Aetna Life Insurance Co. ("Aetna") appeals a district court's denial of its motion to intervene in an earlier, settled civil law suit. Aetna requested that the district court modify protective orders it had previously issued, which sealed the documents produced during the lengthy discovery in the earlier action. We affirm.

In August 1992, Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield, et al. ("Blue Cross"), filed a federal complaint against Janet Greeson's A Place For Us, Inc. ("APFU"), and twelve other defendants, including various hospital and physician corporations.1 The suit alleged that APFU had fraudulently billed millions of dollars to Blue Cross for providing psychiatric care, when in truth APFU operated weight-loss clinics that were not covered by the relevant policies. After a very lengthy discovery, but before trial, the parties settled the suit. As part of the settlement, the district court executed a protective order (in addition to, and much more restrictive than, a protective order it had executed early on), sealing the discovery that had already taken place.2

Aetna had been aware of the suit against APFU since October 1992. Aetna had repeatedly been in contact with Blue Cross attorney William Von Behren, who kept Aetna's attorneys apprised of the status of the case and gave them copies of non-confidential documents. On March 11, 1994, the same day the parties to the Blue Cross lawsuit reached their oral settlement agreement (a material part of which was that all discovery would be sealed pursuant to a protective order), Aetna filed its suit against APFU, based on the same causes of action as the Blue Cross suit. Three days later, on March 14, the district court dismissed the Blue Cross suit, and on March 16, it executed the agreed-upon protective order.

In an attempt to gain access to the voluminous documents that were produced during the Blue Cross discovery, Aetna subsequently filed a motion to intervene in that earlier, settled action. Aetna requested that the district court modify its protective orders to allow Aetna to obtain copies of the discovery. The district court conducted a hearing on April 25, 1994, and denied Aetna's motion. Aetna appeals.

I. A District Court Has Discretion Whether or Not to Modify Protective Orders.

Aetna argues that the district court does not have broad discretion in deciding whether to modify protective orders. Aetna's argument is not entirely correct. Although Aetna is correct that a motion to intervene for the purpose of modifying a protective order should often be granted, see Beckman Indus. v. International Ins. Co., 966 F.2d 470, 475 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 197, 121 L.Ed.2d 140 (1992), Aetna is wrong to suggest that the district court therefore lacks discretion in the modification decision. As the Beckman court itself stated: "The court reviews the grant of a protective order for abuse of discretion, as well as a request to modify a protective order." Id. at 472 (citation omitted). Some circuits even suggest that district courts have more discretion in this area than in other areas. See, e.g., Public Citizen v. Liggett Group, Inc., 858 F.2d 775, 790 (1st Cir.1988) ("Control of pretrial discovery, including the entry or modification of a protective order, is a matter falling peculiarly within the discretion of the district court.") (emphasis added), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1030, 109 S.Ct. 838, 102 L.Ed.2d 970 (1989); Wilk v. AMA, 635 F.2d 1295, 1299 (7th Cir.1981) (if the district court finds prejudice to the party opposing modification (as in this case), it then has "broad discretion" to decide whether to modify).

II. Limited-Purpose Motions to Intervene Must be Timely.

The motion to intervene in the present case is a limited-purpose motion. That is, Aetna does not wish to intervene to substantively attack the underlying settlement, but only to gain access to the documents sealed thereby. This circuit has not yet decided whether such motions to intervene for ancillary purposes must be timely. We hold that they must.

A. Comparison to Substantive Motions to Intervene

It is well settled in this circuit that motions to intervene for substantive reasons--to revisit original settlements--must be timely. County of Orange v. Air California, 799 F.2d 535, 537 (9th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 946, 107 S.Ct. 1605, 94 L.Ed.2d 791 (1987); Alaniz v. Tillie Lewis Foods, 572 F.2d 657, 659 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 837, 99 S.Ct. 123, 58 L.Ed.2d 134 (1978). When adjudging the timeliness of substantive motions to intervene, this circuit looks at: 1) the stage of the proceeding at which an applicant seeks to intervene; 2) the prejudice to other parties; and 3) the reason for and length of the delay. Air California, 799 F.2d at 537; Alaniz, 572 F.2d 657 at 659. This test, as well as the Air California court's discussion, reveal the rationale underlying this requirement. That is, parties who delay in attempting to intervene, and who end up doing so only after the original parties have reached an acceptable settlement, should not be able, without good reason, to intervene when their intervention may well cause substantial prejudice to the original parties.

Applying the three-part test from Air California to the present case demonstrates that this rationale is implicated in the context of limited-purpose motions to intervene, as well. All three factors from the Air California test are pertinent in the present case, and all three weigh against Aetna.

First, Aetna did not seek to intervene until the day of the Blue Cross-APFU settlement, despite overwhelming evidence that Aetna knew of the litigation since its inception almost two years earlier. Moreover, Aetna's emphasis on the fact that it filed its motion three days before the district court made the parties' agreement official, and five days before the court executed the agreed-upon second protective order, is specifically discounted by the Air California decision: "Although Irvine did intervene before the Stipulated Judgment was officially approved by the district court, the fact that Irvine waited until after all the parties had come to an agreement after five years of litigation should nevertheless weigh heavily against Irvine." 799 F.2d at 538.

Second, the district judge found that modification could prejudice the parties in two ways. The first potential prejudice to the parties is the possibility that modification would "unravel" the original settlement. This finding is supported by the acknowledgment of all the original parties that the second protective order was a "substantial part of the consideration for the settlement agreement." It is also supported by the declaration of the retired state judge who oversaw the discovery process. He advised the district court:

Monetary issues were not the only concerns of the parties to this litigation. The parties also desired to make certain that their long fought battle was kept private and that other third parties including the media, the insureds and other insurance carriers not obtain access to discovery produced during the course of this litigation. As a result, the parties agreed to the terms of a protective order which constituted a material part of the consideration in the settlement of this litigation.... Had the parties not agreed to the terms of a protective order, I doubt whether the litigation would have settled. To modify or alter the protective order would, in effect, unravel a material term to a settlement in which all of the parties, and myself, worked many long hours to obtain.

The second potential prejudice to the parties that could result from modification of the protective orders involves pragmatic concerns. The district court noted that "serious questions of patient confidentiality" are implicated by Aetna's motion. The parties also note the great expense they would incur in reviewing the thousands of documents requested by Aetna, in order to safeguard not only patient confidentiality, but also attorney-client privileges.3 We believe these concerns are well founded.

As to the third Air California factor, Aetna has provided little, if any, excuse for its delay in becoming involved in this litigation. It has forwarded no affidavits or any other evidence in explanation. Aetna's allegations that it was having trouble determining all the possible claims it had are vague and unconvincing. The district court found that Aetna laid back purposefully, hoping to freeload upon the massive amounts of time and money the other parties expended in pursuing discovery. That finding is well supported.4

In sum, precisely the dangers that the Air California court wished to avoid would result if we were to override the protective orders in this case for Aetna's purposes. We would be jeopardizing a settlement, to the potential prejudice of all the parties concerned in the underlying action, for the sake of a proposed intervenor who waited until the original parties had already reached an agreement to settle, and who has posited no good reason for doing so. Because this case demonstrates that all of the concerns expressed by this circuit in the substantive-intervention context also apply in the limited-purpose context, we believe that incorporating the timeliness requirement of the former into the latter is appropriate.

Aetna's behavior in this case also demonstrates that Fed.R.Civ.P. 1's goal of expediting the civil litigation process will actually be enhanced by imposing a timeliness requirement for even limited-purpose motions to modify protective orders. That is, although in the present case Aetna will have to conduct its own, largely duplicative discovery, other would-be freeloaders will be deterred from trying to out-maneuver, or out-wait, their potential coplaintiffs or codefendants, and will be encouraged to join actions during their earlier stages. This can only help the civil process operate more efficiently in the long run.5

III. Aetna's Motion is Untimely.

For the reasons described above, we hold that Aetna's motion to intervene is untimely. As the district court succinctly stated: "The evidence is clear that Aetna has laid back purposefully and sought to save itself monetary contributions to the cost of discovery and now unfairly seeks to get the advantage of that discovery at little cost to itself. This court will not allow that to happen." Per the above discussion, it should be clear that we will not, either.

We affirm the district court's denial of Aetna's motion to intervene, on the ground that it was untimely. We echo the following language of the First Circuit: "[I]t seems inequitable to allow a latecomer, who fiddled while Rome burned, to collect a share of the fire insurance." Banco Popular, 964 F.2d at 1234.

AFFIRMED.