30 U.S. 373

BERNARD G. FARRAR AND JOSEPH C. BROWN,
PLAINTIFFS IN ERROR
v.
THE UNITED STATES.

ERROR to the district court of the United States for the district of Missouri.

This was an action of debt, brought by the United States in the district court of the United States for the district of Missouri, against Bernard G. Farrar, Joseph C. Brown, and others, upon a bond dated the 7th day of August 1823, in the penal sum of thirty thousand dollars, conditioned that 'whereas the president of the United States had, pursuant to law, appointed William Rector surveyor of the public lands in the state of Illinois and Missouri, and in the territory of Arkansas; now, therefore, if the said William Rector shall faithfully execute and discharge the duties of his office, then the obligation to be void.'

The defendants pleaded that William Rector had performed his duties as surveyor.

The breach assigned in the replication is, that at the time of the execution of the bond, 'there were in the hands of the said William Rector, as such surveyor, to be by him, in the discharge of the duties of his office, applied and disbursed for the use and benefit of the plaintiffs, divers sums of money, amounting in the whole to a large sum of money, to wit: the sum of forty-four thousand seven hundred and eighty dollars and thirty-eight cents; and that the said William Rector hath not applied and disbursed the same, or any part thereof, for the use and benefit of the plaintiffs, as in the execution of the duties of his said office he ought to have done.'

Upon this plea issue was taken, and under the instructions of the court the jury found the issue for the plaintiffs below, and assessed the damages at forty thousand four hundred and fifty-six dollars and twenty cents; and judgment was rendered for that sum in damages.

At the trial the plaintiffs produced and read in evidence, a duly certified copy of this bond, and a transcript from the books and proceedings of the treasury, certified by the register of the treasury, and authenticated under the seal of the department. The certificate so annexed, was in the following words:

'I, Joseph Nourse, register of the treasury of the United States, do certify that the foregoing report and statement, No. 47, 798, of the account of William Rector, late surveyor of public land in the state of Illinois and Missouri, and the territory of Arkansas, are true copies of the originals on file in this office.'

The defendants objected to the reading of this evidence, and the court overruled the objection. The defendants then offered competent evidence to prove that Rector, before the execution of the bond declared on, had expended for his own private use all the money charged to have been received by him from the United States, which proof the court refused to admit. The defendants then offered to prove that Rector, before the execution of the bond, had expended thirty-two thousand dollars of the balance appearing against him in the account given in evidence, in legal payments to deputy surveyors; but the court refused to admit the evidence, because no claim for credits on account of said payments, or any of them, had been made at the treasury department.

They also gave in evidence a letter from John M'Lean, commissioner of the land office, to William Rector, dated 13th of June 1823, as follows:

'Enclosed you have a commission from the president of the United States, appointing you, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, surveyor of the public lands in the states of Illinois and Missouri, and in the territory of Arkansas, for the term of four years from the date thereof, the 20th of February 1823. You will please to qualify yourself by taking an oath to support the constitution of the United States, and by entering into bond with one or more good securities, in the sum of thirty thousand dollars; the securities to be approved by the United States district judge or attorney, whose certificate must be endorsed on the bond, a form of which is enclosed. The bond and oath to be sent to this office.'

As has been stated, the bond sued on is dated on the 7th of August 1823, and it appeared by Rector's account with the government, exhibited in the bill of exceptions, that the money now sought to be recovered of the sureties was entrusted to Rector at various times, from the 3d of March to the 4th of June, in clusive, of the same year.

The defendants below prayed the court to instruct the jury that 'if they find from the evidence that William Rector, at the time the money with which he is charged was received, had not received a commission, as surveyor of the public lands in the state of Illinois and Missouri, and the territory of Arkansas, the present defendants are not liable to this action, upon the breach assigned;' which instruction the court refused to give: but instructed the jury, 'that all moneys which had been received by the said William Rector, as surveyor of the public lands in the state of Illinois and Missouri, and territory of Arkansas, prior to the execution of the writing obligatory declared on, and which had not been duly disbursed by him in the discharge of the duties of his office, or paid back to the government, would be considered in his hands, in the sense of the issue joined between the parties in this case; and that whether the moneys so received were received between the date of his appointment and the time when the commission came to his hands, or after the last mentioned time, was immaterial; and whether he had given bond and taken the oath of office, before the receipt of the money, as aforesaid, was equally immaterial.' And further instructed the jury, 'that the transcript aforesaid might be received by them as evidence that the money charged in the account had been received by him, as surveyor as aforesaid, and was evidence that there were moneys in his hands, at the date of the said writing obligatory, as stated in the account contained in the said transcript, to be disbursed in the due discharge and execution of the duties of his office, or accounted for to the government, as surveyor as aforesaid: subject, however, to be impeached by evidence on the part of the defendants. That the letters testamentary and of administration, in evidence in the present case, on the part of the defendants, entitle them to the benefit of a credit for the amount of the items which appears by the account to have been suspended, for want of proof of the executorship of William Rector, and the want of proof that letters of administration had been granted to Thomas C. Rector, against the balance appearing on the accounts.'

The defendants then moved the court to instruct the jury, 'that upon the whole evidence the plaintiff could not recover,' which instruction was refused.

The defendants, by their counsel, moved the court for a new trial; for a repleader; in arrest of judgment; and for judgment for the defendants; non obstante veredicto; all which motions were overruled. They then prosecuted this writ of error.

The case was argued by Mr Geyer and Mr Benton, for the plaintiff in error; and by Mr Berrien, attorney general, for the United States.

For the plaintiff in error it was contended:

1. That the judgment is erroneous.

2. That the act of congress requiring surveyors general to give bond and security, does not apply to Rector; who was not a surveyor general.

3. That the bond sued upon is not such a one as the act of congress prescribes.

4. That it was no part of the duties of the office filled by Rector, to disburse moneys.

5. That the money alleged to have been put into his hands was before he had been commissioned, and before the bond in question was given.

6. That the treasury transcript of Rector's account admitted on the trial, was not in this case evidence under any act of congress.

7. That the appellants had a right to have proved that Rector had applied the money put into his hands to the public use.

8. That the court below erred upon all these points, as set forth in the record and bill of exceptions; and also erred in refusing a new trial, and overruling the motion in arrest of judgment.

Mr Geyer and Mr Benton, for the plaintiffs in error, argued that this was an action of debt on a penal bond, judgment has been rendered in damages for an amount exceeding the penalty, and although the excess may be corrected by a remittitur; there is error in the form of the judgment, which the statute referred to (authorizing breaches to be assigned and damages assessed) does not cure: that statute expressly declares that the judgment is to be entered as theretofore had been usually done.

A surveyor like Rector was not bound to give a bond with security. Land Laws, 698, 818. Acts of congress, passed 6th February 1806, 7th May 1822. He was a subordinate officer, and the law applies only to the surveyor general; and he only is required to give a bond: nor was it a part of the duty of this officer to disburse public money. It not being a part of the regular duties of this inferior officer to receive and pay the public funds, his sureties are not answerable for any violation of a trust illegally or without authority cast upon him.

Unless the bond sued on was authorized by some act of congress, it is not obligatory. Although the power of making contracts is inherent in every sovereignty, and may be exercised in every government which has a constituted agent authorized to exert that power, and an existing code of laws ascertaining the obligation of such contracts; yet the United States not having by the constitution of their government committed the exercise of this attribute of sovereignty to any officer or agent, it cannot be exercised in the absence of any expression of the legislative rule.

The common law of England cannot be referred to, for the purpose of ascertaining the powers, or measuring the capacity of this government or its agents. The United States recognize no common law. To make a valid contract, the party must not only have a capacity to contract, but the means of exercising that capacity by expressing their assent to its stipulations. The power of this government to make contracts can only be exercised by an agent delegated for that purpose; though inherent, it remains dormant until it is called into action by law.

It has been contended that this portion of sovereignty has been delegated to the executive. This proposition is inadmissible. It accords to the president, as a part of his constitutional power, a right to contract in the name and to pledge the faith of the nation in any manner, for any purpose, and to an indefinite extent in the absence of all law. To this extent is the power claimed. The authority to make one contract in the absence of law, can only be defended by the assertion of the general right to make any contract whatever. This power is said to have been delegated to the president in that clause of the constitution which declares that 'he shall take care that the law be faithfully executed:'—but it is submitted, that before he can execute a law of the union, it must have been enacted by the legislature; he cannot in the absence of law exercise the power of making contracts, and much less, as in this case, against the expression of the legislative will.

Again, a contract can have no validity in a legal sense, unless there be a law to ascertain and fix its obligation. If it be true that this government has no common law, nor any general statute law defining the obligation of contracts with the government; it follows, that every such contract must derive its obligation by an act authorizing it, or it has no obligation. We maintain, therefore, that no contract with the United States can be valid, which is not previously authorized by an act of congress appointing an agent to express the assent of the government, and referring the contract, when made, expressly, or by implication, to some law to govern its obligation.

But the power of making contracts thus admitted to be inherent in the government, whatever may be its incidents, is subject to be controlled, modified and regulated by the legislature of the union. They have, in the act of 1822 under consideration, exercised this controlling power; they have created an agent to take bonds of surveyors, and have prescribed the very terms in which it shall be drawn; by the terms of art employed, and the form of the instrument to be executed, they refer to the law of its obligation. This expression of the legislative will cannot lawfully be departed from; it excludes the idea that any other officer than the secretary of the treasury should act in behalf of the United States, or that any other contract than that prescribed, should be entered into in the particular case. If the act has any force as a law, it narrows the general power to contract; and implies a dissent on the part of the government, that any other than the bond prescribed should be taken. Any other construction of this act would deny its force as a law, by allowing a discretion in the executive officers to exercise their pleasure, notwithstanding the expression of the sovereign will. This bond not being in conformity with the act, is not only taken without authority, but against law.

The surveyor of the public lands for the states of Illinois and Missouri, and territory of Arkansas, was not by law a disbursing officer; consequently the breach assigned is not within the condition of the bond. Not one of the several acts of congress, defining the powers and duties of this officer, make it his duty to receive or disburse money; his salary and fees are fixed by law; he is no where authorized to receive or pay out money; he receives no commission for any such service, nor is he authorized or required to do any act rendering it necessary that he should disburse money; nor do any regulations of the department appear to have been before the jury, by which it became his duty to act as a disbursing officer. The legislature expressly required a condition for the faithful disbursement of moneys to be inserted in the bond; as well as the condition for the faithful performance of the duties of the officer. The bond sued on does not contain the first condition. The legislature did not suppose that the last would include the first, or they would not have required the double condition. The words in the bond are not more comprehensive than the last condition required by the law. The first condition being omitted, the other cannot now by any fair construction be held to comprehend both.

The plaintiffs in error cannot be held liable for moneys received by their principal, before the date of their bond; even if its obligation is admitted, and Rector be a disbursing officer. The condition of the bond is prospective, and the act of congress of 1822 declares that the bond shall be given before the surveyor shall enter upon the duties of his office. No money could lawfully be placed in his hands before the date of the bond; in the sense of the issue, he could not have received the money as such surveyor, &c., until he was authorized; certainly not while he was forbidden to act. Until the 7th August he was a debtor of the United States, not an officer holding their money according to law. The credit had been given on his individual responsibility; and the subsequent execution of the bond, which is prospective, and provides for the faithful performance of future official duties, cannot be converted into a security for a pre-existing private debt, to legalize the unlawful acts of the treasury officers, and convert the past conduct of Rector into a breach of the bond the moment it was signed.

The treasury transcript of Rector's account was improperly admitted in evidence. The account should contain every item of charge and discharge, so that the party should have full notice of every part of the claim.

Revenue officers, or officers accountable for public money, are those against whom the transcripts from the treasury are evidence. The provisions of the law do not apply to sureties; as to them, as they cannot be supposed to be cognizant of the accounts of their principal, there should be the usual mode of proof, and they should have all the means of defence which are known to the law.

A contrary principle is pregnant with injustice as to the sureties: no notice is given to them of the settlement of the account, and they will be subjected to charges which they had no opportunity to repel or disporve. They cannot make the affidavit which the law demands to enable them to resist, on the trial, the claims of the United States; or to maintain the right of their principal to credits which have been withheld by the treasury department.

The first item in the account is for a balance of fourteen thousand dollars, ascertained on some previous settlement before the 3d March 1823; consequently before the date of the bond; a default ascertained, for which these securities cannot be held liable. This evidence was not only improperly admitted, but the court instructed the jury that the whole amount of the account, including this item, must be presumed to have been in Rector's hands at the date of the bond: assuredly a default (of which the ascertainment of a balance is evidence), happening before the date of the bond, cannot be charged on the sureties.

The court erred in rejecting the evidence offered by the defendants below. The court presumed that the money received by Rector before the 4th June, remained in his hands on the 7th August 1823. The defendants ought to have been allowed to rebut this presumption, by proving the facts to show that what had been placed in his hands on his individual responsibility, and against law, had been wasted or disbursed lawfully or unlawfully before he became entitled to have any money in his official character; and that the default had actually happened before the date of the bond. The evidence was not offered for the purpose of establishing credits; but to show that the defendants ought never to have been debited: that the money had passed out of Rector's hands before, and consequently was not in his hands on the 7th August 1823.

The judgment ought to have been arrested. The breach assigned, and the facts found and admitted do not amount to a breach of the bond. Money is alleged by the plaintiff to have been in Rector's hands on the 7th of August 1823, to be applied and disbursed in the discharge of the duties of his office, and that he neither disbursed or accounted for it. It is not averred, and consequently neither found by the jury or admitted by the pleadings, that there ever was occasion to disburse money, or that Rector ever was required to account. If there was any money in his hands, in his official character, he had a right to retain it until demands which he was bound to pay were presented, or the government required him to account for it. The facts alleged in the replication were true the moment before the execution of the bond; and the very moment it was signed. In fact, the court so instructed the jury. The substance of the instruction given is, that the money must be presumed to have been in Rector's hands undisbursed and unaccounted for on the 7th of August. These sureties are then held liable, because the money committed to their principal remained after the execution of the bond in the very condition in which it was before, without the averment or proof of any duty requiring a change of that condition.

Mr Berrien, attorney general, for the United States.

This is an action of debt for the performance of covenants. The principal in the bond was a surveyor of public lands, bound to perform certain duties under the laws of the United States, and by virtue of his commission. The judgment must therefore be in damages; being for the amount which by the breach of the obligations of the principal was due to the United States. If the judgment is beyond the penalty of the bond, the difference may be, and will be released. This may be done in court, 2 Peters, 327.

A bond voluntarily given to the United States by a public officer is good, although no law requires that such bond shall be executed. The absence of authority to take such a bond does not make the condition illegal.

The cases establish the following principles:

1. That a bond given by or to a public officer, or to the government, is not invalid merely because there is no law which specifically authorizes the one to demand or requires the other to give it. That it is only void where the condition is against law requiring. 1. Something to be done which is malum in se or malum prohibitum. 2. The omission of a duty. 3. The encouragement of crimes or misdemeanours.

2. That as the statute which authorizes a bond to be taken may have specified the terms of the condition; it does not therefore render void a bond voluntarily given, although the condition be variant from that prescribed by the statute.

3. That a bond is not less voluntary, because it has been required by a public officer; if the condition be not contrary to law. Cited, Mitchell vs. Reynolds, 1 P. Wms. 181. 2 Strang. 745, 1137. 2 Ld. Raym. 1459, 1327. 6 Term Reports 588. 2 Dall. 118. 6 Binney, 292. 5 Mass. Rep. 314. 12 Mass. Rep. 367. Post Master General vs. Early, 12 Wheat. 136. 9 Cranch, 28. 1 Cranch, 137.

The United States may be endorsees of a bill of exchange, and sue as such, 3 Wheat. 172. If they may do this, on the same principles they may become the assignees of a bond; or may be the obligees of a bond, in the same manner as an individual, and with all the rights and privileges of such an assignee or obligee.

The government of the United States have always acted on these principles. Where acts of congress have directed bonds to be given, without saying to whom, they are taken to the United States. If the United States may take a bond, it must be directed by the executive. It is a part of his constitutional power under which he is to see that the laws are executed, to designate the manner and the form to be employed; and this in any way not forbidden by law. The president appoints officers to execute the laws; and if in his opinion the most appropriate means to secure their execution by those so appointed is by requiring bonds for the performance of the duties entrusted to them, he may require them.

The bond then on which this suit has been brought must be considered as having been taken under the direction of the president of the United States, acting under the constitution.

The disbursement of the public money was a part of the duty of the surveyor; it was necessarily involved in the performance of the trust delegated to him. He must have had assistants, and they were to be paid. They were to be provisioned, and those supplies could only be procured by the payment of money. His office was therefore one peculiarly requiring a bond, with security.

The office of surveyor of the public lands, which was held by Rector, was authorized by law. The provisions of the land laws are not confined to the surveyor-general, but the legislation of congress applies to those who were employed to perform the duties of making surveys of the public lands, and these persons are in the acts of congress, recognized as surveyors general.

The treasury transcript is evidence, although no notice was given to the sureties; 9 Wheat. 651: and the transcript was made out according to the law of 1796; Ingersoll's Digest, 714; and to the forms which have been constantly pursued at the treasury.

If the transcript was evidence, no payments could have been shown on the trial, but those which had been previously submitted to the accounting officers of the treasury. In this there is no difference between the principal debtor to the United States and his sureties. 6 Wheat. 135. 9 Cranch, 212.

If Rector was an officer within the meaning of the laws which make the transcript evidence, it was properly admitted by the court. The giving a bond and taking the oath of office was not necessary to authorize him to enter on the duties of the office.

By the settlement it does not appear that he was in default at the date of the bond, or until 1824. Conceding that the securities are not bound for the acts of Rector before the date of the bond, August 1823, yet the duty of the principal to pay continued afterwards; and unless the balance which was afterwards ascertained to be due was paid, they are liable. The default of Rector did not occur until he was called upon to account, and this was after the execution of the bond in 1824. The case of The United States vs. Giles, 9 Cranch, 212; 3 Peters's Cond. Rep. 377, was cited and commented upon.

Mr. Justice JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

This was a suit instituted below, against the plaintiffs here, to recover a debt of thirty thousand dollars, for which they had become bound to the United States, as sureties for one Rector; who is described in the bond as 'surveyor of the public lands in the state of Illinois and Missouri, and the territory of Arkansas.' The plea was performance, and the breach alleged in the replication is in these words: 'that at the time of the execution of the bond, there were in the hands of the said William Rector, as such surveyor, to be by him, in the discharge of the duties of his office, applied and disbursed for the use and benefit of the plaintiffs, divers sums of money, amounting, &c., and that the said William Rector hath not applied and disbursed the same money, or any part thereof, for the use and benefit of the plaintiffs, as in the execution of the duties of his said office he ought to have done.'

On this plea issue was taken, and at the trial a bill of exceptions was taken to sundry instructions of the court, given or refused, which will be considered in their proper place. Two questions of a more general character must first be disposed of.

The first arises on the form of the judgment, the jury having found for the plaintiffs below, on the breach assigned, assess the damages for breach of the condition at forty-one thousand dollars; and the judgment rendered is 'quod recuperet,' the damages, not the debt aforesaid. The parties, plaintiffs in error, are the sureties, and it is perfectly clear that as to them a judgment cannot be rendered beyond the penalty, to be discharged on payment of what is actually due; which of course can only be where it is a sum less than the penalty. It is proposed on behalf of the United States to release the surplus, and such is their right; but this still leaves the form of the judgment uncured and unamended.

It would seem, that in adopting this form of rendering judgment, the court below has been misled by the application of the 26th section of the act of 1789 to this subject. If so, it is a clear misapprehension; since that section, if it sanctions such a judgment at all, is expressly confined to three cases: default, confession, or demurrer; with neither of which is the present case affected.

There is no doubt, then, that the judgment must be reversed on this ground; but as other points, as well as those made in the bill of exceptions, might again embarrass the cause in the court below, and would most probably bring it back again here; it becomes necessary to consider those points.

The second preliminary point alluded to is, whether the bond was not taken without law, or contrary to law, so as to be illegal and invalid. This turns on the official character assigned to Rector in the bond, or on that in which in fact he is to be regarded in law. He is described as 'surveyor of public land' in certain districts, not as surveyor general. And such in fact was his literal character, for the office of surveyor general still exists, nominally unique, although a large proportion of his powers and duties have been transferred to the surveyors of public lands in certain districts, subsequently detached from the region over which his powers were originally extended.

In deciding on this point three questions are to be considered; first, whether he was bound to give bond at all; secondly, whether the words of the condition embrace the duties of a disbursing officer; and thirdly, whether those duties were incident to his office.

Upon looking through all the laws passed upon this subject, it can hardly be doubted that this officer was intended to be included in the provision of the act of May 7th, 1822, requiring security of the surveyor general. Literally, there was at that time provision made under the laws for only one surveyor general; but it is abundantly evident that the officer who gave this bond was intended to be included in the provisions of that act, under the description of a surveyor general. The indiscriminate use of this appellation in the previous and subsequent legislation of congress on the subject, will lead us to this conclusion.

Until the passing of the act of February 28th, 1806, all the surveying for the United States was carried on under the provisions of the act of May 18th, 1796, as amended by the act of May 10th, 1800; and under the control and superintendance of the surveyor general. In the year 1806, after the purchase of Louisiana, the powers of that officer were extended to the country newly acquired, and he was enjoined to appoint a sufficient number of skilful surveyors as deputies, one of whom, to be appointed with the approbation of the secretary of the treasury, was to assume the character of principal deputy, and to exercise over the co-deputies the general power vested in and exercised previously by the surveyor general. The subordinate character of all these officers was distinctly marked by that act; and yet we find that in the act of March 3d, 1807, in the second section of the act, the epithet of surveyor general is expressly applied to that individual of them who should have been employed in surveying the public lands south of the Tennessee, (4 L. U. S. 111). Yet at a subsequent day, to wit, March 3d, 1815, (4 L. U. S. 834), we find the same officer designated generally as a surveyor of that district of country. So also, when the act of April 29th, 1816, was passed, which abolished the appointment of these deputies, and conferred the appointment of their present substitutes upon the president, the latter are simply designated as a surveyor, and not surveyor general. Yet when the act of May 7th, 1822, is passed, requiring bond to be given by these officers, it is expressed altogether in the plural number, as recognizing the existence of more than one surveyor general.

There were then no other officers in existence, besides the actual surveyor general, who could come within the literal enactments of that statute; unless we include a surveyor appointed under the provisions of the act of April 29th, 1816. That is the present obligor. And if further confirmation be required to establish the necessary extension of the provisions of that law to the present cause, we have it in the act of May 26th, 1824, in the second section of that act; the language of which expressly recognizes the existence of more than one surveyor general. It is clear then that from the time that the appointment of deputies by the surveyor general was superseded by the appointment of surveyors by the treasury department, the independent character in which those officers then acted, identified them with the surveyor general, so far as to have led to the use of language by congress, adapted to confounding them with the surveyor general.

We therefore have no doubt that they were included in the provisions of the act which required bonds to be taken on their accession to office. Nor do we think that there is any more doubt that the law contemplates them as disbursing officers. It is express in requiring them to give bond for the faithful disbursement of public money; and cui bono do this, if they were not regarded as disbursing officers?

But the words of the statute which relate to disbursements are omitted from the condition of this bond, and the only words inserted are, 'that he shall faithfully discharge the duties of his office.' The court feel no difficulty in maintaining that where the conditions are cumulative, the omission of one condition cannot invalidate bond, so far as the other operates to bind the party. But the question is one of much more difficulty, whether, where the law is express that the condition shall be both for the faithful disbursement of money, and the general discharge of duty, and the latter only is inserted; the former may still be held to be comprised within the general words of the latter. But for the language used in the statute, the court has no doubt that the case would have been open to proof, that the disbursement of money was one of the known and habitual duties of the office, and included in the general words; but whether the omission of the express words which imposed this liability does not preclude a resort to their restoration incidentally by proof, is a question on which the court have felt much difficulty, and which they will not now decide.

The next questions to be considered are those presented by the bill of exceptions, and of these, that which goes to the sufficiency of the certificate has already been disposed of in the case of John Smith T. vs. The United States, ante 292; in which the same form of certificate was held to be a substantial compliance with the law under which it was resorted to as proof.

The remaining questions grow out of this state of facts. Rector was appointed surveyor, or at least commissioned as such, on the 13th June 1823; and this bond bears date the 7th August 1823. Between the 3d of March and the 4th of June in the same year, there had been paid to him from the treasury, the sum of money found by the jury. So that it was paid to him before the commission, and before the bond in proof.

On this state of facts the bill of exceptions asserts three grounds of defence.

1. That the sureties could not be made liable at all for the money so paid.

2. That if at all, they ought to be let into proof that Rector had appropriated the money to his own use before the date of the bond. Or,

3. That he had paid it, or enough of it to cover the penalty of the bond to the use of the United States, before they became bound for him.

On these points we feel no difficulty in affirming; that for any sums paid to Rector prior to the execution of the bond, there is but one ground on which the sureties could be held answerable to the United States, and that is on the assumption that he still held the money in bank or otherwise. If still in his hands, he was, up to that time, bailee to the government; but upon the contrary hypothesis, he had become a debtor or defaulter to the government, and his offence was already consummated. If intended to cover past dereliction, the bond should have been made retrospective in its language. The sureties have not undertaken against his past misconduct. They ought therefore to have been let into proof of the actual state of facts so vitally important to their defence; and whether paid away in violation or in execution of the trust reposed in him, if paid away, he no longer stood in the relation of bailee. It was not then a case to which that act applies which requires the submission of accounts to the treasury before discounts can be given in evidence; since this defence goes not to discharge a liability incurred, but to negative its ever existing.