TWEED brought suit in the Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana against the Mutual Insurance Company, on a policy of insurance against fire, which covered certain bales of cotton in a building in Mobile, known as the Alabama Warehouse. The policy contained a proviso that the insurers should not be liable to make good any loss or damage by fire which might happen or take place 'by means of any invasion, insurrection, riot, or civil commotion, or any military or usurped power, explosion, earthquake, or hurricane.'

During the time covered by the policy an explosion took place in another building, the Marshall Warehouse, situated directly across a street, which threw down the walls of the Alabama Warehouse, and scattered combustible materials in the street, and resulted in an extensive conflagration, embracing several squares of buildings, among which the Alabama Warehouse, and the cotton stored in it, were wholly destroyed.

It is to be understood, however, that the fire was not communicated directly from the Marshall Warehouse, in which the explosion occurred, to the Alabama Warehouse, but that it came more immediately from a third building—the Eagle Mill—which was itself fired by the explosion. The wind (with what force did not appear) was blowing in a direction from the Eagle Mill to the Alabama Warehouse. But the whole fire was a continuous affair from the explosion, and under full headway in about half an hour.

Upon this state of facts the court below held that the principle, 'Causa proxima, non remota, spectatur,' applied; and that accordingly the fire which consumed this cotton did not 'happen or take place by means of an explosion.' It, therefore, gave judgment for the plaintiff below. The correctness of this view was the question now to be decided here on error.

The case was tried by the court below without a jury. There was no bill of exceptions, nor any ruling on any proposition of law raised by the pleadings. The evidence seemed to have been copied into the transcript, but whether it was all the testimony, or how it came to be there, there was nothing to show. However, in the court's opinion (or, as it was styled, 'reasons for judgment'), the learned judge below quoted considerable portions of the evidence, in order to show the grounds for the conclusion which he had reached. And the counsel in this court agreed to certain parts of the opinion so given as presenting a correct statement of the case.

Mr. Evarts, for the insurers, plaintiffs in error:

I. A general solution of the problems of difficulty which the variety of the actual circumstances of insurance risks has raised for judicial decision has been thought to have been reached in the mixim, 'Causa proxima, non remota, spectatur.' But this rule has itself been proved to cover some fallacies which lurk under every generality. The most celebrated judges have given a contrary application of the maxim upon identical states of fact.

The controversy, whether nearness of time or closeness of efficiency in the competing causes satisfied the maxim, and the still larger controversy, as to what secondary and subordinate agencies were to be treated as swallowed up in a predominating cause, have resulted in closer practical definitions, which may be trusted as the rule of the law in the premises. They are thus stated by the judicious commentator, Mr. Phillips.1

'In case of the concurrence of different causes, to one of which it is necessary to attribute the loss, it is to be attributed to the efficient predominating peril, whether it is or is not in activity at the consummation of the disaster.'

II. The contract in this case shows a circumspect attention to the true description of the risks excepted:

1. In the words used to accomplish the desired discrimination, so that the sense, to the apprehension of practical men, is neither obscure, equivocal, nor incomplete.

2. In the comprehension of, and attention to, the legal distinctions and criticisms which judicial decisions have applied to the subject with which the contract deals.

3. In the association in which the excepted cause of fire by means of explosion is found; for these other causes of fire are, indisputably, in their nature and mode of operation, neither direct nor immediate processes of ignition or combustion; but are either moral or physical agencies, in the progressive operation of which fire may be lighted or propagated.

Whatever difficulty, then, can arise to disappoint the intent of the parties in their contract must be referred to some strange or obscure state of facts, which has eluded all their forecast. But the facts make neither doubt, difficulty, obscurity, or uncertainty, as to the relation of the primary cause and the subordinate means by which the property insured was destroyed by fire:

1. The security against fire of the property insured is first invaded by the explosion in close proximity, which itself and instantly denudes the combustible property insured of the protecting walls of the building within which the terms of the insurance require it to be, and exposes it, naturally and probably, to fire, if fire shall happen.

2. The explosion, itself and instantly, lights the fire which, as a single, progressive, uninterrupted, and irresistible conflagration, consumes the property insured.

3. No new cause, influence, or means is interposed between (1) the explosion and the lighting of the fire which it caused, or (2) the lighting of the fire and the destruction by its flames of the property insured, to which any efficiency towards or any responsibility for the loss can be imputed.

The suggestion which will be made on the other side, that the propagation of the flames, by the course of the wind, or the intermediate combustible matter, introduced a new cause or means of loss, is only important as indicating the absence of any efficient cause, in the sense of insurance law, to relieve the explosion from being the predominating cause and the effectual means of the destroying fire.

The authorities show that within any accepted interpretation of the rule of 'causa proxima, non remota, spectatur,' the loss was by 'fire which happened or took place by means of explosion.' A leading case is St. John v. Insurance Company, considered in the Superior Court of New York,2 and in the Court of Appeals.3 The syllabus in the report of the Superior Court is thus:

'When it is provided by the conditions annexed to a policy of insurance against fire, that the company shall not be 'liable for any loss occasioned by the explosion of a steam-boiler, or explosions arising from any other cause, unless specially specified in the policy,' although fire may be the proximate cause of the loss that is claimed, the company is not liable when it appears that the fire was directly and wholly occasioned by an explosion.'

Numerous other cases give a similar view of the rule.4

Mr. Billings, contra:

To exempt the insurers the explosion must have been the direct cause of the fire. But contrary to what is maintained by opposite counsel, the facts show that while the explosion was remotely tributary to the loss, as were many other circumstances, it was far removed from the agency applying it. This is the order of events: an explosion takes place, by force of which a fire is kindled in the Eagle Mill; more than half an hour afterwards, the wind, aided by inflammable substances in the street, and at a distance on the opposite side of the street, kindles a fire which consumes the cotton.

The first fire in the Eagle Mill was, if we concede to direct causation its broadest sense, caused by an explosion; the second, by the wind; for, had the wind blown in the opposite direction, the cotton would have remained unharmed. With the kindling of the first fire the explosion was entirely spent and had, as a cause, a full interruption and end.

The rule of law, of which opposite counsel would dispose by the statement,—hardly, we should hope, for the honor of juridical science, warranted in fact,—that 'the most celebrated judges have given a contrary application of the maxim upon identical states of fact,' has been handed down to us in the apothegmatic form which it enjoys by a no less personage than Lord Chancellor Bacon. And he shows the weighty reasons of it also. 'It were infinite,' he says, 'for the law to consider the causes of causes, and their impulsions one of another; therefore it contenteth itself with the immediate cause, and judgeth of acts by that without looking to any further degree.'

The authorities, we apprehend, do but illustrate the maxim.

In Livie v. Janson,5 a ship was insured against the perils of the sea, but not against capture, and met with sea damage, which checked her rate of sailing, in consequence of which she was captured. The loss was ascribed to the capture, and not to the sea damage.

In Hodgson v. Malcolm,6 where the crew who were sent ashore, were imprisoned by a press-gang, and thereby prevented from casting off a rope, and in consequence the ship went ashore and was lost, it was held a loss by the perils of the sea.

In Redman v. Wilson,7 a vessel insured against perils of the sea, in consequence of unskilful lading, became leaky, and having been pronounced unseaworthy, to save the cargo, was run ashore. Held, that the insurers were liable, the immediate cause of the loss being the perils of the sea.

And so more recent English cases.8 American authorities equally assert the distinction maintained in Bacon's maxim.9

[In reply to some remarks by the bench as to the irregular and defective character of the record, tested by the rules of the common law, and as to the absence of any certain case on which judgment could be given, Mr. Billings observed that the record, he believed, was in the frequent form of those from Louisiana, and that the opinion of the court presented a sufficient finding of the fact. By consent of counsel, at any rate, in this court, certain parts of the opinion (the parts given as the case in the reporter's statement, supra, p. 45), were to be received as containing the material facts.]

Mr. Justice MILLER delivered the opinion of the court.