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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

ISO
11660-1

Second edition
2008-02-15

Cranes—Access, guards and restraints—
Part 1: General

Appareils de levage a charge suspendue — Moyens d'accès, dispositifs de protection et de retenue —

Partie 1: Généralités

Reference number
ISO 11660-1:2008(E)

© ISO 2008

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© ISO 2008

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Contents

Foreword

ISO (the international Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 11660-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 96, Cranes, Subcommittee SC 7, Tower cranes.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11660-1:1999), which has been technically revised.

ISO 11660 consists of the following parts, under the general title Cranes—Access, guards and restraints.

— Part 1: General

— Part 2: Mobile cranes

— Part 3: Tower cranes

— Part 5: Bridge and gantry cranes

Cranes — Access, guards and restraints —

Part 1:
General

1 Scope

This part of ISO 11660 establishes the general requirements for access to control stations and other areas of cranes as defined in ISO 4306-1, during normal operations, maintenance, inspection, erection, dismantling and emergency. It also deals with guards and restraints in general, concerning the protection of persons on or near the crane with regard to moving parts, falling objects or live parts.

The particular requirements relating to access, guards and restraints for the various types of cranes and lifting appliances are given in ISO 11660-2, ISO 11660-3 and ISO 11660-5.

In some cases, the particular requirements may not comply with the general requirements. Different dimensions can be permitted provided an equivalent degree of protection is achieved.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 4306-1, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General

IEC 60204-32, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 32: Requirements for hoisting machines

3 Terms, definitions and symbols

3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 4306-1 and the following apply.

3.1.1
rung ladder
means of access consisting of side-rails and rungs which accommodate both feet, used where the angle of inclination to the horizontal of inclination exceeds 75°

3.1.2
stepped ladder
means of access consisting of side-rails and steps which accommodate both feet, used where the angle of inclination to the horizontal exceeds 60°

3.1.3
stair
means of access used where the angle of inclination to the horizontal does not exceed 50°

3.1.4
ramp
plane inclined at an angle of 20° or less from the horizontal, without steps

3.1.5
walkway
part of an access system, with essentially horizontal flooring, that permits walking or crawling between locations on a crane

3.1.6
rest platform
standing area for persons to rest, situated at intervals between flights of ladders or stairs

3.1.7
platform
horizontal surface for the support of persons engaged in operation, maintenance, inspection or repair work

3.1.8
handrail
device that provides continuous hand support between two locations

3.1.9
handhold
means of providing support by a single hand placement

3.1.10
toeboard
vertical plate that is placed around the perimeter of the platform to retain loose objects

3.1.11
foothold
means of providing support for one or two feet

3.1.12
manhole
access opening to allow the passage of a person and which can be fitted with a cover

3.1.13
hatch
access opening to allow the passage of a person and which is fitted with a hinged door

3.1.14
powered access system
means of access with a power source other than manual and which is used only by operators of the crane

3.1.15
personal protective equipment
any device or appliance designed to be worn or held by an individual for protection against one or more health and safety hazards

3.2 Symbols

4 Access

4.1 Classification of access

For the purposes of this part of ISO 11660, the following cases apply:

1. type 1 access: access designed for use without personal protective equipment;
2. type 2 access: access for which some characteristics of type 1 access are not provided; type 2 access may require the use of personal protective equipment.

4.2 Selection of access

4.2.1 Selection of the means of access

Access to control stations, machinery spaces and portions of the crane for which periodic inspection or maintenance is required shall be provided by means such as steps, stairs, ladders, gangways, landings and platforms complete with such handrails, handholds and other accessories as are necessary.

The system shall allow for safe access to cabin and walkway.

For cranes that are regularly erected and dismantled, means of access shall be provided as required for those operations. Their design shall permit performance of the work required.

For high cranes, it may be advantageous to have a powered access means to the cabin. If a powered access system is provided, the crane shall be designed to receive it. In this case, a complementary means of access of type 2 shall also be provided.

Manufacturers shall take into consideration the following when determining the means of access to be provided:

1. frequency of use;
2. equipment or tools to be carried;
3. vertical distance to cover;
4. nature of use, e.g. maintenance, inspection, walkway.

Figure 1 shows the ranges of angle for different means of access in their working position.

Provision of access should be in the following preferential order: stair, rung ladder, stepped ladder. In addition, fixed means (e.g. hoop guard, side protection) shall be preferred to personnel protective equipment.

4.2.2 Selection of the type of access

The selection of the type of access shall be as follows:

— access to control station and starting equipment: type 1 access;

— access for maintenance period more frequent than once per month: type 1 access.

In the following cases, type 2 access may be used:

1. access for maintenance period less frequent than once per month: in this case, access shall be designed for use without personal protective device against falls from height;
2. access for erection and dismantling.

NOTE        For a definition of maintenance, see ISO 23815-1:2007, 3.2, “planned (preventive) maintenance”.

4.2.3 Protection against falls from height

Table 1 summarizes the various equipment as defined in Clauses 6,7 and 9, with the possible corresponding protection depending on the type of access.

Figure 1 — Ranges of angle for different means of access in their working position

5 General requirements

5.1 Provisions shall be made on every access to provide simultaneous three point support (two hands and one foot; or two feet and one hand).

5.2 Where lateral body movement is necessary from a rung of a ladder to another support surface, the distance between the step or rung and the nearest edge of the support surface shall be within a spherical radius of 0.3 m maximum (see Figure 2).

Figure 2 — Distance between a step or rung and the nearest edge of any support surface

5.3 Means of access, walking and standing areas shall:

1. have their working position (s) designated, e.g. platform on articulated boom needs defined position of the boom for access;
2. take into account the number of persons, and the presence of objects such as tools and spare parts;
3. be constructed of materials specified as being incombustible and with slip resistant surfaces (see Annex A) which do not retain liquid.

5.4 Every control station shall have at least one exit onto a fixed means of access. An alternative means of egress shall be provided when the fixed means of access cannot be reached from all working positions of the control station or of the crane.

5.5 Any aperture in the floor of a gangway, inclined walkway, landing or platform situated above an area where persons could be present shall have slots or interstices which:

1. do not allow a sphere of 20 mm to pass through;
2. have a maximum width of 12 mm when the length is equal to or greater than 200 mm.

5.6 Hand supports shall have smooth surfaces. Edges shall have radii (minimum 2 mm) or be chamfered (minimum 2 mm ×2 mm).

Rung ends to retain the hands or feet shall be provided at the ends of handholds and footholds.

5.7 When access is foreseen with portable ladders, permanent means shall be provided to prevent the head of the ladder from moving.

Those ladders shall meet the requirements of this part of ISO 11660 for ladders.

5.8 Where means of access are provided between moving parts of the crane structure, the trapping, crushing, falling hazards shall be addressed in the following preferable order: interlocking, locking, information/marking.

6 Stairs and stepped ladders

6.1 The steps shall be of the non skid type and the outer edge (nose) shall be free from sharp edges.

6.2 Step construction shall minimize accumulation of debris and aid in the cleaning of mud and debris from the shoe sole where appropriate.

6.3 The steps shall withstand without permanent deformation:

1. a force of 2 000 N applied through a 125 mm diameter disc at any location of the surface; and
2. a uniformly distributed force of 4 500 N per square meter.

6.4 Type 1 stairs shall be provided with a handrail and an intermediate guard-rail (see Clause 10 and Table 7) on both sides.

If the distance between stairs and a continuous surface is less than 0.2 m it is permissible to omit intermediate guard-rails.

All stepped ladders shall be provided with handrails or handholds on both sides (see Clause 10).

Steps shall be regularly, spaced. The distance from the floor to the first step should be the same as the riser height of the stair or ladder, but may vary to accommodate movement between the floor and the step of for the fitting of standardized components.

Stairs and stepped ladders shall have dimensions in accordance with Figure 3, Table 2 and Table 3.

Figure 3 — Dimensional parameters for stairs and stepped ladders

7 Rung ladders and footholds

7.1 Rung ladders

7.1.1 The uprights shall permit a firm grasp and shall be free from sharp edges.

7.1.2 The rungs shall support at their centre a force of 1 200 N distributed over 0,1 m without permanent deformation.

7.1.3 Emergency ladders shall comply with requirements of 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.

7.1.4 The following requirements apply to rung ladders or rungs fixed to a surface:

1. rungs shall be regularly spaced with the exception of the first rung, which may vary to accommodate for movement between the floor and the rung or for the fitting of standardized components.
2. handholds (see Clause 10) shall be provided to give access to or from the ladder (see Figure 4 and Table 7).

Figure 4 — Dimensional parameters for handholds and handrails

7.1.5 Where a vertical ladder provides access to a walkway, platform or rest platform, handholds need not be provided if one of the following conditions is fulfiled:

1. two handrails (see Clause 10) are provided at least 1 m in height from the floor of the walkway, platform or rest platform;
2. the ladder uprights are extended to at least 1 m in height from the floor of the walkway, platform or rest platform;
3. one handrail and one ladder upright are provided to at least 1 m in height from the floor of the walkway, platform or rest platform.

Type 1 ladders which present a risk of falling greater than 5 m shall be equipped with a hoop guard (see Clause 8).

Type 1 ladders shall have rest platforms at least every 6 m.

Flights of ladders shall be positioned or other means provided to prevent persons falling more than 6 m. Whenever possible, flights of ladders shall be positively separated from one another.

The cross-section of a rung shall be circular, or have rounded corners.

The dimensions of rungs and rung ladders shall be in accordance with Figure 5, Figure 6 and Table 4.

Figure 5 — Dimensions parameters for rung ladder

Figure 6 — Free space around the rung (ladder without hoop-guard)

7.2 Footholds

Depending on the shape of the footholds, their dimensions are similar to the rungs of the ladders or are as given in Figure 7; the values of m and d are given in Table 4 and the values of u and z are given in Table 7.

Handholds (see Clause 10) shall be provided to given access to or from the foothold (see Figure 7 and Table 7).

Footholds shall be regularly spaced. The distance between the floor and the first foothold shall be the same as the riser height with the exception of the first foothold, which may vary to accommodate for movement between the floor and the rung or for the fitting of standardized components.

Figure 7 — Dimensions for foothold

8 Hoop guards

8.1 A hoop-guard is required for ladders where there is a risk of falling further than 5m, except when the ladder is located inside a structure such that the structural members provide equivalent protection. This equivalent protection is achieved when the two following conditions are fulfilled:

1. a sphere of 0,6 m diameter cannot pass horizontally through the vertical structure;
2. the free space inside the structure is equivalent to that given by the hoop guard (see the examples given in Figure 6).

Hoop-guards dimensions shall be in accordance with Table 5.

The hoops shall be connected by three or five longitudinal bars spaced equally around the hoop. In all cases, a bar shall be fixed in a position diametrically opposite to the centre line of the ladder.

The strength of the hoop guard supported by the longitudinal bars shall allow application at any point on a hoop of a vertical force of 1 000 N distributed over 0,1 m; no permanent deformation shall result.

Where a platform (measured perpendicular to the ladder) has a width of less than or equal to 1m, the gap between the lowest hoop and the handrail shall be reduced to prevent a person from falling through.

NOTE      This can be achieved by connecting the hoop to the handrail or equivalent protection (see Figure 9).

Figure 8 — Free space inside structure

Figure 9 — Example of additional protection

8.2 Movable hoop-guards may be used in conjunction with movable cabin or platform.

8.3 Movable hoop-guards for rung ladders shall:

1. have their movement guided along the access ladder;
2. for all operating positions be designed such that the hoops remain perpendicular to the ladder;
3. be fitted with at least five flexible straps.

8.4 Each flexible strap shall:

1. have a minimum strength of 25 kN;
2. exhibit an elastic extension not exceeding 10% of the length when a force of 10kN is applied.

Movable hoop-guards dimensions shall be in accordance with Table 5.

9 Walkways, inclined walkways, platforms and manholes

All surfaces upon which personnel may stand shall withstand, without permanent deformation:

1. a force of 2 000 N applied through a 125 mm diameter disc at any location on the surface, and
2. a uniformly distributed force of 4 500 N.m^-2

If the dimensions of platform hatch on manhole do not allow space for more than one person, it shall be designed for a minimum force of 1 250 N, instead of the requirements of a) and b) above.

Handholds or handrails shall be provided for walkways, inclined walkways, rest platforms and platforms above 1m. Side protection shall be provided if the vertical drop from the open side of the surface is greater than 3m (see Clause 10).

When a walkway is provided alongside a continuous surface which is intended to provide support in the event of a fall, then a handrail is not required along the continuous surface provided that (see Figure 10):

— H + W ≥ 1,25m, or

— H ≥ 0,7m.

For the choice of dimension of type 2 platforms, items a) to d) listed in 4.2.1 shall be taken into account and the relationship between free height and minimum length of any side shall be in accordance with Figure 11. See also Clause 11.

For the choice of dimension of type 2 walkways and inclined walkways, items a) to d) listed in 4.2.1 shall be taken into account and the relationship between free height and width shall be in accordance with Figure 11. See also Clause 11.

The dimensions of walkways, inclined walkways, platforms, and manholes shall be in accordance with Table 6.

Figure 10 — Walkway provided along a continuous surface

Figure 11 — Relationship between height and other dimensions

10 Handholds, handrails, intermediate guard-rails and side protection

Handholds shall be oriented in a manner consistent with the movement.

Handrails and the line of any handholds shall be parallel to the path of motion of the user.

Side protection shall be achieved with a handrail, an intermediate guard-rail and toe board, or any other means of ensuring at least equivalent protection.

Where side protection on a walkway, inclined walkway or rest platform is interrupted for access to a connected stair or ladder, the access space need not be protected.

Where side protection on a platform is interrupted to provide access and there is a risk of falling, the interruption shall be protected by the provision of a self-closing device which cannot open outwards, e.g. a gate.

The use of flexible elements such as chains and ropes is not permitted for side protection.

The dimensions of handholds, handrails, intermediate guard-rails and side protection shall be in accordance with Figures 4,7 and 12 and Table 7.

NOTE       See also Clause 11.

The preferred cross-section of a handrail or handhold is circular. A square or rectangular cross-section with rounded corners is permissible.

11 Minimum free space for walkway and inclined walkway

The minimum free space for walkways and inclined walkways shall be determined taking into account:

— Figure 11, which shows the relationship between height and other dimensions;

— the free height above the floor of walkways and inclined walkways, as defined in Table 6;

— clearance between parallel handrails through which the body shall pass (dimension u in Figures 4 and 7 and as defined in Table 7.)

The illustration is given in Figure 13.

12 Hatch

Hatches shall be capable of only being opened against gravity. Those in rest platforms and walkways shall also be provided with a means to secure the trapdoor in the open position. Hatches in platforms shall be self-closing, e.g. by gravity.

The force necessary to open a hatch shall not exceed 135 N.

Figure 12 — Dimensional parameters for side protection

Figure 13 — Minimum free spaces for walkways and inclined walkways

13 Guards and restraints

13.1 Guards for moving parts

Moving parts such as drives, projecting axle, ends, wheels, belt-drives, chains, couplings, gearing, rail wheels and pulleys, which might constitute a hazard during normal operation, maintenance or adjustment, shall be guarded. These guards may be removed or taken out of service temporarily if necessary for maintenance or adjustment.

The guards shall support without permanent deformation the weight of a 90 kg person, unless the guard is located in an area where it is forbidden to stand or to circulate during operation or maintenance.

13.2 Prevention of objects from falling

Crane parts such as gears, pulleys, trolley wheels, covers, lids and boxes shall be designed, assembled and fixed in such a way as to prevent them falling during normal operation, when such an event may constitute a hazard.

Covers, guards and access closures shall be fitted with hinges or other means to prevent them from falling.

When hinged, they shall be provided with means such as latches, locks and self weight to maintain them in both the opened and closed positions.

14 Electrical guarding

The electrical guarding shall be in accordance with IEC 60204-32.

Annex A
(informative)

Examples of surface considered to be slip-resistant

The following are examples of surfaces considered slip-resistant:

1. raised grip: grating with raised perforated buttons (see Figure A.1;)
2. open grip: grating with diamond pattern having serrated surface edges (see Figure A.2;)
3. sand coat; surface coated with sand containing paint or paint to which sand has been applied before drying;
4. flex tread: high-friction textured sheet material, comprised of a plastic film coated with silicon carbide abrasive particles; the back of the film is coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive.

Figure A.1 — Illustration of raised grip surface

Figure A.2 — Illustration of open grip surface

Bibliography

1. ISO 11660-2, Cranes — Access, guards and restraints — Part 2: Mobile cranes
2. ISO 11660-3, Cranes — Access, guards and restraints — Part 3: Tower Cranes
3. ISO 11660-5, Cranes — Access, guards and restraints — Part 5: Bridge and gantry cranes
4. ISO 12100-1, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology
5. ISO 12100-2, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 2: Technical principles
6. ISO 23815-1:2007, Cranes — Maintenance — Part 1: General

ICS 53.020.20
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