ERROR to the Circuit Court for the District of California; the case being thus:

The city of Sacramento having been incorporated March 26th, 1851,1 was reincorporated by act of April 25th, 1863.2

The act enacts as follows:

'§ 2. The city of Sacramento shall be governed by a board of trustees consisting of three members.

'§ 3. The officers of the city of Sacramento shall be a first, second, and third trustee, who shall constitute a board of trustees.

'§ 4. The board of trustees shall be designated as follows: The first trustee shall be president of the board of trustees and general executive officer of the city government.

'§ 5. The president of the board of trustees shall be the head of the police and general executive head of the city.'

No mayor is mentioned in the charter.

This statute being in force, Mrs. Fowle, owning certain unpaid bonds of the city, issued in October, 1852, under the former incorporation, brought suit in 1866 against the city, in the District Court of the twelfth judicial district of the State of California, a court of general common-law jurisdiction, to obtain judgment on them.

The California Process Act3 (also in force when suit was brought) enacts that if a suit be against a corporation, the summons shall be served by delivering a copy thereof 'to the president, or other head of the corporation, secretary, cashier, or managing agent thereof.'

The officer to whom the writ was directed, returned it with a certificate that he had served it on the defendant, the city of Sacramento, by delivering a copy of the summons, with the complaint attached, to Charles Swift, president of the board of trustees of said defendant, whom he knew to be such president and head of said corporation.

No defence was made to the suit, and judgment was entored by default, in favor of the plaintiff, in March, 1867, for $40,000.

On this judgment Mrs. Fowle brought suit in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of California, and a properly certified copy of the judgment roll in the former case being offered by the plaintiff in evidence, it was objected to by the defendant, on the grounds——

1st. That it appeared from the said roll that the defendant had not been served with summons as required by statute; the president of the board of trustees not being the president of the city corporation.

2d. That by the terms of the original charter of Sacramento, in force when the bonds sued on were issued, the charter was liable to be altered from time to time, or repealed, and because, in 1863, it had been altered in such a way as that while it was enacted that the city might be sued by its name on any bond, it was provided that this should be only when such bond had been made after April 25th, 1863: which was not the case here.

The court below admitted the evidence, and judgment was given for the plaintiff. The city now brought the case here on exception to the evidence.

Messrs. A. A. Sargent and D. F. Lake, for the plaintiff in error:

1. The president of the board of trustees was not the president of the corporation. The corporation had no president, and there was no 'head' to the corporation, within the meaning of that word, as used in the statute, except the board of trustees sitting as such; each officer had distinct duties prescribed for him in the charter,4 and each was head of his distinct department.

The summons not having been served on the defendant as provided by statute, the default of the defendant in the Twelfth District Court was irregularly entered, and the judgment was void.5

2. A municipal corporation cannot be sued except as allowed to be by statute;6 and under the charter of Sacramento, the bondholders took, subject to the contingency, that the charter might be so altered that they must look to payment of their claims without an action of the ordinary kind at law against the city.

Mr. H. F. Durant, contra.

Mr. Justice DAVIS delivered the opinion of the court.