of distracted driving at HRGCs in Nebraska and to empirically identify factors that may be associated with distracted driving. Data on distracted driving activities were collected at two Nebraska HRGCs. Analyses indicated that, overall, female drivers were more likely to be distracted than male drivers. Drivers of commercial vehicles exhibited higher distraction rates than non-commercial drivers. Driver, vehicle, and environmental characteristics contributed differently to varying levels of driver distractions. The presence of passengers and weather conditions (e.g., clear and dry pavement) were two major contributors to increased instances of distracted driving at HRGCs. Certain aspects of distracted driving at HRGCs that would benefit from further investigation are recommended. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Nebraska KW - Passengers KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Traffic safety KW - Weather conditions UR - http://matc.unl.edu/assets/documents/matcfinal/Khattak_Distractedhighwayusersathighway-railgradecrossings.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01544555 AU - Tremblay, Jason P AU - Colgrove, George W AU - Vermont Agency of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of TechCrete a Concrete Repair Material and Joint Sealant PY - 2013/12 SP - 32p AB - Joint sealing and resealing is a commonly performed concrete pavement maintenance activity that serves two purposes. First, it minimizes water infiltration; second, it prevents intrusion of solid materials in the joints. There are many sealants available for resealing concrete joints including hot-poured, rubberized asphalt sealants and silicone sealants. According to a Federal Highway Administration technology brief, “the hot-poured, rubberized asphalt sealants are less expensive than silicone materials but generally have shorter life expectancies (typically, 4 to 8 years for hot-poured sealants and 5 to 10 for silicone sealants). In the fall of 2007, the City of Winooski resealed some of the pavement joints located along US Route 2 and 7 as part of their periodic preventative maintenance work, with a new hot-poured product, TechCrete, manufactured by Crafco. According to Crafco, this flexible material is a hot-poured product for concrete repairs, which provides high tensile strength and high compressive resistance. It is comprised of a combination of several resins, polymers, and aggregate. In addition, it has proven to provide a long-term life span in most applications. According to the manufacturer, once the material has properly cured, the materials will not de-bond or crack while remaining flexible during the expansion and contraction of the adjacent concrete slabs. Additionally, the affected lane can be open to traffic within one hour of application. In 2008, Crafco contacted Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans) to have TechCrete added to the Approved Products list. This study is an evaluation of the product. VTrans selected the Winooski site and a site in South Burlington where a concrete pavement was placed in 1997 that exhibited similar deterioration, to conduct a field evaluation of the product. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Field tests KW - Joint sealers KW - Joint sealing KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Techcrete KW - Vermont UR - http://vtransplanning.vermont.gov/sites/aot_program_development/files/documents/materialsandresearch/completedprojects/2013%20-%2011%20Assessment%20of%20TechCrete%20a%20Concrete%20Repair%20Material%20and%20Joint%20Sealant.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1331773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01541481 AU - Vegega, Maria AU - Jones, Brian AU - Monk, Chris AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Understanding the Effects of Distracted Driving and Developing Strategies to Reduce Resulting Deaths and Injuries: A Report to Congress PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 32p AB - This report was prepared in accordance with Section 31105 of the 2012 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) Act. The report summarizes a series of studies undertaken by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and others, to acquire the information needed to address the general problem of distracted driving. The report documents what is known about distracted driving, including distractions other than the use of personal wireless communications devices; identifies metrics to determine the nature and scope of the distracted driving problem; and discusses methods to enhance education and awareness of the problem to reduce deaths and injuries caused by all forms of distracted driving. It highlights the need for further research and concludes with recommendations to better address the problem of distracted driving. KW - Countermeasures KW - Distraction KW - Metrics (Quantitative assessment) KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act KW - Recommendations KW - Safety education UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/UnderstandingEffectsDistractDriving.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1327108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01541414 AU - Thomas, Michael D A AU - Folliard, Kevin J AU - Fournier, Benoit AU - Drimalas, Thano AU - Garber, Sabrina I AU - Transtec Group AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Methods for Preventing ASR in New Construction: Results of Field Exposure Sites PY - 2013/12 SP - 36p AB - As part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) alkali-silica reaction (ASR) Development and Deployment Program, two sites were built to study ASR in new concrete construction. Concrete blocks were produced with a range of aggregates and cementitious materials and placed on outdoor exposure sites at the University of Hawaii in Manoa on the island of Oahu and at a Department of Transportation (DOT) storage facility in Lawrence, Massachusetts. The main purpose of these studies was to (1) provide information on the reactivity of local aggregates which could be used as a benchmark to calibrate standard laboratory tests, (2) determine the efficacy of various preventive measures for controlling ASR expansion, and (3) provide data to validate guidelines such as American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) PP65-11. This document presents the preliminary findings from the Oahu and Lawrence exposure sites. KW - Aggregates KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Field studies KW - Lawrence (Massachusetts) KW - Oahu (Hawaii) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/asr/pubs/hif14004.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54700/54743/hif14004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1326522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538321 AU - Randolph, Shapell AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - 2012 Statistical Summaries – FTA Grant Assistance Programs PY - 2013/12 SP - 143p AB - The 2012 Statistical Summaries provides information about the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) major financial aid programs for Federal Fiscal Year (FY) 2012. The report presents detailed fiscal year (FY) funding data for FTA’s major financial aid programs. Use of these funds is identified by program, program element, urbanized area, and state. The data used in this report are compiled from the capital, operating, and planning assistance grants to transit authorities, states, planning agencies, and other units of local government and eligible recipients. The report covers the following programs: Urbanized Area Formula, Non-urbanized Area Formula, Rural Transit Assistance Program, Special Needs for Elderly Individuals and Individuals with Disabilities, Capital, Paul S. Sarbanes Transit in Parks Program, Alternative Analysis, Interstate Substitution, Job Access and Reverse Commute, New Freedom, Over-the-Road Bus, Clean Fuels, Metropolitan Transportation Planning, Statewide Transportation Planning, Consolidated Planning Grants, Emergency Supplemental funding, and State Infrastructure Banks. KW - Appropriations KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Government funding KW - Grant aid KW - Public transit KW - States KW - Statistics KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration UR - http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_Report_No._0059.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01538073 AU - Wang, Ren AU - Work, Daniel B AU - NEXTRANS AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Joint Parameter and State Estimation Algorithms for Real-time Traffic Monitoring PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 61p AB - A common approach to traffic monitoring is to combine a macroscopic traffic flow model with traffic sensor data in a process called state estimation, data fusion, or data assimilation. The main challenge of traffic state estimation is the integration of various types of sensor data (e.g. speed, flow, travel time, etc.) into the flow model due to the nonlinearities of the traffic model. When parameters are also estimated, the nonlinearity of the estimation problem increases, motivating the development of advanced estimation algorithms to handle the additional nonlinearity. To improve performance of traffic state estimation algorithms this work investigates the problem of simultaneously or jointly estimating both the traffic state and the parameters of the traffic model. It uses two new traffic parameter and state estimation algorithms based on multiple model particle filtering, and multiple model particle smoothing. Because incidents on freeways can be modeled through parameter changes in the traffic model, this work applies both algorithms to the problem of incident detection. KW - Automatic incident detection KW - CORSIM (Traffic simulation model) KW - Data fusion KW - Real time data processing KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic surveillance UR - http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/nextrans/assets/pdfs/Joint%20parameter%20and%20state%20estimation%20algorithms%20for%20real-time%20traffic%20monitoring%20097%20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01537940 AU - Lo, Eric AU - Medina, Juan C AU - Benekohal, Rahim F AU - NEXTRANS AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Dynamic Multi Modal Multi‐Objective Intersection Signal Priority Optimization PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 112p AB - In recent years travelers have shown an increased interest in multi‐modal transportation including transit, bike, and pedestrian modes. Past research have studied various aspects of multi‐modal traffic signal strategies, including the assessment of relative mode importance, and how to provide more equitable service for all modes by optimizing signal settings at intersections and along corridors. Most studies on the subject show multi‐modal signal control is limited to at most two modes, and are based on traditional approaches, which are very restricting in nature compared to cycle‐free strategies such as the one proposed in this study. This project takes into account some of the concepts used in previous research, and applies multi‐attribute decision‐making (MADM) methods to combine the effects of four modes of transportation (automobiles, buses, pedestrians, and bicycles) in selecting the most appropriate signal timing settings at an intersection. Three MADM methods were used: SAW (Simple Average Weighting), AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The results from the MADM methods are compared for different scenarios, including scenarios with weights to specify the relative importance of the four modes. A case study involving an intersection with the option of servicing pedestrians using standard parallel crossings or a pedestrian scramble phase is evaluated.  In addition to the MADM methods, a multi‐agent approach based on reinforcement learning was applied to optimize signal timings using a computer simulation package and real‐time decision making based on inputs from virtual detectors. This resulted in a signal timing operation that is cycle‐free and adaptive. The agent‐based approach uses model‐free reinforcement learning to optimize the operation of the signals through a multi‐objective reward function. The agents make decisions, observe, and learn from the behavior of the system, evolving the knowledge about the scenario presented to the agent and thus, improving future decisions. The microscopic simulator VISSIM was selected for this study because it is capable of simulating all four modes of transportation: pedestrians, bicycles, motor‐vehicles, and transit, and it also has the capabilities of using external controllers (i.e. reinforcement learning agents with a multi‐objective reward function) for manipulating the traffic signals in running time. KW - Adaptive control KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Multiple criteria decision making KW - Optimization KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic signal cycle KW - Traffic signal priority KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/nextrans/assets/pdfs/Dynamic%20Multi%20Modal%20Multi-Objective%20Intersection%20Signal%20Priority%20Optimization%200102IY04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1322646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01535731 AU - Foertsch, Kevin AU - Davies, Patricia AU - Partnership for AiR Transportation Noise and Emissions Reduction AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - The Number-of-Events as a Predictor Variable in Aircraft Noise Annoyance Models PY - 2013/12 SP - 313p AB - Aircraft noise may have a number of direct adverse effects on the communities surrounding airports, including annoyance. The annoyance reactions of individuals and communities to aircraft noise are predicted with annoyance models, which are normally functions of predictor variables that describe the noise exposure. The number of aircraft events that a person is exposed to (the number-of-events), has been hypothesized as a significant contributor to annoyance. However, most models of annoyance to aircraft noise are functions only of the average sound energy of the total noise exposure. The purpose of this research is to quantify the relative effects of sound level and number-of-events in historical noise survey data sets and to develop a survey simulation tool to help in the design of future surveys so that the collected data will be sufficient to compare the performance of proposed annoyance models. The models considered here are Day-Night Average Sound Level (DNL) and those that are a function of sound level and number-of-events. Seven historical data sets were collected and analyzed individually and in combination. Multiple linear regression models were estimated using the annoyance, sound level, and number-of-events variables in the data sets. The contributions of sound level and number-of-events to the prediction of annoyance were compared. Most regression models could not be distinguished from an equal-energy annoyance model. A general-purpose tool was developed to simulate annoyance surveys around airports. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of survey sampling approaches. Annoyance surveys were simulated around three airports in the United States. The use of stratification, as opposed to simple random sampling, resulted in more robust estimation of annoyance models. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Airports KW - Annoyance KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Simulation KW - Sound level KW - United States UR - http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/partner/reports/proj24/proj24-2013-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1317110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01534893 AU - Drakopoulos, Alex AU - Liu, Yue AU - Horowitz, Alan AU - National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE) AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Heavy Vehicle Performance During Recovery From Forced-Flow Urban Freeway Conditions Due To Incidents, Work Zones and Recurring Congestion PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 106p AB - Information contained in the Highway Capacity Manual on the influence heavy vehicles have on freeway traffic operations has been based on few field data collection efforts and relied mostly on traffic simulation efforts. In the 2010 Manual heavy vehicle impact is evaluated based on “passenger car equivalent” values for buses/trucks and recreational vehicles. These values were calibrated for relatively uncongested freeway conditions (levels of service A through C) since inadequate field data on heavy vehicle behavior under congested conditions were available. Field-collected headway information was based on the average headway for vehicles in a particular class, regardless of the type of vehicle they were following. The goal of the present effort was to collect and analyze freeway field data on headways with an emphasis on heavy vehicle behavior under lower speeds typically associated with a level of service E (capacity) or F (forced-flow conditions). Contrary to previous efforts incorporated in the Highway Capacity Manual methodology, that disregarded the effect a leading vehicle has on headways, headway information was collected for ten leading/following vehicle pair types containing at least one passenger car (for example buses followed by passenger cars). Headway statistics were analyzed for nine speed ranges (up to 20 mph; 20-25 mph; 25-30 mph; 30-35 mph; 35-40 mph; 40-45 mph; 45-50 mph; 50-55 mph; and 55+ mph) and ten vehicle pair types. Passenger car equivalent values were derived for each speed range based on the average headway for a specific vehicle pair type divided by the average headway between passenger cars. A total of 3,981,810 individual vehicle records were used to construct the 2,645,210 vehicle pair records for which headway statistics were compiled. All analyzed information originated from the Milwaukee County, Wisconsin urban freeway system. Leading and following vehicle class and speed were found to significantly influence headways and passenger car equivalent values. KW - Car following KW - Freeway operations KW - Headways KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Level of service KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic measurement UR - http://www.wistrans.org/cfire/documents/FR_0417.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1320003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01532310 AU - Aghazadeh, Fereydoun AU - Ikuma, Laura Hughes AU - Ishak, Sherif AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Southwest Region University Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Effect of Changing Driving Conditions on Driver Behavior Towards Design of a Safe and Efficient Traffic System PY - 2013/12 SP - 69p AB - This simulation-based study explores the effects of different work zone configurations, varying distances between traffic signs, traffic density and individual differences on drivers’ behavior. Conventional Lane Merge (CLM) and Joint Lane Merge (JLM) were modeled in a driving simulator and thirty participants (seven female and 23 male students) navigated through the two configurations with two levels of traffic density and in three different conditions: a) standard sign distance, b) 25% reduction, and c) 25% increase in the distance between traffic signs in the advance warning zone. Information regarding travel time, speed, braking force and location of merge was collected through the simulator. Self-reported measures of mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, frustration and total workload were recorded from all participants by using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Task Load Index (TLX). The results show that, on average, driving through the JLM took 18.8% longer than the CLM. Moreover, no significant difference in speed was found between the two merge configurations. However, the percent maximum braking force was 34% lower in the JLM configuration. The comparison of two merge configurations with respect to the location of changing lanes suggest that overall, the JLM configuration encourages drivers to remain in the closed lane longer. The analysis of self-reported workload ratings shows that participants reported 15.3% lower total workload and 18.8% higher performance when driving through the JLM. Moreover, mental demand, temporal demand, effort and frustration were lower in JLM by 16.4%, 23.4%, 13.7% and 28%, respectively. In terms of self-reported workload, the JLM is more conducive to driving. In conclusion, the JLM outperforms the CLM. KW - Behavior KW - Braking KW - Distance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Merging area KW - Merging traffic KW - Traffic signs KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Workload UR - http://swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/600451-00103-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1317279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01532306 AU - Barrett, Timothy J AU - Sun, Hongfang AU - Weiss, W Jason AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of Portland Limestone Cements: Cements Designed to Be More Sustainable That Include up to 15% Limestone Addition PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 68p AB - In 2009, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) permitted the use of up to 5% interground limestone in ordinary portland cement (OPC) as a part of ASTM C150/AASHTO M85. When this project was initiated a new proposal was being discussed that would enable up to 15% interground limestone to be considered in ASTM C595/AASHTO M234 cement. This project was initiated to provide rapid feedback to Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) for use in discussions regarding these specifications (this has become ASTM C595/AASHTO M234). Portland limestone cement (PLC) is designed to enable more sustainable construction which may significantly reduce the CO₂ that is embodied in the built infrastructure while extending the life of cement quarries. The physical and chemical properties of the cementitious materials used in this study were examined. PLC is typically a finer cement (10 to 30% Blaine fineness) with a reduction in the coarse clinker particles (>20µm) and an increase in fine particles which are primarily limestone. Isothermal calorimetry and chemical shrinkage results imply that these PLC materials have a similar or slightly greater reaction and would be able to be used interchangeably with OPC in practice as it relates to the rate of reaction. The PLC mortars exhibited relatively similar activation energies compared to the corresponding OPCs allowing the maturity method to be used by INDOT for both the PLC and OPC systems. The mechanical properties of OPC and PLC were generally similar with the PLC typically having slightly higher early age strengths but similar 28 day strengths. No significant change in drying shrinkage or restrained shrinkage cracking was observed for the PLC when compared with OPC (Barrett et al. 2013). The PLC has similar volumes of permeable voids as the OPC. The chloride diffusion coefficients in the PLC systems may range from 0 to 30% higher than the OPCs. The PLC showed synergistic benefits when paired with fly ash. Based on the available literature and available testing results INDOT could consider PLC, as specified in accordance with ASTM C‐595/AASHTO M 240, to be a suitable option for use in INDOT concrete applications. KW - Air voids KW - Clinkers KW - Indiana KW - Limestone KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Shrinkage UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315335 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52400/52461/fulltext.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1317280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526424 AU - Grant, Michael AU - Siwek, Sarah AU - O'Rourke, Laurence AU - Rose, Eliot AU - O'Connell, Jenny AU - ICF International AU - Sarah J. Siwek & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Performance-Based Approach to Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Transportation Planning PY - 2013/12 SP - 74p AB - This publication is a handbook designed to be a resource for State Departments of Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Organizations engaged in performance-based planning and programming to integrate greenhouse gas (GHG) performance measures into transportation decision making. It discusses key approaches for integrating GHG emissions into a performance-based planning and programming (PBPP) approach, considerations for selecting an appropriate GHG performance measure, and using GHG performance measures to support investment choices and to enhance decision making. KW - Air quality management KW - Decision making KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Performance measurement KW - Pollutants KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/mitigation/publications_and_tools/ghg_planning/ghg_planning.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1308225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526295 AU - Craver, Vinka Oyanedel AU - Kasaraneni, Varun AU - Kohm, Steven AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - University of Rhode Island Transportation Center AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pervious Concrete Research Facility: Winter Performance and Enhancement of Pollutants Removal PY - 2013/12 SP - 20p AB - The purpose of the current study was to design and test a porous medium that can potentially be applied in pervious pavement systems. The principle goals were to identify a material capable of enhancing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sorption capacity, thereby mitigating the influx of PAHs into the deeper subsurface. The necessary laboratory studies were carried out in three phases: (1) synthesis of organically modified soils; (2) testing of the effectiveness of the organic amendments to Rhode Island glacial outwash soil and organoclay to sorb the PAH compound Naphthalene; and (3) determination of whether any of the conventional construction components of pervious pavement systems (i.e., porous concrete, aggregate, including unmodified soil) contribute to PAH removal. The PAH compounds acenaphthene and flourene were used for the second part of the study. KW - Aromatic hydrocarbons KW - Clay soils KW - Concrete pavements KW - Contaminants KW - Laboratory studies KW - Permeability KW - Pollutants KW - Runoff KW - Sorption KW - Subsoil UR - http://131.128.106.203/uritc-org/media/finalreportspdf/0002595.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1309908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01523303 AU - Cheu, Ruey Long AU - Hernandez, Salvador AU - Miramontes, Jessica AU - Balal, Esmaeil AU - Colmenero, Yvonne AU - University of Texas, El Paso AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - El Paso Metropolitan Planning Organization AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Warehouse Location and Freight Attraction in the Greater El Paso Region PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 99p AB - This project analyzes the current and future warehouse and distribution center locations along the El Paso-Juarez regions in the United States-Mexico border. This research has developed a comprehensive database to aid in decision support process for identifying potential warehouse and distribution center locations. This database will provide information regarding accessibility, mobility, safety, and economic feasibility of the sites. In addition, truck volumes at four selected sites in El Paso have been collected and analyzed to provide planners information on the expected truck trips that would be generated and attracted in the warehouse and distribution center locations. The observed trip generation and attraction rates are compared with the Institute of Transportation Engineers’ trip generation models. KW - Databases KW - Decision support systems KW - El Paso (Texas) KW - Freight transportation KW - Industrial location KW - Traffic volume KW - Trip generation KW - Truck traffic KW - United States-Mexico Border KW - Warehouses UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/CAIT-UTC-018-final_0.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51700/51705/CAIT-UTC-018-final_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1307064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01523120 AU - Ferraro, Christopher C AU - Watts, Benjamin E AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation TI - Development of Design Parameters for Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 134p AB - The development, testing, and certification of new concrete mix designs is an expensive and time-consuming aspect of the concrete industry. A software package, named the Virtual Concrete and Cement Testing Laboratory (VCCTL), has been developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology as a tool to predict the performance of concrete mixes quickly using computer simulation of the hydration behavior of concrete. This software requires thorough characterization of the raw materials of a concrete mix design in order to accurately model the hydration reactions. A two-phase testing program was implemented to evaluate the how well the VCCTL software can predict concrete performance. The techniques required to characterize portland cement were developed and implemented to provide input data for the VCCTL software. The resulting virtual materials were simulated, and a second testing program was performed on physical specimens to evaluate the accuracy of those simulations. The accuracy with which the software simulated basic properties of concrete, such as strength, elastic modulus, and time of set, were examined. The process of acquiring cement phase volume and surface area fraction data has been improved substantially through the use of automated scanning electron microscopy. This has resulted in a more efficient process to obtain cement characterization data for use in the VCCTL software. Comparison of isothermal calorimetry data and corresponding time of set data has shown that a typical Type F high-range water-reducing admixture (superplasticizer) delayed time of set and shifted the main silicate hydration peak by the same amount of time. At the dosages explored within this study, the delay was proportional to the dosage rate. The empirical predictions for compressive strength, which were based on elastic modulus and developed for concretes using coarse aggregates that were mineralogically and/or microstructurally different than typical Florida limestone aggregates, were not accurate for concretes made with Florida limestone. More work is needed to accurately predict compressive strength based on the elastic properties of concrete containing Florida limestone coarse aggregates. A more fundamental approach to the simulation of concrete strength should be investigated. Detailed characterization of the elastic properties of Florida limestones used to produce coarse aggregates for portland cement concrete should be performed. A database of properties of concrete mix designs containing Florida aggregate for use with the VCCTL software and other projects should be created. The VCCTL software was found to be an effective tool for the simulation of elastic modulus of portland cement concrete, provided the materials being simulated are properly characterized. The VCCTL software currently does not have a means to incorporate the effects of admixtures on cement hydration. An initial attempt to integrate the effects of a water-reducing admixture, using heat of hydration data, was successful for a Type F water reducer, but the software significantly underestimated the setting time for a Type D water reducer. More work is needed to reliably incorporate the effects of admixtures into the VCCTL software. There are a number of materials that can be modeled in the VCCTL software that were not considered for this research. There is support for both fly ash and blast furnace slag hydration in the VCCTL software, though the accuracy of the model in this respect is largely unknown. The techniques required to characterize these materials are also more involved due to the significant glassy (amorphous) phase contents of their compositions. The methods by which these materials can be characterized and the accuracy with which they are simulated in the VCCTL software should be explored. KW - Cement paste KW - Concrete tests KW - Florida KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Strength of materials KW - Virtual reality UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_SMO/FDOT-BDK75-977-73-rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522230 AU - National Center for Safe Routes to School AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Advancing Transportation and Health: Approaches from the Federal Safe Routes to School Program that offer broad application PY - 2013/12 SP - 12p AB - In August 2012, the White House Roundtable on Health and Transportation was convened to discuss the intersection of health and transportation and the challenges of implementation. The National Center director and Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA’s) Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program manager participated in the roundtable. It became clear that the Federal SRTS Program has been able to use its unique purpose, which deliberately and consciously required both public health and transportation solutions, to successfully address many of the issues discussed. To build on the discussion from the White House Roundtable, the National Center convened a SRTS Roundtable on Transportation and Health in March 2013. The National Center invited transportation and health professionals to examine the contributions that SRTS has made, and can continue to make, to transportation and health programs, regardless of SRTS’ place within transportation legislation and funding programs. KW - Implementation KW - Public health KW - Safe Routes to School (Program) KW - School children KW - School trips KW - Transportation planning KW - United States UR - http://www.saferoutesinfo.org/sites/default/files/transportation_health_v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1305800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01520477 AU - Morton, Tom AU - Woodward Communications AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Multiscale Materials Modeling Workshop Summary Report PY - 2013/12 SP - 44p AB - This report summarizes a 2-day workshop held to share information on multiscale material modeling. The aim was to gain expert feedback on the state of the art and identify Exploratory Advanced Research (EAR) Program opportunities for multiscale material modeling as it applies to the optimization of properties, durability, and construction of asphalt and cementitious pavement and construction materials. The workshop provided an opportunity for researchers who develop material models and engineers who use the results of material models to discuss multiscale modeling of cementitious and asphaltic materials. Discussion topics included the purposes and audiences for current and future models, the state of the art in approaches to model degradation mechanisms across length scales, and technical and programmatic approaches to advance multiscale modeling methods. These discussions will form the basis for transition of results from research on multiscale material modeling and new plans for EAR program activities. KW - Asphalt based materials KW - Building materials KW - Cement KW - Materials science KW - Multiscale modeling KW - Workshops UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/13130/13130.pdf UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/13130/index.cfm. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01519389 AU - ICF International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of the Body of Knowledge on Incorporating Climate Change Adaptation Measures into Transportation Projects PY - 2013/12 SP - 65p AB - Transportation systems are vulnerable to extreme weather and climate change impacts, such as increased temperatures, sea level rise, and more intense storms. These events threaten the ability of transportation agencies to effectively plan, invest in, operate, and maintain their infrastructure. Over the past decade, many transportation agencies have transitioned from vulnerability assessment to adaptation planning. Having evaluated the risk that climate change poses, these agencies are ready to begin building their resilience to a range of possible climate futures. This report highlights adaptation actions that transportation agencies around the world are already pursuing and articulates a growing set of best practices for implementing adaptation. The report also discusses strategies, examples, and best practices for evaluating the costs and benefits of adaptation. The purpose of the report is to provide transportation practitioners with a guide to the current “state of practice” in this field. Since many transit agencies have actively pursued adaptation strategies, this report also covers relevant adaptation initiatives from transit agencies. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Best practices KW - Climate change KW - State of the practice KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Transportation departments KW - Transportation planning KW - Weather and climate UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/publications_and_tools/transportation_projects/transportationprojects.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1302416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01518933 AU - Zlatkovic, Milan AU - Porter, Richard J AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation TI - Lessons Learned - Pavement Marking Warranty Contract PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 70p AB - In 2012, Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) implemented a performance-based warranty on a portion of an I-15 pavement marking project. The awarded contract requested a contractor warranty on the implemented markings for a total duration of six years. This is the first time that UDOT has requested a warranty on pavement markings, and also the first time that Interstate Maintenance (IM) funds were used for pavement markings. This report documents lessons learned from the preconstruction, construction and post-construction phases of this project, collected through surveys of key involved UDOT personnel. It also includes a literature review on pavement marking warranty contracts in general, a review of the I-15 performance-based warranty contract, and reviews of previous, materials and workmanship warranty based pavement marking contracts of similar size. The estimated life-cycle and suggestions for benefit-cost analysis are also included. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Contracts KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Literature reviews KW - Performance based specifications KW - Road markings KW - Surveys KW - Utah Department of Transportation KW - Warranty UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51100/51140/UT-13_16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1301160 ER -