1. That the right conferred by the ordinance involved is something more than a mere license is plain. A license has been generally defined as a mere personal privilege to do acts upon the land of the licensor, of a temporary character, and revocable at the will of the latter unless, according to some authorities, in the meantime expenditures contemplated by the licensor when the license was given have been made. See Greenwood Lake & P. J. R. Co. v. New York & G. L. R. Co. 134 N. Y. 435, 440, 31 N. E. 874; Southampton v. Jessup, 162 N. Y. 122, 126, 56 N. E. 538.

That the grant in the present case was not a mere license is evident from the fact that it was upon its face neither personal nor for a temporary purpose. The right conferred came from the state through delegated power to the city. The grantee was clothed with the franchise to be a corporation and to conduct a public business, which required the use of the streets, that it might have access to the people it was to serve. Its charges were subject to regulation by law, and it was subject to all of the police power of the city.

That an ordinance granting the right to place and maintain upon the streets of a city poles and wires of such a company is the granting of a property right has been too many times decided by this court to need more than a reference to some of the later cases: Detroit v. Detroit Citizens' Street R. Co. 184 U. S. 368, 395, 46 L. Ed. 592, 610, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 410; Louisville v. Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. 224 U. S. 649, 661, 56 L. ed. 934, 939, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 572; Boise Artesian Hot & Cold Water Co. v. Boise City, opinion just handed down. [230 U. S. 84, 57 L. ed. ——, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 997.] As a property right it was assignable, taxable, and alienable. Generally it is an asset of great value to such utility companies, and a principal basis for credit.

2. The grant by ordinance to an incorporated telephone company, its successors and assigns, of the right to occupy the streets and alleys of a city with its poles and wires for the necessary conduct of a public telephone business, is a grant of a property right in perpetuity, unless limited in duration by the grant itself, or as a consequence of some limitation imposed by the general law of the state, or by the corporate powers of the city making the grant. Detroit v. Detroit Citizens' Street R. Co. 184 U. S. 368, 395, 49 L. ed. 592, 610, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 410; Louisville v. Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. 224 U. S. 649, 661, 56 L. ed. 934, 939, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 572; People v. O'Brien, 111 N. Y. 1, 42, 2 L.R.A. 255, 7 Am. St. Rep. 684, 18 N. E. 692; People ex rel. Woodhaven Gaslight Co. v. Deehan, 153 N. Y. 528, 47 N. E. 787: Mobile v. Louisville & N. R. Co. 84 Ala. 115, 5 Am. St. Rep. 342, 4 So. 106; Arcata v. Arcata & M. River R. Co. 92 Cal. 639, 28 Pac. 676; State, Hudson Teleph. Co. Prosecutor, v. Jersey City, 49 N. J. L. 303, 60 Am. Rep. 619, 8 Atl. 123; Dill. Mum. Corp. 5th ed. § 1265; Nebraska Teleph. Co. v. Fremont, 72 Neb. 25, 29, 99 N. W. 811; Plattsmouth v. Nebraska Teleph. Co. 80 Neb. 460, 466, 14 L.R.A.(N.S.) 654, 127 Am. St. Rep. 779, 114 N. W. 588. If there be authority to make the grant, and it contains no limitation or qualification as to duration, the plainest principles of justice and right demand that it shall not be cut down, in the absence of some controlling principle of public policy. This conclusion finds support from a consideration of the public and permanent character of the business such companies conduct, and the large investment which is generally contemplated. If the grant be accepted and the contemplated expenditure made, the right cannot be destroyed by legislative enactment, or city ordinance based upon legislative power, without violating the prohibitions placed in the Constitution for the protection of property rights. To quote from a most weighty writer upon municipal corporations, in approving of the decision in People v. O'Brien, 111 N. Y. 1, 42, 2 L.R.A. 255, 7 Am. St. Rep. 684, 18 N. E. 692,—a decision accepted and approved by this court in Detroit v. Detroit Citizens' Street R. Co. 184 U. S. 368, 395, 46 L. ed. 592, 610, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 410—'The grant to the railway company may or may not have been improvident on the part of the municipality, but having been made, and the rights of innocent investors and of third parties as creditors and otherwise having intervened, it would have been a denial of justice to have refused to give effect to the franchise according to its tenor and import, when fairly construed, particularly when the construction adopted by the court was in accord with the general understanding. In the absence of language expressly limiting the estate or right of the company, we think the court correctly held, under the legislation and facts, that the right created by the grant of the franchisce was perpetual, and not for a limited term only.' Dill Mun. Corp. 5th ed. § 1265.

3. There seems to have been no general law in Kentucky under which a telephone company could acquire the necessary street easement; nor, until the enactment of § 4679b of the Kentucky Statutes, was there any provision in the general law in regard to the acquisition of such rights in or upon the public roads outside of municipal corporations. In both cases the right to place and maintain poles and wires upon either streets or roads was dependent in the one case upon the municipal power of control over its streets, and in the other upon the power of the county fiscal courts by virtue of their control over county roads.

The original source of power over both streets and highways is the state. But this power of control is generally delegated in some form to the municipalities and county authorities of the state. Thus, the county fiscal courts, by § 4306, Kentucky Statutes, are given 'general charge and supervision of the public roads,' etc. Concerning the power resulting from the grant by the state to control streets or public highways, the Kentucky court, in American Car & Foundry Co. v. Johnson County, 147 Ky. 69, 71, 143 S. W. 773, said: 'The right to grant a franchise presupposes and is based upon the right of the authority granting the franchise to control the property over which the franchise is granted or which is affected by it. For example, the fiscal court could grant a franchise authorizing the erection of poles along the highways of the county, as the fiscal court has control of the highways. And so municipal corporations may grant franchises to use the streets and public ways of a city.' Again, in Jackson-Hazard Teleph. Co. v. Holliday, 143 Ky. 150, 136 S. W. 135, the court said: 'That the fiscal court, having, as it did under § 4306 of the Kentucky Statutes, the control and supervision of the public roads of the county, had authority before the enactment of § 4679b of the Kentucky Statutes, to grant the company the right to erect its poles along this road, in the absence of a statute expressly giving the court such authority, is we think settled by the case of Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. v. Avritt, 120 Ky. 34,' 85 S. W. 204, 8 Ann. Cas. 955. Sec. 4679b, referred to, gives to telephone companies the right to place their poles along such roads, subject to regulation by the fiscal courts, but it does not deal with the streets of municipal corporations. The right of such companies to occupy the streets of villages and cities was, therefore, dependent upon the charter powers, express or implied, under which they were organized.

Owensboro was granted a special charter in 1882, by which, among other things, it is given power 'to regulate the streets, alleys, and sidewalks, and all improvements and repairs thereof.' If the county fiscal courts had power to grant to such companies a franchise to place their poles and wires along the public roads of a county under the statute giving them 'general charge' and right to 'supervise' such roads, it logically follows, as stated in American Car & Foundry Co. v. Johnson County, supra, that the city of Owensboro, under the power 'to regulate' its streets and alleys, had ample authority to grant a franchise to the telephone company to place and maintain its poles and wires upon the streets.

The character of the business of such companies was well known. Access with their lines to the houses of their customers in the city absolutely required the right to use the public streets, either longitudinally or to cross them. By such an exertion of its power to control and regulate the use of the streets it did not authorize a new public use. Such a use was a legitimate street use, and did not impose upon the owner of the fee in the street an additional burden. Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. v. Avritt, supra. Neither was the city thereby stripped of its police power over the streets. Louisville City R. Co. v. Louisville, 8 Bush, 420. Nor did it undertake to grant an exclusive right. Express power to grant an exclusive street franchise has generally been held essential. Dill. Mun. Corp. 5th ed. §§ 1215, 1218, 1234. The grant in this case was not exclusive, and we are not called upon to deal with that question, since the ordinance here involved expressly reserves the right to make similar grants to other companies.

The great power of Congress over interstate commerce is wrapped up in the power to 'regulate' such commerce. The authority of the city of St. Louis to compel the Western Union Telegraph Company to pay a rental for the maintenance of its poles and wires upon the streets of the city grew out of a charter power to 'regulate' its streets and alleys. In this case (149 U. S. 465, 469, 37 L. ed. 810, 813, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 990) the court said:

'The word 'regulate' is one of broad import. It is the word used in the Federal Constitution to define the power of Congress over foreign and interstate commerce, and he who reads the many opinions of this court will perceive how broad and comprehensive it has been held to be. If the city gives a right to the use of the streets or public grounds, as it did by ordinance No. 11,604, it simply regulates the use when it prescribes the terms and conditions upon which they shall be used.'

In Owensboro v. Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. 99 C. C. A. 1, 174 Fed. 739, a case involving the regulation of the rates and charges of the present appellee, the power of the city of Owensboro under its charter power to 'regulate' was held by the circuit court of appeals of the sixth circuit to amply justify the grant here involved, though its duration was not involved or considered.

That the power to 'regulate' embraces power to grant to such companies the right to place and maintain their poles upon the streets has been generally held. Pikes Peak Power Co. v. Colorado Springs, 44 C. C. A. 333, 105 Fed. 1, C. C. A. 8th Circuit; Detroit Citizen's R. Co. v. Detroit, 26 L.R.A. 667, 12 C. C. A. 365, 22 U. S. App. 570, 64 Fed. 628, 636, C. C. A. 6th Circuit. In the latter case it was held that a charter power to 'open, close, and widen streets, and to prescribe, control, and regulate the manner in which the highways, streets, and avenues shall be used and enjoyed,' was a power broad enough to permit the city to consent to the use of its streets for such purposes by any company having the requisite franchise of a street railway company. To the same effect see Dill. Mun. Corp. 2d ed. § 575; Atchison Street R. Co. v. Missouri, P. R. Co. 31 Kan. 661, 3 Pac. 284; Southern Bell Teleph. & Teleg. Co. v. Mobile, 162 Fed. 523, 526; State ex rel. St. Louis Underground Service Co. v. Murphy, 134 Mo. 562, 34 L.R.A. 369, 56 Am. St. Rep. 515, 31 S. W. 784, 34 S. W. 51, 35 S. W. 1132; Brown v. Duplessis, 14 La. Ann. 854; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Quincy, 136 Ill. 489, 27 N. E. 232; New Castle v. Lake Erie & W. R. Co. 155 Ind. 18, 57 N. E. 516.

4. It is next insisted that the grant is limited to the life of the corporation that accepted it. The assumption that this life was limited to twenty-five years from the date of the organization of the grantee corporation is erroneous. The articles of agreement did provide that the company should terminate in twenty-five years, but as this was an agreement of the stockholders inter sese, it was competent for them, if the general incorporating act under which the company was organized permitted, to extend its life. This is precisely what the Kentucky act under which the company was organized permitted. Thus it provided that corporations organized for any work of internal improvement could be formed to endure for fifty years, and those formed for other purposes, for twenty-five years. Gen. Stat. (Ky.) 1883, chap. 56, § 7. But the same act provided that in either case the term might be extended by action of three fourths of the stockholders. Thus, if it be assumed that the grant was limited to the life of the grantee, that life was capable of extension at the will of the stockholders, and an extension did occur as contemplated. But this ordinance was to the Cumberland Telephone Company and its assigns. It vested a property right, capable of passing to an assignee, and did in fact pass to the present consolidated company, whose life, by express action of its entire body of stockholders, is for 200 years. That a corporation is capable of taking a grant of street rights of longer duration than its own corporate existence is the settled law of this court. Detroit v. Detroit Citizens' Street R. Co. 184 U. S. 368, 395, 46 L. ed. 592, 610, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 410; Louisville v. Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. 224 U. S. 649, 661, 56 L. ed. 934, 939, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 572.

The case of St. Clair County Turnp. Co. v. Illinois, 96 U. S. 63, 24 L. ed. 651, has been cited and relied upon as deciding that a grant to a corporation is limited in duration to the life of the grantee. If the case is to be regarded as holding the wide doctrine for which it has been cited, it is in conflict with the cases cited above. But it does not go so far as claimed. The grant there involved was of the right to extend an existing turnpike over a certain dike and county bridge, and to maintain to tollgate upon the extension. The company to which this additional right was given had been incorporated for a term of twenty-five years. The grant was to the particular company by name, and was not to its assigns or successors. This court likened such a grant to a grant at common law to a natural person without words of restriction, which, said the court, 'creates only an estate for the life of the grantee; for he can hold the property no longer than he himself exists.' The grant here involved was to the corporate grantee, its assigns and successors, and falls under the principle of the cases cited above.

5. It is next said that the power to grant, found in the city charter, is coupled with the power to amend or repeal. The 10th section of the city charter provides that 'the common council shall have control of the finances and all property, real and personal, belonging to the city, and shall have full power to make, publish, and repeal all ordinances for the following purposes.' Then follow fifty-seven subsections relating to the legislative power of the council. The 27th section gives the council the power 'to regulate the streets, alleys, and sidewalks, and all repairs thereof.'

The power to be a corporation and to conduct a telephone business did not come from the city, nor could it. The only thing which the ordinance pretends to do is to grant an easement in the streets, which, as we have already shown, was an unlimited right to place and maintain poles and wires upon the streets, subject, however, to the police power of the city. This repealing ordinance, though it purports to be an exercise of the police power in the 'whereas' clause, proceeds immediately to contradict the assertion that the poles and wires are a 'nuisance' by the proviso giving the company an opportunity to purchase the right to continue the use of the streets under conditions 'to be prescribed by ordinance,' upon request of said company. It is a plain attempt to destroy the vested property right under which a great plant had been installed and operated for more than twenty-five years. When that grant was accepted and acted upon by the grantee it became a contract between the city and the telephone company, which could not be revoked or repealed, unless the power to repeal was clearly and unmistakably reserved.

The 6th section of the granting ordinance provides that 'this ordinance may be altered or amended as the necessities of the city may demand.' This is no more than a reservation of the police control of the streets, and of the mode and manner of placing and maintaining the poles and wires, incident to the unabridgeable police power of the city. See Grand Trunk Western R. Co. v. South Bend, 227 U. S. 544, 57 L. ed. ——, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 303. It does not reserve any right to revoke or repeal the ordinance, or to affect the rights therein granted. Nor does the city attempt to justify its action in requiring the poles and wires to be removed from the streets under that section, but solely upon the general power in the city charter 'to make, publish, and repeal ordinances.' This general power to repeal ordinances obviously refers to ordinances which are legislative in character and exertions of the governmental power of the municipal council,—a power in its nature not to be abridged by irrepealable ordinances. Baltimore v. Baltimore Trust & G. Co. 166 U. S. 673, 41 L. ed. 1160, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 696; Grand Trunk Western R. Co. v. South Bend, supra. The power to repeal, alter, and amend such ordinances is one which inheres in the power to legislate, and its mention is pure surplusage.

To construe this general power of repeal as a reservation of a power to revoke or destroy contractual rights which have vested under an ordinance which, upon its face, makes no such reservation, would be to place every contract made by the city by virtue of an ordinance, legislative in form, subject to the mercy of changeable city councils. In the absence of an express reservation in the contractual ordinance, or an express delegation of power to revoke contracts under such ordinances, we think no such extraordinary power is to be implied. Ashland v. Wheeler, 88 Wis. 607, 616, 60 N. E. 818.

Much the same question arose in State, Hudson Teleph. Co. Prosecutor, v. Jersey City, 49 N. J. L. 303, 60 Am. Rep. 619, 8 Atl. 123, where the right granted was held to be irrevocable under a similar power. Greenwood v. Union Freight R. Co. 105 U. S. 13, 26 L. ed. 961, is not in point. That case involved the repeal by the Massachusetts legislature of a legislative charter, under a reserved power, by general law of the state making 'every act of incorporation (after a certain date) subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal, at the pleasure of the legislature.' That was a plain, unmistakable reservation of the right to repeal at the pleasure of the state. This clause of the charter in the instant case reserves no more than the power to repeal, as well as to make and amend, ordinances, but by no means operates to convey the power to 'repeal' a grant of street rights which had been accepted, and had thereby become a contract under the protection of the contract clause of the Constitution. That the right may be reserved to destroy a contract may be conceded; but when such a right is claimed, it must be clear and explicit. The contention here advanced, if conceded, would paralyze the contractual power of the city, for if it has application to this ordinance, it would equally apply to every other contractual ordinance which the city might enact, though the contract had been accepted and expenditures made.

In Lake Roland Elev. R. Co. v. Baltimore, 77 Md. 352, 20 L.R.A. 126, 26 Atl. 510, an ordinance consenting to the laying of a double track over designated streets was involved. This ordinance could not become effective until confirmed by the legislature. The confirming act contained these words: 'The said mayor and city council to have the same power and control hereafter in reference to the enforcement, amendment, or repeal of said ordinance as it has or would have in respect to any ordinance passed under its general power.' Later this ordinance was in part repealed, and the repeal was held valid upon the ground that the control of the city over its streets was a legislative power, and that the council could not consent to any rights therein which were not revocable, although the city might be liable for damages. The opinion does not rest upon the theory that any right of repeal was specially reserved in the ordinance or by the confirmatory act. The validity of the repeal was put upon the right to repeal every ordinance legislative in character. The case is out of line with the great weight of authority in respect to the irrevocable character of property rights vested under an ordinance, when the right to revoke is not expressly reserved.

In Baltimore Trust & G. Co. v. Baltimore, 64 Fed. 153, Circuit Judge Goff refused to follow the case, holding that the question of contract or no contract under such an ordinance was a Federal question, and that the confirmatory legislation reserved no right of repeal, and that none existed under the general right to repeal ordinances. In the same case (166 U. S. 673, 41 L. ed. 1160, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 696) the decree of Judge Goff was reversed upon the sole ground that the requirement of the so-called repealing ordinance that the railway company should maintain but one track on one of the designated streets was a legitimate exercise of the police power, and not a substantial change of the contract. The case is so explained and distinguished in Grand Trunk Western R. Co. v. South Bend, supra.

6. In June, 1900, the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company consolidated with the Ohio Valley Telephone Company, likewise a Kentucky corporation, under authority of the Kentucky act of April 5, 1893. Although the separate existence of the constituent corporations was terminated, and they became a single corporation, the consolidated company was, by express provision of the act referred to, 'vested with all the property, business, credits, assets, and effects of the constituent corporations, without deed or transfer, and bound for all their contracts and liabilities.' Being property, alienable and assignable, the street rights of the constituent companies passed to the consolidated company. The same question arose and was expressly decided in Louisville v. Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. 224 U. S. 649, 661, 56 L. ed. 934, 939, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 572.

7. Finally, it was claimed that in a prior litigation in a state court, between the same parties, the ordinance of 1889 had been held to be in excess of the power of the city as nothing more than a revocable license. The suit referred to had been brought by the telephone company to restrain the city from placing poles and wires of an electric light system, in course of construction by the city, in such close proximity to the poles and wires of the telephone company as to interfere with its current. One of the defenses was that the city had no power under its charter to make the grant which it had assumed to make by the ordinance of 1889, and that the telephone company was therefore a trespasser upon the streets. Upon a final hearing the bill was dismissed. This decree was pleaded as an adjudication of the question of the validity of the ordinance under which the telephone company now claims. But the judgment makes the opinion of the court filed at the time 'a part of the record.' That opinion shows that the court dismissed the bill because its object had failed, the city having actually constructed its lines before final decree. In reference to the issue as to the validity of the telephone company's street rights, the Kentucky court said: 'In passing upon the question of granting or refusing the injunction, I deem it wholly unnecessary to pass upon the validity or invalidity of the ordinance discussed.' The litigation, though between the same parties, is upon an entirely different cause of action. The bar of the former judgment is therefore confined to the questions which were actually litigated and decided in the former case, and it devolved upon the city to show in support of its plea, the cause of action being different in the present case, that the point here in issue was adjudged in the former case. DeSollar v. Hanscome, 158 U. S. 216, 39 L. ed. 956, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 816; VirginiaCarolina Chemical Co. v. Kirven, 215 U. S. 252, 54 L. ed. 179, 30 Sup. Ct. Rep. 78.

We find no error in the decree of the court below and it is therefore affirmed.

I am unable to concur in the judgment and opinion announced in this case. In my opinion the ordinance of December 4, 1889, granting to the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company, its successors and assigns, the right to use the streets and alleys of the city of Owensboro for the purpose of erecting poles and stringing wires thereon to maintain a telephone system, did not grant a perpetual franchise, because of the limitation upon the authority of the city of Owensboro to grant a perpetual franchise.

The case is not controlled by the previous cases in this court, such as the late case of Louisville v. Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. 224 U. S. 649, 56 L. ed. 934, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 572, which had to do with the construction of a legislative grant to a corporation having perpetual succession, and did not involve the construction of the charter of a Kentucky city, such as is here under consideration.

The power to grant a perpetual franchise to telephone and similar companies desiring to use the streets and alleys of the city of Owensboro is said to be derived under § 10 of the charter, conferring upon the common council, in its 27th subsection, the right to regulate streets, alleys, and sidewalks, and all repairs thereof, in the city. Conceding that if this power were conferred without limitation it might authorize a grant in perpetuity of the character herein involved, the authority found in the 27th subsection, as well as other municipal powers, are all granted to the common council by the legislature of the state upon the following terms, preceding the grant of authority: '§ 10. The common council shall have control of the finances and all property, real and personal, belonging to the city, and shall have full power to make, publish, amend, and repeal all ordinances for the following purposes, to wit.' In other words the authority granted to regulate the streets is limited by the express reservation that it shall be exercised subject to the power of the city to amend and repeal any ordinance so enacted.

In Greenwood v. Union Freight R. Co. 105 U. S. 13, 26 L. ed. 961, wherein this court held that a grant to a street railway company subject to the limitation of the right to amend, alter, or repeal was subject to future legislation ending the right of the street railway company to operate in the streets of the city, Mr. Justice Miller, who delivered the opinion of the court, stated the origin of statutory and legislative reservations of this character enacted since the decision of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518, 4 L. ed. 629, construing corporate charters as contracts between the public authorities and the grantees, beyond legislative control and within the protection of the contract clause of the Federal Constitution. The learned justice said (p. 20):

'It became obvious at once that many acts of incorporation which had been passed as laws of a public character, partaking in no general sense of a bargain between the states and the corporations which they created, but which yet conferred private rights, were no longer subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal, except by the consent of the corporate body, and that the general control which the legislatures creating such bodies had previously supposed they had the right to exercise no longer existed. It was, no doubt, with a view to suggest a method by which the state legislatures could retain in a large measure this important power without violating the provision of the Federal Constitution, that Mr. Justice Story, in his concurring opinion in the Dartmouth College case, suggested that when the legislature was enacting a charter for a corporation, a provision in the statute reserving to the legislature the right to amend or repeal it must be held to be a part of the contract itself, and the subsequent exercise of the right would be in accordance with the contract, and could not, therefore, impair its obligation.'

In view of that policy this court held that, whatever rights remained to its other property, the authority to run cars upon the streets of the city of Boston, being subject to the reservation, terminated upon the repeal of the ordinance.

If there is such right to repeal, the authorities are conclusive that it may be exercised so as to terminate the rights of the company to further use the streets. In a recent case (Calder v. Michigan, 218 U. S. 591, 54 L. ed. 1163, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 122), this court approved and reaffirmed this principle. In that case the Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company had been incorporated by the legislature of Michigan, and had constructed, and was then maintaining, an elaborate water system. The legislature repealed the charter, reservation to amend or repeal having been made in the original act. In aid of the contention that the repealing act was void under the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, it was alleged that there were outstanding bonds and a mortgage on the company's plant, including its franchise to own and operate its system; also that, the city being a competitor of the company, the city authorities had secured the passage of the repealing statute by unfair means. This court said (pp. 598 et seq.)

'The defendants now, on the ground that there are limits even to the operation of a reserved power to repeal, argue that we should consider these allegations. But we do not inquire into the knowledge, negligence, methods, or motives of the legislature, if, as in this case, the repeal was passed in due form. United States v. Des Moines Nav. & R. Co. 142 U. S. 510, 544, 35 L. ed. 1099, 1109, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 308. The only question that we can consider is whether there is anything relevant to the present case in the terms or effect of the repeal that goes beyond the power that the charter expressly reserves.

' . . . By making a contract or incurring a debt the defendants, so far as they are concerned, could not get rid of an infirmity inherent in the corporation. They contracted subject, not paramount, to the proviso for repeal, as is shown by a long line of cases. Greenwood v. Union Freight R. Co. 105 U. S. 13, 26 L. ed. 961; Newport & C. Bridge Co. v. United States, 105 U. S. 470, 26 L. ed. 1143; Chicago L. Ins. Co. v. Needles, 113 U. S. 574, 28 L. ed. 1084, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 681; Monongahela Nav. Co. v. United States, 148 U. S. 313, 338, 340, 37 L. ed. 463, 472, 473, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 622; New Orleans Waterworks Co. v. Louisiana, 185 U. S. 336, 353, 354, 46 L. ed. 936, 944, 945, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 691; Knoxville Water Co. v. Knoxville, 189 U. S. 434, 437, 438, 47 L. ed. 887, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 531; Manigault v. Springs, 199 U. S. 473, 480, 50 L. ed. 274, 278, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 127. It would be a waste of words to try to make clearer than it is on its face, the meaning and effect of this reservation of the power to repeal.

' . . . The only question before us now is the validity of the judgment ousting the defendants from 'assuming to act as a body corporate, and particularly under the name and style of the Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company.' This really is too plain to require the argument that we have spent upon it. We may add that it is a matter upon which the bondholders have nothing to say.'

See also Hamilton Gaslight & Coke Co. v. Hamilton, 146 U. S. 258, 36 L. ed. 963, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 90.

It is said, however, and that seems to be the ground which the decision of the court upon this point rests, at last, that the reservation of the right to repeal does not clearly appear in the charter of Owensboro, as it did in the Massachusetts legislation considered in Greenwood v. Union Freight R. Co. supra, and it is said that such right, when it is claimed, must be clear and explicit. To my mind the purpose of the Kentuckly legislature was evidenced with perfect clearness, for I think that the same law which gave the city the right, which otherwise would have rested with the legislature alone, of exercising authority over the streets, which in this case, it is held, authorized their use for telephone purposes, in unmistakable terms made such authority subject to the clearly stated and definite limitation named. Furthermore, the doctrine is well settled that legislative grants of municipal authority shall be construed most favorably to the public and against persons claiming thereunder,—a doctrine sanctioned by decisions of this court. Moran v. Miami County, 2 Black, 722, 17 L. ed. 342; Detroit Citizens' Street R. Co. v. Detroit R. Co. 171 U. S. 48, 43 L. ed. 67, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 732; Los Angeles v. Los Angeles City Water Co. 177 U. S. 558, 44 L. ed. 886, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 736. Surely, if the intention of the Kentucky legislature to reserve in the municipality the authority to repeal such grants as the one here involved is not clearly manifested, at least there is reasonable room for doubt, and such doubt must be resolved in favor of the public. If the doubt be determined in favor of the company, and a grant which is not clearly in perpetuity is held to be such, the effect is to tie the hands of the municipality from obtaining revenue from the use of property held by it in trust for all its people.

It is also said that the exercise of the reserved right to repeal in cases like this will have the effect to destroy contract rights, upon the strength of which large investments may have been made. But this argument overlooks the proposition that, if the grant was made subject to the right to revoke by subsequent action of the authority which made the grant, then no contract was entered into between the parties beyond the control of the reserved power of the municipality; for, as Mr. Justice Miller said in the Greenwood v. Union Freight R. Co. Case, under such 'a provision . . . reserving to the legislature the right to amend or repeal, it must be held to be a part of the contract itself, and the subsequent exercise of the right would be in accordance with the contract, and could not, therefore, impair its obligation.' So, if this limitation in fact existed, the right to repeal was inherent in the authority which made the grant, and the grantee is conclusively presumed to be aware of this limitation, and to make his investments subject to the exercise of the reserved right. Calder v. Michigan, supra. Moreover, if limited grants are to be construed into perpetuities, then the control over streets for railway, telephone, and other kindred enterprises of enormous value are granted to private corporations without compensation for the use of such valuable rights which belong to the municipality. Recent cases in this court have shown the great value of such privileges, and that investors are found who are willing to pay for the privilege of using the public streets for these purposes.

A single case is cited in the opinion of the court to sustain the conclusion reached upon this branch of the case, and that is State, Hudson Teleph. Co. Prosecutor, v. Jersey City, 49 N. J. L. 303, 60 Am. Rep. 619, 8 Atl. 123. An examination of that case shows that it did not involve the question now under consideration. There the telephone company was organized as such under the prevailing statutes of the state, and had obtained on certain conditions the permission of the municipality to use the streets in accordance with a provision in the statute that the designation of the streets to be used and manner of placing poles should first be secured. An ordinance was passed, revoking the permission, although the company had complied with the conditions, and the court held that the revoking ordinance was invalid. The court noticed the power reserved in the corporation act to repeal, suspend, and alter charters, and the power of the city council to repeal ordinances. The former was held to run to the legislature solely, and it was said that there was no provision in the act authorizing the municipality to revoke its permission. Of the latter the court said that the power to repeal was a general power arising from the power to pass ordinances, and existed without the express charter powers, and that such general power would not sustain the rescission of an act authorized by other legislation.

A somewhat diligent search has failed to discover cases exactly in point, construing a reservation of the character herein involved. The case of Lake Roland Elev. R. Co. v. Baltimore, 77 Md. 352, 20 L.R.A. 126, 26 Atl. 510, followed and approved in United R. & Electric Co. v. Hayes, 92 Md. 490, 48 Atl. 364, is, however, closely analogous. In that case the city granted a franchise to the railway company, permitting it to lay tracks in the streets of the city, and also to erect an elevated railway in a certain street. A statute passed to confirm the action of the city with respect to that part of the ordinance granting a franchise which related to the elevated railway contained a reservation to the city of 'the same power and control hereafter in reference to the enforcement, amendment, or repeal of said ordinance [granting the franchise] as it has or would have in respect to any ordinance passed under its general powers.' This reservation was held to authorize the repeal of the grant in question. The case upon this point meets the argument made in the opinion in this case, that the right to amend, alter, or repeal would have existed without the statute, and cannot be held to cover the grant of franchise privileges to use the streets. Undoubtedly this right of repeal would have existed, and hence its insertion was unnecessary, unless it was to have some further purpose than that the law already gave,—the general power of a municipality to repeal ordinances of a legislative character. We think the intention in this case was the same as in the Maryland case, to preserve in the municipality authority over the streets in the interests of the public.

In my view the case in its present attitude comes to this: The permission to place poles and string wires in the city of Owensboro was granted under a charter which expressly reserved the right to repeal by subsequent act of the municipal legislature. In the face of this authority, and presumably with knowledge of it, the company has entered upon the streets and made use of them for the purposes intended. Holding its grant subject to this superior right in the city to end it, I think the subsequent repealing ordinance was within the power of the municipality.

Mr. Justice McKenna, Mr. Justice Hughes, and Mr. Justice Pitney concur in this dissent.